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Professional career
-------------------
### Buffalo Bills
Aiken was signed by the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills "Buffalo Bills") as an undrafted free agent in 2011\.{{cite web\|title\=Kamar Aiken Transactions\|url\=http://www.foxsports.com/nfl/kamar\-aiken\-player\-transactions\|website\=FoxSports.com}} He was waived by the Bills on September 3, 2011, and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on November 22, 2011\.
On August 31, 2012, Aiken was waived by the Bills and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was released by the Bills on October 3, 2012\.
### Chicago Bears
Aiken was signed to the [Chicago Bears](/wiki/Chicago_Bears "Chicago Bears") practice squad on October 9, 2012\.{{cite web \|author\=Adam Oestmann \|url\=http://www.chicagonow.com/chicago\-bears\-huddle/2012/10/bears\-sign\-wr\-aiken\-release\-rb\-unga/ \|title\=Bears sign WR Aiken, release RB Unga \| Chicago Bears Huddle \|publisher\=Chicagonow.com \|date\= \|accessdate\=October 9, 2012 \|archive\-date\=October 11, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011003528/http://www.chicagonow.com/chicago\-bears\-huddle/2012/10/bears\-sign\-wr\-aiken\-release\-rb\-unga/ \|url\-status\=dead }} On November 6, Aiken was waived.{{cite web\|last\=Mayer\|first\=Larry\|url\=https://www.chicagobears.com/news/bears\-ready\-to\-begin\-difficult\-stretch\-of\-schedule\-8766329\|title\=Bears ready to begin difficult stretch of schedule\|publisher\=\[\[Chicago Bears]]\|date\=November 6, 2012\|accessdate\=November 6, 2012}}
### New England Patriots
[thumb\|left\|Aiken with the Patriots in 2013](/wiki/File:Tom_Brady_-_training_camp_1_%28cropped%29.jpg "Tom Brady - training camp 1 (cropped).jpg")
On November 19, 2012, Aiken was signed to the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots "New England Patriots")' practice squad. On December 22, 2012, Aiken was promoted from the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots "New England Patriots") [practice squad](/wiki/Practice_squad "Practice squad") to the active roster, but was released two days later and re\-signed to the practice squad. On December 29, 2012, Aiken was promoted back to the Patriots active roster.{{cite web\|url\=http://fantasynews.cbssports.com/fantasyfootball/players/updates/1853727\|title\=Fantasy Football 2017 – Free \& Premium Leagues\|website\=CBSSports.com}} On August 26, 2013, he was released by the Patriots.{{cite web \|url\=http://nesn.com/2013/08/patriots\-release\-kamar\-aiken\-niko\-koutouvides\-three\-others\-re\-sign\-two\-players/ \|title\=Patriots Release Kamar Aiken, Niko Koutouvides, Three Others, Re\-Sign Two players \|last\=Hughes \|first\=Luke \|date\=August 26, 2013 \|website\=NESN.com \|accessdate\=September 7, 2013}}
### Baltimore Ravens
#### 2013
On October 30, 2013, Aiken was signed to the [Baltimore Ravens](/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens "Baltimore Ravens")' practice squad.
#### 2014
Aiken scored for the first time in his career in a Week 6 game on October 12, 2014, against the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers "Tampa Bay Buccaneers"), catching a 17\-yard touchdown pass. He helped quarterback [Joe Flacco](/wiki/Joe_Flacco "Joe Flacco") set the NFL record for the fastest time to record five touchdown passes (16:03\). The Ravens won in a 48–17 [blowout](/wiki/Blowout_%28sports%29 "Blowout (sports)"), and Aiken contributed with 2 catches for 20 yards.
In Week 14, in a game versus the [Miami Dolphins](/wiki/Miami_Dolphins "Miami Dolphins") Aiken caught a 13\-yard touchdown pass and was a key factor in a 28–13 win, taking over for wide receiver [Torrey Smith](/wiki/Torrey_Smith "Torrey Smith"), who was not targeted in the game at all. He caught 6 passes for 65 yards. In a [press conference](/wiki/Press_conference "Press conference") that followed the game, Aiken made a comment that was directed at Smith: "I got you, bro."
In Week 17, Aiken caught a 2\-yard touchdown pass to seal a win over the division rival [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns "Cleveland Browns"), and the Ravens clinched the AFC's final [playoff](/wiki/2014-15_NFL_playoffs "2014-15 NFL playoffs") spot. Aiken's final stats for the game would be 2 [receptions](/wiki/Reception_%28American_football%29 "Reception (American football)") for 13 yards.
In the Divisional Round of the playoffs, the Ravens took on the number\-one seeded New England Patriots, one of Aiken's former teams. Aiken scored the game's opening touchdown off a 19\-yard pass from Flacco, his only catch of the game, but the Ravens lost to the eventual [Super Bowl XLIX](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX "Super Bowl XLIX") champions in a 35–31 shootout and had their season ended.
Aiken finished the 2014 season with 24 receptions, 267 receiving yards, and 3 touchdowns.
#### 2015
[thumb\|Aike with the Ravens in 2015](/wiki/File:Kamar_Aiken_2015.JPG "Kamar Aiken 2015.JPG")
In his second year after the departure of Torrey Smith, Aiken was expected to compete for a starting spot. As a result of injuries to [Steve Smith Sr.](/wiki/Steve_Smith_Sr. "Steve Smith Sr."), [Breshad Perriman](/wiki/Breshad_Perriman "Breshad Perriman"), [Dennis Pitta](/wiki/Dennis_Pitta "Dennis Pitta"), and [Crockett Gilmore](/wiki/Crockett_Gilmore "Crockett Gilmore"), he would end up being the Ravens' leading receiver during the year.
Aiken scored his first touchdown of the season in a Week 4 [Thursday Night Football](/wiki/Thursday_Night_Football "Thursday Night Football") matchup with the division rival [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers "Pittsburgh Steelers"). It was off a 15\-yard catch. The Ravens would win the game 23–20 in [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 "Overtime (sports)"), giving them their first win of the season. Aiken was the game's leading receiver with 77 yards on 5 catches.
In Week 6, in a 25–20 loss to the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers "San Francisco 49ers"), Aiken had three catches for 22 yards and a 2\-yard touchdown, which he caught while diving backwards in the [endzone](/wiki/Endzone "Endzone").
In a Week 11 game against the [St. Louis Rams](/wiki/St._Louis_Rams "St. Louis Rams"), Aiken scored his team's only touchdown off a 3\-yard pass from Flacco (who would suffer a season\-ending [ACL injury](/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury "Anterior cruciate ligament injury") towards the end of the game) in a 16–13 [comeback](/wiki/Comeback_%28sports%29 "Comeback (sports)") win. Aiken would finish the game with 5 receptions for 50 yards.
The following week, in a [Monday Night Football](/wiki/Monday_Night_Football "Monday Night Football") game against the Browns, Aiken would be a huge factor in a shootout game that came down to the wire, catching 6 passes for 80 yards and a 15\-yard touchdown. On the final play of regulation, the Browns were in position for a game\-winning [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal "Field goal"). Baltimore's [Brent Urban](/wiki/Brent_Urban "Brent Urban") would block a [Travis Coons](/wiki/Travis_Coons "Travis Coons") kick that would be recovered by Ravens' safety [Will Hill](/wiki/Will_Hill "Will Hill") and returned 64 yards for the game\-winning touchdown.
In Week 15, the Ravens took on the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs "Kansas City Chiefs"). On the final play of the first half, the Ravens ran a [Hail Mary](/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass "Hail Mary pass") play, due to their 17\-point trailing deficit, in which quarterback [Jimmy Clausen](/wiki/Jimmy_Clausen "Jimmy Clausen") lofted a pass to Aiken, who caught the ball for a 48\-yard touchdown and made the game 24–14 in favor of Kansas City heading into [halftime](/wiki/Halftime "Halftime"). However, the Ravens would end up being shut out in the second half and suffer their second consecutive blowout loss by a score of 34–14\. Aiken, however, was the game's leading receiver, with 8 receptions (the biggest one being the unexpected touchdown) for 128 yards.
Aiken would finish the season as one of the few bright spots of an otherwise disappointing 5–11 campaign. He had a breakout season, leading the Ravens in receptions (75\), receiving yards (944\) and receiving touchdowns (5\), while also committing one [fumble](/wiki/Fumble "Fumble"), which he lost.
#### 2016
During the 2016 [offseason](/wiki/Offseason "Offseason"), the Ravens placed their second\-round tender on Aiken, keeping him around for the 2016 season. He played in all 16 games with 6 starts, recording 29 receptions for 328 yards and one touchdown.
### Indianapolis Colts
On March 21, 2017, Aiken signed with the [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts "Indianapolis Colts").{{cite web\|title\=Colts Pad Receiver Corps By Signing Kamar Aiken\|url\=https://www.colts.com/news/colts\-pad\-receiver\-corps\-by\-signing\-kamar\-aiken\-18670156\|author\=Walker, Andrew\|website\=Colts.com\|date\=March 21, 2017}} He played in 15 games with seven starts, recording 15 receptions for 133 yards.
### Philadelphia Eagles
On July 25, 2018, Aiken signed with the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles "Philadelphia Eagles").{{cite web\|title\=Eagles Sign Wide Receiver Kamar Aiken\|url\=https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/eagles\-sign\-wide\-receiver\-kamar\-aiken\|website\=PhiladelphiaEagles.com\|date\=July 25, 2018}} He was released on September 1, 2018, but was re\-signed 11 days later.{{cite web\|title\=Eagles Get To The 53\-Player Limit\|url\=https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/eagles\-get\-to\-the\-53\-player\-limit\|author\=McPherson, Chris\|website\=PhiladelphiaEagles.com\|date\=September 1, 2018}}{{cite web\|title\=Eagles Bring Back Kamar Aiken, Release Markus Wheaton\|url\=https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/eagles\-bring\-back\-kamar\-aiken\-release\-markus\-wheaton\|author\=Foley, Graham\|website\=PhiladelphiaEagles.com\|date\=September 12, 2018}} He was released on October 19, 2018\.{{cite web\|title\=DT Bruce Hector Back On Active Roster\|url\=https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/philadelphia\-eagles\-bruce\-hector\-kamar\-aiken\|author\=McPherson, Chris\|website\=PhiladelphiaEagles.com\|date\=October 19, 2018}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Buffalo Bills",
"Aiken was signed by the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills \"Buffalo Bills\") as an undrafted free agent in 2011\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Kamar Aiken Transactions\\|url\\=http://www.foxsports.com/nfl/kamar\\-aiken\\-player\\-transactions\\|website\\=FoxSports.com}} He was waived by the Bills on September 3, 2011, and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on November 22, 2011\\.",
"On August 31, 2012, Aiken was waived by the Bills and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was released by the Bills on October 3, 2012\\.",
"### Chicago Bears",
"Aiken was signed to the [Chicago Bears](/wiki/Chicago_Bears \"Chicago Bears\") practice squad on October 9, 2012\\.{{cite web \\|author\\=Adam Oestmann \\|url\\=http://www.chicagonow.com/chicago\\-bears\\-huddle/2012/10/bears\\-sign\\-wr\\-aiken\\-release\\-rb\\-unga/ \\|title\\=Bears sign WR Aiken, release RB Unga \\| Chicago Bears Huddle \\|publisher\\=Chicagonow.com \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=October 9, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 11, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011003528/http://www.chicagonow.com/chicago\\-bears\\-huddle/2012/10/bears\\-sign\\-wr\\-aiken\\-release\\-rb\\-unga/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} On November 6, Aiken was waived.{{cite web\\|last\\=Mayer\\|first\\=Larry\\|url\\=https://www.chicagobears.com/news/bears\\-ready\\-to\\-begin\\-difficult\\-stretch\\-of\\-schedule\\-8766329\\|title\\=Bears ready to begin difficult stretch of schedule\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Chicago Bears]]\\|date\\=November 6, 2012\\|accessdate\\=November 6, 2012}}",
"### New England Patriots",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Aiken with the Patriots in 2013](/wiki/File:Tom_Brady_-_training_camp_1_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Tom Brady - training camp 1 (cropped).jpg\")\nOn November 19, 2012, Aiken was signed to the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\")' practice squad. On December 22, 2012, Aiken was promoted from the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\") [practice squad](/wiki/Practice_squad \"Practice squad\") to the active roster, but was released two days later and re\\-signed to the practice squad. On December 29, 2012, Aiken was promoted back to the Patriots active roster.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://fantasynews.cbssports.com/fantasyfootball/players/updates/1853727\\|title\\=Fantasy Football 2017 – Free \\& Premium Leagues\\|website\\=CBSSports.com}} On August 26, 2013, he was released by the Patriots.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://nesn.com/2013/08/patriots\\-release\\-kamar\\-aiken\\-niko\\-koutouvides\\-three\\-others\\-re\\-sign\\-two\\-players/ \\|title\\=Patriots Release Kamar Aiken, Niko Koutouvides, Three Others, Re\\-Sign Two players \\|last\\=Hughes \\|first\\=Luke \\|date\\=August 26, 2013 \\|website\\=NESN.com \\|accessdate\\=September 7, 2013}}",
"### Baltimore Ravens",
"#### 2013",
"On October 30, 2013, Aiken was signed to the [Baltimore Ravens](/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens \"Baltimore Ravens\")' practice squad.",
"#### 2014",
"Aiken scored for the first time in his career in a Week 6 game on October 12, 2014, against the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers \"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\"), catching a 17\\-yard touchdown pass. He helped quarterback [Joe Flacco](/wiki/Joe_Flacco \"Joe Flacco\") set the NFL record for the fastest time to record five touchdown passes (16:03\\). The Ravens won in a 48–17 [blowout](/wiki/Blowout_%28sports%29 \"Blowout (sports)\"), and Aiken contributed with 2 catches for 20 yards.",
"In Week 14, in a game versus the [Miami Dolphins](/wiki/Miami_Dolphins \"Miami Dolphins\") Aiken caught a 13\\-yard touchdown pass and was a key factor in a 28–13 win, taking over for wide receiver [Torrey Smith](/wiki/Torrey_Smith \"Torrey Smith\"), who was not targeted in the game at all. He caught 6 passes for 65 yards. In a [press conference](/wiki/Press_conference \"Press conference\") that followed the game, Aiken made a comment that was directed at Smith: \"I got you, bro.\"",
"In Week 17, Aiken caught a 2\\-yard touchdown pass to seal a win over the division rival [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns \"Cleveland Browns\"), and the Ravens clinched the AFC's final [playoff](/wiki/2014-15_NFL_playoffs \"2014-15 NFL playoffs\") spot. Aiken's final stats for the game would be 2 [receptions](/wiki/Reception_%28American_football%29 \"Reception (American football)\") for 13 yards.",
"In the Divisional Round of the playoffs, the Ravens took on the number\\-one seeded New England Patriots, one of Aiken's former teams. Aiken scored the game's opening touchdown off a 19\\-yard pass from Flacco, his only catch of the game, but the Ravens lost to the eventual [Super Bowl XLIX](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX \"Super Bowl XLIX\") champions in a 35–31 shootout and had their season ended.",
"Aiken finished the 2014 season with 24 receptions, 267 receiving yards, and 3 touchdowns.",
"#### 2015",
"[thumb\\|Aike with the Ravens in 2015](/wiki/File:Kamar_Aiken_2015.JPG \"Kamar Aiken 2015.JPG\")\nIn his second year after the departure of Torrey Smith, Aiken was expected to compete for a starting spot. As a result of injuries to [Steve Smith Sr.](/wiki/Steve_Smith_Sr. \"Steve Smith Sr.\"), [Breshad Perriman](/wiki/Breshad_Perriman \"Breshad Perriman\"), [Dennis Pitta](/wiki/Dennis_Pitta \"Dennis Pitta\"), and [Crockett Gilmore](/wiki/Crockett_Gilmore \"Crockett Gilmore\"), he would end up being the Ravens' leading receiver during the year.",
"Aiken scored his first touchdown of the season in a Week 4 [Thursday Night Football](/wiki/Thursday_Night_Football \"Thursday Night Football\") matchup with the division rival [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers \"Pittsburgh Steelers\"). It was off a 15\\-yard catch. The Ravens would win the game 23–20 in [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 \"Overtime (sports)\"), giving them their first win of the season. Aiken was the game's leading receiver with 77 yards on 5 catches.",
"In Week 6, in a 25–20 loss to the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers \"San Francisco 49ers\"), Aiken had three catches for 22 yards and a 2\\-yard touchdown, which he caught while diving backwards in the [endzone](/wiki/Endzone \"Endzone\").",
"In a Week 11 game against the [St. Louis Rams](/wiki/St._Louis_Rams \"St. Louis Rams\"), Aiken scored his team's only touchdown off a 3\\-yard pass from Flacco (who would suffer a season\\-ending [ACL injury](/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury \"Anterior cruciate ligament injury\") towards the end of the game) in a 16–13 [comeback](/wiki/Comeback_%28sports%29 \"Comeback (sports)\") win. Aiken would finish the game with 5 receptions for 50 yards.",
"The following week, in a [Monday Night Football](/wiki/Monday_Night_Football \"Monday Night Football\") game against the Browns, Aiken would be a huge factor in a shootout game that came down to the wire, catching 6 passes for 80 yards and a 15\\-yard touchdown. On the final play of regulation, the Browns were in position for a game\\-winning [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal \"Field goal\"). Baltimore's [Brent Urban](/wiki/Brent_Urban \"Brent Urban\") would block a [Travis Coons](/wiki/Travis_Coons \"Travis Coons\") kick that would be recovered by Ravens' safety [Will Hill](/wiki/Will_Hill \"Will Hill\") and returned 64 yards for the game\\-winning touchdown.",
"In Week 15, the Ravens took on the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs \"Kansas City Chiefs\"). On the final play of the first half, the Ravens ran a [Hail Mary](/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass \"Hail Mary pass\") play, due to their 17\\-point trailing deficit, in which quarterback [Jimmy Clausen](/wiki/Jimmy_Clausen \"Jimmy Clausen\") lofted a pass to Aiken, who caught the ball for a 48\\-yard touchdown and made the game 24–14 in favor of Kansas City heading into [halftime](/wiki/Halftime \"Halftime\"). However, the Ravens would end up being shut out in the second half and suffer their second consecutive blowout loss by a score of 34–14\\. Aiken, however, was the game's leading receiver, with 8 receptions (the biggest one being the unexpected touchdown) for 128 yards.",
"Aiken would finish the season as one of the few bright spots of an otherwise disappointing 5–11 campaign. He had a breakout season, leading the Ravens in receptions (75\\), receiving yards (944\\) and receiving touchdowns (5\\), while also committing one [fumble](/wiki/Fumble \"Fumble\"), which he lost.",
"#### 2016",
"During the 2016 [offseason](/wiki/Offseason \"Offseason\"), the Ravens placed their second\\-round tender on Aiken, keeping him around for the 2016 season. He played in all 16 games with 6 starts, recording 29 receptions for 328 yards and one touchdown.",
"### Indianapolis Colts",
"On March 21, 2017, Aiken signed with the [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts \"Indianapolis Colts\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Colts Pad Receiver Corps By Signing Kamar Aiken\\|url\\=https://www.colts.com/news/colts\\-pad\\-receiver\\-corps\\-by\\-signing\\-kamar\\-aiken\\-18670156\\|author\\=Walker, Andrew\\|website\\=Colts.com\\|date\\=March 21, 2017}} He played in 15 games with seven starts, recording 15 receptions for 133 yards.",
"### Philadelphia Eagles",
"On July 25, 2018, Aiken signed with the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles \"Philadelphia Eagles\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Eagles Sign Wide Receiver Kamar Aiken\\|url\\=https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/eagles\\-sign\\-wide\\-receiver\\-kamar\\-aiken\\|website\\=PhiladelphiaEagles.com\\|date\\=July 25, 2018}} He was released on September 1, 2018, but was re\\-signed 11 days later.{{cite web\\|title\\=Eagles Get To The 53\\-Player Limit\\|url\\=https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/eagles\\-get\\-to\\-the\\-53\\-player\\-limit\\|author\\=McPherson, Chris\\|website\\=PhiladelphiaEagles.com\\|date\\=September 1, 2018}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Eagles Bring Back Kamar Aiken, Release Markus Wheaton\\|url\\=https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/eagles\\-bring\\-back\\-kamar\\-aiken\\-release\\-markus\\-wheaton\\|author\\=Foley, Graham\\|website\\=PhiladelphiaEagles.com\\|date\\=September 12, 2018}} He was released on October 19, 2018\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=DT Bruce Hector Back On Active Roster\\|url\\=https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/philadelphia\\-eagles\\-bruce\\-hector\\-kamar\\-aiken\\|author\\=McPherson, Chris\\|website\\=PhiladelphiaEagles.com\\|date\\=October 19, 2018}}",
""
] |
### Baltimore Ravens
#### 2013
On October 30, 2013, Aiken was signed to the [Baltimore Ravens](/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens "Baltimore Ravens")' practice squad.
#### 2014
Aiken scored for the first time in his career in a Week 6 game on October 12, 2014, against the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers "Tampa Bay Buccaneers"), catching a 17\-yard touchdown pass. He helped quarterback [Joe Flacco](/wiki/Joe_Flacco "Joe Flacco") set the NFL record for the fastest time to record five touchdown passes (16:03\). The Ravens won in a 48–17 [blowout](/wiki/Blowout_%28sports%29 "Blowout (sports)"), and Aiken contributed with 2 catches for 20 yards.
In Week 14, in a game versus the [Miami Dolphins](/wiki/Miami_Dolphins "Miami Dolphins") Aiken caught a 13\-yard touchdown pass and was a key factor in a 28–13 win, taking over for wide receiver [Torrey Smith](/wiki/Torrey_Smith "Torrey Smith"), who was not targeted in the game at all. He caught 6 passes for 65 yards. In a [press conference](/wiki/Press_conference "Press conference") that followed the game, Aiken made a comment that was directed at Smith: "I got you, bro."
In Week 17, Aiken caught a 2\-yard touchdown pass to seal a win over the division rival [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns "Cleveland Browns"), and the Ravens clinched the AFC's final [playoff](/wiki/2014-15_NFL_playoffs "2014-15 NFL playoffs") spot. Aiken's final stats for the game would be 2 [receptions](/wiki/Reception_%28American_football%29 "Reception (American football)") for 13 yards.
In the Divisional Round of the playoffs, the Ravens took on the number\-one seeded New England Patriots, one of Aiken's former teams. Aiken scored the game's opening touchdown off a 19\-yard pass from Flacco, his only catch of the game, but the Ravens lost to the eventual [Super Bowl XLIX](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX "Super Bowl XLIX") champions in a 35–31 shootout and had their season ended.
Aiken finished the 2014 season with 24 receptions, 267 receiving yards, and 3 touchdowns.
#### 2015
[thumb\|Aike with the Ravens in 2015](/wiki/File:Kamar_Aiken_2015.JPG "Kamar Aiken 2015.JPG")
In his second year after the departure of Torrey Smith, Aiken was expected to compete for a starting spot. As a result of injuries to [Steve Smith Sr.](/wiki/Steve_Smith_Sr. "Steve Smith Sr."), [Breshad Perriman](/wiki/Breshad_Perriman "Breshad Perriman"), [Dennis Pitta](/wiki/Dennis_Pitta "Dennis Pitta"), and [Crockett Gilmore](/wiki/Crockett_Gilmore "Crockett Gilmore"), he would end up being the Ravens' leading receiver during the year.
Aiken scored his first touchdown of the season in a Week 4 [Thursday Night Football](/wiki/Thursday_Night_Football "Thursday Night Football") matchup with the division rival [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers "Pittsburgh Steelers"). It was off a 15\-yard catch. The Ravens would win the game 23–20 in [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 "Overtime (sports)"), giving them their first win of the season. Aiken was the game's leading receiver with 77 yards on 5 catches.
In Week 6, in a 25–20 loss to the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers "San Francisco 49ers"), Aiken had three catches for 22 yards and a 2\-yard touchdown, which he caught while diving backwards in the [endzone](/wiki/Endzone "Endzone").
In a Week 11 game against the [St. Louis Rams](/wiki/St._Louis_Rams "St. Louis Rams"), Aiken scored his team's only touchdown off a 3\-yard pass from Flacco (who would suffer a season\-ending [ACL injury](/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury "Anterior cruciate ligament injury") towards the end of the game) in a 16–13 [comeback](/wiki/Comeback_%28sports%29 "Comeback (sports)") win. Aiken would finish the game with 5 receptions for 50 yards.
The following week, in a [Monday Night Football](/wiki/Monday_Night_Football "Monday Night Football") game against the Browns, Aiken would be a huge factor in a shootout game that came down to the wire, catching 6 passes for 80 yards and a 15\-yard touchdown. On the final play of regulation, the Browns were in position for a game\-winning [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal "Field goal"). Baltimore's [Brent Urban](/wiki/Brent_Urban "Brent Urban") would block a [Travis Coons](/wiki/Travis_Coons "Travis Coons") kick that would be recovered by Ravens' safety [Will Hill](/wiki/Will_Hill "Will Hill") and returned 64 yards for the game\-winning touchdown.
In Week 15, the Ravens took on the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs "Kansas City Chiefs"). On the final play of the first half, the Ravens ran a [Hail Mary](/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass "Hail Mary pass") play, due to their 17\-point trailing deficit, in which quarterback [Jimmy Clausen](/wiki/Jimmy_Clausen "Jimmy Clausen") lofted a pass to Aiken, who caught the ball for a 48\-yard touchdown and made the game 24–14 in favor of Kansas City heading into [halftime](/wiki/Halftime "Halftime"). However, the Ravens would end up being shut out in the second half and suffer their second consecutive blowout loss by a score of 34–14\. Aiken, however, was the game's leading receiver, with 8 receptions (the biggest one being the unexpected touchdown) for 128 yards.
Aiken would finish the season as one of the few bright spots of an otherwise disappointing 5–11 campaign. He had a breakout season, leading the Ravens in receptions (75\), receiving yards (944\) and receiving touchdowns (5\), while also committing one [fumble](/wiki/Fumble "Fumble"), which he lost.
#### 2016
During the 2016 [offseason](/wiki/Offseason "Offseason"), the Ravens placed their second\-round tender on Aiken, keeping him around for the 2016 season. He played in all 16 games with 6 starts, recording 29 receptions for 328 yards and one touchdown.
|
[
"### Baltimore Ravens",
"#### 2013",
"On October 30, 2013, Aiken was signed to the [Baltimore Ravens](/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens \"Baltimore Ravens\")' practice squad.",
"#### 2014",
"Aiken scored for the first time in his career in a Week 6 game on October 12, 2014, against the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers \"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\"), catching a 17\\-yard touchdown pass. He helped quarterback [Joe Flacco](/wiki/Joe_Flacco \"Joe Flacco\") set the NFL record for the fastest time to record five touchdown passes (16:03\\). The Ravens won in a 48–17 [blowout](/wiki/Blowout_%28sports%29 \"Blowout (sports)\"), and Aiken contributed with 2 catches for 20 yards.",
"In Week 14, in a game versus the [Miami Dolphins](/wiki/Miami_Dolphins \"Miami Dolphins\") Aiken caught a 13\\-yard touchdown pass and was a key factor in a 28–13 win, taking over for wide receiver [Torrey Smith](/wiki/Torrey_Smith \"Torrey Smith\"), who was not targeted in the game at all. He caught 6 passes for 65 yards. In a [press conference](/wiki/Press_conference \"Press conference\") that followed the game, Aiken made a comment that was directed at Smith: \"I got you, bro.\"",
"In Week 17, Aiken caught a 2\\-yard touchdown pass to seal a win over the division rival [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns \"Cleveland Browns\"), and the Ravens clinched the AFC's final [playoff](/wiki/2014-15_NFL_playoffs \"2014-15 NFL playoffs\") spot. Aiken's final stats for the game would be 2 [receptions](/wiki/Reception_%28American_football%29 \"Reception (American football)\") for 13 yards.",
"In the Divisional Round of the playoffs, the Ravens took on the number\\-one seeded New England Patriots, one of Aiken's former teams. Aiken scored the game's opening touchdown off a 19\\-yard pass from Flacco, his only catch of the game, but the Ravens lost to the eventual [Super Bowl XLIX](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX \"Super Bowl XLIX\") champions in a 35–31 shootout and had their season ended.",
"Aiken finished the 2014 season with 24 receptions, 267 receiving yards, and 3 touchdowns.",
"#### 2015",
"[thumb\\|Aike with the Ravens in 2015](/wiki/File:Kamar_Aiken_2015.JPG \"Kamar Aiken 2015.JPG\")\nIn his second year after the departure of Torrey Smith, Aiken was expected to compete for a starting spot. As a result of injuries to [Steve Smith Sr.](/wiki/Steve_Smith_Sr. \"Steve Smith Sr.\"), [Breshad Perriman](/wiki/Breshad_Perriman \"Breshad Perriman\"), [Dennis Pitta](/wiki/Dennis_Pitta \"Dennis Pitta\"), and [Crockett Gilmore](/wiki/Crockett_Gilmore \"Crockett Gilmore\"), he would end up being the Ravens' leading receiver during the year.",
"Aiken scored his first touchdown of the season in a Week 4 [Thursday Night Football](/wiki/Thursday_Night_Football \"Thursday Night Football\") matchup with the division rival [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers \"Pittsburgh Steelers\"). It was off a 15\\-yard catch. The Ravens would win the game 23–20 in [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 \"Overtime (sports)\"), giving them their first win of the season. Aiken was the game's leading receiver with 77 yards on 5 catches.",
"In Week 6, in a 25–20 loss to the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers \"San Francisco 49ers\"), Aiken had three catches for 22 yards and a 2\\-yard touchdown, which he caught while diving backwards in the [endzone](/wiki/Endzone \"Endzone\").",
"In a Week 11 game against the [St. Louis Rams](/wiki/St._Louis_Rams \"St. Louis Rams\"), Aiken scored his team's only touchdown off a 3\\-yard pass from Flacco (who would suffer a season\\-ending [ACL injury](/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury \"Anterior cruciate ligament injury\") towards the end of the game) in a 16–13 [comeback](/wiki/Comeback_%28sports%29 \"Comeback (sports)\") win. Aiken would finish the game with 5 receptions for 50 yards.",
"The following week, in a [Monday Night Football](/wiki/Monday_Night_Football \"Monday Night Football\") game against the Browns, Aiken would be a huge factor in a shootout game that came down to the wire, catching 6 passes for 80 yards and a 15\\-yard touchdown. On the final play of regulation, the Browns were in position for a game\\-winning [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal \"Field goal\"). Baltimore's [Brent Urban](/wiki/Brent_Urban \"Brent Urban\") would block a [Travis Coons](/wiki/Travis_Coons \"Travis Coons\") kick that would be recovered by Ravens' safety [Will Hill](/wiki/Will_Hill \"Will Hill\") and returned 64 yards for the game\\-winning touchdown.",
"In Week 15, the Ravens took on the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs \"Kansas City Chiefs\"). On the final play of the first half, the Ravens ran a [Hail Mary](/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass \"Hail Mary pass\") play, due to their 17\\-point trailing deficit, in which quarterback [Jimmy Clausen](/wiki/Jimmy_Clausen \"Jimmy Clausen\") lofted a pass to Aiken, who caught the ball for a 48\\-yard touchdown and made the game 24–14 in favor of Kansas City heading into [halftime](/wiki/Halftime \"Halftime\"). However, the Ravens would end up being shut out in the second half and suffer their second consecutive blowout loss by a score of 34–14\\. Aiken, however, was the game's leading receiver, with 8 receptions (the biggest one being the unexpected touchdown) for 128 yards.",
"Aiken would finish the season as one of the few bright spots of an otherwise disappointing 5–11 campaign. He had a breakout season, leading the Ravens in receptions (75\\), receiving yards (944\\) and receiving touchdowns (5\\), while also committing one [fumble](/wiki/Fumble \"Fumble\"), which he lost.",
"#### 2016",
"During the 2016 [offseason](/wiki/Offseason \"Offseason\"), the Ravens placed their second\\-round tender on Aiken, keeping him around for the 2016 season. He played in all 16 games with 6 starts, recording 29 receptions for 328 yards and one touchdown.",
""
] |
#### 2015
[thumb\|Aike with the Ravens in 2015](/wiki/File:Kamar_Aiken_2015.JPG "Kamar Aiken 2015.JPG")
In his second year after the departure of Torrey Smith, Aiken was expected to compete for a starting spot. As a result of injuries to [Steve Smith Sr.](/wiki/Steve_Smith_Sr. "Steve Smith Sr."), [Breshad Perriman](/wiki/Breshad_Perriman "Breshad Perriman"), [Dennis Pitta](/wiki/Dennis_Pitta "Dennis Pitta"), and [Crockett Gilmore](/wiki/Crockett_Gilmore "Crockett Gilmore"), he would end up being the Ravens' leading receiver during the year.
Aiken scored his first touchdown of the season in a Week 4 [Thursday Night Football](/wiki/Thursday_Night_Football "Thursday Night Football") matchup with the division rival [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers "Pittsburgh Steelers"). It was off a 15\-yard catch. The Ravens would win the game 23–20 in [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 "Overtime (sports)"), giving them their first win of the season. Aiken was the game's leading receiver with 77 yards on 5 catches.
In Week 6, in a 25–20 loss to the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers "San Francisco 49ers"), Aiken had three catches for 22 yards and a 2\-yard touchdown, which he caught while diving backwards in the [endzone](/wiki/Endzone "Endzone").
In a Week 11 game against the [St. Louis Rams](/wiki/St._Louis_Rams "St. Louis Rams"), Aiken scored his team's only touchdown off a 3\-yard pass from Flacco (who would suffer a season\-ending [ACL injury](/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury "Anterior cruciate ligament injury") towards the end of the game) in a 16–13 [comeback](/wiki/Comeback_%28sports%29 "Comeback (sports)") win. Aiken would finish the game with 5 receptions for 50 yards.
The following week, in a [Monday Night Football](/wiki/Monday_Night_Football "Monday Night Football") game against the Browns, Aiken would be a huge factor in a shootout game that came down to the wire, catching 6 passes for 80 yards and a 15\-yard touchdown. On the final play of regulation, the Browns were in position for a game\-winning [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal "Field goal"). Baltimore's [Brent Urban](/wiki/Brent_Urban "Brent Urban") would block a [Travis Coons](/wiki/Travis_Coons "Travis Coons") kick that would be recovered by Ravens' safety [Will Hill](/wiki/Will_Hill "Will Hill") and returned 64 yards for the game\-winning touchdown.
In Week 15, the Ravens took on the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs "Kansas City Chiefs"). On the final play of the first half, the Ravens ran a [Hail Mary](/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass "Hail Mary pass") play, due to their 17\-point trailing deficit, in which quarterback [Jimmy Clausen](/wiki/Jimmy_Clausen "Jimmy Clausen") lofted a pass to Aiken, who caught the ball for a 48\-yard touchdown and made the game 24–14 in favor of Kansas City heading into [halftime](/wiki/Halftime "Halftime"). However, the Ravens would end up being shut out in the second half and suffer their second consecutive blowout loss by a score of 34–14\. Aiken, however, was the game's leading receiver, with 8 receptions (the biggest one being the unexpected touchdown) for 128 yards.
Aiken would finish the season as one of the few bright spots of an otherwise disappointing 5–11 campaign. He had a breakout season, leading the Ravens in receptions (75\), receiving yards (944\) and receiving touchdowns (5\), while also committing one [fumble](/wiki/Fumble "Fumble"), which he lost.
|
[
"#### 2015",
"[thumb\\|Aike with the Ravens in 2015](/wiki/File:Kamar_Aiken_2015.JPG \"Kamar Aiken 2015.JPG\")\nIn his second year after the departure of Torrey Smith, Aiken was expected to compete for a starting spot. As a result of injuries to [Steve Smith Sr.](/wiki/Steve_Smith_Sr. \"Steve Smith Sr.\"), [Breshad Perriman](/wiki/Breshad_Perriman \"Breshad Perriman\"), [Dennis Pitta](/wiki/Dennis_Pitta \"Dennis Pitta\"), and [Crockett Gilmore](/wiki/Crockett_Gilmore \"Crockett Gilmore\"), he would end up being the Ravens' leading receiver during the year.",
"Aiken scored his first touchdown of the season in a Week 4 [Thursday Night Football](/wiki/Thursday_Night_Football \"Thursday Night Football\") matchup with the division rival [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers \"Pittsburgh Steelers\"). It was off a 15\\-yard catch. The Ravens would win the game 23–20 in [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 \"Overtime (sports)\"), giving them their first win of the season. Aiken was the game's leading receiver with 77 yards on 5 catches.",
"In Week 6, in a 25–20 loss to the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers \"San Francisco 49ers\"), Aiken had three catches for 22 yards and a 2\\-yard touchdown, which he caught while diving backwards in the [endzone](/wiki/Endzone \"Endzone\").",
"In a Week 11 game against the [St. Louis Rams](/wiki/St._Louis_Rams \"St. Louis Rams\"), Aiken scored his team's only touchdown off a 3\\-yard pass from Flacco (who would suffer a season\\-ending [ACL injury](/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury \"Anterior cruciate ligament injury\") towards the end of the game) in a 16–13 [comeback](/wiki/Comeback_%28sports%29 \"Comeback (sports)\") win. Aiken would finish the game with 5 receptions for 50 yards.",
"The following week, in a [Monday Night Football](/wiki/Monday_Night_Football \"Monday Night Football\") game against the Browns, Aiken would be a huge factor in a shootout game that came down to the wire, catching 6 passes for 80 yards and a 15\\-yard touchdown. On the final play of regulation, the Browns were in position for a game\\-winning [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal \"Field goal\"). Baltimore's [Brent Urban](/wiki/Brent_Urban \"Brent Urban\") would block a [Travis Coons](/wiki/Travis_Coons \"Travis Coons\") kick that would be recovered by Ravens' safety [Will Hill](/wiki/Will_Hill \"Will Hill\") and returned 64 yards for the game\\-winning touchdown.",
"In Week 15, the Ravens took on the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs \"Kansas City Chiefs\"). On the final play of the first half, the Ravens ran a [Hail Mary](/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass \"Hail Mary pass\") play, due to their 17\\-point trailing deficit, in which quarterback [Jimmy Clausen](/wiki/Jimmy_Clausen \"Jimmy Clausen\") lofted a pass to Aiken, who caught the ball for a 48\\-yard touchdown and made the game 24–14 in favor of Kansas City heading into [halftime](/wiki/Halftime \"Halftime\"). However, the Ravens would end up being shut out in the second half and suffer their second consecutive blowout loss by a score of 34–14\\. Aiken, however, was the game's leading receiver, with 8 receptions (the biggest one being the unexpected touchdown) for 128 yards.",
"Aiken would finish the season as one of the few bright spots of an otherwise disappointing 5–11 campaign. He had a breakout season, leading the Ravens in receptions (75\\), receiving yards (944\\) and receiving touchdowns (5\\), while also committing one [fumble](/wiki/Fumble \"Fumble\"), which he lost.",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
### Jokerit (1988\-1998\)
Säilynoja started his career for [Jokerit](/wiki/Jokerit "Jokerit") in 1988, while the team was playing in [Finnish](/wiki/Finland "Finland") [First Division](/wiki/Mestis "Mestis"). Jokerit were promoted to [SM\-liiga](/wiki/SM-liiga "SM-liiga") in 1989 and Säilynoja had made himself as one of the solid players in Jokerit lineup.
Säilynoja had a reputation for being good at Penalty Shots
Säilynoja played in Jokerit for 10 seasons and won the Finnish Championship four times and finished second once.
### SaiPa (1998\-2000\)
After his 10 years for Jokerit, Säilynoja moved to [Lappeenranta](/wiki/Lappeenranta "Lappeenranta") and played two seasons for [SaiPa](/wiki/SaiPa "SaiPa").
### Espoo Blues (2000\-2001\)
Säliynoja's final SM\-liiga season was with [Espoo Blues](/wiki/Espoo_Blues "Espoo Blues") and he retired from active play in 2001\.
### After retirement
After his retirement, Säilynoja started working out on Banking business and served as the chairman for Finnish ice hockey Players Association.
In 2008, Säilynoja was named as the General Manager for [Jokerit](/wiki/Jokerit "Jokerit")
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"### Jokerit (1988\\-1998\\)",
"Säilynoja started his career for [Jokerit](/wiki/Jokerit \"Jokerit\") in 1988, while the team was playing in [Finnish](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\") [First Division](/wiki/Mestis \"Mestis\"). Jokerit were promoted to [SM\\-liiga](/wiki/SM-liiga \"SM-liiga\") in 1989 and Säilynoja had made himself as one of the solid players in Jokerit lineup.",
"Säilynoja had a reputation for being good at Penalty Shots",
"Säilynoja played in Jokerit for 10 seasons and won the Finnish Championship four times and finished second once.",
"### SaiPa (1998\\-2000\\)",
"After his 10 years for Jokerit, Säilynoja moved to [Lappeenranta](/wiki/Lappeenranta \"Lappeenranta\") and played two seasons for [SaiPa](/wiki/SaiPa \"SaiPa\").",
"### Espoo Blues (2000\\-2001\\)",
"Säliynoja's final SM\\-liiga season was with [Espoo Blues](/wiki/Espoo_Blues \"Espoo Blues\") and he retired from active play in 2001\\.",
"### After retirement",
"After his retirement, Säilynoja started working out on Banking business and served as the chairman for Finnish ice hockey Players Association.",
"In 2008, Säilynoja was named as the General Manager for [Jokerit](/wiki/Jokerit \"Jokerit\")",
""
] |
Plot
----
In the distant future, Rigby, Benson, Skips, Hi\-Five Ghost, Muscle Man, and Pops fight Lord Ross, a [madman](/wiki/Insanity "Insanity") plotting to erase all of time. Aiding him is a cybernetic Mordecai who is estranged from Rigby for a past transgression. The entire team is killed except for Rigby, who escapes using a timeship, a [time traveling](/wiki/Time_travel "Time travel") [space vehicle](/wiki/Space_vehicle "Space vehicle"), to travel to the past, though not before Mordecai mortally shoots him.
In the present, Mordecai and Rigby barely convince Benson not to fire them after running late due to Rigby's idea to get [breakfast burritos](/wiki/Breakfast_burrito "Breakfast burrito"). Future Rigby then crashlands in the park. He says that when Mordecai and Rigby were in high school, they built a time machine that backfired and created a "Time\-nado", a [tornado](/wiki/Tornado "Tornado") able to travel through space and time. It was later harnessed and weaponized by their former science teacher and volleyball coach, Mr. Ross, who was held responsible for the incident and arrested. Before dying, future Rigby tells his present self that he will soon have to reveal a secret from his past to save the universe, even if it destroys his friendship with Mordecai. Mordecai explains they created the time machine because Rigby got into their dream college, College University, but he did not.
After preparing for the mission, the employees use the timeship to travel back in time, damaging the engines in the process. Skips, Muscle Man, and Hi\-Five Ghost stay behind to fix them, while the others go to Mordecai and Rigby's old high school to destroy the time machine that their past selves are working on. Mr. Ross is angry at Rigby for costing his volleyball team the championship but is forced to let him do an [extra credit](/wiki/Extra_credit "Extra credit") assignment to pass his class. After an encounter with the volleyball team, who mistake Benson and Pops for spies from a rival school, Mordecai and Rigby meet their past selves and convince past Rigby to make a model [volcano](/wiki/Volcano "Volcano") instead. They then destroy the time machine.
Believing their mission to be over, Mordecai, Rigby, Benson and Pops return to the timeship. After it is repaired, however, temporal ruptures begin appearing. It turns out that Rigby and Mordecai's past selves are about to finish a second time machine Lord Ross planted. The employees race back to the school but are held up by Lord Ross and future Mordecai, allowing past Mordecai and Rigby to botch the second time machine and create the Time\-nado. Lord Ross then forces Rigby to admit the truth: he never got into College University, but Mordecai did. Unwilling to get separated from Mordecai, he created his fake rejection letter to maintain their friendship. Lord Ross then tries to kill Mordecai with a volleyball bomb. However, Future Mordecai, having a change of heart, jumps into the bomb's path, forcing Lord Ross to retreat.
Enraged at Rigby's duplicity, Mordecai ends his friendship with him. Heartbroken, Rigby runs off with the timeship, leaving the group behind. Before dying, future Mordecai gives his present self his timeship and advises him to patch things up, expressing regret over the corrupt path he chose. As the group tries to rebound, a distress call from future Gene the Vending Machine prompts them to help out. After a [suicide attempt](/wiki/Suicide_attempt "Suicide attempt") by flying into the [sun](/wiki/Sun "Sun"), Rigby encounters Father Time, who is falling apart due to the Time\-nado. He convinces Rigby to head to the future and apologize to Mordecai. At the Time\-nado [space station](/wiki/Space_station "Space station"), Lord Ross intercepts Rigby and Mordecai. With Techmo's help, they defeat Ross and restore their friendship before using the [plutonium](/wiki/Plutonium "Plutonium") from Mordecai's timeship to destroy the Time\-nado. They later convince past Rigby to apologize to past Mr. Ross before the latter is imprisoned for life, ending the feud between them.
Returning to the present, Mordecai and Rigby agree to not let their friendship degrade into trying to kill each other. This alters the future and erases their dead future selves. The next day, as Benson catches them out of the park, the pair race back in the timeship from a fast food place, glad that they will "never be late again".
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In the distant future, Rigby, Benson, Skips, Hi\\-Five Ghost, Muscle Man, and Pops fight Lord Ross, a [madman](/wiki/Insanity \"Insanity\") plotting to erase all of time. Aiding him is a cybernetic Mordecai who is estranged from Rigby for a past transgression. The entire team is killed except for Rigby, who escapes using a timeship, a [time traveling](/wiki/Time_travel \"Time travel\") [space vehicle](/wiki/Space_vehicle \"Space vehicle\"), to travel to the past, though not before Mordecai mortally shoots him.",
"In the present, Mordecai and Rigby barely convince Benson not to fire them after running late due to Rigby's idea to get [breakfast burritos](/wiki/Breakfast_burrito \"Breakfast burrito\"). Future Rigby then crashlands in the park. He says that when Mordecai and Rigby were in high school, they built a time machine that backfired and created a \"Time\\-nado\", a [tornado](/wiki/Tornado \"Tornado\") able to travel through space and time. It was later harnessed and weaponized by their former science teacher and volleyball coach, Mr. Ross, who was held responsible for the incident and arrested. Before dying, future Rigby tells his present self that he will soon have to reveal a secret from his past to save the universe, even if it destroys his friendship with Mordecai. Mordecai explains they created the time machine because Rigby got into their dream college, College University, but he did not.",
"After preparing for the mission, the employees use the timeship to travel back in time, damaging the engines in the process. Skips, Muscle Man, and Hi\\-Five Ghost stay behind to fix them, while the others go to Mordecai and Rigby's old high school to destroy the time machine that their past selves are working on. Mr. Ross is angry at Rigby for costing his volleyball team the championship but is forced to let him do an [extra credit](/wiki/Extra_credit \"Extra credit\") assignment to pass his class. After an encounter with the volleyball team, who mistake Benson and Pops for spies from a rival school, Mordecai and Rigby meet their past selves and convince past Rigby to make a model [volcano](/wiki/Volcano \"Volcano\") instead. They then destroy the time machine.",
"Believing their mission to be over, Mordecai, Rigby, Benson and Pops return to the timeship. After it is repaired, however, temporal ruptures begin appearing. It turns out that Rigby and Mordecai's past selves are about to finish a second time machine Lord Ross planted. The employees race back to the school but are held up by Lord Ross and future Mordecai, allowing past Mordecai and Rigby to botch the second time machine and create the Time\\-nado. Lord Ross then forces Rigby to admit the truth: he never got into College University, but Mordecai did. Unwilling to get separated from Mordecai, he created his fake rejection letter to maintain their friendship. Lord Ross then tries to kill Mordecai with a volleyball bomb. However, Future Mordecai, having a change of heart, jumps into the bomb's path, forcing Lord Ross to retreat.",
"Enraged at Rigby's duplicity, Mordecai ends his friendship with him. Heartbroken, Rigby runs off with the timeship, leaving the group behind. Before dying, future Mordecai gives his present self his timeship and advises him to patch things up, expressing regret over the corrupt path he chose. As the group tries to rebound, a distress call from future Gene the Vending Machine prompts them to help out. After a [suicide attempt](/wiki/Suicide_attempt \"Suicide attempt\") by flying into the [sun](/wiki/Sun \"Sun\"), Rigby encounters Father Time, who is falling apart due to the Time\\-nado. He convinces Rigby to head to the future and apologize to Mordecai. At the Time\\-nado [space station](/wiki/Space_station \"Space station\"), Lord Ross intercepts Rigby and Mordecai. With Techmo's help, they defeat Ross and restore their friendship before using the [plutonium](/wiki/Plutonium \"Plutonium\") from Mordecai's timeship to destroy the Time\\-nado. They later convince past Rigby to apologize to past Mr. Ross before the latter is imprisoned for life, ending the feud between them.",
"Returning to the present, Mordecai and Rigby agree to not let their friendship degrade into trying to kill each other. This alters the future and erases their dead future selves. The next day, as Benson catches them out of the park, the pair race back in the timeship from a fast food place, glad that they will \"never be late again\".",
""
] |
War crimes by the Saudi Arabian–led intervention
------------------------------------------------
{{See also\|Saudi\-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war\|International reactions to the Saudi\-led intervention in Yemen (2015–present)}}
| \+Airstrikes in Yemen apparently violating the laws of war (selection) [HRW](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") investigation of 10 Saudi\-led coalition airstrikes, that took place between 11 April–30 August 2015\. HRW found either no evident military target, or the attacks failed to distinguish civilians and military objectives, in violation of the laws of war.{{cite web \|date\=26 November 2015 \|title\=What Military Target Was in My Brother's House – Unlawful Coalition Airstrikes in Yemen \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/node/283702 \|url\-status\=live \|website\=Human Rights Watch \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6dM5mYROt?url\=https://www.hrw.org/node/283702 \|archive\-date\=27 November 2015}} ({{cite web \|title\=PDF download \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report\_pdf/yemen1115\_4up.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6dM5EnSsE?url\=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report\_pdf/yemen1115\_4up.pdf \|archive\-date\=27 November 2015}}) | date (in 2015\) | location / governorate | objectives or targets struck | civilians killed (at least) | | | | civilians injured |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| men | women | children | total |
| 11 April | [Amran](/wiki/%27Amran "'Amran") / [Amran](/wiki/%27Amran_Governorate "'Amran Governorate") | buildings in the town | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| 12 May | [Abs](/wiki/Abs_%28Yemen%29 "Abs (Yemen)") / [Hajjah](/wiki/Hajjah_Governorate "Hajjah Governorate") | Abs/Kholan Prison and other buildings in the town | 21 | 1 | 3 | 25 | 18 |
| 12 May | [Zabid](/wiki/Zabid "Zabid") / [Al Hudaydah](/wiki/Al_Hudaydah_Governorate "Al Hudaydah Governorate") | Shagia market and lemon grove in the town | 39 | 13 | 8 | 60 | 155 |
| 4 July | Muthalith Ahim / [Al Hudaydah](/wiki/Al_Hudaydah_Governorate "Al Hudaydah Governorate") | marketplace in the village | ? | ? | 3 | 65 | 105 |
| 6 July | [Amran](/wiki/%27Amran_Governorate "'Amran Governorate") | 1\. Bawn market between Amran und Raydah; 2\. Jawb market outside the town | 13 | 1 | 15 | 29 | 20 |
| 12 July | [Sanaʽa](/wiki/Sana%27a "Sana'a")\-Sawan / [Sanaʽa](/wiki/Sana%27a_Governorate "Sana'a Governorate") | *[muhamashee](/wiki/Al-Akhdam "Al-Akhdam")* residential neighborhood | 2 | 7 | 14 | 23 | 31 people |
| 19 July | [Yarim](/wiki/Yarim "Yarim") / [Ibb](/wiki/Ibb_Governorate "Ibb Governorate") | residential homes and buildings in the town | 4 | 3 | 9 | 16 | 16 |
| 24 July | [Mokha](/wiki/Mocha%2C_Yemen "Mocha, Yemen") / [Taiz](/wiki/Taiz_Governorate "Taiz Governorate") | residential compound of Mokha Steam Power Plant | 42 | 13 | 10 | 65 | 55 |
| 8 August | Shara'a / [Ibb](/wiki/Ibb_Governorate "Ibb Governorate") | homes in the village (Radhma district) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 2 |
| 30 August | Abs / [Hajjah](/wiki/Hajjah_Governorate "Hajjah Governorate") | Al\-Sham Water Bottling Factory in the outskirts of the town | 11 | | 3 | 14 | 11 |
| **civilian airstrike casualties for all 10 airstrikes, investigated by HRW (report of 26 November 2015\)** | | | **309** | | | | **414** |
Various groups have accused [Saudi Arabian\-led intervention in Yemen](/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen "Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen"), of human rights violations and some have gone as far as accusing the coalition of war crimes.{{cite web \|title\=365 Days of War in Yemen \|publisher\=Amnesty International \|date\=24 March 2016 \|url\=http://blog.amnestyusa.org/middle\-east/365\-days\-of\-war\-in\-yemen/\|access\-date\=17 April 2016}} The majority of these accusations stem from airstrikes undertaken by the coalition,{{cite press release \|title\=Joint statement: Fanning the flames of the Yemen Conflict \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/03/22/joint\-statement\-fanning\-flames\-yemen\-conflict \|access\-date\=22 April 2016}} but others, including the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, have also criticised the coalition's approach to blockades. The UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food claimed "the deliberate starvation of civilians in both international and internal armed conflict may constitute a war crime, and could also constitute a crime against humanity in the event of deliberate denial of food and also the deprivation of food sources or supplies."{{Cite web\|title\=Yemen spiraling into major food crisis – UN expert warns against deliberate starvation of civilians\|url\=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\=16307\&\#sthash.PIoO43qk.dpuf \|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30}} A 2019 United Nations report said the US, UK and France may be complicit in committing war crimes in Yemen by selling weapons and providing other support to the Saudi\-led coalition which is using the deliberate starvation of civilians as a tactic of warfare.{{cite web\|url\=https://therealnews.com/stories/un\-report\-on\-yemen\-us\-uk\-accomplices\-to\-atrocities\-while\-inaction\-continues\|title\=UN Report on Yemen: US, UK Accomplices to Atrocities, While Inaction Continues\|date\= 4 September 2019\|access\-date\=29 September 2019\|website\=\[\[The Real News]]}}{{cite news \|last\= Wintour\|first\=Patrick\|date\=September 3, 2019 \|title\=UK, US and France may be complicit in Yemen war crimes – UN report\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/03/uk\-us\-and\-france\-may\-be\-complicit\-in\-yemen\-war\-crimes\-un\-report\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|access\-date\=September 29, 2019}}
A September 2020 UN report further accused members of the coalition (including the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), [France](/wiki/France "France"), [the United Arab Emirates](/wiki/The_United_Arab_Emirates "The United Arab Emirates"), [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia"), and [the United States](/wiki/The_United_States "The United States")) of prolonging the conflict by supplying the country with arms.{{cite news \|title\=UN: Houthi rebels in Yemen recruited teenage girls\|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/houthi\-rebels\-yemen\-recruited\-teenage\-girls\-200909141254180\.html\|work\=Al Jazeera \|date\= September 9, 2020}}
### Targeting and killings of civilians
#### 2015
On 13 April, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") (HRW) wrote that the Saudi\-led air campaign that began on 26 March 2015, had "conducted airstrikes in apparent violation of the [laws of war](/wiki/Law_of_war "Law of war"), such as the March 30 attack on a displaced person camp in Mazraq, northern Yemen, that struck a medical facility and a market". HRW also said that the Houthis had "unlawfully deployed forces in densely populated areas and used excessive force against peaceful protesters and journalists". In addition, HRW said that by providing logistical and intelligence assistance to coalition forces, "the United States may have become a party to the conflict, creating obligations under the laws of war".{{cite web \|date\=2015\-04\-13 \|title\=Saudi Coalition/US: Curb Civilian Harm in Yemen \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/13/saudi\-coalitionus\-curb\-civilian\-harm\-yemen \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516142452/http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/13/saudi\-coalitionus\-curb\-civilian\-harm\-yemen \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-16 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-07 \|work\=Human Rights Watch}} Other incidents noted by HRW that had been deemed as "indiscriminate or disproportionate" or "in violation of the laws of war" were: a strike on a dairy factory outside the Red Sea port of Hodaida (31 civilian deaths);{{cite web \|date\=2015\-04\-16 \|title\=Yemen: Factory Airstrike Killed 31 Civilians – Saudi\-Led, US\-Backed Attack Raises Laws\-of\-War Concerns \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/15/yemen\-factory\-airstrike\-killed\-31\-civilians \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419031604/http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/15/yemen\-factory\-airstrike\-killed\-31\-civilians \|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-19 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-11 \|work\=Human Rights Watch}} a strike that destroyed a humanitarian aid warehouse of the international aid organization Oxfam in Saada;{{cite web \|date\=2015\-04\-23 \|title\=Yemen: Warehouse Strike Threatens Aid Delivery – Inquiry Still Needed If Saudi\-Led Bombing Campaign Ends \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/22/yemen\-warehouse\-strike\-threatens\-aid\-delivery \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427163924/http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/22/yemen\-warehouse\-strike\-threatens\-aid\-delivery \|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-27 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-09 \|work\=Human Rights Watch}}
Throughout April and May, [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") said that several Saudi Arabian\-led airstrikes hit five densely populated areas ([Saada](/wiki/Saada "Saada"), [Sanaa](/wiki/Sanaa "Sanaa"), [Hodeidah](/wiki/Hodeidah "Hodeidah"), Hajjah and [Ibb](/wiki/Ibb "Ibb")), and "raise concerns about compliance with the rules of international humanitarian law".{{cite web \|date\=2015\-04\-24 \|title\=Yemen: Relentless airstrikes that have left hundreds of civilians dead must be investigated \|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/04/yemen\-investigate\-relentless\-airstrikes\-that\-have\-left\-hundreds\-of\-civilians\-dead/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518181706/https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/04/yemen\-investigate\-relentless\-airstrikes\-that\-have\-left\-hundreds\-of\-civilians\-dead/ \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-18 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-12 \|work\=Amnesty International}}{{cite web \|date\=2015\-05\-08 \|title\=Yemen: Mounting evidence of high civilian toll of Saudi\-led airstrikes \|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/05/yemen\-mounting\-evidence\-of\-high\-civilian\-toll\-of\-saudi\-led\-airstrikes/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518163535/https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/05/yemen\-mounting\-evidence\-of\-high\-civilian\-toll\-of\-saudi\-led\-airstrikes/ \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-18 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-12 \|work\=Amnesty International}} They also said that at least 139 people, including at least 97 civilians (33 of whom were children) were killed during these strikes, and 460 individuals were injured (at least 157 whom were civilians).
A group of 17 aid agencies working in Yemen condemned the growing intensity of airstrikes in the north of Yemen on 8 and 9 May 2015\. [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children "Save the Children")'s Country Director in Yemen, Edward Santiago, said that the "indiscriminate attacks after the dropping of leaflets urging civilians to leave Sa'ada raises concerns about the possible pattern being established in breach of International Humanitarian Law".{{cite news \|date\=2015\-05\-10 \|title\=Aid Agencies Call For an Immediate and Permanent Cease Fire as an Additional 70,000 People Flee Coalition Airstrikes in Northern Yemen \|work\=Save the Children \|url\=http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2\.aspx?c\=8rKLIXMGIpI4E\&b\=9241315\&ct\=14661497 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-12 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518053637/http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2\.aspx?c\=8rKLIXMGIpI4E\&b\=9241315\&ct\=14661497 \|archive\-date\=18 May 2015}} Euro\-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor has claimed that [Houthi militias](/wiki/Houthis "Houthis") in alliance with the militants of exiled former president [Ali Abdullah Saleh](/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh "Ali Abdullah Saleh") killed purposely at least 22 civilians in [Taiz](/wiki/Taiz "Taiz"). According to eyewitnesses, the militants launched [Katyusha rockets](/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher "Katyusha rocket launcher") targeting the markets and residential neighborhoods in the center of Taiz. As a result, many civilians were killed and wounded. Houthi media denied the accusation, accusing Saudi and [IS](/wiki/Islamic_State "Islamic State") of committing these attacks.{{cite web \|title\=Humanitarian catastrophe is imminent in Yemeni city of Taiz as houthis target civilians \|url\=http://www.euromedmonitor.org/en/article/982/Humanitarian\-catastrophe\-is\-imminent\-in\-Yemeni\-city\-of\-Taiz\-as\-Houthis\-target\-civilians \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210203753/http://www.euromedmonitor.org/en/article/982/Humanitarian\-catastrophe\-is\-imminent\-in\-Yemeni\-city\-of\-Taiz\-as\-Houthis\-target\-civilians \|archive\-date\=10 December 2015 \|website\=Euro\-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor}}
U.N. Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes van der Klaauw, said that air strikes by the Saudi\-led coalition on Sa'ada city in May 2015, where many civilians were trapped, were in breach of [international humanitarian law](/wiki/International_humanitarian_law "International humanitarian law"), despite calls for civilians to leave the area. Scores of civilians were reportedly killed and thousands forced to flee their homes after the Saudi\-led coalition declared the entire governorate a military target, he said.{{cite web \|last\=Miles \|first\=Tom \|date\=2015\-05\-09 \|title\=Saudi\-led strikes in Yemen break international law: U.N. coordinator \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-saudi\-un\-idUSKBN0NU0PN20150509 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084543/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-18 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-10 \|work\=Reuters U.S.}}{{cite web \|date\=2015\-05\-09 \|title\=Statement by the Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes Van Der Klaauw (9 May 2015\) \[EN/AR] \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084543/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-18 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-10 \|work\=reliefweb.int (original: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affair, UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Yemen)}} Van der Klaauw also said that coalition strikes had targeted schools and hospitals, in breach of international law.{{cite news \|author\=Erin Cunningham \|date\=11 May 2015 \|title\=Intense clashes in Yemen endanger prospects of humanitarian cease\-fire \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\_east/yemen\-rebels\-claim\-tribal\-allies\-downed\-moroccan\-warplane/2015/05/11/27e895c4\-f7df\-11e4\-a13c\-193b1241d51a\_story.html \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=29 June 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701162705/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\_east/yemen\-rebels\-claim\-tribal\-allies\-downed\-moroccan\-warplane/2015/05/11/27e895c4\-f7df\-11e4\-a13c\-193b1241d51a\_story.html \|archive\-date\=1 July 2015}}
Between 26 March and 21 April, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* confirmed 18 airstrikes that resulted in civilian casualties,{{cite news \|date\=26 March 2015 \|title\=Saudi\-Backed Forces Gain Momentum \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/26/world/middleeast/geography\-of\-chaos\-in\-yemen\-maps.html}} and on 6 May, [HRW](/wiki/HRW "HRW") reported that an airstrike struck a residential home in Saada, killing 27 members of one family, including 17 children.{{cite web \|date\=18 May 2015 \|title\=Dispatches: Renewed Fighting in Yemen Should Not Mean Renewed Violations \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/05/18/dispatches\-renewed\-fighting\-yemen\-should\-not\-mean\-renewed\-violations \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch}} On 26 May, 7 more members of the same family were killed in another airstrike.{{cite news \|date\=26 May 2015 \|title\=Seven members of Yemeni family killed in Saudi\-led strike: residents \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-idUSKBN0OB18N20150526}}[thumb\|240x240px\|Yemeni capital Sanaa after airstrikes, 9 October 2015](/wiki/File:This_neighborhood_where_more_than_100_buildings_have_been_damaged_has_brought_attention_to_the_plight_of_Yemeni_blacks_with_neighboring_communities_coming_to_witness_the_damage_-_Sanaa_-_Oct-9-2015.png "This neighborhood where more than 100 buildings have been damaged has brought attention to the plight of Yemeni blacks with neighboring communities coming to witness the damage - Sanaa - Oct-9-2015.png")
On 27 May nearly 100 people were killed due to airstrikes hitting Sanaa, Sa'da and Hodeida in the largest ever one\-day death toll throughout the conflict.{{cite news \|date\=27 May 2015 \|title\=Nearly 100 people killed in Saudi\-led aerial assault on Yemen \|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|url\=https://latimes.com/world/middleeast/la\-fg\-yemen\-fighting\-20150527\-story.html}}
On 28 June a coalition airstrike hit and damaged the UN compound in Aden, severely damaging the [UNDP](/wiki/UNDP "UNDP") building and injuring a guard.{{cite web \|author\=United Nations Web Services Section \|title\=United Nations Secretary\-General Ban Ki\-moon's Statements \|url\=https://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid\=8779 \|access\-date\=13 July 2015}}
On 30 June HRW released a report stating that coalition airstrikes on the northern Yemeni city of Saada, a Houthi rebel stronghold, had killed dozens of civilians and wrecked homes and markets. The group said it had documented a dozen airstrikes on Saada that destroyed or damaged civilian homes, five markets, a school and a petrol station although there was no evidence of military use. "Saada City's streets are littered with bomb craters, destroyed buildings, and other evidence of coalition airstrikes," HRW's Sarah Leah Whitson said in the report{{cite news \|date\=30 June 2015 \|title\=Rights group says Arab bombings killed dozens of Yemeni civilians \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-airstrikes\-idUSKCN0PA28T20150630 \|access\-date\=13 July 2015}} and later added. "These attacks appear to be serious laws\-of\-war violations that need to be properly investigated."{{cite web \|date\=13 July 2015 \|title\=Yemen: Unlawful Airstrikes Kill Dozens of Civilians \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/06/30/yemen\-unlawful\-airstrikes\-kill\-dozens\-civilians \|access\-date\=13 July 2015 \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch}}
On 6 July airstrikes killed over 100 people including more than 30 civilians in Al Joob, Amran.{{cite web \|date\=10 July 2015 \|title\=Photo Essay on Victims of Recent Saudi Airstrikes in Yemen \|url\=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/10/yemen\-airstrike/ \|access\-date\=13 July 2015 \|website\=\[\[The Intercept]]}} A state\-run news agency said that 40 had been killed in a raid on a livestock market in al\-Foyoush. Local residents also reported 30 deaths in a raid they said apparently targeted a Houthi checkpoint on the main road between Aden and Lahj. They said 10 of the dead were Houthi fighters. MSF head of mission in Yemen said "It is unacceptable that airstrikes take place in highly concentrated civilian areas where people are gathering and going about their daily lives, especially at a time such as Ramadan."{{cite news \|date\=6 July 2015 \|title\=Air strikes kill nearly 100 in Yemen, cast shadow on truce talks \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-idUSKCN0PG0EW20150706 \|access\-date\=13 July 2015}}
On 25 July airstrikes killed over 120 civilians in the town of Mokha, marking the deadliest strike yet against civilians. The airstrikes hit workers' housing for a power plant in Mokha, flattening some of the buildings, the officials said. A fire erupted in the area, charring many of the corpses. "It just shows what is the trend now of the airstrikes from the coalition," said Hassan Boucenine of the Geneva\-based Doctors Without Borders. "Now, it's a house, it's a market, it's anything." He added that many of the workers had families visiting for the Eid al\-Fitr holiday at the end of the holy month of Ramadan. Mokha, populated largely by fishermen, had a reputation as one of the safest places in the country embroiled in war, said Boucenine.{{cite news \|title\=News from The Associated Press \|url\=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML\_YEMEN?SITE\=AP\&SECTION\=HOME\&TEMPLATE\=DEFAULT\&CTIME\=2015\-07\-24\-19\-42\-34 \|access\-date\=29 July 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20150731173010/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML\_YEMEN?SITE\=AP\&SECTION\=HOME\&TEMPLATE\=DEFAULT\&CTIME\=2015\-07\-24\-19\-42\-34 \|archive\-date\=2015\-07\-31}}
On 18 August, Amnesty International reported that it had confirmed 141 civilian deaths from eight airstrikes.{{cite news \|date\=18 August 2015 \|title\=Amnesty: All sides in Yemen may be guilty of war crimes \|work\=\[\[Today's Zaman]] \|url\=http://www.todayszaman.com/world\_amnesty\-all\-sides\-in\-yemen\-may\-be\-guilty\-of\-war\-crimes\_396849\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226093310/http://www.todayszaman.com/world\_amnesty\-all\-sides\-in\-yemen\-may\-be\-guilty\-of\-war\-crimes\_396849\.html \|archive\-date\=26 February 2016}}
On 24 August, the UN special representative of the secretary\-general for children and armed conflict said, that of 402 children killed in Yemen since late March 2015, 73 percent were victims of Saudi coalition\-led airstrikes.{{cite web \|date\=24 August 2015 \|title\=Statement on the situation in Yemen by Leila Zerrougui, Special Representative of the Secretary\-General for Children and Armed Conflict \|url\=https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/press\-release/statement\-on\-the\-situation\-in\-yemen\-by\-leila\-zerrougui\-special\-representative\-of\-the\-secretary\-general\-for\-children\-and\-armed\-conflict/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129114140/https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/press\-release/statement\-on\-the\-situation\-in\-yemen\-by\-leila\-zerrougui\-special\-representative\-of\-the\-secretary\-general\-for\-children\-and\-armed\-conflict/ \|archive\-date\=29 January 2016 \|publisher\=UN Office of the SRSG for Children and Armed Conflict}}{{cite news \|last\=D'Almeida \|first\=Kanya \|date\=25 August 2015 \|title\=Majority of Child Casualties in Yemen Caused by Saudi\-Led Airstrikes \|publisher\=\[\[Inter Press Service]] \|url\=http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/08/majority\-of\-child\-casualties\-in\-yemen\-caused\-by\-saudi\-led\-airstrikes \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831231958/http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/08/majority\-of\-child\-casualties\-in\-yemen\-caused\-by\-saudi\-led\-airstrikes/ \|archive\-date\=31 August 2015}} *[Mondoweiss](/wiki/Mondoweiss "Mondoweiss")* reported that the UN also said at this time that an average of 30 people had been killed in Yemen every single day since the beginning of the war. On top of this, more than 23,000 had been wounded.{{cite news \|author\=Ben Norton \|date\=24 August 2015 \|title\=4,500 killed in Yemen in 150 Days of Saudi\-led bombing \|work\=\[\[Mondoweiss]] \|url\=http://mondoweiss.net/2015/08/killed\-saudi\-bombing/}} On 11 September 2015, UN Human Rights Commissioner said that of 1,527 civilians killed between 26 March and 30 June, at least 941 people were killed by airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\-led coalition.{{cite web \|date\=7 September 2015 \|title\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\) – Advance Edited Version \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\-human\-rights\-yemen\-report\-office\-united\-nations\-high\-commissioner\-human \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoMdEZh?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\-human\-rights\-yemen\-report\-office\-united\-nations\-high\-commissioner\-human \|archive\-date\=14 September 2015 \|publisher\=UN Human Rights Council}}. PDF: {{cite web \|date\=7 September 2015 \|title\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\) – Advance Edited Version \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\_HRC\_30\_31\_AEV.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoUO8BI?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\_HRC\_30\_31\_AEV.pdf \|archive\-date\=14 September 2015 \|publisher\=UN Human Rights Council}}{{cite web \|last1\=Fitch \|first1\=Asa \|last2\=al\-Kibsi \|first2\=Mohammed \|date\=10 December 2015 \|title\=Heavy Toll in Yemen Conflict Draws Scrutiny – Civilians bear brunt of damage in war between Saudi\-led coalition and Houthi rebels \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/heavy\-toll\-in\-yemen\-conflict\-draws\-scrutiny\-1449743401 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228144109/http://www.wsj.com/articles/heavy\-toll\-in\-yemen\-conflict\-draws\-scrutiny\-1449743401 \|archive\-date\=28 December 2015 \|work\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]}}{{cite news \|last\=Fahim \|first\=Kareem \|date\=12 September 2015 \|title\=Airstrikes Take Toll on Civilians in Yemen War \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/world/middleeast/airstrikes\-hit\-civilians\-yemen\-war.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610054649/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/world/middleeast/airstrikes\-hit\-civilians\-yemen\-war.html?\_r\=2 \|archive\-date\=10 June 2022}}{{cite news \|last\=Kouddous \|first\=Sharif Abdel \|date\=30 November 2015 \|title\=With US help, Saudi Arabia is obliterating Yemen \|work\=\[\[GlobalPost]] \|url\=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6696395/2015/11/30/yemen\-conflict\-saudi\-arabia\-airstrikes\-war\-crimes\-united\-states \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222173227/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6696395/2015/11/30/yemen\-conflict\-saudi\-arabia\-airstrikes\-war\-crimes\-united\-states \|archive\-date\=22 December 2015}}
On 11 September, UN Human Rights Commissioner said that of 1,527 civilians killed between 26 March and 30 June, at least 941 people were killed by airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\-led coalition.{{cite web \|date\=7 September 2015 \|title\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\) – Advance Edited Version \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\-human\-rights\-yemen\-report\-office\-united\-nations\-high\-commissioner\-human \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoMdEZh?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\-human\-rights\-yemen\-report\-office\-united\-nations\-high\-commissioner\-human \|archive\-date\=14 September 2015 \|publisher\=UN Human Rights Council}}. PDF: {{cite web \|date\=7 September 2015 \|title\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\) – Advance Edited Version \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\_HRC\_30\_31\_AEV.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoUO8BI?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\_HRC\_30\_31\_AEV.pdf \|archive\-date\=14 September 2015 \|publisher\=UN Human Rights Council}} On 27 October, the OHCHR said that out of 2,615 civilians killed between 26 March and 26 October 2015, 1,641 civilians had reportedly been killed due to airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\-led coalition.{{cite web \|date\=27 October 2015 \|title\=Regular Press Briefing by the Information Service \|url\=http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news\_media.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear\_en%29/BFBC8D1DEEC1C846C1257EEB004A3211?OpenDocument \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118055220/http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news\_media.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear\_en%29/BFBC8D1DEEC1C846C1257EEB004A3211?OpenDocument \|archive\-date\=18 November 2015 \|publisher\=\[\[United Nations Office at Geneva\|UNOG]]}}{{cite news \|date\=27 October 2015 \|title\=UN: Yemen's seven\-month violence kills 2,615 civilians \|publisher\=\[\[Anadolu Agency]] \|url\=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle\-east/un\-yemens\-seven\-month\-violence\-kills\-2\-615\-civilians/456735 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028120553/http://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle\-east/un\-yemens\-seven\-month\-violence\-kills\-2\-615\-civilians/456735 \|archive\-date\=28 October 2015}}
In December 2015, HRW claimed that six "unlawful airstrikes" were carried out in the capital by the Saudi\-led coalition in September and October, which killed 60 civilians. They also criticized the Coalition and the United States for refusing to investigate the attacks.[Yemen: Coalition Bombs Homes in Capital](https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/21/yemen-coalition-bombs-homes-capital) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222141930/https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/21/yemen\-coalition\-bombs\-homes\-capital\|date\=22 December 2015}}. [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch"). 21 December 2015\. On 8 October 2016, a Saudi\-led airstrike on a funeral ceremony killed roughly 100 people and injured 500, including children. HRW described the airstrike as an apparent war crime.[Yemen: Saudi\-Led Funeral Attack Apparent War Crime](https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/10/13/yemen-saudi-led-funeral-attack-apparent-war-crime) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015073952/https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/10/13/yemen\-saudi\-led\-funeral\-attack\-apparent\-war\-crime\|date\=15 October 2016}}. Human Rights Watch. 13 October 2016\.
#### 2016
According to a UN report released in early 2016, it is believed that the Saudi Arabian\-led coalition could be deliberately targeting civilians.{{cite news \|title\=Yemen conflict: Saudi\-led coalition targeting civilians, UN says \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=27 January 2016 \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-35423282 \|access\-date\=22 April 2016}} Human Rights Watch has identified several airstrikes which have hit civilian targets: an attack on a camp for displaced people, and a dairy factory.{{cite news \|title\=Saudi Coalition/US: Curb Civilian Harm in Yemen \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch \|date\=13 April 2015 \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/13/saudi\-coalition/us\-curb\-civilian\-harm\-yemen}}{{cite news \|title\=Yemen: Factory Airstrike Killed 31 Civilians \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch \|date\=15 April 2015 \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/15/yemen\-factory\-airstrike\-killed\-31\-civilians\-0}} [Médecins Sans Frontières](/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res "Médecins Sans Frontières") claims it was attacked four times in three months by coalition forces.{{cite news \|title\=Yemen: Health facilities under attack \- MSF wants answers \|publisher\=Médecins Sans Frontières \|date\=25 January 2016 \|url\=http://www.msf.org/article/yemen\-health\-facilities\-under\-attack\-msf\-wants\-answers \|access\-date\=22 April 2016}} In addition to these targets, the UN panel who worked on the report also claimed that the coalition targeted "civilian gatherings, including weddings; civilian vehicles, including buses; civilian residential areas; medical facilities; schools; mosques; markets, factories and food storage warehouses; and other essential civilian infrastructure, such as the airport in Sana'a, the port in Hudaydah and domestic transit routes", and concluded this was in violation of international law.{{cite news \|first\=Ewan \|last\=MacAskill \|title\=UN report into Saudi\-led strikes in Yemen raises questions over UK role \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|date\=27 January 2016 \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/27/un\-report\-into\-saudi\-led\-strikes\-in\-yemen\-raises\-questions\-over\-uk\-role \|access\-date\=22 April 2016}} The panel also concluded that airstrikes contributed to 60% of civilian deaths since the beginning of the conflict.{{cite news \|title\=UN panel calls for international inquiry in Yemen \|publisher\=Agence France\-Presse \|date\=27 January 2016 \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/un\-panel\-calls\-international\-inquiry\-yemen \|access\-date\=22 April 2016}} At the end of August 2016, the United Nations revised the number of deaths during the war from around 6,000 to at least 10,000, and the U.N. Humanitarian Coordinator noted the difficulty in providing an exact number of people killed during the conflict.{{Cite web\|title\=UN: At least 10,000 killed in Yemen conflict\|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/8/30/un\-at\-least\-10000\-killed\-in\-yemen\-conflict\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30\|website\=www.aljazeera.com\|language\=en}}
On 1 February 2016 Reuters reported: "Mortars and rockets fired at Saudi Arabian towns and villages have killed 375 civilians, including 63 children, since the start of the Saudi\-led military campaign in Yemen in late March, Riyadh said."{{cite news \|last1\=Maclean \|first1\=William \|last2\=McDowall \|first2\=Angus \|date\=1 February 2016 \|title\=Saudi Arabia says 375 civilians killed on its border in Yemen war \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-saudi\-idUSKCN0VA36T \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202194248/http://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-saudi\-idUSKCN0VA36T \|archive\-date\=2 February 2016}}
On 15 March 2016 Saudi\-led airstrikes on a market in Mastaba killed at least 119 people, including 25 children.["Saudi coalition massacred 119 Yemenis at market with U.S.\-supplied bombs"](http://www.salon.com/2016/04/07/saudi_coalition_massacred_119_yemenis_at_market_with_u_s_supplied_bombs/). [Salon](/wiki/Salon_%28website%29 "Salon (website)"). 7 April 2016\.
In late September 2016, it was reported that a Saudi airstrike had hit a residential area in [Al Hudaydah](/wiki/Al_Hudaydah "Al Hudaydah"), killing at least 25 people and injuring 70\.{{Cite news\|date\=2016\-09\-22\|title\=Yemen conflict: Saudi\-led air strike 'kills 25 in Hudaydah'\|language\=en\-GB\|work\=BBC News\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-37438530\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30}} A government official told AFP news agency that the area was probably accidentally hit while Saudi Arabian forces were targeting what they believed to be a Houthi stronghold.
In October 2016, Saudi Arabian forces were accused of being responsible for [airstrikes on funeral procession](/wiki/Sanaa_funeral_airstrike "Sanaa funeral airstrike"), resulting in the deaths of at least 140 people.{{Cite news\|date\=2016\-10\-09\|title\=Saudis to probe deadly air strikes on Yemen funeral hall\|language\=en\-GB\|work\=BBC News\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-37599900\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30}} Initial reports indicated that a further 525 people were injured in the airstrikes.{{Cite web\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=2016\-10\-09\|title\=Saudi\-led airstrike kills over 140 mourners in Yemen\|url\=https://nypost.com/2016/10/08/saudi\-led\-airstrike\-kills\-over\-140\-mourners\-in\-yemen/\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30\|website\=New York Post\|language\=en\-US}} The funeral was for the father of Houthi\-appointed Interior Minister Galal al\-Rawishan. Sources in Yemen claimed that due to the number of casualties, the medical staff in [Sana'a](/wiki/Sana%27a "Sana'a") was overwhelmed and doctors who were off duty had to be called in to assist.{{Cite news\|last1\=Almosawa\|first1\=Shuaib\|last2\=Hubbard\|first2\=Ben\|date\=2016\-10\-08\|title\=Saudi\-Led Airstrikes Blamed for Massacre at Funeral in Yemen\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/09/world/middleeast/yemen\-saudi\-arabia\-houthis\-rebels.html\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30\|issn\=0362\-4331}} As of 9 October 2016, the final number of casualties is unknown, but it is likely the attack is one of the most deadly since the beginning of the Yemeni Civil War in March 2015\.
On 29 October 2016, at least 17 civilians were killed in [Taiz](/wiki/Taiz "Taiz") in airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\-led coalition.{{Cite web\|title\=Air strikes kill 17 in Yemen's Taiz province\|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/30/yemen\-raid\-kills\-18\-hadi\-rejects\-un\-envoys\-proposal\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30\|website\=www.aljazeera.com\|language\=en}} It was reported that the area was targeting a suburb allegedly known to be used by Houthis. This attack raises issues of human rights and international law breaches on both sides. The actions by the coalition in striking the civilian area raise issues of [distinction](/wiki/Distinction_%28law%29 "Distinction (law)"), as the harm caused to civilians and their property is possibly out of proportion to the direct military advantage that was gained in carrying out the airstrikes. The fact that the Houthis are fighting in civilian areas could be in breach of the Protocol on the Protection of Victims of Non\-International Armed Conflicts, as their actions mean civilians are likely to be killed in the conflict.
In October 2016, a densely populated [funeral in Yemen was struck](/wiki/2016_Sana%27a_funeral_air_raid "2016 Sana'a funeral air raid"), leaving at least 155 dead{{cite news \|last1\=Sanchez \|first1\=Ray \|title\=US: No blank check for Saudi Arabia in Yemen \|publisher\=CNN \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/08/middleeast/yemen\-airstrikes/ \|access\-date\=10 October 2016}} and 525 wounded,{{cite news \|last1\=Khomami \|first1\=Nadia \|date\=8 October 2016 \|title\=Airstrikes on Yemen funeral kill at least 140 people, UN official says \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/08/saudi\-led\-coalition\-airstrike\-hit\-yemen\-funeral\-officials\-say \|access\-date\=10 October 2016}} including the senior military and security officials of the Shia Houthi and loyalists of former president Ali Abdullah Saleh. The attack was reportedly carried out by Saudi Arabia.{{Cite news\|date\=2016\-10\-30\|title\=Yemen conflict: Dozens killed as air strikes hit prison in Hudaydah\|language\=en\-GB\|work\=BBC News\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-37813569\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30}}{{cite news \|last1\=Adam \|first1\=Withnall \|date\=10 October 2016 \|title\=Britain and US pile pressure on Saudi Arabia over Yemen funeral bombing \|work\=\[\[The Independent]] \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/yemen\-sanaa\-funeral\-bombing\-air\-strikes\-uk\-arms\-sales\-us\-saudi\-arabia\-coalition\-latest\-a7353231\.html \|access\-date\=10 October 2016}}
#### 2017–2019
[thumb\|*Let Yemen Live* protest in New York City in December 2017](/wiki/File:048_Rally_%2825154206308%29.jpg "048 Rally (25154206308).jpg")
In mid\-February 2017, Saudi\-led forces were accused of killing at least five people who had been attending a funeral near Sanaa. Many others were also injured.{{Cite web\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=2017\-02\-15\|title\=At least five killed and dozens wounded in Saudi\-led airstrike on Yemen funeral\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/15/yemen\-funeral\-saudi\-led\-airstrike\-houthi\-insurgents\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30\|website\=the Guardian\|language\=en}} On 17 March, a boat carrying Somali refugees out of Yemen was attacked by a military helicopter, resulting in the deaths of at least 30 Somalis.{{Cite news\|last1\=Hubbard\|first1\=Ben\|last2\=Almosawa\|first2\=Shuaib\|date\=2017\-03\-17\|title\=Airstrike Kills Dozens of Somali Migrants Off Yemen's Coast\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/world/middleeast/yemen\-airstrike\-somali\-migrants.html\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30\|issn\=0362\-4331}} as of 18 March, the circumstances of the attack remain unclear, with some survivors claiming the attack came from a helicopter, and others claiming a battleship, then a helicopter attacked the boat. According to a survivor, 10 of those killed were women, and five were children. Mohammed Abdiker, emergencies director at the International Organization for Migration, said 42 bodies were recovered, and noted that the combatants should have attempted to identify the passengers before deciding whether to attack. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* cited Yemeni officials as saying that Saudi forces were responsible for the attack, but some uncertainty remains as to who carried out the attack.{{Cite web\|date\=2017\-03\-18\|title\=Unknown attackers kill UN refugees off Yemen\|url\=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/326878/unknown\-attackers\-kill\-un\-refugees\-off\-yemen\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30\|website\=RNZ\|language\=en\-nz}} The Saudi\-led coalition has not commented on the attack. In December 2017, Saudis killed and injured 600 Yemenis in 26 days.{{Cite web \|title\=Saudi's kill and injure 600 Yemeni's in just 26 days \- AWDnews \|url\=http://www.awdnews.com/index/saudis\-kill\-injure\-600\-yemenis\-just\-26\-days/ \|access\-date\=20 July 2018 \|website\=www.awdnews.com \|archive\-date\=20 July 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720081001/http://www.awdnews.com/index/saudis\-kill\-injure\-600\-yemenis\-just\-26\-days/ }}
On [22 April 2018, a Saudi\-led airstrike hit a wedding](/wiki/2018_Hajjah_Governorate_airstrike "2018 Hajjah Governorate airstrike") in the [Bani Qayis district](/wiki/Bani_Qais "Bani Qais") of Hajjah Governorate, Yemen. Casualty estimates vary, with Al\-Masirah reporting the toll later that day to be at least 33 civilians, including the bride, while other estimates are higher. Forty\-five other people were injured in the strike. The victims were mainly women and children.{{cite web
\|title\=Yemen war: Saudi\-led air strike on wedding 'kills 20' \|date\=23 April 2018
\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-43863608
\|work\=\[\[BBC\|BBC News]]\|access\-date\=26 April 2018}} The planes used to carry out the strike continued to fly over the area, preventing medical ambulances from reaching the scene to treat the wounded.{{cite news
\|title\=Yemen: 'At least 20 killed including bride' after airstrike by Saudi\-led coalition hits wedding party
\|first1\=Jon \|last1\=Sharman \|first2\=Ghaida \|last2\=Ghantous \|first3\=Ahmed \|last3\=al\-Haj
\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/yemen\-airstrike\-wedding\-party\-killed\-injured\-bani\-qayis\-saudi\-coalition\-latest\-updates\-a8317826\.html
\|access\-date\=26 April 2018\|work\=\[\[The Independent]]\|date\=23 April 2018}} On 9 August, a [school bus was hit by a Saudi airstrike](/wiki/Dahyan_air_strike "Dahyan air strike"), killing 51 people and injuring 79\. 40 of the dead and 56 of the injured were children between the ages of 6 and 11\.{{cite web \|author1\=Nima Elbagir \|author2\=Salma Abdelaziz \|author3\=Sheena McKenzie \|author4\=Waffa Munayyer \|date\=13 August 2018 \|title\=The schoolboys in Yemen were chatting and laughing. Then came the airstrike \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/13/middleeast/yemen\-children\-school\-bus\-strike\-intl/index.html \|website\=\[\[CNN]]}} In November, more than 100 Saudi airstrikes had attacked civilian neighborhoods and a malnutrition clinic run by Save the Children in Hodeidah.{{cite web \|last1\=McKernan \|first1\=Bethan \|date\=7 November 2018 \|title\=Battle rages in Yemen's vital port as showdown looms \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/07/yemen\-hodeidah\-airstrikes\-saudi\-led\-coalition\-ceasefire\-calls \|access\-date\=7 November 2018 \|website\=theguardian}}
On the 31st of August 2019, aircraft 81 delivered several explosive ordnances on the Dhamar community college compound. Houthi forces utilized at least one of these structures as a prison. According to the International Committee of the Red Cross, the facility housed around 170 detainees. At least 40 people were injured, and at least 100 civilians were killed as a result of the catastrophe. Saudi\-led coalition spokesman [Turki Al\-Maliki](/wiki/Turki_Al-Maliki "Turki Al-Maliki") acknowledged the attack but argued it was a military target due to the presence of Houthi fighters and air defence assets.{{cite book \|title\=Letter dated 27 January 2020 from the Panel of Experts on Yemen addressed to the President of the Security Council \|date\=27 January 2020}} A former detainee told the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") that the Houthis were repairing weapons in and close to the detention center. Several other detainees said via [social media](/wiki/Social_media "Social media") that the center had been the target of airstrikes before. It was consistent with the Houthi practice of using human shields near detention facilities. Local residents said some of those detained were arrested for being critical of the Houthis.{{Cite news\|last1\=Al\-Haj\|first1\=Ahmed\|last2\=Magdy\|first2\=Sami\|date\=2 September 2019\|title\=Saudi\-led airstrikes on Yemen rebel\-run prison kill over 100\|language\=en\-US\|publisher\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|url\=https://apnews.com/article/yemen\-ap\-top\-news\-middle\-east\-international\-news\-sanaa\-131ce2899df04a89bc3858910a3aa989\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-22}}
#### 2020–2022
On March 30, 2020, the [Saudi\-led coalition](/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen "Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen") carried out [airstrikes](/wiki/Airstrikes "Airstrikes") in the Yemeni capital, [Sanaa](/wiki/Sanaa "Sanaa"). The attacks hit the presidential palace compound, a school and an air base close to Sanaa airport. The bombardment took place after calls from the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") were made to maintain ceasefire during [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").{{cite news \|title\=Air strikes hit Houthi\-held Yemeni capital Sanaa: witnesses \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security/air\-strikes\-hit\-houthi\-held\-yemeni\-capital\-sanaa\-witnesses\-idUSKBN21H1GY \|access\-date\=30 March 2020 \|website\=Reuters\|date\=30 March 2020 }}
In an April 2020 report, the Human Rights Watch said that war crimes committed by Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates in Yemen go unmentioned. They stated that these countries were responsible for most child casualties and illegal attacks on schools.{{cite web \|date\=10 April 2020 \|title\=The UN's Timid Responses to War Crimes Against Children \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/10/uns\-timid\-responses\-war\-crimes\-against\-children \|access\-date\=10 April 2020 \|website\=Human Rights Watch}} On December third, 2020, more than 60 organizations urged the U.N. General Assembly to establish an investigative body to gather and preserve evidence of serious human rights violations during Yemen's seven\-year conflict, including possible war crimes and crimes against humanity.{{cite web \|date\=2021\-12\-03 \|title\=UN General Assembly urged to investigate Yemen atrocities \|url\=https://twitter.com/YemenMatters\_/status/1466762392986025984 \|access\-date\=2021\-12\-09}}
An air strike in the northwest Yemen killed seven children and two women, as reported by the [United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs "United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs") on 13 July 2020\. The [Houthi rebels](/wiki/Houthi_movement "Houthi movement") claimed that the air strike was carried out by the Saudi\-led coalition. However, [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia") denied any involvement in the air strike.{{cite news \|date\=17 June 2020 \|title\=Saudi\-led coalition in Yemen denies killing civilians in Saada air strike \|website\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security/saudi\-led\-coalition\-in\-yemen\-denies\-killing\-civilians\-in\-saada\-air\-strike\-idUSKBN23O2U2 \|access\-date\=17 July 2020}}
On 6 August 2020, an air strike in northern Yemen killed a large number of civilians. A report by humanitarian coordination agency, [UNOCHA](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs "United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs"), indicated that as many as nine children were killed, while seven children and two women were injured. The [UN Special Envoy](/wiki/Special_Envoy_of_the_Secretary-General "Special Envoy of the Secretary-General") for Yemen, [Martin Griffiths](/wiki/Martin_Griffiths "Martin Griffiths"), condemned air strikes and called for a transparent investigation into the incident.{{cite web \|title\=U.N. condemns air strikes in Yemen that reportedly killed children \|url\=https://de.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security/u\-n\-condemns\-air\-strikes\-in\-yemen\-that\-reportedly\-killed\-children\-idUSKCN253277 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908060438/https://de.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security/u\-n\-condemns\-air\-strikes\-in\-yemen\-that\-reportedly\-killed\-children\-idUSKCN253277 \|archive\-date\=8 September 2020 \|access\-date\=7 August 2020 \|website\=Reuters}}
On 20 December 2021, the Saudi\-led coalition carried out air raids at the international airport in the Yemeni capital, [Sanaa](/wiki/Sanaa "Sanaa"). As a result of these airstrikes, [UN](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") aid flights into Sanaa were halted as the airport was no longer able to receive aircraft operated by the United Nations or international humanitarian organisations. Since 2016, humanitarian flights into Sanaa airport have been largely interrupted by a Saudi\-led blockade.{{cite news \|date\=20 December 2021 \|title\=Saudi\-led coalition forces target Yemeni airport in air strike \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-59736335 \|access\-date\=21 December 2021}}
### Alleged use of white phosphorus
In September 2016, it was reported that Saudi Arabian forces had used [white phosphorus munitions](/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions "White phosphorus munitions") in Yemen, which was identified as being American in origin.{{Cite news \|last\=Gibbons\-Neff \|first\=Thomas \|title\=Saudi Arabia appears to be using U.S.\-supplied white phosphorus in its war in Yemen \|language\=en\-US \|newspaper\=Washington Post \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/09/19/saudi\-arabia\-appears\-to\-be\-using\-u\-s\-supplied\-white\-phosphorus\-in\-its\-war\-in\-yemen/ \|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30 \|issn\=0190\-8286}} As of September 2016, it is unclear what the phosphorus is being used for in Yemen, but there are several possible breaches raised by the sale: under U.S. regulations, white phosphorus is only to be sold to countries for the purposes of signalling and creating smoke screens. Under international law, the use of white phosphorus is not prohibited, but there are requirements that it cannot be used near civilians. White phosphorus can burn skin tissue deeply, and has the potential to cause multiple organ failure.Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). "White Phosphorus: Health Effects" If inhaled, it may cause cardiac arrest.
### Declaring the entire governorate of Sa'ada a military target
On 8 May 2015, a spokesperson for the Saudi\-led coalition declared the entire city of [Sa'ada](/wiki/Saada "Saada"), with a population of around 50,000 people, a military target. According to [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch"): "This not only violated the laws\-of\-war prohibition against placing civilians at particular risk by treating a number of separate and distinct military objectives as a single military target, but possibly also the prohibition against making threats of violence whose purpose is to instill terror in the civilian population."{{cite web \|date\=30 June 2015 \|title\=Targeting Saada: Unlawful Coalition Airstrikes on Saada City in Yemen \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/06/30/targeting\-saada/unlawful\-coalition\-airstrikes\-saada\-city\-yemen \|website\=\[\[Human Rights Watch]]}}
[Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") compiled the names and ages of some of the people killed in Sa'ada City between 6 April and 11 May. Of the 59 people they found information on, 35 were children and 14 were women. The organisation's analysis of air\-strike locations in Sa'ada showed that bombs fell across the city including near markets, schools and hospitals.
U.N. [Humanitarian Coordinator](/wiki/Humanitarian_Coordinator "Humanitarian Coordinator") for Yemen, Johannes van der Klaauw, agreed that the Saudi\-led coalition's actions breached international humanitarian law.{{cite news \|last\=Miles \|first\=Tom \|date\=9 May 2015 \|title\=Saudi\-led strikes in Yemen break international law: U.N. coordinator \|publisher\=Reuters U.S. \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-saudi\-un\-idUSKBN0NU0PN20150509 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080810/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/09/us\-yemen\-security\-saudi\-un\-idUSKBN0NU0PN20150509 \|archive\-date\=18 May 2015}}{{cite web \|date\=9 May 2015 \|title\=Statement by the Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes Van Der Klaauw (9 May 2015\) \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084543/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=18 May 2015 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affair, UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Yemen}} "The [indiscriminate bombing](/wiki/Indiscriminate_attack "Indiscriminate attack") of populated areas, with or without prior warning, is in contravention of international humanitarian law," he said.{{cite news \|author\=Mariano Castillo \|author\-link\=Mariano Castillo \|date\=12 May 2015 \|title\=U.N. rep accuses Saudi\-led coalition of violating international law \|publisher\=CNN \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/09/asia/saudi\-airstrikes\-yemen/}} He added that he was concerned that "scores of civilians were reportedly killed and thousands were forced to flee their homes after the coalition declared the entire governate a military target."
[Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children "Save the Children")'s Country Director in Yemen, Edward Santiago, said that the "indiscriminate attacks after the dropping of leaflets urging civilians to leave Sa'ada raises concerns about the possible pattern being established in breach of International Humanitarian Law. Warning civilians does not exonerate the coalition from their obligation to protect civilians and civilian infrastructure, and we have seen in the last days that the warnings have not been enough to spare civilian lives. At the same time, people are largely unable to flee for safety because of the de facto [blockade](/wiki/Blockade_of_Yemen "Blockade of Yemen") imposed by the coalition leading to severe fuel shortages."{{cite web \|date\=10 May 2015 \|title\=Aid Agencies Call For an Immediate and Permanent Cease Fire as an Additional 70,000 People Flee Coalition Airstrikes in Northern Yemen \|url\=http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2\.aspx?c\=8rKLIXMGIpI4E\&b\=9241315\&ct\=14661497 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518053637/http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2\.aspx?c\=8rKLIXMGIpI4E\&b\=9241315\&ct\=14661497 \|archive\-date\=18 May 2015 \|access\-date\=12 May 2015 \|publisher\=Save the Children}}
On 22 January 2022, a Saudi\-led coalition airstrike hit a prison run by Yemen's Houthi rebels in Sa'ada, killing at least 82 detainees. Hundreds of people were injured in the attack. According to [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children "Save the Children"), the Houthis used the prison complex to hold detained migrants, mostly Africans attempting to cross through the war\-torn country into Saudi Arabia. Another airstrike hit a telecommunications centre in the port city of [Hodeida](/wiki/Al_Hudaydah "Al Hudaydah"), killing three children and downing the country's internet access.{{cite web \|date\=22 January 2022 \|title\=UN condemns airstrike in Yemen that leaves more than 80 dead \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/22/un\-condemns\-deadly\-airstrike\-on\-yemen\-detention\-centre \|access\-date\=22 January 2022 \|website\=The Guardian}}
### Usage of cluster munitions
In early May 2015, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") accused Saudi Arabia of using US\-supplied [cluster munitions](/wiki/Cluster_munition "Cluster munition") on at least two occasions. The Saudi military acknowledged using [CBU\-105 bombs](/wiki/CBU-97_Sensor_Fuzed_Weapon "CBU-97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon"), but it claimed they were only employed against armoured vehicles and not in population centers.{{cite news \|date\=3 May 2015 \|title\=Report: Saudi Arabia used U.S.\-supplied cluster bombs in Yemen \|publisher\=CNN \|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/03/middleeast/yemen\-hrw\-cluster\-munitions\-saudi\-arabia/ \|access\-date\=4 May 2015}}{{cite news \|last\=Fahim \|first\=Kareem \|date\=3 May 2015 \|title\=Saudi\-Led Group Said to Use Cluster Bombs in Yemen \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/03/world/middleeast/saudi\-led\-group\-said\-to\-use\-cluster\-bombs\-in\-yemen.html \|url\-status\=live \|url\-access\=subscription \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506002022/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/03/world/middleeast/saudi\-led\-group\-said\-to\-use\-cluster\-bombs\-in\-yemen.html \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-06}} Yemeni security officials claimed that cluster bombs were dropped in a civilian area of the Western suburbs of the Yemeni capital Sanaa. In an earlier statement, Saudi Arabia had denied that the Saudi\-led military coalition was using cluster bombs at all.{{cite news \|author\=Orla Guerin \|author\-link\=Orla Guerin \|date\=26 March 2016 \|title\=A year of war that has set Yemen back decades \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-35901321}}
Internationally outlawed cluster bombs supplied by the USA were used by the Saudi\-led military coalition and wounded civilians despite evidence of prior civilian casualties, based on multiple reports issued by [HRW](/wiki/HRW "HRW").["Rights group: Saudi Arabia used U.S. cluster bombs on civilians"](http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/29/politics/saudi-arabia-us-cluster-bombs-on-civilians/index.html). [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN"), 29 February 2016\.
On 8 January 2016, the UN Secretary General Ban Ki\-moon announced that Saudi coalition use of cluster munitions could be a war crime.{{cite news \|date\=27 January 2016 \|title\=UN panel calls for international inquiry in Yemen \|publisher\=ReliefWeb \|agency\=Agence France\-Presse \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/un\-panel\-calls\-international\-inquiry\-yemen \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128085341/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/un\-panel\-calls\-international\-inquiry\-yemen \|archive\-date\=28 January 2016}}{{cite news \|last\=Charbonneau \|first\=Louis \|date\=8 January 2016 \|title\=Use of cluster bombs in Yemen may be war crime: U.N. chief \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-un\-idUSKBN0UM23H20160108 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111040604/http://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-un\-idUSKBN0UM23H20160108 \|archive\-date\=11 January 2016}} HRW condemned the Saudi\-led coalition for the attacks saying: "The coalition's repeated use of cluster bombs in the middle of a crowded city suggests an intent to harm civilians, which is a war crime. These outrageous attacks show that the coalition seems less concerned than ever about sparing civilians from war's horrors."{{cite web \|date\=7 January 2016 \|title\=Yemen: Coalition Drops Cluster Bombs in Capital – Indiscriminate Weapon Used in Residential Areas \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/07/yemen\-coalition\-drops\-cluster\-bombs\-capital\-0 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107141647/https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/07/yemen\-coalition\-drops\-cluster\-bombs\-capital\-0 \|archive\-date\=7 January 2016 \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch}} A week later, Amnesty International published new evidence that appeared to confirm reports of coalition forces using US\-made cluster munitions on Sanaʽa on 6 January 2016\.{{cite web \|date\=15 January 2016 \|title\=Yemen: New evidence challenges coalition's denial it used cluster munitions in recent attack (Index number: MDE 31/3208/2016\) \|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde31/3208/2016/en/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6eaAu2BAk?url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde31/3208/2016/en/ \|archive\-date\=16 January 2016 \|publisher\=Amnesty International}} ({{cite web \|title\=PDF \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDE3132082016ENGLISH.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6eaB5ocg5?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDE3132082016ENGLISH.pdf \|archive\-date\=16 January 2016}}, {{cite web \|title\=original PDF \|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE3132082016ENGLISH.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6eaB0TghY?url\=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE3132082016ENGLISH.pdf \|archive\-date\=16 January 2016}})
In December 2016, a Saudi spokesperson admitted that at least some of the coalition's cluster bombs were manufactured in the United Kingdom. British prime minister [Theresa May](/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") refused to answer when asked in parliament when she first became aware that UK\-made cluster bombs were being used.{{cite news \|author\=Rowena Mason \|author2\=Ewen MacAskill \|author2\-link\=Ewen MacAskill \|date\=19 December 2016 \|title\=Saudi Arabia admits it used UK\-made cluster bombs in Yemen; Confirmation by Saudi\-led coalition raises pressure on UK government which has refused to curb arms sales to Riyadh \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/saudi\-arabia\-admits\-use\-uk\-made\-cluster\-bombs\-yemen}}
[Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") has called on Saudi Arabia to destroy its stockpile of cluster bombs and accede to the International Convention on Cluster Munitions. It also asked the Saudi\-led coalition to provide the United Nations with precise locations of cluster munition attacks.{{cite news \|date\=19 December 2016 \|title\=Saudi Arabia: Immediately abandon all use of cluster munitions \|publisher\=\[\[Amnesty International]] \|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/12/saudi\-arabia\-immediately\-abandon\-all\-use\-of\-cluster\-munitions}} The coalition has yet to do so.
In May 2019, Saudi Arabia's cargo ship Bahri\-Yanbu was blocked from collecting weapons at the French [Port of Le Havre](/wiki/Port_of_Le_Havre "Port of Le Havre") by humanitarian groups. Later in the month, Italian union workers refused to load electricity generators on the ship and prevented it from docking, claiming that the weapons on\-board would be used against civilians. Despite the protests, the ship docked.{{cite web \|date\=21 May 2019 \|title\=Italian unions refuse to load Saudi ship carrying weapons to Yemen \|url\=https://www.euronews.com/2019/05/21/italian\-unions\-refuse\-to\-load\-saudi\-ship\-carrying\-weapons\-to\-yemen \|access\-date\=21 May 2019 \|publisher\=Euronews}}
### Torture, arbitrary detention and forces disappearances
#### 2016
According to [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") (HRW), the [United Arab Emirates](/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") is supporting Yemeni forces that arbitrarily detained dozens of people during security operations. The UAE finances, arms and trains these forces, which are ostensibly fighting Yemeni affiliates of [al\-Qaeda](/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") or the [Islamic State](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant"). HRW documented 49 cases, including 4 [children](/wiki/Children "Children"), who were arbitrarily detained or forcibly disappeared in the provinces of [Aden](/wiki/Aden "Aden") and [Hadramout](/wiki/Hadhramaut "Hadhramaut") in 2016\. UAE\-backed security forces seems to have arrested at least 38 of them. Several sources, including Yemeni officials, reported that there were a number of unofficial places of detention and secret prisons in Aden and Hadramout, including two run by the UAE and one run by Yemeni security forces backed by the UAE. Former detainees and their relatives told HRW that some detainees had been subjected to [abuse](/wiki/Abuse "Abuse") or [torture](/wiki/Torture "Torture") in detention centers, often severely beaten, with security agents using their fists, [weapons](/wiki/Weapon "Weapon") or other metal objects. Others also reported that security forces used [electric shock](/wiki/Electric_shock "Electric shock"), stripping clothes, and threatening detainees.{{Cite news \|date\=2017\-06\-22 \|title\=اليمن: الإمارات تدعم قوات محلية ترتكب انتهاكات \|language\=ar \|work\=Human Rights Watch \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2017/06/22/305358 \|access\-date\=2017\-11\-04}} According to UN panel of experts in Yemen, witnesses have described persistent and pervasive aggressive behavior from UAE supported [Security Belt](/wiki/Security_Belt "Security Belt") forces and United Arab Emirates personnel.{{cite web \|date\=28 August 2018 \|title\=Yemen: United Nations Experts point to possible war crimes by parties to the conflict \|url\=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\=23479 \|publisher\=United Nations Human Rights Commission}}
The [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") is working closely with the UAE to fight al\-Qaeda, and U.S. government members have repeatedly praised the UAE operations. In 2016, the United States sent a small number of special operations forces to [Yemen](/wiki/Yemen "Yemen") to assist the UAE in its fight against armed groups. Some reports reported that the United States has conducted joint operations with the UAE against al\-Qaeda in eastern and central Yemen, according to *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* and *[The Intercept](/wiki/The_Intercept "The Intercept")*.{{Cite news \|date\=2017\-06\-22 \|title\=Yemen: UAE Backs Abusive Local Forces \|language\=en \|work\=Human Rights Watch \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/22/yemen\-uae\-backs\-abusive\-local\-forces \|access\-date\=2017\-11\-04}}
#### 2017–2018
In October 2017, a Yemeni citizen died under "severe torture" inside a secret prison run by the United Arab Emirates in the south of Yemen. As videos showed, the body of Ahmed Dubba revealed disturbing signs of torture after it was released from Khanfar Prison. According to media reports, UAE forces in Yemen had carried out a detention campaign against religious scholars and preachers who opposed their presence in the country where prisoners were subject to physical and psychological torture. According to Yemeni rights group Sam, the issue of secret prisons in Yemen has become a regular phenomenon.{{cite news \|date\=30 September 2017 \|title\=Yemeni dies of torture in UAE run prison in Yemen \|publisher\=Middle East Monitor \|url\=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170930\-yemeni\-dies\-of\-torture\-in\-uae\-run\-prison\-in\-yemen/}}
In a press release, the Geneva\-based [Euro\-Mediterranean](/wiki/Euro-Med_HRM "Euro-Med HRM") warned that detainees in the UAE\-controlled "Bir Ahmed" prison were subjected to "the most severe methods of intimidation and psychological and [physical torture](/wiki/Physical_torture "Physical torture")" which reflected the security situation in [Aden](/wiki/Aden "Aden"). Euro\-Mediterranean pointed out that there were more than 170 detainees arbitrarily and without charge in the 60 dungeons, which does not exceed 40 square meters only. The detainees live in harsh conditions because of inhumane practices they have been subjected to since 18 months of detention, which forced them to go on [hunger strike](/wiki/Hunger_strike "Hunger strike").{{Cite news \|title\=Yemen: Euro\-Med warns of security deterioration, suppression of detainees in a UAE prison \|work\=Euro\-Mid \|url\=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/2138/Yemen:\-Euro\-Med\-warns\-of\-security\-deterioration\-\-suppression\-of\-detainees\-in\-a\-UAE\-prison \|access\-date\=2017\-11\-04}} According to [the Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon"), U.S. forces had interrogated detainees in those prisons in an attempt to get intelligence about al\-Qaeda, but denied witnessing any abuse or mistreatment. The UAE responded and denied having operational control of local or federal governance, judicial, prison systems, or secret detention centers in Yemen.{{citation \|title\=See No Evil: Pentagon Issues Blanket Denial That It Knows Anything About Detainee Abuse in Yemen \|date\=7 January 2019 \|url\=https://theintercept.com/2019/01/07/yemen\-prison\-torture\-uae\-dod/ \|work\=The Intercept}} According to [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International"), scores of detainees were released from formal and informal detention facilities run by UAE\-backed local forces and the UAE military in June/July 2018\.{{cite web \|date\=12 July 2018 \|title\=Timeline: UAE's role in southern Yemen's secret prisons \|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/07/timeline\-uaes\-role\-in\-southern\-yemens\-secret\-prisons/ \|publisher\=Amnesty International}}
#### 2019–2021
On 25 March 2020, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") reported that Saudi\-led intervention in Yemen has been committing serious violations of human rights since June 2019\. The rights group said that the abuses included [arbitrary arrests](/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention "Arbitrary arrest and detention"), [torture](/wiki/Torture "Torture"), [enforced disappearances](/wiki/Forced_disappearance "Forced disappearance") and illicit transfer of detainees to Saudi Arabia. The agency also took into account the testimonies of former detainees, who revealed that they were interrogated and tortured at an informal detention facility.{{cite web \|title\=Human Rights Group Accuses Saudi forces in Yemen of Abuses \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/03/25/world/middleeast/ap\-ml\-yemen\-rights.html \|access\-date\=25 March 2020 \|website\=The New York Times}}
In December 2021 interview, Huda Al\-Sarari, a vocal critic of domestic abuse against women and gender\-based violence shared the grave consequences she faced for exposing UAE\-run secret prisons in Yemen. Women reached out to Al\-Sarari for help when their homes in Yemen got raided and the male members of their families, taken away against their will. It led Al\-Sarari to form a group along with other activists and fellow attorneys to quietly investigate the reports about torture of civilians inside makeshift prison facilities built at airports, military bases, homes, or even nightclubs. Besides the location of the prison sites, the reports also brought out the testimonies of surviving detainees who condemned the systematic violence and torture committed by Yemeni special forces backed by the UAE. Detainees reported being given electric shocks, beaten up using wires, and being 'grilled'. Al\-Sarari recounted fleeing Yemen in 2019 after her teenage son was killed, in what she suspects to be retaliation for her work against the UAE secret prisons. As of December 2021, Al\-Sarari had been hiding in a country she refused to name due to safety concerns and claimed to continue taking field calls from people in Yemen, mostly mothers, and investigating abuses.{{cite web \|date\=31 December 2021 \|title\=She Helped Expose Secret UAE\-Run Prisons in Yemen — and Paid a Steep Price \|url\=https://theintercept.com/2021/12/31/uae\-yemen\-prisons\-disappeared/ \|access\-date\=31 December 2021 \|website\=The Intercept}}
### Use of child soldiers
On late March 2019, the British newspaper *[The Mail on Sunday](/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday "The Mail on Sunday")* reported that British Special Forces are fighting on the same side as jihadists and militia which use child soldiers.{{Cite web \|last1\=Wheeler \|first1\=Richard \|last2\=Thomas \|first2\=Josh \|last3\=Channon \|first3\=Max \|date\=2019\-03\-26 \|title\=Probe into Royal Navy Special Forces child soldiers claim \|url\=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/uk\-world\-news/urgent\-probe\-royal\-navy\-special\-2688497 \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-30 \|website\=plymouthherald}} After the report, The shadow foreign secretary [Emily Thornberry](/wiki/Emily_Thornberry "Emily Thornberry"), questioned these allegations in the [British parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom "Parliament of the United Kingdom") suggesting that the British forces may have been witnesses to war crimes, if the allegations were true. She claimed that as many as 40% of the soldiers in the Saudi coalition were children, a breach of international humanitarian law.{{Cite news \|last\=Wintour \|first\=Patrick \|date\=2019\-03\-27 \|title\='Serious' questions over SAS involvement in Yemen war \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk\-news/2019/mar/27/serious\-questions\-over\-sas\-involvement\-in\-yemen\-war \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-30 \|issn\=0261\-3077}} In response, the UK Foreign Office minister [Mark Field](/wiki/Mark_Field "Mark Field") called the allegations "very serious and well sourced" and promised to get to the bottom of these allegations.
In April 2019 the Qatari\-based news agency Al Jazeera, reported, based in footage of the presence of child soldiers in the recruitment camps of the Saudi\-UAE\-led coalition. Children from 15 to 16 were recruited from poverty\-driven villages from the Saudi\-Yemen border.[Exclusive: Yemeni child soldiers recruited by Saudi\-UAE coalition](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2019/03/exclusive-yemeni-child-soldiers-recruited-saudi-uae-coalition-190329132329547.html)
|
[
"War crimes by the Saudi Arabian–led intervention\n------------------------------------------------",
"{{See also\\|Saudi\\-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war\\|International reactions to the Saudi\\-led intervention in Yemen (2015–present)}}",
"| \\+Airstrikes in Yemen apparently violating the laws of war (selection) [HRW](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") investigation of 10 Saudi\\-led coalition airstrikes, that took place between 11 April–30 August 2015\\. HRW found either no evident military target, or the attacks failed to distinguish civilians and military objectives, in violation of the laws of war.{{cite web \\|date\\=26 November 2015 \\|title\\=What Military Target Was in My Brother's House – Unlawful Coalition Airstrikes in Yemen \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/node/283702 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|website\\=Human Rights Watch \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6dM5mYROt?url\\=https://www.hrw.org/node/283702 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 November 2015}} ({{cite web \\|title\\=PDF download \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report\\_pdf/yemen1115\\_4up.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6dM5EnSsE?url\\=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report\\_pdf/yemen1115\\_4up.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=27 November 2015}}) | date (in 2015\\) | location / governorate | objectives or targets struck | civilians killed (at least) | | | | civilians injured |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| men | women | children | total |\n| 11 April | [Amran](/wiki/%27Amran \"'Amran\") / [Amran](/wiki/%27Amran_Governorate \"'Amran Governorate\") | buildings in the town | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 |\n| 12 May | [Abs](/wiki/Abs_%28Yemen%29 \"Abs (Yemen)\") / [Hajjah](/wiki/Hajjah_Governorate \"Hajjah Governorate\") | Abs/Kholan Prison and other buildings in the town | 21 | 1 | 3 | 25 | 18 |\n| 12 May | [Zabid](/wiki/Zabid \"Zabid\") / [Al Hudaydah](/wiki/Al_Hudaydah_Governorate \"Al Hudaydah Governorate\") | Shagia market and lemon grove in the town | 39 | 13 | 8 | 60 | 155 |\n| 4 July | Muthalith Ahim / [Al Hudaydah](/wiki/Al_Hudaydah_Governorate \"Al Hudaydah Governorate\") | marketplace in the village | ? | ? | 3 | 65 | 105 |\n| 6 July | [Amran](/wiki/%27Amran_Governorate \"'Amran Governorate\") | 1\\. Bawn market between Amran und Raydah; 2\\. Jawb market outside the town | 13 | 1 | 15 | 29 | 20 |\n| 12 July | [Sanaʽa](/wiki/Sana%27a \"Sana'a\")\\-Sawan / [Sanaʽa](/wiki/Sana%27a_Governorate \"Sana'a Governorate\") | *[muhamashee](/wiki/Al-Akhdam \"Al-Akhdam\")* residential neighborhood | 2 | 7 | 14 | 23 | 31 people |\n| 19 July | [Yarim](/wiki/Yarim \"Yarim\") / [Ibb](/wiki/Ibb_Governorate \"Ibb Governorate\") | residential homes and buildings in the town | 4 | 3 | 9 | 16 | 16 |\n| 24 July | [Mokha](/wiki/Mocha%2C_Yemen \"Mocha, Yemen\") / [Taiz](/wiki/Taiz_Governorate \"Taiz Governorate\") | residential compound of Mokha Steam Power Plant | 42 | 13 | 10 | 65 | 55 |\n| 8 August | Shara'a / [Ibb](/wiki/Ibb_Governorate \"Ibb Governorate\") | homes in the village (Radhma district) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 2 |\n| 30 August | Abs / [Hajjah](/wiki/Hajjah_Governorate \"Hajjah Governorate\") | Al\\-Sham Water Bottling Factory in the outskirts of the town | 11 | | 3 | 14 | 11 |\n| **civilian airstrike casualties for all 10 airstrikes, investigated by HRW (report of 26 November 2015\\)** | | | **309** | | | | **414** |",
"Various groups have accused [Saudi Arabian\\-led intervention in Yemen](/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen \"Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen\"), of human rights violations and some have gone as far as accusing the coalition of war crimes.{{cite web \\|title\\=365 Days of War in Yemen \\|publisher\\=Amnesty International \\|date\\=24 March 2016 \\|url\\=http://blog.amnestyusa.org/middle\\-east/365\\-days\\-of\\-war\\-in\\-yemen/\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2016}} The majority of these accusations stem from airstrikes undertaken by the coalition,{{cite press release \\|title\\=Joint statement: Fanning the flames of the Yemen Conflict \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/03/22/joint\\-statement\\-fanning\\-flames\\-yemen\\-conflict \\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2016}} but others, including the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, have also criticised the coalition's approach to blockades. The UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food claimed \"the deliberate starvation of civilians in both international and internal armed conflict may constitute a war crime, and could also constitute a crime against humanity in the event of deliberate denial of food and also the deprivation of food sources or supplies.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=Yemen spiraling into major food crisis – UN expert warns against deliberate starvation of civilians\\|url\\=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\\=16307\\&\\#sthash.PIoO43qk.dpuf \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30}} A 2019 United Nations report said the US, UK and France may be complicit in committing war crimes in Yemen by selling weapons and providing other support to the Saudi\\-led coalition which is using the deliberate starvation of civilians as a tactic of warfare.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://therealnews.com/stories/un\\-report\\-on\\-yemen\\-us\\-uk\\-accomplices\\-to\\-atrocities\\-while\\-inaction\\-continues\\|title\\=UN Report on Yemen: US, UK Accomplices to Atrocities, While Inaction Continues\\|date\\= 4 September 2019\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2019\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Real News]]}}{{cite news \\|last\\= Wintour\\|first\\=Patrick\\|date\\=September 3, 2019 \\|title\\=UK, US and France may be complicit in Yemen war crimes – UN report\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/03/uk\\-us\\-and\\-france\\-may\\-be\\-complicit\\-in\\-yemen\\-war\\-crimes\\-un\\-report\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2019}}",
"A September 2020 UN report further accused members of the coalition (including the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), [the United Arab Emirates](/wiki/The_United_Arab_Emirates \"The United Arab Emirates\"), [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\"), and [the United States](/wiki/The_United_States \"The United States\")) of prolonging the conflict by supplying the country with arms.{{cite news \\|title\\=UN: Houthi rebels in Yemen recruited teenage girls\\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/houthi\\-rebels\\-yemen\\-recruited\\-teenage\\-girls\\-200909141254180\\.html\\|work\\=Al Jazeera \\|date\\= September 9, 2020}}",
"### Targeting and killings of civilians",
"#### 2015",
"On 13 April, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") (HRW) wrote that the Saudi\\-led air campaign that began on 26 March 2015, had \"conducted airstrikes in apparent violation of the [laws of war](/wiki/Law_of_war \"Law of war\"), such as the March 30 attack on a displaced person camp in Mazraq, northern Yemen, that struck a medical facility and a market\". HRW also said that the Houthis had \"unlawfully deployed forces in densely populated areas and used excessive force against peaceful protesters and journalists\". In addition, HRW said that by providing logistical and intelligence assistance to coalition forces, \"the United States may have become a party to the conflict, creating obligations under the laws of war\".{{cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-13 \\|title\\=Saudi Coalition/US: Curb Civilian Harm in Yemen \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/13/saudi\\-coalitionus\\-curb\\-civilian\\-harm\\-yemen \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516142452/http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/13/saudi\\-coalitionus\\-curb\\-civilian\\-harm\\-yemen \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-16 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-07 \\|work\\=Human Rights Watch}} Other incidents noted by HRW that had been deemed as \"indiscriminate or disproportionate\" or \"in violation of the laws of war\" were: a strike on a dairy factory outside the Red Sea port of Hodaida (31 civilian deaths);{{cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-16 \\|title\\=Yemen: Factory Airstrike Killed 31 Civilians – Saudi\\-Led, US\\-Backed Attack Raises Laws\\-of\\-War Concerns \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/15/yemen\\-factory\\-airstrike\\-killed\\-31\\-civilians \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419031604/http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/15/yemen\\-factory\\-airstrike\\-killed\\-31\\-civilians \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-19 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-11 \\|work\\=Human Rights Watch}} a strike that destroyed a humanitarian aid warehouse of the international aid organization Oxfam in Saada;{{cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-23 \\|title\\=Yemen: Warehouse Strike Threatens Aid Delivery – Inquiry Still Needed If Saudi\\-Led Bombing Campaign Ends \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/22/yemen\\-warehouse\\-strike\\-threatens\\-aid\\-delivery \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427163924/http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/22/yemen\\-warehouse\\-strike\\-threatens\\-aid\\-delivery \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-27 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-09 \\|work\\=Human Rights Watch}}",
"Throughout April and May, [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\") said that several Saudi Arabian\\-led airstrikes hit five densely populated areas ([Saada](/wiki/Saada \"Saada\"), [Sanaa](/wiki/Sanaa \"Sanaa\"), [Hodeidah](/wiki/Hodeidah \"Hodeidah\"), Hajjah and [Ibb](/wiki/Ibb \"Ibb\")), and \"raise concerns about compliance with the rules of international humanitarian law\".{{cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-24 \\|title\\=Yemen: Relentless airstrikes that have left hundreds of civilians dead must be investigated \\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/04/yemen\\-investigate\\-relentless\\-airstrikes\\-that\\-have\\-left\\-hundreds\\-of\\-civilians\\-dead/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518181706/https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/04/yemen\\-investigate\\-relentless\\-airstrikes\\-that\\-have\\-left\\-hundreds\\-of\\-civilians\\-dead/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-18 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-12 \\|work\\=Amnesty International}}{{cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-08 \\|title\\=Yemen: Mounting evidence of high civilian toll of Saudi\\-led airstrikes \\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/05/yemen\\-mounting\\-evidence\\-of\\-high\\-civilian\\-toll\\-of\\-saudi\\-led\\-airstrikes/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518163535/https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/05/yemen\\-mounting\\-evidence\\-of\\-high\\-civilian\\-toll\\-of\\-saudi\\-led\\-airstrikes/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-18 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-12 \\|work\\=Amnesty International}} They also said that at least 139 people, including at least 97 civilians (33 of whom were children) were killed during these strikes, and 460 individuals were injured (at least 157 whom were civilians).",
"A group of 17 aid agencies working in Yemen condemned the growing intensity of airstrikes in the north of Yemen on 8 and 9 May 2015\\. [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children \"Save the Children\")'s Country Director in Yemen, Edward Santiago, said that the \"indiscriminate attacks after the dropping of leaflets urging civilians to leave Sa'ada raises concerns about the possible pattern being established in breach of International Humanitarian Law\".{{cite news \\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-10 \\|title\\=Aid Agencies Call For an Immediate and Permanent Cease Fire as an Additional 70,000 People Flee Coalition Airstrikes in Northern Yemen \\|work\\=Save the Children \\|url\\=http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2\\.aspx?c\\=8rKLIXMGIpI4E\\&b\\=9241315\\&ct\\=14661497 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-12 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518053637/http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2\\.aspx?c\\=8rKLIXMGIpI4E\\&b\\=9241315\\&ct\\=14661497 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2015}} Euro\\-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor has claimed that [Houthi militias](/wiki/Houthis \"Houthis\") in alliance with the militants of exiled former president [Ali Abdullah Saleh](/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh \"Ali Abdullah Saleh\") killed purposely at least 22 civilians in [Taiz](/wiki/Taiz \"Taiz\"). According to eyewitnesses, the militants launched [Katyusha rockets](/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher \"Katyusha rocket launcher\") targeting the markets and residential neighborhoods in the center of Taiz. As a result, many civilians were killed and wounded. Houthi media denied the accusation, accusing Saudi and [IS](/wiki/Islamic_State \"Islamic State\") of committing these attacks.{{cite web \\|title\\=Humanitarian catastrophe is imminent in Yemeni city of Taiz as houthis target civilians \\|url\\=http://www.euromedmonitor.org/en/article/982/Humanitarian\\-catastrophe\\-is\\-imminent\\-in\\-Yemeni\\-city\\-of\\-Taiz\\-as\\-Houthis\\-target\\-civilians \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210203753/http://www.euromedmonitor.org/en/article/982/Humanitarian\\-catastrophe\\-is\\-imminent\\-in\\-Yemeni\\-city\\-of\\-Taiz\\-as\\-Houthis\\-target\\-civilians \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2015 \\|website\\=Euro\\-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor}}",
"U.N. Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes van der Klaauw, said that air strikes by the Saudi\\-led coalition on Sa'ada city in May 2015, where many civilians were trapped, were in breach of [international humanitarian law](/wiki/International_humanitarian_law \"International humanitarian law\"), despite calls for civilians to leave the area. Scores of civilians were reportedly killed and thousands forced to flee their homes after the Saudi\\-led coalition declared the entire governorate a military target, he said.{{cite web \\|last\\=Miles \\|first\\=Tom \\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-09 \\|title\\=Saudi\\-led strikes in Yemen break international law: U.N. coordinator \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-saudi\\-un\\-idUSKBN0NU0PN20150509 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084543/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-18 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-10 \\|work\\=Reuters U.S.}}{{cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-09 \\|title\\=Statement by the Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes Van Der Klaauw (9 May 2015\\) \\[EN/AR] \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084543/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-18 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-10 \\|work\\=reliefweb.int (original: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affair, UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Yemen)}} Van der Klaauw also said that coalition strikes had targeted schools and hospitals, in breach of international law.{{cite news \\|author\\=Erin Cunningham \\|date\\=11 May 2015 \\|title\\=Intense clashes in Yemen endanger prospects of humanitarian cease\\-fire \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\\_east/yemen\\-rebels\\-claim\\-tribal\\-allies\\-downed\\-moroccan\\-warplane/2015/05/11/27e895c4\\-f7df\\-11e4\\-a13c\\-193b1241d51a\\_story.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701162705/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\\_east/yemen\\-rebels\\-claim\\-tribal\\-allies\\-downed\\-moroccan\\-warplane/2015/05/11/27e895c4\\-f7df\\-11e4\\-a13c\\-193b1241d51a\\_story.html \\|archive\\-date\\=1 July 2015}}",
"Between 26 March and 21 April, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* confirmed 18 airstrikes that resulted in civilian casualties,{{cite news \\|date\\=26 March 2015 \\|title\\=Saudi\\-Backed Forces Gain Momentum \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/26/world/middleeast/geography\\-of\\-chaos\\-in\\-yemen\\-maps.html}} and on 6 May, [HRW](/wiki/HRW \"HRW\") reported that an airstrike struck a residential home in Saada, killing 27 members of one family, including 17 children.{{cite web \\|date\\=18 May 2015 \\|title\\=Dispatches: Renewed Fighting in Yemen Should Not Mean Renewed Violations \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/05/18/dispatches\\-renewed\\-fighting\\-yemen\\-should\\-not\\-mean\\-renewed\\-violations \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch}} On 26 May, 7 more members of the same family were killed in another airstrike.{{cite news \\|date\\=26 May 2015 \\|title\\=Seven members of Yemeni family killed in Saudi\\-led strike: residents \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-idUSKBN0OB18N20150526}}[thumb\\|240x240px\\|Yemeni capital Sanaa after airstrikes, 9 October 2015](/wiki/File:This_neighborhood_where_more_than_100_buildings_have_been_damaged_has_brought_attention_to_the_plight_of_Yemeni_blacks_with_neighboring_communities_coming_to_witness_the_damage_-_Sanaa_-_Oct-9-2015.png \"This neighborhood where more than 100 buildings have been damaged has brought attention to the plight of Yemeni blacks with neighboring communities coming to witness the damage - Sanaa - Oct-9-2015.png\")\nOn 27 May nearly 100 people were killed due to airstrikes hitting Sanaa, Sa'da and Hodeida in the largest ever one\\-day death toll throughout the conflict.{{cite news \\|date\\=27 May 2015 \\|title\\=Nearly 100 people killed in Saudi\\-led aerial assault on Yemen \\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|url\\=https://latimes.com/world/middleeast/la\\-fg\\-yemen\\-fighting\\-20150527\\-story.html}}",
"On 28 June a coalition airstrike hit and damaged the UN compound in Aden, severely damaging the [UNDP](/wiki/UNDP \"UNDP\") building and injuring a guard.{{cite web \\|author\\=United Nations Web Services Section \\|title\\=United Nations Secretary\\-General Ban Ki\\-moon's Statements \\|url\\=https://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid\\=8779 \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2015}}",
"On 30 June HRW released a report stating that coalition airstrikes on the northern Yemeni city of Saada, a Houthi rebel stronghold, had killed dozens of civilians and wrecked homes and markets. The group said it had documented a dozen airstrikes on Saada that destroyed or damaged civilian homes, five markets, a school and a petrol station although there was no evidence of military use. \"Saada City's streets are littered with bomb craters, destroyed buildings, and other evidence of coalition airstrikes,\" HRW's Sarah Leah Whitson said in the report{{cite news \\|date\\=30 June 2015 \\|title\\=Rights group says Arab bombings killed dozens of Yemeni civilians \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-airstrikes\\-idUSKCN0PA28T20150630 \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2015}} and later added. \"These attacks appear to be serious laws\\-of\\-war violations that need to be properly investigated.\"{{cite web \\|date\\=13 July 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen: Unlawful Airstrikes Kill Dozens of Civilians \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/06/30/yemen\\-unlawful\\-airstrikes\\-kill\\-dozens\\-civilians \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2015 \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch}}",
"On 6 July airstrikes killed over 100 people including more than 30 civilians in Al Joob, Amran.{{cite web \\|date\\=10 July 2015 \\|title\\=Photo Essay on Victims of Recent Saudi Airstrikes in Yemen \\|url\\=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/10/yemen\\-airstrike/ \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2015 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Intercept]]}} A state\\-run news agency said that 40 had been killed in a raid on a livestock market in al\\-Foyoush. Local residents also reported 30 deaths in a raid they said apparently targeted a Houthi checkpoint on the main road between Aden and Lahj. They said 10 of the dead were Houthi fighters. MSF head of mission in Yemen said \"It is unacceptable that airstrikes take place in highly concentrated civilian areas where people are gathering and going about their daily lives, especially at a time such as Ramadan.\"{{cite news \\|date\\=6 July 2015 \\|title\\=Air strikes kill nearly 100 in Yemen, cast shadow on truce talks \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-idUSKCN0PG0EW20150706 \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2015}}",
"On 25 July airstrikes killed over 120 civilians in the town of Mokha, marking the deadliest strike yet against civilians. The airstrikes hit workers' housing for a power plant in Mokha, flattening some of the buildings, the officials said. A fire erupted in the area, charring many of the corpses. \"It just shows what is the trend now of the airstrikes from the coalition,\" said Hassan Boucenine of the Geneva\\-based Doctors Without Borders. \"Now, it's a house, it's a market, it's anything.\" He added that many of the workers had families visiting for the Eid al\\-Fitr holiday at the end of the holy month of Ramadan. Mokha, populated largely by fishermen, had a reputation as one of the safest places in the country embroiled in war, said Boucenine.{{cite news \\|title\\=News from The Associated Press \\|url\\=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML\\_YEMEN?SITE\\=AP\\&SECTION\\=HOME\\&TEMPLATE\\=DEFAULT\\&CTIME\\=2015\\-07\\-24\\-19\\-42\\-34 \\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20150731173010/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML\\_YEMEN?SITE\\=AP\\&SECTION\\=HOME\\&TEMPLATE\\=DEFAULT\\&CTIME\\=2015\\-07\\-24\\-19\\-42\\-34 \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-07\\-31}}",
"On 18 August, Amnesty International reported that it had confirmed 141 civilian deaths from eight airstrikes.{{cite news \\|date\\=18 August 2015 \\|title\\=Amnesty: All sides in Yemen may be guilty of war crimes \\|work\\=\\[\\[Today's Zaman]] \\|url\\=http://www.todayszaman.com/world\\_amnesty\\-all\\-sides\\-in\\-yemen\\-may\\-be\\-guilty\\-of\\-war\\-crimes\\_396849\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226093310/http://www.todayszaman.com/world\\_amnesty\\-all\\-sides\\-in\\-yemen\\-may\\-be\\-guilty\\-of\\-war\\-crimes\\_396849\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=26 February 2016}}",
"On 24 August, the UN special representative of the secretary\\-general for children and armed conflict said, that of 402 children killed in Yemen since late March 2015, 73 percent were victims of Saudi coalition\\-led airstrikes.{{cite web \\|date\\=24 August 2015 \\|title\\=Statement on the situation in Yemen by Leila Zerrougui, Special Representative of the Secretary\\-General for Children and Armed Conflict \\|url\\=https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/press\\-release/statement\\-on\\-the\\-situation\\-in\\-yemen\\-by\\-leila\\-zerrougui\\-special\\-representative\\-of\\-the\\-secretary\\-general\\-for\\-children\\-and\\-armed\\-conflict/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129114140/https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/press\\-release/statement\\-on\\-the\\-situation\\-in\\-yemen\\-by\\-leila\\-zerrougui\\-special\\-representative\\-of\\-the\\-secretary\\-general\\-for\\-children\\-and\\-armed\\-conflict/ \\|archive\\-date\\=29 January 2016 \\|publisher\\=UN Office of the SRSG for Children and Armed Conflict}}{{cite news \\|last\\=D'Almeida \\|first\\=Kanya \\|date\\=25 August 2015 \\|title\\=Majority of Child Casualties in Yemen Caused by Saudi\\-Led Airstrikes \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Inter Press Service]] \\|url\\=http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/08/majority\\-of\\-child\\-casualties\\-in\\-yemen\\-caused\\-by\\-saudi\\-led\\-airstrikes \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831231958/http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/08/majority\\-of\\-child\\-casualties\\-in\\-yemen\\-caused\\-by\\-saudi\\-led\\-airstrikes/ \\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2015}} *[Mondoweiss](/wiki/Mondoweiss \"Mondoweiss\")* reported that the UN also said at this time that an average of 30 people had been killed in Yemen every single day since the beginning of the war. On top of this, more than 23,000 had been wounded.{{cite news \\|author\\=Ben Norton \\|date\\=24 August 2015 \\|title\\=4,500 killed in Yemen in 150 Days of Saudi\\-led bombing \\|work\\=\\[\\[Mondoweiss]] \\|url\\=http://mondoweiss.net/2015/08/killed\\-saudi\\-bombing/}} On 11 September 2015, UN Human Rights Commissioner said that of 1,527 civilians killed between 26 March and 30 June, at least 941 people were killed by airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\\-led coalition.{{cite web \\|date\\=7 September 2015 \\|title\\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\\) – Advance Edited Version \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\\-human\\-rights\\-yemen\\-report\\-office\\-united\\-nations\\-high\\-commissioner\\-human \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoMdEZh?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\\-human\\-rights\\-yemen\\-report\\-office\\-united\\-nations\\-high\\-commissioner\\-human \\|archive\\-date\\=14 September 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Human Rights Council}}. PDF: {{cite web \\|date\\=7 September 2015 \\|title\\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\\) – Advance Edited Version \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\\_HRC\\_30\\_31\\_AEV.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoUO8BI?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\\_HRC\\_30\\_31\\_AEV.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=14 September 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Human Rights Council}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Fitch \\|first1\\=Asa \\|last2\\=al\\-Kibsi \\|first2\\=Mohammed \\|date\\=10 December 2015 \\|title\\=Heavy Toll in Yemen Conflict Draws Scrutiny – Civilians bear brunt of damage in war between Saudi\\-led coalition and Houthi rebels \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/heavy\\-toll\\-in\\-yemen\\-conflict\\-draws\\-scrutiny\\-1449743401 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228144109/http://www.wsj.com/articles/heavy\\-toll\\-in\\-yemen\\-conflict\\-draws\\-scrutiny\\-1449743401 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 December 2015 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Fahim \\|first\\=Kareem \\|date\\=12 September 2015 \\|title\\=Airstrikes Take Toll on Civilians in Yemen War \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/world/middleeast/airstrikes\\-hit\\-civilians\\-yemen\\-war.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610054649/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/world/middleeast/airstrikes\\-hit\\-civilians\\-yemen\\-war.html?\\_r\\=2 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 June 2022}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Kouddous \\|first\\=Sharif Abdel \\|date\\=30 November 2015 \\|title\\=With US help, Saudi Arabia is obliterating Yemen \\|work\\=\\[\\[GlobalPost]] \\|url\\=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6696395/2015/11/30/yemen\\-conflict\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-airstrikes\\-war\\-crimes\\-united\\-states \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222173227/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6696395/2015/11/30/yemen\\-conflict\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-airstrikes\\-war\\-crimes\\-united\\-states \\|archive\\-date\\=22 December 2015}}",
"On 11 September, UN Human Rights Commissioner said that of 1,527 civilians killed between 26 March and 30 June, at least 941 people were killed by airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\\-led coalition.{{cite web \\|date\\=7 September 2015 \\|title\\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\\) – Advance Edited Version \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\\-human\\-rights\\-yemen\\-report\\-office\\-united\\-nations\\-high\\-commissioner\\-human \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoMdEZh?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\\-human\\-rights\\-yemen\\-report\\-office\\-united\\-nations\\-high\\-commissioner\\-human \\|archive\\-date\\=14 September 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Human Rights Council}}. PDF: {{cite web \\|date\\=7 September 2015 \\|title\\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\\) – Advance Edited Version \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\\_HRC\\_30\\_31\\_AEV.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoUO8BI?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\\_HRC\\_30\\_31\\_AEV.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=14 September 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Human Rights Council}} On 27 October, the OHCHR said that out of 2,615 civilians killed between 26 March and 26 October 2015, 1,641 civilians had reportedly been killed due to airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\\-led coalition.{{cite web \\|date\\=27 October 2015 \\|title\\=Regular Press Briefing by the Information Service \\|url\\=http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news\\_media.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear\\_en%29/BFBC8D1DEEC1C846C1257EEB004A3211?OpenDocument \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118055220/http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news\\_media.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear\\_en%29/BFBC8D1DEEC1C846C1257EEB004A3211?OpenDocument \\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United Nations Office at Geneva\\|UNOG]]}}{{cite news \\|date\\=27 October 2015 \\|title\\=UN: Yemen's seven\\-month violence kills 2,615 civilians \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Anadolu Agency]] \\|url\\=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle\\-east/un\\-yemens\\-seven\\-month\\-violence\\-kills\\-2\\-615\\-civilians/456735 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028120553/http://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle\\-east/un\\-yemens\\-seven\\-month\\-violence\\-kills\\-2\\-615\\-civilians/456735 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2015}}",
"In December 2015, HRW claimed that six \"unlawful airstrikes\" were carried out in the capital by the Saudi\\-led coalition in September and October, which killed 60 civilians. They also criticized the Coalition and the United States for refusing to investigate the attacks.[Yemen: Coalition Bombs Homes in Capital](https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/21/yemen-coalition-bombs-homes-capital) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222141930/https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/21/yemen\\-coalition\\-bombs\\-homes\\-capital\\|date\\=22 December 2015}}. [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\"). 21 December 2015\\. On 8 October 2016, a Saudi\\-led airstrike on a funeral ceremony killed roughly 100 people and injured 500, including children. HRW described the airstrike as an apparent war crime.[Yemen: Saudi\\-Led Funeral Attack Apparent War Crime](https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/10/13/yemen-saudi-led-funeral-attack-apparent-war-crime) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015073952/https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/10/13/yemen\\-saudi\\-led\\-funeral\\-attack\\-apparent\\-war\\-crime\\|date\\=15 October 2016}}. Human Rights Watch. 13 October 2016\\.",
"#### 2016",
"According to a UN report released in early 2016, it is believed that the Saudi Arabian\\-led coalition could be deliberately targeting civilians.{{cite news \\|title\\=Yemen conflict: Saudi\\-led coalition targeting civilians, UN says \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=27 January 2016 \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-35423282 \\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2016}} Human Rights Watch has identified several airstrikes which have hit civilian targets: an attack on a camp for displaced people, and a dairy factory.{{cite news \\|title\\=Saudi Coalition/US: Curb Civilian Harm in Yemen \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch \\|date\\=13 April 2015 \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/13/saudi\\-coalition/us\\-curb\\-civilian\\-harm\\-yemen}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Yemen: Factory Airstrike Killed 31 Civilians \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch \\|date\\=15 April 2015 \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/15/yemen\\-factory\\-airstrike\\-killed\\-31\\-civilians\\-0}} [Médecins Sans Frontières](/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res \"Médecins Sans Frontières\") claims it was attacked four times in three months by coalition forces.{{cite news \\|title\\=Yemen: Health facilities under attack \\- MSF wants answers \\|publisher\\=Médecins Sans Frontières \\|date\\=25 January 2016 \\|url\\=http://www.msf.org/article/yemen\\-health\\-facilities\\-under\\-attack\\-msf\\-wants\\-answers \\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2016}} In addition to these targets, the UN panel who worked on the report also claimed that the coalition targeted \"civilian gatherings, including weddings; civilian vehicles, including buses; civilian residential areas; medical facilities; schools; mosques; markets, factories and food storage warehouses; and other essential civilian infrastructure, such as the airport in Sana'a, the port in Hudaydah and domestic transit routes\", and concluded this was in violation of international law.{{cite news \\|first\\=Ewan \\|last\\=MacAskill \\|title\\=UN report into Saudi\\-led strikes in Yemen raises questions over UK role \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=27 January 2016 \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/27/un\\-report\\-into\\-saudi\\-led\\-strikes\\-in\\-yemen\\-raises\\-questions\\-over\\-uk\\-role \\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2016}} The panel also concluded that airstrikes contributed to 60% of civilian deaths since the beginning of the conflict.{{cite news \\|title\\=UN panel calls for international inquiry in Yemen \\|publisher\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\|date\\=27 January 2016 \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/un\\-panel\\-calls\\-international\\-inquiry\\-yemen \\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2016}} At the end of August 2016, the United Nations revised the number of deaths during the war from around 6,000 to at least 10,000, and the U.N. Humanitarian Coordinator noted the difficulty in providing an exact number of people killed during the conflict.{{Cite web\\|title\\=UN: At least 10,000 killed in Yemen conflict\\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/8/30/un\\-at\\-least\\-10000\\-killed\\-in\\-yemen\\-conflict\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30\\|website\\=www.aljazeera.com\\|language\\=en}}",
"On 1 February 2016 Reuters reported: \"Mortars and rockets fired at Saudi Arabian towns and villages have killed 375 civilians, including 63 children, since the start of the Saudi\\-led military campaign in Yemen in late March, Riyadh said.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Maclean \\|first1\\=William \\|last2\\=McDowall \\|first2\\=Angus \\|date\\=1 February 2016 \\|title\\=Saudi Arabia says 375 civilians killed on its border in Yemen war \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-saudi\\-idUSKCN0VA36T \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202194248/http://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-saudi\\-idUSKCN0VA36T \\|archive\\-date\\=2 February 2016}}",
"On 15 March 2016 Saudi\\-led airstrikes on a market in Mastaba killed at least 119 people, including 25 children.[\"Saudi coalition massacred 119 Yemenis at market with U.S.\\-supplied bombs\"](http://www.salon.com/2016/04/07/saudi_coalition_massacred_119_yemenis_at_market_with_u_s_supplied_bombs/). [Salon](/wiki/Salon_%28website%29 \"Salon (website)\"). 7 April 2016\\.",
"In late September 2016, it was reported that a Saudi airstrike had hit a residential area in [Al Hudaydah](/wiki/Al_Hudaydah \"Al Hudaydah\"), killing at least 25 people and injuring 70\\.{{Cite news\\|date\\=2016\\-09\\-22\\|title\\=Yemen conflict: Saudi\\-led air strike 'kills 25 in Hudaydah'\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|work\\=BBC News\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-37438530\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30}} A government official told AFP news agency that the area was probably accidentally hit while Saudi Arabian forces were targeting what they believed to be a Houthi stronghold.",
"In October 2016, Saudi Arabian forces were accused of being responsible for [airstrikes on funeral procession](/wiki/Sanaa_funeral_airstrike \"Sanaa funeral airstrike\"), resulting in the deaths of at least 140 people.{{Cite news\\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-09\\|title\\=Saudis to probe deadly air strikes on Yemen funeral hall\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|work\\=BBC News\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-37599900\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30}} Initial reports indicated that a further 525 people were injured in the airstrikes.{{Cite web\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-09\\|title\\=Saudi\\-led airstrike kills over 140 mourners in Yemen\\|url\\=https://nypost.com/2016/10/08/saudi\\-led\\-airstrike\\-kills\\-over\\-140\\-mourners\\-in\\-yemen/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30\\|website\\=New York Post\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The funeral was for the father of Houthi\\-appointed Interior Minister Galal al\\-Rawishan. Sources in Yemen claimed that due to the number of casualties, the medical staff in [Sana'a](/wiki/Sana%27a \"Sana'a\") was overwhelmed and doctors who were off duty had to be called in to assist.{{Cite news\\|last1\\=Almosawa\\|first1\\=Shuaib\\|last2\\=Hubbard\\|first2\\=Ben\\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-08\\|title\\=Saudi\\-Led Airstrikes Blamed for Massacre at Funeral in Yemen\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/09/world/middleeast/yemen\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-houthis\\-rebels.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} As of 9 October 2016, the final number of casualties is unknown, but it is likely the attack is one of the most deadly since the beginning of the Yemeni Civil War in March 2015\\.",
"On 29 October 2016, at least 17 civilians were killed in [Taiz](/wiki/Taiz \"Taiz\") in airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\\-led coalition.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Air strikes kill 17 in Yemen's Taiz province\\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/30/yemen\\-raid\\-kills\\-18\\-hadi\\-rejects\\-un\\-envoys\\-proposal\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30\\|website\\=www.aljazeera.com\\|language\\=en}} It was reported that the area was targeting a suburb allegedly known to be used by Houthis. This attack raises issues of human rights and international law breaches on both sides. The actions by the coalition in striking the civilian area raise issues of [distinction](/wiki/Distinction_%28law%29 \"Distinction (law)\"), as the harm caused to civilians and their property is possibly out of proportion to the direct military advantage that was gained in carrying out the airstrikes. The fact that the Houthis are fighting in civilian areas could be in breach of the Protocol on the Protection of Victims of Non\\-International Armed Conflicts, as their actions mean civilians are likely to be killed in the conflict.",
"In October 2016, a densely populated [funeral in Yemen was struck](/wiki/2016_Sana%27a_funeral_air_raid \"2016 Sana'a funeral air raid\"), leaving at least 155 dead{{cite news \\|last1\\=Sanchez \\|first1\\=Ray \\|title\\=US: No blank check for Saudi Arabia in Yemen \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/08/middleeast/yemen\\-airstrikes/ \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2016}} and 525 wounded,{{cite news \\|last1\\=Khomami \\|first1\\=Nadia \\|date\\=8 October 2016 \\|title\\=Airstrikes on Yemen funeral kill at least 140 people, UN official says \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/08/saudi\\-led\\-coalition\\-airstrike\\-hit\\-yemen\\-funeral\\-officials\\-say \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2016}} including the senior military and security officials of the Shia Houthi and loyalists of former president Ali Abdullah Saleh. The attack was reportedly carried out by Saudi Arabia.{{Cite news\\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-30\\|title\\=Yemen conflict: Dozens killed as air strikes hit prison in Hudaydah\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|work\\=BBC News\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-37813569\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Adam \\|first1\\=Withnall \\|date\\=10 October 2016 \\|title\\=Britain and US pile pressure on Saudi Arabia over Yemen funeral bombing \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/yemen\\-sanaa\\-funeral\\-bombing\\-air\\-strikes\\-uk\\-arms\\-sales\\-us\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-coalition\\-latest\\-a7353231\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2016}}",
"#### 2017–2019",
"[thumb\\|*Let Yemen Live* protest in New York City in December 2017](/wiki/File:048_Rally_%2825154206308%29.jpg \"048 Rally (25154206308).jpg\")\nIn mid\\-February 2017, Saudi\\-led forces were accused of killing at least five people who had been attending a funeral near Sanaa. Many others were also injured.{{Cite web\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-15\\|title\\=At least five killed and dozens wounded in Saudi\\-led airstrike on Yemen funeral\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/15/yemen\\-funeral\\-saudi\\-led\\-airstrike\\-houthi\\-insurgents\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30\\|website\\=the Guardian\\|language\\=en}} On 17 March, a boat carrying Somali refugees out of Yemen was attacked by a military helicopter, resulting in the deaths of at least 30 Somalis.{{Cite news\\|last1\\=Hubbard\\|first1\\=Ben\\|last2\\=Almosawa\\|first2\\=Shuaib\\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-17\\|title\\=Airstrike Kills Dozens of Somali Migrants Off Yemen's Coast\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/world/middleeast/yemen\\-airstrike\\-somali\\-migrants.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} as of 18 March, the circumstances of the attack remain unclear, with some survivors claiming the attack came from a helicopter, and others claiming a battleship, then a helicopter attacked the boat. According to a survivor, 10 of those killed were women, and five were children. Mohammed Abdiker, emergencies director at the International Organization for Migration, said 42 bodies were recovered, and noted that the combatants should have attempted to identify the passengers before deciding whether to attack. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* cited Yemeni officials as saying that Saudi forces were responsible for the attack, but some uncertainty remains as to who carried out the attack.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-18\\|title\\=Unknown attackers kill UN refugees off Yemen\\|url\\=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/326878/unknown\\-attackers\\-kill\\-un\\-refugees\\-off\\-yemen\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30\\|website\\=RNZ\\|language\\=en\\-nz}} The Saudi\\-led coalition has not commented on the attack. In December 2017, Saudis killed and injured 600 Yemenis in 26 days.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Saudi's kill and injure 600 Yemeni's in just 26 days \\- AWDnews \\|url\\=http://www.awdnews.com/index/saudis\\-kill\\-injure\\-600\\-yemenis\\-just\\-26\\-days/ \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2018 \\|website\\=www.awdnews.com \\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720081001/http://www.awdnews.com/index/saudis\\-kill\\-injure\\-600\\-yemenis\\-just\\-26\\-days/ }}",
"On [22 April 2018, a Saudi\\-led airstrike hit a wedding](/wiki/2018_Hajjah_Governorate_airstrike \"2018 Hajjah Governorate airstrike\") in the [Bani Qayis district](/wiki/Bani_Qais \"Bani Qais\") of Hajjah Governorate, Yemen. Casualty estimates vary, with Al\\-Masirah reporting the toll later that day to be at least 33 civilians, including the bride, while other estimates are higher. Forty\\-five other people were injured in the strike. The victims were mainly women and children.{{cite web\n\\|title\\=Yemen war: Saudi\\-led air strike on wedding 'kills 20' \\|date\\=23 April 2018\n\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-43863608\n\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC\\|BBC News]]\\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2018}} The planes used to carry out the strike continued to fly over the area, preventing medical ambulances from reaching the scene to treat the wounded.{{cite news\n\\|title\\=Yemen: 'At least 20 killed including bride' after airstrike by Saudi\\-led coalition hits wedding party\n\\|first1\\=Jon \\|last1\\=Sharman \\|first2\\=Ghaida \\|last2\\=Ghantous \\|first3\\=Ahmed \\|last3\\=al\\-Haj\n\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/yemen\\-airstrike\\-wedding\\-party\\-killed\\-injured\\-bani\\-qayis\\-saudi\\-coalition\\-latest\\-updates\\-a8317826\\.html\n\\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\|date\\=23 April 2018}} On 9 August, a [school bus was hit by a Saudi airstrike](/wiki/Dahyan_air_strike \"Dahyan air strike\"), killing 51 people and injuring 79\\. 40 of the dead and 56 of the injured were children between the ages of 6 and 11\\.{{cite web \\|author1\\=Nima Elbagir \\|author2\\=Salma Abdelaziz \\|author3\\=Sheena McKenzie \\|author4\\=Waffa Munayyer \\|date\\=13 August 2018 \\|title\\=The schoolboys in Yemen were chatting and laughing. Then came the airstrike \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/13/middleeast/yemen\\-children\\-school\\-bus\\-strike\\-intl/index.html \\|website\\=\\[\\[CNN]]}} In November, more than 100 Saudi airstrikes had attacked civilian neighborhoods and a malnutrition clinic run by Save the Children in Hodeidah.{{cite web \\|last1\\=McKernan \\|first1\\=Bethan \\|date\\=7 November 2018 \\|title\\=Battle rages in Yemen's vital port as showdown looms \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/07/yemen\\-hodeidah\\-airstrikes\\-saudi\\-led\\-coalition\\-ceasefire\\-calls \\|access\\-date\\=7 November 2018 \\|website\\=theguardian}}",
"On the 31st of August 2019, aircraft 81 delivered several explosive ordnances on the Dhamar community college compound. Houthi forces utilized at least one of these structures as a prison. According to the International Committee of the Red Cross, the facility housed around 170 detainees. At least 40 people were injured, and at least 100 civilians were killed as a result of the catastrophe. Saudi\\-led coalition spokesman [Turki Al\\-Maliki](/wiki/Turki_Al-Maliki \"Turki Al-Maliki\") acknowledged the attack but argued it was a military target due to the presence of Houthi fighters and air defence assets.{{cite book \\|title\\=Letter dated 27 January 2020 from the Panel of Experts on Yemen addressed to the President of the Security Council \\|date\\=27 January 2020}} A former detainee told the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") that the Houthis were repairing weapons in and close to the detention center. Several other detainees said via [social media](/wiki/Social_media \"Social media\") that the center had been the target of airstrikes before. It was consistent with the Houthi practice of using human shields near detention facilities. Local residents said some of those detained were arrested for being critical of the Houthis.{{Cite news\\|last1\\=Al\\-Haj\\|first1\\=Ahmed\\|last2\\=Magdy\\|first2\\=Sami\\|date\\=2 September 2019\\|title\\=Saudi\\-led airstrikes on Yemen rebel\\-run prison kill over 100\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/yemen\\-ap\\-top\\-news\\-middle\\-east\\-international\\-news\\-sanaa\\-131ce2899df04a89bc3858910a3aa989\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-22}}",
"#### 2020–2022",
"On March 30, 2020, the [Saudi\\-led coalition](/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen \"Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen\") carried out [airstrikes](/wiki/Airstrikes \"Airstrikes\") in the Yemeni capital, [Sanaa](/wiki/Sanaa \"Sanaa\"). The attacks hit the presidential palace compound, a school and an air base close to Sanaa airport. The bombardment took place after calls from the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") were made to maintain ceasefire during [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Air strikes hit Houthi\\-held Yemeni capital Sanaa: witnesses \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security/air\\-strikes\\-hit\\-houthi\\-held\\-yemeni\\-capital\\-sanaa\\-witnesses\\-idUSKBN21H1GY \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2020 \\|website\\=Reuters\\|date\\=30 March 2020 }}",
"In an April 2020 report, the Human Rights Watch said that war crimes committed by Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates in Yemen go unmentioned. They stated that these countries were responsible for most child casualties and illegal attacks on schools.{{cite web \\|date\\=10 April 2020 \\|title\\=The UN's Timid Responses to War Crimes Against Children \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/10/uns\\-timid\\-responses\\-war\\-crimes\\-against\\-children \\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2020 \\|website\\=Human Rights Watch}} On December third, 2020, more than 60 organizations urged the U.N. General Assembly to establish an investigative body to gather and preserve evidence of serious human rights violations during Yemen's seven\\-year conflict, including possible war crimes and crimes against humanity.{{cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-03 \\|title\\=UN General Assembly urged to investigate Yemen atrocities \\|url\\=https://twitter.com/YemenMatters\\_/status/1466762392986025984 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-09}}",
"An air strike in the northwest Yemen killed seven children and two women, as reported by the [United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs \"United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs\") on 13 July 2020\\. The [Houthi rebels](/wiki/Houthi_movement \"Houthi movement\") claimed that the air strike was carried out by the Saudi\\-led coalition. However, [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\") denied any involvement in the air strike.{{cite news \\|date\\=17 June 2020 \\|title\\=Saudi\\-led coalition in Yemen denies killing civilians in Saada air strike \\|website\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security/saudi\\-led\\-coalition\\-in\\-yemen\\-denies\\-killing\\-civilians\\-in\\-saada\\-air\\-strike\\-idUSKBN23O2U2 \\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2020}}",
"On 6 August 2020, an air strike in northern Yemen killed a large number of civilians. A report by humanitarian coordination agency, [UNOCHA](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs \"United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs\"), indicated that as many as nine children were killed, while seven children and two women were injured. The [UN Special Envoy](/wiki/Special_Envoy_of_the_Secretary-General \"Special Envoy of the Secretary-General\") for Yemen, [Martin Griffiths](/wiki/Martin_Griffiths \"Martin Griffiths\"), condemned air strikes and called for a transparent investigation into the incident.{{cite web \\|title\\=U.N. condemns air strikes in Yemen that reportedly killed children \\|url\\=https://de.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security/u\\-n\\-condemns\\-air\\-strikes\\-in\\-yemen\\-that\\-reportedly\\-killed\\-children\\-idUSKCN253277 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908060438/https://de.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security/u\\-n\\-condemns\\-air\\-strikes\\-in\\-yemen\\-that\\-reportedly\\-killed\\-children\\-idUSKCN253277 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 September 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=7 August 2020 \\|website\\=Reuters}}",
"On 20 December 2021, the Saudi\\-led coalition carried out air raids at the international airport in the Yemeni capital, [Sanaa](/wiki/Sanaa \"Sanaa\"). As a result of these airstrikes, [UN](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") aid flights into Sanaa were halted as the airport was no longer able to receive aircraft operated by the United Nations or international humanitarian organisations. Since 2016, humanitarian flights into Sanaa airport have been largely interrupted by a Saudi\\-led blockade.{{cite news \\|date\\=20 December 2021 \\|title\\=Saudi\\-led coalition forces target Yemeni airport in air strike \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-59736335 \\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2021}}",
"### Alleged use of white phosphorus",
"In September 2016, it was reported that Saudi Arabian forces had used [white phosphorus munitions](/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions \"White phosphorus munitions\") in Yemen, which was identified as being American in origin.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Gibbons\\-Neff \\|first\\=Thomas \\|title\\=Saudi Arabia appears to be using U.S.\\-supplied white phosphorus in its war in Yemen \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|newspaper\\=Washington Post \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/09/19/saudi\\-arabia\\-appears\\-to\\-be\\-using\\-u\\-s\\-supplied\\-white\\-phosphorus\\-in\\-its\\-war\\-in\\-yemen/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30 \\|issn\\=0190\\-8286}} As of September 2016, it is unclear what the phosphorus is being used for in Yemen, but there are several possible breaches raised by the sale: under U.S. regulations, white phosphorus is only to be sold to countries for the purposes of signalling and creating smoke screens. Under international law, the use of white phosphorus is not prohibited, but there are requirements that it cannot be used near civilians. White phosphorus can burn skin tissue deeply, and has the potential to cause multiple organ failure.Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). \"White Phosphorus: Health Effects\" If inhaled, it may cause cardiac arrest.",
"### Declaring the entire governorate of Sa'ada a military target",
"On 8 May 2015, a spokesperson for the Saudi\\-led coalition declared the entire city of [Sa'ada](/wiki/Saada \"Saada\"), with a population of around 50,000 people, a military target. According to [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\"): \"This not only violated the laws\\-of\\-war prohibition against placing civilians at particular risk by treating a number of separate and distinct military objectives as a single military target, but possibly also the prohibition against making threats of violence whose purpose is to instill terror in the civilian population.\"{{cite web \\|date\\=30 June 2015 \\|title\\=Targeting Saada: Unlawful Coalition Airstrikes on Saada City in Yemen \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/06/30/targeting\\-saada/unlawful\\-coalition\\-airstrikes\\-saada\\-city\\-yemen \\|website\\=\\[\\[Human Rights Watch]]}}",
"[Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") compiled the names and ages of some of the people killed in Sa'ada City between 6 April and 11 May. Of the 59 people they found information on, 35 were children and 14 were women. The organisation's analysis of air\\-strike locations in Sa'ada showed that bombs fell across the city including near markets, schools and hospitals.",
"U.N. [Humanitarian Coordinator](/wiki/Humanitarian_Coordinator \"Humanitarian Coordinator\") for Yemen, Johannes van der Klaauw, agreed that the Saudi\\-led coalition's actions breached international humanitarian law.{{cite news \\|last\\=Miles \\|first\\=Tom \\|date\\=9 May 2015 \\|title\\=Saudi\\-led strikes in Yemen break international law: U.N. coordinator \\|publisher\\=Reuters U.S. \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-saudi\\-un\\-idUSKBN0NU0PN20150509 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080810/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/09/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-saudi\\-un\\-idUSKBN0NU0PN20150509 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2015}}{{cite web \\|date\\=9 May 2015 \\|title\\=Statement by the Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes Van Der Klaauw (9 May 2015\\) \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084543/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affair, UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Yemen}} \"The [indiscriminate bombing](/wiki/Indiscriminate_attack \"Indiscriminate attack\") of populated areas, with or without prior warning, is in contravention of international humanitarian law,\" he said.{{cite news \\|author\\=Mariano Castillo \\|author\\-link\\=Mariano Castillo \\|date\\=12 May 2015 \\|title\\=U.N. rep accuses Saudi\\-led coalition of violating international law \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/09/asia/saudi\\-airstrikes\\-yemen/}} He added that he was concerned that \"scores of civilians were reportedly killed and thousands were forced to flee their homes after the coalition declared the entire governate a military target.\"",
"[Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children \"Save the Children\")'s Country Director in Yemen, Edward Santiago, said that the \"indiscriminate attacks after the dropping of leaflets urging civilians to leave Sa'ada raises concerns about the possible pattern being established in breach of International Humanitarian Law. Warning civilians does not exonerate the coalition from their obligation to protect civilians and civilian infrastructure, and we have seen in the last days that the warnings have not been enough to spare civilian lives. At the same time, people are largely unable to flee for safety because of the de facto [blockade](/wiki/Blockade_of_Yemen \"Blockade of Yemen\") imposed by the coalition leading to severe fuel shortages.\"{{cite web \\|date\\=10 May 2015 \\|title\\=Aid Agencies Call For an Immediate and Permanent Cease Fire as an Additional 70,000 People Flee Coalition Airstrikes in Northern Yemen \\|url\\=http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2\\.aspx?c\\=8rKLIXMGIpI4E\\&b\\=9241315\\&ct\\=14661497 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518053637/http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2\\.aspx?c\\=8rKLIXMGIpI4E\\&b\\=9241315\\&ct\\=14661497 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2015 \\|publisher\\=Save the Children}}",
"On 22 January 2022, a Saudi\\-led coalition airstrike hit a prison run by Yemen's Houthi rebels in Sa'ada, killing at least 82 detainees. Hundreds of people were injured in the attack. According to [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children \"Save the Children\"), the Houthis used the prison complex to hold detained migrants, mostly Africans attempting to cross through the war\\-torn country into Saudi Arabia. Another airstrike hit a telecommunications centre in the port city of [Hodeida](/wiki/Al_Hudaydah \"Al Hudaydah\"), killing three children and downing the country's internet access.{{cite web \\|date\\=22 January 2022 \\|title\\=UN condemns airstrike in Yemen that leaves more than 80 dead \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/22/un\\-condemns\\-deadly\\-airstrike\\-on\\-yemen\\-detention\\-centre \\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2022 \\|website\\=The Guardian}}",
"### Usage of cluster munitions",
"In early May 2015, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") accused Saudi Arabia of using US\\-supplied [cluster munitions](/wiki/Cluster_munition \"Cluster munition\") on at least two occasions. The Saudi military acknowledged using [CBU\\-105 bombs](/wiki/CBU-97_Sensor_Fuzed_Weapon \"CBU-97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon\"), but it claimed they were only employed against armoured vehicles and not in population centers.{{cite news \\|date\\=3 May 2015 \\|title\\=Report: Saudi Arabia used U.S.\\-supplied cluster bombs in Yemen \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/03/middleeast/yemen\\-hrw\\-cluster\\-munitions\\-saudi\\-arabia/ \\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2015}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Fahim \\|first\\=Kareem \\|date\\=3 May 2015 \\|title\\=Saudi\\-Led Group Said to Use Cluster Bombs in Yemen \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/03/world/middleeast/saudi\\-led\\-group\\-said\\-to\\-use\\-cluster\\-bombs\\-in\\-yemen.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506002022/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/03/world/middleeast/saudi\\-led\\-group\\-said\\-to\\-use\\-cluster\\-bombs\\-in\\-yemen.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-06}} Yemeni security officials claimed that cluster bombs were dropped in a civilian area of the Western suburbs of the Yemeni capital Sanaa. In an earlier statement, Saudi Arabia had denied that the Saudi\\-led military coalition was using cluster bombs at all.{{cite news \\|author\\=Orla Guerin \\|author\\-link\\=Orla Guerin \\|date\\=26 March 2016 \\|title\\=A year of war that has set Yemen back decades \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-35901321}}",
"Internationally outlawed cluster bombs supplied by the USA were used by the Saudi\\-led military coalition and wounded civilians despite evidence of prior civilian casualties, based on multiple reports issued by [HRW](/wiki/HRW \"HRW\").[\"Rights group: Saudi Arabia used U.S. cluster bombs on civilians\"](http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/29/politics/saudi-arabia-us-cluster-bombs-on-civilians/index.html). [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\"), 29 February 2016\\.",
"On 8 January 2016, the UN Secretary General Ban Ki\\-moon announced that Saudi coalition use of cluster munitions could be a war crime.{{cite news \\|date\\=27 January 2016 \\|title\\=UN panel calls for international inquiry in Yemen \\|publisher\\=ReliefWeb \\|agency\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/un\\-panel\\-calls\\-international\\-inquiry\\-yemen \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128085341/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/un\\-panel\\-calls\\-international\\-inquiry\\-yemen \\|archive\\-date\\=28 January 2016}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Charbonneau \\|first\\=Louis \\|date\\=8 January 2016 \\|title\\=Use of cluster bombs in Yemen may be war crime: U.N. chief \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-un\\-idUSKBN0UM23H20160108 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111040604/http://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-un\\-idUSKBN0UM23H20160108 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2016}} HRW condemned the Saudi\\-led coalition for the attacks saying: \"The coalition's repeated use of cluster bombs in the middle of a crowded city suggests an intent to harm civilians, which is a war crime. These outrageous attacks show that the coalition seems less concerned than ever about sparing civilians from war's horrors.\"{{cite web \\|date\\=7 January 2016 \\|title\\=Yemen: Coalition Drops Cluster Bombs in Capital – Indiscriminate Weapon Used in Residential Areas \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/07/yemen\\-coalition\\-drops\\-cluster\\-bombs\\-capital\\-0 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107141647/https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/07/yemen\\-coalition\\-drops\\-cluster\\-bombs\\-capital\\-0 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 January 2016 \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch}} A week later, Amnesty International published new evidence that appeared to confirm reports of coalition forces using US\\-made cluster munitions on Sanaʽa on 6 January 2016\\.{{cite web \\|date\\=15 January 2016 \\|title\\=Yemen: New evidence challenges coalition's denial it used cluster munitions in recent attack (Index number: MDE 31/3208/2016\\) \\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde31/3208/2016/en/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6eaAu2BAk?url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde31/3208/2016/en/ \\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2016 \\|publisher\\=Amnesty International}} ({{cite web \\|title\\=PDF \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDE3132082016ENGLISH.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6eaB5ocg5?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDE3132082016ENGLISH.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2016}}, {{cite web \\|title\\=original PDF \\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE3132082016ENGLISH.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6eaB0TghY?url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE3132082016ENGLISH.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2016}})",
"In December 2016, a Saudi spokesperson admitted that at least some of the coalition's cluster bombs were manufactured in the United Kingdom. British prime minister [Theresa May](/wiki/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\") refused to answer when asked in parliament when she first became aware that UK\\-made cluster bombs were being used.{{cite news \\|author\\=Rowena Mason \\|author2\\=Ewen MacAskill \\|author2\\-link\\=Ewen MacAskill \\|date\\=19 December 2016 \\|title\\=Saudi Arabia admits it used UK\\-made cluster bombs in Yemen; Confirmation by Saudi\\-led coalition raises pressure on UK government which has refused to curb arms sales to Riyadh \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/saudi\\-arabia\\-admits\\-use\\-uk\\-made\\-cluster\\-bombs\\-yemen}}",
"[Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\") has called on Saudi Arabia to destroy its stockpile of cluster bombs and accede to the International Convention on Cluster Munitions. It also asked the Saudi\\-led coalition to provide the United Nations with precise locations of cluster munition attacks.{{cite news \\|date\\=19 December 2016 \\|title\\=Saudi Arabia: Immediately abandon all use of cluster munitions \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Amnesty International]] \\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/12/saudi\\-arabia\\-immediately\\-abandon\\-all\\-use\\-of\\-cluster\\-munitions}} The coalition has yet to do so.",
"In May 2019, Saudi Arabia's cargo ship Bahri\\-Yanbu was blocked from collecting weapons at the French [Port of Le Havre](/wiki/Port_of_Le_Havre \"Port of Le Havre\") by humanitarian groups. Later in the month, Italian union workers refused to load electricity generators on the ship and prevented it from docking, claiming that the weapons on\\-board would be used against civilians. Despite the protests, the ship docked.{{cite web \\|date\\=21 May 2019 \\|title\\=Italian unions refuse to load Saudi ship carrying weapons to Yemen \\|url\\=https://www.euronews.com/2019/05/21/italian\\-unions\\-refuse\\-to\\-load\\-saudi\\-ship\\-carrying\\-weapons\\-to\\-yemen \\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2019 \\|publisher\\=Euronews}}",
"### Torture, arbitrary detention and forces disappearances",
"#### 2016",
"According to [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") (HRW), the [United Arab Emirates](/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates \"United Arab Emirates\") is supporting Yemeni forces that arbitrarily detained dozens of people during security operations. The UAE finances, arms and trains these forces, which are ostensibly fighting Yemeni affiliates of [al\\-Qaeda](/wiki/Al-Qaeda \"Al-Qaeda\") or the [Islamic State](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\"). HRW documented 49 cases, including 4 [children](/wiki/Children \"Children\"), who were arbitrarily detained or forcibly disappeared in the provinces of [Aden](/wiki/Aden \"Aden\") and [Hadramout](/wiki/Hadhramaut \"Hadhramaut\") in 2016\\. UAE\\-backed security forces seems to have arrested at least 38 of them. Several sources, including Yemeni officials, reported that there were a number of unofficial places of detention and secret prisons in Aden and Hadramout, including two run by the UAE and one run by Yemeni security forces backed by the UAE. Former detainees and their relatives told HRW that some detainees had been subjected to [abuse](/wiki/Abuse \"Abuse\") or [torture](/wiki/Torture \"Torture\") in detention centers, often severely beaten, with security agents using their fists, [weapons](/wiki/Weapon \"Weapon\") or other metal objects. Others also reported that security forces used [electric shock](/wiki/Electric_shock \"Electric shock\"), stripping clothes, and threatening detainees.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2017\\-06\\-22 \\|title\\=اليمن: الإمارات تدعم قوات محلية ترتكب انتهاكات \\|language\\=ar \\|work\\=Human Rights Watch \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2017/06/22/305358 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-04}} According to UN panel of experts in Yemen, witnesses have described persistent and pervasive aggressive behavior from UAE supported [Security Belt](/wiki/Security_Belt \"Security Belt\") forces and United Arab Emirates personnel.{{cite web \\|date\\=28 August 2018 \\|title\\=Yemen: United Nations Experts point to possible war crimes by parties to the conflict \\|url\\=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\\=23479 \\|publisher\\=United Nations Human Rights Commission}}",
"The [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") is working closely with the UAE to fight al\\-Qaeda, and U.S. government members have repeatedly praised the UAE operations. In 2016, the United States sent a small number of special operations forces to [Yemen](/wiki/Yemen \"Yemen\") to assist the UAE in its fight against armed groups. Some reports reported that the United States has conducted joint operations with the UAE against al\\-Qaeda in eastern and central Yemen, according to *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* and *[The Intercept](/wiki/The_Intercept \"The Intercept\")*.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2017\\-06\\-22 \\|title\\=Yemen: UAE Backs Abusive Local Forces \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Human Rights Watch \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/22/yemen\\-uae\\-backs\\-abusive\\-local\\-forces \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-04}}",
"#### 2017–2018",
"In October 2017, a Yemeni citizen died under \"severe torture\" inside a secret prison run by the United Arab Emirates in the south of Yemen. As videos showed, the body of Ahmed Dubba revealed disturbing signs of torture after it was released from Khanfar Prison. According to media reports, UAE forces in Yemen had carried out a detention campaign against religious scholars and preachers who opposed their presence in the country where prisoners were subject to physical and psychological torture. According to Yemeni rights group Sam, the issue of secret prisons in Yemen has become a regular phenomenon.{{cite news \\|date\\=30 September 2017 \\|title\\=Yemeni dies of torture in UAE run prison in Yemen \\|publisher\\=Middle East Monitor \\|url\\=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170930\\-yemeni\\-dies\\-of\\-torture\\-in\\-uae\\-run\\-prison\\-in\\-yemen/}}",
"In a press release, the Geneva\\-based [Euro\\-Mediterranean](/wiki/Euro-Med_HRM \"Euro-Med HRM\") warned that detainees in the UAE\\-controlled \"Bir Ahmed\" prison were subjected to \"the most severe methods of intimidation and psychological and [physical torture](/wiki/Physical_torture \"Physical torture\")\" which reflected the security situation in [Aden](/wiki/Aden \"Aden\"). Euro\\-Mediterranean pointed out that there were more than 170 detainees arbitrarily and without charge in the 60 dungeons, which does not exceed 40 square meters only. The detainees live in harsh conditions because of inhumane practices they have been subjected to since 18 months of detention, which forced them to go on [hunger strike](/wiki/Hunger_strike \"Hunger strike\").{{Cite news \\|title\\=Yemen: Euro\\-Med warns of security deterioration, suppression of detainees in a UAE prison \\|work\\=Euro\\-Mid \\|url\\=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/2138/Yemen:\\-Euro\\-Med\\-warns\\-of\\-security\\-deterioration\\-\\-suppression\\-of\\-detainees\\-in\\-a\\-UAE\\-prison \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-04}} According to [the Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon \"The Pentagon\"), U.S. forces had interrogated detainees in those prisons in an attempt to get intelligence about al\\-Qaeda, but denied witnessing any abuse or mistreatment. The UAE responded and denied having operational control of local or federal governance, judicial, prison systems, or secret detention centers in Yemen.{{citation \\|title\\=See No Evil: Pentagon Issues Blanket Denial That It Knows Anything About Detainee Abuse in Yemen \\|date\\=7 January 2019 \\|url\\=https://theintercept.com/2019/01/07/yemen\\-prison\\-torture\\-uae\\-dod/ \\|work\\=The Intercept}} According to [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\"), scores of detainees were released from formal and informal detention facilities run by UAE\\-backed local forces and the UAE military in June/July 2018\\.{{cite web \\|date\\=12 July 2018 \\|title\\=Timeline: UAE's role in southern Yemen's secret prisons \\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/07/timeline\\-uaes\\-role\\-in\\-southern\\-yemens\\-secret\\-prisons/ \\|publisher\\=Amnesty International}}",
"#### 2019–2021",
"On 25 March 2020, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") reported that Saudi\\-led intervention in Yemen has been committing serious violations of human rights since June 2019\\. The rights group said that the abuses included [arbitrary arrests](/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention \"Arbitrary arrest and detention\"), [torture](/wiki/Torture \"Torture\"), [enforced disappearances](/wiki/Forced_disappearance \"Forced disappearance\") and illicit transfer of detainees to Saudi Arabia. The agency also took into account the testimonies of former detainees, who revealed that they were interrogated and tortured at an informal detention facility.{{cite web \\|title\\=Human Rights Group Accuses Saudi forces in Yemen of Abuses \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/03/25/world/middleeast/ap\\-ml\\-yemen\\-rights.html \\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2020 \\|website\\=The New York Times}}",
"In December 2021 interview, Huda Al\\-Sarari, a vocal critic of domestic abuse against women and gender\\-based violence shared the grave consequences she faced for exposing UAE\\-run secret prisons in Yemen. Women reached out to Al\\-Sarari for help when their homes in Yemen got raided and the male members of their families, taken away against their will. It led Al\\-Sarari to form a group along with other activists and fellow attorneys to quietly investigate the reports about torture of civilians inside makeshift prison facilities built at airports, military bases, homes, or even nightclubs. Besides the location of the prison sites, the reports also brought out the testimonies of surviving detainees who condemned the systematic violence and torture committed by Yemeni special forces backed by the UAE. Detainees reported being given electric shocks, beaten up using wires, and being 'grilled'. Al\\-Sarari recounted fleeing Yemen in 2019 after her teenage son was killed, in what she suspects to be retaliation for her work against the UAE secret prisons. As of December 2021, Al\\-Sarari had been hiding in a country she refused to name due to safety concerns and claimed to continue taking field calls from people in Yemen, mostly mothers, and investigating abuses.{{cite web \\|date\\=31 December 2021 \\|title\\=She Helped Expose Secret UAE\\-Run Prisons in Yemen — and Paid a Steep Price \\|url\\=https://theintercept.com/2021/12/31/uae\\-yemen\\-prisons\\-disappeared/ \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2021 \\|website\\=The Intercept}}",
"### Use of child soldiers",
"On late March 2019, the British newspaper *[The Mail on Sunday](/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday \"The Mail on Sunday\")* reported that British Special Forces are fighting on the same side as jihadists and militia which use child soldiers.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Wheeler \\|first1\\=Richard \\|last2\\=Thomas \\|first2\\=Josh \\|last3\\=Channon \\|first3\\=Max \\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-26 \\|title\\=Probe into Royal Navy Special Forces child soldiers claim \\|url\\=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/uk\\-world\\-news/urgent\\-probe\\-royal\\-navy\\-special\\-2688497 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-30 \\|website\\=plymouthherald}} After the report, The shadow foreign secretary [Emily Thornberry](/wiki/Emily_Thornberry \"Emily Thornberry\"), questioned these allegations in the [British parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Parliament of the United Kingdom\") suggesting that the British forces may have been witnesses to war crimes, if the allegations were true. She claimed that as many as 40% of the soldiers in the Saudi coalition were children, a breach of international humanitarian law.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Wintour \\|first\\=Patrick \\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-27 \\|title\\='Serious' questions over SAS involvement in Yemen war \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk\\-news/2019/mar/27/serious\\-questions\\-over\\-sas\\-involvement\\-in\\-yemen\\-war \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-30 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} In response, the UK Foreign Office minister [Mark Field](/wiki/Mark_Field \"Mark Field\") called the allegations \"very serious and well sourced\" and promised to get to the bottom of these allegations.",
"In April 2019 the Qatari\\-based news agency Al Jazeera, reported, based in footage of the presence of child soldiers in the recruitment camps of the Saudi\\-UAE\\-led coalition. Children from 15 to 16 were recruited from poverty\\-driven villages from the Saudi\\-Yemen border.[Exclusive: Yemeni child soldiers recruited by Saudi\\-UAE coalition](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2019/03/exclusive-yemeni-child-soldiers-recruited-saudi-uae-coalition-190329132329547.html)",
""
] |
### Targeting and killings of civilians
#### 2015
On 13 April, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") (HRW) wrote that the Saudi\-led air campaign that began on 26 March 2015, had "conducted airstrikes in apparent violation of the [laws of war](/wiki/Law_of_war "Law of war"), such as the March 30 attack on a displaced person camp in Mazraq, northern Yemen, that struck a medical facility and a market". HRW also said that the Houthis had "unlawfully deployed forces in densely populated areas and used excessive force against peaceful protesters and journalists". In addition, HRW said that by providing logistical and intelligence assistance to coalition forces, "the United States may have become a party to the conflict, creating obligations under the laws of war".{{cite web \|date\=2015\-04\-13 \|title\=Saudi Coalition/US: Curb Civilian Harm in Yemen \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/13/saudi\-coalitionus\-curb\-civilian\-harm\-yemen \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516142452/http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/13/saudi\-coalitionus\-curb\-civilian\-harm\-yemen \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-16 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-07 \|work\=Human Rights Watch}} Other incidents noted by HRW that had been deemed as "indiscriminate or disproportionate" or "in violation of the laws of war" were: a strike on a dairy factory outside the Red Sea port of Hodaida (31 civilian deaths);{{cite web \|date\=2015\-04\-16 \|title\=Yemen: Factory Airstrike Killed 31 Civilians – Saudi\-Led, US\-Backed Attack Raises Laws\-of\-War Concerns \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/15/yemen\-factory\-airstrike\-killed\-31\-civilians \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419031604/http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/15/yemen\-factory\-airstrike\-killed\-31\-civilians \|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-19 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-11 \|work\=Human Rights Watch}} a strike that destroyed a humanitarian aid warehouse of the international aid organization Oxfam in Saada;{{cite web \|date\=2015\-04\-23 \|title\=Yemen: Warehouse Strike Threatens Aid Delivery – Inquiry Still Needed If Saudi\-Led Bombing Campaign Ends \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/22/yemen\-warehouse\-strike\-threatens\-aid\-delivery \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427163924/http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/22/yemen\-warehouse\-strike\-threatens\-aid\-delivery \|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-27 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-09 \|work\=Human Rights Watch}}
Throughout April and May, [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") said that several Saudi Arabian\-led airstrikes hit five densely populated areas ([Saada](/wiki/Saada "Saada"), [Sanaa](/wiki/Sanaa "Sanaa"), [Hodeidah](/wiki/Hodeidah "Hodeidah"), Hajjah and [Ibb](/wiki/Ibb "Ibb")), and "raise concerns about compliance with the rules of international humanitarian law".{{cite web \|date\=2015\-04\-24 \|title\=Yemen: Relentless airstrikes that have left hundreds of civilians dead must be investigated \|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/04/yemen\-investigate\-relentless\-airstrikes\-that\-have\-left\-hundreds\-of\-civilians\-dead/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518181706/https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/04/yemen\-investigate\-relentless\-airstrikes\-that\-have\-left\-hundreds\-of\-civilians\-dead/ \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-18 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-12 \|work\=Amnesty International}}{{cite web \|date\=2015\-05\-08 \|title\=Yemen: Mounting evidence of high civilian toll of Saudi\-led airstrikes \|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/05/yemen\-mounting\-evidence\-of\-high\-civilian\-toll\-of\-saudi\-led\-airstrikes/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518163535/https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/05/yemen\-mounting\-evidence\-of\-high\-civilian\-toll\-of\-saudi\-led\-airstrikes/ \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-18 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-12 \|work\=Amnesty International}} They also said that at least 139 people, including at least 97 civilians (33 of whom were children) were killed during these strikes, and 460 individuals were injured (at least 157 whom were civilians).
A group of 17 aid agencies working in Yemen condemned the growing intensity of airstrikes in the north of Yemen on 8 and 9 May 2015\. [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children "Save the Children")'s Country Director in Yemen, Edward Santiago, said that the "indiscriminate attacks after the dropping of leaflets urging civilians to leave Sa'ada raises concerns about the possible pattern being established in breach of International Humanitarian Law".{{cite news \|date\=2015\-05\-10 \|title\=Aid Agencies Call For an Immediate and Permanent Cease Fire as an Additional 70,000 People Flee Coalition Airstrikes in Northern Yemen \|work\=Save the Children \|url\=http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2\.aspx?c\=8rKLIXMGIpI4E\&b\=9241315\&ct\=14661497 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-12 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518053637/http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2\.aspx?c\=8rKLIXMGIpI4E\&b\=9241315\&ct\=14661497 \|archive\-date\=18 May 2015}} Euro\-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor has claimed that [Houthi militias](/wiki/Houthis "Houthis") in alliance with the militants of exiled former president [Ali Abdullah Saleh](/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh "Ali Abdullah Saleh") killed purposely at least 22 civilians in [Taiz](/wiki/Taiz "Taiz"). According to eyewitnesses, the militants launched [Katyusha rockets](/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher "Katyusha rocket launcher") targeting the markets and residential neighborhoods in the center of Taiz. As a result, many civilians were killed and wounded. Houthi media denied the accusation, accusing Saudi and [IS](/wiki/Islamic_State "Islamic State") of committing these attacks.{{cite web \|title\=Humanitarian catastrophe is imminent in Yemeni city of Taiz as houthis target civilians \|url\=http://www.euromedmonitor.org/en/article/982/Humanitarian\-catastrophe\-is\-imminent\-in\-Yemeni\-city\-of\-Taiz\-as\-Houthis\-target\-civilians \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210203753/http://www.euromedmonitor.org/en/article/982/Humanitarian\-catastrophe\-is\-imminent\-in\-Yemeni\-city\-of\-Taiz\-as\-Houthis\-target\-civilians \|archive\-date\=10 December 2015 \|website\=Euro\-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor}}
U.N. Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes van der Klaauw, said that air strikes by the Saudi\-led coalition on Sa'ada city in May 2015, where many civilians were trapped, were in breach of [international humanitarian law](/wiki/International_humanitarian_law "International humanitarian law"), despite calls for civilians to leave the area. Scores of civilians were reportedly killed and thousands forced to flee their homes after the Saudi\-led coalition declared the entire governorate a military target, he said.{{cite web \|last\=Miles \|first\=Tom \|date\=2015\-05\-09 \|title\=Saudi\-led strikes in Yemen break international law: U.N. coordinator \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-saudi\-un\-idUSKBN0NU0PN20150509 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084543/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-18 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-10 \|work\=Reuters U.S.}}{{cite web \|date\=2015\-05\-09 \|title\=Statement by the Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes Van Der Klaauw (9 May 2015\) \[EN/AR] \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084543/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-18 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-10 \|work\=reliefweb.int (original: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affair, UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Yemen)}} Van der Klaauw also said that coalition strikes had targeted schools and hospitals, in breach of international law.{{cite news \|author\=Erin Cunningham \|date\=11 May 2015 \|title\=Intense clashes in Yemen endanger prospects of humanitarian cease\-fire \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\_east/yemen\-rebels\-claim\-tribal\-allies\-downed\-moroccan\-warplane/2015/05/11/27e895c4\-f7df\-11e4\-a13c\-193b1241d51a\_story.html \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=29 June 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701162705/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\_east/yemen\-rebels\-claim\-tribal\-allies\-downed\-moroccan\-warplane/2015/05/11/27e895c4\-f7df\-11e4\-a13c\-193b1241d51a\_story.html \|archive\-date\=1 July 2015}}
Between 26 March and 21 April, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* confirmed 18 airstrikes that resulted in civilian casualties,{{cite news \|date\=26 March 2015 \|title\=Saudi\-Backed Forces Gain Momentum \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/26/world/middleeast/geography\-of\-chaos\-in\-yemen\-maps.html}} and on 6 May, [HRW](/wiki/HRW "HRW") reported that an airstrike struck a residential home in Saada, killing 27 members of one family, including 17 children.{{cite web \|date\=18 May 2015 \|title\=Dispatches: Renewed Fighting in Yemen Should Not Mean Renewed Violations \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/05/18/dispatches\-renewed\-fighting\-yemen\-should\-not\-mean\-renewed\-violations \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch}} On 26 May, 7 more members of the same family were killed in another airstrike.{{cite news \|date\=26 May 2015 \|title\=Seven members of Yemeni family killed in Saudi\-led strike: residents \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-idUSKBN0OB18N20150526}}[thumb\|240x240px\|Yemeni capital Sanaa after airstrikes, 9 October 2015](/wiki/File:This_neighborhood_where_more_than_100_buildings_have_been_damaged_has_brought_attention_to_the_plight_of_Yemeni_blacks_with_neighboring_communities_coming_to_witness_the_damage_-_Sanaa_-_Oct-9-2015.png "This neighborhood where more than 100 buildings have been damaged has brought attention to the plight of Yemeni blacks with neighboring communities coming to witness the damage - Sanaa - Oct-9-2015.png")
On 27 May nearly 100 people were killed due to airstrikes hitting Sanaa, Sa'da and Hodeida in the largest ever one\-day death toll throughout the conflict.{{cite news \|date\=27 May 2015 \|title\=Nearly 100 people killed in Saudi\-led aerial assault on Yemen \|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|url\=https://latimes.com/world/middleeast/la\-fg\-yemen\-fighting\-20150527\-story.html}}
On 28 June a coalition airstrike hit and damaged the UN compound in Aden, severely damaging the [UNDP](/wiki/UNDP "UNDP") building and injuring a guard.{{cite web \|author\=United Nations Web Services Section \|title\=United Nations Secretary\-General Ban Ki\-moon's Statements \|url\=https://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid\=8779 \|access\-date\=13 July 2015}}
On 30 June HRW released a report stating that coalition airstrikes on the northern Yemeni city of Saada, a Houthi rebel stronghold, had killed dozens of civilians and wrecked homes and markets. The group said it had documented a dozen airstrikes on Saada that destroyed or damaged civilian homes, five markets, a school and a petrol station although there was no evidence of military use. "Saada City's streets are littered with bomb craters, destroyed buildings, and other evidence of coalition airstrikes," HRW's Sarah Leah Whitson said in the report{{cite news \|date\=30 June 2015 \|title\=Rights group says Arab bombings killed dozens of Yemeni civilians \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-airstrikes\-idUSKCN0PA28T20150630 \|access\-date\=13 July 2015}} and later added. "These attacks appear to be serious laws\-of\-war violations that need to be properly investigated."{{cite web \|date\=13 July 2015 \|title\=Yemen: Unlawful Airstrikes Kill Dozens of Civilians \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/06/30/yemen\-unlawful\-airstrikes\-kill\-dozens\-civilians \|access\-date\=13 July 2015 \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch}}
On 6 July airstrikes killed over 100 people including more than 30 civilians in Al Joob, Amran.{{cite web \|date\=10 July 2015 \|title\=Photo Essay on Victims of Recent Saudi Airstrikes in Yemen \|url\=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/10/yemen\-airstrike/ \|access\-date\=13 July 2015 \|website\=\[\[The Intercept]]}} A state\-run news agency said that 40 had been killed in a raid on a livestock market in al\-Foyoush. Local residents also reported 30 deaths in a raid they said apparently targeted a Houthi checkpoint on the main road between Aden and Lahj. They said 10 of the dead were Houthi fighters. MSF head of mission in Yemen said "It is unacceptable that airstrikes take place in highly concentrated civilian areas where people are gathering and going about their daily lives, especially at a time such as Ramadan."{{cite news \|date\=6 July 2015 \|title\=Air strikes kill nearly 100 in Yemen, cast shadow on truce talks \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-idUSKCN0PG0EW20150706 \|access\-date\=13 July 2015}}
On 25 July airstrikes killed over 120 civilians in the town of Mokha, marking the deadliest strike yet against civilians. The airstrikes hit workers' housing for a power plant in Mokha, flattening some of the buildings, the officials said. A fire erupted in the area, charring many of the corpses. "It just shows what is the trend now of the airstrikes from the coalition," said Hassan Boucenine of the Geneva\-based Doctors Without Borders. "Now, it's a house, it's a market, it's anything." He added that many of the workers had families visiting for the Eid al\-Fitr holiday at the end of the holy month of Ramadan. Mokha, populated largely by fishermen, had a reputation as one of the safest places in the country embroiled in war, said Boucenine.{{cite news \|title\=News from The Associated Press \|url\=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML\_YEMEN?SITE\=AP\&SECTION\=HOME\&TEMPLATE\=DEFAULT\&CTIME\=2015\-07\-24\-19\-42\-34 \|access\-date\=29 July 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20150731173010/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML\_YEMEN?SITE\=AP\&SECTION\=HOME\&TEMPLATE\=DEFAULT\&CTIME\=2015\-07\-24\-19\-42\-34 \|archive\-date\=2015\-07\-31}}
On 18 August, Amnesty International reported that it had confirmed 141 civilian deaths from eight airstrikes.{{cite news \|date\=18 August 2015 \|title\=Amnesty: All sides in Yemen may be guilty of war crimes \|work\=\[\[Today's Zaman]] \|url\=http://www.todayszaman.com/world\_amnesty\-all\-sides\-in\-yemen\-may\-be\-guilty\-of\-war\-crimes\_396849\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226093310/http://www.todayszaman.com/world\_amnesty\-all\-sides\-in\-yemen\-may\-be\-guilty\-of\-war\-crimes\_396849\.html \|archive\-date\=26 February 2016}}
On 24 August, the UN special representative of the secretary\-general for children and armed conflict said, that of 402 children killed in Yemen since late March 2015, 73 percent were victims of Saudi coalition\-led airstrikes.{{cite web \|date\=24 August 2015 \|title\=Statement on the situation in Yemen by Leila Zerrougui, Special Representative of the Secretary\-General for Children and Armed Conflict \|url\=https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/press\-release/statement\-on\-the\-situation\-in\-yemen\-by\-leila\-zerrougui\-special\-representative\-of\-the\-secretary\-general\-for\-children\-and\-armed\-conflict/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129114140/https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/press\-release/statement\-on\-the\-situation\-in\-yemen\-by\-leila\-zerrougui\-special\-representative\-of\-the\-secretary\-general\-for\-children\-and\-armed\-conflict/ \|archive\-date\=29 January 2016 \|publisher\=UN Office of the SRSG for Children and Armed Conflict}}{{cite news \|last\=D'Almeida \|first\=Kanya \|date\=25 August 2015 \|title\=Majority of Child Casualties in Yemen Caused by Saudi\-Led Airstrikes \|publisher\=\[\[Inter Press Service]] \|url\=http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/08/majority\-of\-child\-casualties\-in\-yemen\-caused\-by\-saudi\-led\-airstrikes \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831231958/http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/08/majority\-of\-child\-casualties\-in\-yemen\-caused\-by\-saudi\-led\-airstrikes/ \|archive\-date\=31 August 2015}} *[Mondoweiss](/wiki/Mondoweiss "Mondoweiss")* reported that the UN also said at this time that an average of 30 people had been killed in Yemen every single day since the beginning of the war. On top of this, more than 23,000 had been wounded.{{cite news \|author\=Ben Norton \|date\=24 August 2015 \|title\=4,500 killed in Yemen in 150 Days of Saudi\-led bombing \|work\=\[\[Mondoweiss]] \|url\=http://mondoweiss.net/2015/08/killed\-saudi\-bombing/}} On 11 September 2015, UN Human Rights Commissioner said that of 1,527 civilians killed between 26 March and 30 June, at least 941 people were killed by airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\-led coalition.{{cite web \|date\=7 September 2015 \|title\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\) – Advance Edited Version \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\-human\-rights\-yemen\-report\-office\-united\-nations\-high\-commissioner\-human \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoMdEZh?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\-human\-rights\-yemen\-report\-office\-united\-nations\-high\-commissioner\-human \|archive\-date\=14 September 2015 \|publisher\=UN Human Rights Council}}. PDF: {{cite web \|date\=7 September 2015 \|title\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\) – Advance Edited Version \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\_HRC\_30\_31\_AEV.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoUO8BI?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\_HRC\_30\_31\_AEV.pdf \|archive\-date\=14 September 2015 \|publisher\=UN Human Rights Council}}{{cite web \|last1\=Fitch \|first1\=Asa \|last2\=al\-Kibsi \|first2\=Mohammed \|date\=10 December 2015 \|title\=Heavy Toll in Yemen Conflict Draws Scrutiny – Civilians bear brunt of damage in war between Saudi\-led coalition and Houthi rebels \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/heavy\-toll\-in\-yemen\-conflict\-draws\-scrutiny\-1449743401 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228144109/http://www.wsj.com/articles/heavy\-toll\-in\-yemen\-conflict\-draws\-scrutiny\-1449743401 \|archive\-date\=28 December 2015 \|work\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]}}{{cite news \|last\=Fahim \|first\=Kareem \|date\=12 September 2015 \|title\=Airstrikes Take Toll on Civilians in Yemen War \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/world/middleeast/airstrikes\-hit\-civilians\-yemen\-war.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610054649/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/world/middleeast/airstrikes\-hit\-civilians\-yemen\-war.html?\_r\=2 \|archive\-date\=10 June 2022}}{{cite news \|last\=Kouddous \|first\=Sharif Abdel \|date\=30 November 2015 \|title\=With US help, Saudi Arabia is obliterating Yemen \|work\=\[\[GlobalPost]] \|url\=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6696395/2015/11/30/yemen\-conflict\-saudi\-arabia\-airstrikes\-war\-crimes\-united\-states \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222173227/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6696395/2015/11/30/yemen\-conflict\-saudi\-arabia\-airstrikes\-war\-crimes\-united\-states \|archive\-date\=22 December 2015}}
On 11 September, UN Human Rights Commissioner said that of 1,527 civilians killed between 26 March and 30 June, at least 941 people were killed by airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\-led coalition.{{cite web \|date\=7 September 2015 \|title\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\) – Advance Edited Version \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\-human\-rights\-yemen\-report\-office\-united\-nations\-high\-commissioner\-human \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoMdEZh?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\-human\-rights\-yemen\-report\-office\-united\-nations\-high\-commissioner\-human \|archive\-date\=14 September 2015 \|publisher\=UN Human Rights Council}}. PDF: {{cite web \|date\=7 September 2015 \|title\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\) – Advance Edited Version \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\_HRC\_30\_31\_AEV.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoUO8BI?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\_HRC\_30\_31\_AEV.pdf \|archive\-date\=14 September 2015 \|publisher\=UN Human Rights Council}} On 27 October, the OHCHR said that out of 2,615 civilians killed between 26 March and 26 October 2015, 1,641 civilians had reportedly been killed due to airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\-led coalition.{{cite web \|date\=27 October 2015 \|title\=Regular Press Briefing by the Information Service \|url\=http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news\_media.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear\_en%29/BFBC8D1DEEC1C846C1257EEB004A3211?OpenDocument \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118055220/http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news\_media.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear\_en%29/BFBC8D1DEEC1C846C1257EEB004A3211?OpenDocument \|archive\-date\=18 November 2015 \|publisher\=\[\[United Nations Office at Geneva\|UNOG]]}}{{cite news \|date\=27 October 2015 \|title\=UN: Yemen's seven\-month violence kills 2,615 civilians \|publisher\=\[\[Anadolu Agency]] \|url\=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle\-east/un\-yemens\-seven\-month\-violence\-kills\-2\-615\-civilians/456735 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028120553/http://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle\-east/un\-yemens\-seven\-month\-violence\-kills\-2\-615\-civilians/456735 \|archive\-date\=28 October 2015}}
In December 2015, HRW claimed that six "unlawful airstrikes" were carried out in the capital by the Saudi\-led coalition in September and October, which killed 60 civilians. They also criticized the Coalition and the United States for refusing to investigate the attacks.[Yemen: Coalition Bombs Homes in Capital](https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/21/yemen-coalition-bombs-homes-capital) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222141930/https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/21/yemen\-coalition\-bombs\-homes\-capital\|date\=22 December 2015}}. [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch"). 21 December 2015\. On 8 October 2016, a Saudi\-led airstrike on a funeral ceremony killed roughly 100 people and injured 500, including children. HRW described the airstrike as an apparent war crime.[Yemen: Saudi\-Led Funeral Attack Apparent War Crime](https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/10/13/yemen-saudi-led-funeral-attack-apparent-war-crime) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015073952/https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/10/13/yemen\-saudi\-led\-funeral\-attack\-apparent\-war\-crime\|date\=15 October 2016}}. Human Rights Watch. 13 October 2016\.
#### 2016
According to a UN report released in early 2016, it is believed that the Saudi Arabian\-led coalition could be deliberately targeting civilians.{{cite news \|title\=Yemen conflict: Saudi\-led coalition targeting civilians, UN says \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=27 January 2016 \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-35423282 \|access\-date\=22 April 2016}} Human Rights Watch has identified several airstrikes which have hit civilian targets: an attack on a camp for displaced people, and a dairy factory.{{cite news \|title\=Saudi Coalition/US: Curb Civilian Harm in Yemen \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch \|date\=13 April 2015 \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/13/saudi\-coalition/us\-curb\-civilian\-harm\-yemen}}{{cite news \|title\=Yemen: Factory Airstrike Killed 31 Civilians \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch \|date\=15 April 2015 \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/15/yemen\-factory\-airstrike\-killed\-31\-civilians\-0}} [Médecins Sans Frontières](/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res "Médecins Sans Frontières") claims it was attacked four times in three months by coalition forces.{{cite news \|title\=Yemen: Health facilities under attack \- MSF wants answers \|publisher\=Médecins Sans Frontières \|date\=25 January 2016 \|url\=http://www.msf.org/article/yemen\-health\-facilities\-under\-attack\-msf\-wants\-answers \|access\-date\=22 April 2016}} In addition to these targets, the UN panel who worked on the report also claimed that the coalition targeted "civilian gatherings, including weddings; civilian vehicles, including buses; civilian residential areas; medical facilities; schools; mosques; markets, factories and food storage warehouses; and other essential civilian infrastructure, such as the airport in Sana'a, the port in Hudaydah and domestic transit routes", and concluded this was in violation of international law.{{cite news \|first\=Ewan \|last\=MacAskill \|title\=UN report into Saudi\-led strikes in Yemen raises questions over UK role \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|date\=27 January 2016 \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/27/un\-report\-into\-saudi\-led\-strikes\-in\-yemen\-raises\-questions\-over\-uk\-role \|access\-date\=22 April 2016}} The panel also concluded that airstrikes contributed to 60% of civilian deaths since the beginning of the conflict.{{cite news \|title\=UN panel calls for international inquiry in Yemen \|publisher\=Agence France\-Presse \|date\=27 January 2016 \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/un\-panel\-calls\-international\-inquiry\-yemen \|access\-date\=22 April 2016}} At the end of August 2016, the United Nations revised the number of deaths during the war from around 6,000 to at least 10,000, and the U.N. Humanitarian Coordinator noted the difficulty in providing an exact number of people killed during the conflict.{{Cite web\|title\=UN: At least 10,000 killed in Yemen conflict\|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/8/30/un\-at\-least\-10000\-killed\-in\-yemen\-conflict\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30\|website\=www.aljazeera.com\|language\=en}}
On 1 February 2016 Reuters reported: "Mortars and rockets fired at Saudi Arabian towns and villages have killed 375 civilians, including 63 children, since the start of the Saudi\-led military campaign in Yemen in late March, Riyadh said."{{cite news \|last1\=Maclean \|first1\=William \|last2\=McDowall \|first2\=Angus \|date\=1 February 2016 \|title\=Saudi Arabia says 375 civilians killed on its border in Yemen war \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-saudi\-idUSKCN0VA36T \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202194248/http://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-saudi\-idUSKCN0VA36T \|archive\-date\=2 February 2016}}
On 15 March 2016 Saudi\-led airstrikes on a market in Mastaba killed at least 119 people, including 25 children.["Saudi coalition massacred 119 Yemenis at market with U.S.\-supplied bombs"](http://www.salon.com/2016/04/07/saudi_coalition_massacred_119_yemenis_at_market_with_u_s_supplied_bombs/). [Salon](/wiki/Salon_%28website%29 "Salon (website)"). 7 April 2016\.
In late September 2016, it was reported that a Saudi airstrike had hit a residential area in [Al Hudaydah](/wiki/Al_Hudaydah "Al Hudaydah"), killing at least 25 people and injuring 70\.{{Cite news\|date\=2016\-09\-22\|title\=Yemen conflict: Saudi\-led air strike 'kills 25 in Hudaydah'\|language\=en\-GB\|work\=BBC News\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-37438530\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30}} A government official told AFP news agency that the area was probably accidentally hit while Saudi Arabian forces were targeting what they believed to be a Houthi stronghold.
In October 2016, Saudi Arabian forces were accused of being responsible for [airstrikes on funeral procession](/wiki/Sanaa_funeral_airstrike "Sanaa funeral airstrike"), resulting in the deaths of at least 140 people.{{Cite news\|date\=2016\-10\-09\|title\=Saudis to probe deadly air strikes on Yemen funeral hall\|language\=en\-GB\|work\=BBC News\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-37599900\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30}} Initial reports indicated that a further 525 people were injured in the airstrikes.{{Cite web\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=2016\-10\-09\|title\=Saudi\-led airstrike kills over 140 mourners in Yemen\|url\=https://nypost.com/2016/10/08/saudi\-led\-airstrike\-kills\-over\-140\-mourners\-in\-yemen/\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30\|website\=New York Post\|language\=en\-US}} The funeral was for the father of Houthi\-appointed Interior Minister Galal al\-Rawishan. Sources in Yemen claimed that due to the number of casualties, the medical staff in [Sana'a](/wiki/Sana%27a "Sana'a") was overwhelmed and doctors who were off duty had to be called in to assist.{{Cite news\|last1\=Almosawa\|first1\=Shuaib\|last2\=Hubbard\|first2\=Ben\|date\=2016\-10\-08\|title\=Saudi\-Led Airstrikes Blamed for Massacre at Funeral in Yemen\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/09/world/middleeast/yemen\-saudi\-arabia\-houthis\-rebels.html\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30\|issn\=0362\-4331}} As of 9 October 2016, the final number of casualties is unknown, but it is likely the attack is one of the most deadly since the beginning of the Yemeni Civil War in March 2015\.
On 29 October 2016, at least 17 civilians were killed in [Taiz](/wiki/Taiz "Taiz") in airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\-led coalition.{{Cite web\|title\=Air strikes kill 17 in Yemen's Taiz province\|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/30/yemen\-raid\-kills\-18\-hadi\-rejects\-un\-envoys\-proposal\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30\|website\=www.aljazeera.com\|language\=en}} It was reported that the area was targeting a suburb allegedly known to be used by Houthis. This attack raises issues of human rights and international law breaches on both sides. The actions by the coalition in striking the civilian area raise issues of [distinction](/wiki/Distinction_%28law%29 "Distinction (law)"), as the harm caused to civilians and their property is possibly out of proportion to the direct military advantage that was gained in carrying out the airstrikes. The fact that the Houthis are fighting in civilian areas could be in breach of the Protocol on the Protection of Victims of Non\-International Armed Conflicts, as their actions mean civilians are likely to be killed in the conflict.
In October 2016, a densely populated [funeral in Yemen was struck](/wiki/2016_Sana%27a_funeral_air_raid "2016 Sana'a funeral air raid"), leaving at least 155 dead{{cite news \|last1\=Sanchez \|first1\=Ray \|title\=US: No blank check for Saudi Arabia in Yemen \|publisher\=CNN \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/08/middleeast/yemen\-airstrikes/ \|access\-date\=10 October 2016}} and 525 wounded,{{cite news \|last1\=Khomami \|first1\=Nadia \|date\=8 October 2016 \|title\=Airstrikes on Yemen funeral kill at least 140 people, UN official says \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/08/saudi\-led\-coalition\-airstrike\-hit\-yemen\-funeral\-officials\-say \|access\-date\=10 October 2016}} including the senior military and security officials of the Shia Houthi and loyalists of former president Ali Abdullah Saleh. The attack was reportedly carried out by Saudi Arabia.{{Cite news\|date\=2016\-10\-30\|title\=Yemen conflict: Dozens killed as air strikes hit prison in Hudaydah\|language\=en\-GB\|work\=BBC News\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-37813569\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30}}{{cite news \|last1\=Adam \|first1\=Withnall \|date\=10 October 2016 \|title\=Britain and US pile pressure on Saudi Arabia over Yemen funeral bombing \|work\=\[\[The Independent]] \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/yemen\-sanaa\-funeral\-bombing\-air\-strikes\-uk\-arms\-sales\-us\-saudi\-arabia\-coalition\-latest\-a7353231\.html \|access\-date\=10 October 2016}}
#### 2017–2019
[thumb\|*Let Yemen Live* protest in New York City in December 2017](/wiki/File:048_Rally_%2825154206308%29.jpg "048 Rally (25154206308).jpg")
In mid\-February 2017, Saudi\-led forces were accused of killing at least five people who had been attending a funeral near Sanaa. Many others were also injured.{{Cite web\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=2017\-02\-15\|title\=At least five killed and dozens wounded in Saudi\-led airstrike on Yemen funeral\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/15/yemen\-funeral\-saudi\-led\-airstrike\-houthi\-insurgents\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30\|website\=the Guardian\|language\=en}} On 17 March, a boat carrying Somali refugees out of Yemen was attacked by a military helicopter, resulting in the deaths of at least 30 Somalis.{{Cite news\|last1\=Hubbard\|first1\=Ben\|last2\=Almosawa\|first2\=Shuaib\|date\=2017\-03\-17\|title\=Airstrike Kills Dozens of Somali Migrants Off Yemen's Coast\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/world/middleeast/yemen\-airstrike\-somali\-migrants.html\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30\|issn\=0362\-4331}} as of 18 March, the circumstances of the attack remain unclear, with some survivors claiming the attack came from a helicopter, and others claiming a battleship, then a helicopter attacked the boat. According to a survivor, 10 of those killed were women, and five were children. Mohammed Abdiker, emergencies director at the International Organization for Migration, said 42 bodies were recovered, and noted that the combatants should have attempted to identify the passengers before deciding whether to attack. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* cited Yemeni officials as saying that Saudi forces were responsible for the attack, but some uncertainty remains as to who carried out the attack.{{Cite web\|date\=2017\-03\-18\|title\=Unknown attackers kill UN refugees off Yemen\|url\=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/326878/unknown\-attackers\-kill\-un\-refugees\-off\-yemen\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-30\|website\=RNZ\|language\=en\-nz}} The Saudi\-led coalition has not commented on the attack. In December 2017, Saudis killed and injured 600 Yemenis in 26 days.{{Cite web \|title\=Saudi's kill and injure 600 Yemeni's in just 26 days \- AWDnews \|url\=http://www.awdnews.com/index/saudis\-kill\-injure\-600\-yemenis\-just\-26\-days/ \|access\-date\=20 July 2018 \|website\=www.awdnews.com \|archive\-date\=20 July 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720081001/http://www.awdnews.com/index/saudis\-kill\-injure\-600\-yemenis\-just\-26\-days/ }}
On [22 April 2018, a Saudi\-led airstrike hit a wedding](/wiki/2018_Hajjah_Governorate_airstrike "2018 Hajjah Governorate airstrike") in the [Bani Qayis district](/wiki/Bani_Qais "Bani Qais") of Hajjah Governorate, Yemen. Casualty estimates vary, with Al\-Masirah reporting the toll later that day to be at least 33 civilians, including the bride, while other estimates are higher. Forty\-five other people were injured in the strike. The victims were mainly women and children.{{cite web
\|title\=Yemen war: Saudi\-led air strike on wedding 'kills 20' \|date\=23 April 2018
\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-43863608
\|work\=\[\[BBC\|BBC News]]\|access\-date\=26 April 2018}} The planes used to carry out the strike continued to fly over the area, preventing medical ambulances from reaching the scene to treat the wounded.{{cite news
\|title\=Yemen: 'At least 20 killed including bride' after airstrike by Saudi\-led coalition hits wedding party
\|first1\=Jon \|last1\=Sharman \|first2\=Ghaida \|last2\=Ghantous \|first3\=Ahmed \|last3\=al\-Haj
\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/yemen\-airstrike\-wedding\-party\-killed\-injured\-bani\-qayis\-saudi\-coalition\-latest\-updates\-a8317826\.html
\|access\-date\=26 April 2018\|work\=\[\[The Independent]]\|date\=23 April 2018}} On 9 August, a [school bus was hit by a Saudi airstrike](/wiki/Dahyan_air_strike "Dahyan air strike"), killing 51 people and injuring 79\. 40 of the dead and 56 of the injured were children between the ages of 6 and 11\.{{cite web \|author1\=Nima Elbagir \|author2\=Salma Abdelaziz \|author3\=Sheena McKenzie \|author4\=Waffa Munayyer \|date\=13 August 2018 \|title\=The schoolboys in Yemen were chatting and laughing. Then came the airstrike \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/13/middleeast/yemen\-children\-school\-bus\-strike\-intl/index.html \|website\=\[\[CNN]]}} In November, more than 100 Saudi airstrikes had attacked civilian neighborhoods and a malnutrition clinic run by Save the Children in Hodeidah.{{cite web \|last1\=McKernan \|first1\=Bethan \|date\=7 November 2018 \|title\=Battle rages in Yemen's vital port as showdown looms \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/07/yemen\-hodeidah\-airstrikes\-saudi\-led\-coalition\-ceasefire\-calls \|access\-date\=7 November 2018 \|website\=theguardian}}
On the 31st of August 2019, aircraft 81 delivered several explosive ordnances on the Dhamar community college compound. Houthi forces utilized at least one of these structures as a prison. According to the International Committee of the Red Cross, the facility housed around 170 detainees. At least 40 people were injured, and at least 100 civilians were killed as a result of the catastrophe. Saudi\-led coalition spokesman [Turki Al\-Maliki](/wiki/Turki_Al-Maliki "Turki Al-Maliki") acknowledged the attack but argued it was a military target due to the presence of Houthi fighters and air defence assets.{{cite book \|title\=Letter dated 27 January 2020 from the Panel of Experts on Yemen addressed to the President of the Security Council \|date\=27 January 2020}} A former detainee told the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") that the Houthis were repairing weapons in and close to the detention center. Several other detainees said via [social media](/wiki/Social_media "Social media") that the center had been the target of airstrikes before. It was consistent with the Houthi practice of using human shields near detention facilities. Local residents said some of those detained were arrested for being critical of the Houthis.{{Cite news\|last1\=Al\-Haj\|first1\=Ahmed\|last2\=Magdy\|first2\=Sami\|date\=2 September 2019\|title\=Saudi\-led airstrikes on Yemen rebel\-run prison kill over 100\|language\=en\-US\|publisher\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|url\=https://apnews.com/article/yemen\-ap\-top\-news\-middle\-east\-international\-news\-sanaa\-131ce2899df04a89bc3858910a3aa989\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-22}}
#### 2020–2022
On March 30, 2020, the [Saudi\-led coalition](/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen "Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen") carried out [airstrikes](/wiki/Airstrikes "Airstrikes") in the Yemeni capital, [Sanaa](/wiki/Sanaa "Sanaa"). The attacks hit the presidential palace compound, a school and an air base close to Sanaa airport. The bombardment took place after calls from the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") were made to maintain ceasefire during [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").{{cite news \|title\=Air strikes hit Houthi\-held Yemeni capital Sanaa: witnesses \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security/air\-strikes\-hit\-houthi\-held\-yemeni\-capital\-sanaa\-witnesses\-idUSKBN21H1GY \|access\-date\=30 March 2020 \|website\=Reuters\|date\=30 March 2020 }}
In an April 2020 report, the Human Rights Watch said that war crimes committed by Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates in Yemen go unmentioned. They stated that these countries were responsible for most child casualties and illegal attacks on schools.{{cite web \|date\=10 April 2020 \|title\=The UN's Timid Responses to War Crimes Against Children \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/10/uns\-timid\-responses\-war\-crimes\-against\-children \|access\-date\=10 April 2020 \|website\=Human Rights Watch}} On December third, 2020, more than 60 organizations urged the U.N. General Assembly to establish an investigative body to gather and preserve evidence of serious human rights violations during Yemen's seven\-year conflict, including possible war crimes and crimes against humanity.{{cite web \|date\=2021\-12\-03 \|title\=UN General Assembly urged to investigate Yemen atrocities \|url\=https://twitter.com/YemenMatters\_/status/1466762392986025984 \|access\-date\=2021\-12\-09}}
An air strike in the northwest Yemen killed seven children and two women, as reported by the [United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs "United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs") on 13 July 2020\. The [Houthi rebels](/wiki/Houthi_movement "Houthi movement") claimed that the air strike was carried out by the Saudi\-led coalition. However, [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia") denied any involvement in the air strike.{{cite news \|date\=17 June 2020 \|title\=Saudi\-led coalition in Yemen denies killing civilians in Saada air strike \|website\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security/saudi\-led\-coalition\-in\-yemen\-denies\-killing\-civilians\-in\-saada\-air\-strike\-idUSKBN23O2U2 \|access\-date\=17 July 2020}}
On 6 August 2020, an air strike in northern Yemen killed a large number of civilians. A report by humanitarian coordination agency, [UNOCHA](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs "United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs"), indicated that as many as nine children were killed, while seven children and two women were injured. The [UN Special Envoy](/wiki/Special_Envoy_of_the_Secretary-General "Special Envoy of the Secretary-General") for Yemen, [Martin Griffiths](/wiki/Martin_Griffiths "Martin Griffiths"), condemned air strikes and called for a transparent investigation into the incident.{{cite web \|title\=U.N. condemns air strikes in Yemen that reportedly killed children \|url\=https://de.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security/u\-n\-condemns\-air\-strikes\-in\-yemen\-that\-reportedly\-killed\-children\-idUSKCN253277 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908060438/https://de.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security/u\-n\-condemns\-air\-strikes\-in\-yemen\-that\-reportedly\-killed\-children\-idUSKCN253277 \|archive\-date\=8 September 2020 \|access\-date\=7 August 2020 \|website\=Reuters}}
On 20 December 2021, the Saudi\-led coalition carried out air raids at the international airport in the Yemeni capital, [Sanaa](/wiki/Sanaa "Sanaa"). As a result of these airstrikes, [UN](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") aid flights into Sanaa were halted as the airport was no longer able to receive aircraft operated by the United Nations or international humanitarian organisations. Since 2016, humanitarian flights into Sanaa airport have been largely interrupted by a Saudi\-led blockade.{{cite news \|date\=20 December 2021 \|title\=Saudi\-led coalition forces target Yemeni airport in air strike \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-59736335 \|access\-date\=21 December 2021}}
|
[
"### Targeting and killings of civilians",
"#### 2015",
"On 13 April, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") (HRW) wrote that the Saudi\\-led air campaign that began on 26 March 2015, had \"conducted airstrikes in apparent violation of the [laws of war](/wiki/Law_of_war \"Law of war\"), such as the March 30 attack on a displaced person camp in Mazraq, northern Yemen, that struck a medical facility and a market\". HRW also said that the Houthis had \"unlawfully deployed forces in densely populated areas and used excessive force against peaceful protesters and journalists\". In addition, HRW said that by providing logistical and intelligence assistance to coalition forces, \"the United States may have become a party to the conflict, creating obligations under the laws of war\".{{cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-13 \\|title\\=Saudi Coalition/US: Curb Civilian Harm in Yemen \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/13/saudi\\-coalitionus\\-curb\\-civilian\\-harm\\-yemen \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516142452/http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/13/saudi\\-coalitionus\\-curb\\-civilian\\-harm\\-yemen \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-16 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-07 \\|work\\=Human Rights Watch}} Other incidents noted by HRW that had been deemed as \"indiscriminate or disproportionate\" or \"in violation of the laws of war\" were: a strike on a dairy factory outside the Red Sea port of Hodaida (31 civilian deaths);{{cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-16 \\|title\\=Yemen: Factory Airstrike Killed 31 Civilians – Saudi\\-Led, US\\-Backed Attack Raises Laws\\-of\\-War Concerns \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/15/yemen\\-factory\\-airstrike\\-killed\\-31\\-civilians \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419031604/http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/15/yemen\\-factory\\-airstrike\\-killed\\-31\\-civilians \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-19 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-11 \\|work\\=Human Rights Watch}} a strike that destroyed a humanitarian aid warehouse of the international aid organization Oxfam in Saada;{{cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-23 \\|title\\=Yemen: Warehouse Strike Threatens Aid Delivery – Inquiry Still Needed If Saudi\\-Led Bombing Campaign Ends \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/22/yemen\\-warehouse\\-strike\\-threatens\\-aid\\-delivery \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427163924/http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/22/yemen\\-warehouse\\-strike\\-threatens\\-aid\\-delivery \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-27 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-09 \\|work\\=Human Rights Watch}}",
"Throughout April and May, [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\") said that several Saudi Arabian\\-led airstrikes hit five densely populated areas ([Saada](/wiki/Saada \"Saada\"), [Sanaa](/wiki/Sanaa \"Sanaa\"), [Hodeidah](/wiki/Hodeidah \"Hodeidah\"), Hajjah and [Ibb](/wiki/Ibb \"Ibb\")), and \"raise concerns about compliance with the rules of international humanitarian law\".{{cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-24 \\|title\\=Yemen: Relentless airstrikes that have left hundreds of civilians dead must be investigated \\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/04/yemen\\-investigate\\-relentless\\-airstrikes\\-that\\-have\\-left\\-hundreds\\-of\\-civilians\\-dead/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518181706/https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/04/yemen\\-investigate\\-relentless\\-airstrikes\\-that\\-have\\-left\\-hundreds\\-of\\-civilians\\-dead/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-18 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-12 \\|work\\=Amnesty International}}{{cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-08 \\|title\\=Yemen: Mounting evidence of high civilian toll of Saudi\\-led airstrikes \\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/05/yemen\\-mounting\\-evidence\\-of\\-high\\-civilian\\-toll\\-of\\-saudi\\-led\\-airstrikes/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518163535/https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/05/yemen\\-mounting\\-evidence\\-of\\-high\\-civilian\\-toll\\-of\\-saudi\\-led\\-airstrikes/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-18 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-12 \\|work\\=Amnesty International}} They also said that at least 139 people, including at least 97 civilians (33 of whom were children) were killed during these strikes, and 460 individuals were injured (at least 157 whom were civilians).",
"A group of 17 aid agencies working in Yemen condemned the growing intensity of airstrikes in the north of Yemen on 8 and 9 May 2015\\. [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children \"Save the Children\")'s Country Director in Yemen, Edward Santiago, said that the \"indiscriminate attacks after the dropping of leaflets urging civilians to leave Sa'ada raises concerns about the possible pattern being established in breach of International Humanitarian Law\".{{cite news \\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-10 \\|title\\=Aid Agencies Call For an Immediate and Permanent Cease Fire as an Additional 70,000 People Flee Coalition Airstrikes in Northern Yemen \\|work\\=Save the Children \\|url\\=http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2\\.aspx?c\\=8rKLIXMGIpI4E\\&b\\=9241315\\&ct\\=14661497 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-12 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518053637/http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2\\.aspx?c\\=8rKLIXMGIpI4E\\&b\\=9241315\\&ct\\=14661497 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2015}} Euro\\-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor has claimed that [Houthi militias](/wiki/Houthis \"Houthis\") in alliance with the militants of exiled former president [Ali Abdullah Saleh](/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh \"Ali Abdullah Saleh\") killed purposely at least 22 civilians in [Taiz](/wiki/Taiz \"Taiz\"). According to eyewitnesses, the militants launched [Katyusha rockets](/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher \"Katyusha rocket launcher\") targeting the markets and residential neighborhoods in the center of Taiz. As a result, many civilians were killed and wounded. Houthi media denied the accusation, accusing Saudi and [IS](/wiki/Islamic_State \"Islamic State\") of committing these attacks.{{cite web \\|title\\=Humanitarian catastrophe is imminent in Yemeni city of Taiz as houthis target civilians \\|url\\=http://www.euromedmonitor.org/en/article/982/Humanitarian\\-catastrophe\\-is\\-imminent\\-in\\-Yemeni\\-city\\-of\\-Taiz\\-as\\-Houthis\\-target\\-civilians \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210203753/http://www.euromedmonitor.org/en/article/982/Humanitarian\\-catastrophe\\-is\\-imminent\\-in\\-Yemeni\\-city\\-of\\-Taiz\\-as\\-Houthis\\-target\\-civilians \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2015 \\|website\\=Euro\\-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor}}",
"U.N. Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes van der Klaauw, said that air strikes by the Saudi\\-led coalition on Sa'ada city in May 2015, where many civilians were trapped, were in breach of [international humanitarian law](/wiki/International_humanitarian_law \"International humanitarian law\"), despite calls for civilians to leave the area. Scores of civilians were reportedly killed and thousands forced to flee their homes after the Saudi\\-led coalition declared the entire governorate a military target, he said.{{cite web \\|last\\=Miles \\|first\\=Tom \\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-09 \\|title\\=Saudi\\-led strikes in Yemen break international law: U.N. coordinator \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-saudi\\-un\\-idUSKBN0NU0PN20150509 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084543/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-18 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-10 \\|work\\=Reuters U.S.}}{{cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-09 \\|title\\=Statement by the Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes Van Der Klaauw (9 May 2015\\) \\[EN/AR] \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084543/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-18 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-10 \\|work\\=reliefweb.int (original: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affair, UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Yemen)}} Van der Klaauw also said that coalition strikes had targeted schools and hospitals, in breach of international law.{{cite news \\|author\\=Erin Cunningham \\|date\\=11 May 2015 \\|title\\=Intense clashes in Yemen endanger prospects of humanitarian cease\\-fire \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\\_east/yemen\\-rebels\\-claim\\-tribal\\-allies\\-downed\\-moroccan\\-warplane/2015/05/11/27e895c4\\-f7df\\-11e4\\-a13c\\-193b1241d51a\\_story.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701162705/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\\_east/yemen\\-rebels\\-claim\\-tribal\\-allies\\-downed\\-moroccan\\-warplane/2015/05/11/27e895c4\\-f7df\\-11e4\\-a13c\\-193b1241d51a\\_story.html \\|archive\\-date\\=1 July 2015}}",
"Between 26 March and 21 April, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* confirmed 18 airstrikes that resulted in civilian casualties,{{cite news \\|date\\=26 March 2015 \\|title\\=Saudi\\-Backed Forces Gain Momentum \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/26/world/middleeast/geography\\-of\\-chaos\\-in\\-yemen\\-maps.html}} and on 6 May, [HRW](/wiki/HRW \"HRW\") reported that an airstrike struck a residential home in Saada, killing 27 members of one family, including 17 children.{{cite web \\|date\\=18 May 2015 \\|title\\=Dispatches: Renewed Fighting in Yemen Should Not Mean Renewed Violations \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/05/18/dispatches\\-renewed\\-fighting\\-yemen\\-should\\-not\\-mean\\-renewed\\-violations \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch}} On 26 May, 7 more members of the same family were killed in another airstrike.{{cite news \\|date\\=26 May 2015 \\|title\\=Seven members of Yemeni family killed in Saudi\\-led strike: residents \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-idUSKBN0OB18N20150526}}[thumb\\|240x240px\\|Yemeni capital Sanaa after airstrikes, 9 October 2015](/wiki/File:This_neighborhood_where_more_than_100_buildings_have_been_damaged_has_brought_attention_to_the_plight_of_Yemeni_blacks_with_neighboring_communities_coming_to_witness_the_damage_-_Sanaa_-_Oct-9-2015.png \"This neighborhood where more than 100 buildings have been damaged has brought attention to the plight of Yemeni blacks with neighboring communities coming to witness the damage - Sanaa - Oct-9-2015.png\")\nOn 27 May nearly 100 people were killed due to airstrikes hitting Sanaa, Sa'da and Hodeida in the largest ever one\\-day death toll throughout the conflict.{{cite news \\|date\\=27 May 2015 \\|title\\=Nearly 100 people killed in Saudi\\-led aerial assault on Yemen \\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|url\\=https://latimes.com/world/middleeast/la\\-fg\\-yemen\\-fighting\\-20150527\\-story.html}}",
"On 28 June a coalition airstrike hit and damaged the UN compound in Aden, severely damaging the [UNDP](/wiki/UNDP \"UNDP\") building and injuring a guard.{{cite web \\|author\\=United Nations Web Services Section \\|title\\=United Nations Secretary\\-General Ban Ki\\-moon's Statements \\|url\\=https://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid\\=8779 \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2015}}",
"On 30 June HRW released a report stating that coalition airstrikes on the northern Yemeni city of Saada, a Houthi rebel stronghold, had killed dozens of civilians and wrecked homes and markets. The group said it had documented a dozen airstrikes on Saada that destroyed or damaged civilian homes, five markets, a school and a petrol station although there was no evidence of military use. \"Saada City's streets are littered with bomb craters, destroyed buildings, and other evidence of coalition airstrikes,\" HRW's Sarah Leah Whitson said in the report{{cite news \\|date\\=30 June 2015 \\|title\\=Rights group says Arab bombings killed dozens of Yemeni civilians \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-airstrikes\\-idUSKCN0PA28T20150630 \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2015}} and later added. \"These attacks appear to be serious laws\\-of\\-war violations that need to be properly investigated.\"{{cite web \\|date\\=13 July 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen: Unlawful Airstrikes Kill Dozens of Civilians \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/06/30/yemen\\-unlawful\\-airstrikes\\-kill\\-dozens\\-civilians \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2015 \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch}}",
"On 6 July airstrikes killed over 100 people including more than 30 civilians in Al Joob, Amran.{{cite web \\|date\\=10 July 2015 \\|title\\=Photo Essay on Victims of Recent Saudi Airstrikes in Yemen \\|url\\=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/10/yemen\\-airstrike/ \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2015 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Intercept]]}} A state\\-run news agency said that 40 had been killed in a raid on a livestock market in al\\-Foyoush. Local residents also reported 30 deaths in a raid they said apparently targeted a Houthi checkpoint on the main road between Aden and Lahj. They said 10 of the dead were Houthi fighters. MSF head of mission in Yemen said \"It is unacceptable that airstrikes take place in highly concentrated civilian areas where people are gathering and going about their daily lives, especially at a time such as Ramadan.\"{{cite news \\|date\\=6 July 2015 \\|title\\=Air strikes kill nearly 100 in Yemen, cast shadow on truce talks \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-idUSKCN0PG0EW20150706 \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2015}}",
"On 25 July airstrikes killed over 120 civilians in the town of Mokha, marking the deadliest strike yet against civilians. The airstrikes hit workers' housing for a power plant in Mokha, flattening some of the buildings, the officials said. A fire erupted in the area, charring many of the corpses. \"It just shows what is the trend now of the airstrikes from the coalition,\" said Hassan Boucenine of the Geneva\\-based Doctors Without Borders. \"Now, it's a house, it's a market, it's anything.\" He added that many of the workers had families visiting for the Eid al\\-Fitr holiday at the end of the holy month of Ramadan. Mokha, populated largely by fishermen, had a reputation as one of the safest places in the country embroiled in war, said Boucenine.{{cite news \\|title\\=News from The Associated Press \\|url\\=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML\\_YEMEN?SITE\\=AP\\&SECTION\\=HOME\\&TEMPLATE\\=DEFAULT\\&CTIME\\=2015\\-07\\-24\\-19\\-42\\-34 \\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20150731173010/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML\\_YEMEN?SITE\\=AP\\&SECTION\\=HOME\\&TEMPLATE\\=DEFAULT\\&CTIME\\=2015\\-07\\-24\\-19\\-42\\-34 \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-07\\-31}}",
"On 18 August, Amnesty International reported that it had confirmed 141 civilian deaths from eight airstrikes.{{cite news \\|date\\=18 August 2015 \\|title\\=Amnesty: All sides in Yemen may be guilty of war crimes \\|work\\=\\[\\[Today's Zaman]] \\|url\\=http://www.todayszaman.com/world\\_amnesty\\-all\\-sides\\-in\\-yemen\\-may\\-be\\-guilty\\-of\\-war\\-crimes\\_396849\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226093310/http://www.todayszaman.com/world\\_amnesty\\-all\\-sides\\-in\\-yemen\\-may\\-be\\-guilty\\-of\\-war\\-crimes\\_396849\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=26 February 2016}}",
"On 24 August, the UN special representative of the secretary\\-general for children and armed conflict said, that of 402 children killed in Yemen since late March 2015, 73 percent were victims of Saudi coalition\\-led airstrikes.{{cite web \\|date\\=24 August 2015 \\|title\\=Statement on the situation in Yemen by Leila Zerrougui, Special Representative of the Secretary\\-General for Children and Armed Conflict \\|url\\=https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/press\\-release/statement\\-on\\-the\\-situation\\-in\\-yemen\\-by\\-leila\\-zerrougui\\-special\\-representative\\-of\\-the\\-secretary\\-general\\-for\\-children\\-and\\-armed\\-conflict/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129114140/https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/press\\-release/statement\\-on\\-the\\-situation\\-in\\-yemen\\-by\\-leila\\-zerrougui\\-special\\-representative\\-of\\-the\\-secretary\\-general\\-for\\-children\\-and\\-armed\\-conflict/ \\|archive\\-date\\=29 January 2016 \\|publisher\\=UN Office of the SRSG for Children and Armed Conflict}}{{cite news \\|last\\=D'Almeida \\|first\\=Kanya \\|date\\=25 August 2015 \\|title\\=Majority of Child Casualties in Yemen Caused by Saudi\\-Led Airstrikes \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Inter Press Service]] \\|url\\=http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/08/majority\\-of\\-child\\-casualties\\-in\\-yemen\\-caused\\-by\\-saudi\\-led\\-airstrikes \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831231958/http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/08/majority\\-of\\-child\\-casualties\\-in\\-yemen\\-caused\\-by\\-saudi\\-led\\-airstrikes/ \\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2015}} *[Mondoweiss](/wiki/Mondoweiss \"Mondoweiss\")* reported that the UN also said at this time that an average of 30 people had been killed in Yemen every single day since the beginning of the war. On top of this, more than 23,000 had been wounded.{{cite news \\|author\\=Ben Norton \\|date\\=24 August 2015 \\|title\\=4,500 killed in Yemen in 150 Days of Saudi\\-led bombing \\|work\\=\\[\\[Mondoweiss]] \\|url\\=http://mondoweiss.net/2015/08/killed\\-saudi\\-bombing/}} On 11 September 2015, UN Human Rights Commissioner said that of 1,527 civilians killed between 26 March and 30 June, at least 941 people were killed by airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\\-led coalition.{{cite web \\|date\\=7 September 2015 \\|title\\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\\) – Advance Edited Version \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\\-human\\-rights\\-yemen\\-report\\-office\\-united\\-nations\\-high\\-commissioner\\-human \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoMdEZh?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\\-human\\-rights\\-yemen\\-report\\-office\\-united\\-nations\\-high\\-commissioner\\-human \\|archive\\-date\\=14 September 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Human Rights Council}}. PDF: {{cite web \\|date\\=7 September 2015 \\|title\\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\\) – Advance Edited Version \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\\_HRC\\_30\\_31\\_AEV.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoUO8BI?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\\_HRC\\_30\\_31\\_AEV.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=14 September 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Human Rights Council}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Fitch \\|first1\\=Asa \\|last2\\=al\\-Kibsi \\|first2\\=Mohammed \\|date\\=10 December 2015 \\|title\\=Heavy Toll in Yemen Conflict Draws Scrutiny – Civilians bear brunt of damage in war between Saudi\\-led coalition and Houthi rebels \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/heavy\\-toll\\-in\\-yemen\\-conflict\\-draws\\-scrutiny\\-1449743401 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228144109/http://www.wsj.com/articles/heavy\\-toll\\-in\\-yemen\\-conflict\\-draws\\-scrutiny\\-1449743401 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 December 2015 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Fahim \\|first\\=Kareem \\|date\\=12 September 2015 \\|title\\=Airstrikes Take Toll on Civilians in Yemen War \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/world/middleeast/airstrikes\\-hit\\-civilians\\-yemen\\-war.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610054649/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/world/middleeast/airstrikes\\-hit\\-civilians\\-yemen\\-war.html?\\_r\\=2 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 June 2022}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Kouddous \\|first\\=Sharif Abdel \\|date\\=30 November 2015 \\|title\\=With US help, Saudi Arabia is obliterating Yemen \\|work\\=\\[\\[GlobalPost]] \\|url\\=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6696395/2015/11/30/yemen\\-conflict\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-airstrikes\\-war\\-crimes\\-united\\-states \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222173227/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6696395/2015/11/30/yemen\\-conflict\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-airstrikes\\-war\\-crimes\\-united\\-states \\|archive\\-date\\=22 December 2015}}",
"On 11 September, UN Human Rights Commissioner said that of 1,527 civilians killed between 26 March and 30 June, at least 941 people were killed by airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\\-led coalition.{{cite web \\|date\\=7 September 2015 \\|title\\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\\) – Advance Edited Version \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\\-human\\-rights\\-yemen\\-report\\-office\\-united\\-nations\\-high\\-commissioner\\-human \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoMdEZh?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/situation\\-human\\-rights\\-yemen\\-report\\-office\\-united\\-nations\\-high\\-commissioner\\-human \\|archive\\-date\\=14 September 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Human Rights Council}}. PDF: {{cite web \\|date\\=7 September 2015 \\|title\\=Situation of human rights in Yemen – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/30/31\\) – Advance Edited Version \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\\_HRC\\_30\\_31\\_AEV.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6bXoUO8BI?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A\\_HRC\\_30\\_31\\_AEV.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=14 September 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Human Rights Council}} On 27 October, the OHCHR said that out of 2,615 civilians killed between 26 March and 26 October 2015, 1,641 civilians had reportedly been killed due to airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\\-led coalition.{{cite web \\|date\\=27 October 2015 \\|title\\=Regular Press Briefing by the Information Service \\|url\\=http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news\\_media.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear\\_en%29/BFBC8D1DEEC1C846C1257EEB004A3211?OpenDocument \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118055220/http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news\\_media.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear\\_en%29/BFBC8D1DEEC1C846C1257EEB004A3211?OpenDocument \\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United Nations Office at Geneva\\|UNOG]]}}{{cite news \\|date\\=27 October 2015 \\|title\\=UN: Yemen's seven\\-month violence kills 2,615 civilians \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Anadolu Agency]] \\|url\\=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle\\-east/un\\-yemens\\-seven\\-month\\-violence\\-kills\\-2\\-615\\-civilians/456735 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028120553/http://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle\\-east/un\\-yemens\\-seven\\-month\\-violence\\-kills\\-2\\-615\\-civilians/456735 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2015}}",
"In December 2015, HRW claimed that six \"unlawful airstrikes\" were carried out in the capital by the Saudi\\-led coalition in September and October, which killed 60 civilians. They also criticized the Coalition and the United States for refusing to investigate the attacks.[Yemen: Coalition Bombs Homes in Capital](https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/21/yemen-coalition-bombs-homes-capital) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222141930/https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/21/yemen\\-coalition\\-bombs\\-homes\\-capital\\|date\\=22 December 2015}}. [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\"). 21 December 2015\\. On 8 October 2016, a Saudi\\-led airstrike on a funeral ceremony killed roughly 100 people and injured 500, including children. HRW described the airstrike as an apparent war crime.[Yemen: Saudi\\-Led Funeral Attack Apparent War Crime](https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/10/13/yemen-saudi-led-funeral-attack-apparent-war-crime) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015073952/https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/10/13/yemen\\-saudi\\-led\\-funeral\\-attack\\-apparent\\-war\\-crime\\|date\\=15 October 2016}}. Human Rights Watch. 13 October 2016\\.",
"#### 2016",
"According to a UN report released in early 2016, it is believed that the Saudi Arabian\\-led coalition could be deliberately targeting civilians.{{cite news \\|title\\=Yemen conflict: Saudi\\-led coalition targeting civilians, UN says \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=27 January 2016 \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-35423282 \\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2016}} Human Rights Watch has identified several airstrikes which have hit civilian targets: an attack on a camp for displaced people, and a dairy factory.{{cite news \\|title\\=Saudi Coalition/US: Curb Civilian Harm in Yemen \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch \\|date\\=13 April 2015 \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/13/saudi\\-coalition/us\\-curb\\-civilian\\-harm\\-yemen}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Yemen: Factory Airstrike Killed 31 Civilians \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch \\|date\\=15 April 2015 \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/15/yemen\\-factory\\-airstrike\\-killed\\-31\\-civilians\\-0}} [Médecins Sans Frontières](/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res \"Médecins Sans Frontières\") claims it was attacked four times in three months by coalition forces.{{cite news \\|title\\=Yemen: Health facilities under attack \\- MSF wants answers \\|publisher\\=Médecins Sans Frontières \\|date\\=25 January 2016 \\|url\\=http://www.msf.org/article/yemen\\-health\\-facilities\\-under\\-attack\\-msf\\-wants\\-answers \\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2016}} In addition to these targets, the UN panel who worked on the report also claimed that the coalition targeted \"civilian gatherings, including weddings; civilian vehicles, including buses; civilian residential areas; medical facilities; schools; mosques; markets, factories and food storage warehouses; and other essential civilian infrastructure, such as the airport in Sana'a, the port in Hudaydah and domestic transit routes\", and concluded this was in violation of international law.{{cite news \\|first\\=Ewan \\|last\\=MacAskill \\|title\\=UN report into Saudi\\-led strikes in Yemen raises questions over UK role \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=27 January 2016 \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/27/un\\-report\\-into\\-saudi\\-led\\-strikes\\-in\\-yemen\\-raises\\-questions\\-over\\-uk\\-role \\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2016}} The panel also concluded that airstrikes contributed to 60% of civilian deaths since the beginning of the conflict.{{cite news \\|title\\=UN panel calls for international inquiry in Yemen \\|publisher\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\|date\\=27 January 2016 \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/un\\-panel\\-calls\\-international\\-inquiry\\-yemen \\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2016}} At the end of August 2016, the United Nations revised the number of deaths during the war from around 6,000 to at least 10,000, and the U.N. Humanitarian Coordinator noted the difficulty in providing an exact number of people killed during the conflict.{{Cite web\\|title\\=UN: At least 10,000 killed in Yemen conflict\\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/8/30/un\\-at\\-least\\-10000\\-killed\\-in\\-yemen\\-conflict\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30\\|website\\=www.aljazeera.com\\|language\\=en}}",
"On 1 February 2016 Reuters reported: \"Mortars and rockets fired at Saudi Arabian towns and villages have killed 375 civilians, including 63 children, since the start of the Saudi\\-led military campaign in Yemen in late March, Riyadh said.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Maclean \\|first1\\=William \\|last2\\=McDowall \\|first2\\=Angus \\|date\\=1 February 2016 \\|title\\=Saudi Arabia says 375 civilians killed on its border in Yemen war \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-saudi\\-idUSKCN0VA36T \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202194248/http://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-saudi\\-idUSKCN0VA36T \\|archive\\-date\\=2 February 2016}}",
"On 15 March 2016 Saudi\\-led airstrikes on a market in Mastaba killed at least 119 people, including 25 children.[\"Saudi coalition massacred 119 Yemenis at market with U.S.\\-supplied bombs\"](http://www.salon.com/2016/04/07/saudi_coalition_massacred_119_yemenis_at_market_with_u_s_supplied_bombs/). [Salon](/wiki/Salon_%28website%29 \"Salon (website)\"). 7 April 2016\\.",
"In late September 2016, it was reported that a Saudi airstrike had hit a residential area in [Al Hudaydah](/wiki/Al_Hudaydah \"Al Hudaydah\"), killing at least 25 people and injuring 70\\.{{Cite news\\|date\\=2016\\-09\\-22\\|title\\=Yemen conflict: Saudi\\-led air strike 'kills 25 in Hudaydah'\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|work\\=BBC News\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-37438530\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30}} A government official told AFP news agency that the area was probably accidentally hit while Saudi Arabian forces were targeting what they believed to be a Houthi stronghold.",
"In October 2016, Saudi Arabian forces were accused of being responsible for [airstrikes on funeral procession](/wiki/Sanaa_funeral_airstrike \"Sanaa funeral airstrike\"), resulting in the deaths of at least 140 people.{{Cite news\\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-09\\|title\\=Saudis to probe deadly air strikes on Yemen funeral hall\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|work\\=BBC News\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-37599900\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30}} Initial reports indicated that a further 525 people were injured in the airstrikes.{{Cite web\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-09\\|title\\=Saudi\\-led airstrike kills over 140 mourners in Yemen\\|url\\=https://nypost.com/2016/10/08/saudi\\-led\\-airstrike\\-kills\\-over\\-140\\-mourners\\-in\\-yemen/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30\\|website\\=New York Post\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The funeral was for the father of Houthi\\-appointed Interior Minister Galal al\\-Rawishan. Sources in Yemen claimed that due to the number of casualties, the medical staff in [Sana'a](/wiki/Sana%27a \"Sana'a\") was overwhelmed and doctors who were off duty had to be called in to assist.{{Cite news\\|last1\\=Almosawa\\|first1\\=Shuaib\\|last2\\=Hubbard\\|first2\\=Ben\\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-08\\|title\\=Saudi\\-Led Airstrikes Blamed for Massacre at Funeral in Yemen\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/09/world/middleeast/yemen\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-houthis\\-rebels.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} As of 9 October 2016, the final number of casualties is unknown, but it is likely the attack is one of the most deadly since the beginning of the Yemeni Civil War in March 2015\\.",
"On 29 October 2016, at least 17 civilians were killed in [Taiz](/wiki/Taiz \"Taiz\") in airstrikes carried out by the Saudi\\-led coalition.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Air strikes kill 17 in Yemen's Taiz province\\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/30/yemen\\-raid\\-kills\\-18\\-hadi\\-rejects\\-un\\-envoys\\-proposal\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30\\|website\\=www.aljazeera.com\\|language\\=en}} It was reported that the area was targeting a suburb allegedly known to be used by Houthis. This attack raises issues of human rights and international law breaches on both sides. The actions by the coalition in striking the civilian area raise issues of [distinction](/wiki/Distinction_%28law%29 \"Distinction (law)\"), as the harm caused to civilians and their property is possibly out of proportion to the direct military advantage that was gained in carrying out the airstrikes. The fact that the Houthis are fighting in civilian areas could be in breach of the Protocol on the Protection of Victims of Non\\-International Armed Conflicts, as their actions mean civilians are likely to be killed in the conflict.",
"In October 2016, a densely populated [funeral in Yemen was struck](/wiki/2016_Sana%27a_funeral_air_raid \"2016 Sana'a funeral air raid\"), leaving at least 155 dead{{cite news \\|last1\\=Sanchez \\|first1\\=Ray \\|title\\=US: No blank check for Saudi Arabia in Yemen \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/08/middleeast/yemen\\-airstrikes/ \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2016}} and 525 wounded,{{cite news \\|last1\\=Khomami \\|first1\\=Nadia \\|date\\=8 October 2016 \\|title\\=Airstrikes on Yemen funeral kill at least 140 people, UN official says \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/08/saudi\\-led\\-coalition\\-airstrike\\-hit\\-yemen\\-funeral\\-officials\\-say \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2016}} including the senior military and security officials of the Shia Houthi and loyalists of former president Ali Abdullah Saleh. The attack was reportedly carried out by Saudi Arabia.{{Cite news\\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-30\\|title\\=Yemen conflict: Dozens killed as air strikes hit prison in Hudaydah\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|work\\=BBC News\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-37813569\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Adam \\|first1\\=Withnall \\|date\\=10 October 2016 \\|title\\=Britain and US pile pressure on Saudi Arabia over Yemen funeral bombing \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/yemen\\-sanaa\\-funeral\\-bombing\\-air\\-strikes\\-uk\\-arms\\-sales\\-us\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-coalition\\-latest\\-a7353231\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2016}}",
"#### 2017–2019",
"[thumb\\|*Let Yemen Live* protest in New York City in December 2017](/wiki/File:048_Rally_%2825154206308%29.jpg \"048 Rally (25154206308).jpg\")\nIn mid\\-February 2017, Saudi\\-led forces were accused of killing at least five people who had been attending a funeral near Sanaa. Many others were also injured.{{Cite web\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-15\\|title\\=At least five killed and dozens wounded in Saudi\\-led airstrike on Yemen funeral\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/15/yemen\\-funeral\\-saudi\\-led\\-airstrike\\-houthi\\-insurgents\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30\\|website\\=the Guardian\\|language\\=en}} On 17 March, a boat carrying Somali refugees out of Yemen was attacked by a military helicopter, resulting in the deaths of at least 30 Somalis.{{Cite news\\|last1\\=Hubbard\\|first1\\=Ben\\|last2\\=Almosawa\\|first2\\=Shuaib\\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-17\\|title\\=Airstrike Kills Dozens of Somali Migrants Off Yemen's Coast\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/world/middleeast/yemen\\-airstrike\\-somali\\-migrants.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} as of 18 March, the circumstances of the attack remain unclear, with some survivors claiming the attack came from a helicopter, and others claiming a battleship, then a helicopter attacked the boat. According to a survivor, 10 of those killed were women, and five were children. Mohammed Abdiker, emergencies director at the International Organization for Migration, said 42 bodies were recovered, and noted that the combatants should have attempted to identify the passengers before deciding whether to attack. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* cited Yemeni officials as saying that Saudi forces were responsible for the attack, but some uncertainty remains as to who carried out the attack.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-18\\|title\\=Unknown attackers kill UN refugees off Yemen\\|url\\=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/326878/unknown\\-attackers\\-kill\\-un\\-refugees\\-off\\-yemen\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-30\\|website\\=RNZ\\|language\\=en\\-nz}} The Saudi\\-led coalition has not commented on the attack. In December 2017, Saudis killed and injured 600 Yemenis in 26 days.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Saudi's kill and injure 600 Yemeni's in just 26 days \\- AWDnews \\|url\\=http://www.awdnews.com/index/saudis\\-kill\\-injure\\-600\\-yemenis\\-just\\-26\\-days/ \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2018 \\|website\\=www.awdnews.com \\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720081001/http://www.awdnews.com/index/saudis\\-kill\\-injure\\-600\\-yemenis\\-just\\-26\\-days/ }}",
"On [22 April 2018, a Saudi\\-led airstrike hit a wedding](/wiki/2018_Hajjah_Governorate_airstrike \"2018 Hajjah Governorate airstrike\") in the [Bani Qayis district](/wiki/Bani_Qais \"Bani Qais\") of Hajjah Governorate, Yemen. Casualty estimates vary, with Al\\-Masirah reporting the toll later that day to be at least 33 civilians, including the bride, while other estimates are higher. Forty\\-five other people were injured in the strike. The victims were mainly women and children.{{cite web\n\\|title\\=Yemen war: Saudi\\-led air strike on wedding 'kills 20' \\|date\\=23 April 2018\n\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-43863608\n\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC\\|BBC News]]\\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2018}} The planes used to carry out the strike continued to fly over the area, preventing medical ambulances from reaching the scene to treat the wounded.{{cite news\n\\|title\\=Yemen: 'At least 20 killed including bride' after airstrike by Saudi\\-led coalition hits wedding party\n\\|first1\\=Jon \\|last1\\=Sharman \\|first2\\=Ghaida \\|last2\\=Ghantous \\|first3\\=Ahmed \\|last3\\=al\\-Haj\n\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/yemen\\-airstrike\\-wedding\\-party\\-killed\\-injured\\-bani\\-qayis\\-saudi\\-coalition\\-latest\\-updates\\-a8317826\\.html\n\\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\|date\\=23 April 2018}} On 9 August, a [school bus was hit by a Saudi airstrike](/wiki/Dahyan_air_strike \"Dahyan air strike\"), killing 51 people and injuring 79\\. 40 of the dead and 56 of the injured were children between the ages of 6 and 11\\.{{cite web \\|author1\\=Nima Elbagir \\|author2\\=Salma Abdelaziz \\|author3\\=Sheena McKenzie \\|author4\\=Waffa Munayyer \\|date\\=13 August 2018 \\|title\\=The schoolboys in Yemen were chatting and laughing. Then came the airstrike \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/13/middleeast/yemen\\-children\\-school\\-bus\\-strike\\-intl/index.html \\|website\\=\\[\\[CNN]]}} In November, more than 100 Saudi airstrikes had attacked civilian neighborhoods and a malnutrition clinic run by Save the Children in Hodeidah.{{cite web \\|last1\\=McKernan \\|first1\\=Bethan \\|date\\=7 November 2018 \\|title\\=Battle rages in Yemen's vital port as showdown looms \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/07/yemen\\-hodeidah\\-airstrikes\\-saudi\\-led\\-coalition\\-ceasefire\\-calls \\|access\\-date\\=7 November 2018 \\|website\\=theguardian}}",
"On the 31st of August 2019, aircraft 81 delivered several explosive ordnances on the Dhamar community college compound. Houthi forces utilized at least one of these structures as a prison. According to the International Committee of the Red Cross, the facility housed around 170 detainees. At least 40 people were injured, and at least 100 civilians were killed as a result of the catastrophe. Saudi\\-led coalition spokesman [Turki Al\\-Maliki](/wiki/Turki_Al-Maliki \"Turki Al-Maliki\") acknowledged the attack but argued it was a military target due to the presence of Houthi fighters and air defence assets.{{cite book \\|title\\=Letter dated 27 January 2020 from the Panel of Experts on Yemen addressed to the President of the Security Council \\|date\\=27 January 2020}} A former detainee told the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") that the Houthis were repairing weapons in and close to the detention center. Several other detainees said via [social media](/wiki/Social_media \"Social media\") that the center had been the target of airstrikes before. It was consistent with the Houthi practice of using human shields near detention facilities. Local residents said some of those detained were arrested for being critical of the Houthis.{{Cite news\\|last1\\=Al\\-Haj\\|first1\\=Ahmed\\|last2\\=Magdy\\|first2\\=Sami\\|date\\=2 September 2019\\|title\\=Saudi\\-led airstrikes on Yemen rebel\\-run prison kill over 100\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/yemen\\-ap\\-top\\-news\\-middle\\-east\\-international\\-news\\-sanaa\\-131ce2899df04a89bc3858910a3aa989\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-22}}",
"#### 2020–2022",
"On March 30, 2020, the [Saudi\\-led coalition](/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen \"Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen\") carried out [airstrikes](/wiki/Airstrikes \"Airstrikes\") in the Yemeni capital, [Sanaa](/wiki/Sanaa \"Sanaa\"). The attacks hit the presidential palace compound, a school and an air base close to Sanaa airport. The bombardment took place after calls from the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") were made to maintain ceasefire during [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Air strikes hit Houthi\\-held Yemeni capital Sanaa: witnesses \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security/air\\-strikes\\-hit\\-houthi\\-held\\-yemeni\\-capital\\-sanaa\\-witnesses\\-idUSKBN21H1GY \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2020 \\|website\\=Reuters\\|date\\=30 March 2020 }}",
"In an April 2020 report, the Human Rights Watch said that war crimes committed by Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates in Yemen go unmentioned. They stated that these countries were responsible for most child casualties and illegal attacks on schools.{{cite web \\|date\\=10 April 2020 \\|title\\=The UN's Timid Responses to War Crimes Against Children \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/10/uns\\-timid\\-responses\\-war\\-crimes\\-against\\-children \\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2020 \\|website\\=Human Rights Watch}} On December third, 2020, more than 60 organizations urged the U.N. General Assembly to establish an investigative body to gather and preserve evidence of serious human rights violations during Yemen's seven\\-year conflict, including possible war crimes and crimes against humanity.{{cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-03 \\|title\\=UN General Assembly urged to investigate Yemen atrocities \\|url\\=https://twitter.com/YemenMatters\\_/status/1466762392986025984 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-09}}",
"An air strike in the northwest Yemen killed seven children and two women, as reported by the [United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs \"United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs\") on 13 July 2020\\. The [Houthi rebels](/wiki/Houthi_movement \"Houthi movement\") claimed that the air strike was carried out by the Saudi\\-led coalition. However, [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\") denied any involvement in the air strike.{{cite news \\|date\\=17 June 2020 \\|title\\=Saudi\\-led coalition in Yemen denies killing civilians in Saada air strike \\|website\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security/saudi\\-led\\-coalition\\-in\\-yemen\\-denies\\-killing\\-civilians\\-in\\-saada\\-air\\-strike\\-idUSKBN23O2U2 \\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2020}}",
"On 6 August 2020, an air strike in northern Yemen killed a large number of civilians. A report by humanitarian coordination agency, [UNOCHA](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs \"United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs\"), indicated that as many as nine children were killed, while seven children and two women were injured. The [UN Special Envoy](/wiki/Special_Envoy_of_the_Secretary-General \"Special Envoy of the Secretary-General\") for Yemen, [Martin Griffiths](/wiki/Martin_Griffiths \"Martin Griffiths\"), condemned air strikes and called for a transparent investigation into the incident.{{cite web \\|title\\=U.N. condemns air strikes in Yemen that reportedly killed children \\|url\\=https://de.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security/u\\-n\\-condemns\\-air\\-strikes\\-in\\-yemen\\-that\\-reportedly\\-killed\\-children\\-idUSKCN253277 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908060438/https://de.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security/u\\-n\\-condemns\\-air\\-strikes\\-in\\-yemen\\-that\\-reportedly\\-killed\\-children\\-idUSKCN253277 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 September 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=7 August 2020 \\|website\\=Reuters}}",
"On 20 December 2021, the Saudi\\-led coalition carried out air raids at the international airport in the Yemeni capital, [Sanaa](/wiki/Sanaa \"Sanaa\"). As a result of these airstrikes, [UN](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") aid flights into Sanaa were halted as the airport was no longer able to receive aircraft operated by the United Nations or international humanitarian organisations. Since 2016, humanitarian flights into Sanaa airport have been largely interrupted by a Saudi\\-led blockade.{{cite news \\|date\\=20 December 2021 \\|title\\=Saudi\\-led coalition forces target Yemeni airport in air strike \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-59736335 \\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2021}}",
""
] |
Damage to civilian infrastructure
---------------------------------
{{See also\|Timeline of the Yemeni humanitarian crisis\|}}[thumb\|Protest outside [10 Downing Street](/wiki/10_Downing_Street "10 Downing Street") against a visit by Saudi Arabian Crown Prince [Mohammed bin Salman](/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman "Mohammed bin Salman"), London, March 2018](/wiki/File:Bin_Salman_-_the_Butcher_of_Yemen.jpg "Bin Salman - the Butcher of Yemen.jpg")
[thumb\|Destroyed house in the south of Sanaa, 13 June 2015](/wiki/File:Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-4.jpg "Destroyed house in the south of Sanaa 12-6-2015-4.jpg")
Before the civil war began, Yemen was one of the poorest countries in the Middle East, with 61% of the population requiring humanitarian assistance, and widespread violations of human rights reported. The conflict and actions by the coalition, particularly the blockades, have been argued to have crippled the Yemeni economy. At the beginning of 2016 it was reported that 6 of every 10 Yemenis is not food secure, and as access to food is mostly dependent on its ability to be transported, it can be difficult for many Yemenis to buy the food they need. In June 2016, it was reported that 19 out of 22 of Yemen's governorates face severe food insecurity, and a quarter of the population is living under emergency levels of food insecurity.{{Cite web \|date\=2016\-06\-21 \|title\=More than half of Yemen's population now food insecure – UN \|url\=https://news.un.org/en/story/2016/06/532612\-more\-half\-yemens\-population\-now\-food\-insecure\-un \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-11 \|website\=UN News \|language\=en}} The availability of water is an even more urgent need, with only 1 in 4 Yemenis having access to clean water. The number of Yemenis requiring assistance to meet their needs with regards to sanitation and clean water has increased by around 9\.8 million people since the beginning of the civil war.{{Cite web \|title\=Humanitarian Needs Overview 2016: Yemen \|url\=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2016\_HNO\_English\_%20FINAL.pdf \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-11}}
Some areas of Yemen, such as [Saada](/wiki/Saada "Saada"), are almost completely without power: 95% of the electrical sources in the city have been bombed. According to the United Nations' Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance, one in ten Yemenis has been displaced by the conflict, and 21\.2 million people (of Yemen's population of 26 million) are in need of some form of humanitarian assistance.{{Cite web \|title\=Yemen HB Issue 10 Issued on 04 April 2016 \|url\=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Yemen%20HB%20Issue%2010%20Issued%20on%2004%20April%202016%20Eng.pdf \|access\-date\=2021\-09\-28}}
At the beginning of May 2015, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) said, that there had been "severe destruction of civilian infrastructure, including houses, in many districts" since 26 March.{{cite web \|title\=Press briefing notes on Yemen, Serbia, Honduras and Albinism website launch \|url\=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\=15924\&LangID\=E \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508020515/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\=15924\&LangID\=E \|archive\-date\=8 May 2015 \|access\-date\=7 May 2015 \|publisher\=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights \|df\=dmy\-all}}{{cite news \|date\=5 May 2015 \|title\=Yemen conflict death toll nears 650, with UN rights office spotlighting plight of 3 million disabled \|publisher\=UN News Centre \|url\=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\=50769 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509044009/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\=50769 \|archive\-date\=9 May 2015}} Severe damage caused by attacks on Yemen's essential civilian infrastructure such as airports in Sanaʽa and Hodeida by the Saudi\-led military coalition was obstructing the delivery of much\-needed humanitarian assistance and movement of humanitarian personnel according to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF).{{cite web \|date\=4 May 2015 \|title\=Yemen: MSF and ICRC alarmed by attacks on country's infrastructure and humanitarian lifelines \|url\=http://www.msf.ca/en/article/yemen\-msf\-and\-icrc\-alarmed\-by\-attacks\-on\-country\-s\-infrastructure\-and\-humanitarian\-lifelines \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303075843/http://www.msf.ca/en/article/yemen\-msf\-and\-icrc\-alarmed\-by\-attacks\-on\-country\-s\-infrastructure\-and\-humanitarian\-lifelines \|archive\-date\=3 March 2016 \|publisher\=Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)}}{{cite news \|date\=4 May 2015 \|title\=Yemen: UN relief official urges 'safe and reliable' access to Sana'a airport to deliver critical aid \|publisher\=UN News Centre \|url\=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\=50762 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429074811/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\=50762 \|archive\-date\=29 April 2016}}{{cite web \|date\=4 May 2015 \|title\=Statement by the Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes Van Der Klaauw (4 May 2015\) \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/statement\-humanitarian\-coordinator\-yemen\-johannes\-van\-der\-klaauw\-4\-may\-2015 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6fKuODCkL?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/statement\-humanitarian\-coordinator\-yemen\-johannes\-van\-der\-klaauw\-4\-may\-2015 \|archive\-date\=16 February 2016 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Yemen}} ({{cite web \|title\=PDF \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/PR\_EN\_0\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6fKuSFWSp?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/PR\_EN\_0\.pdf \|archive\-date\=16 February 2016}}) In the first weeks since 26 March massive destruction of civilian infrastructure particularly happened in Aden and Sa'da, according to OHCHR.{{cite web \|date\=22 May 2015 \|title\=Press briefing notes on Hungary, Yemen and Saudi Arabia \|url\=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\=16001\&LangID\=E \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614220911/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\=16001\&LangID\=E \|archive\-date\=14 June 2015 \|publisher\=UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights}}{{cite news \|date\=22 May 2015 \|title\=Yemen: UN rights office urges all parties to adhere to international law as civilian toll grows \|publisher\=UN News Centre \|url\=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\=50940 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423042611/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\=50940 \|archive\-date\=23 April 2016}}
In August 2015, air attacks of the Saudi\-led coalition on port facilities at Al\-Hudaydah "in clear contravention of international humanitarian law", said [Under\-Secretary\-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator](/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_for_Humanitarian_Affairs_and_Emergency_Relief_Coordinator "Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator") [Stephen O'Brien](/wiki/Stephen_O%27Brien "Stephen O'Brien").{{cite news \|date\=20 August 2015 \|title\=Yemen air raids condemned as blast hits governor office \|agency\=Agence France\-Presse \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-air\-raids\-condemned\-blast\-hits\-governor\-office \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824103132/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-air\-raids\-condemned\-blast\-hits\-governor\-office \|archive\-date\=24 August 2015}}{{cite web \|date\=27 August 2015 \|title\=Yemen Humanitarian Bulletin No 1 – 27 August 2015 \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-humanitarian\-bulletin\-no\-1\-27\-august\-2015 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6b7wqkWna?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-humanitarian\-bulletin\-no\-1\-27\-august\-2015 \|archive\-date\=28 August 2015 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} ({{cite web \|title\=PDF \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Humanitarian%20Bulletin%20No%201%20\-%2027%20August%202015\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6b7x106Wl?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Humanitarian%20Bulletin%20No%201%20\-%2027%20August%202015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=28 August 2015}}) The head of the International Red Cross said in 2015, "Yemen after five months looks like [Syria after five years](/wiki/Syrian_civil_war "Syrian civil war")."{{cite news \|last\=Loveluck \|first\=Louisa \|date\=19 August 2015 \|title\=Yemen 'already looks like Syria after five years of war' \|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]] \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/yemen/11813169/Yemen\-already\-looks\-like\-Syria\-after\-five\-years\-of\-war.html \|url\-status\=live \|url\-access\=subscription \|access\-date\=23 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/yemen/11813169/Yemen\-already\-looks\-like\-Syria\-after\-five\-years\-of\-war.html \|archive\-date\=10 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}
### Destruction of cultural monuments
According to Lamya Khalidi, an archaeologist, "at least sixty of Yemen's monuments have been damaged or destroyed" in the bombing campaign by Saudi\-led coalition in March 2015\. Among these monuments are unique archaeological monuments, old cities, museums, mosques, churches and tombs.{{cite web \|last\=Fenton\-Harvey \|first\=Jonathan \|date\=26 March 2018 \|title\=Yemen suffers cultural vandalism during its war \|url\=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2018/3/26/yemen\-suffers\-cultural\-vandalism\-during\-its\-war}}{{cite web \|author\=Lamya Khalidi \|date\=16 October 2017 \|title\=The Destruction of Yemen and Its Cultural Heritage \|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop\-cambridge\-core/content/view/53D08264CAACB808618BCF9D70053D25/S0020743817000691a.pdf/div\-class\-title\-the\-destruction\-of\-yemen\-and\-its\-cultural\-heritage\-div.pdf \|website\=Cambridge University Press \|pages\=735–738 \|volume\=49}}
### Forced displacements
#### Internally Displaced Persons (IDP)
[thumb\|319x319px\|Development of the number of IDPs and IDP returnees (January 2010 – June 2018\){{cite book \|last1\=Devarajan \|first1\=Shanta \|section\-url\=http://www\-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2016/01/29/090224b08411afee/2\_0/Rendered/PDF/The0economic0effects0of0war0and0peace.pdf \|section\=The Economic Effects of War and Peace \|last2\=Mottaghi \|first2\=Lili \|date\=January 2016 \|title\=Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Quarterly Economic Brief \|publisher\=International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank \|isbn\=978\-1\-4648\-0822\-7 \|location\=Washington, D.C. \|doi\=10\.1596/978\-1\-4648\-0822\-7 \|hdl\=10986/23705 \|url\=http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10\.1596/978\-1\-4648\-0822\-7 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206182047/http://www\-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2016/01/29/090224b08411afee/2\_0/Rendered/PDF/The0economic0effects0of0war0and0peace.pdf \|archive\-date\=6 February 2016 \|url\-status\=live}}*{{cite web \|date\=12 April 2016 \|title\=Yemen: Humanitarian Snapshot (12 April 2016\) \[EN/AR] \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-humanitarian\-snapshot\-12\-april\-2016\-enar \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6hCqseMoj?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-humanitarian\-snapshot\-12\-april\-2016\-enar \|archive\-date\=2 May 2016 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}}* ({{cite web \|title\=PDF \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/YEMEN%20Humanitarian%20Snapshot%20%2812%20April%202016%29\_0\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6hCr27vJ3?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/YEMEN%20Humanitarian%20Snapshot%20%2812%20April%202016%29\_0\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2 May 2016 \|access\-date\=13 February 2021}})*{{cite web \|date\=23 November 2016 \|title\=Yemen: 2017 Humanitarian Needs Overview \[EN/AR] \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-2017\-humanitarian\-needs\-overview\-enar \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6puhqjtau?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-2017\-humanitarian\-needs\-overview\-enar \|archive\-date\=22 April 2017 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Country Team in Yemen \|df\=dmy\-all}}* ({{cite web \|title\=PDF \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/YEMEN%202017%20HNO\_Final.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6puhyWBrE?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/YEMEN%202017%20HNO\_Final.pdf \|archive\-date\=22 April 2017 \|df\=dmy\-all}}) Original: *{{cite web \|date\=November 2016 \|title\=Yemen: 2017 Humanitarian Needs Overview \|url\=http://ochayemen.org/hno\-2017/sites/default/files/yemen\_2017\_hno\_final\_1\_Jan2017\_0\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6pui3GHrc?url\=http://ochayemen.org/hno\-2017/sites/default/files/yemen\_2017\_hno\_final\_1\_Jan2017\_0\.pdf \|archive\-date\=22 April 2017 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Country Team in Yemen \|df\=dmy\-all}}*](/wiki/File:Yemen_IDPs_crisis-en.jpg "Yemen IDPs crisis-en.jpg"){{See also\|Operation Raahat\|\|Mobile schools in Yemen}}
In April and May 2015 mass displacement was observed primarily in Sa'ada, Amran and Hajjah governorates as airstrikes and shelling intensified in the north of Yemen.{{cite web \|date\=12 June 2015 \|title\=2015 Yemen Humanitarian Needs Overview (Revised) \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/2015\-yemen\-humanitarian\-needs\-overview\-revised \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6ZEhTbAHW?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/2015\-yemen\-humanitarian\-needs\-overview\-revised \|archive\-date\=12 June 2015 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} ({{cite web \|title\=PDF \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Yemen%20Humanitarian%20Needs%20Overview%202015%20%28Revised%29\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6ZEj8snAn?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Yemen%20Humanitarian%20Needs%20Overview%202015%20%28Revised%29\.pdf \|archive\-date\=12 June 2015 \|access\-date\=13 February 2021}}) OCHA reported that, as of 11 April, more than 120,000 people were estimated to have been left [internally displaced](/wiki/Internally_displaced_person "Internally displaced person") since 26 March.{{cite web \|title\=PDF \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/flash%20update%20\-%2013%20April%202015\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414033145/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/flash%20update%20\-%2013%20April%202015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=14 April 2015}} Around 450,000 had been internally displaced because of the war by 15 May;{{cite web \|date\=15 May 2015 \|title\=First UN flights brings emergency aid to Yemen \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/first\-un\-flights\-brings\-emergency\-aid\-yemen \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614092623/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/first\-un\-flights\-brings\-emergency\-aid\-yemen \|archive\-date\=14 June 2015 \|publisher\=UNHCR}} (original URL: ){{cite news \|date\=17 May 2015 \|title\=Huthi rebels absent as Yemeni parties gather in Riyadh \|agency\=Agence France\-Presse \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/huthi\-rebels\-absent\-yemeni\-parties\-gather\-riyadh \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614092200/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/huthi\-rebels\-absent\-yemeni\-parties\-gather\-riyadh \|archive\-date\=14 June 2015}} two days later, Yemen's health services said that this number had increased to 545,000\.{{cite web \|date\=17 May 2015 \|title\=Yemen: Humanitarian Pause, Situation Report No. 4 \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-humanitarian\-pause\-situation\-report\-no\-4 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6YcEm7vdy?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-humanitarian\-pause\-situation\-report\-no\-4 \|archive\-date\=18 May 2015 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} ({{cite web \|title\=PDF \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Situation%20Report%20No.%204%20on%20the%20Humanitarian%20Pause%20\-%2016%20May%202015\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6YcF6EZQl?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Situation%20Report%20No.%204%20on%20the%20Humanitarian%20Pause%20\-%2016%20May%202015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=18 May 2015}}){{cite news \|last1\=al\-Jabiri \|first1\=Jamal \|last2\=al\-Haidari \|first2\=Fawaz \|date\=19 May 2015 \|title\=UN says half a million Yemenis displaced as capital pounded \|agency\=Agence France\-Presse \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/un\-says\-half\-million\-yemenis\-displaced\-capital\-pounded \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614092946/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/un\-says\-half\-million\-yemenis\-displaced\-capital\-pounded \|archive\-date\=14 June 2015}} By the end of the month, the UN announced that 1,019,762 people had become IDPs.{{cite web \|date\=1 June 2015 \|title\=Yemen: Humanitarian Snapshot – Displacement (as of 31 May 2015\) \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-humanitarian\-snapshot\-displacement\-31\-may\-2015 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6Z3gt6Hbp?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-humanitarian\-snapshot\-displacement\-31\-may\-2015 \|archive\-date\=5 June 2015 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} ({{cite web \|title\=PDF \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/IDP%20Humanitarian%20Snapshot\_31May2015\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6Z3hAAgbk?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/IDP%20Humanitarian%20Snapshot\_31May2015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=5 June 2015}}){{cite web \|date\=4 June 2015 \|title\=Yemen: Rapid Increase in Casualties, Displacement and Scale of Destruction Flash Update 38 – 4 June 2015 (1000hrs) \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-rapid\-increase\-casualties\-displacement\-and\-scale\-destruction\-flash\-update\-38\-4 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6Z3bcK42F?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-rapid\-increase\-casualties\-displacement\-and\-scale\-destruction\-flash\-update\-38\-4 \|archive\-date\=5 June 2015 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} ({{cite web \|title\=PDF \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ocha\_yemen\_flash\_update\_\-\_no.\_38\_\-\_4\_june\_2015\_final.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6Z3bzpu5M?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ocha\_yemen\_flash\_update\_\-\_no.\_38\_\-\_4\_june\_2015\_final.pdf \|archive\-date\=5 June 2015}})
In early July, the UN announced that as of 2 July there were 1,267,590 IDPs in Yemen,{{cite web \|date\=6 July 2015 \|title\=Yemen: Humanitarian Emergency Situation Report No. 14 (as of 6 July 2015\) \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-humanitarian\-emergency\-situation\-report\-no\-14\-6\-july\-2015 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6ZrcwNZe2?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-humanitarian\-emergency\-situation\-report\-no\-14\-6\-july\-2015 \|archive\-date\=8 July 2015 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} ({{cite web \|title\=PDF \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Situation%20Report%20No.%2014%20\-issued%20on%207%20July%202015\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6ZrdHrree?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Situation%20Report%20No.%2014%20\-issued%20on%207%20July%202015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=8 July 2015}}) and on 5 August, a task force of the Global Protection Cluster announced their estimate of 1,439,118 IDPs from more than 250,000 households.{{cite web \|date\=5 August 2015 \|title\=Yemen Protection Cluster:Task Force on Population Movements 4th Report, 05th August 2015 \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-protection\-clustertask\-force\-population\-movements\-4th\-report\-05th\-august\-2015 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6apNDZeCk?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-protection\-clustertask\-force\-population\-movements\-4th\-report\-05th\-august\-2015 \|archive\-date\=16 August 2015 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Protection Cluster}} {{cite web \|title\=PDF \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/TFPM%204th%20TFPM%20report%20\-%2005%20August%202015\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6apNPURMU?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/TFPM%204th%20TFPM%20report%20\-%2005%20August%202015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=16 August 2015}}
On 15 October the IOM\-UNHCR displacement\-tracking mechanism published new data showing in the 5th RFPM report that the IDP population had reached 2,305,048 people.{{cite web \|date\=14 October 2015 \|title\=Task Force on Population Movement, 5th Report, 14 October 2015 \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/task\-force\-population\-movement\-5th\-report\-14\-october\-2015 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6cgVwlh6t?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/task\-force\-population\-movement\-5th\-report\-14\-october\-2015 \|archive\-date\=31 October 2015 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Protection Cluster}} ({{cite web \|title\=original on humanitarianresponse.info \|url\=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/system/files/documents/files/tfpm\_5th\_report\_\-\_14\_oct\_2015\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6cgW2E0oA?url\=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/system/files/documents/files/tfpm\_5th\_report\_\-\_14\_oct\_2015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=31 October 2015}}){{cite web \|date\=27 October 2015 \|title\=Briefing Note: Despite conflict, refugees continue to arrive by boat in Yemen \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/briefing\-note\-despite\-conflict\-refugees\-continue\-arrive\-boat\-yemen \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028122630/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/briefing\-note\-despite\-conflict\-refugees\-continue\-arrive\-boat\-yemen \|archive\-date\=28 October 2015 \|publisher\=UN High Commissioner for Refugees}}, original: [unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/562f6bba6.html) The 6th RFPM report (published on 10 December 2015\) gave a figure of 2,509,068 internally displaced persons.{{cite web \|date\=10 December 2015 \|title\=Task Force on Population Movement, 6th Report, 10 December 2015 \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/task\-force\-population\-movement\-6th\-report\-10\-december\-2015 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6dnRaxQyv?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/task\-force\-population\-movement\-6th\-report\-10\-december\-2015 \|archive\-date\=15 December 2015 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Protection Cluster}} ({{cite web \|title\=PDF \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/tfpm\_6th\_report\_10\_december\_2015\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6dnRv5N9M?url\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/tfpm\_6th\_report\_10\_december\_2015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=15 December 2015}}) Much of the increase from the previous report, published in October, could be attributed to improved tracking methods.
By the end of 2021, almost 6 million Yemenis were displaced by the war, with 4\.3 million being displaced internally.{{Cite web \|date\=July 14, 2022 \|title\=Yemen Crisis Explained \|url\=https://www.unrefugees.org/news/yemen\-crisis\-explained/ \|website\=\[\[UNHCR]]}}
#### Refugees and evacuation of foreign nationals
{{Further\|Refugees on Jeju Island\|Operation Raahat\|Evacuation of Pakistani citizens during the Yemeni Civil War (2015\)\|label3\=Evacuation of Pakistani citizens}}
### Famine
{{See also\|Famine in Yemen}}
[thumb\|"Let Yemen Live" protest at US and Saudi missions to the [UN](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations"), New York City, December 2017](/wiki/File:100_Blockades_%2839025204441%29.jpg "100 Blockades (39025204441).jpg")
On 1 July 2015, the UN announced that Yemen was at the highest level of humanitarian disaster with over 80% of the population needing help. UN agencies agreed to classify Yemen as a level 3 emergency as the UN Envoy for Yemen stated that Yemen is one step away from famine.{{cite news \|date\=1 July 2015 \|title\=UN Declares Highest\-Level Humanitarian Emergency in Yemen \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/07/01/world/middleeast/ap\-un\-united\-nations\-yemen\-humanitarian.html}}{{Dead link\|date\=December 2021}} In February 2016, the UN Security Council noted that in terms of "numbers of people in need" the humanitarian crisis in Yemen was "the largest in the world".{{cite web \|date\=18 February 2016 \|title\=Security Council Press Statement on Situation in Yemen \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/security\-council\-press\-statement\-situation\-yemen\-3 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6fRZLGBeZ?url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/security\-council\-press\-statement\-situation\-yemen\-3 \|archive\-date\=20 February 2016 \|publisher\=UN Security Council}} ({{cite web \|title\=PDF \|url\=https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sc12250\.doc.htm \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6fRZQDXY4?url\=http://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sc12250\.doc.htm \|archive\-date\=20 February 2016}}) Also in February 2016, the OCHA reported that 21 million people (85% of the population) were in need of some form of humanitarian assistance, 7\.6 million people were "severely" food insecure, and that more than 3\.4 million children were not attending school.{{cite web \|date\=17 February 2016 \|title\='Humanitarian catastrophe' unfolding in Yemen: UN \|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/catastrophe\-unfolding\-yemen\-160217054116797\.html \|access\-date\=17 February 2016 \|publisher\=\[\[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]] English}} On 4 October 2016, [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF "UNICEF") said 1\.5 million children in Yemen suffer of [malnutrition](/wiki/Malnutrition "Malnutrition"), including 370,000 enduring very severe malnutrition.{{cite news \|date\=4 October 2016 \|title\=Yemen famine feared as starving children fight for lives in hospital \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/04/yemen\-famine\-feared\-as\-starving\-children\-fight\-for\-lives\-in\-hospital}}
More than 50,000 children in Yemen died from starvation in 2017\.{{cite web \|last\=Wintour \|first\=Patrick \|date\=16 November 2017 \|title\=Saudis must lift Yemen blockade or 'untold' thousands will die, UN agencies warn \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/16/lift\-yemen\-blockade\-to\-save\-children\-un\-agencies\-tell\-saudis \|newspaper\=The Guardian}}{{cite web \|date\=16 November 2017 \|title\=50,000 children in Yemen have died of starvation and disease so far this year, monitoring group says \|url\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct\-save\-the\-children\-yemen\-20171116\-story.html \|work\=Chicago Tribune \|agency\=Associated Press}} The number rose to 85,000 as of December 2018\.{{cite web \|title\=Yemen: Head of UN mission monitoring Hodeidah ceasefire arrives \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/yemen\-head\-mission\-monitoring\-hodeidah\-ceasefire\-arrives\-181222111535539\.html \|website\=www.aljazeera.com}} The [famine](/wiki/Famine "Famine") in Yemen is the direct result of the Saudi Arabian–led intervention and [blockade of Yemen](/wiki/Blockade_of_Yemen "Blockade of Yemen").{{cite web \|last\=Kristof \|first\=Nicholas \|date\=31 August 2017 \|title\=The Photos the U.S. and Saudi Arabia Don't Want You to See \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/31/opinion/columnists/yemen\-famine\-cholera.html \|newspaper\=The New York Times}}{{cite web \|date\=11 October 2017 \|title\=Saudi de facto blockade starves Yemen of food and medicine \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special\-report/yemen\-saudi\-blockade/ \|website\=Reuters}} In December 2017, the *Guardian* reported: "Data on coalition airstrikes collected by the Yemen Data Project have recorded 356 air raids targeting farms, 174 targeting market places and 61 air raids targeting food storage sites from March 2015 to the end of September 2017\."{{cite news \|date\=12 December 2017 \|title\=Bombed into famine: how Saudi air campaign targets Yemen's food supplies \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/12/bombed\-into\-famine\-how\-saudi\-air\-campaign\-targets\-yemens\-food\-supplies}} On 3 May 2017, Norwegian Refugee Council Secretary General [Jan Egeland](/wiki/Jan_Egeland "Jan Egeland") wrote that "the world is letting some 7 million men, women and children slowly but surely, be engulfed by unprecedented famine. It is not a drought that is at fault. This preventable catastrophe is man\-made".{{Cite web \|title\=A man\-made famine on our watch \|url\=https://www.nrc.no/news/2017/may/a\-man\-made\-famine\-on\-our\-watch/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-11 \|website\=NRC}}
The UN estimated that by the end of 2021, the war in Yemen had claimed more than 377,000 lives, with 60% of them died due to issues associated with the conflict, such as starvation and preventable diseases.{{cite news \|date\=23 November 2021 \|title\=Yemen war deaths will reach 377,000 by end of the year: UN \|work\=Al Jazeera \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/23/un\-yemen\-recovery\-possible\-in\-one\-generation\-if\-war\-stops\-now}}{{cite news \|date\=22 March 2022 \|title\=Yemen: Why is the war there getting more violent? \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-29319423}} In March 2022, more than 17 million people in Yemen were experiencing high levels of acute [food insecurity](/wiki/Food_security "Food security").{{cite news \|date\=14 March 2022 \|title\=Yemen facing 'outright catastrophe' over rising hunger, warn UN humanitarians \|work\=UN News \|url\=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113852}}
### Destruction of health infrastructure
{{Further\|Health in Yemen}}
On 14 June 2015, OCHA reported a large outbreak of [Dengue fever](/wiki/Dengue_fever "Dengue fever") that killed over 113 people and infected over 4,000\. Patients could not be treated due to lack of water in affected areas. OCHA was also investigating reports of a [Measles](/wiki/Measles "Measles") outbreak. Health officials considered the breakdown in health services, including decrease in immunization coverage, closure of health facilities and difficulty in accessing health services as possible contributing factors.{{cite web \|date\=14 June 2015 \|title\=Yemen: Public Health Crisis Escalates Flash Update 39 – 14 June 2015 (1000hrs) \|url\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-public\-health\-crisis\-escalates\-flash\-update\-39\-14\-june\-2015\-1000hrs \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617192902/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\-public\-health\-crisis\-escalates\-flash\-update\-39\-14\-june\-2015\-1000hrs \|archive\-date\=17 June 2015 \|publisher\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} ([PDF](http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Flash%20Update%20-%20No.%2039%20-%2014%20June%202015_%20Public_Health_Crisis.pdf)) Grant Pritchard, [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children "Save the Children")'s interim country director for Yemen, stated in April 2017:{{Blockquote\|text\=With the right medicines, these \[diseases] are all completely treatable – but the Saudi Arabia\-led coalition is stopping them from getting in.{{cite web\|author\=Subscribe \|url\=https://news.vice.com/story/saudi\-arabia\-donates\-to\-end\-yemen\-cholera\-outbreak\-it\-helped\-start \|title\=Saudi Arabia donates millions to end Yemen cholera outbreak it helped start – VICE News \|publisher\=News.vice.com \|date\=2017\-06\-08 \|access\-date\=2018\-04\-24}}\|author\=\|source\=}}
#### Attacks on facilities run by aid organizations
{{Further\|Airstrikes on hospitals in Yemen}}
Since the Saudi\-led coalition began military operations against Ansar Allah on 26 March 2015, Saudi\-led coalition airstrikes unlawfully struck hospitals and other facilities run by aid organizations, according to Human Rights Watch.{{cite web \|date\=17 February 2016 \|title\=Yemen: Saudi Warnings No Free Pass to Attack – Coalition Should Assist, Not Threaten, Aid Agencies \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/02/17/yemen\-saudi\-warnings\-no\-free\-pass\-attack \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217211715/https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/02/17/yemen\-saudi\-warnings\-no\-free\-pass\-attack \|archive\-date\=17 February 2016 \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch}} [Médecins Sans Frontières](/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res "Médecins Sans Frontières") (MSF) medical facilities in Yemen were attacked four times in three months.{{cite web \|date\=30 June 2015 \|title\=Yemen: Health facilities under attack – MSF wants answers – Access to health care for people affected by war must be guaranteed \|url\=http://www.msf.org/article/yemen\-health\-facilities\-under\-attack\-msf\-wants\-answers \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126100524/http://www.msf.org/article/yemen\-health\-facilities\-under\-attack\-msf\-wants\-answers \|archive\-date\=26 January 2016 \|publisher\=Médecins Sans Frontières}} On 26 October 2015, HRW documented six Saudi\-led airstrikes which bombed a MSF hospital in Haydan district (Sa'dah Governorate), wounding two patients.["Airstrikes hit Médecins Sans Frontières hospital in Yemen"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/27/yemen-hospital-hit-by-saudi-led-airstrikes). *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. 27 October 2015\. A Saudi\-led coalition airstrike then hit a MSF mobile clinic on 2 December 2015, in Al Houban district (Taizz). Eight people were wounded, including two MSF staff members, and one other civilian nearby was killed. On 10 January 2016, six people were killed and seven wounded when a hospital in Sa'ada was hit by a projectile. MSF said it could not confirm whether the hospital was hit in an air strike by warplanes of the Saudi\-led coalition, or by a rocket fired from the ground, and at least one other landed nearby.{{cite news \|date\=10 January 2016 \|title\=Yemen crisis: MSF\-backed hospital hit by missile \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-35276253 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111220937/http://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-35276253 \|archive\-date\=11 January 2016}} On 21 January 2016, an MSF ambulance was hit by an airstrike. Seven people were killed and dozens were wounded.
MSF's director of operations Raquel Ayora said: "The way war is being waged in Yemen is causing enormous suffering and shows that the warring parties do not recognise or respect the protected status of hospitals and medical facilities. We witness the devastating consequences of this on people trapped in conflict zones on a daily basis. Nothing has been spared—not even hospitals, even though medical facilities are explicitly protected by international humanitarian law."
The Saudi embassy in London, in early February 2016, advised United Nations and other aid organizations to move their offices and staff away from "regions where the Houthi militias and their supporters are active and in areas where there are military operations". It claimed this was in order to "protect the international organizations and their employees". The UN refused to pull out the humanitarian aid workers and protested against the Saudi demands.{{cite news \|last\=Hackwill \|first\=Robert \|date\=17 February 2016 \|title\=Yemen struggles to see way out of war \|publisher\=euronews.com \|url\=http://www.euronews.com/2016/02/17/yemen\-struggles\-to\-see\-way\-out\-of\-war/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218091420/http://www.euronews.com/2016/02/17/yemen\-struggles\-to\-see\-way\-out\-of\-war/ \|archive\-date\=18 February 2016}}{{cite news \|date\=17 February 2016 \|title\=Wegen Jemen\-Krieg: Kontroverse zwischen Saudi\-Arabien und UN \|language\=de \|publisher\=de.euronews.com \|url\=http://de.euronews.com/2016/02/17/wegen\-jemen\-krieg\-kontroverse\-zwischen\-saudi\-arabien\-und\-un/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218091310/http://de.euronews.com/2016/02/17/wegen\-jemen\-krieg\-kontroverse\-zwischen\-saudi\-arabien\-und\-un/ \|archive\-date\=18 February 2016}} On 7 February 2016, the UN humanitarian chief Stephen O'Brien wrote to Saudi Arabia's UN Ambassador Abdallah al\-Mouallimi, pointing out that Saudi Arabia is obligated under international law to permit access, and has "duty of care obligations under the conduct of military operations for all civilians, including humanitarian workers".
HRW declared, on 17 February 2016, that Saudi Arabia's warnings to stay away were insufficient to fulfil their legal obligations to protect aid stations and their occupants. James Ross, Legal and Policy Director at HRW, said: "A warning is no justification for an unlawful airstrike. They can't shift the blame for shirking their responsibility onto aid agencies that are struggling to address a deepening crisis."
After an air\-strike on an MSF hospital in the Hajjah province on 15 August 2016, MSF announced the pulling of their staff from Saada and Hajjah provinces affecting 6 facilities, after a Saudi airstrike hit a hospital they operated, killing at least 15 people and injuring 20\.[Bombing of Doctors Without Borders Hospital in Yemen Kills at Least 15](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/16/world/middleeast/yemen-doctors-without-borders-hospital-bombing.html), Shuaib Almosawa and Rod Nordland, *The New York Times*, 15 August 2016\. Retrieved 16 August 2016 The group also complained that the results of previous investigations into hospital bombings by the Saudi\-led coalition were never shared.{{cite news \|last1\=Almosawa \|first1\=Shuaib \|last2\=Nordland \|first2\=Rod \|date\=18 August 2016 \|title\=Doctors Without Borders Is Pulling Staff After Hospital Bombings in Yemen \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/world/middleeast/yemen\-doctors\-without\-borders\-hospitals.html \|url\-status\=live \|url\-access\=subscription \|access\-date\=19 August 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819173407/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/world/middleeast/yemen\-doctors\-without\-borders\-hospitals.html \|archive\-date\=2016\-08\-19 \|issn\=0362\-4331}} Ban Ki\-moon condemned the attack, saying "that civilians, including children, continue to bear the brunt of increased fighting and military operations in Yemen", and calling for a swift investigation.[Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary\-General on Yemen](https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2016-08-14/statement-attributable-spokesperson-secretary-general-yemen), United Nations, 14 August 2016\. Retrieved 16 August 2016
#### Targeting of wounded and medical personnel
The United Nations alleged that the Saudi\-led coalition had committed a war crime in an October 2016 airstrike,{{cite news \|author\=Michelle Nichols \|date\=20 October 2016 \|title\=Saudi coalition violated law with Yemen funeral strike: U.N. monitors \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-saudi\-un\-idUSKCN12K2F1?il\=0}} because the bombing was a 'double tap' attack. This is when the first bombing is followed by a second one soon after. The UN report said: "The second air strike, which occurred three to eight minutes after the first air strike, almost certainly resulted in more casualties to the already wounded and the first responders." The UN said 140 people were killed. Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al\-Jubeir said that his government was being careful to abide by humanitarian law. According to the [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children "Save the Children") group, children have died as a result of Saudi Arabia delaying aid for Yemen for months.{{cite news \|author\=Samuel Osborne \|date\=1 March 2017 \|title\=Saudi Arabia delaying aid to Yemen is 'killing children', warns Save the Children; Saudi\-led coalition accused of 'turning aid and commercial supplies into weapons of war' \|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]] \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/saudi\-arabia\-yemen\-aid\-delay\-killing\-children\-save\-the\-children\-warn\-a7606411\.html}}
#### Cholera outbreak
{{see also\|2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak}}
In October 2016, it was reported that a cholera outbreak was severely affecting many Yemenis.{{Cite web \|title\=Prevent Coronavirus Disease (COVID\-19\) \|url\=https://www.unicef.org/yemen/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-11 \|website\=www.unicef.org \|language\=en}} UNICEF supported struggling health clinics by supplying water, water purifiers, and hygiene kits. On 28 October, the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") announced that there were 1,410 cases of cholera in 10 of Yemen's 23 governates.{{Cite web \|title\=More than 1,400 suspected cholera cases in Yemen: WHO \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/29/more\-than\-1400\-suspected\-cholera\-cases\-in\-yemen\-who \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-11 \|website\=www.aljazeera.com \|language\=en}}
In July 2017, it was reported that the cholera epidemic was beginning to slow.{{Cite news \|last\=Miles \|first\=Tom \|date\=2017\-07\-25 \|title\=Yemen cholera epidemic slowing after infecting 400,000 \|language\=en \|work\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-cholera\-idUSKBN1AA15D \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-11}} As of late July 2017, it is estimated that the epidemic infected approximately 400,000 people. Of the 400,000 people over the three\-month period, approximately 2,000 died.{{Cite web \|title\=Filth spreads Yemens deadly cholera outbreak \|url\=https://www.aol.com/article/news/2017/07/27/filth\-spreads\-yemens\-deadly\-cholera\-outbreak/23050968/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728155117/https://www.aol.com/article/news/2017/07/27/filth\-spreads\-yemens\-deadly\-cholera\-outbreak/23050968/ \|archive\-date\=2017\-07\-28 \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-10}} The fact that rubbish is not being collected, along with the fact that water pumps cannot operate due to lack of fuel, have been named as causes of the outbreak.
In September 2017, [Al Jazeera](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network "Al Jazeera Media Network") reported that more than 2,000 people had died since late April as a result of the outbreak.{{cite web \|last1\=Asrar \|first1\=Shakeeb \|title\=Yemen: 'World's worst cholera outbreak' mapped \|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2017/06/yemen\-world\-worst\-cholera\-outbreak\-mapped\-170627110239483\.html \|access\-date\=15 November 2017 \|website\=Al Jazeera English }} Al Jazeera also reported that there were at least a million cholera cases in the country and around 5,000 new cases were being discovered each day. On 29 September 2017 the [International Committee of the Red Cross](/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross "International Committee of the Red Cross") stated that it expected at least 900,000 cholera cases in Yemen by the end of 2017\.{{cite news \|last1\=Nebehay \|first1\=Stephanie \|title\=Yemen cholera cases could hit 1 million by year\-end: Red Cross \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-yemen\-security\-redcross/yemen\-cholera\-cases\-could\-hit\-1\-million\-by\-year\-end\-red\-cross\-idUSKCN1C41WA \|access\-date\=16 November 2017 \|website\=Reuters \|date\=29 September 2017 \|agency\=Reuters}}
In October 2017, it was reported that the cholera epidemic was expected to affect at least 600,000 children by the end of the year.{{cite news \|last1\=Lyons \|first1\=Kate \|title\=Yemen's cholera outbreak now the worst in history as millionth case looms \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/global\-development/2017/oct/12/yemen\-cholera\-outbreak\-worst\-in\-history\-1\-million\-cases\-by\-end\-of\-year \|access\-date\=16 November 2017 \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|date\=12 October 2017 \|publisher\=Al Jazeera English}} As of 12 October 2017, the World Health Organization had reported more than 815,000 cholera cases in Yemen. Of the estimated 4,000 new cases each day, more than half are cases involving children under the age of 18\.
Multiple groups have commented on the cholera outbreak. A representative of [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children "Save the Children") has commented that "the existence of a cholera outbreak in general is unforgivable in the 21st century because it means there's no access to clean water or sanitation".{{cite web \|last1\=De Luce \|first1\=Dan \|title\=Yemen's Man\-Made Cholera Outbreak is About to Break a Record \|url\=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/10/09/yemens\-man\-made\-cholera\-outbreak\-is\-about\-to\-break\-a\-record/ \|access\-date\=16 November 2017 \|website\=Foreign Policy\|date\=9 October 2017 }} Others, such as Homer Venters of the [Physicians for Human Rights](/wiki/Physicians_for_Human_Rights "Physicians for Human Rights"), have stated that the ongoing blockade and closure of airports in Yemen has prevented humanitarian aid from reaching those in need.
[Iona Craig](/wiki/Iona_Craig "Iona Craig") has noted that the rate of infection began to ease in September 2017\.{{cite news \|last1\=Craig \|first1\=Iona \|title\='Only God can save us': Yemeni children starve as aid is held at border \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/12/millions\-on\-brink\-of\-famine\-in\-yemen\-as\-saudi\-arabia\-tightens\-blockade \|access\-date\=16 November 2017 \|work\=The Guardian\|date\=12 November 2017 }} Despite the reduction in infection rate, as of 12 November 2017, there were an estimated 900,000 cases of cholera and over 2,190 deaths related deaths recorded in Yemen.
#### COVID\-19 pandemic
{{Excerpt\|COVID\-19 pandemic in Yemen\|paragraphs\=1}}
|
[
"Damage to civilian infrastructure\n---------------------------------",
"{{See also\\|Timeline of the Yemeni humanitarian crisis\\|}}[thumb\\|Protest outside [10 Downing Street](/wiki/10_Downing_Street \"10 Downing Street\") against a visit by Saudi Arabian Crown Prince [Mohammed bin Salman](/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman \"Mohammed bin Salman\"), London, March 2018](/wiki/File:Bin_Salman_-_the_Butcher_of_Yemen.jpg \"Bin Salman - the Butcher of Yemen.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Destroyed house in the south of Sanaa, 13 June 2015](/wiki/File:Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-4.jpg \"Destroyed house in the south of Sanaa 12-6-2015-4.jpg\")\nBefore the civil war began, Yemen was one of the poorest countries in the Middle East, with 61% of the population requiring humanitarian assistance, and widespread violations of human rights reported. The conflict and actions by the coalition, particularly the blockades, have been argued to have crippled the Yemeni economy. At the beginning of 2016 it was reported that 6 of every 10 Yemenis is not food secure, and as access to food is mostly dependent on its ability to be transported, it can be difficult for many Yemenis to buy the food they need. In June 2016, it was reported that 19 out of 22 of Yemen's governorates face severe food insecurity, and a quarter of the population is living under emergency levels of food insecurity.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-21 \\|title\\=More than half of Yemen's population now food insecure – UN \\|url\\=https://news.un.org/en/story/2016/06/532612\\-more\\-half\\-yemens\\-population\\-now\\-food\\-insecure\\-un \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-11 \\|website\\=UN News \\|language\\=en}} The availability of water is an even more urgent need, with only 1 in 4 Yemenis having access to clean water. The number of Yemenis requiring assistance to meet their needs with regards to sanitation and clean water has increased by around 9\\.8 million people since the beginning of the civil war.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Humanitarian Needs Overview 2016: Yemen \\|url\\=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2016\\_HNO\\_English\\_%20FINAL.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-11}}",
"Some areas of Yemen, such as [Saada](/wiki/Saada \"Saada\"), are almost completely without power: 95% of the electrical sources in the city have been bombed. According to the United Nations' Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance, one in ten Yemenis has been displaced by the conflict, and 21\\.2 million people (of Yemen's population of 26 million) are in need of some form of humanitarian assistance.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Yemen HB Issue 10 Issued on 04 April 2016 \\|url\\=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Yemen%20HB%20Issue%2010%20Issued%20on%2004%20April%202016%20Eng.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-28}}",
"At the beginning of May 2015, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) said, that there had been \"severe destruction of civilian infrastructure, including houses, in many districts\" since 26 March.{{cite web \\|title\\=Press briefing notes on Yemen, Serbia, Honduras and Albinism website launch \\|url\\=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\\=15924\\&LangID\\=E \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508020515/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\\=15924\\&LangID\\=E \\|archive\\-date\\=8 May 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2015 \\|publisher\\=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}{{cite news \\|date\\=5 May 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen conflict death toll nears 650, with UN rights office spotlighting plight of 3 million disabled \\|publisher\\=UN News Centre \\|url\\=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\\=50769 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509044009/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\\=50769 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 May 2015}} Severe damage caused by attacks on Yemen's essential civilian infrastructure such as airports in Sanaʽa and Hodeida by the Saudi\\-led military coalition was obstructing the delivery of much\\-needed humanitarian assistance and movement of humanitarian personnel according to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF).{{cite web \\|date\\=4 May 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen: MSF and ICRC alarmed by attacks on country's infrastructure and humanitarian lifelines \\|url\\=http://www.msf.ca/en/article/yemen\\-msf\\-and\\-icrc\\-alarmed\\-by\\-attacks\\-on\\-country\\-s\\-infrastructure\\-and\\-humanitarian\\-lifelines \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303075843/http://www.msf.ca/en/article/yemen\\-msf\\-and\\-icrc\\-alarmed\\-by\\-attacks\\-on\\-country\\-s\\-infrastructure\\-and\\-humanitarian\\-lifelines \\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2016 \\|publisher\\=Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)}}{{cite news \\|date\\=4 May 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen: UN relief official urges 'safe and reliable' access to Sana'a airport to deliver critical aid \\|publisher\\=UN News Centre \\|url\\=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\\=50762 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429074811/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\\=50762 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2016}}{{cite web \\|date\\=4 May 2015 \\|title\\=Statement by the Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes Van Der Klaauw (4 May 2015\\) \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/statement\\-humanitarian\\-coordinator\\-yemen\\-johannes\\-van\\-der\\-klaauw\\-4\\-may\\-2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6fKuODCkL?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/statement\\-humanitarian\\-coordinator\\-yemen\\-johannes\\-van\\-der\\-klaauw\\-4\\-may\\-2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 February 2016 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Yemen}} ({{cite web \\|title\\=PDF \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/PR\\_EN\\_0\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6fKuSFWSp?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/PR\\_EN\\_0\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=16 February 2016}}) In the first weeks since 26 March massive destruction of civilian infrastructure particularly happened in Aden and Sa'da, according to OHCHR.{{cite web \\|date\\=22 May 2015 \\|title\\=Press briefing notes on Hungary, Yemen and Saudi Arabia \\|url\\=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\\=16001\\&LangID\\=E \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614220911/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\\=16001\\&LangID\\=E \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights}}{{cite news \\|date\\=22 May 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen: UN rights office urges all parties to adhere to international law as civilian toll grows \\|publisher\\=UN News Centre \\|url\\=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\\=50940 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423042611/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\\=50940 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 April 2016}}",
"In August 2015, air attacks of the Saudi\\-led coalition on port facilities at Al\\-Hudaydah \"in clear contravention of international humanitarian law\", said [Under\\-Secretary\\-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator](/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_for_Humanitarian_Affairs_and_Emergency_Relief_Coordinator \"Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator\") [Stephen O'Brien](/wiki/Stephen_O%27Brien \"Stephen O'Brien\").{{cite news \\|date\\=20 August 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen air raids condemned as blast hits governor office \\|agency\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-air\\-raids\\-condemned\\-blast\\-hits\\-governor\\-office \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824103132/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-air\\-raids\\-condemned\\-blast\\-hits\\-governor\\-office \\|archive\\-date\\=24 August 2015}}{{cite web \\|date\\=27 August 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen Humanitarian Bulletin No 1 – 27 August 2015 \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-humanitarian\\-bulletin\\-no\\-1\\-27\\-august\\-2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6b7wqkWna?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-humanitarian\\-bulletin\\-no\\-1\\-27\\-august\\-2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 August 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} ({{cite web \\|title\\=PDF \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Humanitarian%20Bulletin%20No%201%20\\-%2027%20August%202015\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6b7x106Wl?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Humanitarian%20Bulletin%20No%201%20\\-%2027%20August%202015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=28 August 2015}}) The head of the International Red Cross said in 2015, \"Yemen after five months looks like [Syria after five years](/wiki/Syrian_civil_war \"Syrian civil war\").\"{{cite news \\|last\\=Loveluck \\|first\\=Louisa \\|date\\=19 August 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen 'already looks like Syria after five years of war' \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]] \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/yemen/11813169/Yemen\\-already\\-looks\\-like\\-Syria\\-after\\-five\\-years\\-of\\-war.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/yemen/11813169/Yemen\\-already\\-looks\\-like\\-Syria\\-after\\-five\\-years\\-of\\-war.html \\|archive\\-date\\=10 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}",
"### Destruction of cultural monuments",
"According to Lamya Khalidi, an archaeologist, \"at least sixty of Yemen's monuments have been damaged or destroyed\" in the bombing campaign by Saudi\\-led coalition in March 2015\\. Among these monuments are unique archaeological monuments, old cities, museums, mosques, churches and tombs.{{cite web \\|last\\=Fenton\\-Harvey \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|date\\=26 March 2018 \\|title\\=Yemen suffers cultural vandalism during its war \\|url\\=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2018/3/26/yemen\\-suffers\\-cultural\\-vandalism\\-during\\-its\\-war}}{{cite web \\|author\\=Lamya Khalidi \\|date\\=16 October 2017 \\|title\\=The Destruction of Yemen and Its Cultural Heritage \\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop\\-cambridge\\-core/content/view/53D08264CAACB808618BCF9D70053D25/S0020743817000691a.pdf/div\\-class\\-title\\-the\\-destruction\\-of\\-yemen\\-and\\-its\\-cultural\\-heritage\\-div.pdf \\|website\\=Cambridge University Press \\|pages\\=735–738 \\|volume\\=49}}",
"### Forced displacements",
"#### Internally Displaced Persons (IDP)",
"[thumb\\|319x319px\\|Development of the number of IDPs and IDP returnees (January 2010 – June 2018\\){{cite book \\|last1\\=Devarajan \\|first1\\=Shanta \\|section\\-url\\=http://www\\-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2016/01/29/090224b08411afee/2\\_0/Rendered/PDF/The0economic0effects0of0war0and0peace.pdf \\|section\\=The Economic Effects of War and Peace \\|last2\\=Mottaghi \\|first2\\=Lili \\|date\\=January 2016 \\|title\\=Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Quarterly Economic Brief \\|publisher\\=International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4648\\-0822\\-7 \\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\|doi\\=10\\.1596/978\\-1\\-4648\\-0822\\-7 \\|hdl\\=10986/23705 \\|url\\=http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10\\.1596/978\\-1\\-4648\\-0822\\-7 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206182047/http://www\\-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2016/01/29/090224b08411afee/2\\_0/Rendered/PDF/The0economic0effects0of0war0and0peace.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=6 February 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}*{{cite web \\|date\\=12 April 2016 \\|title\\=Yemen: Humanitarian Snapshot (12 April 2016\\) \\[EN/AR] \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-humanitarian\\-snapshot\\-12\\-april\\-2016\\-enar \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6hCqseMoj?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-humanitarian\\-snapshot\\-12\\-april\\-2016\\-enar \\|archive\\-date\\=2 May 2016 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}}* ({{cite web \\|title\\=PDF \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/YEMEN%20Humanitarian%20Snapshot%20%2812%20April%202016%29\\_0\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6hCr27vJ3?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/YEMEN%20Humanitarian%20Snapshot%20%2812%20April%202016%29\\_0\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2 May 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=13 February 2021}})*{{cite web \\|date\\=23 November 2016 \\|title\\=Yemen: 2017 Humanitarian Needs Overview \\[EN/AR] \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-2017\\-humanitarian\\-needs\\-overview\\-enar \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6puhqjtau?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-2017\\-humanitarian\\-needs\\-overview\\-enar \\|archive\\-date\\=22 April 2017 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Country Team in Yemen \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}* ({{cite web \\|title\\=PDF \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/YEMEN%202017%20HNO\\_Final.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6puhyWBrE?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/YEMEN%202017%20HNO\\_Final.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=22 April 2017 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}) Original: *{{cite web \\|date\\=November 2016 \\|title\\=Yemen: 2017 Humanitarian Needs Overview \\|url\\=http://ochayemen.org/hno\\-2017/sites/default/files/yemen\\_2017\\_hno\\_final\\_1\\_Jan2017\\_0\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6pui3GHrc?url\\=http://ochayemen.org/hno\\-2017/sites/default/files/yemen\\_2017\\_hno\\_final\\_1\\_Jan2017\\_0\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=22 April 2017 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Country Team in Yemen \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}*](/wiki/File:Yemen_IDPs_crisis-en.jpg \"Yemen IDPs crisis-en.jpg\"){{See also\\|Operation Raahat\\|\\|Mobile schools in Yemen}}\nIn April and May 2015 mass displacement was observed primarily in Sa'ada, Amran and Hajjah governorates as airstrikes and shelling intensified in the north of Yemen.{{cite web \\|date\\=12 June 2015 \\|title\\=2015 Yemen Humanitarian Needs Overview (Revised) \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/2015\\-yemen\\-humanitarian\\-needs\\-overview\\-revised \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6ZEhTbAHW?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/2015\\-yemen\\-humanitarian\\-needs\\-overview\\-revised \\|archive\\-date\\=12 June 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} ({{cite web \\|title\\=PDF \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Yemen%20Humanitarian%20Needs%20Overview%202015%20%28Revised%29\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6ZEj8snAn?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Yemen%20Humanitarian%20Needs%20Overview%202015%20%28Revised%29\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=12 June 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=13 February 2021}}) OCHA reported that, as of 11 April, more than 120,000 people were estimated to have been left [internally displaced](/wiki/Internally_displaced_person \"Internally displaced person\") since 26 March.{{cite web \\|title\\=PDF \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/flash%20update%20\\-%2013%20April%202015\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414033145/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/flash%20update%20\\-%2013%20April%202015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2015}} Around 450,000 had been internally displaced because of the war by 15 May;{{cite web \\|date\\=15 May 2015 \\|title\\=First UN flights brings emergency aid to Yemen \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/first\\-un\\-flights\\-brings\\-emergency\\-aid\\-yemen \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614092623/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/first\\-un\\-flights\\-brings\\-emergency\\-aid\\-yemen \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2015 \\|publisher\\=UNHCR}} (original URL: ){{cite news \\|date\\=17 May 2015 \\|title\\=Huthi rebels absent as Yemeni parties gather in Riyadh \\|agency\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/huthi\\-rebels\\-absent\\-yemeni\\-parties\\-gather\\-riyadh \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614092200/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/huthi\\-rebels\\-absent\\-yemeni\\-parties\\-gather\\-riyadh \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2015}} two days later, Yemen's health services said that this number had increased to 545,000\\.{{cite web \\|date\\=17 May 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen: Humanitarian Pause, Situation Report No. 4 \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-humanitarian\\-pause\\-situation\\-report\\-no\\-4 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6YcEm7vdy?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-humanitarian\\-pause\\-situation\\-report\\-no\\-4 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} ({{cite web \\|title\\=PDF \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Situation%20Report%20No.%204%20on%20the%20Humanitarian%20Pause%20\\-%2016%20May%202015\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6YcF6EZQl?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Situation%20Report%20No.%204%20on%20the%20Humanitarian%20Pause%20\\-%2016%20May%202015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2015}}){{cite news \\|last1\\=al\\-Jabiri \\|first1\\=Jamal \\|last2\\=al\\-Haidari \\|first2\\=Fawaz \\|date\\=19 May 2015 \\|title\\=UN says half a million Yemenis displaced as capital pounded \\|agency\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/un\\-says\\-half\\-million\\-yemenis\\-displaced\\-capital\\-pounded \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614092946/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/un\\-says\\-half\\-million\\-yemenis\\-displaced\\-capital\\-pounded \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2015}} By the end of the month, the UN announced that 1,019,762 people had become IDPs.{{cite web \\|date\\=1 June 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen: Humanitarian Snapshot – Displacement (as of 31 May 2015\\) \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-humanitarian\\-snapshot\\-displacement\\-31\\-may\\-2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6Z3gt6Hbp?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-humanitarian\\-snapshot\\-displacement\\-31\\-may\\-2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} ({{cite web \\|title\\=PDF \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/IDP%20Humanitarian%20Snapshot\\_31May2015\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6Z3hAAgbk?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/IDP%20Humanitarian%20Snapshot\\_31May2015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2015}}){{cite web \\|date\\=4 June 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen: Rapid Increase in Casualties, Displacement and Scale of Destruction Flash Update 38 – 4 June 2015 (1000hrs) \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-rapid\\-increase\\-casualties\\-displacement\\-and\\-scale\\-destruction\\-flash\\-update\\-38\\-4 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6Z3bcK42F?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-rapid\\-increase\\-casualties\\-displacement\\-and\\-scale\\-destruction\\-flash\\-update\\-38\\-4 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} ({{cite web \\|title\\=PDF \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ocha\\_yemen\\_flash\\_update\\_\\-\\_no.\\_38\\_\\-\\_4\\_june\\_2015\\_final.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6Z3bzpu5M?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ocha\\_yemen\\_flash\\_update\\_\\-\\_no.\\_38\\_\\-\\_4\\_june\\_2015\\_final.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2015}})",
"In early July, the UN announced that as of 2 July there were 1,267,590 IDPs in Yemen,{{cite web \\|date\\=6 July 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen: Humanitarian Emergency Situation Report No. 14 (as of 6 July 2015\\) \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-humanitarian\\-emergency\\-situation\\-report\\-no\\-14\\-6\\-july\\-2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6ZrcwNZe2?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-humanitarian\\-emergency\\-situation\\-report\\-no\\-14\\-6\\-july\\-2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} ({{cite web \\|title\\=PDF \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Situation%20Report%20No.%2014%20\\-issued%20on%207%20July%202015\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6ZrdHrree?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Situation%20Report%20No.%2014%20\\-issued%20on%207%20July%202015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2015}}) and on 5 August, a task force of the Global Protection Cluster announced their estimate of 1,439,118 IDPs from more than 250,000 households.{{cite web \\|date\\=5 August 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen Protection Cluster:Task Force on Population Movements 4th Report, 05th August 2015 \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-protection\\-clustertask\\-force\\-population\\-movements\\-4th\\-report\\-05th\\-august\\-2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6apNDZeCk?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-protection\\-clustertask\\-force\\-population\\-movements\\-4th\\-report\\-05th\\-august\\-2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 August 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Protection Cluster}} {{cite web \\|title\\=PDF \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/TFPM%204th%20TFPM%20report%20\\-%2005%20August%202015\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6apNPURMU?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/TFPM%204th%20TFPM%20report%20\\-%2005%20August%202015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=16 August 2015}}",
"On 15 October the IOM\\-UNHCR displacement\\-tracking mechanism published new data showing in the 5th RFPM report that the IDP population had reached 2,305,048 people.{{cite web \\|date\\=14 October 2015 \\|title\\=Task Force on Population Movement, 5th Report, 14 October 2015 \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/task\\-force\\-population\\-movement\\-5th\\-report\\-14\\-october\\-2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6cgVwlh6t?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/task\\-force\\-population\\-movement\\-5th\\-report\\-14\\-october\\-2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Protection Cluster}} ({{cite web \\|title\\=original on humanitarianresponse.info \\|url\\=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/system/files/documents/files/tfpm\\_5th\\_report\\_\\-\\_14\\_oct\\_2015\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6cgW2E0oA?url\\=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/system/files/documents/files/tfpm\\_5th\\_report\\_\\-\\_14\\_oct\\_2015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2015}}){{cite web \\|date\\=27 October 2015 \\|title\\=Briefing Note: Despite conflict, refugees continue to arrive by boat in Yemen \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/briefing\\-note\\-despite\\-conflict\\-refugees\\-continue\\-arrive\\-boat\\-yemen \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028122630/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/briefing\\-note\\-despite\\-conflict\\-refugees\\-continue\\-arrive\\-boat\\-yemen \\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN High Commissioner for Refugees}}, original: [unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/562f6bba6.html) The 6th RFPM report (published on 10 December 2015\\) gave a figure of 2,509,068 internally displaced persons.{{cite web \\|date\\=10 December 2015 \\|title\\=Task Force on Population Movement, 6th Report, 10 December 2015 \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/task\\-force\\-population\\-movement\\-6th\\-report\\-10\\-december\\-2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6dnRaxQyv?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/task\\-force\\-population\\-movement\\-6th\\-report\\-10\\-december\\-2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 December 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Protection Cluster}} ({{cite web \\|title\\=PDF \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/tfpm\\_6th\\_report\\_10\\_december\\_2015\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6dnRv5N9M?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/tfpm\\_6th\\_report\\_10\\_december\\_2015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=15 December 2015}}) Much of the increase from the previous report, published in October, could be attributed to improved tracking methods.",
"By the end of 2021, almost 6 million Yemenis were displaced by the war, with 4\\.3 million being displaced internally.{{Cite web \\|date\\=July 14, 2022 \\|title\\=Yemen Crisis Explained \\|url\\=https://www.unrefugees.org/news/yemen\\-crisis\\-explained/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[UNHCR]]}}",
"#### Refugees and evacuation of foreign nationals",
"{{Further\\|Refugees on Jeju Island\\|Operation Raahat\\|Evacuation of Pakistani citizens during the Yemeni Civil War (2015\\)\\|label3\\=Evacuation of Pakistani citizens}}",
"### Famine",
"{{See also\\|Famine in Yemen}}\n[thumb\\|\"Let Yemen Live\" protest at US and Saudi missions to the [UN](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\"), New York City, December 2017](/wiki/File:100_Blockades_%2839025204441%29.jpg \"100 Blockades (39025204441).jpg\")\nOn 1 July 2015, the UN announced that Yemen was at the highest level of humanitarian disaster with over 80% of the population needing help. UN agencies agreed to classify Yemen as a level 3 emergency as the UN Envoy for Yemen stated that Yemen is one step away from famine.{{cite news \\|date\\=1 July 2015 \\|title\\=UN Declares Highest\\-Level Humanitarian Emergency in Yemen \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/07/01/world/middleeast/ap\\-un\\-united\\-nations\\-yemen\\-humanitarian.html}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=December 2021}} In February 2016, the UN Security Council noted that in terms of \"numbers of people in need\" the humanitarian crisis in Yemen was \"the largest in the world\".{{cite web \\|date\\=18 February 2016 \\|title\\=Security Council Press Statement on Situation in Yemen \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/security\\-council\\-press\\-statement\\-situation\\-yemen\\-3 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6fRZLGBeZ?url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/security\\-council\\-press\\-statement\\-situation\\-yemen\\-3 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 February 2016 \\|publisher\\=UN Security Council}} ({{cite web \\|title\\=PDF \\|url\\=https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sc12250\\.doc.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6fRZQDXY4?url\\=http://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sc12250\\.doc.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=20 February 2016}}) Also in February 2016, the OCHA reported that 21 million people (85% of the population) were in need of some form of humanitarian assistance, 7\\.6 million people were \"severely\" food insecure, and that more than 3\\.4 million children were not attending school.{{cite web \\|date\\=17 February 2016 \\|title\\='Humanitarian catastrophe' unfolding in Yemen: UN \\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/catastrophe\\-unfolding\\-yemen\\-160217054116797\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=17 February 2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Al Jazeera English\\|Al Jazeera]] English}} On 4 October 2016, [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF \"UNICEF\") said 1\\.5 million children in Yemen suffer of [malnutrition](/wiki/Malnutrition \"Malnutrition\"), including 370,000 enduring very severe malnutrition.{{cite news \\|date\\=4 October 2016 \\|title\\=Yemen famine feared as starving children fight for lives in hospital \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/04/yemen\\-famine\\-feared\\-as\\-starving\\-children\\-fight\\-for\\-lives\\-in\\-hospital}}",
"More than 50,000 children in Yemen died from starvation in 2017\\.{{cite web \\|last\\=Wintour \\|first\\=Patrick \\|date\\=16 November 2017 \\|title\\=Saudis must lift Yemen blockade or 'untold' thousands will die, UN agencies warn \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/16/lift\\-yemen\\-blockade\\-to\\-save\\-children\\-un\\-agencies\\-tell\\-saudis \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian}}{{cite web \\|date\\=16 November 2017 \\|title\\=50,000 children in Yemen have died of starvation and disease so far this year, monitoring group says \\|url\\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct\\-save\\-the\\-children\\-yemen\\-20171116\\-story.html \\|work\\=Chicago Tribune \\|agency\\=Associated Press}} The number rose to 85,000 as of December 2018\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Yemen: Head of UN mission monitoring Hodeidah ceasefire arrives \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/yemen\\-head\\-mission\\-monitoring\\-hodeidah\\-ceasefire\\-arrives\\-181222111535539\\.html \\|website\\=www.aljazeera.com}} The [famine](/wiki/Famine \"Famine\") in Yemen is the direct result of the Saudi Arabian–led intervention and [blockade of Yemen](/wiki/Blockade_of_Yemen \"Blockade of Yemen\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Kristof \\|first\\=Nicholas \\|date\\=31 August 2017 \\|title\\=The Photos the U.S. and Saudi Arabia Don't Want You to See \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/31/opinion/columnists/yemen\\-famine\\-cholera.html \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}{{cite web \\|date\\=11 October 2017 \\|title\\=Saudi de facto blockade starves Yemen of food and medicine \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special\\-report/yemen\\-saudi\\-blockade/ \\|website\\=Reuters}} In December 2017, the *Guardian* reported: \"Data on coalition airstrikes collected by the Yemen Data Project have recorded 356 air raids targeting farms, 174 targeting market places and 61 air raids targeting food storage sites from March 2015 to the end of September 2017\\.\"{{cite news \\|date\\=12 December 2017 \\|title\\=Bombed into famine: how Saudi air campaign targets Yemen's food supplies \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/12/bombed\\-into\\-famine\\-how\\-saudi\\-air\\-campaign\\-targets\\-yemens\\-food\\-supplies}} On 3 May 2017, Norwegian Refugee Council Secretary General [Jan Egeland](/wiki/Jan_Egeland \"Jan Egeland\") wrote that \"the world is letting some 7 million men, women and children slowly but surely, be engulfed by unprecedented famine. It is not a drought that is at fault. This preventable catastrophe is man\\-made\".{{Cite web \\|title\\=A man\\-made famine on our watch \\|url\\=https://www.nrc.no/news/2017/may/a\\-man\\-made\\-famine\\-on\\-our\\-watch/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-11 \\|website\\=NRC}}",
"The UN estimated that by the end of 2021, the war in Yemen had claimed more than 377,000 lives, with 60% of them died due to issues associated with the conflict, such as starvation and preventable diseases.{{cite news \\|date\\=23 November 2021 \\|title\\=Yemen war deaths will reach 377,000 by end of the year: UN \\|work\\=Al Jazeera \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/23/un\\-yemen\\-recovery\\-possible\\-in\\-one\\-generation\\-if\\-war\\-stops\\-now}}{{cite news \\|date\\=22 March 2022 \\|title\\=Yemen: Why is the war there getting more violent? \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-29319423}} In March 2022, more than 17 million people in Yemen were experiencing high levels of acute [food insecurity](/wiki/Food_security \"Food security\").{{cite news \\|date\\=14 March 2022 \\|title\\=Yemen facing 'outright catastrophe' over rising hunger, warn UN humanitarians \\|work\\=UN News \\|url\\=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113852}}",
"### Destruction of health infrastructure",
"{{Further\\|Health in Yemen}}",
"On 14 June 2015, OCHA reported a large outbreak of [Dengue fever](/wiki/Dengue_fever \"Dengue fever\") that killed over 113 people and infected over 4,000\\. Patients could not be treated due to lack of water in affected areas. OCHA was also investigating reports of a [Measles](/wiki/Measles \"Measles\") outbreak. Health officials considered the breakdown in health services, including decrease in immunization coverage, closure of health facilities and difficulty in accessing health services as possible contributing factors.{{cite web \\|date\\=14 June 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen: Public Health Crisis Escalates Flash Update 39 – 14 June 2015 (1000hrs) \\|url\\=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-public\\-health\\-crisis\\-escalates\\-flash\\-update\\-39\\-14\\-june\\-2015\\-1000hrs \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617192902/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen\\-public\\-health\\-crisis\\-escalates\\-flash\\-update\\-39\\-14\\-june\\-2015\\-1000hrs \\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2015 \\|publisher\\=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} ([PDF](http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Flash%20Update%20-%20No.%2039%20-%2014%20June%202015_%20Public_Health_Crisis.pdf)) Grant Pritchard, [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children \"Save the Children\")'s interim country director for Yemen, stated in April 2017:{{Blockquote\\|text\\=With the right medicines, these \\[diseases] are all completely treatable – but the Saudi Arabia\\-led coalition is stopping them from getting in.{{cite web\\|author\\=Subscribe \\|url\\=https://news.vice.com/story/saudi\\-arabia\\-donates\\-to\\-end\\-yemen\\-cholera\\-outbreak\\-it\\-helped\\-start \\|title\\=Saudi Arabia donates millions to end Yemen cholera outbreak it helped start – VICE News \\|publisher\\=News.vice.com \\|date\\=2017\\-06\\-08 \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-24}}\\|author\\=\\|source\\=}}",
"#### Attacks on facilities run by aid organizations",
"{{Further\\|Airstrikes on hospitals in Yemen}}\nSince the Saudi\\-led coalition began military operations against Ansar Allah on 26 March 2015, Saudi\\-led coalition airstrikes unlawfully struck hospitals and other facilities run by aid organizations, according to Human Rights Watch.{{cite web \\|date\\=17 February 2016 \\|title\\=Yemen: Saudi Warnings No Free Pass to Attack – Coalition Should Assist, Not Threaten, Aid Agencies \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/02/17/yemen\\-saudi\\-warnings\\-no\\-free\\-pass\\-attack \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217211715/https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/02/17/yemen\\-saudi\\-warnings\\-no\\-free\\-pass\\-attack \\|archive\\-date\\=17 February 2016 \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch}} [Médecins Sans Frontières](/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res \"Médecins Sans Frontières\") (MSF) medical facilities in Yemen were attacked four times in three months.{{cite web \\|date\\=30 June 2015 \\|title\\=Yemen: Health facilities under attack – MSF wants answers – Access to health care for people affected by war must be guaranteed \\|url\\=http://www.msf.org/article/yemen\\-health\\-facilities\\-under\\-attack\\-msf\\-wants\\-answers \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126100524/http://www.msf.org/article/yemen\\-health\\-facilities\\-under\\-attack\\-msf\\-wants\\-answers \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2016 \\|publisher\\=Médecins Sans Frontières}} On 26 October 2015, HRW documented six Saudi\\-led airstrikes which bombed a MSF hospital in Haydan district (Sa'dah Governorate), wounding two patients.[\"Airstrikes hit Médecins Sans Frontières hospital in Yemen\"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/27/yemen-hospital-hit-by-saudi-led-airstrikes). *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. 27 October 2015\\. A Saudi\\-led coalition airstrike then hit a MSF mobile clinic on 2 December 2015, in Al Houban district (Taizz). Eight people were wounded, including two MSF staff members, and one other civilian nearby was killed. On 10 January 2016, six people were killed and seven wounded when a hospital in Sa'ada was hit by a projectile. MSF said it could not confirm whether the hospital was hit in an air strike by warplanes of the Saudi\\-led coalition, or by a rocket fired from the ground, and at least one other landed nearby.{{cite news \\|date\\=10 January 2016 \\|title\\=Yemen crisis: MSF\\-backed hospital hit by missile \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-35276253 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111220937/http://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-35276253 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2016}} On 21 January 2016, an MSF ambulance was hit by an airstrike. Seven people were killed and dozens were wounded.",
"MSF's director of operations Raquel Ayora said: \"The way war is being waged in Yemen is causing enormous suffering and shows that the warring parties do not recognise or respect the protected status of hospitals and medical facilities. We witness the devastating consequences of this on people trapped in conflict zones on a daily basis. Nothing has been spared—not even hospitals, even though medical facilities are explicitly protected by international humanitarian law.\"",
"The Saudi embassy in London, in early February 2016, advised United Nations and other aid organizations to move their offices and staff away from \"regions where the Houthi militias and their supporters are active and in areas where there are military operations\". It claimed this was in order to \"protect the international organizations and their employees\". The UN refused to pull out the humanitarian aid workers and protested against the Saudi demands.{{cite news \\|last\\=Hackwill \\|first\\=Robert \\|date\\=17 February 2016 \\|title\\=Yemen struggles to see way out of war \\|publisher\\=euronews.com \\|url\\=http://www.euronews.com/2016/02/17/yemen\\-struggles\\-to\\-see\\-way\\-out\\-of\\-war/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218091420/http://www.euronews.com/2016/02/17/yemen\\-struggles\\-to\\-see\\-way\\-out\\-of\\-war/ \\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2016}}{{cite news \\|date\\=17 February 2016 \\|title\\=Wegen Jemen\\-Krieg: Kontroverse zwischen Saudi\\-Arabien und UN \\|language\\=de \\|publisher\\=de.euronews.com \\|url\\=http://de.euronews.com/2016/02/17/wegen\\-jemen\\-krieg\\-kontroverse\\-zwischen\\-saudi\\-arabien\\-und\\-un/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218091310/http://de.euronews.com/2016/02/17/wegen\\-jemen\\-krieg\\-kontroverse\\-zwischen\\-saudi\\-arabien\\-und\\-un/ \\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2016}} On 7 February 2016, the UN humanitarian chief Stephen O'Brien wrote to Saudi Arabia's UN Ambassador Abdallah al\\-Mouallimi, pointing out that Saudi Arabia is obligated under international law to permit access, and has \"duty of care obligations under the conduct of military operations for all civilians, including humanitarian workers\".",
"HRW declared, on 17 February 2016, that Saudi Arabia's warnings to stay away were insufficient to fulfil their legal obligations to protect aid stations and their occupants. James Ross, Legal and Policy Director at HRW, said: \"A warning is no justification for an unlawful airstrike. They can't shift the blame for shirking their responsibility onto aid agencies that are struggling to address a deepening crisis.\"",
"After an air\\-strike on an MSF hospital in the Hajjah province on 15 August 2016, MSF announced the pulling of their staff from Saada and Hajjah provinces affecting 6 facilities, after a Saudi airstrike hit a hospital they operated, killing at least 15 people and injuring 20\\.[Bombing of Doctors Without Borders Hospital in Yemen Kills at Least 15](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/16/world/middleeast/yemen-doctors-without-borders-hospital-bombing.html), Shuaib Almosawa and Rod Nordland, *The New York Times*, 15 August 2016\\. Retrieved 16 August 2016 The group also complained that the results of previous investigations into hospital bombings by the Saudi\\-led coalition were never shared.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Almosawa \\|first1\\=Shuaib \\|last2\\=Nordland \\|first2\\=Rod \\|date\\=18 August 2016 \\|title\\=Doctors Without Borders Is Pulling Staff After Hospital Bombings in Yemen \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/world/middleeast/yemen\\-doctors\\-without\\-borders\\-hospitals.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819173407/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/world/middleeast/yemen\\-doctors\\-without\\-borders\\-hospitals.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-19 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} Ban Ki\\-moon condemned the attack, saying \"that civilians, including children, continue to bear the brunt of increased fighting and military operations in Yemen\", and calling for a swift investigation.[Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary\\-General on Yemen](https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2016-08-14/statement-attributable-spokesperson-secretary-general-yemen), United Nations, 14 August 2016\\. Retrieved 16 August 2016",
"#### Targeting of wounded and medical personnel",
"The United Nations alleged that the Saudi\\-led coalition had committed a war crime in an October 2016 airstrike,{{cite news \\|author\\=Michelle Nichols \\|date\\=20 October 2016 \\|title\\=Saudi coalition violated law with Yemen funeral strike: U.N. monitors \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-saudi\\-un\\-idUSKCN12K2F1?il\\=0}} because the bombing was a 'double tap' attack. This is when the first bombing is followed by a second one soon after. The UN report said: \"The second air strike, which occurred three to eight minutes after the first air strike, almost certainly resulted in more casualties to the already wounded and the first responders.\" The UN said 140 people were killed. Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al\\-Jubeir said that his government was being careful to abide by humanitarian law. According to the [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children \"Save the Children\") group, children have died as a result of Saudi Arabia delaying aid for Yemen for months.{{cite news \\|author\\=Samuel Osborne \\|date\\=1 March 2017 \\|title\\=Saudi Arabia delaying aid to Yemen is 'killing children', warns Save the Children; Saudi\\-led coalition accused of 'turning aid and commercial supplies into weapons of war' \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/saudi\\-arabia\\-yemen\\-aid\\-delay\\-killing\\-children\\-save\\-the\\-children\\-warn\\-a7606411\\.html}}",
"#### Cholera outbreak",
"{{see also\\|2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak}}",
"In October 2016, it was reported that a cholera outbreak was severely affecting many Yemenis.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Prevent Coronavirus Disease (COVID\\-19\\) \\|url\\=https://www.unicef.org/yemen/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-11 \\|website\\=www.unicef.org \\|language\\=en}} UNICEF supported struggling health clinics by supplying water, water purifiers, and hygiene kits. On 28 October, the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") announced that there were 1,410 cases of cholera in 10 of Yemen's 23 governates.{{Cite web \\|title\\=More than 1,400 suspected cholera cases in Yemen: WHO \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/29/more\\-than\\-1400\\-suspected\\-cholera\\-cases\\-in\\-yemen\\-who \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-11 \\|website\\=www.aljazeera.com \\|language\\=en}}",
"In July 2017, it was reported that the cholera epidemic was beginning to slow.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Miles \\|first\\=Tom \\|date\\=2017\\-07\\-25 \\|title\\=Yemen cholera epidemic slowing after infecting 400,000 \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-cholera\\-idUSKBN1AA15D \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-11}} As of late July 2017, it is estimated that the epidemic infected approximately 400,000 people. Of the 400,000 people over the three\\-month period, approximately 2,000 died.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Filth spreads Yemens deadly cholera outbreak \\|url\\=https://www.aol.com/article/news/2017/07/27/filth\\-spreads\\-yemens\\-deadly\\-cholera\\-outbreak/23050968/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728155117/https://www.aol.com/article/news/2017/07/27/filth\\-spreads\\-yemens\\-deadly\\-cholera\\-outbreak/23050968/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-28 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-10}} The fact that rubbish is not being collected, along with the fact that water pumps cannot operate due to lack of fuel, have been named as causes of the outbreak.",
"In September 2017, [Al Jazeera](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network \"Al Jazeera Media Network\") reported that more than 2,000 people had died since late April as a result of the outbreak.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Asrar \\|first1\\=Shakeeb \\|title\\=Yemen: 'World's worst cholera outbreak' mapped \\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2017/06/yemen\\-world\\-worst\\-cholera\\-outbreak\\-mapped\\-170627110239483\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2017 \\|website\\=Al Jazeera English }} Al Jazeera also reported that there were at least a million cholera cases in the country and around 5,000 new cases were being discovered each day. On 29 September 2017 the [International Committee of the Red Cross](/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross \"International Committee of the Red Cross\") stated that it expected at least 900,000 cholera cases in Yemen by the end of 2017\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Nebehay \\|first1\\=Stephanie \\|title\\=Yemen cholera cases could hit 1 million by year\\-end: Red Cross \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-yemen\\-security\\-redcross/yemen\\-cholera\\-cases\\-could\\-hit\\-1\\-million\\-by\\-year\\-end\\-red\\-cross\\-idUSKCN1C41WA \\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2017 \\|website\\=Reuters \\|date\\=29 September 2017 \\|agency\\=Reuters}}",
"In October 2017, it was reported that the cholera epidemic was expected to affect at least 600,000 children by the end of the year.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Lyons \\|first1\\=Kate \\|title\\=Yemen's cholera outbreak now the worst in history as millionth case looms \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/global\\-development/2017/oct/12/yemen\\-cholera\\-outbreak\\-worst\\-in\\-history\\-1\\-million\\-cases\\-by\\-end\\-of\\-year \\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2017 \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=12 October 2017 \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera English}} As of 12 October 2017, the World Health Organization had reported more than 815,000 cholera cases in Yemen. Of the estimated 4,000 new cases each day, more than half are cases involving children under the age of 18\\.",
"Multiple groups have commented on the cholera outbreak. A representative of [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children \"Save the Children\") has commented that \"the existence of a cholera outbreak in general is unforgivable in the 21st century because it means there's no access to clean water or sanitation\".{{cite web \\|last1\\=De Luce \\|first1\\=Dan \\|title\\=Yemen's Man\\-Made Cholera Outbreak is About to Break a Record \\|url\\=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/10/09/yemens\\-man\\-made\\-cholera\\-outbreak\\-is\\-about\\-to\\-break\\-a\\-record/ \\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2017 \\|website\\=Foreign Policy\\|date\\=9 October 2017 }} Others, such as Homer Venters of the [Physicians for Human Rights](/wiki/Physicians_for_Human_Rights \"Physicians for Human Rights\"), have stated that the ongoing blockade and closure of airports in Yemen has prevented humanitarian aid from reaching those in need.",
"[Iona Craig](/wiki/Iona_Craig \"Iona Craig\") has noted that the rate of infection began to ease in September 2017\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Craig \\|first1\\=Iona \\|title\\='Only God can save us': Yemeni children starve as aid is held at border \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/12/millions\\-on\\-brink\\-of\\-famine\\-in\\-yemen\\-as\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-tightens\\-blockade \\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2017 \\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=12 November 2017 }} Despite the reduction in infection rate, as of 12 November 2017, there were an estimated 900,000 cases of cholera and over 2,190 deaths related deaths recorded in Yemen.",
"#### COVID\\-19 pandemic",
"{{Excerpt\\|COVID\\-19 pandemic in Yemen\\|paragraphs\\=1}}",
""
] |
The Race
--------
Race\-day was hot and fine, and about 300,000 spectators lined the roads. So many were coming out on the trains from the city that many missed the 8am start. For the first time, cars were flagged off in pairs at 30\-second intervals, in numerical order. First away were Szisz and Jörns,Venables 2009, p.34 but Boillot was the first to arrive back at the finish\-line. However, Sailer was ahead on elapsed\-time with an 18\-second lead and from the beginning he forced the pace, drawing Boillot into a speed\-contest. Jörns had to stop on the first lap for radiator repairs, dropping his Opel out of the reckoning.Ludvigsen 2009, p.34
[thumb\|300px\|right\|Sailer setting the pace in his Mercedes at the Grand Prix](/wiki/File:Max_Sailer_at_the_1914_French_Grand_Prix_%286%29.jpg "Max Sailer at the 1914 French Grand Prix (6).jpg")
[thumb\|300px\|right\|Pilette's Mercedes ahead of a Nazzaro on the winding road by the River Gier](/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9odore_Pilette_at_the_1914_French_Grand_Prix_%282%29.jpg "Théodore Pilette at the 1914 French Grand Prix (2).jpg")
When Boillot had to pit unexpectedly after an hour, on the third lap, it allowed Sailer to take the lead on the road. Pilette's Mercedes retired at the same time, the gearbox damage in practice proving terminal. Sailer pressed on setting the fastest lap of the race on lap four and extending his lead over Boillot to almost three minutes. Whether it was racing inexperience, or internal rivalry with team\-leader Lautenschlager to prove a point, Sailer had pushed his car too hard and stopped with a broken conrod along the Gier River on the sixth lap.Fox 1973, p.24\-5 (Sailer and no one else at Mercedes had said there was a deliberate plan to use a “hare” to break the Peugeots.)
After seven laps Boillot had the lead over Lautenschlager, while Goux had just overtaken Duray's Delage to move into third. On the tenth lap at the halfway point, Wagner, Salzer, and Resta's Sunbeam, had also overtaken the Delage. Boillot led by a minute and the German team started coming in for their scheduled stops. Lautenschlager was running out of brakes and his stop became a bit of a shambles as the normally well\-drilled Mercedes team cost him 2–3 minutes in the pits. But the Peugeot Dunlops were wearing far quicker – Boillot had to make six pitstops for tyre changes to the single ones for the Mercedes cars.
[thumb\|300px\|right\|Lautenschlager descending *le piege de la mort* switchback](/wiki/File:Christian_Lautenschlager_at_the_1914_French_Grand_Prix_%2810%29.jpg "Christian Lautenschlager at the 1914 French Grand Prix (10).jpg")
[thumb\|300px\|right\|Refuelling Tournier's Pic\-Pic](/wiki/File:Tournier_at_the_1914_French_Grand_Prix_%282%29.jpg "Tournier at the 1914 French Grand Prix (2).jpg")
[thumb\|300px\|right\|1906 Grand Prix winner Ferenc Szisz in an Alda](/wiki/File:Ferenc_Szisz_at_the_1914_French_Grand_Prix_%284%29.jpg "Ferenc Szisz at the 1914 French Grand Prix (4).jpg")
But despite that, Boillot's skill and all\-or\-nothing driving kept him with a 2\-3 minute lead. By the 11th lap with the pitstops done, Wagner had passed Goux and Lautenschlager to move into second. Then a dangerous accident happened. Szisz had pulled over on the roadside to change a wheel, when he was struck by Breckheimer's Opel when it was obscured by the dust. His arm broken, it fell to his less injured mechanic to slowly get the car back to the pits where Szisz could get attention.{{Cite web\|title\=Vanderbilt Cup Races\|url\=http://www.vanderbiltcupraces.com/drivers/bio/ferenc\_szisz\|access\-date\=2019\-09\-12}}
The Peugeots’ stops lost their advantage and the Mercedes’ pursuit was relentless. Although Wagner had to pit on lap 15 to replace tyres, Salzer overtook Goux to move up to fourth. When Boillot then had to pit for tyres on the 17th lap Lautenschlager reduced the lead from 2 minutes to just 14 seconds. He overtook the Peugeot as they approached Givors. Boillot's car had been thrashed to its limits and was now falling apart, down to three cylinders. By the end of the 18th lap he was 30 seconds behind. Boillot kept pushing regardless but on the last lap his engine finally expired when he over\-revved it on the climb out of the Gier valley. Boillot was distraught, hunched over the steering wheel weeping at his failure.
So after seven hours of racing, Mercedes took a crushing 1\-2\-3 victory with Lautenschlager repeating his 1908 win ahead of Wagner and Salzer. The French crowd was silent, with Goux's fourth place nearly ten minutes back ahead of Resta's Sunbeam being scant consolation.
### Post\-race
And so it was that perhaps the greatest race of the early period of motor\-racing was also the last. Within a month, Europe had descended into total war and racing ceased there for four years.
With his 25000 franc prizemoney, Lautenschlager retired from racing and was able to build himself a house. Georges Boillot was initially the personal driver for [Marshal Joffre](/wiki/Joseph_Joffre "Joseph Joffre"),Venables 2009, p.30 but then transferred to the French Air Force (*Armée de l'Air*) as a fighter pilot. He was shot down over [Verdun](/wiki/Verdun "Verdun") in April 1916 in a dogfight and died in the wreckage.
Fagnano had throttled back on his FIAT and finished 11th and last, well over an hour after the winner. It was postulated that, as the sole finisher for FIAT, it had been a prudent move by the team. This was in light of the fact that the scrutineers had found the total engine cylinder\-volume was over the 4500cc limit. This would disqualify the team but FIAT's strong support of the race in the past allowed them to race.Ludvigsen 2008, p.33
After being driven back to celebrations in Berlin, one of the Mercedes (probably Lautenschlager's) was sent on display in London with two of the Opels. War broke out just afterward, and it was commandeered and turned over to [Rolls\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited "Rolls-Royce Limited") where it was carefully pulled apart. The engine was developed and a version ended up in the [Bristol fighter planes](/wiki/Bristol_F.2_Fighter "Bristol F.2 Fighter"). American driver Ralph DePalma bought Wagner's car at the race conclusion and took it back to the USA (there is still considerable conjecture and confusion as to which Mercedes chassis ended up in London and the USA{{Cite web\|title\=MotorSport May 1982\|url\=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may\-1982/52/matter\-identity\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-09}}). [Carl Fisher](/wiki/Carl_G._Fisher "Carl G. Fisher"), on the Indianapolis 500 organising committee, purchased two of the Peugeot EX\-5s. When they landed in the United States he handed them over to the Premier Motor Corporation for three replicas to be made.Rendall 1993, p.76
In the [1915 Indianapolis 500](/wiki/1915_Indianapolis_500 "1915 Indianapolis 500"), DePalma drove the Mercedes to beat Dario Resta, in a Peugeot EX\-5, by three and a half minutes. Resta got his revenge the year after with a victory and a Peugeot won again in the 1919 race.Venables 2009, p.34
|
[
"The Race\n--------",
"Race\\-day was hot and fine, and about 300,000 spectators lined the roads. So many were coming out on the trains from the city that many missed the 8am start. For the first time, cars were flagged off in pairs at 30\\-second intervals, in numerical order. First away were Szisz and Jörns,Venables 2009, p.34 but Boillot was the first to arrive back at the finish\\-line. However, Sailer was ahead on elapsed\\-time with an 18\\-second lead and from the beginning he forced the pace, drawing Boillot into a speed\\-contest. Jörns had to stop on the first lap for radiator repairs, dropping his Opel out of the reckoning.Ludvigsen 2009, p.34\n[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Sailer setting the pace in his Mercedes at the Grand Prix](/wiki/File:Max_Sailer_at_the_1914_French_Grand_Prix_%286%29.jpg \"Max Sailer at the 1914 French Grand Prix (6).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Pilette's Mercedes ahead of a Nazzaro on the winding road by the River Gier](/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9odore_Pilette_at_the_1914_French_Grand_Prix_%282%29.jpg \"Théodore Pilette at the 1914 French Grand Prix (2).jpg\")\nWhen Boillot had to pit unexpectedly after an hour, on the third lap, it allowed Sailer to take the lead on the road. Pilette's Mercedes retired at the same time, the gearbox damage in practice proving terminal. Sailer pressed on setting the fastest lap of the race on lap four and extending his lead over Boillot to almost three minutes. Whether it was racing inexperience, or internal rivalry with team\\-leader Lautenschlager to prove a point, Sailer had pushed his car too hard and stopped with a broken conrod along the Gier River on the sixth lap.Fox 1973, p.24\\-5 (Sailer and no one else at Mercedes had said there was a deliberate plan to use a “hare” to break the Peugeots.)",
"After seven laps Boillot had the lead over Lautenschlager, while Goux had just overtaken Duray's Delage to move into third. On the tenth lap at the halfway point, Wagner, Salzer, and Resta's Sunbeam, had also overtaken the Delage. Boillot led by a minute and the German team started coming in for their scheduled stops. Lautenschlager was running out of brakes and his stop became a bit of a shambles as the normally well\\-drilled Mercedes team cost him 2–3 minutes in the pits. But the Peugeot Dunlops were wearing far quicker – Boillot had to make six pitstops for tyre changes to the single ones for the Mercedes cars.",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Lautenschlager descending *le piege de la mort* switchback](/wiki/File:Christian_Lautenschlager_at_the_1914_French_Grand_Prix_%2810%29.jpg \"Christian Lautenschlager at the 1914 French Grand Prix (10).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Refuelling Tournier's Pic\\-Pic](/wiki/File:Tournier_at_the_1914_French_Grand_Prix_%282%29.jpg \"Tournier at the 1914 French Grand Prix (2).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|1906 Grand Prix winner Ferenc Szisz in an Alda](/wiki/File:Ferenc_Szisz_at_the_1914_French_Grand_Prix_%284%29.jpg \"Ferenc Szisz at the 1914 French Grand Prix (4).jpg\")\nBut despite that, Boillot's skill and all\\-or\\-nothing driving kept him with a 2\\-3 minute lead. By the 11th lap with the pitstops done, Wagner had passed Goux and Lautenschlager to move into second. Then a dangerous accident happened. Szisz had pulled over on the roadside to change a wheel, when he was struck by Breckheimer's Opel when it was obscured by the dust. His arm broken, it fell to his less injured mechanic to slowly get the car back to the pits where Szisz could get attention.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Cup Races\\|url\\=http://www.vanderbiltcupraces.com/drivers/bio/ferenc\\_szisz\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-12}}",
"The Peugeots’ stops lost their advantage and the Mercedes’ pursuit was relentless. Although Wagner had to pit on lap 15 to replace tyres, Salzer overtook Goux to move up to fourth. When Boillot then had to pit for tyres on the 17th lap Lautenschlager reduced the lead from 2 minutes to just 14 seconds. He overtook the Peugeot as they approached Givors. Boillot's car had been thrashed to its limits and was now falling apart, down to three cylinders. By the end of the 18th lap he was 30 seconds behind. Boillot kept pushing regardless but on the last lap his engine finally expired when he over\\-revved it on the climb out of the Gier valley. Boillot was distraught, hunched over the steering wheel weeping at his failure.",
"So after seven hours of racing, Mercedes took a crushing 1\\-2\\-3 victory with Lautenschlager repeating his 1908 win ahead of Wagner and Salzer. The French crowd was silent, with Goux's fourth place nearly ten minutes back ahead of Resta's Sunbeam being scant consolation.",
"### Post\\-race",
"And so it was that perhaps the greatest race of the early period of motor\\-racing was also the last. Within a month, Europe had descended into total war and racing ceased there for four years.",
"With his 25000 franc prizemoney, Lautenschlager retired from racing and was able to build himself a house. Georges Boillot was initially the personal driver for [Marshal Joffre](/wiki/Joseph_Joffre \"Joseph Joffre\"),Venables 2009, p.30 but then transferred to the French Air Force (*Armée de l'Air*) as a fighter pilot. He was shot down over [Verdun](/wiki/Verdun \"Verdun\") in April 1916 in a dogfight and died in the wreckage.",
"Fagnano had throttled back on his FIAT and finished 11th and last, well over an hour after the winner. It was postulated that, as the sole finisher for FIAT, it had been a prudent move by the team. This was in light of the fact that the scrutineers had found the total engine cylinder\\-volume was over the 4500cc limit. This would disqualify the team but FIAT's strong support of the race in the past allowed them to race.Ludvigsen 2008, p.33",
"After being driven back to celebrations in Berlin, one of the Mercedes (probably Lautenschlager's) was sent on display in London with two of the Opels. War broke out just afterward, and it was commandeered and turned over to [Rolls\\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited \"Rolls-Royce Limited\") where it was carefully pulled apart. The engine was developed and a version ended up in the [Bristol fighter planes](/wiki/Bristol_F.2_Fighter \"Bristol F.2 Fighter\"). American driver Ralph DePalma bought Wagner's car at the race conclusion and took it back to the USA (there is still considerable conjecture and confusion as to which Mercedes chassis ended up in London and the USA{{Cite web\\|title\\=MotorSport May 1982\\|url\\=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may\\-1982/52/matter\\-identity\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-09}}). [Carl Fisher](/wiki/Carl_G._Fisher \"Carl G. Fisher\"), on the Indianapolis 500 organising committee, purchased two of the Peugeot EX\\-5s. When they landed in the United States he handed them over to the Premier Motor Corporation for three replicas to be made.Rendall 1993, p.76",
"In the [1915 Indianapolis 500](/wiki/1915_Indianapolis_500 \"1915 Indianapolis 500\"), DePalma drove the Mercedes to beat Dario Resta, in a Peugeot EX\\-5, by three and a half minutes. Resta got his revenge the year after with a victory and a Peugeot won again in the 1919 race.Venables 2009, p.34",
""
] |
The Sea village
---------------
[thumb\|300px\|left\|An islet with a village (1967\)](/wiki/File:1967Grip2.jpg "1967Grip2.jpg")
[thumb\|300px\|left\|From the fishing village (1967\)](/wiki/File:1967GripGateparti.JPG "1967GripGateparti.JPG")
The first indications of settlement at Grip is from the ninth century, where [fishermen](/wiki/Fishermen "Fishermen") settled close to the fishing grounds. Grip might because of that, be the oldest settlement in the [Nordmøre](/wiki/Nordm%C3%B8re "Nordmøre") district. Exports of fish from Norwegian fishing villages became important during the [monopoly](/wiki/Monopoly "Monopoly") of the [Hanseatic League](/wiki/Hanseatic_League "Hanseatic League"). The [Grip Stave Church](/wiki/Grip_Stave_Church "Grip Stave Church") is thought to have been constructed around 1470\. The village belonged to the [archbishop of Norway](/wiki/Nidaros "Nidaros") until the [protestant reformation](/wiki/Protestant_reformation "Protestant reformation") in 1537, when king [Christian III](/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark "Christian III of Denmark") seized all church properties in Norway.
[Merchant](/wiki/Merchant "Merchant") Hans Horneman in [Trondheim](/wiki/Trondheim "Trondheim") bought the islet from King [Frederick IV](/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark "Frederick IV of Denmark") in 1728 and the fishermen and their families became, in effect, [vassals](/wiki/Vassals "Vassals"). The fishermen had to sell the catch to the merchants at a price decided by them later. This arrangement lasted until it was forbidden in 1893\. The merchants, becoming [landlords](/wiki/Landlord "Landlord"), also bought most of the [private properties](/wiki/Real_property "Real property").
[Storm surges](/wiki/Storm_surge "Storm surge") destroyed most of the fishing village in 1796 and again in 1804, leaving only the church and a few other houses. The first [breakwaters](/wiki/Breakwater_%28structure%29 "Breakwater (structure)") were constructed in 1882 and a harbor capable of landing small [ships](/wiki/Ships "Ships") was not ready until 1950\. The new harbour provided excessive materials which were used to create a small [football pitch](/wiki/Association_football_pitch "Association football pitch").
The [population](/wiki/Population "Population") fluctuated for centuries, following the profitability of [fishing](/wiki/Fishing "Fishing"), between 100 and 400 people. A now deserted village, it was once a busy place, when 2,000 fishermen could stay there during the height of the fishing season, when fishermen rowed and sailed to Grip from all over, to catch [cod](/wiki/Cod "Cod"). Centralization led to a declining population after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), and Grip became deserted in 1974 when Hildur and Kasper Larsen left just before [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas "Christmas").
After being deserted, the old [houses](/wiki/House "House") have become popular [summer houses](/wiki/Sommerhus "Sommerhus"), and in the summer Grip has 150\-250 residents in 44 housing units, primarily the earlier population and their [descendants](/wiki/Kinship_and_descent "Kinship and descent") in Kristiansund. The harbour is still a popular [dock](/wiki/Dock_%28maritime%29 "Dock (maritime)") for small [fishing vessels](/wiki/Fishing_vessel "Fishing vessel"), and the village is a popular destination for [tourism](/wiki/Tourism "Tourism") in Kristiansund.
Beginning in 1895, [public transportation](/wiki/Public_transportation "Public transportation") between Grip and Kristiansund was established by [steamship](/wiki/Steamship "Steamship") and in the period from 1914 to 1972 by [motorboat](/wiki/Motorboat "Motorboat"). Today a [passenger ferry](/wiki/Ferry "Ferry") connects Grip to Kristiansund in the summer season with one or two 30\-minute crossings from the [town](/wiki/Town "Town") centre every day.
When the diesel [generator](/wiki/Electrical_generator "Electrical generator") was started in 1950, the population was supplied with [electric energy](/wiki/Electric_energy "Electric energy"). The summer residents now get their [electricity](/wiki/Electricity "Electricity") from 7:00 in the morning to 11:00 at night with two generators installed in the local [power station](/wiki/Power_station "Power station"), totaling 210 [kVA](/wiki/Volt-ampere "Volt-ampere") power. The power station was privatized in 1992\. The archipelago has [mobile phone](/wiki/Mobile_phone "Mobile phone") coverage from a [radio tower](/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers "Radio masts and towers") in Kristiansund. There is no natural source of [fresh water](/wiki/Fresh_water "Fresh water"), so the residents collect [rainwater](/wiki/Rain "Rain"), flush the [toilets](/wiki/Toilet "Toilet") with [seawater](/wiki/Seawater "Seawater"), and travel to town to do their [laundry](/wiki/Laundry "Laundry").
[Infrared cameras](/wiki/Infrared_camera "Infrared camera") with a complete view of the village are monitored from the [fire station](/wiki/Fire_station "Fire station") in Kristiansund as fire protection. In 2011, the world's smallest [fire truck](/wiki/Fire_truck "Fire truck") was delivered, and the summer residents were trained in operating the equipment.
The old [schoolhouse](/wiki/One-room_school "One-room school") has been turned into an [inn](/wiki/Inn "Inn") and [post office](/wiki/Post_office "Post office"), and one of the [boathouses](/wiki/Boathouse "Boathouse") in the harbour and the [temperance movement](/wiki/Temperance_movement "Temperance movement")'s lodge serves as community houses.
|
[
"The Sea village\n---------------",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|An islet with a village (1967\\)](/wiki/File:1967Grip2.jpg \"1967Grip2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|From the fishing village (1967\\)](/wiki/File:1967GripGateparti.JPG \"1967GripGateparti.JPG\")",
"The first indications of settlement at Grip is from the ninth century, where [fishermen](/wiki/Fishermen \"Fishermen\") settled close to the fishing grounds. Grip might because of that, be the oldest settlement in the [Nordmøre](/wiki/Nordm%C3%B8re \"Nordmøre\") district. Exports of fish from Norwegian fishing villages became important during the [monopoly](/wiki/Monopoly \"Monopoly\") of the [Hanseatic League](/wiki/Hanseatic_League \"Hanseatic League\"). The [Grip Stave Church](/wiki/Grip_Stave_Church \"Grip Stave Church\") is thought to have been constructed around 1470\\. The village belonged to the [archbishop of Norway](/wiki/Nidaros \"Nidaros\") until the [protestant reformation](/wiki/Protestant_reformation \"Protestant reformation\") in 1537, when king [Christian III](/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark \"Christian III of Denmark\") seized all church properties in Norway.",
"[Merchant](/wiki/Merchant \"Merchant\") Hans Horneman in [Trondheim](/wiki/Trondheim \"Trondheim\") bought the islet from King [Frederick IV](/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark \"Frederick IV of Denmark\") in 1728 and the fishermen and their families became, in effect, [vassals](/wiki/Vassals \"Vassals\"). The fishermen had to sell the catch to the merchants at a price decided by them later. This arrangement lasted until it was forbidden in 1893\\. The merchants, becoming [landlords](/wiki/Landlord \"Landlord\"), also bought most of the [private properties](/wiki/Real_property \"Real property\").",
"[Storm surges](/wiki/Storm_surge \"Storm surge\") destroyed most of the fishing village in 1796 and again in 1804, leaving only the church and a few other houses. The first [breakwaters](/wiki/Breakwater_%28structure%29 \"Breakwater (structure)\") were constructed in 1882 and a harbor capable of landing small [ships](/wiki/Ships \"Ships\") was not ready until 1950\\. The new harbour provided excessive materials which were used to create a small [football pitch](/wiki/Association_football_pitch \"Association football pitch\").",
"The [population](/wiki/Population \"Population\") fluctuated for centuries, following the profitability of [fishing](/wiki/Fishing \"Fishing\"), between 100 and 400 people. A now deserted village, it was once a busy place, when 2,000 fishermen could stay there during the height of the fishing season, when fishermen rowed and sailed to Grip from all over, to catch [cod](/wiki/Cod \"Cod\"). Centralization led to a declining population after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), and Grip became deserted in 1974 when Hildur and Kasper Larsen left just before [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas \"Christmas\").",
"After being deserted, the old [houses](/wiki/House \"House\") have become popular [summer houses](/wiki/Sommerhus \"Sommerhus\"), and in the summer Grip has 150\\-250 residents in 44 housing units, primarily the earlier population and their [descendants](/wiki/Kinship_and_descent \"Kinship and descent\") in Kristiansund. The harbour is still a popular [dock](/wiki/Dock_%28maritime%29 \"Dock (maritime)\") for small [fishing vessels](/wiki/Fishing_vessel \"Fishing vessel\"), and the village is a popular destination for [tourism](/wiki/Tourism \"Tourism\") in Kristiansund.",
"Beginning in 1895, [public transportation](/wiki/Public_transportation \"Public transportation\") between Grip and Kristiansund was established by [steamship](/wiki/Steamship \"Steamship\") and in the period from 1914 to 1972 by [motorboat](/wiki/Motorboat \"Motorboat\"). Today a [passenger ferry](/wiki/Ferry \"Ferry\") connects Grip to Kristiansund in the summer season with one or two 30\\-minute crossings from the [town](/wiki/Town \"Town\") centre every day.",
"When the diesel [generator](/wiki/Electrical_generator \"Electrical generator\") was started in 1950, the population was supplied with [electric energy](/wiki/Electric_energy \"Electric energy\"). The summer residents now get their [electricity](/wiki/Electricity \"Electricity\") from 7:00 in the morning to 11:00 at night with two generators installed in the local [power station](/wiki/Power_station \"Power station\"), totaling 210 [kVA](/wiki/Volt-ampere \"Volt-ampere\") power. The power station was privatized in 1992\\. The archipelago has [mobile phone](/wiki/Mobile_phone \"Mobile phone\") coverage from a [radio tower](/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers \"Radio masts and towers\") in Kristiansund. There is no natural source of [fresh water](/wiki/Fresh_water \"Fresh water\"), so the residents collect [rainwater](/wiki/Rain \"Rain\"), flush the [toilets](/wiki/Toilet \"Toilet\") with [seawater](/wiki/Seawater \"Seawater\"), and travel to town to do their [laundry](/wiki/Laundry \"Laundry\").",
"[Infrared cameras](/wiki/Infrared_camera \"Infrared camera\") with a complete view of the village are monitored from the [fire station](/wiki/Fire_station \"Fire station\") in Kristiansund as fire protection. In 2011, the world's smallest [fire truck](/wiki/Fire_truck \"Fire truck\") was delivered, and the summer residents were trained in operating the equipment.",
"The old [schoolhouse](/wiki/One-room_school \"One-room school\") has been turned into an [inn](/wiki/Inn \"Inn\") and [post office](/wiki/Post_office \"Post office\"), and one of the [boathouses](/wiki/Boathouse \"Boathouse\") in the harbour and the [temperance movement](/wiki/Temperance_movement \"Temperance movement\")'s lodge serves as community houses.",
""
] |
History
-------
The Concord City Schools were created on May 2, 1891, upon passage of a citywide voter referendum. The system began with a single school building, the Concord Graded School (a pre\-existing private academy purchased for the public school use), which first opened in December 1891\. In September 1893, Concord High School was founded under the guidance of a professor from Salisbury, NC. It is not clear whether this first high school term was completed. But on September 2, 1895, with classes held in the "old Lutheran Church' on East Corban Street in downtown Concord, Concord High School opened for good. The first Concord High School principal was [Holland Thompson](/wiki/Holland_Thompson "Holland Thompson"){{Cite web\|url\=http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/thompson/bio.html\|title \= Holland Thompson, 1873\-1940}} from 1895 to 1899\.
Concord High School would continue in the old Lutheran Church building on East Corban Avenue through at least the 1902–03 school year. As the schools and community grew, so did the need for new facilities. A new voter referendum for school buildings was approved in 1902, and three new schools (Central Graded School. Number 2 School, and Concord Colored School) were built. Central Graded School was by far the largest of these schools, which opened on November 28, 1902 at the corner of North Spring Street and Grove Avenue. From 1903–1915 Concord High School appears to have been relocated to the Central Graded School campus, which housed all grades and was located at the present site of Coltrane\-Webb Elementary School on North Spring Street. A picture of the 1914 Concord High School graduating class of 29 students may be found in the 1988 book, *The Heritage of Cabarrus County*.The Heritage of Cabarrus County The picture was likely taken at the Central School.
In 1913, Concord voters approved another referendum for school facilities, including a separate high school building. The Board of Education immediately received a gift of the old Lutheran church property on East Corban Street. On June 8, 1914, the board agreed to build a new high school with six classrooms and an auditorium on this site (later to become Clara Harris Elementary School). This Concord High School was completed in April 1915 and it would serve as Concord High from 1915 to 1924\. In 1922, a new larger high school was proposed, and city voters again approved bonds, this time in the amount of $225,000, for a new high school. This school was to be "a showcase of education for the city," located on Beech and Cedar Streets just north of downtown. The ornate, three\-story brick building was completed in 1924, including a large auditorium, and adjoining playing fields.
Although part of the school was destroyed by fire in 1937, it was rebuilt, and included a larger, grander auditorium, later named Sauvain Auditorium. Sauvain Auditorium was the focus of many shows and performances, and was widely heralded for its beauty and acoustics. This facility would remain Concord High School for 43 years, until the CCS Board of Education selected and built a new school in northeast Concord. The existing building became Concord Junior High in 1967 (renamed Concord Middle School 1976–1999\), when it was replaced by a new school on NC 73 east of Concord. The 1924 school building is now the Glenn Alternative Center for the Cabarrus County Schools, and is on the National Register of Historic Places.
Concord High School moved to its current location, situated on a wooded hilltop on Burrage Road in northeast Concord, in August 1967\. The new school, which opened as Concord Senior High School (grades 10–12\), featured a two\-story modern 1960s layout and design to maximize circulation and [HVAC](/wiki/HVAC "HVAC") efficiency. However, the design was such that the school appeared to have no "front," a quirk that was resolved during a renovation in the late 1990s. In 1974, the Concord City Schools moved to the 5–3–4 school grade model, and the school was again known as Concord High School, with grades 9–12\.
In the 1968–69 school year, the Concord City Schools integrated high schools (other grades integrated in 1969–70\). Concord High became the sole public high school in the district as students from Logan High School, the historic African\-American school, were transferred to Concord High.
Located in a natural bowl alongside the school is the athletic stadium, which was dedicated as Robert C. Bailey Memorial Stadium in 1977, named for the longtime team physician, the late Dr. Robert C. Bailey. The stadium opened for play in 1967, with the first game played against Central Cabarrus High School. Bailey Memorial Stadium is widely considered one of the more scenic stadiums among North Carolina high schools, nestled within a hardwood forest that is ablaze with color in the late fall. The horseshoe stadium features 5,000 fixed seats, most with aluminum seating, and a grassy horseshoe that can accommodate an additional 8,000 fans, for a total capacity of 13,000, a capacity that has been reached on occasion, usually in the annual "Battle of the Bell" game. Graduation was held in the Bailey Memorial Stadium each year, weather permitting, through 2002\. In 2003, graduation for Concord High School, as well as all other Cabarrus County schools, was moved to the Cabarrus Arena and Events Center, and has been held at the Center each year since.
Two major additions have been made to the 1967 high school building in the nearly four decades since. The school remains at this location on Burrage Road.
The enrollment at Concord High School in the 2007–08 school year is 1,194 students in grades 9–12\. The Concord City Schools (CCS) continued in operation until its merger with the Cabarrus County Schools on July 1, 1983\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Concord City Schools were created on May 2, 1891, upon passage of a citywide voter referendum. The system began with a single school building, the Concord Graded School (a pre\\-existing private academy purchased for the public school use), which first opened in December 1891\\. In September 1893, Concord High School was founded under the guidance of a professor from Salisbury, NC. It is not clear whether this first high school term was completed. But on September 2, 1895, with classes held in the \"old Lutheran Church' on East Corban Street in downtown Concord, Concord High School opened for good. The first Concord High School principal was [Holland Thompson](/wiki/Holland_Thompson \"Holland Thompson\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/thompson/bio.html\\|title \\= Holland Thompson, 1873\\-1940}} from 1895 to 1899\\.",
"Concord High School would continue in the old Lutheran Church building on East Corban Avenue through at least the 1902–03 school year. As the schools and community grew, so did the need for new facilities. A new voter referendum for school buildings was approved in 1902, and three new schools (Central Graded School. Number 2 School, and Concord Colored School) were built. Central Graded School was by far the largest of these schools, which opened on November 28, 1902 at the corner of North Spring Street and Grove Avenue. From 1903–1915 Concord High School appears to have been relocated to the Central Graded School campus, which housed all grades and was located at the present site of Coltrane\\-Webb Elementary School on North Spring Street. A picture of the 1914 Concord High School graduating class of 29 students may be found in the 1988 book, *The Heritage of Cabarrus County*.The Heritage of Cabarrus County The picture was likely taken at the Central School.",
"In 1913, Concord voters approved another referendum for school facilities, including a separate high school building. The Board of Education immediately received a gift of the old Lutheran church property on East Corban Street. On June 8, 1914, the board agreed to build a new high school with six classrooms and an auditorium on this site (later to become Clara Harris Elementary School). This Concord High School was completed in April 1915 and it would serve as Concord High from 1915 to 1924\\. In 1922, a new larger high school was proposed, and city voters again approved bonds, this time in the amount of $225,000, for a new high school. This school was to be \"a showcase of education for the city,\" located on Beech and Cedar Streets just north of downtown. The ornate, three\\-story brick building was completed in 1924, including a large auditorium, and adjoining playing fields.",
"Although part of the school was destroyed by fire in 1937, it was rebuilt, and included a larger, grander auditorium, later named Sauvain Auditorium. Sauvain Auditorium was the focus of many shows and performances, and was widely heralded for its beauty and acoustics. This facility would remain Concord High School for 43 years, until the CCS Board of Education selected and built a new school in northeast Concord. The existing building became Concord Junior High in 1967 (renamed Concord Middle School 1976–1999\\), when it was replaced by a new school on NC 73 east of Concord. The 1924 school building is now the Glenn Alternative Center for the Cabarrus County Schools, and is on the National Register of Historic Places.",
"Concord High School moved to its current location, situated on a wooded hilltop on Burrage Road in northeast Concord, in August 1967\\. The new school, which opened as Concord Senior High School (grades 10–12\\), featured a two\\-story modern 1960s layout and design to maximize circulation and [HVAC](/wiki/HVAC \"HVAC\") efficiency. However, the design was such that the school appeared to have no \"front,\" a quirk that was resolved during a renovation in the late 1990s. In 1974, the Concord City Schools moved to the 5–3–4 school grade model, and the school was again known as Concord High School, with grades 9–12\\.",
"In the 1968–69 school year, the Concord City Schools integrated high schools (other grades integrated in 1969–70\\). Concord High became the sole public high school in the district as students from Logan High School, the historic African\\-American school, were transferred to Concord High.",
"Located in a natural bowl alongside the school is the athletic stadium, which was dedicated as Robert C. Bailey Memorial Stadium in 1977, named for the longtime team physician, the late Dr. Robert C. Bailey. The stadium opened for play in 1967, with the first game played against Central Cabarrus High School. Bailey Memorial Stadium is widely considered one of the more scenic stadiums among North Carolina high schools, nestled within a hardwood forest that is ablaze with color in the late fall. The horseshoe stadium features 5,000 fixed seats, most with aluminum seating, and a grassy horseshoe that can accommodate an additional 8,000 fans, for a total capacity of 13,000, a capacity that has been reached on occasion, usually in the annual \"Battle of the Bell\" game. Graduation was held in the Bailey Memorial Stadium each year, weather permitting, through 2002\\. In 2003, graduation for Concord High School, as well as all other Cabarrus County schools, was moved to the Cabarrus Arena and Events Center, and has been held at the Center each year since.",
"Two major additions have been made to the 1967 high school building in the nearly four decades since. The school remains at this location on Burrage Road.",
"The enrollment at Concord High School in the 2007–08 school year is 1,194 students in grades 9–12\\. The Concord City Schools (CCS) continued in operation until its merger with the Cabarrus County Schools on July 1, 1983\\.",
""
] |
Athletics
---------
The first year of interscholastic sports at Concord High was the 1915–1916 school year. Concord's first football game was played on November 5, 1915, against Salisbury High at the Rowan County fairgrounds in Salisbury, and resulted in a 13–12 Concord win. Under the guidance of Coach Robert S. Haltiwanger, Concord would go on to defeat Salisbury a second time, playing at Locke Mill Park in Concord, and finish its initial gridiron campaign at 2–0\. Coach Haltiwanger would later become teacher, coach and principal at Hanes High School in Winston\-Salem, NC.
The school's athletic teams are known as the "Spiders." The nickname, unique to North Carolina high schools, was a tribute to longtime principal and CCS superintendent Dr. A.S. Webb. The athletic stadium at the 1924 Concord High School campus was named Webb Field in his honor, and Concord teams playing at Webb Field were said to be bringing opponents "into the spider's 'Webb.'" The nickname stuck—it was first found in print for the 1927 season, and Concord High athletic teams have been the "Spiders" ever since.
Webb Field was renovated and "rededicated" for the season football opener in September 1935 against Charlotte Central, which Concord won in a 49–12 rout. From 1924 to 1955, football games were usually played on Friday afternoons. Lights were installed at the stadium for the 1956–57 school year. Concord High football teams played at Webb Field through the 1966 season, until the opening of the new Burrage Road high school. Concord baseball teams continued to make Webb Field their home for another 25 years, and the facility (originally featuring a grandstand) also saw minor\-league baseball for several decades with the Concord Weavers in the 1930s and 1940s. Webb Field is now on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places") study list{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2009}}).
Concord High also has the distinction of having a unique mascot in North Carolina schools. The mascot is known as the [Spider\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man "Spider-Man"). A student dresses up like the Marvel Comics superhero and performs, usually at football games. In the history of the school, there have been two mascots: One who served from 2001 to 2003, and the most recent one from 2009 to 2011\. The first wore a gold costume, while the second wore a costume with the black more emphasized.
Concord High competed in the North Carolina High School Athletic Association (NCHSAA) from 1915 to 1929, and won a state football title in 1929, defeating Oxford 13–6 in one of the first 10 football games ever to be played at new Kenan Memorial Stadium at [UNC\-Chapel Hill](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill").
However, shortly after winning the 1929 state football title, Concord High became a charter member of the new Western North Carolina High School Activities Association (WNCHSAA), and participated in this sports association from the next 47 seasons (1930–1976\), when the WNCHSAA merged with the NCHSAA.
Concord won many WNCHSAA titles during the 47 seasons in this association, including the WNCHSAA football title in 1935 with an impressive 9–1–1 campaign during which the Spiders scored over 41 points on several occasions, and allowed 4 points per game, losing only 12–6 at S.C. state champion Gaffney. The 1935 Spiders defeated Newton\-Conover 39–0 at Davidson College for the association title. Concord won the WCNHSAA again 12 years later in 1947, as star George "Ick" Alley and teammates were victorious in the postseason Harvest Bowl title game over Shelby 13\-6\.
The Western North Carolina High School Activities Association contained up to 42 schools, mainly from the mid\-sized cities of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge foothills—from the mountains to the [Winston\-Salem](/wiki/Winston-Salem%2C_North_Carolina "Winston-Salem, North Carolina") area, and especially along the US 29 (now I\-85\) corridor between Kings Mountain and High Point, and continuing west along US 74 to Rutherfordton. The WNCHSAA schools featured some of the best high school sports in the state, with many longtime traditional sports powerhouses among their midst. Many of these schools continue to feature strong sports programs to this day, having won a large number of state titles since rejoining the NCHSAA. Since 1977, Concord High has been a 3A (AAA) member of the [North Carolina High School Athletic Association](/wiki/North_Carolina_High_School_Athletic_Association "North Carolina High School Athletic Association") and still competes in the South Piedmont Conference (SPC). The South Piedmont Conference dates back to the 1930 season and the WNCHSAA, and Concord High is the only charter member of the SPC that remains in that league, having never played in another athletic conference.
The school sponsors interscholastic football, volleyball, tennis (boys and girls), cross country (boys and girls), basketball (boys and girls), wrestling, swimming (boys and girls), baseball, softball, golf, track and field (boys and girls), and soccer (boys and girls).
Concord's football team is notable throughout North Carolina due to two recent state titles (2004 and 2006\), and to its role as one half of the [state's longest\-running high school football rivalry](/wiki/List_of_high_school_football_rivalries_%28less_than_100_years_old%29 "List of high school football rivalries (less than 100 years old)") with [A. L. Brown High School](/wiki/A._L._Brown_High_School "A. L. Brown High School") in neighboring [Kannapolis](/wiki/Kannapolis%2C_North_Carolina "Kannapolis, North Carolina"). What is now known as the "Battle for the Bell" was long thought to have begun in 1931, and has been played each year since that time. However, in 2013 new historical research uncovered a previous game from 1924, which is now the first meeting of the two high schools in football. Since 1950, the victor of the game has been awarded a mounted Southern Railway train bell that is painted in the colors of both high schools. The annual football game has long been a tradition in the area and is among the state's most highly attended single high school sports events, regularly drawing crowds of 10,000\-plus. In recent years, A.L. Brown won the 2010 and 2011 games, with Concord winning back\-to\-back games in 2012 and 2013\. The 89\-game series record as of the 2018 game stands at Concord 43–42–4\.
The 2006–07 school year was a very special year for Concord athletics, as the Spiders won both football and men's basketball championships
In 2006–07, the Concord's men's basketball team rolled through the season and made its second straight return to the state 3A championship game, making this back\-to\-back years for the Spiders. The Spiders won the 2007 3A state title game at Reynolds Coliseum in Raleigh, and brought home its very first 3A state basketball championship ever in history, defeating Kinston High School 85\-79\. This win secured a state championship in both basketball and football in the same academic school\-year, giving the Spiders the honor of being the first 3AA team to ever win both championships in the same school year.
|
[
"Athletics\n---------",
"The first year of interscholastic sports at Concord High was the 1915–1916 school year. Concord's first football game was played on November 5, 1915, against Salisbury High at the Rowan County fairgrounds in Salisbury, and resulted in a 13–12 Concord win. Under the guidance of Coach Robert S. Haltiwanger, Concord would go on to defeat Salisbury a second time, playing at Locke Mill Park in Concord, and finish its initial gridiron campaign at 2–0\\. Coach Haltiwanger would later become teacher, coach and principal at Hanes High School in Winston\\-Salem, NC.",
"The school's athletic teams are known as the \"Spiders.\" The nickname, unique to North Carolina high schools, was a tribute to longtime principal and CCS superintendent Dr. A.S. Webb. The athletic stadium at the 1924 Concord High School campus was named Webb Field in his honor, and Concord teams playing at Webb Field were said to be bringing opponents \"into the spider's 'Webb.'\" The nickname stuck—it was first found in print for the 1927 season, and Concord High athletic teams have been the \"Spiders\" ever since.",
"Webb Field was renovated and \"rededicated\" for the season football opener in September 1935 against Charlotte Central, which Concord won in a 49–12 rout. From 1924 to 1955, football games were usually played on Friday afternoons. Lights were installed at the stadium for the 1956–57 school year. Concord High football teams played at Webb Field through the 1966 season, until the opening of the new Burrage Road high school. Concord baseball teams continued to make Webb Field their home for another 25 years, and the facility (originally featuring a grandstand) also saw minor\\-league baseball for several decades with the Concord Weavers in the 1930s and 1940s. Webb Field is now on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") study list{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2009}}).",
"Concord High also has the distinction of having a unique mascot in North Carolina schools. The mascot is known as the [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man \"Spider-Man\"). A student dresses up like the Marvel Comics superhero and performs, usually at football games. In the history of the school, there have been two mascots: One who served from 2001 to 2003, and the most recent one from 2009 to 2011\\. The first wore a gold costume, while the second wore a costume with the black more emphasized.",
"Concord High competed in the North Carolina High School Athletic Association (NCHSAA) from 1915 to 1929, and won a state football title in 1929, defeating Oxford 13–6 in one of the first 10 football games ever to be played at new Kenan Memorial Stadium at [UNC\\-Chapel Hill](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill \"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill\").",
"However, shortly after winning the 1929 state football title, Concord High became a charter member of the new Western North Carolina High School Activities Association (WNCHSAA), and participated in this sports association from the next 47 seasons (1930–1976\\), when the WNCHSAA merged with the NCHSAA.",
"Concord won many WNCHSAA titles during the 47 seasons in this association, including the WNCHSAA football title in 1935 with an impressive 9–1–1 campaign during which the Spiders scored over 41 points on several occasions, and allowed 4 points per game, losing only 12–6 at S.C. state champion Gaffney. The 1935 Spiders defeated Newton\\-Conover 39–0 at Davidson College for the association title. Concord won the WCNHSAA again 12 years later in 1947, as star George \"Ick\" Alley and teammates were victorious in the postseason Harvest Bowl title game over Shelby 13\\-6\\.",
"The Western North Carolina High School Activities Association contained up to 42 schools, mainly from the mid\\-sized cities of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge foothills—from the mountains to the [Winston\\-Salem](/wiki/Winston-Salem%2C_North_Carolina \"Winston-Salem, North Carolina\") area, and especially along the US 29 (now I\\-85\\) corridor between Kings Mountain and High Point, and continuing west along US 74 to Rutherfordton. The WNCHSAA schools featured some of the best high school sports in the state, with many longtime traditional sports powerhouses among their midst. Many of these schools continue to feature strong sports programs to this day, having won a large number of state titles since rejoining the NCHSAA. Since 1977, Concord High has been a 3A (AAA) member of the [North Carolina High School Athletic Association](/wiki/North_Carolina_High_School_Athletic_Association \"North Carolina High School Athletic Association\") and still competes in the South Piedmont Conference (SPC). The South Piedmont Conference dates back to the 1930 season and the WNCHSAA, and Concord High is the only charter member of the SPC that remains in that league, having never played in another athletic conference.",
"The school sponsors interscholastic football, volleyball, tennis (boys and girls), cross country (boys and girls), basketball (boys and girls), wrestling, swimming (boys and girls), baseball, softball, golf, track and field (boys and girls), and soccer (boys and girls).",
"Concord's football team is notable throughout North Carolina due to two recent state titles (2004 and 2006\\), and to its role as one half of the [state's longest\\-running high school football rivalry](/wiki/List_of_high_school_football_rivalries_%28less_than_100_years_old%29 \"List of high school football rivalries (less than 100 years old)\") with [A. L. Brown High School](/wiki/A._L._Brown_High_School \"A. L. Brown High School\") in neighboring [Kannapolis](/wiki/Kannapolis%2C_North_Carolina \"Kannapolis, North Carolina\"). What is now known as the \"Battle for the Bell\" was long thought to have begun in 1931, and has been played each year since that time. However, in 2013 new historical research uncovered a previous game from 1924, which is now the first meeting of the two high schools in football. Since 1950, the victor of the game has been awarded a mounted Southern Railway train bell that is painted in the colors of both high schools. The annual football game has long been a tradition in the area and is among the state's most highly attended single high school sports events, regularly drawing crowds of 10,000\\-plus. In recent years, A.L. Brown won the 2010 and 2011 games, with Concord winning back\\-to\\-back games in 2012 and 2013\\. The 89\\-game series record as of the 2018 game stands at Concord 43–42–4\\.",
"The 2006–07 school year was a very special year for Concord athletics, as the Spiders won both football and men's basketball championships",
"In 2006–07, the Concord's men's basketball team rolled through the season and made its second straight return to the state 3A championship game, making this back\\-to\\-back years for the Spiders. The Spiders won the 2007 3A state title game at Reynolds Coliseum in Raleigh, and brought home its very first 3A state basketball championship ever in history, defeating Kinston High School 85\\-79\\. This win secured a state championship in both basketball and football in the same academic school\\-year, giving the Spiders the honor of being the first 3AA team to ever win both championships in the same school year.",
""
] |
In Mahāyāna sutras
------------------
{{MahayanaBuddhism}}
In the Mahayana *[Lalitavistarasutra](/wiki/Lalitavistara_S%C5%ABtra "Lalitavistara Sūtra"),* the bodhisattva [Siddhartha](/wiki/Gautama_Buddha "Gautama Buddha") (before becoming Sakyamuni Buddha) is said to have taken the following vow:
> I will attain the immortal, undecaying, pain\-free [Bodhi](/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism "Enlightenment in Buddhism"), and free the world from all pain.Dayal, Har (1970\). *The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature*, p. 65\. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
The Sanskrit *[Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā](/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADas%C4%81hasrik%C4%81_Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_S%C5%ABtra "Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra")* sutra states that a bodhisattva should train themselves with the following thought:*[Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā](https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=fulltext&view=fulltext&vid=1174&mid=0)* (English translation by Edward Conze, Sanskrit text by Vaidya) Bibliotheca Polyglotta, [University of Oslo](/wiki/University_of_Oslo "University of Oslo").
>
ātmānaṃ ca tathatāyāṃ sthāpayiṣyāmi sarvalokānugrahāya, sarvasattvān api tathatāyāṃ sthāpayiṣyāmi, aprameyaṃ sattvadhātuṃ parinirvāpayiṣyāmīti
My own self I will place in Suchness, and, so that all the world might be helped, I will place all beings into Suchness, and I will lead to Nirvana the whole immeasurable world of beings.The sutra further states that "with that intention should a Bodhisattva undertake all the exercises which bring about all the wholesome roots. But he should not boast about them."
Another passage also states:
> Because in my presence, face to face with me, they have uttered the vow: "We, coursing in the practices of a Bodhisattva, shall set going on their way to full enlightenment many hundreds of living beings, yea, many niyutas of kotis of living beings. We shall hold up perfect enlightenment to them, instigate, encourage and excite them to win it, help it to come forth, help them to get established in it, help them to become irreversible."
In later Indian [Mahāyāna](/wiki/Mahayana "Mahayana") Buddhism (and in modern Mahayana as well), one can become a bodhisattva by taking the vow and giving rise to [bodhicitta](/wiki/Bodhicitta "Bodhicitta") in a ceremonial setting. Indian Mahāyāna Buddhists often accomplished this through a ritual called the "seven part worship" (*saptāṇgapūjā* or *saptavidhā anuttarapūjā*), which consists of: *vandana* (obeisance), worship, [refuge](/wiki/Refuge_%28Buddhism%29 "Refuge (Buddhism)"), confession, rejoicing, prayers and requesting the buddhas to remain in the world.Har Dayal, *The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature,* Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1999, p. 54\.
### Fourfold vows
Fourfold bodhisattva vows (that is, a set of vows with four main components), are found in numerous *[Mahāyāna sutras](/wiki/Mahayana_sutras "Mahayana sutras")*. According to [Jan Nattier](/wiki/Jan_Nattier "Jan Nattier"), there is a set of four bodhisattva vows that appears in various sutras including the *[Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra](/wiki/Ugraparip%E1%B9%9Bcch%C4%81_S%C5%ABtra "Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra")*, the *[Lotus Sūtra](/wiki/Lotus_Sutra "Lotus Sutra")* (in the [Dharmaraksa](/wiki/Dharmarak%E1%B9%A3a "Dharmarakṣa") and [Kumarajiva](/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva "Kumārajīva") translations)*,* the *[Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā](/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADas%C4%81hasrik%C4%81_Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_S%C5%ABtra "Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra")* (in the Chinese translation by [Lokaksema](/wiki/Lokaksema_%28Buddhist_monk%29 "Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)") and Chih Ch'ien), the *[Avadānaśataka](/wiki/Avadanasataka "Avadanasataka")* and the *Compassionate Lotus sutra.Nattier, Jan (January 2003\). *A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path According to the Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā): a Study and Translation.* pp. 147\-151\. University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN\|978\-0\-8248\-2607\-9}}.* Nattier translates this fourfold vow as follows:
> The unrescued I will rescue
The unliberated I will liberate
The uncomforted I will comfort
Those who have not yet reached [paranirvana](/wiki/Parinirvana "Parinirvana"), I will cause to attain paranirvanaNattier also notes that a similar set of four vows (with small differences in wording) appears in the *[Dipankara](/wiki/D%C4%ABpankara_Buddha "Dīpankara Buddha") [Jataka](/wiki/Jataka_tales "Jataka tales")*, the *[Mahavastu](/wiki/Mah%C4%81vastu "Mahāvastu"),* the [*Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā*](/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADas%C4%81hasrik%C4%81_Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_S%C5%ABtra "Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra") (in the Chinese translation by Kumarajiva), the *Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā* and in some Lotus Sutra translations. Nattier translates this other fourfold vow as follows:
> vayaṃ tīrṇāḥ sattvāṃs tārayema, muktā mocayema, āśvastā āśvāsayema, parinirvṛtāḥ parinirvāpayema
>
>
> Having crossed over \[myself], I will rescue \[others]. Liberated, I will liberate \[others]. Comforted, I will comfort \[others]. Having attained paranirvana, I will cause \[others] to attain paranirvana.
Nattier further notes that "it is quite possible to identify clear antecedents of these vows in pre\-Mahayana literature" and thus it is likely that these fourfold vows evolved from earlier passages (found in the *[Digha Nikaya](/wiki/D%C4%ABgha_Nik%C4%81ya "Dīgha Nikāya")* and the *[Majjhima Nikaya](/wiki/Majjhima_Nik%C4%81ya "Majjhima Nikāya")* as well as the Chinese [Agamas](/wiki/%C4%80gama_%28Buddhism%29 "Āgama (Buddhism)")) that describe the activity of the Buddha. One such passage states:
> Awakened, the Blessed One teaches the Dhamma for the sake of awakening.
Disciplined, the Blessed One teaches the Dhamma for the sake of disciplining.
Calmed, the Blessed One teaches the Dhamma for the sake of calming.
Having crossed over, the Blessed One teaches the Dhamma for the sake of crossing over.
### Vows from the *Avataṃsaka Sūtra*
The *[Avataṃsaka Sūtra](/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra "Avatamsaka Sutra"),* a large composite text*,* contains various passages discussing the practices and vows that bodhisattvas undertake. One example can be found in book 18 of the text, which contains the following ten vows:
> Enlightening beings have ten pure vows: (1\) they vow to develop living beings to maturity, without wearying; (2\) they vow to fully practice all virtues and purify all worlds; (3\) they vow to serve the Enlightened, always engendering honor and respect; (4\) they vow to keep and protect the true teaching, not begrudging their lives; (5\) they vow to observe with wisdom and enter the lands of the Buddhas; (6\) they vow to be of the same essence as all enlightening beings; (7\) they vow to enter the door of realization of thusness and comprehend all things; (8\) they vow that those who see them will develop faith and all be benefited; (9\) they vow to stay in the world forever by spiritual power; (10\) they vow to fulfill the practice of Universal Good, and master the knowledge of all particulars and all ways of liberation. These are the ten pure vows of enlightening beings.Cleary, Thomas (1993\). *The Flower Ornament Scripture: A Translation of the Avatamsaka Sutra*, p. 430\. Shambhala Publications.
#### Ten vows of Samantabhadra
[thumb\|Statue of Bodhisattva Samantabhadra, [Mount Emei](/wiki/Mount_Emei "Mount Emei"), China](/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_Samantabhadra_-_Mount_Emei_-_China.jpg "Bodhisattva Samantabhadra - Mount Emei - China.jpg")
In the *Avataṃsaka Sūtra*, [Samantabhadra](/wiki/Samantabhadra_%28Bodhisattva%29 "Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)") makes ten vows which are an important source for [East Asian Buddhism](/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism "East Asian Buddhism"). Samantabhadra's vows also appear in the *Samantabhadra\-caryā\-praṇidhānam,* which is often appended to the end of the *Avataṃsaka* but originally circulated as an independent text.Osto, Douglas (2013\). *[The Supreme Array Scripture, Chapter 55: The Vow to Follow the Course of Samantabhadra](https://www.academia.edu/4902560/The_Supreme_Array_Scripture_Chapter_55_The_Vow_to_Follow_the_Course_of_Samantabhadra)*
Reciting these ten vows is also promoted by [Shantideva](/wiki/Shantideva "Shantideva") in his *Śikṣāsamuccaya.*Goodman, Charles; Śāntideva (2016\). *The training anthology of Śāntideva a translation of the Śikṣā\-samuccaya*, pp. 274\-275\. Oxford University Press.
The ten vows of Samantabhadra are:Rhodes, Robert F. (2017\). *Genshin’s Ōjōyōshū and the Construction of Pure Land Discourse in Heian Japa*n, p. 326\. University of Hawaii Press.Leighton, Taigen Dan (2012\). Faces of Compassion: Classic Bodhisattva Archetypes and Their Modern Expression, pp. 140\-147\. Simon and Schuster.
1. The vow to pay homage to all the buddhas
2. To praise the virtues of the buddhas
3. To serve and make offerings to the buddhas
4. To confess past misdeeds and uphold the precepts
5. To rejoice in the merit and virtues of buddhas, bodhisattvas and all sentient beings
6. To ask the buddhas to preach the [Dharma](/wiki/Dharma "Dharma")
7. To ask the buddhas to refrain from entering [nirvana](/wiki/Nirvana_%28Buddhism%29 "Nirvana (Buddhism)")
8. To always follow the buddhas' teachings
9. To serve/benefit all sentient beings
10. To transfer the merit from all practices to the liberation of all beings
### The three great vows from the *Śrīmālā Sūtra*
The *[Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra](/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra "Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra")* contains a set of three vows. According to the Buddha in this sutra, "just as all forms are contained in space, so likewise the bodhisattva vows, which are as numerous as the sands of the Ganges River, are all contained in these three great vows".{{cite book \| last\=Paul \| first\=Diana Y. \| last2\=McRae \| first2\=John R. \| title\=The Sutra of Queen Śrīmālā of the Lion's Roar \| publisher\=Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research \| publication\-place\=Berkeley, Calif. \| date\=2004 \| isbn\=1\-886439\-31\-1 \| oclc\=61026029}} The three vows are:
1. By the power of my earnest aspiration, may I bring peace to innumerable and unlimited living beings. By my virtuous deeds, throughout all rebirths may I attain the wisdom of the True Dharma.
2. Having attained the wisdom of the True Dharma, for the sake of all living beings, may I explain it without wearying.
3. In accepting the True Dharma, may I abandon body, life, and wealth and uphold the True Dharma.
|
[
"In Mahāyāna sutras\n------------------",
"{{MahayanaBuddhism}}\nIn the Mahayana *[Lalitavistarasutra](/wiki/Lalitavistara_S%C5%ABtra \"Lalitavistara Sūtra\"),* the bodhisattva [Siddhartha](/wiki/Gautama_Buddha \"Gautama Buddha\") (before becoming Sakyamuni Buddha) is said to have taken the following vow:\n> I will attain the immortal, undecaying, pain\\-free [Bodhi](/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism \"Enlightenment in Buddhism\"), and free the world from all pain.Dayal, Har (1970\\). *The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature*, p. 65\\. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.",
"The Sanskrit *[Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā](/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADas%C4%81hasrik%C4%81_Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_S%C5%ABtra \"Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra\")* sutra states that a bodhisattva should train themselves with the following thought:*[Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā](https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=fulltext&view=fulltext&vid=1174&mid=0)* (English translation by Edward Conze, Sanskrit text by Vaidya) Bibliotheca Polyglotta, [University of Oslo](/wiki/University_of_Oslo \"University of Oslo\"). \n>",
"",
"ātmānaṃ ca tathatāyāṃ sthāpayiṣyāmi sarvalokānugrahāya, sarvasattvān api tathatāyāṃ sthāpayiṣyāmi, aprameyaṃ sattvadhātuṃ parinirvāpayiṣyāmīti",
"My own self I will place in Suchness, and, so that all the world might be helped, I will place all beings into Suchness, and I will lead to Nirvana the whole immeasurable world of beings.The sutra further states that \"with that intention should a Bodhisattva undertake all the exercises which bring about all the wholesome roots. But he should not boast about them.\" \nAnother passage also states: \n> Because in my presence, face to face with me, they have uttered the vow: \"We, coursing in the practices of a Bodhisattva, shall set going on their way to full enlightenment many hundreds of living beings, yea, many niyutas of kotis of living beings. We shall hold up perfect enlightenment to them, instigate, encourage and excite them to win it, help it to come forth, help them to get established in it, help them to become irreversible.\"",
"In later Indian [Mahāyāna](/wiki/Mahayana \"Mahayana\") Buddhism (and in modern Mahayana as well), one can become a bodhisattva by taking the vow and giving rise to [bodhicitta](/wiki/Bodhicitta \"Bodhicitta\") in a ceremonial setting. Indian Mahāyāna Buddhists often accomplished this through a ritual called the \"seven part worship\" (*saptāṇgapūjā* or *saptavidhā anuttarapūjā*), which consists of: *vandana* (obeisance), worship, [refuge](/wiki/Refuge_%28Buddhism%29 \"Refuge (Buddhism)\"), confession, rejoicing, prayers and requesting the buddhas to remain in the world.Har Dayal, *The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature,* Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1999, p. 54\\.",
"### Fourfold vows",
"Fourfold bodhisattva vows (that is, a set of vows with four main components), are found in numerous *[Mahāyāna sutras](/wiki/Mahayana_sutras \"Mahayana sutras\")*. According to [Jan Nattier](/wiki/Jan_Nattier \"Jan Nattier\"), there is a set of four bodhisattva vows that appears in various sutras including the *[Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra](/wiki/Ugraparip%E1%B9%9Bcch%C4%81_S%C5%ABtra \"Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra\")*, the *[Lotus Sūtra](/wiki/Lotus_Sutra \"Lotus Sutra\")* (in the [Dharmaraksa](/wiki/Dharmarak%E1%B9%A3a \"Dharmarakṣa\") and [Kumarajiva](/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva \"Kumārajīva\") translations)*,* the *[Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā](/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADas%C4%81hasrik%C4%81_Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_S%C5%ABtra \"Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra\")* (in the Chinese translation by [Lokaksema](/wiki/Lokaksema_%28Buddhist_monk%29 \"Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)\") and Chih Ch'ien), the *[Avadānaśataka](/wiki/Avadanasataka \"Avadanasataka\")* and the *Compassionate Lotus sutra.Nattier, Jan (January 2003\\). *A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path According to the Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā): a Study and Translation.* pp. 147\\-151\\. University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-8248\\-2607\\-9}}.* Nattier translates this fourfold vow as follows:",
"> The unrescued I will rescue",
"",
"The unliberated I will liberate\nThe uncomforted I will comfort\nThose who have not yet reached [paranirvana](/wiki/Parinirvana \"Parinirvana\"), I will cause to attain paranirvanaNattier also notes that a similar set of four vows (with small differences in wording) appears in the *[Dipankara](/wiki/D%C4%ABpankara_Buddha \"Dīpankara Buddha\") [Jataka](/wiki/Jataka_tales \"Jataka tales\")*, the *[Mahavastu](/wiki/Mah%C4%81vastu \"Mahāvastu\"),* the [*Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā*](/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADas%C4%81hasrik%C4%81_Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_S%C5%ABtra \"Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra\") (in the Chinese translation by Kumarajiva), the *Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā* and in some Lotus Sutra translations. Nattier translates this other fourfold vow as follows:",
"",
"> vayaṃ tīrṇāḥ sattvāṃs tārayema, muktā mocayema, āśvastā āśvāsayema, parinirvṛtāḥ parinirvāpayema\n> \n> \n> Having crossed over \\[myself], I will rescue \\[others]. Liberated, I will liberate \\[others]. Comforted, I will comfort \\[others]. Having attained paranirvana, I will cause \\[others] to attain paranirvana.",
"Nattier further notes that \"it is quite possible to identify clear antecedents of these vows in pre\\-Mahayana literature\" and thus it is likely that these fourfold vows evolved from earlier passages (found in the *[Digha Nikaya](/wiki/D%C4%ABgha_Nik%C4%81ya \"Dīgha Nikāya\")* and the *[Majjhima Nikaya](/wiki/Majjhima_Nik%C4%81ya \"Majjhima Nikāya\")* as well as the Chinese [Agamas](/wiki/%C4%80gama_%28Buddhism%29 \"Āgama (Buddhism)\")) that describe the activity of the Buddha. One such passage states: \n> Awakened, the Blessed One teaches the Dhamma for the sake of awakening.",
"",
"Disciplined, the Blessed One teaches the Dhamma for the sake of disciplining.\nCalmed, the Blessed One teaches the Dhamma for the sake of calming.\nHaving crossed over, the Blessed One teaches the Dhamma for the sake of crossing over.\n### Vows from the *Avataṃsaka Sūtra*",
"The *[Avataṃsaka Sūtra](/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra \"Avatamsaka Sutra\"),* a large composite text*,* contains various passages discussing the practices and vows that bodhisattvas undertake. One example can be found in book 18 of the text, which contains the following ten vows:\n> Enlightening beings have ten pure vows: (1\\) they vow to develop living beings to maturity, without wearying; (2\\) they vow to fully practice all virtues and purify all worlds; (3\\) they vow to serve the Enlightened, always engendering honor and respect; (4\\) they vow to keep and protect the true teaching, not begrudging their lives; (5\\) they vow to observe with wisdom and enter the lands of the Buddhas; (6\\) they vow to be of the same essence as all enlightening beings; (7\\) they vow to enter the door of realization of thusness and comprehend all things; (8\\) they vow that those who see them will develop faith and all be benefited; (9\\) they vow to stay in the world forever by spiritual power; (10\\) they vow to fulfill the practice of Universal Good, and master the knowledge of all particulars and all ways of liberation. These are the ten pure vows of enlightening beings.Cleary, Thomas (1993\\). *The Flower Ornament Scripture: A Translation of the Avatamsaka Sutra*, p. 430\\. Shambhala Publications.",
"",
"#### Ten vows of Samantabhadra",
"[thumb\\|Statue of Bodhisattva Samantabhadra, [Mount Emei](/wiki/Mount_Emei \"Mount Emei\"), China](/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_Samantabhadra_-_Mount_Emei_-_China.jpg \"Bodhisattva Samantabhadra - Mount Emei - China.jpg\")\nIn the *Avataṃsaka Sūtra*, [Samantabhadra](/wiki/Samantabhadra_%28Bodhisattva%29 \"Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)\") makes ten vows which are an important source for [East Asian Buddhism](/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism \"East Asian Buddhism\"). Samantabhadra's vows also appear in the *Samantabhadra\\-caryā\\-praṇidhānam,* which is often appended to the end of the *Avataṃsaka* but originally circulated as an independent text.Osto, Douglas (2013\\). *[The Supreme Array Scripture, Chapter 55: The Vow to Follow the Course of Samantabhadra](https://www.academia.edu/4902560/The_Supreme_Array_Scripture_Chapter_55_The_Vow_to_Follow_the_Course_of_Samantabhadra)*",
"Reciting these ten vows is also promoted by [Shantideva](/wiki/Shantideva \"Shantideva\") in his *Śikṣāsamuccaya.*Goodman, Charles; Śāntideva (2016\\). *The training anthology of Śāntideva a translation of the Śikṣā\\-samuccaya*, pp. 274\\-275\\. Oxford University Press.",
"The ten vows of Samantabhadra are:Rhodes, Robert F. (2017\\). *Genshin’s Ōjōyōshū and the Construction of Pure Land Discourse in Heian Japa*n, p. 326\\. University of Hawaii Press.Leighton, Taigen Dan (2012\\). Faces of Compassion: Classic Bodhisattva Archetypes and Their Modern Expression, pp. 140\\-147\\. Simon and Schuster.",
"1. The vow to pay homage to all the buddhas\n2. To praise the virtues of the buddhas\n3. To serve and make offerings to the buddhas\n4. To confess past misdeeds and uphold the precepts\n5. To rejoice in the merit and virtues of buddhas, bodhisattvas and all sentient beings\n6. To ask the buddhas to preach the [Dharma](/wiki/Dharma \"Dharma\")\n7. To ask the buddhas to refrain from entering [nirvana](/wiki/Nirvana_%28Buddhism%29 \"Nirvana (Buddhism)\")\n8. To always follow the buddhas' teachings\n9. To serve/benefit all sentient beings\n10. To transfer the merit from all practices to the liberation of all beings",
"### The three great vows from the *Śrīmālā Sūtra*",
"The *[Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra](/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra \"Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra\")* contains a set of three vows. According to the Buddha in this sutra, \"just as all forms are contained in space, so likewise the bodhisattva vows, which are as numerous as the sands of the Ganges River, are all contained in these three great vows\".{{cite book \\| last\\=Paul \\| first\\=Diana Y. \\| last2\\=McRae \\| first2\\=John R. \\| title\\=The Sutra of Queen Śrīmālā of the Lion's Roar \\| publisher\\=Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research \\| publication\\-place\\=Berkeley, Calif. \\| date\\=2004 \\| isbn\\=1\\-886439\\-31\\-1 \\| oclc\\=61026029}} The three vows are:",
"1. By the power of my earnest aspiration, may I bring peace to innumerable and unlimited living beings. By my virtuous deeds, throughout all rebirths may I attain the wisdom of the True Dharma.\n2. Having attained the wisdom of the True Dharma, for the sake of all living beings, may I explain it without wearying.\n3. In accepting the True Dharma, may I abandon body, life, and wealth and uphold the True Dharma."
] |
Types of tent pegs
------------------
[thumb\|A variety of tent pegs.](/wiki/File:Heringe.jpg "Heringe.jpg")
Tent pegs come in wide variety of shapes, sizes, and materials.
The type of tent peg best suited to a tent will be determined by several factors, such as:
* the type of ground where the tent is to be used, for example, snow, soft soil, sand, hard or rocky soil, etc., and hence the gripping or holding strength of the ground versus the ease of penetrating the ground
* the size of the tent, and hence the weight of material to be kept in shape, and the wind load
* the weather conditions when the tent is to be used, primarily affecting the wind load on the tent
* the weight of the tent peg, bearing on the ability for the tent to be transported, often in [backpacks](/wiki/Backpack "Backpack")
### Characteristics of tent pegs
Better quality tent pegs will have symmetrical tips, either conical or V\-shaped, to ensure that they can be driven into the ground without veering off alignment.{{cite web\|title\=Wriggle Wire Tent Pegs \|publisher\=SUPA\-PEG \|url\=http://supapeg.com.au/New%20Products/PDF%20Files/Wriggle%20Wire%20Pegs.pdf \|accessdate\=2009\-02\-23 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121011509/http://supapeg.com.au/New%20Products/PDF%20Files/Wriggle%20Wire%20Pegs.pdf \|archivedate\=November 21, 2008 }} They will also typically have hook extensions to allow the end of the hook to be also driven into the ground, providing a second ground contact point, to reduce the risk that the peg may turn in the ground under tension and allow the rope it is holding to slip off the hook.{{cite web \|title\=Stainless Steel Tent Pegs \|publisher\=4x4 Equip \|url\=http://www.4x4equip.com.au/listProduct/Camping\+Accessories/Specialised\+Tent\+Pegs \|accessdate\=2009\-02\-23 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103829/http://www.4x4equip.com.au/listProduct/Camping\+Accessories/Specialised\+Tent\+Pegs \|archivedate\=2015\-09\-25 }}
Other styles of tent pegs have fully formed eyes through which the rope is passed so that the rope cannot come off the peg no matter which direction the peg is oriented. The Delta (or dog\-leg) shape peg always points toward the tent and can never turn. The guy is partially buried and cannot slip off the hook.{{cite web \|title\=Delta Ground Anchors \|publisher\= \|url\=http://www.deltagroundanchors.co.uk/ \|accessdate\=27 October 2010}} Delta shaped pegs lie level with the soil offering maximum safety. The rope pulls against the ground rather than levering a straight peg at one end. Metal delta pegs can be springy, absorbing wind shocks.
File:Hering klein.jpg\|A light gauge pressed metal tent peg, with rope and mallet.
File:Hering gross.jpg\|A heavy gauge pressed metal tent peg, with heavier rope and metal hatchet used as a mallet.
File:Tältspik.svg\|A range of tent peg profiles.
File:Zeltnagel.jpg\|A wire rod tent peg, with rope and mallet.
File:Hering rot.jpg\|A narrower plastic tent peg in softer soil, with rope and mallet.
Some types of tent pegs are made from flat material pressed into a shallow "V" shape cross section.{{cite web \|title\=Pressed Metal tent Pegs \|publisher\=SUPA\-PEG \|url\=http://www.supapeg.com.au/product\_info.php?products\_id\=33 \|accessdate\=2013\-07\-29 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925061130/http://www.supapeg.com.au/product\_info.php?products\_id\=33 \|archivedate\=2015\-09\-25 }} This type of tent peg relies on the broadness of the section to not turn under tension.{{cite web\| url\= https://www.lifeintents.com/products/fernweh\-canvas\-bell\-tent\-5m \|title\= Canvas Bell Tents Guide }} Tuesday, 28 June 2022
[thumb\|180x180px\|right\|A wooden tent peg used in snow.](/wiki/File:Peg-snow_hg.jpg "Peg-snow hg.jpg")
Tent peg types and styles may typically vary in length from 150mm to 490mm, and in thickness from 1\.6 mm to 3\.2 mm for flat section tent pegs and from 4 mm to 11\.2 mm for wire rod{{cite web\|title\=Key Head Wire Tent Pegs \|publisher\=SUPA\-PEG \|url\=http://supapeg.com.au/Products/wirepegs.htm \|accessdate\=2009\-02\-23 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719181242/http://www.supapeg.com.au/Products/wirepegs.htm \|archivedate\=July 19, 2008 }}{{cite web\|title\=Tent Pegs \|publisher\=Primus \|url\=http://www.primusaustralia.com.au/page\_type.php?type\_id\=37 \|accessdate\=2009\-02\-23 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022141150/http://primusaustralia.com.au/page\_type.php?type\_id\=37 \|archivedate\=October 22, 2009 }} tent pegs. Smaller wire tent pegs are also available, especially where weight is critical.
Plastic tent pegs are typically very wide and longer than metal pegs, and are used for softer ground types, sand and light soils.{{cite web\|title\=Plastic Tent Pegs \|publisher\=SUPA\-PEG \|url\=http://supapeg.com.au/Products/plasticpegs.htm \|accessdate\=2009\-02\-23 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719180106/http://www.supapeg.com.au/Products/plasticpegs.htm \|archivedate\=July 19, 2008 }}{{cite web \|title\=Tent Pegs \|publisher\=Boltan Products \|url\=http://www.boltanproducts.com/tent\_pegs.htm \|accessdate\=2009\-02\-23 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119233727/http://www.boltanproducts.com/tent\_pegs.htm \|archivedate\=2008\-11\-19 }}
Ultralight U\-shaped aluminium alloy tent pegs are used in snow and sand, each peg weighing around 45 g. These pegs can be planted into sand or snow, head outward away from the tent at a 45\-degree angle from the ground, with the tent or a guy line attached to the head area. The pegs can also be used by tying the guy lines to the middle hole, laying them flat at the bottom of a hole sand or snow, and then burying them.
Heavy\-duty tent pegs may be made from angle iron from 2\.5 mm to 5 mm thick, and have the hook welded into the open side of the angle, meaning that the open angle faces the tent, bracing the open angle of the tent peg against the tension.{{cite web\|title\=Angle Iron Tent Pegs \|publisher\=SUPA\-PEG \|url\=http://supapeg.com.au/Products/angleironpeg.htm \|accessdate\=2009\-02\-23 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618113521/http://supapeg.com.au/Products/angleironpeg.htm \|archivedate\=June 18, 2009 }}
### Materials
Tent pegs may be manufactured from [steel](/wiki/Steel "Steel") rod or wire, pressed flat steel, [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium "Aluminium") section, [titanium](/wiki/Titanium "Titanium") alloy,{{cite web\|title\=Tent Accessories \|publisher\=Needle Sports \|url\=http://www.needlesports.com/acatalog/Mail\_Order\_Tent\_Pegs\_\_Poles\_\_\_Anchors\_73\.html \|accessdate\=2009\-02\-23 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214213004/http://needlesports.com/acatalog/Mail\_Order\_Tent\_Pegs\_\_Poles\_\_\_Anchors\_73\.html \|archivedate\=February 14, 2009 }} angle iron, plastic, [polycarbonate](/wiki/Polycarbonate "Polycarbonate"), [polypropylene](/wiki/Polypropylene "Polypropylene"), [polystyrene](/wiki/Polystyrene "Polystyrene"), or [ABS plastic](/wiki/ABS_plastic "ABS plastic"). Steel tent pegs are typically [zinc plated](/wiki/Zinc_plated "Zinc plated") or [stainless steel](/wiki/Stainless_steel "Stainless steel"). Untreated metal tent pegs are available. [Carbon fibre](/wiki/Carbon_fibre "Carbon fibre") metal tipped tent pegs are also manufactured. Wooden tent pegs are now not common, with higher strength to weight ratio, and high durability, materials being used instead.
|
[
"Types of tent pegs\n------------------",
"[thumb\\|A variety of tent pegs.](/wiki/File:Heringe.jpg \"Heringe.jpg\")",
"Tent pegs come in wide variety of shapes, sizes, and materials.",
"The type of tent peg best suited to a tent will be determined by several factors, such as:\n* the type of ground where the tent is to be used, for example, snow, soft soil, sand, hard or rocky soil, etc., and hence the gripping or holding strength of the ground versus the ease of penetrating the ground\n* the size of the tent, and hence the weight of material to be kept in shape, and the wind load\n* the weather conditions when the tent is to be used, primarily affecting the wind load on the tent\n* the weight of the tent peg, bearing on the ability for the tent to be transported, often in [backpacks](/wiki/Backpack \"Backpack\")",
"### Characteristics of tent pegs",
"Better quality tent pegs will have symmetrical tips, either conical or V\\-shaped, to ensure that they can be driven into the ground without veering off alignment.{{cite web\\|title\\=Wriggle Wire Tent Pegs \\|publisher\\=SUPA\\-PEG \\|url\\=http://supapeg.com.au/New%20Products/PDF%20Files/Wriggle%20Wire%20Pegs.pdf \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-23 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121011509/http://supapeg.com.au/New%20Products/PDF%20Files/Wriggle%20Wire%20Pegs.pdf \\|archivedate\\=November 21, 2008 }} They will also typically have hook extensions to allow the end of the hook to be also driven into the ground, providing a second ground contact point, to reduce the risk that the peg may turn in the ground under tension and allow the rope it is holding to slip off the hook.{{cite web \\|title\\=Stainless Steel Tent Pegs \\|publisher\\=4x4 Equip \\|url\\=http://www.4x4equip.com.au/listProduct/Camping\\+Accessories/Specialised\\+Tent\\+Pegs \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-23 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103829/http://www.4x4equip.com.au/listProduct/Camping\\+Accessories/Specialised\\+Tent\\+Pegs \\|archivedate\\=2015\\-09\\-25 }}",
"Other styles of tent pegs have fully formed eyes through which the rope is passed so that the rope cannot come off the peg no matter which direction the peg is oriented. The Delta (or dog\\-leg) shape peg always points toward the tent and can never turn. The guy is partially buried and cannot slip off the hook.{{cite web \\|title\\=Delta Ground Anchors \\|publisher\\= \\|url\\=http://www.deltagroundanchors.co.uk/ \\|accessdate\\=27 October 2010}} Delta shaped pegs lie level with the soil offering maximum safety. The rope pulls against the ground rather than levering a straight peg at one end. Metal delta pegs can be springy, absorbing wind shocks.",
"",
"File:Hering klein.jpg\\|A light gauge pressed metal tent peg, with rope and mallet.\nFile:Hering gross.jpg\\|A heavy gauge pressed metal tent peg, with heavier rope and metal hatchet used as a mallet.\nFile:Tältspik.svg\\|A range of tent peg profiles.\nFile:Zeltnagel.jpg\\|A wire rod tent peg, with rope and mallet.\nFile:Hering rot.jpg\\|A narrower plastic tent peg in softer soil, with rope and mallet.",
"",
"Some types of tent pegs are made from flat material pressed into a shallow \"V\" shape cross section.{{cite web \\|title\\=Pressed Metal tent Pegs \\|publisher\\=SUPA\\-PEG \\|url\\=http://www.supapeg.com.au/product\\_info.php?products\\_id\\=33 \\|accessdate\\=2013\\-07\\-29 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925061130/http://www.supapeg.com.au/product\\_info.php?products\\_id\\=33 \\|archivedate\\=2015\\-09\\-25 }} This type of tent peg relies on the broadness of the section to not turn under tension.{{cite web\\| url\\= https://www.lifeintents.com/products/fernweh\\-canvas\\-bell\\-tent\\-5m \\|title\\= Canvas Bell Tents Guide }} Tuesday, 28 June 2022",
"[thumb\\|180x180px\\|right\\|A wooden tent peg used in snow.](/wiki/File:Peg-snow_hg.jpg \"Peg-snow hg.jpg\")",
"Tent peg types and styles may typically vary in length from 150mm to 490mm, and in thickness from 1\\.6 mm to 3\\.2 mm for flat section tent pegs and from 4 mm to 11\\.2 mm for wire rod{{cite web\\|title\\=Key Head Wire Tent Pegs \\|publisher\\=SUPA\\-PEG \\|url\\=http://supapeg.com.au/Products/wirepegs.htm \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-23 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719181242/http://www.supapeg.com.au/Products/wirepegs.htm \\|archivedate\\=July 19, 2008 }}{{cite web\\|title\\=Tent Pegs \\|publisher\\=Primus \\|url\\=http://www.primusaustralia.com.au/page\\_type.php?type\\_id\\=37 \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-23 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022141150/http://primusaustralia.com.au/page\\_type.php?type\\_id\\=37 \\|archivedate\\=October 22, 2009 }} tent pegs. Smaller wire tent pegs are also available, especially where weight is critical.",
"Plastic tent pegs are typically very wide and longer than metal pegs, and are used for softer ground types, sand and light soils.{{cite web\\|title\\=Plastic Tent Pegs \\|publisher\\=SUPA\\-PEG \\|url\\=http://supapeg.com.au/Products/plasticpegs.htm \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-23 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719180106/http://www.supapeg.com.au/Products/plasticpegs.htm \\|archivedate\\=July 19, 2008 }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Tent Pegs \\|publisher\\=Boltan Products \\|url\\=http://www.boltanproducts.com/tent\\_pegs.htm \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-23 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119233727/http://www.boltanproducts.com/tent\\_pegs.htm \\|archivedate\\=2008\\-11\\-19 }}",
"Ultralight U\\-shaped aluminium alloy tent pegs are used in snow and sand, each peg weighing around 45 g. These pegs can be planted into sand or snow, head outward away from the tent at a 45\\-degree angle from the ground, with the tent or a guy line attached to the head area. The pegs can also be used by tying the guy lines to the middle hole, laying them flat at the bottom of a hole sand or snow, and then burying them.",
"Heavy\\-duty tent pegs may be made from angle iron from 2\\.5 mm to 5 mm thick, and have the hook welded into the open side of the angle, meaning that the open angle faces the tent, bracing the open angle of the tent peg against the tension.{{cite web\\|title\\=Angle Iron Tent Pegs \\|publisher\\=SUPA\\-PEG \\|url\\=http://supapeg.com.au/Products/angleironpeg.htm \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-23 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618113521/http://supapeg.com.au/Products/angleironpeg.htm \\|archivedate\\=June 18, 2009 }}",
"### Materials",
"Tent pegs may be manufactured from [steel](/wiki/Steel \"Steel\") rod or wire, pressed flat steel, [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium \"Aluminium\") section, [titanium](/wiki/Titanium \"Titanium\") alloy,{{cite web\\|title\\=Tent Accessories \\|publisher\\=Needle Sports \\|url\\=http://www.needlesports.com/acatalog/Mail\\_Order\\_Tent\\_Pegs\\_\\_Poles\\_\\_\\_Anchors\\_73\\.html \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-23 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214213004/http://needlesports.com/acatalog/Mail\\_Order\\_Tent\\_Pegs\\_\\_Poles\\_\\_\\_Anchors\\_73\\.html \\|archivedate\\=February 14, 2009 }} angle iron, plastic, [polycarbonate](/wiki/Polycarbonate \"Polycarbonate\"), [polypropylene](/wiki/Polypropylene \"Polypropylene\"), [polystyrene](/wiki/Polystyrene \"Polystyrene\"), or [ABS plastic](/wiki/ABS_plastic \"ABS plastic\"). Steel tent pegs are typically [zinc plated](/wiki/Zinc_plated \"Zinc plated\") or [stainless steel](/wiki/Stainless_steel \"Stainless steel\"). Untreated metal tent pegs are available. [Carbon fibre](/wiki/Carbon_fibre \"Carbon fibre\") metal tipped tent pegs are also manufactured. Wooden tent pegs are now not common, with higher strength to weight ratio, and high durability, materials being used instead.",
""
] |
Relations in Late Antiquity
---------------------------
[thumb\|Map of the Roman empire in 116–117 AD showing the [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan "Trajan") conquests in Dacia \& Mesopotamia and his control with a "client state" of western Parthia (light green color)](/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_117AD.jpg "Roman Empire 117AD.jpg")
In the 2nd century CE, the balance of power shifted emphatically in favour of the Romans. A series of invasions repeatedly overran [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia "Mesopotamia") and sacked the Parthian capital of [Ctesiphon](/wiki/Ctesiphon "Ctesiphon"), made substantial territorial gains in northern Mesopotamia and benefited from the manipulation of frequent Parthian dynastic civil wars, which eventually undermined the Parthian state.
In 113 AD, [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan "Trajan") invaded Parthia, marching first on Armenia. In 114 AD, he annexed Armenia to the Roman empire, after defeating and killing [Parthamasiris](/wiki/Parthamasiris_of_Armenia "Parthamasiris of Armenia"), relative of [Osroes I](/wiki/Osroes_I "Osroes I") of Parthia. Successively he turned south into Parthia itself, taking the cities of [Babylon](/wiki/Babylon "Babylon"), [Seleucia](/wiki/Seleucia "Seleucia") and finally the capital of [Ctesiphon](/wiki/Ctesiphon "Ctesiphon") in 116 AD. Then Trajan declared [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia_%28Roman_province%29 "Mesopotamia (Roman province)") a new province of the Empire. In the process, he also captured the great city of [Susa](/wiki/Susa "Susa") in [Khuzestan](/wiki/Khuzestan_province "Khuzestan province"). Those months of 116 and 117 saw western Parthia as a [client state](/wiki/Client_state "Client state") of the Romans.
Trajan originally planned to annex Parthia as part of the Roman Empire, but ultimately decided instead to place [Parthamaspates](/wiki/Parthamaspates "Parthamaspates") on the throne as a Roman client, doing so in late 116 AD. After the sudden death of Trajan, his successor [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian "Hadrian") decided that the Roman Empire was too much extended to the east and accepted in late 117 AD a Treaty with the Parthians in which renounced to nearly all the conquests of Trajan in the region.
War over Armenia broke out again in 161 AD, when [Vologases IV](/wiki/Vologases_IV_of_Parthia "Vologases IV of Parthia") defeated the Romans there, captured Edessa and ravaged Syria. But soon, in 163 AD, a Roman counter\-attack under [Statius Priscus](/wiki/Statius_Priscus "Statius Priscus") defeated the Parthians in Armenia and installed a favored candidate on the Armenian throne.
The following year [Avidius Cassius](/wiki/Avidius_Cassius "Avidius Cassius") began an invasion of Mesopotamia, winning battles at [Dura\-Europos](/wiki/Dura-Europos "Dura-Europos") and Seleucia and sacking Ctesiphon in 165 AD.
The [Antonine plague](/wiki/Antonine_plague "Antonine plague"), possibly of smallpox, which was sweeping Parthia at the time now spread to the Roman army, leading to their withdrawal: the plague killed nearly half of the population in the Italian peninsula (for some months there were nearly 3000 deaths each day in the city of RomeDio Cassius, LXXII 14\.3–4) and the Romans' legions in the eastern territories of their empire were hampered when large numbers of troops succumbed to the disease. With the plague the Roman Empire stopped to grow and started a process of slow disintegration in the next centuries, according to historians like [Theodor Mommsen](/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen "Theodor Mommsen").
However, under [Caracalla](/wiki/Caracalla "Caracalla"), an interesting twist in Parthian relations occurred. After submitting a request to marry the daughter of Persian king [Artabanus IV](/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia "Artabanus IV of Parthia") (potentially allowing an heir to assume control of both empires), Caracalla massacred the diplomatic party sent to arrange the marriage and attempted an invasion of Persia in 216 AD. This was eventually unsuccessful and the Persians soon retaliated, inflicting heavy losses upon the Romans.
The replacement of the Parthian Empire by that of the [Sassanids](/wiki/Sasanian_Empire "Sasanian Empire") in 226 CE, which was more stable and effectively organised, shifted the balance of power against the Romans. The neighboring rivaling Sasanian Empire and the [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire")\-[Byzantine Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") were recognized as the two leading world powers, for a period of more than 400 years.{{harv\|Shapur Shahbazi\|2005}}Norman A. Stillman *The Jews of Arab Lands* pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 {{ISBN\|0827611552}}International Congress of Byzantine Studies *Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1\-3* pp 29\. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 {{ISBN\|075465740X}}
[thumb\|upright\|[Sasanian](/wiki/Sasanian_Empire "Sasanian Empire") embassy to Byzantine Empire, stone relief in [Istanbul Archaeological Museums](/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeological_Museums "Istanbul Archaeological Museums"), Turkey](/wiki/File:Sasanides_in_Byzantine_palace.jpg "Sasanides in Byzantine palace.jpg")
Frequent Persian aggression during the 3rd century placed Roman defences under severe strain, but the Romans were eventually successful in warding these off and avoiding any territorial losses. Indeed, they eventually made significant gains towards the end of the century, although these were reversed in the mid\-4th century. By that time conflicts attained an added religious dimension. It is in this context that the future of Roman–Persian relations would be played out over the remaining centuries, continuing into the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") era. Neither side was able to inflict a decisive and convincing military victory against the other, and the movement between hostilities and diplomacy would continue to play out between each power.
According to some sources, two years before his death, [Shapur I](/wiki/Shapur_I "Shapur I") married a daughter of [Aurelian](/wiki/Aurelian "Aurelian"), and attempted to further Romanize the city of [Gundeshapur](/wiki/Gundeshapur "Gundeshapur"), which was mainly populated by the Roman prisoners\-of\-war back then.{{cite book \|last1\=Elgood \|first1\=Cyril \|title\=A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate from the Earliest Times Until the Year A.D. 1932 \|date\=1951 \|publisher\=University Press \|page\=47 \|language\=en}}
In 395 AD, 18,000 Roman populations of [Sophene](/wiki/Sophene "Sophene"), [Armenia](/wiki/Armenia "Armenia"), [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia "Mesopotamia"), [Syria](/wiki/Roman_Syria "Roman Syria"), and [Cappadocia](/wiki/Cappadocia "Cappadocia") were captured and deported by the "[Huns](/wiki/Huns "Huns")". the prisoners were freed by the Persians as they reached Persia, and were settled in Slōk ([Wēh Ardashīr](/wiki/Veh-Ardashir "Veh-Ardashir")) and Kōkbā (Kōkhē). The author of the text *[Liber Calipharum](/wiki/Liber_Calipharum "Liber Calipharum")* has praised the king [Yazdegerd I](/wiki/Yazdegerd_I "Yazdegerd I") (399–420\) for his treatment of the deportees, who also allowed some to return.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/deportations\|title\=DEPORTATIONS – Encyclopaedia Iranica\|website\=www.iranicaonline.org}}
In the 5th century, Romans provided a subsidy as the Sassanians requested, to construct defenses in [Derbent](/wiki/Derbent "Derbent"), through which incursions from tribes of the northern steppes endangered both empires.{{sfn\|Daryaee\|2016\|p\=81}}
Due to the increase in diplomatic relations between the Empires throughout the medieval period, a visual culture of kingship grew between the Romans and the Persians in the 6th and 7th centuries.{{Cite book \|last\=Canepa \|first\=Matthew \|title\=The Two Eyes of the Earth: Art and Ritual of Kingship between Rome and Sasanian Iran \|publisher\=California Scholarship Online \|year\=2010 \|location\=Oakland, CA \|pages\=6\-33, 122\-53}} In addition, alongside the advancement of diplomatic ties, familial, often flowery and ornate, language also became a significant metaphor to describe the various features of the Romano\-Persian political relationship, since it was something both Empires had substantial indigenous predecessors for. Furthermore, these Roman\-Persian diplomatic relations peaked during the 6th century, due to extensive communication between Roman emperor Justinian and Persian emperor Kosrow I.
|
[
"Relations in Late Antiquity\n---------------------------",
"[thumb\\|Map of the Roman empire in 116–117 AD showing the [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan \"Trajan\") conquests in Dacia \\& Mesopotamia and his control with a \"client state\" of western Parthia (light green color)](/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_117AD.jpg \"Roman Empire 117AD.jpg\")\nIn the 2nd century CE, the balance of power shifted emphatically in favour of the Romans. A series of invasions repeatedly overran [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia \"Mesopotamia\") and sacked the Parthian capital of [Ctesiphon](/wiki/Ctesiphon \"Ctesiphon\"), made substantial territorial gains in northern Mesopotamia and benefited from the manipulation of frequent Parthian dynastic civil wars, which eventually undermined the Parthian state.",
"In 113 AD, [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan \"Trajan\") invaded Parthia, marching first on Armenia. In 114 AD, he annexed Armenia to the Roman empire, after defeating and killing [Parthamasiris](/wiki/Parthamasiris_of_Armenia \"Parthamasiris of Armenia\"), relative of [Osroes I](/wiki/Osroes_I \"Osroes I\") of Parthia. Successively he turned south into Parthia itself, taking the cities of [Babylon](/wiki/Babylon \"Babylon\"), [Seleucia](/wiki/Seleucia \"Seleucia\") and finally the capital of [Ctesiphon](/wiki/Ctesiphon \"Ctesiphon\") in 116 AD. Then Trajan declared [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia_%28Roman_province%29 \"Mesopotamia (Roman province)\") a new province of the Empire. In the process, he also captured the great city of [Susa](/wiki/Susa \"Susa\") in [Khuzestan](/wiki/Khuzestan_province \"Khuzestan province\"). Those months of 116 and 117 saw western Parthia as a [client state](/wiki/Client_state \"Client state\") of the Romans.",
"Trajan originally planned to annex Parthia as part of the Roman Empire, but ultimately decided instead to place [Parthamaspates](/wiki/Parthamaspates \"Parthamaspates\") on the throne as a Roman client, doing so in late 116 AD. After the sudden death of Trajan, his successor [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian \"Hadrian\") decided that the Roman Empire was too much extended to the east and accepted in late 117 AD a Treaty with the Parthians in which renounced to nearly all the conquests of Trajan in the region.",
"War over Armenia broke out again in 161 AD, when [Vologases IV](/wiki/Vologases_IV_of_Parthia \"Vologases IV of Parthia\") defeated the Romans there, captured Edessa and ravaged Syria. But soon, in 163 AD, a Roman counter\\-attack under [Statius Priscus](/wiki/Statius_Priscus \"Statius Priscus\") defeated the Parthians in Armenia and installed a favored candidate on the Armenian throne.",
"The following year [Avidius Cassius](/wiki/Avidius_Cassius \"Avidius Cassius\") began an invasion of Mesopotamia, winning battles at [Dura\\-Europos](/wiki/Dura-Europos \"Dura-Europos\") and Seleucia and sacking Ctesiphon in 165 AD.",
"The [Antonine plague](/wiki/Antonine_plague \"Antonine plague\"), possibly of smallpox, which was sweeping Parthia at the time now spread to the Roman army, leading to their withdrawal: the plague killed nearly half of the population in the Italian peninsula (for some months there were nearly 3000 deaths each day in the city of RomeDio Cassius, LXXII 14\\.3–4) and the Romans' legions in the eastern territories of their empire were hampered when large numbers of troops succumbed to the disease. With the plague the Roman Empire stopped to grow and started a process of slow disintegration in the next centuries, according to historians like [Theodor Mommsen](/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen \"Theodor Mommsen\").",
"However, under [Caracalla](/wiki/Caracalla \"Caracalla\"), an interesting twist in Parthian relations occurred. After submitting a request to marry the daughter of Persian king [Artabanus IV](/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia \"Artabanus IV of Parthia\") (potentially allowing an heir to assume control of both empires), Caracalla massacred the diplomatic party sent to arrange the marriage and attempted an invasion of Persia in 216 AD. This was eventually unsuccessful and the Persians soon retaliated, inflicting heavy losses upon the Romans.",
"The replacement of the Parthian Empire by that of the [Sassanids](/wiki/Sasanian_Empire \"Sasanian Empire\") in 226 CE, which was more stable and effectively organised, shifted the balance of power against the Romans. The neighboring rivaling Sasanian Empire and the [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\")\\-[Byzantine Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") were recognized as the two leading world powers, for a period of more than 400 years.{{harv\\|Shapur Shahbazi\\|2005}}Norman A. Stillman *The Jews of Arab Lands* pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 {{ISBN\\|0827611552}}International Congress of Byzantine Studies *Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1\\-3* pp 29\\. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 {{ISBN\\|075465740X}}",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|[Sasanian](/wiki/Sasanian_Empire \"Sasanian Empire\") embassy to Byzantine Empire, stone relief in [Istanbul Archaeological Museums](/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeological_Museums \"Istanbul Archaeological Museums\"), Turkey](/wiki/File:Sasanides_in_Byzantine_palace.jpg \"Sasanides in Byzantine palace.jpg\")\nFrequent Persian aggression during the 3rd century placed Roman defences under severe strain, but the Romans were eventually successful in warding these off and avoiding any territorial losses. Indeed, they eventually made significant gains towards the end of the century, although these were reversed in the mid\\-4th century. By that time conflicts attained an added religious dimension. It is in this context that the future of Roman–Persian relations would be played out over the remaining centuries, continuing into the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") era. Neither side was able to inflict a decisive and convincing military victory against the other, and the movement between hostilities and diplomacy would continue to play out between each power.",
"According to some sources, two years before his death, [Shapur I](/wiki/Shapur_I \"Shapur I\") married a daughter of [Aurelian](/wiki/Aurelian \"Aurelian\"), and attempted to further Romanize the city of [Gundeshapur](/wiki/Gundeshapur \"Gundeshapur\"), which was mainly populated by the Roman prisoners\\-of\\-war back then.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Elgood \\|first1\\=Cyril \\|title\\=A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate from the Earliest Times Until the Year A.D. 1932 \\|date\\=1951 \\|publisher\\=University Press \\|page\\=47 \\|language\\=en}}",
"In 395 AD, 18,000 Roman populations of [Sophene](/wiki/Sophene \"Sophene\"), [Armenia](/wiki/Armenia \"Armenia\"), [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia \"Mesopotamia\"), [Syria](/wiki/Roman_Syria \"Roman Syria\"), and [Cappadocia](/wiki/Cappadocia \"Cappadocia\") were captured and deported by the \"[Huns](/wiki/Huns \"Huns\")\". the prisoners were freed by the Persians as they reached Persia, and were settled in Slōk ([Wēh Ardashīr](/wiki/Veh-Ardashir \"Veh-Ardashir\")) and Kōkbā (Kōkhē). The author of the text *[Liber Calipharum](/wiki/Liber_Calipharum \"Liber Calipharum\")* has praised the king [Yazdegerd I](/wiki/Yazdegerd_I \"Yazdegerd I\") (399–420\\) for his treatment of the deportees, who also allowed some to return.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/deportations\\|title\\=DEPORTATIONS – Encyclopaedia Iranica\\|website\\=www.iranicaonline.org}}",
"In the 5th century, Romans provided a subsidy as the Sassanians requested, to construct defenses in [Derbent](/wiki/Derbent \"Derbent\"), through which incursions from tribes of the northern steppes endangered both empires.{{sfn\\|Daryaee\\|2016\\|p\\=81}}",
"Due to the increase in diplomatic relations between the Empires throughout the medieval period, a visual culture of kingship grew between the Romans and the Persians in the 6th and 7th centuries.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Canepa \\|first\\=Matthew \\|title\\=The Two Eyes of the Earth: Art and Ritual of Kingship between Rome and Sasanian Iran \\|publisher\\=California Scholarship Online \\|year\\=2010 \\|location\\=Oakland, CA \\|pages\\=6\\-33, 122\\-53}} In addition, alongside the advancement of diplomatic ties, familial, often flowery and ornate, language also became a significant metaphor to describe the various features of the Romano\\-Persian political relationship, since it was something both Empires had substantial indigenous predecessors for. Furthermore, these Roman\\-Persian diplomatic relations peaked during the 6th century, due to extensive communication between Roman emperor Justinian and Persian emperor Kosrow I.",
""
] |
Design and development
----------------------
In 1939, the *[Regia Aeronautica](/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica "Regia Aeronautica")* (Italian Air Force) initiated its *R Plan*, or *3,000 airplanes*, a campaign to quickly increase its strength with modern aircraft. By that time, *Regia Aeronautica* had been involved in wars on two continents, and its equipment had been depleted and had not kept up with technological advances.
As a part of this plan, a competition for a modern medium [bomber](/wiki/Bomber "Bomber") was announced in 1939\. CRDA submitted its Z.1015 for this competition. The Z.1015 was basically an all\-metal version of the [Z.1007](/wiki/CANT_Z.1007 "CANT Z.1007"), a three\-engine medium bomber with a wooden airframe. The Z.1007 had first flown in 1937 but had not yet entered military service by 1939\.
*Regia Aeronautica* requested Zappata's proposal be modified to incorporate greater strength: the design ultimate [load factor](/wiki/Load_factor_%28aeronautics%29 "Load factor (aeronautics)") was to be increased from 7\.0 to 10\.0\. Zappata determined that such a change would require significant re\-engineering and increased weight, and countered with a proposal for a new two\-engine aircraft, the Z.1018\.
The three [engines](/wiki/Reciprocating_engine "Reciprocating engine") of the Z.1007 had a combined power output of {{cvt\|2237\|kW}}, whereas the two engines proposed for the Z.1018 [Alfa Romeo 135](/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_135 "Alfa Romeo 135") RC.32 had a combined output of {{cvt\|2088\|kW}}. Thus its performance would be comparable to the proposed Z.1015 with simpler construction, possible lower weight, and reduced maintenance.
Zappata proposed three variants of the basic aircraft, using different wing planforms:
* High\-speed bomber, equipped with a wing of 50 m2 (532 ft2) area;
* Higher\-capacity bomber, equipped with a wing of 63 m2 (678 ft2) area;
* High\-altitude bomber, equipped with a wing of 72 m2 (775 ft2) area.
The new design also offered the possibility of carrying an internal [torpedo](/wiki/Torpedo "Torpedo"), which would have been impossible with the Z.1015 [fuselage](/wiki/Fuselage "Fuselage") layout.
CANT proposed a [floatplane](/wiki/Floatplane "Floatplane") version of the Z.1018, designated the **Z.514**, which would have used the floats from the [Z.506](/wiki/CANT_Z.506 "CANT Z.506") (the 500 designations were for floatplanes while the 1000 designations were for landplanes).{{citation needed\|date\=March 2019}}
On 23 February 1939, the *Regia* authorized production of 32 Z.1018 aircraft, but stipulated an ultimate load factor of 9\.0, and also demanded construction of a [prototype](/wiki/Prototype "Prototype"), and further required that production deliveries begin before the end of the year. This would have been an extraordinarily rapid development schedule, so CRDA objected. The proposed [engines](/wiki/Radial_engine "Radial engine") had not yet been certificated, and its counter\-rotating version had not yet been developed.
Construction of the first prototype was authorized on 7 April 1939\. In July 1939, *Regia* requested that the design be altered to use the new [Daimler\-Benz DB 601](/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_601 "Daimler-Benz DB 601") water\-cooled inline engine instead of the planned [radial engine](/wiki/Radial_engine "Radial engine").
The aircraft, in its definitive form (as the *Leone* I) was a two\-engine medium bomber, with a single [tail](/wiki/Fin "Fin"), retractable [undercarriage](/wiki/Landing_gear "Landing gear"), and metallic structure. It had [duralumin](/wiki/Duralumin "Duralumin") structure, a skin of [light alloy](/wiki/Sheet_metal "Sheet metal"), and a crew of four or five. The contours of the slim [fuselage](/wiki/Fuselage "Fuselage") were designed for aerodynamic benefit. As with the Z.1007, the two pilots were in tandem, not side by side. Only the first pilot had a complete set of controls, while the copilot had limited visibility and only a few instruments.
Its wing was straight\-tapered, with rounded wingtips. The low wing incorporated two structural [spars](/wiki/Spar_%28aviation%29 "Spar (aviation)"). The wing was metal\-covered forward and fabric\-covered aft. In spite of efforts to reduce the airframe weight, the empty weight of the prototype was comparable to the three\-engine Z.1007\.
Engines for the Z.1018 prototype were [Piaggio](/wiki/Piaggio "Piaggio") P.XII\-RC.35 air\-cooled radials with 18 cylinders in two rows, rated at 895 kW (1,200 hp) for takeoff and 1,007 kW (1,350 hp) at 3,500 m (11,480 ft) altitude, at 2,050 rpm. Their dry weight was 930 kg/2,050 lb (940 kg/2,070 lb with [oil](/wiki/Motor_oil "Motor oil")), and they used 87 octane fuel. Propellers were metal three\-blade [variable\-pitch](/wiki/Controllable_pitch_propeller "Controllable pitch propeller") [Alfa Romeos](/wiki/Alfa_Romeo "Alfa Romeo").
Using this powerplant, CANT engineers calculated a top speed for the Z.1018 of 524 km/h (326 mph) at 4,500 m (14,764 ft), with a takeoff run of 354 m (1,160 ft), landing run of 462 m (1,518 ft), and a climb to 4,000 m (13,120 ft) in 7 minutes 32 seconds (14 minutes 4 seconds to 6,000 m/19,685 ft).
Design fuel capacity was 3,300 L (870 US gal) in wing\-mounted [self\-sealing fuel tanks](/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank "Self-sealing fuel tank"). A possible modification was offered – a 500 L (130 US gal) auxiliary fuel tank in the aft fuselage. Calculated endurance with standard tanks was about three hours, for 1,335 km (830 mi) range (using calculated maximum cruise speed). Endurance and range using economical cruise speeds are not available, but should have been better. For example, the [Savoia\-Marchetti SM.79](/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79 "Savoia-Marchetti SM.79") *Sparviero* could boost its range from 1,750 km (1,090 mi) at 350 km/h (220 mph) to 2,300 km (1,430 mi) at 260 km/h (160 mph).
Proposed armament was twelve 100 kg (220 lb) bombs carried in the internal bomb bay. Wing [hardpoints](/wiki/Hardpoint "Hardpoint") were provided capable of carrying 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) each. Two such external weapons could be carried, since the calculated payload (difference between empty weight and maximum operating weight) was 2,700 kg (5,950 lb). For comparison, the [Fiat BR.20](/wiki/Fiat_BR.20 "Fiat BR.20") and [Savoia\-Marchetti SM.79](/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79 "Savoia-Marchetti SM.79") both had a 3,600 kg (7,940 lb) payload, and the CANT Z.1007 payload was over 4,000 kg (8,820 lb).
This calculated Z.1018 payload was barely enough for takeoff with full fuel and crew (2,800 kg/6,1703 lb), so it would not allow for any weapon load. A possible explanation is that the prototype was never flight\-tested at its maximum capacity including weapon load.
Defensive armament for the Z.1018 consisted of four machine\-guns:
* Breda\-SAFAT (12\.7 mm/.5 in) in a Caproni\-Lanciani belly turret;
* Scotti (12\.7 mm/.303 in) in an upper turret;
* (Two) Breda\-SAFAT (7\.7 mm/.303 in) in fuselage side openings.
In addition, a fixed Breda\-SAFAT (7\.7 mm/.303 in) machine gun was mounted in the right wing, to be used for [ground attack](/wiki/Ground-attack_aircraft "Ground-attack aircraft") or straight\-ahead defense. Ammunition to be provided was 350 rpg for each 12\.7 mm (.5 in) gun and 500 rounds for each 7\.7 mm (.303 in) gun. The upper turret was troublesome to install, and was finally mounted in a partially retracted position, which prevented a full field of fire.
The added weight of these guns adversely impacted the aircraft's performance. In addition, in retrospect the inclusion of a fixed forward\-firing gun on a *fast bomber* appears to have been unnecessary.
Other systems on board were oxygen cylinders, radios, [fire extinguishers](/wiki/Fire_extinguisher "Fire extinguisher") and a photographic machine.
The first prototype flew on 9 October 1939\. By the end of 1939, this aircraft had logged only 10 hours of flight, due to the unreliable engines. This was not sufficient to adequately evaluate the design, so in March 1940, the engines were replaced with [Piaggio P.XII](/wiki/Piaggio_P.XI "Piaggio P.XI") radial engines with three\-blade propellers, with improved engine [nacelles](/wiki/Nacelle "Nacelle") and propeller spinners.
On 25 May 1940, the prototype flew to [Guidonia Montecelio](/wiki/Guidonia_Montecelio "Guidonia Montecelio") for flight testing. The program was well behind the original schedule at that point; *Regia* had planned on placing the first 32 machines of the type in service by the end of 1939\. Instead, Mario Stoppani and then Adriano Mantelli only flew the prototype. Stoppani made the delivery flight; Mantelli performed the flight tests. He reported an overall good impression, but not outstanding.
In December 1940, *Regia Aeronautica* specified that the Z.1018 be constructed with a double tail, but in May 1942 the requirement was changed back to the originally envisioned single tail. During this period, *Regia* also required the addition of [dive brakes](/wiki/Air_brake_%28aircraft%29 "Air brake (aircraft)"), increased armament, engine type changes and several other changes.
In the meantime, the test activity continued. The prototype was tested with the P.XII engines, and thanks to the absolute lack of military systems on board, it reached good speeds: at 4,200 m (13,780 ft), the Z.1018 reached 514 km/h (319 mph), equalling the Reggiane Re.2000 that was also undergoing flight evaluation there.
This aircraft had replaced the engines, but the Piaggio P.XII also suffered problems (in fact they were affected for years by many problems).
The verdict of Mantelli was not encouraging: the 'future bomber' *Leone* was not enough of an improvement to justify its replacing the CANT Z.1007, which was already in production for *Regia Aereonautica*. A measure of the delays which this program suffered is given by the fact that, in spite of pressures caused by the war being waged at that time, it had taken six months to complete the proof\-of\-concept aircraft, and a true prototype would still have to be constructed in order to verify the adequacy of the basic design.
Finally, the configuration of this aircraft was fixed, almost 2 years after its first\-projected entry into service.
The final Z.1018 configuration is considered by some to be the most attractive of all the Italian aircraft,Garello. with its line so slim and well shaped.
### Experimental service
With over a year of delay, 100 units of the CANT Z.1018 were finally ordered on 31 October 1940\. However, on 26 December an additional order was placed for 10 units of *pre\-series* aircraft. Due to problems arising from introduction of the all\-metal airframe, the 10 pre\-series aircraft were specified to be constructed of wood. Similarly to the Soviet [Ilyushin Il\-2](/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2 "Ilyushin Il-2") "Shturmovik", the plane was constructed with a hybrid wood\-metal construction. This mixed construction required additional considerations to be made, since wood and metal structures have very different properties and are thus difficult to integrate into a single airframe. But Zappata was a specialist in wooden structures, and his Z.1007 was already in production with wood construction, so this eased the challenge.
In addition to this metal\-to\-wood conversion challenge, the continual government requests for modifications and improvements slowed production. Finally on 5 December 1941, the first (MM.24290\) wooden pre\-series unit made its maiden flight.
The two\-year program delay meant that the pre\-series aircraft were competing with upgraded versions of the CANT Z.1007, the "Ter". With continuous delays and change of priorities, 15 January 1942 saw the decision to produce only three bombers: the CANT Z.1007 and Z.1018, and the [Piaggio P.108](/wiki/Piaggio_P.108 "Piaggio P.108"). At that time, General Bruno specified that the first 100 examples of the Z.1018 must be in service by 1943\.
The first wooden example was tested for almost all of 1942, reaching a level speed 524 km/h (326 mph) despite the much heavier weight, mainly because of its improved aerodynamics. Due to the 2,013 kW (2,700 hp) installed power, it reached 6,000 m (19,690 ft) altitude in 14 minutes 4 seconds (lightly loaded).
Even so, the flight characteristics were not totally satisfactory. The aircraft was characterized by good ground handling, good takeoff and landing, but the pilot's [cockpit](/wiki/Cockpit "Cockpit") was set too low in the fuselage and at an excessive height from the ground, so the visibility was not good. In flight, the aircraft was quite stable, but vibrations occurred at high speed in turbulence, and control response was considered sluggish. Also, the first series example was affected by several problems of tail vibration and even poorer control response. The maximum speed of the series examples was inferior to the prototype. Several of the pre\-series aircraft suffered landing accidents, which although not serious further delayed the project's development.
Other experiments were made with several Z.1018s. Yet by 10 May 1943, when [Tunis](/wiki/Tunis "Tunis") was falling to [Allied forces](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") and the African war was almost over (13 May), only 10 units had been completed, several of which were incomplete or had been damaged during testing (including testing for torpedo carriage and launch).
On 7 July 1943, the Italian 262 squadron, 107th Group, 47th Wing, received the first two pre\-series aircraft to be placed in service, and later received another pre\-series aircraft that had been damaged by a landing accident during flight testing. By September 1943, only one pre\-series Z.1018 aircraft was still in service, and no Z.1018 had seen combat.
On 8 August 1943, a pre\-series Z.1018 crashed near [Perugia](/wiki/Perugia "Perugia"), killing its pilot, Enzo Bravi.
Meanwhile, the first metallic Z.1018s were completed. The first unit (MM.507\) was completed on 22 September 1942, but the lack of engines and other equipment hampered the effort to complete the first order of 100 units. The first two metal units completed were interesting: MM.24824 was the heavy nightfighter version, and MM.24826 was the torpedo version. MM.24824 was exceptionally well armed, with four 20 mm MG 151 (800 rpg) and four Breda 12\.7 mm/.5 in (1,400 rpg) in the nose and the wings. Also [radar](/wiki/Radar "Radar") was specified for this aircraft, the German FuG 202\. Italians, meanwhile, managed to produce the *Argo*, a radar capable of locking onto naval targets, and an aircraft version, the *Vespa* (or *Arghetto*), smaller but still capable of being used to hunt naval targets. The final result of this effort was the *Lepre*, an air interceptor radar, the ultimate radar developed in Italy during the war. None of them was fitted on the Z.1018 night fighter, which never was completely outfitted for combat.
MM.24824 had a powerful weaponry, both in firepower and number of rounds carried. This was a great improvement compared to the early Italian fighters, but this was a big and heavy aircraft, a medium bomber, so the space and payload was not a problem, just as with the German [Dornier Do 217](/wiki/Dornier_Do_217 "Dornier Do 217"), one of the similar aircraft developed in the rest of the world, and which had been sent to *Regia Aereonautica* in small numbers. After a brief evaluation in a squadron, MM.24824 was caught by surprise by the armistice in CRDA and captured by Germans, but was not employed and did not survive the war.
MM.24826 was tested with torpedoes, followed by two other examples, in [Gorizia](/wiki/Gorizia "Gorizia"), in the local torpedo aircraft [training](/wiki/Flight_training "Flight training") unit. The aircraft showed itself as fully capable to perform this task but the two examples were not employed (the other was damaged by an accident on the ground).
During this time, Zappata noted that CRDA was saturated with production of all his projects, so he moved to Breda, which was idle after the failure of its Ba.88\.
At Breda, Zappata proposed several variants of the Z.1018 metallic:
* BZ.301 (Breda\-Zappata, mod.301\), high altitude bomber;
* BZ.302, high altitude fighter;
* BZ.303, [night fighter](/wiki/Night_fighter "Night fighter"), [torpedo bomber](/wiki/Torpedo_bomber "Torpedo bomber") multirole;
* BZ.304, anti\-tank (perhaps with a 37 mm gun).
The Italian Air Ministry authorized only the BZ.301 and 303, called *Leone* II and *Leone* III. The wingspan was altered for these variants: 24 m/79 ft (BZ.301\); 20\.7 m/68 ft (BZ.303\).
The BZ.303 project carried the best armament of Italian aircraft programs. It had eight 20 mm MG 151 (200 rpg), four in the wings and four in the nose (plus a 12\.7 mm/.5 in gun in the dorsal position). It had radar and two Piaggio P XV RC60 engines of 1,081 kW (1,450 hp). Another version was provided with two DB 603 engines, and was called **BZ303bis**. In September 1943, there were contracts for several of these "new generation *Leoni*". At this point, Germany took over control of both Italian industries involved, CRDA and Breda.
Germans were involved already in the summer of 1943 in the testing of new Italian aircraft. They liked G.55s and were interested to have deliveries of them by Fiat. They tested other Italian aircraft, even Z.1018\. Sadly for CRDA they did not have a good opinion of the *Leone*, claiming that it was not better than the already obsolete Ju 88A\-4 and even inferior to the Z.1007ter. The Italian plans to produce bombers were severely weakened by this decision. Germans offered their Me 410 or Ju 188 in exchange for Italian G.55s, in the process giving Italy worthless aircraft in exchange for airplanes which would be valuable in defense of Germany. The removal of [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini") on 25 July and the Armistice stopped these plans. The Germans took control of all Italian industries in central and north Italy.
The Germans allowed both CRDA and Breda to continue the production for 28 examples each, out of 200 ordered in two series. CRDA was destroyed by allied bombings and so, its final result was: 95 examples were committed to the production lines, 28 of them were authorized to be completed, two were completed and taken by Germans, then sent to Germany where they were lost in unknown conditions. Four others were destroyed by bombings and the rest of all the machines were demolished as Germans ordered. Breda was in similar condition, with the assembly lines destroyed on 30 April 1944 by aerial bombing and also in this occasion Germans ordered the demolition of all the hardware. Photos of fuselages were made; their metallic construction was evidenced by the lack of painting. This was the definite end for Z.1018/BZ.300s.
|
[
"Design and development\n----------------------",
"In 1939, the *[Regia Aeronautica](/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica \"Regia Aeronautica\")* (Italian Air Force) initiated its *R Plan*, or *3,000 airplanes*, a campaign to quickly increase its strength with modern aircraft. By that time, *Regia Aeronautica* had been involved in wars on two continents, and its equipment had been depleted and had not kept up with technological advances.",
"As a part of this plan, a competition for a modern medium [bomber](/wiki/Bomber \"Bomber\") was announced in 1939\\. CRDA submitted its Z.1015 for this competition. The Z.1015 was basically an all\\-metal version of the [Z.1007](/wiki/CANT_Z.1007 \"CANT Z.1007\"), a three\\-engine medium bomber with a wooden airframe. The Z.1007 had first flown in 1937 but had not yet entered military service by 1939\\.",
"*Regia Aeronautica* requested Zappata's proposal be modified to incorporate greater strength: the design ultimate [load factor](/wiki/Load_factor_%28aeronautics%29 \"Load factor (aeronautics)\") was to be increased from 7\\.0 to 10\\.0\\. Zappata determined that such a change would require significant re\\-engineering and increased weight, and countered with a proposal for a new two\\-engine aircraft, the Z.1018\\.",
"The three [engines](/wiki/Reciprocating_engine \"Reciprocating engine\") of the Z.1007 had a combined power output of {{cvt\\|2237\\|kW}}, whereas the two engines proposed for the Z.1018 [Alfa Romeo 135](/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_135 \"Alfa Romeo 135\") RC.32 had a combined output of {{cvt\\|2088\\|kW}}. Thus its performance would be comparable to the proposed Z.1015 with simpler construction, possible lower weight, and reduced maintenance.",
"Zappata proposed three variants of the basic aircraft, using different wing planforms:\n* High\\-speed bomber, equipped with a wing of 50 m2 (532 ft2) area;\n* Higher\\-capacity bomber, equipped with a wing of 63 m2 (678 ft2) area;\n* High\\-altitude bomber, equipped with a wing of 72 m2 (775 ft2) area.",
"The new design also offered the possibility of carrying an internal [torpedo](/wiki/Torpedo \"Torpedo\"), which would have been impossible with the Z.1015 [fuselage](/wiki/Fuselage \"Fuselage\") layout.",
"CANT proposed a [floatplane](/wiki/Floatplane \"Floatplane\") version of the Z.1018, designated the **Z.514**, which would have used the floats from the [Z.506](/wiki/CANT_Z.506 \"CANT Z.506\") (the 500 designations were for floatplanes while the 1000 designations were for landplanes).{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2019}}\nOn 23 February 1939, the *Regia* authorized production of 32 Z.1018 aircraft, but stipulated an ultimate load factor of 9\\.0, and also demanded construction of a [prototype](/wiki/Prototype \"Prototype\"), and further required that production deliveries begin before the end of the year. This would have been an extraordinarily rapid development schedule, so CRDA objected. The proposed [engines](/wiki/Radial_engine \"Radial engine\") had not yet been certificated, and its counter\\-rotating version had not yet been developed.",
"Construction of the first prototype was authorized on 7 April 1939\\. In July 1939, *Regia* requested that the design be altered to use the new [Daimler\\-Benz DB 601](/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_601 \"Daimler-Benz DB 601\") water\\-cooled inline engine instead of the planned [radial engine](/wiki/Radial_engine \"Radial engine\").",
"The aircraft, in its definitive form (as the *Leone* I) was a two\\-engine medium bomber, with a single [tail](/wiki/Fin \"Fin\"), retractable [undercarriage](/wiki/Landing_gear \"Landing gear\"), and metallic structure. It had [duralumin](/wiki/Duralumin \"Duralumin\") structure, a skin of [light alloy](/wiki/Sheet_metal \"Sheet metal\"), and a crew of four or five. The contours of the slim [fuselage](/wiki/Fuselage \"Fuselage\") were designed for aerodynamic benefit. As with the Z.1007, the two pilots were in tandem, not side by side. Only the first pilot had a complete set of controls, while the copilot had limited visibility and only a few instruments.",
"Its wing was straight\\-tapered, with rounded wingtips. The low wing incorporated two structural [spars](/wiki/Spar_%28aviation%29 \"Spar (aviation)\"). The wing was metal\\-covered forward and fabric\\-covered aft. In spite of efforts to reduce the airframe weight, the empty weight of the prototype was comparable to the three\\-engine Z.1007\\.",
"Engines for the Z.1018 prototype were [Piaggio](/wiki/Piaggio \"Piaggio\") P.XII\\-RC.35 air\\-cooled radials with 18 cylinders in two rows, rated at 895 kW (1,200 hp) for takeoff and 1,007 kW (1,350 hp) at 3,500 m (11,480 ft) altitude, at 2,050 rpm. Their dry weight was 930 kg/2,050 lb (940 kg/2,070 lb with [oil](/wiki/Motor_oil \"Motor oil\")), and they used 87 octane fuel. Propellers were metal three\\-blade [variable\\-pitch](/wiki/Controllable_pitch_propeller \"Controllable pitch propeller\") [Alfa Romeos](/wiki/Alfa_Romeo \"Alfa Romeo\").",
"Using this powerplant, CANT engineers calculated a top speed for the Z.1018 of 524 km/h (326 mph) at 4,500 m (14,764 ft), with a takeoff run of 354 m (1,160 ft), landing run of 462 m (1,518 ft), and a climb to 4,000 m (13,120 ft) in 7 minutes 32 seconds (14 minutes 4 seconds to 6,000 m/19,685 ft).",
"Design fuel capacity was 3,300 L (870 US gal) in wing\\-mounted [self\\-sealing fuel tanks](/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank \"Self-sealing fuel tank\"). A possible modification was offered – a 500 L (130 US gal) auxiliary fuel tank in the aft fuselage. Calculated endurance with standard tanks was about three hours, for 1,335 km (830 mi) range (using calculated maximum cruise speed). Endurance and range using economical cruise speeds are not available, but should have been better. For example, the [Savoia\\-Marchetti SM.79](/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79 \"Savoia-Marchetti SM.79\") *Sparviero* could boost its range from 1,750 km (1,090 mi) at 350 km/h (220 mph) to 2,300 km (1,430 mi) at 260 km/h (160 mph).",
"Proposed armament was twelve 100 kg (220 lb) bombs carried in the internal bomb bay. Wing [hardpoints](/wiki/Hardpoint \"Hardpoint\") were provided capable of carrying 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) each. Two such external weapons could be carried, since the calculated payload (difference between empty weight and maximum operating weight) was 2,700 kg (5,950 lb). For comparison, the [Fiat BR.20](/wiki/Fiat_BR.20 \"Fiat BR.20\") and [Savoia\\-Marchetti SM.79](/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79 \"Savoia-Marchetti SM.79\") both had a 3,600 kg (7,940 lb) payload, and the CANT Z.1007 payload was over 4,000 kg (8,820 lb).",
"This calculated Z.1018 payload was barely enough for takeoff with full fuel and crew (2,800 kg/6,1703 lb), so it would not allow for any weapon load. A possible explanation is that the prototype was never flight\\-tested at its maximum capacity including weapon load.",
"Defensive armament for the Z.1018 consisted of four machine\\-guns:\n* Breda\\-SAFAT (12\\.7 mm/.5 in) in a Caproni\\-Lanciani belly turret;\n* Scotti (12\\.7 mm/.303 in) in an upper turret;\n* (Two) Breda\\-SAFAT (7\\.7 mm/.303 in) in fuselage side openings.",
"In addition, a fixed Breda\\-SAFAT (7\\.7 mm/.303 in) machine gun was mounted in the right wing, to be used for [ground attack](/wiki/Ground-attack_aircraft \"Ground-attack aircraft\") or straight\\-ahead defense. Ammunition to be provided was 350 rpg for each 12\\.7 mm (.5 in) gun and 500 rounds for each 7\\.7 mm (.303 in) gun. The upper turret was troublesome to install, and was finally mounted in a partially retracted position, which prevented a full field of fire.",
"The added weight of these guns adversely impacted the aircraft's performance. In addition, in retrospect the inclusion of a fixed forward\\-firing gun on a *fast bomber* appears to have been unnecessary.",
"Other systems on board were oxygen cylinders, radios, [fire extinguishers](/wiki/Fire_extinguisher \"Fire extinguisher\") and a photographic machine.",
"The first prototype flew on 9 October 1939\\. By the end of 1939, this aircraft had logged only 10 hours of flight, due to the unreliable engines. This was not sufficient to adequately evaluate the design, so in March 1940, the engines were replaced with [Piaggio P.XII](/wiki/Piaggio_P.XI \"Piaggio P.XI\") radial engines with three\\-blade propellers, with improved engine [nacelles](/wiki/Nacelle \"Nacelle\") and propeller spinners.",
"On 25 May 1940, the prototype flew to [Guidonia Montecelio](/wiki/Guidonia_Montecelio \"Guidonia Montecelio\") for flight testing. The program was well behind the original schedule at that point; *Regia* had planned on placing the first 32 machines of the type in service by the end of 1939\\. Instead, Mario Stoppani and then Adriano Mantelli only flew the prototype. Stoppani made the delivery flight; Mantelli performed the flight tests. He reported an overall good impression, but not outstanding.",
"In December 1940, *Regia Aeronautica* specified that the Z.1018 be constructed with a double tail, but in May 1942 the requirement was changed back to the originally envisioned single tail. During this period, *Regia* also required the addition of [dive brakes](/wiki/Air_brake_%28aircraft%29 \"Air brake (aircraft)\"), increased armament, engine type changes and several other changes.",
"In the meantime, the test activity continued. The prototype was tested with the P.XII engines, and thanks to the absolute lack of military systems on board, it reached good speeds: at 4,200 m (13,780 ft), the Z.1018 reached 514 km/h (319 mph), equalling the Reggiane Re.2000 that was also undergoing flight evaluation there.",
"This aircraft had replaced the engines, but the Piaggio P.XII also suffered problems (in fact they were affected for years by many problems).",
"The verdict of Mantelli was not encouraging: the 'future bomber' *Leone* was not enough of an improvement to justify its replacing the CANT Z.1007, which was already in production for *Regia Aereonautica*. A measure of the delays which this program suffered is given by the fact that, in spite of pressures caused by the war being waged at that time, it had taken six months to complete the proof\\-of\\-concept aircraft, and a true prototype would still have to be constructed in order to verify the adequacy of the basic design.",
"Finally, the configuration of this aircraft was fixed, almost 2 years after its first\\-projected entry into service.",
"The final Z.1018 configuration is considered by some to be the most attractive of all the Italian aircraft,Garello. with its line so slim and well shaped.",
"### Experimental service",
"With over a year of delay, 100 units of the CANT Z.1018 were finally ordered on 31 October 1940\\. However, on 26 December an additional order was placed for 10 units of *pre\\-series* aircraft. Due to problems arising from introduction of the all\\-metal airframe, the 10 pre\\-series aircraft were specified to be constructed of wood. Similarly to the Soviet [Ilyushin Il\\-2](/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2 \"Ilyushin Il-2\") \"Shturmovik\", the plane was constructed with a hybrid wood\\-metal construction. This mixed construction required additional considerations to be made, since wood and metal structures have very different properties and are thus difficult to integrate into a single airframe. But Zappata was a specialist in wooden structures, and his Z.1007 was already in production with wood construction, so this eased the challenge.",
"In addition to this metal\\-to\\-wood conversion challenge, the continual government requests for modifications and improvements slowed production. Finally on 5 December 1941, the first (MM.24290\\) wooden pre\\-series unit made its maiden flight.",
"The two\\-year program delay meant that the pre\\-series aircraft were competing with upgraded versions of the CANT Z.1007, the \"Ter\". With continuous delays and change of priorities, 15 January 1942 saw the decision to produce only three bombers: the CANT Z.1007 and Z.1018, and the [Piaggio P.108](/wiki/Piaggio_P.108 \"Piaggio P.108\"). At that time, General Bruno specified that the first 100 examples of the Z.1018 must be in service by 1943\\.",
"The first wooden example was tested for almost all of 1942, reaching a level speed 524 km/h (326 mph) despite the much heavier weight, mainly because of its improved aerodynamics. Due to the 2,013 kW (2,700 hp) installed power, it reached 6,000 m (19,690 ft) altitude in 14 minutes 4 seconds (lightly loaded).",
"Even so, the flight characteristics were not totally satisfactory. The aircraft was characterized by good ground handling, good takeoff and landing, but the pilot's [cockpit](/wiki/Cockpit \"Cockpit\") was set too low in the fuselage and at an excessive height from the ground, so the visibility was not good. In flight, the aircraft was quite stable, but vibrations occurred at high speed in turbulence, and control response was considered sluggish. Also, the first series example was affected by several problems of tail vibration and even poorer control response. The maximum speed of the series examples was inferior to the prototype. Several of the pre\\-series aircraft suffered landing accidents, which although not serious further delayed the project's development.",
"Other experiments were made with several Z.1018s. Yet by 10 May 1943, when [Tunis](/wiki/Tunis \"Tunis\") was falling to [Allied forces](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") and the African war was almost over (13 May), only 10 units had been completed, several of which were incomplete or had been damaged during testing (including testing for torpedo carriage and launch).",
"On 7 July 1943, the Italian 262 squadron, 107th Group, 47th Wing, received the first two pre\\-series aircraft to be placed in service, and later received another pre\\-series aircraft that had been damaged by a landing accident during flight testing. By September 1943, only one pre\\-series Z.1018 aircraft was still in service, and no Z.1018 had seen combat.",
"On 8 August 1943, a pre\\-series Z.1018 crashed near [Perugia](/wiki/Perugia \"Perugia\"), killing its pilot, Enzo Bravi.",
"Meanwhile, the first metallic Z.1018s were completed. The first unit (MM.507\\) was completed on 22 September 1942, but the lack of engines and other equipment hampered the effort to complete the first order of 100 units. The first two metal units completed were interesting: MM.24824 was the heavy nightfighter version, and MM.24826 was the torpedo version. MM.24824 was exceptionally well armed, with four 20 mm MG 151 (800 rpg) and four Breda 12\\.7 mm/.5 in (1,400 rpg) in the nose and the wings. Also [radar](/wiki/Radar \"Radar\") was specified for this aircraft, the German FuG 202\\. Italians, meanwhile, managed to produce the *Argo*, a radar capable of locking onto naval targets, and an aircraft version, the *Vespa* (or *Arghetto*), smaller but still capable of being used to hunt naval targets. The final result of this effort was the *Lepre*, an air interceptor radar, the ultimate radar developed in Italy during the war. None of them was fitted on the Z.1018 night fighter, which never was completely outfitted for combat.",
"MM.24824 had a powerful weaponry, both in firepower and number of rounds carried. This was a great improvement compared to the early Italian fighters, but this was a big and heavy aircraft, a medium bomber, so the space and payload was not a problem, just as with the German [Dornier Do 217](/wiki/Dornier_Do_217 \"Dornier Do 217\"), one of the similar aircraft developed in the rest of the world, and which had been sent to *Regia Aereonautica* in small numbers. After a brief evaluation in a squadron, MM.24824 was caught by surprise by the armistice in CRDA and captured by Germans, but was not employed and did not survive the war.",
"MM.24826 was tested with torpedoes, followed by two other examples, in [Gorizia](/wiki/Gorizia \"Gorizia\"), in the local torpedo aircraft [training](/wiki/Flight_training \"Flight training\") unit. The aircraft showed itself as fully capable to perform this task but the two examples were not employed (the other was damaged by an accident on the ground).",
"During this time, Zappata noted that CRDA was saturated with production of all his projects, so he moved to Breda, which was idle after the failure of its Ba.88\\.",
"At Breda, Zappata proposed several variants of the Z.1018 metallic:\n* BZ.301 (Breda\\-Zappata, mod.301\\), high altitude bomber;\n* BZ.302, high altitude fighter;\n* BZ.303, [night fighter](/wiki/Night_fighter \"Night fighter\"), [torpedo bomber](/wiki/Torpedo_bomber \"Torpedo bomber\") multirole;\n* BZ.304, anti\\-tank (perhaps with a 37 mm gun).",
"The Italian Air Ministry authorized only the BZ.301 and 303, called *Leone* II and *Leone* III. The wingspan was altered for these variants: 24 m/79 ft (BZ.301\\); 20\\.7 m/68 ft (BZ.303\\).",
"The BZ.303 project carried the best armament of Italian aircraft programs. It had eight 20 mm MG 151 (200 rpg), four in the wings and four in the nose (plus a 12\\.7 mm/.5 in gun in the dorsal position). It had radar and two Piaggio P XV RC60 engines of 1,081 kW (1,450 hp). Another version was provided with two DB 603 engines, and was called **BZ303bis**. In September 1943, there were contracts for several of these \"new generation *Leoni*\". At this point, Germany took over control of both Italian industries involved, CRDA and Breda.",
"Germans were involved already in the summer of 1943 in the testing of new Italian aircraft. They liked G.55s and were interested to have deliveries of them by Fiat. They tested other Italian aircraft, even Z.1018\\. Sadly for CRDA they did not have a good opinion of the *Leone*, claiming that it was not better than the already obsolete Ju 88A\\-4 and even inferior to the Z.1007ter. The Italian plans to produce bombers were severely weakened by this decision. Germans offered their Me 410 or Ju 188 in exchange for Italian G.55s, in the process giving Italy worthless aircraft in exchange for airplanes which would be valuable in defense of Germany. The removal of [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\") on 25 July and the Armistice stopped these plans. The Germans took control of all Italian industries in central and north Italy.",
"The Germans allowed both CRDA and Breda to continue the production for 28 examples each, out of 200 ordered in two series. CRDA was destroyed by allied bombings and so, its final result was: 95 examples were committed to the production lines, 28 of them were authorized to be completed, two were completed and taken by Germans, then sent to Germany where they were lost in unknown conditions. Four others were destroyed by bombings and the rest of all the machines were demolished as Germans ordered. Breda was in similar condition, with the assembly lines destroyed on 30 April 1944 by aerial bombing and also in this occasion Germans ordered the demolition of all the hardware. Photos of fuselages were made; their metallic construction was evidenced by the lack of painting. This was the definite end for Z.1018/BZ.300s.",
""
] |
### Experimental service
With over a year of delay, 100 units of the CANT Z.1018 were finally ordered on 31 October 1940\. However, on 26 December an additional order was placed for 10 units of *pre\-series* aircraft. Due to problems arising from introduction of the all\-metal airframe, the 10 pre\-series aircraft were specified to be constructed of wood. Similarly to the Soviet [Ilyushin Il\-2](/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2 "Ilyushin Il-2") "Shturmovik", the plane was constructed with a hybrid wood\-metal construction. This mixed construction required additional considerations to be made, since wood and metal structures have very different properties and are thus difficult to integrate into a single airframe. But Zappata was a specialist in wooden structures, and his Z.1007 was already in production with wood construction, so this eased the challenge.
In addition to this metal\-to\-wood conversion challenge, the continual government requests for modifications and improvements slowed production. Finally on 5 December 1941, the first (MM.24290\) wooden pre\-series unit made its maiden flight.
The two\-year program delay meant that the pre\-series aircraft were competing with upgraded versions of the CANT Z.1007, the "Ter". With continuous delays and change of priorities, 15 January 1942 saw the decision to produce only three bombers: the CANT Z.1007 and Z.1018, and the [Piaggio P.108](/wiki/Piaggio_P.108 "Piaggio P.108"). At that time, General Bruno specified that the first 100 examples of the Z.1018 must be in service by 1943\.
The first wooden example was tested for almost all of 1942, reaching a level speed 524 km/h (326 mph) despite the much heavier weight, mainly because of its improved aerodynamics. Due to the 2,013 kW (2,700 hp) installed power, it reached 6,000 m (19,690 ft) altitude in 14 minutes 4 seconds (lightly loaded).
Even so, the flight characteristics were not totally satisfactory. The aircraft was characterized by good ground handling, good takeoff and landing, but the pilot's [cockpit](/wiki/Cockpit "Cockpit") was set too low in the fuselage and at an excessive height from the ground, so the visibility was not good. In flight, the aircraft was quite stable, but vibrations occurred at high speed in turbulence, and control response was considered sluggish. Also, the first series example was affected by several problems of tail vibration and even poorer control response. The maximum speed of the series examples was inferior to the prototype. Several of the pre\-series aircraft suffered landing accidents, which although not serious further delayed the project's development.
Other experiments were made with several Z.1018s. Yet by 10 May 1943, when [Tunis](/wiki/Tunis "Tunis") was falling to [Allied forces](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") and the African war was almost over (13 May), only 10 units had been completed, several of which were incomplete or had been damaged during testing (including testing for torpedo carriage and launch).
On 7 July 1943, the Italian 262 squadron, 107th Group, 47th Wing, received the first two pre\-series aircraft to be placed in service, and later received another pre\-series aircraft that had been damaged by a landing accident during flight testing. By September 1943, only one pre\-series Z.1018 aircraft was still in service, and no Z.1018 had seen combat.
On 8 August 1943, a pre\-series Z.1018 crashed near [Perugia](/wiki/Perugia "Perugia"), killing its pilot, Enzo Bravi.
Meanwhile, the first metallic Z.1018s were completed. The first unit (MM.507\) was completed on 22 September 1942, but the lack of engines and other equipment hampered the effort to complete the first order of 100 units. The first two metal units completed were interesting: MM.24824 was the heavy nightfighter version, and MM.24826 was the torpedo version. MM.24824 was exceptionally well armed, with four 20 mm MG 151 (800 rpg) and four Breda 12\.7 mm/.5 in (1,400 rpg) in the nose and the wings. Also [radar](/wiki/Radar "Radar") was specified for this aircraft, the German FuG 202\. Italians, meanwhile, managed to produce the *Argo*, a radar capable of locking onto naval targets, and an aircraft version, the *Vespa* (or *Arghetto*), smaller but still capable of being used to hunt naval targets. The final result of this effort was the *Lepre*, an air interceptor radar, the ultimate radar developed in Italy during the war. None of them was fitted on the Z.1018 night fighter, which never was completely outfitted for combat.
MM.24824 had a powerful weaponry, both in firepower and number of rounds carried. This was a great improvement compared to the early Italian fighters, but this was a big and heavy aircraft, a medium bomber, so the space and payload was not a problem, just as with the German [Dornier Do 217](/wiki/Dornier_Do_217 "Dornier Do 217"), one of the similar aircraft developed in the rest of the world, and which had been sent to *Regia Aereonautica* in small numbers. After a brief evaluation in a squadron, MM.24824 was caught by surprise by the armistice in CRDA and captured by Germans, but was not employed and did not survive the war.
MM.24826 was tested with torpedoes, followed by two other examples, in [Gorizia](/wiki/Gorizia "Gorizia"), in the local torpedo aircraft [training](/wiki/Flight_training "Flight training") unit. The aircraft showed itself as fully capable to perform this task but the two examples were not employed (the other was damaged by an accident on the ground).
During this time, Zappata noted that CRDA was saturated with production of all his projects, so he moved to Breda, which was idle after the failure of its Ba.88\.
At Breda, Zappata proposed several variants of the Z.1018 metallic:
* BZ.301 (Breda\-Zappata, mod.301\), high altitude bomber;
* BZ.302, high altitude fighter;
* BZ.303, [night fighter](/wiki/Night_fighter "Night fighter"), [torpedo bomber](/wiki/Torpedo_bomber "Torpedo bomber") multirole;
* BZ.304, anti\-tank (perhaps with a 37 mm gun).
The Italian Air Ministry authorized only the BZ.301 and 303, called *Leone* II and *Leone* III. The wingspan was altered for these variants: 24 m/79 ft (BZ.301\); 20\.7 m/68 ft (BZ.303\).
The BZ.303 project carried the best armament of Italian aircraft programs. It had eight 20 mm MG 151 (200 rpg), four in the wings and four in the nose (plus a 12\.7 mm/.5 in gun in the dorsal position). It had radar and two Piaggio P XV RC60 engines of 1,081 kW (1,450 hp). Another version was provided with two DB 603 engines, and was called **BZ303bis**. In September 1943, there were contracts for several of these "new generation *Leoni*". At this point, Germany took over control of both Italian industries involved, CRDA and Breda.
Germans were involved already in the summer of 1943 in the testing of new Italian aircraft. They liked G.55s and were interested to have deliveries of them by Fiat. They tested other Italian aircraft, even Z.1018\. Sadly for CRDA they did not have a good opinion of the *Leone*, claiming that it was not better than the already obsolete Ju 88A\-4 and even inferior to the Z.1007ter. The Italian plans to produce bombers were severely weakened by this decision. Germans offered their Me 410 or Ju 188 in exchange for Italian G.55s, in the process giving Italy worthless aircraft in exchange for airplanes which would be valuable in defense of Germany. The removal of [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini") on 25 July and the Armistice stopped these plans. The Germans took control of all Italian industries in central and north Italy.
The Germans allowed both CRDA and Breda to continue the production for 28 examples each, out of 200 ordered in two series. CRDA was destroyed by allied bombings and so, its final result was: 95 examples were committed to the production lines, 28 of them were authorized to be completed, two were completed and taken by Germans, then sent to Germany where they were lost in unknown conditions. Four others were destroyed by bombings and the rest of all the machines were demolished as Germans ordered. Breda was in similar condition, with the assembly lines destroyed on 30 April 1944 by aerial bombing and also in this occasion Germans ordered the demolition of all the hardware. Photos of fuselages were made; their metallic construction was evidenced by the lack of painting. This was the definite end for Z.1018/BZ.300s.
|
[
"### Experimental service",
"With over a year of delay, 100 units of the CANT Z.1018 were finally ordered on 31 October 1940\\. However, on 26 December an additional order was placed for 10 units of *pre\\-series* aircraft. Due to problems arising from introduction of the all\\-metal airframe, the 10 pre\\-series aircraft were specified to be constructed of wood. Similarly to the Soviet [Ilyushin Il\\-2](/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2 \"Ilyushin Il-2\") \"Shturmovik\", the plane was constructed with a hybrid wood\\-metal construction. This mixed construction required additional considerations to be made, since wood and metal structures have very different properties and are thus difficult to integrate into a single airframe. But Zappata was a specialist in wooden structures, and his Z.1007 was already in production with wood construction, so this eased the challenge.",
"In addition to this metal\\-to\\-wood conversion challenge, the continual government requests for modifications and improvements slowed production. Finally on 5 December 1941, the first (MM.24290\\) wooden pre\\-series unit made its maiden flight.",
"The two\\-year program delay meant that the pre\\-series aircraft were competing with upgraded versions of the CANT Z.1007, the \"Ter\". With continuous delays and change of priorities, 15 January 1942 saw the decision to produce only three bombers: the CANT Z.1007 and Z.1018, and the [Piaggio P.108](/wiki/Piaggio_P.108 \"Piaggio P.108\"). At that time, General Bruno specified that the first 100 examples of the Z.1018 must be in service by 1943\\.",
"The first wooden example was tested for almost all of 1942, reaching a level speed 524 km/h (326 mph) despite the much heavier weight, mainly because of its improved aerodynamics. Due to the 2,013 kW (2,700 hp) installed power, it reached 6,000 m (19,690 ft) altitude in 14 minutes 4 seconds (lightly loaded).",
"Even so, the flight characteristics were not totally satisfactory. The aircraft was characterized by good ground handling, good takeoff and landing, but the pilot's [cockpit](/wiki/Cockpit \"Cockpit\") was set too low in the fuselage and at an excessive height from the ground, so the visibility was not good. In flight, the aircraft was quite stable, but vibrations occurred at high speed in turbulence, and control response was considered sluggish. Also, the first series example was affected by several problems of tail vibration and even poorer control response. The maximum speed of the series examples was inferior to the prototype. Several of the pre\\-series aircraft suffered landing accidents, which although not serious further delayed the project's development.",
"Other experiments were made with several Z.1018s. Yet by 10 May 1943, when [Tunis](/wiki/Tunis \"Tunis\") was falling to [Allied forces](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") and the African war was almost over (13 May), only 10 units had been completed, several of which were incomplete or had been damaged during testing (including testing for torpedo carriage and launch).",
"On 7 July 1943, the Italian 262 squadron, 107th Group, 47th Wing, received the first two pre\\-series aircraft to be placed in service, and later received another pre\\-series aircraft that had been damaged by a landing accident during flight testing. By September 1943, only one pre\\-series Z.1018 aircraft was still in service, and no Z.1018 had seen combat.",
"On 8 August 1943, a pre\\-series Z.1018 crashed near [Perugia](/wiki/Perugia \"Perugia\"), killing its pilot, Enzo Bravi.",
"Meanwhile, the first metallic Z.1018s were completed. The first unit (MM.507\\) was completed on 22 September 1942, but the lack of engines and other equipment hampered the effort to complete the first order of 100 units. The first two metal units completed were interesting: MM.24824 was the heavy nightfighter version, and MM.24826 was the torpedo version. MM.24824 was exceptionally well armed, with four 20 mm MG 151 (800 rpg) and four Breda 12\\.7 mm/.5 in (1,400 rpg) in the nose and the wings. Also [radar](/wiki/Radar \"Radar\") was specified for this aircraft, the German FuG 202\\. Italians, meanwhile, managed to produce the *Argo*, a radar capable of locking onto naval targets, and an aircraft version, the *Vespa* (or *Arghetto*), smaller but still capable of being used to hunt naval targets. The final result of this effort was the *Lepre*, an air interceptor radar, the ultimate radar developed in Italy during the war. None of them was fitted on the Z.1018 night fighter, which never was completely outfitted for combat.",
"MM.24824 had a powerful weaponry, both in firepower and number of rounds carried. This was a great improvement compared to the early Italian fighters, but this was a big and heavy aircraft, a medium bomber, so the space and payload was not a problem, just as with the German [Dornier Do 217](/wiki/Dornier_Do_217 \"Dornier Do 217\"), one of the similar aircraft developed in the rest of the world, and which had been sent to *Regia Aereonautica* in small numbers. After a brief evaluation in a squadron, MM.24824 was caught by surprise by the armistice in CRDA and captured by Germans, but was not employed and did not survive the war.",
"MM.24826 was tested with torpedoes, followed by two other examples, in [Gorizia](/wiki/Gorizia \"Gorizia\"), in the local torpedo aircraft [training](/wiki/Flight_training \"Flight training\") unit. The aircraft showed itself as fully capable to perform this task but the two examples were not employed (the other was damaged by an accident on the ground).",
"During this time, Zappata noted that CRDA was saturated with production of all his projects, so he moved to Breda, which was idle after the failure of its Ba.88\\.",
"At Breda, Zappata proposed several variants of the Z.1018 metallic:\n* BZ.301 (Breda\\-Zappata, mod.301\\), high altitude bomber;\n* BZ.302, high altitude fighter;\n* BZ.303, [night fighter](/wiki/Night_fighter \"Night fighter\"), [torpedo bomber](/wiki/Torpedo_bomber \"Torpedo bomber\") multirole;\n* BZ.304, anti\\-tank (perhaps with a 37 mm gun).",
"The Italian Air Ministry authorized only the BZ.301 and 303, called *Leone* II and *Leone* III. The wingspan was altered for these variants: 24 m/79 ft (BZ.301\\); 20\\.7 m/68 ft (BZ.303\\).",
"The BZ.303 project carried the best armament of Italian aircraft programs. It had eight 20 mm MG 151 (200 rpg), four in the wings and four in the nose (plus a 12\\.7 mm/.5 in gun in the dorsal position). It had radar and two Piaggio P XV RC60 engines of 1,081 kW (1,450 hp). Another version was provided with two DB 603 engines, and was called **BZ303bis**. In September 1943, there were contracts for several of these \"new generation *Leoni*\". At this point, Germany took over control of both Italian industries involved, CRDA and Breda.",
"Germans were involved already in the summer of 1943 in the testing of new Italian aircraft. They liked G.55s and were interested to have deliveries of them by Fiat. They tested other Italian aircraft, even Z.1018\\. Sadly for CRDA they did not have a good opinion of the *Leone*, claiming that it was not better than the already obsolete Ju 88A\\-4 and even inferior to the Z.1007ter. The Italian plans to produce bombers were severely weakened by this decision. Germans offered their Me 410 or Ju 188 in exchange for Italian G.55s, in the process giving Italy worthless aircraft in exchange for airplanes which would be valuable in defense of Germany. The removal of [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\") on 25 July and the Armistice stopped these plans. The Germans took control of all Italian industries in central and north Italy.",
"The Germans allowed both CRDA and Breda to continue the production for 28 examples each, out of 200 ordered in two series. CRDA was destroyed by allied bombings and so, its final result was: 95 examples were committed to the production lines, 28 of them were authorized to be completed, two were completed and taken by Germans, then sent to Germany where they were lost in unknown conditions. Four others were destroyed by bombings and the rest of all the machines were demolished as Germans ordered. Breda was in similar condition, with the assembly lines destroyed on 30 April 1944 by aerial bombing and also in this occasion Germans ordered the demolition of all the hardware. Photos of fuselages were made; their metallic construction was evidenced by the lack of painting. This was the definite end for Z.1018/BZ.300s.",
""
] |
The causes of the Leone's failure
---------------------------------
All in all, the CANT Z.1018 *Leone* was an overall an improvement over the [CANT Z.1007](/wiki/CANT_Z.1007 "CANT Z.1007"), mainly thanks to the two\-engine configuration, but the program was hampered by continuous alteration requests made by *[Regia Aeronautica](/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica "Regia Aeronautica")*.
But there were also technical shortcomings:
* The fuselage was too narrow to adequately accommodate its defensive armament;
* [Tailplane](/wiki/Tailplane "Tailplane") vibration;
* The flight deck was poorly situated for landing visibility;
* The added weight of a copilot was unjustified, since the copilot had limited visibility and insufficient controls;
* Frequent mechanical failures;
* Inability to successfully absorb the modifications requested by *Regia Aeronautica*;
* Engines that were never adequately reliable.
The engines were the most persistent problem. Many of them, made by Alfa, Piaggio, Fiat and others, were proposed for a machine that never reached production (in all, about 17 units were completed).
The Z.1007 was judged better, or at least as satisfactory, than its supposed replacement, the Z.1018, not without reasons: The Z.1007e had three 746 kW (1,000 hp) for a total of 2,237 kW (3,000 hp), 224 kW (300 hp) more than Z.1018\. With the Ter version, the power was even higher, with a total maximum of 2,573–2,685 kW (3,450–3,600 hp), almost 746 kW (1,000 hp) more than Z.1018\. The maximum speed of Z.1007 (490 km/h/300 mph) was significantly lower due to greater drag, but its 50% greater payload and greater probability of returning home with a damaged engine made it the preferred choice. More importantly, the 746 kW (1,000 hp) engines were reasonably reliable, more so than the 1,044 kW (1,400 hp) class used on the Z.1018\.
By 1942, the improved Z.1007 (Ter) was becoming available, while design revisions and production delays impeded the Z.1008\. Like Ju 188, Tu\-2, Do 217, Ki\-49 and 67 (this latter the most similar to Z.1018\) these aircraft of new generation, born just at the beginning of the war, failed to show themselves enough better than the previous bombers to easily substitute them, especially if compared with the most advanced versions of the earlier\-generation aircraft.
One reason was the continuous demand for 'improvements' that led to delays and errors (see [Heinkel He 177](/wiki/Heinkel_He_177 "Heinkel He 177") as example).
The small Italian industrial base, and the quick decay of the military effort, made the situation even worse.
So the Z.1018, theoretically ready for production, arguably, not before the end of 1941, was never a success. The presence of the Z.1007ter in fact killed the program at least in the last year of war, before armistice. Even so, the manufacturing rate of CRDA was only 15 aircraft per month, and its engines were too unreliable and manufactured too slowly by the industries involved.
|
[
"The causes of the Leone's failure\n---------------------------------",
"All in all, the CANT Z.1018 *Leone* was an overall an improvement over the [CANT Z.1007](/wiki/CANT_Z.1007 \"CANT Z.1007\"), mainly thanks to the two\\-engine configuration, but the program was hampered by continuous alteration requests made by *[Regia Aeronautica](/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica \"Regia Aeronautica\")*.",
"But there were also technical shortcomings:\n* The fuselage was too narrow to adequately accommodate its defensive armament;\n* [Tailplane](/wiki/Tailplane \"Tailplane\") vibration;\n* The flight deck was poorly situated for landing visibility;\n* The added weight of a copilot was unjustified, since the copilot had limited visibility and insufficient controls;\n* Frequent mechanical failures;\n* Inability to successfully absorb the modifications requested by *Regia Aeronautica*;\n* Engines that were never adequately reliable.",
"The engines were the most persistent problem. Many of them, made by Alfa, Piaggio, Fiat and others, were proposed for a machine that never reached production (in all, about 17 units were completed).",
"The Z.1007 was judged better, or at least as satisfactory, than its supposed replacement, the Z.1018, not without reasons: The Z.1007e had three 746 kW (1,000 hp) for a total of 2,237 kW (3,000 hp), 224 kW (300 hp) more than Z.1018\\. With the Ter version, the power was even higher, with a total maximum of 2,573–2,685 kW (3,450–3,600 hp), almost 746 kW (1,000 hp) more than Z.1018\\. The maximum speed of Z.1007 (490 km/h/300 mph) was significantly lower due to greater drag, but its 50% greater payload and greater probability of returning home with a damaged engine made it the preferred choice. More importantly, the 746 kW (1,000 hp) engines were reasonably reliable, more so than the 1,044 kW (1,400 hp) class used on the Z.1018\\.",
"By 1942, the improved Z.1007 (Ter) was becoming available, while design revisions and production delays impeded the Z.1008\\. Like Ju 188, Tu\\-2, Do 217, Ki\\-49 and 67 (this latter the most similar to Z.1018\\) these aircraft of new generation, born just at the beginning of the war, failed to show themselves enough better than the previous bombers to easily substitute them, especially if compared with the most advanced versions of the earlier\\-generation aircraft.",
"One reason was the continuous demand for 'improvements' that led to delays and errors (see [Heinkel He 177](/wiki/Heinkel_He_177 \"Heinkel He 177\") as example).",
"The small Italian industrial base, and the quick decay of the military effort, made the situation even worse.",
"So the Z.1018, theoretically ready for production, arguably, not before the end of 1941, was never a success. The presence of the Z.1007ter in fact killed the program at least in the last year of war, before armistice. Even so, the manufacturing rate of CRDA was only 15 aircraft per month, and its engines were too unreliable and manufactured too slowly by the industries involved.",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
### Athletic Bilbao
Born in [Barakaldo](/wiki/Barakaldo "Barakaldo"), [Biscay](/wiki/Biscay "Biscay"), [Basque Country](/wiki/Basque_Country_%28autonomous_community%29 "Basque Country (autonomous community)"), Quintanilla was a graduate of [Athletic Bilbao](/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao "Athletic Bilbao")'s youth system. He made his senior debut as a 19\-year\-old with the reserve team, [Bilbao Athletic](/wiki/Bilbao_Athletic "Bilbao Athletic"), in the [Segunda División](/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n "Segunda División") in October 1983 against [Deportivo La Coruña](/wiki/Deportivo_La_Coru%C3%B1a "Deportivo La Coruña"), scoring his first goal in the same match.
He remained with the reserves for six seasons, enduring some major injuries and experiencing [a relegation](/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n "1987–88 Segunda División") followed by [a promotion](/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B "1988–89 Segunda División B"), while also making occasional appearances for the first team; his [La Liga](/wiki/La_Liga "La Liga") debut came against [CA Osasuna](/wiki/CA_Osasuna "CA Osasuna") at the age of 21 in August 1985, having been an important figure for the reserves the [previous year](/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n "1984–85 Segunda División") (34 league starts, which would prove to be the highest return in his career).
Txirri was fully integrated into the Athletic senior squad in [1989–90](/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_La_Liga "1989–90 La Liga"). The previous season he had played in the [UEFA Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup "UEFA Cup") against [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC"),{{cite web\|url\=http://juventuslastoriasiamonoi.altervista.org/26\-ottobre\-1988\-juventus\-athletic\-bilbao/\|title\=26 Ottobre 1988 : Juventus\-Athletic Bilbao\|language\=it\|website\=Juventus La Storia Siamo Noi\|date\=26 October 2017\|accessdate\=14 July 2018\|archive\-date\=14 July 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714135333/http://juventuslastoriasiamonoi.altervista.org/26\-ottobre\-1988\-juventus\-athletic\-bilbao/\|url\-status\=dead}} and he featured in 26 league games following his promotion; however, he was unable to secure a regular place in the team ahead of contemporaries [Genar Andrinúa](/wiki/Genar_Andrin%C3%BAa "Genar Andrinúa") and [Patxi Salinas](/wiki/Patxi_Salinas "Patxi Salinas") and the younger [Rafael Alkorta](/wiki/Rafael_Alkorta "Rafael Alkorta") and [Patxi Ferreira](/wiki/Patxi_Ferreira "Patxi Ferreira") – all were [Spanish internationals](/wiki/Spain_national_football_team "Spain national football team") – and he was allowed to move on, joining [CD Málaga](/wiki/CD_M%C3%A1laga "CD Málaga") of the second tier in summer 1990\.
### Later years
Quintanilla's first season on the [Costa del Sol](/wiki/Costa_del_Sol "Costa del Sol") was fairly successful, playing 26 times as Málaga reached the [promotion playoffs](/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_La_Liga%23Promotion_playoff "1990–91 La Liga#Promotion playoff") despite economic difficulties; Txirri scored his penalty in the shootout against local rivals [Cádiz](/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_CF "Cádiz CF"), but the tie ended in defeat.{{cite web\|url\=http://hemeroteca\-paginas.mundodeportivo.com./EMD01/HEM/1991/06/20/MD19910620\-016\.pdf \|title\=El Cádiz consumo el milagro\|trans\-title\=Cadiz achieve the miracle\|language\=Spanish\|newspaper\=\[\[Mundo Deportivo]]\|date\=20 June 1991\|accessdate\=14 July 2018}} He missed all of 1991–92 (which ended with Málaga's relegation and dissolution) due to an injury sustained on the first matchday, and then transferred to [Atlético Marbella](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Marbella "Atlético Marbella"), newly\-promoted to the same level.
After one year playing regularly with Marbella, prior to the 1993–94 season he moved on to a third [Andalusian](/wiki/Andalusia "Andalusia") club in the second tier, [Real Betis](/wiki/Real_Betis "Real Betis"), following his former coach [Sergije Krešić](/wiki/Sergije_Kre%C5%A1i%C4%87 "Sergije Krešić") who also brought [Tomás Olías](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Ol%C3%ADas "Tomás Olías") and [Juan Ramón Comas](/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Comas "Juan Ramón Comas") to Seville from Marbella. Txirri was part of the Betis team which eliminated [FC Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona") from the [Copa del Rey](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Copa_del_Rey "1993–94 Copa del Rey") and [achieved promotion](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n "1993–94 Segunda División"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vavel.com/es/futbol/betis/318880\-yo\-jugue\-en\-el\-real\-betis\-txirri.html\|title\=Yo jugué en el Real Betis: Txirri\|trans\-title\=I played at Real Betis: Txirri\|publisher\=\[\[Vavel]]\|language\=es\|date\=14 January 2014\|accessdate\=14 July 2018}} but his involvement was curtailed due to injury, and after that single season he was allowed to leave by Krešić's replacement as manager, [Lorenzo Serra Ferrer](/wiki/Lorenzo_Serra_Ferrer "Lorenzo Serra Ferrer").
Quintanilla's last three campaigns were spent in the [regionalised third tier](/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B "Segunda División B"), firstly with Elche for two years. In his final season as a professional, [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B "1996–97 Segunda División B"), he returned to his home region of Biscay to play for the amateur club [SD Zamudio](/wiki/SD_Zamudio "SD Zamudio"), making their debut at that level of competition. Txirri posted his best appearance figures for a decade (32 league starts, plus seven goals) but his input could not prevent the club's immediate relegation, and he decided to retire from playing aged 33\.
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"### Athletic Bilbao",
"Born in [Barakaldo](/wiki/Barakaldo \"Barakaldo\"), [Biscay](/wiki/Biscay \"Biscay\"), [Basque Country](/wiki/Basque_Country_%28autonomous_community%29 \"Basque Country (autonomous community)\"), Quintanilla was a graduate of [Athletic Bilbao](/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao \"Athletic Bilbao\")'s youth system. He made his senior debut as a 19\\-year\\-old with the reserve team, [Bilbao Athletic](/wiki/Bilbao_Athletic \"Bilbao Athletic\"), in the [Segunda División](/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n \"Segunda División\") in October 1983 against [Deportivo La Coruña](/wiki/Deportivo_La_Coru%C3%B1a \"Deportivo La Coruña\"), scoring his first goal in the same match.",
"He remained with the reserves for six seasons, enduring some major injuries and experiencing [a relegation](/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n \"1987–88 Segunda División\") followed by [a promotion](/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B \"1988–89 Segunda División B\"), while also making occasional appearances for the first team; his [La Liga](/wiki/La_Liga \"La Liga\") debut came against [CA Osasuna](/wiki/CA_Osasuna \"CA Osasuna\") at the age of 21 in August 1985, having been an important figure for the reserves the [previous year](/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n \"1984–85 Segunda División\") (34 league starts, which would prove to be the highest return in his career).",
"Txirri was fully integrated into the Athletic senior squad in [1989–90](/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_La_Liga \"1989–90 La Liga\"). The previous season he had played in the [UEFA Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup \"UEFA Cup\") against [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://juventuslastoriasiamonoi.altervista.org/26\\-ottobre\\-1988\\-juventus\\-athletic\\-bilbao/\\|title\\=26 Ottobre 1988 : Juventus\\-Athletic Bilbao\\|language\\=it\\|website\\=Juventus La Storia Siamo Noi\\|date\\=26 October 2017\\|accessdate\\=14 July 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714135333/http://juventuslastoriasiamonoi.altervista.org/26\\-ottobre\\-1988\\-juventus\\-athletic\\-bilbao/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and he featured in 26 league games following his promotion; however, he was unable to secure a regular place in the team ahead of contemporaries [Genar Andrinúa](/wiki/Genar_Andrin%C3%BAa \"Genar Andrinúa\") and [Patxi Salinas](/wiki/Patxi_Salinas \"Patxi Salinas\") and the younger [Rafael Alkorta](/wiki/Rafael_Alkorta \"Rafael Alkorta\") and [Patxi Ferreira](/wiki/Patxi_Ferreira \"Patxi Ferreira\") – all were [Spanish internationals](/wiki/Spain_national_football_team \"Spain national football team\") – and he was allowed to move on, joining [CD Málaga](/wiki/CD_M%C3%A1laga \"CD Málaga\") of the second tier in summer 1990\\.",
"### Later years",
"Quintanilla's first season on the [Costa del Sol](/wiki/Costa_del_Sol \"Costa del Sol\") was fairly successful, playing 26 times as Málaga reached the [promotion playoffs](/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_La_Liga%23Promotion_playoff \"1990–91 La Liga#Promotion playoff\") despite economic difficulties; Txirri scored his penalty in the shootout against local rivals [Cádiz](/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_CF \"Cádiz CF\"), but the tie ended in defeat.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://hemeroteca\\-paginas.mundodeportivo.com./EMD01/HEM/1991/06/20/MD19910620\\-016\\.pdf \\|title\\=El Cádiz consumo el milagro\\|trans\\-title\\=Cadiz achieve the miracle\\|language\\=Spanish\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Mundo Deportivo]]\\|date\\=20 June 1991\\|accessdate\\=14 July 2018}} He missed all of 1991–92 (which ended with Málaga's relegation and dissolution) due to an injury sustained on the first matchday, and then transferred to [Atlético Marbella](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Marbella \"Atlético Marbella\"), newly\\-promoted to the same level.",
"After one year playing regularly with Marbella, prior to the 1993–94 season he moved on to a third [Andalusian](/wiki/Andalusia \"Andalusia\") club in the second tier, [Real Betis](/wiki/Real_Betis \"Real Betis\"), following his former coach [Sergije Krešić](/wiki/Sergije_Kre%C5%A1i%C4%87 \"Sergije Krešić\") who also brought [Tomás Olías](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Ol%C3%ADas \"Tomás Olías\") and [Juan Ramón Comas](/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Comas \"Juan Ramón Comas\") to Seville from Marbella. Txirri was part of the Betis team which eliminated [FC Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\") from the [Copa del Rey](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Copa_del_Rey \"1993–94 Copa del Rey\") and [achieved promotion](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n \"1993–94 Segunda División\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vavel.com/es/futbol/betis/318880\\-yo\\-jugue\\-en\\-el\\-real\\-betis\\-txirri.html\\|title\\=Yo jugué en el Real Betis: Txirri\\|trans\\-title\\=I played at Real Betis: Txirri\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Vavel]]\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=14 January 2014\\|accessdate\\=14 July 2018}} but his involvement was curtailed due to injury, and after that single season he was allowed to leave by Krešić's replacement as manager, [Lorenzo Serra Ferrer](/wiki/Lorenzo_Serra_Ferrer \"Lorenzo Serra Ferrer\").",
"Quintanilla's last three campaigns were spent in the [regionalised third tier](/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B \"Segunda División B\"), firstly with Elche for two years. In his final season as a professional, [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B \"1996–97 Segunda División B\"), he returned to his home region of Biscay to play for the amateur club [SD Zamudio](/wiki/SD_Zamudio \"SD Zamudio\"), making their debut at that level of competition. Txirri posted his best appearance figures for a decade (32 league starts, plus seven goals) but his input could not prevent the club's immediate relegation, and he decided to retire from playing aged 33\\.",
""
] |
Life and career
---------------
Di Stefano was born in the small town of [Petrella Tifernina](/wiki/Petrella_Tifernina "Petrella Tifernina") in [Molise](/wiki/Molise "Molise"), [southern Italy](/wiki/Southern_Italy "Southern Italy").{{cite web \|title\=Bogus Italian lawyer Giovanni di Stefano is jailed for 14 years \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-21969624 \|website\=BBC News \|access\-date\=18 October 2024 \|date\=28 March 2013}} When his father emigrated to the UK to work in a shoe factory, Giovanni and his mother followed, settling in [Irchester](/wiki/Irchester "Irchester"), Northamptonshire, when Giovanni was six years old.{{ cite news \| journal \= \[\[Corriere della Sera]] \| title \= Il palazzinaro di Milosevic \| author \= Orlando Sandro \| date \= 12 April 1999 \| url \= http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/aprile/12/palazzinaro\_Milosevic\_ce\_0\_990412164\.shtml }} He then went on to study at Wollaston Secondary Modern School{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2022}} and later spent one year at Wellingborough Grammar School (which later became [Wrenn School](/wiki/Wrenn_School "Wrenn School")).{{dead link\|date\=April 2019}}{{ cite book \| title \= Magazine \| year \= 1972 \| editor \= Wellingborough Grammar School \| pages \= 15, 26, 33 \| url \= http://homepage.mac.com/davidtall/wgs/magazines/77\-1972\.pdf \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090327015537/http://homepage.mac.com/davidtall/wgs/magazines/77\-1972\.pdf \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= 2009\-03\-27 }} In his 1986 fraud trial and in his entry in [Marquis Who's Who](/wiki/Marquis_Who%27s_Who "Marquis Who's Who") he claimed that he had obtained a PhD in law from [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University "Cambridge University") around this time, but this claim was later found to be without foundation.{{citation \| title\= A Law unto Himself \| work\= The Independent \| author\= Peter Popham \| date\= 3 July 2008 \| url\= https://www.questia.com/read/1P2\-16811988/law\-unto\-himself \| url\-status\= dead \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131225091125/http://www.questia.com/read/1P2\-16811988/law\-unto\-himself \| archive\-date\= 25 December 2013 }} (registration required) In his 20s he claimed to have 'earned a fortune importing videotapes' from Hong Kong. Despite living much of his early life in England, he considered himself an Italian. During this time at school he was often called John, the English equivalent of Giovanni.
Di Stefano lived in Britain until 1989\. He then moved to several locations: Los Angeles between 1989 and 1992\.{{ citation needed\|date\=January 2009}} In 1992 his bid to buy the [MGM](/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer") movie studios failed, and he fled to [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia "Yugoslavia") because that country's [breakup](/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia "Breakup of Yugoslavia") had made it a war zone and nobody would look for him there. In Yugoslavia, he became a friend of its then\-president [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milosevic "Slobodan Milosevic") who granted him Yugoslav nationality with a Yugoslavian passport.{{ cite news \| work \= \[\[Corriere della Sera]] \| title \= Il Boss di Belgrado City \| author \= Renzo Cianfanelli \| language \= it \| date \= 12 June 1995 \| url \= http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/giugno/12/BOSS\_BELGRADO\_CITY\_co\_0\_95061210041\.shtml }} Additionally, he became a spokesman, a business partner, and a personal legal representative of the Serbian warlord [Arkan](/wiki/Arkan "Arkan"). He also served as general in the [Serb Volunteer Guard](/wiki/Serb_Volunteer_Guard "Serb Volunteer Guard") (Arkan's Tigers), although he never fought.{{rp\|2}} He stayed in Serbia until 1999;{{ citation needed\|date\=January 2009}} and later Italy from 1999 to 2011, while working in the UK as a lawyer. In 2011, he was arrested and extradited to the UK because he lacked the legal requisites necessary to work as a lawyer in the UK. In 2013, he was sentenced to 14 years of imprisonment in a UK prison.
### Legal career
Di Stefano had an office in Rome, the Studio Legale Internazionale. He is well documented, in the UK media, for defending "some of the country's most notorious villains". He once commented that he would "...defend [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler") or [Satan](/wiki/Satan "Satan")." He says he "defends the indefensible",{{ cite news \| work \= \[\[Evening Standard]]\|location\=London \| title \= Torment for royal named in sex and drugs plot \| date \= 29 October 2007 \| url \= http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/07/10/30/10163785\.html \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20081025024932/http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/07/10/30/10163785\.html \| archive\-date \= 25 October 2008 }} and his autobiography is called *Defending the Indefensible*.{{ cite book \| title \= Defending the Indefensible \| author \= Giovanni di Stefano \| year \= 2005 \| editor \= \[\[Stilgrafica]] \| location \= Rome }} When asked about his motivation, he replied, "No one's ever asked, 'Does Satan have a case? Does he have a good case?'"
*[The Scotsman](/wiki/The_Scotsman "The Scotsman")* described Di Stefano as a "colourful and often controversial lawyer";{{cite news \| last \= Wright \| first \= Angus \| title \= Marr brothers promise to write off Dundee debts \| newspaper \= \[\[The Scotsman]] \| date \= 4 December 2003 \| url \= http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/sport.cfm?id\=1331342003 \| access\-date \= 2007\-12\-29 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20050523100853/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/sport.cfm?id\=1331342003 \| archive\-date \= 23 May 2005 }} *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* has called him "surely the only man in the world to claim the personal friendship of [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein") and the personal enmity of [Delia Smith](/wiki/Delia_Smith "Delia Smith")", after a failed bid to buy [Norwich City F.C.](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. "Norwich City F.C.")
Di Stefano used the Italian title "[avvocato](/wiki/Avvocato "Avvocato")" ("advocate", analogous to an English [lawyer](/wiki/Lawyer "Lawyer")) on his business card, and misled clients and the courts into believing that he was a qualified lawyer.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/crime/former\-dundee\-football\-club\-director\-1788161 \| title\=Former Dundee director Giovanni di Stefano found guilty of pretending to be a lawyer \| work\=Scottish Daily Record \| date\=27 March 2013 \| access\-date\=27 March 2013}} On 27 March 2013 he was convicted on 25 charges including deception, fraud and money laundering between 2001 and 2011 by a jury at [Southwark Crown Court](/wiki/Southwark_Crown_Court "Southwark Crown Court") in London. During the trial he had told the court of his links to [Robert Mugabe](/wiki/Robert_Mugabe "Robert Mugabe"), [Osama bin Laden](/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden "Osama bin Laden"), and [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein") (whom he described as a "nice guy") and his "friendship" with the daughter of [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milosevic "Slobodan Milosevic").{{cite news \| url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/devils\-advocate\-\-the\-fake\-lawyer\-giovanni\-di\-stefano\-who\-claimed\-links\-to\-osama\-bin\-laden\-and\-saddam\-hussein\-\-found\-guilty\-on\-25\-charges\-8551921\.html \| title\='Devil's advocate' – the fake lawyer Giovanni di Stefano who claimed links to Osama bin Laden and Saddam Hussein – found guilty on 25 charges \| work\=\[\[The Independent]] \| date\=27 March 2013 \| access\-date\=27 March 2013 \| author\=Legge, James \| location\=London}}
He took up the avvocato title after a 2002 High Court ruling which allowed him to represent [Nicholas van Hoogstraten](/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoogstraten "Nicholas van Hoogstraten") in his manslaughter appeal.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2015}}*R (on the application of van Hoogstraten) v Governor of Belmarsh Prison* \[2003] 1 WLR 263, \[2002] EWHC 1965 (Admin). In evidence he admitted that he was not a qualified lawyer but that he only realised this "in hindsight" .
Di Stefano attracted clients after a BBC documentary entitled "Notorious" (see below); these included Paul Bush, jailed for life in 2003 for kidnapping and murder, whose wife paid £20,000 for legal services and, with others, £100,000 to di Stefano to secure bail for her husband – the money was received before Bush learned there was never any possibility of bail. Much of the money was never returned. Cocaine smuggler Laurent Penchef's parents paid di Stefano €10,000 in June 2005 for legal services, specifically [CCRC](/wiki/Criminal_Cases_Review_Commission "Criminal Cases Review Commission") and advice regarding repatriation to France; however, he was never given clear advice about how his 18\-year jail sentence would be implemented in France, and no work was done taking his case to the [CCRC](/wiki/Criminal_Cases_Review_Commission "Criminal Cases Review Commission") . The money was sent to a bank in Rome by Penchef's parents, but prosecutor David Aaronberg QC said: "Mr Di Stefano did little or nothing to assist." "He was no more a qualified lawyer than he was a surgeon qualified to perform surgery or pilot qualified to fly an aeroplane", said Mr Aaronberg.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9957434/The\-Devils\-advocate\-is\-facing\-jail.html \| title\=The 'Devil's advocate' is facing jail \| work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]] \| date\=27 March 2013 \| access\-date\=27 March 2013 \| author\=Dixon, Hayley \| location\=London}}
### Notable claims
Notable people whom Giovanni Di Stefano has claimed to represent include:
* Serial killer [Harold Shipman](/wiki/Harold_Shipman "Harold Shipman"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/devils\-advocate\-the\-worlds\-most\-notorious\-lawyer\-defends\-himself\-859032\.html\|title\=Devil's advocate: The world's most notorious lawyer defends himself\|website\=\[\[Independent.co.uk]]\|date\=3 July 2008}} *The Irish Independent* commented "The law firm that represented Shipman later denied that di Stefano had acted for its client."
* Former President of Iraq [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein");{{cite web \| url\=http://www.daylife.com/photo/06QffNr1PJ62C \| quote\=Giovanni di Stefano, a defence lawyer for Saddam Hussein, speaks during an interview with The Associated Press in the \[\[Jordan]]ian capital of \[\[Amman]], Tuesday 5 December 2006 \| author\=Mohammad abu Ghosh \|agency\=Associated Press\| title\=Photograph \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707045032/http://www.daylife.com/photo/06QffNr1PJ62C \| archive\-date\=7 July 2009 }}{{cite news \| title \= Gunmen kill Saddam lawyer \| author \= David Fickling and agencies \| newspaper \= The Guardian \| date \= 21 June 2006 \| url \= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/21/iraq.davidfickling \| quote \= The London\-based lawyer Giovanni di Stefano, who is on Saddam's defence team (...)
}}{{cite web \| title \= Haider Aziz Al\-sayer Jassim Ali Rasheed, et al., vs. Saddam Hussein, et al., Civil Action No. 04\-1862 (EGS) \| publisher \= US District Court for the District of Columbia \| date \= 18 December 2006 \| url \= http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/news/ourNews/prelimMotion.doc \| quote \= (...) Defendant Saddam Hussein (...) to request the Court for an Order to permit Giovanni Di Stefano, Mr. Hussein's lawyer, to have reasonable access to meet and confer with Mr. Hussein, in private, to advise him of the existence of this civil action and to take instructions from Mr. Hussein to present whatever objections he might raise to this pending civil action (...) Defendant Saddam Hussein through one of his lawyers, Giovanni Di Stefano \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090327015545/http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/news/ourNews/prelimMotion.doc \| archive\-date \= 27 March 2009 }} (only as part of his legal team in 2004,{{citation needed\|date\=June 2020}} and only before the trial began{{efn \| 1 \= Di Stefano said in 2004 that he was part of the legal team, but in August 2005 all lawyers except \[\[Khalil al\-Duleimi]] were fired. The \[\[trial of Saddam Hussein]] started in October 2005, and Al\-Duleimi represented Saddam in exclusive during all the duration the trial {{citation \|title\= Saddam family slims defence team \|date\= 8 August 2005 \|publisher\= BBC \|url\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/4131474\.stm }}}})
* Close associate of Hussein [Tariq Aziz](/wiki/Tariq_Aziz "Tariq Aziz");{{cite web\|url\=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Politics/?id\=1\.0\.2118525661\|title\=Iraq: Ex\-deputy PM is innocent, says defence lawyer – Adnkronos Politics}}
* [Jeremy Bamber](/wiki/Jeremy_Bamber "Jeremy Bamber"), convicted of the [White House Farm murders](/wiki/White_House_Farm_murders "White House Farm murders");[BBC article and video interview](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/hardtalk/3567653.stm) for *[HARDtalk](/wiki/HARDtalk "HARDtalk")* by [David Jessel](/wiki/David_Jessel "David Jessel") (first broadcast 2004\-03\-25\)
* Businessman and criminal [Nicholas van Hoogstraten](/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoogstraten "Nicholas van Hoogstraten");{{ cite news \| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2843615\.stm \| publisher\=BBC News \| title\=Hoogstraten to fight conviction \| date\=12 March 2003 \| access\-date \= 2010\-01\-04}}
* Irish gangsters [Patrick Holland](/wiki/Patrick_Holland_%28criminal%29 "Patrick Holland (criminal)"){{cite web\|url\=http://news.sky.com/home/article/13518324 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120711170822/http://news.sky.com/home/article/13518324 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=11 July 2012 \|title\=Sky Exclusive: 'I Didn't Kill Veronica' \|publisher\=\[\[Sky News]] \|date\=10 April 2006 \|access\-date\=1 October 2011 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://skynewstranscripts.co.uk/transcript.asp?id\=196 \|title\=Exclusive Sky News Ireland interview with Dutchy Holland \|author\=Brian Daly \|publisher\=\[\[Sky News Ireland]] \|date\=10 April 2006 \|access\-date\=1 October 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060603065600/http://www.skynewstranscripts.co.uk/transcript.asp?id\=196 \|archive\-date\= 3 June 2006 }}{{ cite news \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7319216\.stm \| title \= Five guilty of £10m kidnap plot \| date \= 28 April 2008 \| publisher \= \[\[BBC News]] \| access\-date \= 2008\-07\-29 }} and [John Gilligan](/wiki/John_Gilligan_%28Irish_criminal%29 "John Gilligan (Irish criminal)");[Shelbourne scraps talks with controversial Di Stefano](https://web.archive.org/web/20090707174645/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/print?id=365849&type=story&cc=5739)
* Notorious prisoner [Charles Bronson](/wiki/Charles_Bronson_%28prisoner%29 "Charles Bronson (prisoner)"); {{cite web\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/visiting\-time\-charles\-bronson\-invites\-us\-into\-his\-cell\-830534\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519233348/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/visiting\-time\-charles\-bronson\-invites\-us\-into\-his\-cell\-830534\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=19 May 2008\|title\=US\|website\=\[\[Independent.co.uk]]}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Charles\-Bronson\-faces\-parole\-hearing/article\-290486\-detail/article.html\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130505090753/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Charles\-Bronson\-faces\-parole\-hearing/article\-290486\-detail/article.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2013\-05\-05\|title\=Hull Daily News Online \& Hull Events – Hull Daily Mail}}
* [Iraqi Ba’athist](/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq "Ba'athist Iraq") politician and military commander [Ali Hassan al\-Majid](/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid "Ali Hassan al-Majid") (known as Chemical Ali, whose death sentence Di Stefano tried, but failed, to overturn);
* Pop singer and serial sex\-offender [Gary Glitter](/wiki/Gary_Glitter "Gary Glitter");{{cite news\|url\=http://www.independent.ie/national\-news/glitter\-planning\-move\-here\-as\-soon\-as\-he\-can\-1466720\.html\|title\=Glitter planning move here 'as soon as he can'\|work\=Irish Independent}}
* [Ian Brady](/wiki/Ian_Brady "Ian Brady"), one of the [Moors murderers](/wiki/Moors_murders "Moors murders");
* Ian Strachan, one of the defendants in the [2007 royal blackmail plot](/wiki/2007_royal_blackmail_plot "2007 royal blackmail plot").{{ cite news \|url\=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article3127413\.ece \|publisher\=Independent UK \|title\=Checkered career of blackmail case 'devil's advocate' \|author\=Cathy Vervier \|date\=4 November 2007 \|location\=London \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108012830/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article3127413\.ece \|archive\-date\=8 January 2008 }}
He has written to the Parole Board requesting [Great Train Robbery](/wiki/Great_Train_Robbery_%281963%29 "Great Train Robbery (1963)") participant [Ronnie Biggs](/wiki/Ronnie_Biggs "Ronnie Biggs")'s release on compassionate grounds.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/7331261\.stm \|title\=Biggs' bid for Christmas release \| publisher\=BBC News \| date\=4 April 2008 \| access\-date \= 2010\-01\-04}}
In 2002, he managed to overturn a manslaughter conviction against Hoogstraten, getting him released from prison.
In January 2004, Di Stefano again came to fame when he claimed in television interviews to be acting for serial killer [Harold Shipman](/wiki/Harold_Shipman "Harold Shipman"). However, Shipman's lawyer said that Shipman had rejected Di Stefano's offer in May 2003, and that neither he nor any member of Shipman's family believed that Di Stefano was acting for Shipman. This, and an incident in a 2004 trial of John Palmer, prompted an investigation into Di Stefano's qualifications as lawyer (see "personal legal history" section).{{ citation \|title\= Judge queries di Stefano's qualifications \|work\= \[\[The Scotsman]] \|date\= 28 January 2004 \|author\= Angus Howarth \|url\= http://news.scotsman.com/topstories/Judge\-queries\-di\-Stefanos\-qualifications.2498441\.jp \|location\=Edinburgh}}
On 17 March 2007, Di Stefano wrote to [Lord Goldsmith](/wiki/Peter_Goldsmith%2C_Baron_Goldsmith "Peter Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith") (at that time the [Attorney General for England and Wales](/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales "Attorney General for England and Wales")) asking for leave to prosecute Judge [Rauf Rashid Abd al\-Rahman](/wiki/Rauf_Rashid_Abd_al-Rahman "Rauf Rashid Abd al-Rahman"), who had sentenced Saddam Hussein, under the Geneva Conventions Act 1957\.{{cite web \| url\=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/hotline/2007/04/prosecuting\-saddams\-trial\-judge\-in\-uk.php \| title\=Prosecuting Saddam's trial judge in the UK \| date\=27 April 2007 \| access\-date\=2008\-04\-20 \| publisher\=\[\[JURIST]] \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502210937/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/hotline/2007/04/prosecuting\-saddams\-trial\-judge\-in\-uk.php \| archive\-date\=2 May 2008 }} On 14 January 2008, Di Stefano was reported as saying "Hurried justice is no justice", after a claimed UK client, who had won £1million in the [National Lottery](/wiki/National_Lottery_%28United_Kingdom%29 "National Lottery (United Kingdom)"), failed to attend court as a witness in an assault case. Judge Christopher Elwen jailed her for 14 days anyway.{{cite news \| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\_news/england/cornwall/7187984\.stm \| title\=Jailed lotto winner loses appeal \| date\=14 January 2008 \| access\-date \= 2008\-04\-20 \| publisher\=BBC News }}
In January 2007 Di Stefano asked the International Criminal Court to make a full investigation of the [Al\-Dujail trials](/wiki/Trials_of_Saddam_Hussein%23Al-Dujail_trial "Trials of Saddam Hussein#Al-Dujail trial") of Saddam Hussein's half\-brother [Barzan Ibrahim al\-Tikriti](/wiki/Barzan_Ibrahim_al-Tikriti "Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti") and Iraq's judiciary head [Awad Hamed al\-Bandar](/wiki/Awad_Hamed_al-Bandar "Awad Hamed al-Bandar"). Di Stefano circulated a note handwritten by Barzan where he explains that he wasn't responsible for the killings at Dujail for which he was sentenced to death.{{ cite news \| work \= \[\[The Daily Telegraph]] \| title \= Barzan's final plea \| date \= 17 January 2007 \| url \= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1539774/Barzans\-final\-plea.html \| location\=London }}
In October 2007 he complained that the investigation of [Blackwater](/wiki/Blackwater_Worldwide "Blackwater Worldwide")'s [civilian deaths on Iraq](/wiki/Blackwater_Baghdad_shootings "Blackwater Baghdad shootings") was unjust because they were forced to operate in climate and conditions that forced them to shoot first and ask questions later when they came under attack.{{ cite news \| work \= \[\[JURIST]] \| title \= Investigation of Blackwater is unjust \| date \= 8 October 2007 \| url \= http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/hotline/2007/10/investigation\-of\-blackwater\-is\-unjust.php \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090508045616/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/hotline/2007/10/investigation\-of\-blackwater\-is\-unjust.php \| archive\-date \= 8 May 2009 }}
Also in October 2007 he argued that Iraqi officials had to accept a pardon application for [Ali Hassan al\-Majid](/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid "Ali Hassan al-Majid") (Chemical Ali) because the 30\-day execution window set the trial had passed.{{ cite news \| work \= \[\[JURIST]] \| title \= 'Chemical Ali' execution further delayed \| author \= Gabriel Haboubi \| date \= 17 October 2007 \| url \= http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/10/chemical\-ali\-execution\-delay\-continues.php \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090508135245/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/10/chemical\-ali\-execution\-delay\-continues.php \| archive\-date \= 8 May 2009 }}{{ cite news \| work \= \[\[JURIST]] \| title \= Execution of Al Majid without response to pardon petition would be murder \| date \= 16 October 2007 \| url \= http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/hotline/2007/10/execution\-of\-al\-majid\-without\-response.php \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090508045510/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/hotline/2007/10/execution\-of\-al\-majid\-without\-response.php \| archive\-date \= 8 May 2009 }} The US military later refused to release Ali for his execution until the legal questions were answered.{{ cite news \| work \= \[\[JURIST]] \| title \= 'Chemical Ali' transfer for execution will wait until legal questions answered: US \|first\=Brett \|last\=Murphy \| author\-link \= Brett Murphy \| date \= 17 November 2007 \| url \= http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/11/chemical\-ali\-transfer\-for\-execution.php \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090508050633/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/11/chemical\-ali\-transfer\-for\-execution.php \| archive\-date \= 8 May 2009 }} Ali was sentenced to death again in February 2008 for different charges. The execution was further delayed in December 2008 as a new trial was opened against him with further charges.{{ cite news \| publisher \= \[\[BBC]] \| title \= Saddam loyalists face new charges \| date \= 28 December 2008 \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7802514\.stm \| access\-date \= 2010\-01\-04}} Ali was executed on 25 January 2010, fulfilling eight death sentences.{{citation \| title \= 'Chemical Ali' executed in Iraq \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/8479115\.stm \| publisher \= BBC News \| date \= 25 January 2010}}.
In October 2007 Di Stefano asked the British [Home Secretary](/wiki/Home_Secretary "Home Secretary") for posthumous pardon of [Hawley Harvey Crippen](/wiki/Hawley_Harvey_Crippen "Hawley Harvey Crippen"), who had been hanged for murder in 1910, on the basis of supposed new forensic evidence indicating that the body found was not that of his wife, and a letter from his wife that was sent after the date of the alleged murder and was never presented on the trial, and that he never murdered her.{{cite web \| title \= Di Stefano calls for Crippen pardon \| publisher \= Studio Legale Internazionale \| url \= http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/news/ourNews/20071017Crippen.php4 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20120216001505/http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/news/ourNews/20071017Crippen.php4 \| archive\-date \= 16 February 2012 }} ({{YouTube\|HoNaiT82AuU\|online video statement}}) The request was filed on behalf of the doctor's last living relative.{{ cite news \| work \= Camden New Journal \| title \= Will the Devil's advocate get a pardon for Crippen? \| date \= 17 December 2007 \| url \= http://www.thecnj.com/review/2007/122707/feat122707\_02\.html?headline\=Will\_the\_Devil%E2%80%99s\_advocate\_get\_a\_pardon\_for\_Crippen%3F }}
On 15 January 2008 Di Stefano said that he knew of a sixth victim of [Moors murderers](/wiki/Moors_murders "Moors murders") [Ian Brady](/wiki/Ian_Brady "Ian Brady") and [Myra Hindley](/wiki/Myra_Hindley "Myra Hindley") called Jennifer Tighe. He said he had a photo of her, and intended to speak to Brady to see if the killer would confess to this latest allegation.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2018}} On 21 January 2008 [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police "Greater Manchester Police") (GMP) issued a statement saying that Jennifer Tighe was in fact alive and that "Mr Di Stefano has previously made claims regarding the Moors murders in the media but has not provided any detail to Greater Manchester Police."[Moors murder 'victim' is 'alive](http://www.gmp.police.uk/mainsite/pages/5497007523AD83EC802573D7005BDFA9.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926112508/http://www.gmp.police.uk/mainsite/pages/5497007523AD83EC802573D7005BDFA9\.htm \|date\=26 September 2008 }}, Greater Manchester Police – Accessed 26 January 2008 Di Stefano invited GMP to interview his client and to provide proper evidence that Tighe was still alive.[Response from Giovanni Di Stefano to Greater Manchester police statement re Moors murders](https://web.archive.org/web/20090707100216/http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/blogHome.php4?blogId=1771&n.x=33&n.y=7), Studio Legale Internazionale (21 January entry)
Moors murderer Ian Brady had been force\-fed at a top security hospital since he started a hunger strike in September 1999\.{{ citation\|last\=Tran\|first\=Mark\|title\=Brady loses bid to die\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/mar/10/marktran\|work\=The Guardian \|location\=London\|date\=10 March 2000\|access\-date\=29 September 2009}} In September 2007, Brady applied via Di Stefano to be moved to a conventional jail where he intended to starve himself to death.{{ cite news \| title \= The face \| work \= \[\[The Times]]\| author \= Stefanie Marsh \| date \= 30 October 2007 \| url \= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life\_and\_style/men/article2764727\.ece \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} Later, in November 2008, when Brady was still being force\-fed, Giovanni accused the state of legally starving Brady to death by not giving him enough food.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2019}} In 2009–2010 Di Stefano made appeals to move him to a Scottish prison so he can die there, a move that the Scottish government strongly opposed.{{ citation \|title\= Phone interview with Giovanni Di Stefano (audio) \|date\=1 September 2010\|author\= official Youtube account of \[\[STV (TV network)\|STV News]] \|url\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=\_pw32pwSGRI }}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links\|date\=February 2022}}{{ citation \|title\= Moors murderer Ian Brady 'wants to die in Scottish prison' \|date\= 14 September 2009 \|author\= heraldscotland staff \|work\= \[\[The Herald (Glasgow)\|The Herald]] \|url\= http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime\-courts/moors\-murderer\-ian\-brady\-wants\-to\-die\-in\-scottish\-prision\-1\.919791 }}
In September 2009, acting in the name of [Manuel Noriega](/wiki/Manuel_Noriega "Manuel Noriega"), Di Stefano presented an appeal to French president [Nicolas Sarkozy](/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy "Nicolas Sarkozy"), saying the ruling against Noriega had been incorrectly made [*in absentia*](/wiki/Trial_in_absentia "Trial in absentia").{{ citation \|title\= Panama, Noriega chiede grazia a Sarkozy. L'ex dittatore, 75 anni, vuole evitare l'estradizione in Francia dove è accusato di riciclaggio di denaro\|work\= \[\[Corriere della Sera]] \|date\= 9 September 2009 \|language\= it \|url\= http://www.corriere.it/esteri/09\_settembre\_19/panama\_noriega\_grazia\_2219248c\-a52f\-11de\-8486\-00144f02aabc.shtml }}{{efn\| 1 \= The appeal was rejected because Noriega has the right to request a new trial the moment he returns to France, and indults could only be awarded when a definitive ruling has been made.{{citation \|title\= Francia no puede analizar petición de Noriega \|author\= Betty Brannan Jaén \|language\= es \|publisher\= prensa.com Panamá \|url\= http://www.prensa.com/hoy/panorama/1928895\.asp \|access\-date\= 18 December 2010 \|archive\-date\= 16 June 2011 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110616142559/http://www.prensa.com/hoy/panorama/1928895\.asp \|url\-status\= dead }}}}
In May 2010, he made an appeal on behalf of Benguit Omar, saying that he was wrongly convicted for the [murder of Jong\-Ok Shin](/wiki/Murder_of_Jong-Ok_Shin "Murder of Jong-Ok Shin").{{ citation \|title\= Omicidio Claps Restivo segnalato alla polizia inglese \|work\= \[\[La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno]] \|url\= http://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/GdM\_dallabasilicata\_NOTIZIA\_01\.php?IDNotizia\=333294\&IDCategoria\=1 \|date\= 7 May 2010 \|quote\= Benguit Omar's family and the lawyer, Giovanni di Stefano, ask for the reopening of the case and for an investigation for the death of "Oki" Shin by Danilo Restivo. As revealed by the Advocate Di Stefano, an element kept hidden from the defense, the murderer cut a lock of hair from Oki. An element – Tg5 says – that could link her death to the cases of Heather Barnett and Elisa Claps. \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102107/http://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/GdM\_dallabasilicata\_NOTIZIA\_01\.php?IDNotizia\=333294\&IDCategoria\=1 \|archive\-date\= 22 December 2015 }}
In January 2011, Di Stefano reported that he had asked for [Charles Manson](/wiki/Charles_Manson "Charles Manson")'s permission to represent him, in an application to review his trial based upon a violation of the [6th Amendment](/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution") and a legal argument that had not been raised during Manson's trial, although he had still to get his reply.{{ citation \|title\= Meet the lawyer who's trying to get Charles Mason out of jail \|author\= Henry Langston \|date\= January 2010 \|work\= \[\[Vice (magazine)\|Vice]] \|url\= http://www.viceland.com/wp/2011/01/meet\-the\-lawyer\-whos\-trying\-to\-get\-charles\-manson\-out\-of\-jail/ \|archive\-url\= https://archive.today/20130205165828/http://www.viceland.com/wp/2011/01/meet\-the\-lawyer\-whos\-trying\-to\-get\-charles\-manson\-out\-of\-jail/ \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-date\= 2013\-02\-05 }} Around 26 January 2011, Di Stefano claimed to have filed an application with the [Inter\-American Commission on Human Rights](/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights "Inter-American Commission on Human Rights") on behalf of Manson claiming the same violations.{{Cite web\|url\=https://edition.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/02/07/charles.manson.attorney/index.html\|title\=Saddam Hussein's attorney represents Charles Manson in petition}}
### Personal legal history
Di Stefano was arrested in June 1984 and charged with fraud before being released on bail. He was again arrested in August of that year and refused bail. In 1986, Di Stefano was tried for conspiracy to obtain property by deception and fraudulent trading, and was convicted after a 78\-day trial, jailed for five years, and prohibited from being a company director for 10 years;{{ cite news \|url\=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article144221\.ece \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122172647/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article144221\.ece \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=22 January 2016 \|title\=A law unto himself \|author\=Russell Miller\|publisher\= Times Online (www.timesonline.co.uk) \|date\=21 August 2005 \| location\=London}} of a total of 11 fraud counts, he was convicted of three counts and [acquitted](/wiki/Acquittal "Acquittal") of eight.
In the ruling, the judge called him "one of nature's fraudsters... a swindler without scruple or conscience"{{citation \| title\= Club's saviour revealed as 'a swindler' \|date\= 12 October 2003 \|work \= \[\[The Scotsman]] \|url\= http://www.scotsman.com/news/club\-s\-saviour\-revealed\-as\-a\-swindler\-1\-1294664 }} and said he was "motivated by personal greed and pretension." Court records show that Di Stefano's only attempt to appeal against the conviction was dismissed in 1987{{ citation \| last \= Hannan \| first \= Martin \| title \= Giovanni Di Stefano: The Truth \| work \= \[\[The Scotsman]] \| date \= 12 October 2003 \| url \= http://news.scotsman.com/giovannidistefano/Giovanni\-Di\-Stefano\-The\-Truth.2469479\.jp \| access\-date \= 2007\-12\-29 \| location\=Edinburgh}}{{ citation \|title\= Defending the indefensible. The Saturday Profile: Gionanni Di Stefano \|date\= 17 January 2004 \|work\= \[\[The Scotsman]] \|url\= http://news.scotsman.com/opinion/Defending\-the\-indefensible.2495512\.jp \|location\=Edinburgh}} and further records published in 2005 showed that he served the full sentence.{{citation \|title\= Millionaire 'lawyer' certified insane here while in jail for fraud \|author\= Jim Cusack \|date\= 18 June 2006 \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|url\= http://www.independent.ie/national\-news/millionaire\-lawyer\-certified\-insane\-here\-while\-in\-jail\-for\-fraud\-131570\.html }}{{citation \|title\= Chequered Career of Blackmail Case 'Devil's Advocate' \|first\= Cathy \|last\=Vervier \|work\= The Independent on Sunday \|location\= London\|date\= 4 November 2007 \|url\= https://www.questia.com/read/1P2\-10173024/chequered\-career\-of\-blackmail\-case\-devil\-s\-advocate \|archive\-url\= https://archive.today/20130411164354/http://www.questia.com/read/1P2\-10173024/chequered\-career\-of\-blackmail\-case\-devil\-s\-advocate \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-date\= 11 April 2013 }} (registration required)
The [Lord Justice of Appeal](/wiki/Lord_Justice_of_Appeal "Lord Justice of Appeal") [Stephen Brown](/wiki/Stephen_Brown_%28judge%29 "Stephen Brown (judge)") said "\[the trial] revealed a very deep and wide measure of fraudulent behaviour. This was a man who was undoubtedly seeking to operate a financial fraud wherever he was able to induce people to succumb to representations skilfully made in the form of bogus financial documents."{{citation \|title\= Wanted 'Devil's Advocate' Lawyer Is Arrested \|work\= \[\[Sky News]] \|date\= 15 February 2011 \|author\= Martin Brunt \|url\= http://news.sky.com/story/837338/wanted\-devils\-advocate\-lawyer\-is\-arrested }} Di Stefano had publicly claimed that his 1987 appeal was successful, until a copy of the failed appeal was made public in 2004 by Rosie Cowan of *The Independent*. Di Stefano claimed that he had taken legal action in Italian courts of law against Cowan and against Martin Hannan of *Scotland on Sunday*, but the legal departments of their newspapers said that had no knowledge of any legal action started by Di Stefano against them.
He also unsuccessfully appealed in 1989 to the [European Commission of Human Rights](/wiki/European_Commission_of_Human_Rights "European Commission of Human Rights") alleging that his arrest violated the [European Convention on Human Rights](/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights "European Convention on Human Rights").{{ cite book \| title \= Decisions and Reports: Décisions Et Rapports \| chapter \= Application/Requête Nº 12391/86 John Di Stefano v. the United Kingdom. Decision of 13 April 1989 on the admissibility of the application \| author \= \[\[European Commission of Human Rights]] \| publisher \= \[\[Council of Europe]] \| year \= 1992 \| pages \= 182–193 \| isbn \= 9789287121608 \| chapter\-url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=Ij8FVLbRQ\_4C\&pg\=PA182 \| language \= fr \| quote \= Per ces motifs, la Commission déclare la requête Irrecevable }} (at this time he used the name "John") Di Stefano claimed in a [BBC](/wiki/BBC_News_24 "BBC News 24") article that the conviction was quashed on a second appeal in 1988 and that "a sense of injustice remains, making each victory against the system a sweet revenge."{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4394095\.stm \|title\=Jonathan King's 'best friend'\|publisher\=\[\[BBC News]] \|date\=31 March 2005 \|author\=Tom Geoghegan \| access\-date \= 2010\-01\-04}}
According to *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* and the *[Irish Independent](/wiki/Irish_Independent "Irish Independent")*, he had already served a six\-month sentence for fraud and false pretenses in 1975 in Ireland, and a three\-year sentence for obtaining property by deception and other charges in 1976 in the UK. Di Stefano insists that these convictions were those of a different person, called "John" instead of "Giovanni", although they share the same surname, birthday and birthplace. According to *[The New Zealand Herald](/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald "The New Zealand Herald")*, Di Stefano had already denied being the "John Di Stefano" who had been convicted in 1986, but, also according to the *New Zealand Herald*, the New Zealand police managed to verify that they were the same person by comparing his [fingerprints](/wiki/Fingerprint "Fingerprint"). Di Stefano denies that he was ever deported or that his fingerprints were ever taken.
In 1990 a Solicitors' Disciplinary Tribunal ruled that Di Stefano could not be employed by any solicitor in England or Wales without permission from the [Law Society](/wiki/Law_Society_of_England_and_Wales "Law Society of England and Wales"),{{ citation \|work\= \[\[The Independent]] \|url\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/devils\-advocate\-the\-worlds\-most\-notorious\-lawyer\-defends\-himself\-859032\.html \| location\=London \| title\=Devil's advocate: The world's most notorious lawyer defends himself \|date\=3 July 2008}}{{ citation \|title\= Investigations pile more pressure on Dundee's benefactor \|date\= 8 November 2003 \|work\= \[\[Scotland on Sunday]] \|url\= http://sport.scotsman.com/football/Investigations\-pile\-more\-pressure\-on.2477127\.jp }}{{ citation \|title\= I was ruined by Shipman 'lawyer', says ex\-solicitor \|author\= Rosie Cowan \|work\= \[\[The Guardian]] \|date\= 19 January 2004 \|url\= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jan/19/shipman.health \|location\=London}} because of his criminal record, although he could still contract a solicitor to act on his name.
In 1990, Giovanni Di Stefano travelled to New Zealand, where he made several multimillion\-dollar bids on property on behalf of a [Beverly Hills](/wiki/Beverly_Hills "Beverly Hills")\-based company.{{ cite news \| url \= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=10473104 \| title \= Familiar name in royal case \| work\= The New Zealand Herald \| date \= 31 October 2007 \| author \= NZPA \| access\-date \= 2008\-07\-24 \| author\-link \= New Zealand Press Association}}{{ citation \|title\= Italian 'Financier' Casts Shadow Over MGM/UA Buyout \|work\= \[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|date\= 4 June 1990 \|author\= Michael Cieply \|url\= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1990\-06\-04\-fi\-420\-story.html }}{{ cite news \| url \= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c\_id\=213\&objectid\=10328483 \| title \= 'Lawyer' under British scrutiny \| author \= Jason Bennetto \| work \= \[\[The New Zealand Herald]] \| date \= 1 June 2005 \| access\-date \= 2008\-07\-24}}{{ cite news \| url \= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=3533207 \| work \= \[\[The New Zealand Herald]] \| title \= Soccer team next goal for fraudster \| author \= Scott MacLeod \| date \= 8 November 2003 \| access\-date \= 2008\-07\-24}}{{ cite news \| url \= http://au.news.yahoo.com/040408/2/ohdb.html \| title \= Fraudster claims to be defending Saddam \| work \= Yahoo! News Australia \& NZ \| author \= Australian Associated Press \| date \= 2 July 2004 \| access\-date \= 2008\-07\-24 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070425033511/http://au.news.yahoo.com/040408/2/ohdb.html \|archive\-date \= 25 April 2007}}{{ cite news \| url \= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=3581432 \| title \= Will the real Giovanni Di Stefano please stand up? \| work \= \[\[The New Zealand Herald]] \| author \= Chris Barton \| date \= 31 July 2004 \| access\-date \= 2008\-07\-24}} The authorities discovered that he had not disclosed a conviction in England in 1986, declared him a prohibited immigrant, and he was subsequently returned to his country of origin.{{ cite news \| url \= http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/08/1089000295725\.html \| title \= Marsden's invitation to Baghdad \| author \= Kate McClymont \| work \= \[\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \| date \= 9 July 2004 \| access\-date \= 2008\-07\-24}}
In 1991 or 1992,{{cite web \| url\=https://www.vreme.com/vreme/cudesni\-svet\-djovanija\-di\-stefana/ \| title\=Čudesni svet Đovanija di Stefana \- Afere \- Nedeljnik Vreme \| date\=23 April 2003 }} he moved to Yugoslavia, where he received the Yugoslavian citizenship and passport by personal authorisation of president [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Slobodan Milošević"). The address listed in his passport was Tolstojeva 32, [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade"), right next to Milošević's official residence; however, he lived further away, at the luxurious Genex apartments.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.vreme.com/vreme/cudesni\-svet\-djovanija\-di\-stefana/ \| title\=Čudesni svet Đovanija di Stefana \- Afere \- Nedeljnik Vreme \| date\=23 April 2003 }} According to *[The Scotsman](/wiki/The_Scotsman "The Scotsman")* and *[Irish Independent](/wiki/Irish_Independent "Irish Independent")*, Di Stefano was moving to a country with no extradition treaty with the UK, to escape a warrant for fraud charges.
Around 1992, while trying to buy the MGM film studio, the United States [Immigration and Naturalization Service](/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service "Immigration and Naturalization Service") [deported](/wiki/Deportation "Deportation") him from the United States because of a fraud conviction in the UK in 1986\. Months later he applied for a non\-immigrant visa for re\-entry, and was told that he needed a [waiver of grounds of inadmissibility](/wiki/United_States_Waiver_of_Inadmissibility "United States Waiver of Inadmissibility") to be eligible. The waiver application was denied by the federal agency, causing the visa to also be denied. In 1993, he appealed to a [United States District Court](/wiki/United_States_District_Court "United States District Court"), which ruled that it lacked jurisdiction to review the denial of a waiver application. In 1995, the [United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit "United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit") affirmed the judgment of the district court, ruling that Di Stefano did not have [standing](/wiki/Standing_%28law%29 "Standing (law)") to challenge the waiver denial under the [Immigration and Nationality Act](/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965 "Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965").{{Cite court \|litigants\=Giovanni Di Stefano, Plaintiff\-Appellant,
v. Benedict J. Ferro, District Director INS, Rome Italy; \[\[Janet Reno]], Attorney General, Defendants\-Appellees\|vol \= 53 \|reporter \= F.3d \|opinion \= 338 \|court \= 9th Cir. \|year \= 1995 \|url\=http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/53/53\.F3d.338\.94\-55822\.html}}
In November 1999 Di Stefano was arrested in Rome and extradited to Britain to be tried for fraud charges in the insolvency in 1991 of five hotels in the [English Midlands](/wiki/Midlands_%28England%29 "Midlands (England)") and a company called Sandhurst Assets. British investigators recognised his name when newspapers reported his bids for Dundee football club and for [Ellington Colliery](/wiki/Ellington_Colliery "Ellington Colliery"), and acted on a 1991 warrant.{{ citation \|title\= Tycoon linked to Saddam arrested for hotel fraud \|author\= Kim Sengupta \|date\= 1 December 1999 \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|url\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/tycoon\-linked\-to\-saddam\-arrested\-for\-hotel\-fraud\-1124289\.html \|location\=London}} In June 2001, after Di Stefano had spent 18 months in jail, a judge ruled that he couldn't be tried because too much time had passed since the alleged offences.{{ citation \|title\= Lawyer is cleared over hotels 'swindle' \|author\= David Sapsted \|work\= \[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|date\= 2 June 2001 \|url\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1309607/Lawyer\-is\-cleared\-over\-hotels\-swindle.html \|location\=London}} During his stay in [Rebibbia prison](/wiki/Rebibbia_prison "Rebibbia prison"), his friend Arkan was assassinated and his other friend Milošević was jailed shortly before he was released; Di Stefano claims that it was all part of a conspiracy to isolate Milošević from his most trusted adviser.{{ citation \|title\= Intervista a Giovanni Di Stefano su Arkan e Milosevic (I parte). Fonte: Lo spettro \|date\= 8 June 2002 \|publisher\= dittatore.it \|language\= it \|url\= http://www.dittatori.it/intervistadistefano.htm }} ([second part](http://www.dittatori.it/intervistadistefano2.htm))
In 2002 the Governor of [HM Prison Belmarsh](/wiki/Belmarsh_%28HM_Prison%29 "Belmarsh (HM Prison)") barred Di Stefano's access to a client in prison, [Nicholas van Hoogstraten](/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoogstraten "Nicholas van Hoogstraten"). The restriction was appealed to the [High Court of Justice](/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice "High Court of Justice") in *R (Van Hoogstraten) v Governor of Belmarsh Prison*Regina (Van Hoogstraten) v Governor of Belmarsh Prison \[2003] 1 WLR 264{{cite web \| title \= Jeremy Johnson \| publisher \= 5 Essex Court \| url \= http://www.5essexcourt.com/86/?form\_83\.replyids\=11 \| quote \= High Court: Whether the governor of a prison was entitled to refuse to allow a prisoner to have legal visits from an Italian Avocato }} which ruled against the prison governor.{{ cite news \| title \= Prison ban on lawyer unlawful \| work \= \[\[The Guardian]] \| author \= Steven Morris \| date \= 24 September 2002 \| url \= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/sep/24/stevenmorris \| location\=London}}{{ cite news \| title \= Property tycoon 'denied right to see lawyer' \| work \= \[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\| date \= 23 September 2002 \|url \= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1408068/Property\-tycoon\-%27denied\-right\-to\-see\-lawyer%27\.html \|archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20130505055152/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1408068/Property\-tycoon\-%27denied\-right\-to\-see\-lawyer%27\.html \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-date \= 5 May 2013 \| location\=London}}
The decision held that the governor's challenge to Di Stefano's credentials was not filed in a timely manner, and that some evidence suggested Di Stefano was an Italian lawyer and that Italian lawyers, as a rule, were permitted visitation in British prisons as [European lawyers](/wiki/European_lawyer "European lawyer"). The justice further ruled that since denying Di Stefano's visits to the prisoner would cause severe prejudice to the client's legal defence, he could not be denied that right until a timely and successful challenge was made.{{efn\| 1 \= The right of a qualified European Union lawyer to practise in a country other than their country of origin was, until 1 July 2007, governed by the provisions of the (United Kingdom) European Communities (Services of Lawyers) Order 1978 (SI 1978/1910\) (Amended 2004\).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/professional/conduct/guideonline/view\=page.law?POLICYID\=108 \|title\=Annex 10A European Communities (Services of Lawyers) Order 1978 \|publisher\=Society's Regulation Authority \|date\=1 July 2007 \|access\-date\=2008\-09\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102043532/http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/professional/conduct/guideonline/view%3Dpage.law?POLICYID\=108 \|archive\-date\= 2 January 2008 }}}}{{cite web \| title \= copy of court ruling \| publisher \= Studio Legale Internazionale \| url \= http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/downloads/hoogstraten/proceeding26\-09\-02\.pdf \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090327015544/http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/downloads/hoogstraten/proceeding26\-09\-02\.pdf \| archive\-date \= 27 March 2009 }} In spite of these problems, he managed gain the release Hoogstraten from prison in 2004 (see "notable people" section). In November the Higher court made a different ruling for a different prison, this time saying that Di Stefano had failed to provide adequate credentials, and preventing him from visiting John Palmer in prison.
In December 2003 Di Stefano was featured in a BBC documentary series called *Notorious*, covering four entrepreneurs that had obtained their fortunes via controversial means; his chapter was called *Devil's Advocate*.{{citation \| title\= Dirty Dosh \| work\= \[\[Western Mail (Wales)\|Western Mail]] \| author\= Karen Price \| date\= 8 January 2004 \| url\= https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\-112203197/dirty\-dosh \| access\-date\= 29 August 2017 \| archive\-date\= 10 March 2016 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160310001530/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\-112203197/dirty\-dosh \| url\-status\= dead }} (registration required) In the documentary he said that Hitler would have never been convicted for killing Jews, thus enraging the Jewish community. At that time Di Stefano was trying to become director of Dundee FC, and the fans of the club were also outraged because he was wearing a Dundee pullover while making those statements. He also boasted of his friendship with Saddam Hussein and with Serbian warlord Arkan.
In January 2004, *The Guardian*{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/jan/15/NHS.shipman2 \|title\=Police probe Shipman lawyer claim \|access\-date \= 2008\-04\-20 \|last\=Cowan \|first\=Rosie \|date\=15 January 2004 \|newspaper\=The Guardian \| location\=London}} and the [*Daily Record*](/wiki/Daily_Record_%28Scotland%29 "Daily Record (Scotland)"){{cite news \|url\=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\-112250288/we\-can\-t\-let\-just\-any\-old\-tom\-dick\-or\-giovanni\-practise \|title\=We Can't Let Just Any Old Tom, Dick or Giovanni Practise Law in This Country; Cops and Legal Regulators to Probe Controversial Lawyer Linked to Dundee FC over Whether He Is Qualified to Act as a Solicitor. His Clients Have Included Harold Shipman and Kenneth Noye \|access\-date\=2012\-09\-19 \|last\=Turner \|first\=Kevin \|date\=16 January 2004 \|newspaper\=\[\[Daily Record (Scotland)]] \|location\=Glasgow \|archive\-date\=17 August 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817225406/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\-112250288/we\-can\-t\-let\-just\-any\-old\-tom\-dick\-or\-giovanni\-practise \|url\-status\=dead }} (needs registration) reported that Di Stefano's legal qualifications were under investigation by the [British police](/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom "Law enforcement in the United Kingdom") and the Law Society since the spring of 2003, to see if he had misrepresented himself as an accredited solicitor, in violation of [Solicitors Act 1974](/wiki/Solicitors_Act_1974 "Solicitors Act 1974").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jan/21/shipman.health \|title\=Fraudster lawyer's claim to act for Shipman is bogus, says family's solicitor \|access\-date \= 2008\-04\-20 \|last\=Cowan \|first\=Rosie \|date\=21 January 2004 \|newspaper\=The Guardian \| location\=London}}{{cite news\|last\=Bennetto \|first\=James \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/saddams\-defender\-accused\-of\-falsely\-claiming\-to\-be\-solicitor\-492651\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707004547/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/saddams\-defender\-accused\-of\-falsely\-claiming\-to\-be\-solicitor\-492651\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=7 July 2009 \|title\=Saddam's defender accused of falsifying his legal credentials \|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]] \|date\=31 May 2005 \|access\-date \= 2008\-08\-12 \| location\=London}}
As a result of the investigation he was eventually arrested in 2011 in Spain (see paragraph below). The Law Society declared that he was "not a solicitor, or a registered foreign lawyer, or a registered European lawyer",{{ cite news \| work \= \[\[The Independent]] \| title \= Devil's advocate: The world's most notorious lawyer defends himself \| date \= 3 July 2008 \| url \= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/devils\-advocate\-the\-worlds\-most\-notorious\-lawyer\-defends\-himself\-859032\.html \| location\=London}} and that they were unable to verify either his legal qualifications or his status as a foreign lawyer despite going to considerable lengths, and despite asking Di Stefano himself for the information. The [Law Society of Scotland](/wiki/Law_Society_of_Scotland "Law Society of Scotland"){{ citation \|title\= Judge queries di Stefano's law qualifications 'Who is that gentleman,' counsel is asked \|author\= Billy Briggs \|date\= 28 January 2004 \|work\= \[\[The Herald (Glasgow)\|The Herald]] \|url\= http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/judge\-queries\-di\-stefano\-s\-law\-qualifications\-who\-is\-that\-gentleman\-counsel\-is\-asked\-1\.94870 }} and the [Ordine Degli Avvocati](/wiki/Ordine_Degli_Avvocati "Ordine Degli Avvocati"){{ citation \|title\= New 'lawyer' for Gilligan and Holland is a conman \|date\= 28 August 2005 \|author\= Jim Cusack \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|url\= http://www.independent.ie/national\-news/new\-lawyer\-for\-gilligan\-and\-holland\-is\-a\-conman\-471693\.html }} of Rome have also said that he is not a registered solicitor. His name does not appear in Italy's national lawyers' register. Di Stefano claims that he does not need to register with either the Law Society nor with any Italian [bar association](/wiki/Bar_association "Bar association") in order to practise in the UK, a claim that is rejected by the Law Society.
As of 2004, Di Stefano could not represent his clients directly, and he had to represent them through Paul Martin \& Co, a firm associated with his legal firm Studio Legale Internazionale that acts as his agent.{{ citation \|title\= Serial killer's legal adviser insists he has right to practise \|date\= 22 January 2004 \|author\= Jeremy Fleming \|work\= \[\[Law Society]] Gazette \|url\= http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/serial\-killeramp146s\-legal\-adviser\-insists\-he\-has\-right\-practise \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120318095231/http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/serial\-killeramp146s\-legal\-adviser\-insists\-he\-has\-right\-practise \|archive\-date\= 18 March 2012 }} [Alistair Cooke](/wiki/Alistair_Cooke "Alistair Cooke"), co\-director of the BBC series that made a documentary about Di Stefano said "(...) We witnessed him in court, but he never actually stands up and pretends to be a lawyer. He assembles a legal team and acts as a middle man, whispering in lawyers' ears as they act on behalf of clients. He knows a lot of criminals and introduces them to his legal teams who get them off on technicalities or help them retain their assets."
In March 2006, Ireland [Chief Justice](/wiki/Chief_Justice "Chief Justice") Murray told Di Stefano that he would have to provide proof of his legal qualifications before he could act for Patrick 'Dutchy' Holland and be his legal representative,{{ citation \|title\= 'Dutchy' in court over lawyer's visit \|date\=16 March 2006 \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|url\= http://www.independent.ie/national\-news/dutchy\-in\-court\-over\-lawyers\-visit\-107974\.html}}{{ citation \|title\= 'Dutchy' lawyer fails to clarify his status \|author\= Ann O'Loughlin \|date\= 14 March 2006 \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|url\= http://www.independent.ie/national\-news/dutchy\-lawyer\-fails\-to\-clarify\-his\-status\-107566\.html }} and he eventually ruled that Di Stefano had failed to provide any credential.{{ citation \|title\= Dutchy's lawyer is slammed \|author\= Diarmaid Mac Dermott \|work\= \[\[Daily Mirror\|The Mirror]] \|date\= 21 March 2006 \|url\= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-143465389\.html\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055238/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-143465389\.html\|url\-status\= dead\|archive\-date\= 5 November 2012}}{{ citation \|title\= Dutchy fails to show credentials of Italian lawyer \|author\= Ann O'Loughlin \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|date\= 21 March 2010 \|url\= http://www.independent.ie/national\-news/dutchy\-fails\-to\-show\-credentials\-of\-italian\-lawyer\-108758\.html }}
Di Stefano sued Murray for the negative remarks made about him during the case,{{ citation \|title\= Lawyer to sue Chief Justice for remark on ignorance \|date\= 15 March 2006 \|author\= Eugene Hogan \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|url\= http://www.independent.ie/national\-news/lawyer\-to\-sue\-chief\-justice\-for\-remark\-on\-ignorance\-107763\.html }} but he later dropped his complaint, saying that he did not want to harm a "great jurist" just to win a case.{{ citation \|title\= Bid to sue top judge dropped \|work\= \[\[Sunday Mirror]] \|date\= 12 November 2006 \|author\= Kevin McDonnell \|url\= http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bid\+to\+sue\+top\+judge\+dropped.\-a0154287227 \|quote\= Now Di Stefano has dropped the action. He said: 'Mr Murray is a great jurist and his loss would outweigh the benefit of a victory in a defamation case.' }}
English libel law changed with the [Defamation Act 2013](/wiki/Defamation_Act_2013 "Defamation Act 2013"), reducing the potential for abuse to exert a [chilling effect](/wiki/Chilling_effect "Chilling effect").{{cite news \|url\= https://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/dec/31/trivial\-libel\-claims\-targeted\-new\-law \|title\=Libel: new Defamation Act will reverse 'chilling effect', ministers claim \|agency\=Press Association \|date\=30 December 2013\|work\=The Guardian \|location\= London}}
### Arrest and trial
Di Stefano was arrested in [Palma, Majorca](/wiki/Palma%2C_Majorca "Palma, Majorca"), in Spain on 14 February 2011 on a [European Arrest Warrant](/wiki/European_Arrest_Warrant "European Arrest Warrant") issued by the British authorities. According to the [City of London Police](/wiki/City_of_London_Police "City of London Police"), the warrant had been issued in January 2011 "on matters relating to fraud, theft and money laundering". The arrest was the outcome of a lengthy investigation by the City of London Police's economic crime directorate."[Lawyer Giovanni di Stefano held in Spain](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12473976)." BBC News, 15 February 2011 According to a statement by the Spanish Interior Ministry, quoting the arrest warrant, Di Stefano was accused of having earned large sums of money in the UK between 2004 and 2009 without being licensed to practise law in that country."[Spain arrests lawyer linked to Saddam defense team](https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hLInrxgVv4JDCwpeaCtVxKeAUNjQ?docId=f8a9891c59414914b9b73cc5fe07c74e){{dead link\|date\=June 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}". The Associated Press, 15 February 2011 The ministry said that he was facing 18 charges for which he could receive a maximum 75 years in prison."[Spanish police arrest 'Saddam's lawyer'](http://www.expatica.com/es/news/spanish-news/spanish-police-arrest-saddam-s-lawyer-_130286.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925190141/http://www.expatica.com/es/news/spanish\-news/spanish\-police\-arrest\-saddam\-s\-lawyer\-\_130286\.html \|date\=25 September 2012 }}". Agence France\-Presse, 5 February 2011 Di Stefano voluntarily accepted his [extradition](/wiki/Extradition "Extradition") to the UK, and he was released without bail until the extradition date, with no passport and with the obligation of going to the judge every few days and communicating any residency change.{{ citation \|title\= Abogado de Sadam Husein será extraditado a Londres por supuestos 18 delitos \|language\= es \|author\= Agencia \[\[EFE]] \|date\= 19 February 2011 \| url\= http://www.emol.com/noticias/internacional/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia\=465506 }} Di Stefano claimed it was a political trial, prepared after he said that [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair "Tony Blair") should be judged by his role in the Iraq war.
On 25 August [Westminster Magistrates' Court](/wiki/Westminster_Magistrates%27_Court "Westminster Magistrates' Court") referred the case involving 18 charges of fraud to [Southwark Crown Court](/wiki/Southwark_Crown_Court "Southwark Crown Court") for a hearing on 30 September.{{ cite news \|title\=Giovanni di Stefano case goes to Crown Court \|author\=Angus Howarth \|url\=http://news.scotsman.com/uk/Giovanni\-di\-Stefano\-case\-goes.6825399\.jp \|newspaper\=The Scotsman \|date\=26 August 2011 \|access\-date\=17 September 2011 \|location\=Edinburgh}} After the hearing, Di Stefano was released on bail, pending trial on 14 January 2013\.{{citation \|title\= Ex\-Dundee FC director and 'Devil's advocate' to stand trial on fraud charges in 2013 \|date\= 20 October 2011 \|work\= \[\[STV (TV network)\|STV]] \|url\= http://news.stv.tv/scotland/tayside/275576\-ex\-dundee\-fc\-director\-and\-devils\-advocate\-to\-stand\-trial\-on\-client\-fraud\-charges\-in\-2013/ \|archive\-url\= https://archive.today/20120712094413/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/tayside/275576\-ex\-dundee\-fc\-director\-and\-devils\-advocate\-to\-stand\-trial\-on\-client\-fraud\-charges\-in\-2013/ \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-date\= 12 July 2012 }}
In July 2011, Di Stefano announced that he was launching *News of the World Online*, a website with a masthead logo similar to that of the recently closed *[News of the World](/wiki/News_of_the_World "News of the World")* newspaper.{{ citation \|title\= 'Devil's advocate' Giovanni di Stefano sets up online version of the News of the World \|work\= \[\[Sunday Mail (Scotland)\|Sunday Mail]] \|date\= 24 July 2011 \|author\= Alan Carson \|url\= http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk\-world\-news/2011/07/24/devil\-s\-advocate\-giovanni\-di\-stefano\-sets\-up\-online\-version\-of\-the\-news\-of\-the\-world\-86908\-23293821/ }} On 23 March 2012, [News International](/wiki/News_International "News International"), the paper's former publisher, sued Di Stefano for violating its trademark.{{ citation \|title \= News Corp. Sues Saddam's Lawyer Over News of the World Site \|date \= 27 March 2012 \|url \= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012\-03\-27/news\-corp\-sues\-saddam\-s\-lawyer\-over\-news\-of\-the\-world\-site\-2\-.html \| work\=Bloomberg \|first\=Erik \|last\=Larson}}{{cite news \|title\=News International sues 'News of the World Online' website. News Group files claim against lawyer Giovanni Di Stefano and company using News of the World name\|work\=The Guardian\|author\=Mark Sweney\|date\=30 March 2012\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/mar/30/news\-of\-the\-world\-website\-sued\|location\=London}}
Subsequently, in a Press Complaints Commission case relating to a *[Sunday Mail](/wiki/Sunday_Mail_%28Scotland%29 "Sunday Mail (Scotland)")* article{{cite news\|title\=The Devil's Advocate Took Me for a Mug; Exclusive Actress Rages at di Stefano\|date\=11 March 2012\|newspaper\=Sunday Mail\|author\=Russell Findlay\|url\=https://www.questia.com/library/1G1\-282610279/the\-devil\-s\-advocate\-took\-me\-for\-a\-mug\-exclusive\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130131215923/http://www.questia.com/library/1G1\-282610279/the\-devil\-s\-advocate\-took\-me\-for\-a\-mug\-exclusive\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=31 January 2013}} (needs registration) about a YouTube video posted by [Tricia Walsh\-Smith](/wiki/Tricia_Walsh-Smith "Tricia Walsh-Smith") stating "that he had taken £100,000 from the individual who had posted the online video".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.triciawalshsmith.com/html/videos.htm\|title\=Tricia Walsh Smith's Official Website – Videos}} The *Sunday Mail* agreed to print a statement saying "Giovanni Di Stefano has denied ripping off Tricia Walsh\-Smith ... Ms Walsh\-Smith claimed that Mr Di Stefano duped her into investing in the News of the World online while she was contributing a weekly column, "Livin' an' Lovin' with Tricia Walsh\-Smith".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pcc.org.uk/news/index.html?article\=NzgxMw\=\=\|title\=Mr Giovanni Di Stefano v Sunday Mail\|date\=4 May 2012\|publisher\=Press Complaints Commission\|access\-date\=13 May 2012\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515042106/http://www.pcc.org.uk/news/index.html?article\=NzgxMw\=\=\|archive\-date\=15 May 2012}}{{cite news \|title\=For the record.(News)(Correction notice)\|newspaper\=Sunday Mail\|date\=29 April 2012\|url\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-287982355\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323095439/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-287982355\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=23 March 2015}} Four of the August 2012 charges against him related to Walsh\-Smith; Di Stefano had falsely claimed to be a lawyer, claiming he could overturn the Walsh\-Smith pre\-nuptial agreement, and persuading Walsh\-Smith to invest in News of the World online. This brought the charges against Di Stefano up to 28 counts of fraud and his trial began at Southwark Crown Court on 28 January 2013\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.courtnewsuk.co.uk/newsgallery/?news\_id\=30319 \|title\=Di Stefano: The 'Devil's Advocate' in the Dock \|work\=Court News UK \|access\-date\=13 April 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095952/http://www.courtnewsuk.co.uk/newsgallery/?news\_id\=30319 \|archive\-date\=6 October 2014 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.courtserve.net/courtlists/current/crown/sthwk\_T130128\.01\.htm \|title\=The Crown Court at Southwark Daily List for 28 January 2013 \|publisher\=CourtServe \|access\-date\=29 January 2013 }}{{dead link\|date\=January 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} On 6 March 2013 he told the court that he was a qualified advocate because Yugoslavian president Milošević had awarded him an [honorary](/wiki/Honorary_degree "Honorary degree") law doctorate from the [University of Belgrade](/wiki/University_of_Belgrade "University of Belgrade") "simply because he had asked."{{citation \|title\= Di Stefano tells of links to Saddam, bin Laden, Mugabe and Milosevic \|work\= \[\[The Herald (Glasgow)\|The Herald]] \|date\= 7 March 2013 \|url\= http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime\-courts/di\-stefano\-tells\-of\-links\-to\-saddam\-bin\-laden\-mugabe\-and\-milosevic.20436503 }}
On 27 March 2013 he was found guilty of all charges; nine counts of obtaining a money transfer by deception, eight counts of fraud, three counts of acquiring criminal property, two counts of using a false instrument, one count of attempting to obtain a money transfer by deception, one count of obtaining property by deception and one count of using criminal property. He subsequently pleaded guilty to two additional counts: defrauding a couple out of £160,000, including a woman's life savings of £75,000, and stealing £150,000 from a man who had been in a car accident and lost a limb.
He was sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment. Judge Alistair McCreath said that Di Stefano had caused misery and frustration to many people and called him a predator for his treatment of "desperate and vulnerable" clients: "You had no regard for them nor for their anguish. Your only concern was to line your own pockets." He described Di Stefano's crimes as "planned and persistent," his defence in court as "breathtakingly cynical,"{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-21969624\|title\=Bogus Italian lawyer Giovanni di Stefano is jailed for 14 years\|publisher\=BBC News\|date\=28 March 2013}} and his overall conduct as showing "greed, dishonesty and utter disregard for the sensibilities of others."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/jailed\-bogus\-lawyer\-who\-conned\-1m\-from\-clients\-8553184\.html\|title\=Jailed: Bogus lawyer who conned £1m from clients\|last\=Cheston\|first\=Paul\|work\=Evening Standard\|location\=London\|date\=28 March 2013}}
Hilary Ryan, from the [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service "Crown Prosecution Service")'s organised crime division, said: "For many years, Giovanni Di Stefano described himself to potential clients as a lawyer and usually as an Italian 'avvocato'. He was nothing of the sort. When the law caught up with him, he falsely claimed to have obtained various formal legal qualifications. He then went on to claim that having taught himself the law, he was entitled to describe himself as a lawyer. This was fraud by anyone's standards and a charade that he kept up for over eight years in order to line his own pockets. (...) Giovanni Di Stefano routinely tricked his clients and abused their trust. (...)"{{citation \|title\= Bogus lawyer Giovanni Di Stefano convicted \|publisher\= Crown Prosecution Service \|date\= 27 March 2013 \|url\= http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/latest\_news/bogus\_lawyer\_giovanni\_di\_stefano\_convicted/ \|access\-date\= 7 May 2013 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130710002544/http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/latest\_news/bogus\_lawyer\_giovanni\_di\_stefano\_convicted/ \|archive\-date\= 10 July 2013 \|url\-status\= dead }}
On 4 April 2014, eight and a half years were added to Di Stefano's 14\-year sentence, unless he compensated his victims immediately. The judge who jailed him in March 2013 at Southwark Crown Court, Alistair McCreath, told him to "pay back £1\.4 million forthwith or serve the extra time." He said Di Stefano had no intention of paying and had "stuck up two fingers to the court".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sundayworld.com/top\-stories/news/liar\-lawyer\-stefano\-to\-get\-extra\-time \|title\='Liar' lawyer Stefano to get extra time / Sunday World \|access\-date\=2014\-09\-30 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122833/http://www.sundayworld.com/top\-stories/news/liar\-lawyer\-stefano\-to\-get\-extra\-time \|archive\-date\=6 October 2014 }} \|first\=Eamon\| last\= Dillon \|date\= 4 April 2014
|
[
"Life and career\n---------------",
"Di Stefano was born in the small town of [Petrella Tifernina](/wiki/Petrella_Tifernina \"Petrella Tifernina\") in [Molise](/wiki/Molise \"Molise\"), [southern Italy](/wiki/Southern_Italy \"Southern Italy\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Bogus Italian lawyer Giovanni di Stefano is jailed for 14 years \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-21969624 \\|website\\=BBC News \\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2024 \\|date\\=28 March 2013}} When his father emigrated to the UK to work in a shoe factory, Giovanni and his mother followed, settling in [Irchester](/wiki/Irchester \"Irchester\"), Northamptonshire, when Giovanni was six years old.{{ cite news \\| journal \\= \\[\\[Corriere della Sera]] \\| title \\= Il palazzinaro di Milosevic \\| author \\= Orlando Sandro \\| date \\= 12 April 1999 \\| url \\= http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/aprile/12/palazzinaro\\_Milosevic\\_ce\\_0\\_990412164\\.shtml }} He then went on to study at Wollaston Secondary Modern School{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2022}} and later spent one year at Wellingborough Grammar School (which later became [Wrenn School](/wiki/Wrenn_School \"Wrenn School\")).{{dead link\\|date\\=April 2019}}{{ cite book \\| title \\= Magazine \\| year \\= 1972 \\| editor \\= Wellingborough Grammar School \\| pages \\= 15, 26, 33 \\| url \\= http://homepage.mac.com/davidtall/wgs/magazines/77\\-1972\\.pdf \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090327015537/http://homepage.mac.com/davidtall/wgs/magazines/77\\-1972\\.pdf \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-date \\= 2009\\-03\\-27 }} In his 1986 fraud trial and in his entry in [Marquis Who's Who](/wiki/Marquis_Who%27s_Who \"Marquis Who's Who\") he claimed that he had obtained a PhD in law from [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University \"Cambridge University\") around this time, but this claim was later found to be without foundation.{{citation \\| title\\= A Law unto Himself \\| work\\= The Independent \\| author\\= Peter Popham \\| date\\= 3 July 2008 \\| url\\= https://www.questia.com/read/1P2\\-16811988/law\\-unto\\-himself \\| url\\-status\\= dead \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131225091125/http://www.questia.com/read/1P2\\-16811988/law\\-unto\\-himself \\| archive\\-date\\= 25 December 2013 }} (registration required) In his 20s he claimed to have 'earned a fortune importing videotapes' from Hong Kong. Despite living much of his early life in England, he considered himself an Italian. During this time at school he was often called John, the English equivalent of Giovanni.",
"Di Stefano lived in Britain until 1989\\. He then moved to several locations: Los Angeles between 1989 and 1992\\.{{ citation needed\\|date\\=January 2009}} In 1992 his bid to buy the [MGM](/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\") movie studios failed, and he fled to [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\") because that country's [breakup](/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia \"Breakup of Yugoslavia\") had made it a war zone and nobody would look for him there. In Yugoslavia, he became a friend of its then\\-president [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milosevic \"Slobodan Milosevic\") who granted him Yugoslav nationality with a Yugoslavian passport.{{ cite news \\| work \\= \\[\\[Corriere della Sera]] \\| title \\= Il Boss di Belgrado City \\| author \\= Renzo Cianfanelli \\| language \\= it \\| date \\= 12 June 1995 \\| url \\= http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/giugno/12/BOSS\\_BELGRADO\\_CITY\\_co\\_0\\_95061210041\\.shtml }} Additionally, he became a spokesman, a business partner, and a personal legal representative of the Serbian warlord [Arkan](/wiki/Arkan \"Arkan\"). He also served as general in the [Serb Volunteer Guard](/wiki/Serb_Volunteer_Guard \"Serb Volunteer Guard\") (Arkan's Tigers), although he never fought.{{rp\\|2}} He stayed in Serbia until 1999;{{ citation needed\\|date\\=January 2009}} and later Italy from 1999 to 2011, while working in the UK as a lawyer. In 2011, he was arrested and extradited to the UK because he lacked the legal requisites necessary to work as a lawyer in the UK. In 2013, he was sentenced to 14 years of imprisonment in a UK prison.",
"### Legal career",
"Di Stefano had an office in Rome, the Studio Legale Internazionale. He is well documented, in the UK media, for defending \"some of the country's most notorious villains\". He once commented that he would \"...defend [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\") or [Satan](/wiki/Satan \"Satan\").\" He says he \"defends the indefensible\",{{ cite news \\| work \\= \\[\\[Evening Standard]]\\|location\\=London \\| title \\= Torment for royal named in sex and drugs plot \\| date \\= 29 October 2007 \\| url \\= http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/07/10/30/10163785\\.html \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081025024932/http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/07/10/30/10163785\\.html \\| archive\\-date \\= 25 October 2008 }} and his autobiography is called *Defending the Indefensible*.{{ cite book \\| title \\= Defending the Indefensible \\| author \\= Giovanni di Stefano \\| year \\= 2005 \\| editor \\= \\[\\[Stilgrafica]] \\| location \\= Rome }} When asked about his motivation, he replied, \"No one's ever asked, 'Does Satan have a case? Does he have a good case?'\"",
"*[The Scotsman](/wiki/The_Scotsman \"The Scotsman\")* described Di Stefano as a \"colourful and often controversial lawyer\";{{cite news \\| last \\= Wright \\| first \\= Angus \\| title \\= Marr brothers promise to write off Dundee debts \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[The Scotsman]] \\| date \\= 4 December 2003 \\| url \\= http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/sport.cfm?id\\=1331342003 \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-12\\-29 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20050523100853/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/sport.cfm?id\\=1331342003 \\| archive\\-date \\= 23 May 2005 }} *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* has called him \"surely the only man in the world to claim the personal friendship of [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\") and the personal enmity of [Delia Smith](/wiki/Delia_Smith \"Delia Smith\")\", after a failed bid to buy [Norwich City F.C.](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. \"Norwich City F.C.\")",
"Di Stefano used the Italian title \"[avvocato](/wiki/Avvocato \"Avvocato\")\" (\"advocate\", analogous to an English [lawyer](/wiki/Lawyer \"Lawyer\")) on his business card, and misled clients and the courts into believing that he was a qualified lawyer.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/crime/former\\-dundee\\-football\\-club\\-director\\-1788161 \\| title\\=Former Dundee director Giovanni di Stefano found guilty of pretending to be a lawyer \\| work\\=Scottish Daily Record \\| date\\=27 March 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=27 March 2013}} On 27 March 2013 he was convicted on 25 charges including deception, fraud and money laundering between 2001 and 2011 by a jury at [Southwark Crown Court](/wiki/Southwark_Crown_Court \"Southwark Crown Court\") in London. During the trial he had told the court of his links to [Robert Mugabe](/wiki/Robert_Mugabe \"Robert Mugabe\"), [Osama bin Laden](/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden \"Osama bin Laden\"), and [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\") (whom he described as a \"nice guy\") and his \"friendship\" with the daughter of [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milosevic \"Slobodan Milosevic\").{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/devils\\-advocate\\-\\-the\\-fake\\-lawyer\\-giovanni\\-di\\-stefano\\-who\\-claimed\\-links\\-to\\-osama\\-bin\\-laden\\-and\\-saddam\\-hussein\\-\\-found\\-guilty\\-on\\-25\\-charges\\-8551921\\.html \\| title\\='Devil's advocate' – the fake lawyer Giovanni di Stefano who claimed links to Osama bin Laden and Saddam Hussein – found guilty on 25 charges \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\| date\\=27 March 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=27 March 2013 \\| author\\=Legge, James \\| location\\=London}}",
"He took up the avvocato title after a 2002 High Court ruling which allowed him to represent [Nicholas van Hoogstraten](/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoogstraten \"Nicholas van Hoogstraten\") in his manslaughter appeal.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2015}}*R (on the application of van Hoogstraten) v Governor of Belmarsh Prison* \\[2003] 1 WLR 263, \\[2002] EWHC 1965 (Admin). In evidence he admitted that he was not a qualified lawyer but that he only realised this \"in hindsight\" .",
"Di Stefano attracted clients after a BBC documentary entitled \"Notorious\" (see below); these included Paul Bush, jailed for life in 2003 for kidnapping and murder, whose wife paid £20,000 for legal services and, with others, £100,000 to di Stefano to secure bail for her husband – the money was received before Bush learned there was never any possibility of bail. Much of the money was never returned. Cocaine smuggler Laurent Penchef's parents paid di Stefano €10,000 in June 2005 for legal services, specifically [CCRC](/wiki/Criminal_Cases_Review_Commission \"Criminal Cases Review Commission\") and advice regarding repatriation to France; however, he was never given clear advice about how his 18\\-year jail sentence would be implemented in France, and no work was done taking his case to the [CCRC](/wiki/Criminal_Cases_Review_Commission \"Criminal Cases Review Commission\") . The money was sent to a bank in Rome by Penchef's parents, but prosecutor David Aaronberg QC said: \"Mr Di Stefano did little or nothing to assist.\" \"He was no more a qualified lawyer than he was a surgeon qualified to perform surgery or pilot qualified to fly an aeroplane\", said Mr Aaronberg.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9957434/The\\-Devils\\-advocate\\-is\\-facing\\-jail.html \\| title\\=The 'Devil's advocate' is facing jail \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]] \\| date\\=27 March 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=27 March 2013 \\| author\\=Dixon, Hayley \\| location\\=London}}",
"### Notable claims",
"Notable people whom Giovanni Di Stefano has claimed to represent include:",
"* Serial killer [Harold Shipman](/wiki/Harold_Shipman \"Harold Shipman\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/devils\\-advocate\\-the\\-worlds\\-most\\-notorious\\-lawyer\\-defends\\-himself\\-859032\\.html\\|title\\=Devil's advocate: The world's most notorious lawyer defends himself\\|website\\=\\[\\[Independent.co.uk]]\\|date\\=3 July 2008}} *The Irish Independent* commented \"The law firm that represented Shipman later denied that di Stefano had acted for its client.\"\n* Former President of Iraq [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\");{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.daylife.com/photo/06QffNr1PJ62C \\| quote\\=Giovanni di Stefano, a defence lawyer for Saddam Hussein, speaks during an interview with The Associated Press in the \\[\\[Jordan]]ian capital of \\[\\[Amman]], Tuesday 5 December 2006 \\| author\\=Mohammad abu Ghosh \\|agency\\=Associated Press\\| title\\=Photograph \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707045032/http://www.daylife.com/photo/06QffNr1PJ62C \\| archive\\-date\\=7 July 2009 }}{{cite news \\| title \\= Gunmen kill Saddam lawyer \\| author \\= David Fickling and agencies \\| newspaper \\= The Guardian \\| date \\= 21 June 2006 \\| url \\= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/21/iraq.davidfickling \\| quote \\= The London\\-based lawyer Giovanni di Stefano, who is on Saddam's defence team (...)\n}}{{cite web \\| title \\= Haider Aziz Al\\-sayer Jassim Ali Rasheed, et al., vs. Saddam Hussein, et al., Civil Action No. 04\\-1862 (EGS) \\| publisher \\= US District Court for the District of Columbia \\| date \\= 18 December 2006 \\| url \\= http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/news/ourNews/prelimMotion.doc \\| quote \\= (...) Defendant Saddam Hussein (...) to request the Court for an Order to permit Giovanni Di Stefano, Mr. Hussein's lawyer, to have reasonable access to meet and confer with Mr. Hussein, in private, to advise him of the existence of this civil action and to take instructions from Mr. Hussein to present whatever objections he might raise to this pending civil action (...) Defendant Saddam Hussein through one of his lawyers, Giovanni Di Stefano \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090327015545/http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/news/ourNews/prelimMotion.doc \\| archive\\-date \\= 27 March 2009 }} (only as part of his legal team in 2004,{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}} and only before the trial began{{efn \\| 1 \\= Di Stefano said in 2004 that he was part of the legal team, but in August 2005 all lawyers except \\[\\[Khalil al\\-Duleimi]] were fired. The \\[\\[trial of Saddam Hussein]] started in October 2005, and Al\\-Duleimi represented Saddam in exclusive during all the duration the trial {{citation \\|title\\= Saddam family slims defence team \\|date\\= 8 August 2005 \\|publisher\\= BBC \\|url\\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/4131474\\.stm }}}})\n* Close associate of Hussein [Tariq Aziz](/wiki/Tariq_Aziz \"Tariq Aziz\");{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Politics/?id\\=1\\.0\\.2118525661\\|title\\=Iraq: Ex\\-deputy PM is innocent, says defence lawyer – Adnkronos Politics}}\n* [Jeremy Bamber](/wiki/Jeremy_Bamber \"Jeremy Bamber\"), convicted of the [White House Farm murders](/wiki/White_House_Farm_murders \"White House Farm murders\");[BBC article and video interview](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/hardtalk/3567653.stm) for *[HARDtalk](/wiki/HARDtalk \"HARDtalk\")* by [David Jessel](/wiki/David_Jessel \"David Jessel\") (first broadcast 2004\\-03\\-25\\)\n* Businessman and criminal [Nicholas van Hoogstraten](/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoogstraten \"Nicholas van Hoogstraten\");{{ cite news \\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2843615\\.stm \\| publisher\\=BBC News \\| title\\=Hoogstraten to fight conviction \\| date\\=12 March 2003 \\| access\\-date \\= 2010\\-01\\-04}}\n* Irish gangsters [Patrick Holland](/wiki/Patrick_Holland_%28criminal%29 \"Patrick Holland (criminal)\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.sky.com/home/article/13518324 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120711170822/http://news.sky.com/home/article/13518324 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2012 \\|title\\=Sky Exclusive: 'I Didn't Kill Veronica' \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sky News]] \\|date\\=10 April 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2011 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://skynewstranscripts.co.uk/transcript.asp?id\\=196 \\|title\\=Exclusive Sky News Ireland interview with Dutchy Holland \\|author\\=Brian Daly \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sky News Ireland]] \\|date\\=10 April 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060603065600/http://www.skynewstranscripts.co.uk/transcript.asp?id\\=196 \\|archive\\-date\\= 3 June 2006 }}{{ cite news \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7319216\\.stm \\| title \\= Five guilty of £10m kidnap plot \\| date \\= 28 April 2008 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[BBC News]] \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-07\\-29 }} and [John Gilligan](/wiki/John_Gilligan_%28Irish_criminal%29 \"John Gilligan (Irish criminal)\");[Shelbourne scraps talks with controversial Di Stefano](https://web.archive.org/web/20090707174645/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/print?id=365849&type=story&cc=5739)\n* Notorious prisoner [Charles Bronson](/wiki/Charles_Bronson_%28prisoner%29 \"Charles Bronson (prisoner)\"); {{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/visiting\\-time\\-charles\\-bronson\\-invites\\-us\\-into\\-his\\-cell\\-830534\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519233348/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/visiting\\-time\\-charles\\-bronson\\-invites\\-us\\-into\\-his\\-cell\\-830534\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2008\\|title\\=US\\|website\\=\\[\\[Independent.co.uk]]}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Charles\\-Bronson\\-faces\\-parole\\-hearing/article\\-290486\\-detail/article.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130505090753/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Charles\\-Bronson\\-faces\\-parole\\-hearing/article\\-290486\\-detail/article.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-05\\-05\\|title\\=Hull Daily News Online \\& Hull Events – Hull Daily Mail}}\n* [Iraqi Ba’athist](/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq \"Ba'athist Iraq\") politician and military commander [Ali Hassan al\\-Majid](/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid \"Ali Hassan al-Majid\") (known as Chemical Ali, whose death sentence Di Stefano tried, but failed, to overturn);\n* Pop singer and serial sex\\-offender [Gary Glitter](/wiki/Gary_Glitter \"Gary Glitter\");{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.independent.ie/national\\-news/glitter\\-planning\\-move\\-here\\-as\\-soon\\-as\\-he\\-can\\-1466720\\.html\\|title\\=Glitter planning move here 'as soon as he can'\\|work\\=Irish Independent}}\n* [Ian Brady](/wiki/Ian_Brady \"Ian Brady\"), one of the [Moors murderers](/wiki/Moors_murders \"Moors murders\");\n* Ian Strachan, one of the defendants in the [2007 royal blackmail plot](/wiki/2007_royal_blackmail_plot \"2007 royal blackmail plot\").{{ cite news \\|url\\=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article3127413\\.ece \\|publisher\\=Independent UK \\|title\\=Checkered career of blackmail case 'devil's advocate' \\|author\\=Cathy Vervier \\|date\\=4 November 2007 \\|location\\=London \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108012830/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article3127413\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=8 January 2008 }}",
"He has written to the Parole Board requesting [Great Train Robbery](/wiki/Great_Train_Robbery_%281963%29 \"Great Train Robbery (1963)\") participant [Ronnie Biggs](/wiki/Ronnie_Biggs \"Ronnie Biggs\")'s release on compassionate grounds.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/7331261\\.stm \\|title\\=Biggs' bid for Christmas release \\| publisher\\=BBC News \\| date\\=4 April 2008 \\| access\\-date \\= 2010\\-01\\-04}}",
"In 2002, he managed to overturn a manslaughter conviction against Hoogstraten, getting him released from prison.",
"In January 2004, Di Stefano again came to fame when he claimed in television interviews to be acting for serial killer [Harold Shipman](/wiki/Harold_Shipman \"Harold Shipman\"). However, Shipman's lawyer said that Shipman had rejected Di Stefano's offer in May 2003, and that neither he nor any member of Shipman's family believed that Di Stefano was acting for Shipman. This, and an incident in a 2004 trial of John Palmer, prompted an investigation into Di Stefano's qualifications as lawyer (see \"personal legal history\" section).{{ citation \\|title\\= Judge queries di Stefano's qualifications \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Scotsman]] \\|date\\= 28 January 2004 \\|author\\= Angus Howarth \\|url\\= http://news.scotsman.com/topstories/Judge\\-queries\\-di\\-Stefanos\\-qualifications.2498441\\.jp \\|location\\=Edinburgh}}",
"On 17 March 2007, Di Stefano wrote to [Lord Goldsmith](/wiki/Peter_Goldsmith%2C_Baron_Goldsmith \"Peter Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith\") (at that time the [Attorney General for England and Wales](/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales \"Attorney General for England and Wales\")) asking for leave to prosecute Judge [Rauf Rashid Abd al\\-Rahman](/wiki/Rauf_Rashid_Abd_al-Rahman \"Rauf Rashid Abd al-Rahman\"), who had sentenced Saddam Hussein, under the Geneva Conventions Act 1957\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/hotline/2007/04/prosecuting\\-saddams\\-trial\\-judge\\-in\\-uk.php \\| title\\=Prosecuting Saddam's trial judge in the UK \\| date\\=27 April 2007 \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-04\\-20 \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[JURIST]] \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502210937/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/hotline/2007/04/prosecuting\\-saddams\\-trial\\-judge\\-in\\-uk.php \\| archive\\-date\\=2 May 2008 }} On 14 January 2008, Di Stefano was reported as saying \"Hurried justice is no justice\", after a claimed UK client, who had won £1million in the [National Lottery](/wiki/National_Lottery_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"National Lottery (United Kingdom)\"), failed to attend court as a witness in an assault case. Judge Christopher Elwen jailed her for 14 days anyway.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\\_news/england/cornwall/7187984\\.stm \\| title\\=Jailed lotto winner loses appeal \\| date\\=14 January 2008 \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-20 \\| publisher\\=BBC News }}",
"In January 2007 Di Stefano asked the International Criminal Court to make a full investigation of the [Al\\-Dujail trials](/wiki/Trials_of_Saddam_Hussein%23Al-Dujail_trial \"Trials of Saddam Hussein#Al-Dujail trial\") of Saddam Hussein's half\\-brother [Barzan Ibrahim al\\-Tikriti](/wiki/Barzan_Ibrahim_al-Tikriti \"Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti\") and Iraq's judiciary head [Awad Hamed al\\-Bandar](/wiki/Awad_Hamed_al-Bandar \"Awad Hamed al-Bandar\"). Di Stefano circulated a note handwritten by Barzan where he explains that he wasn't responsible for the killings at Dujail for which he was sentenced to death.{{ cite news \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]] \\| title \\= Barzan's final plea \\| date \\= 17 January 2007 \\| url \\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1539774/Barzans\\-final\\-plea.html \\| location\\=London }}",
"In October 2007 he complained that the investigation of [Blackwater](/wiki/Blackwater_Worldwide \"Blackwater Worldwide\")'s [civilian deaths on Iraq](/wiki/Blackwater_Baghdad_shootings \"Blackwater Baghdad shootings\") was unjust because they were forced to operate in climate and conditions that forced them to shoot first and ask questions later when they came under attack.{{ cite news \\| work \\= \\[\\[JURIST]] \\| title \\= Investigation of Blackwater is unjust \\| date \\= 8 October 2007 \\| url \\= http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/hotline/2007/10/investigation\\-of\\-blackwater\\-is\\-unjust.php \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090508045616/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/hotline/2007/10/investigation\\-of\\-blackwater\\-is\\-unjust.php \\| archive\\-date \\= 8 May 2009 }}",
"Also in October 2007 he argued that Iraqi officials had to accept a pardon application for [Ali Hassan al\\-Majid](/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid \"Ali Hassan al-Majid\") (Chemical Ali) because the 30\\-day execution window set the trial had passed.{{ cite news \\| work \\= \\[\\[JURIST]] \\| title \\= 'Chemical Ali' execution further delayed \\| author \\= Gabriel Haboubi \\| date \\= 17 October 2007 \\| url \\= http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/10/chemical\\-ali\\-execution\\-delay\\-continues.php \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090508135245/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/10/chemical\\-ali\\-execution\\-delay\\-continues.php \\| archive\\-date \\= 8 May 2009 }}{{ cite news \\| work \\= \\[\\[JURIST]] \\| title \\= Execution of Al Majid without response to pardon petition would be murder \\| date \\= 16 October 2007 \\| url \\= http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/hotline/2007/10/execution\\-of\\-al\\-majid\\-without\\-response.php \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090508045510/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/hotline/2007/10/execution\\-of\\-al\\-majid\\-without\\-response.php \\| archive\\-date \\= 8 May 2009 }} The US military later refused to release Ali for his execution until the legal questions were answered.{{ cite news \\| work \\= \\[\\[JURIST]] \\| title \\= 'Chemical Ali' transfer for execution will wait until legal questions answered: US \\|first\\=Brett \\|last\\=Murphy \\| author\\-link \\= Brett Murphy \\| date \\= 17 November 2007 \\| url \\= http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/11/chemical\\-ali\\-transfer\\-for\\-execution.php \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090508050633/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/11/chemical\\-ali\\-transfer\\-for\\-execution.php \\| archive\\-date \\= 8 May 2009 }} Ali was sentenced to death again in February 2008 for different charges. The execution was further delayed in December 2008 as a new trial was opened against him with further charges.{{ cite news \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[BBC]] \\| title \\= Saddam loyalists face new charges \\| date \\= 28 December 2008 \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7802514\\.stm \\| access\\-date \\= 2010\\-01\\-04}} Ali was executed on 25 January 2010, fulfilling eight death sentences.{{citation \\| title \\= 'Chemical Ali' executed in Iraq \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/8479115\\.stm \\| publisher \\= BBC News \\| date \\= 25 January 2010}}.",
"In October 2007 Di Stefano asked the British [Home Secretary](/wiki/Home_Secretary \"Home Secretary\") for posthumous pardon of [Hawley Harvey Crippen](/wiki/Hawley_Harvey_Crippen \"Hawley Harvey Crippen\"), who had been hanged for murder in 1910, on the basis of supposed new forensic evidence indicating that the body found was not that of his wife, and a letter from his wife that was sent after the date of the alleged murder and was never presented on the trial, and that he never murdered her.{{cite web \\| title \\= Di Stefano calls for Crippen pardon \\| publisher \\= Studio Legale Internazionale \\| url \\= http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/news/ourNews/20071017Crippen.php4 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20120216001505/http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/news/ourNews/20071017Crippen.php4 \\| archive\\-date \\= 16 February 2012 }} ({{YouTube\\|HoNaiT82AuU\\|online video statement}}) The request was filed on behalf of the doctor's last living relative.{{ cite news \\| work \\= Camden New Journal \\| title \\= Will the Devil's advocate get a pardon for Crippen? \\| date \\= 17 December 2007 \\| url \\= http://www.thecnj.com/review/2007/122707/feat122707\\_02\\.html?headline\\=Will\\_the\\_Devil%E2%80%99s\\_advocate\\_get\\_a\\_pardon\\_for\\_Crippen%3F }}",
"On 15 January 2008 Di Stefano said that he knew of a sixth victim of [Moors murderers](/wiki/Moors_murders \"Moors murders\") [Ian Brady](/wiki/Ian_Brady \"Ian Brady\") and [Myra Hindley](/wiki/Myra_Hindley \"Myra Hindley\") called Jennifer Tighe. He said he had a photo of her, and intended to speak to Brady to see if the killer would confess to this latest allegation.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2018}} On 21 January 2008 [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police \"Greater Manchester Police\") (GMP) issued a statement saying that Jennifer Tighe was in fact alive and that \"Mr Di Stefano has previously made claims regarding the Moors murders in the media but has not provided any detail to Greater Manchester Police.\"[Moors murder 'victim' is 'alive](http://www.gmp.police.uk/mainsite/pages/5497007523AD83EC802573D7005BDFA9.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926112508/http://www.gmp.police.uk/mainsite/pages/5497007523AD83EC802573D7005BDFA9\\.htm \\|date\\=26 September 2008 }}, Greater Manchester Police – Accessed 26 January 2008 Di Stefano invited GMP to interview his client and to provide proper evidence that Tighe was still alive.[Response from Giovanni Di Stefano to Greater Manchester police statement re Moors murders](https://web.archive.org/web/20090707100216/http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/blogHome.php4?blogId=1771&n.x=33&n.y=7), Studio Legale Internazionale (21 January entry)",
"Moors murderer Ian Brady had been force\\-fed at a top security hospital since he started a hunger strike in September 1999\\.{{ citation\\|last\\=Tran\\|first\\=Mark\\|title\\=Brady loses bid to die\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/mar/10/marktran\\|work\\=The Guardian \\|location\\=London\\|date\\=10 March 2000\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2009}} In September 2007, Brady applied via Di Stefano to be moved to a conventional jail where he intended to starve himself to death.{{ cite news \\| title \\= The face \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Times]]\\| author \\= Stefanie Marsh \\| date \\= 30 October 2007 \\| url \\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life\\_and\\_style/men/article2764727\\.ece \\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} Later, in November 2008, when Brady was still being force\\-fed, Giovanni accused the state of legally starving Brady to death by not giving him enough food.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2019}} In 2009–2010 Di Stefano made appeals to move him to a Scottish prison so he can die there, a move that the Scottish government strongly opposed.{{ citation \\|title\\= Phone interview with Giovanni Di Stefano (audio) \\|date\\=1 September 2010\\|author\\= official Youtube account of \\[\\[STV (TV network)\\|STV News]] \\|url\\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=\\_pw32pwSGRI }}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links\\|date\\=February 2022}}{{ citation \\|title\\= Moors murderer Ian Brady 'wants to die in Scottish prison' \\|date\\= 14 September 2009 \\|author\\= heraldscotland staff \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Herald (Glasgow)\\|The Herald]] \\|url\\= http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime\\-courts/moors\\-murderer\\-ian\\-brady\\-wants\\-to\\-die\\-in\\-scottish\\-prision\\-1\\.919791 }}",
"",
"In September 2009, acting in the name of [Manuel Noriega](/wiki/Manuel_Noriega \"Manuel Noriega\"), Di Stefano presented an appeal to French president [Nicolas Sarkozy](/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy \"Nicolas Sarkozy\"), saying the ruling against Noriega had been incorrectly made [*in absentia*](/wiki/Trial_in_absentia \"Trial in absentia\").{{ citation \\|title\\= Panama, Noriega chiede grazia a Sarkozy. L'ex dittatore, 75 anni, vuole evitare l'estradizione in Francia dove è accusato di riciclaggio di denaro\\|work\\= \\[\\[Corriere della Sera]] \\|date\\= 9 September 2009 \\|language\\= it \\|url\\= http://www.corriere.it/esteri/09\\_settembre\\_19/panama\\_noriega\\_grazia\\_2219248c\\-a52f\\-11de\\-8486\\-00144f02aabc.shtml }}{{efn\\| 1 \\= The appeal was rejected because Noriega has the right to request a new trial the moment he returns to France, and indults could only be awarded when a definitive ruling has been made.{{citation \\|title\\= Francia no puede analizar petición de Noriega \\|author\\= Betty Brannan Jaén \\|language\\= es \\|publisher\\= prensa.com Panamá \\|url\\= http://www.prensa.com/hoy/panorama/1928895\\.asp \\|access\\-date\\= 18 December 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\= 16 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110616142559/http://www.prensa.com/hoy/panorama/1928895\\.asp \\|url\\-status\\= dead }}}}",
"In May 2010, he made an appeal on behalf of Benguit Omar, saying that he was wrongly convicted for the [murder of Jong\\-Ok Shin](/wiki/Murder_of_Jong-Ok_Shin \"Murder of Jong-Ok Shin\").{{ citation \\|title\\= Omicidio Claps Restivo segnalato alla polizia inglese \\|work\\= \\[\\[La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno]] \\|url\\= http://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/GdM\\_dallabasilicata\\_NOTIZIA\\_01\\.php?IDNotizia\\=333294\\&IDCategoria\\=1 \\|date\\= 7 May 2010 \\|quote\\= Benguit Omar's family and the lawyer, Giovanni di Stefano, ask for the reopening of the case and for an investigation for the death of \"Oki\" Shin by Danilo Restivo. As revealed by the Advocate Di Stefano, an element kept hidden from the defense, the murderer cut a lock of hair from Oki. An element – Tg5 says – that could link her death to the cases of Heather Barnett and Elisa Claps. \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102107/http://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/GdM\\_dallabasilicata\\_NOTIZIA\\_01\\.php?IDNotizia\\=333294\\&IDCategoria\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\= 22 December 2015 }}",
"In January 2011, Di Stefano reported that he had asked for [Charles Manson](/wiki/Charles_Manson \"Charles Manson\")'s permission to represent him, in an application to review his trial based upon a violation of the [6th Amendment](/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution\") and a legal argument that had not been raised during Manson's trial, although he had still to get his reply.{{ citation \\|title\\= Meet the lawyer who's trying to get Charles Mason out of jail \\|author\\= Henry Langston \\|date\\= January 2010 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Vice (magazine)\\|Vice]] \\|url\\= http://www.viceland.com/wp/2011/01/meet\\-the\\-lawyer\\-whos\\-trying\\-to\\-get\\-charles\\-manson\\-out\\-of\\-jail/ \\|archive\\-url\\= https://archive.today/20130205165828/http://www.viceland.com/wp/2011/01/meet\\-the\\-lawyer\\-whos\\-trying\\-to\\-get\\-charles\\-manson\\-out\\-of\\-jail/ \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-date\\= 2013\\-02\\-05 }} Around 26 January 2011, Di Stefano claimed to have filed an application with the [Inter\\-American Commission on Human Rights](/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights \"Inter-American Commission on Human Rights\") on behalf of Manson claiming the same violations.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://edition.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/02/07/charles.manson.attorney/index.html\\|title\\=Saddam Hussein's attorney represents Charles Manson in petition}}",
"### Personal legal history",
"Di Stefano was arrested in June 1984 and charged with fraud before being released on bail. He was again arrested in August of that year and refused bail. In 1986, Di Stefano was tried for conspiracy to obtain property by deception and fraudulent trading, and was convicted after a 78\\-day trial, jailed for five years, and prohibited from being a company director for 10 years;{{ cite news \\|url\\=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article144221\\.ece \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122172647/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article144221\\.ece \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=22 January 2016 \\|title\\=A law unto himself \\|author\\=Russell Miller\\|publisher\\= Times Online (www.timesonline.co.uk) \\|date\\=21 August 2005 \\| location\\=London}} of a total of 11 fraud counts, he was convicted of three counts and [acquitted](/wiki/Acquittal \"Acquittal\") of eight.",
"In the ruling, the judge called him \"one of nature's fraudsters... a swindler without scruple or conscience\"{{citation \\| title\\= Club's saviour revealed as 'a swindler' \\|date\\= 12 October 2003 \\|work \\= \\[\\[The Scotsman]] \\|url\\= http://www.scotsman.com/news/club\\-s\\-saviour\\-revealed\\-as\\-a\\-swindler\\-1\\-1294664 }} and said he was \"motivated by personal greed and pretension.\" Court records show that Di Stefano's only attempt to appeal against the conviction was dismissed in 1987{{ citation \\| last \\= Hannan \\| first \\= Martin \\| title \\= Giovanni Di Stefano: The Truth \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Scotsman]] \\| date \\= 12 October 2003 \\| url \\= http://news.scotsman.com/giovannidistefano/Giovanni\\-Di\\-Stefano\\-The\\-Truth.2469479\\.jp \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-12\\-29 \\| location\\=Edinburgh}}{{ citation \\|title\\= Defending the indefensible. The Saturday Profile: Gionanni Di Stefano \\|date\\= 17 January 2004 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Scotsman]] \\|url\\= http://news.scotsman.com/opinion/Defending\\-the\\-indefensible.2495512\\.jp \\|location\\=Edinburgh}} and further records published in 2005 showed that he served the full sentence.{{citation \\|title\\= Millionaire 'lawyer' certified insane here while in jail for fraud \\|author\\= Jim Cusack \\|date\\= 18 June 2006 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|url\\= http://www.independent.ie/national\\-news/millionaire\\-lawyer\\-certified\\-insane\\-here\\-while\\-in\\-jail\\-for\\-fraud\\-131570\\.html }}{{citation \\|title\\= Chequered Career of Blackmail Case 'Devil's Advocate' \\|first\\= Cathy \\|last\\=Vervier \\|work\\= The Independent on Sunday \\|location\\= London\\|date\\= 4 November 2007 \\|url\\= https://www.questia.com/read/1P2\\-10173024/chequered\\-career\\-of\\-blackmail\\-case\\-devil\\-s\\-advocate \\|archive\\-url\\= https://archive.today/20130411164354/http://www.questia.com/read/1P2\\-10173024/chequered\\-career\\-of\\-blackmail\\-case\\-devil\\-s\\-advocate \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-date\\= 11 April 2013 }} (registration required)",
"The [Lord Justice of Appeal](/wiki/Lord_Justice_of_Appeal \"Lord Justice of Appeal\") [Stephen Brown](/wiki/Stephen_Brown_%28judge%29 \"Stephen Brown (judge)\") said \"\\[the trial] revealed a very deep and wide measure of fraudulent behaviour. This was a man who was undoubtedly seeking to operate a financial fraud wherever he was able to induce people to succumb to representations skilfully made in the form of bogus financial documents.\"{{citation \\|title\\= Wanted 'Devil's Advocate' Lawyer Is Arrested \\|work\\= \\[\\[Sky News]] \\|date\\= 15 February 2011 \\|author\\= Martin Brunt \\|url\\= http://news.sky.com/story/837338/wanted\\-devils\\-advocate\\-lawyer\\-is\\-arrested }} Di Stefano had publicly claimed that his 1987 appeal was successful, until a copy of the failed appeal was made public in 2004 by Rosie Cowan of *The Independent*. Di Stefano claimed that he had taken legal action in Italian courts of law against Cowan and against Martin Hannan of *Scotland on Sunday*, but the legal departments of their newspapers said that had no knowledge of any legal action started by Di Stefano against them.",
"He also unsuccessfully appealed in 1989 to the [European Commission of Human Rights](/wiki/European_Commission_of_Human_Rights \"European Commission of Human Rights\") alleging that his arrest violated the [European Convention on Human Rights](/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights \"European Convention on Human Rights\").{{ cite book \\| title \\= Decisions and Reports: Décisions Et Rapports \\| chapter \\= Application/Requête Nº 12391/86 John Di Stefano v. the United Kingdom. Decision of 13 April 1989 on the admissibility of the application \\| author \\= \\[\\[European Commission of Human Rights]] \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Council of Europe]] \\| year \\= 1992 \\| pages \\= 182–193 \\| isbn \\= 9789287121608 \\| chapter\\-url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Ij8FVLbRQ\\_4C\\&pg\\=PA182 \\| language \\= fr \\| quote \\= Per ces motifs, la Commission déclare la requête Irrecevable }} (at this time he used the name \"John\") Di Stefano claimed in a [BBC](/wiki/BBC_News_24 \"BBC News 24\") article that the conviction was quashed on a second appeal in 1988 and that \"a sense of injustice remains, making each victory against the system a sweet revenge.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4394095\\.stm \\|title\\=Jonathan King's 'best friend'\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|date\\=31 March 2005 \\|author\\=Tom Geoghegan \\| access\\-date \\= 2010\\-01\\-04}}",
"According to *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* and the *[Irish Independent](/wiki/Irish_Independent \"Irish Independent\")*, he had already served a six\\-month sentence for fraud and false pretenses in 1975 in Ireland, and a three\\-year sentence for obtaining property by deception and other charges in 1976 in the UK. Di Stefano insists that these convictions were those of a different person, called \"John\" instead of \"Giovanni\", although they share the same surname, birthday and birthplace. According to *[The New Zealand Herald](/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald \"The New Zealand Herald\")*, Di Stefano had already denied being the \"John Di Stefano\" who had been convicted in 1986, but, also according to the *New Zealand Herald*, the New Zealand police managed to verify that they were the same person by comparing his [fingerprints](/wiki/Fingerprint \"Fingerprint\"). Di Stefano denies that he was ever deported or that his fingerprints were ever taken.",
"In 1990 a Solicitors' Disciplinary Tribunal ruled that Di Stefano could not be employed by any solicitor in England or Wales without permission from the [Law Society](/wiki/Law_Society_of_England_and_Wales \"Law Society of England and Wales\"),{{ citation \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Independent]] \\|url\\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/devils\\-advocate\\-the\\-worlds\\-most\\-notorious\\-lawyer\\-defends\\-himself\\-859032\\.html \\| location\\=London \\| title\\=Devil's advocate: The world's most notorious lawyer defends himself \\|date\\=3 July 2008}}{{ citation \\|title\\= Investigations pile more pressure on Dundee's benefactor \\|date\\= 8 November 2003 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Scotland on Sunday]] \\|url\\= http://sport.scotsman.com/football/Investigations\\-pile\\-more\\-pressure\\-on.2477127\\.jp }}{{ citation \\|title\\= I was ruined by Shipman 'lawyer', says ex\\-solicitor \\|author\\= Rosie Cowan \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|date\\= 19 January 2004 \\|url\\= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jan/19/shipman.health \\|location\\=London}} because of his criminal record, although he could still contract a solicitor to act on his name.",
"In 1990, Giovanni Di Stefano travelled to New Zealand, where he made several multimillion\\-dollar bids on property on behalf of a [Beverly Hills](/wiki/Beverly_Hills \"Beverly Hills\")\\-based company.{{ cite news \\| url \\= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=10473104 \\| title \\= Familiar name in royal case \\| work\\= The New Zealand Herald \\| date \\= 31 October 2007 \\| author \\= NZPA \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-07\\-24 \\| author\\-link \\= New Zealand Press Association}}{{ citation \\|title\\= Italian 'Financier' Casts Shadow Over MGM/UA Buyout \\|work\\= \\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|date\\= 4 June 1990 \\|author\\= Michael Cieply \\|url\\= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1990\\-06\\-04\\-fi\\-420\\-story.html }}{{ cite news \\| url \\= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c\\_id\\=213\\&objectid\\=10328483 \\| title \\= 'Lawyer' under British scrutiny \\| author \\= Jason Bennetto \\| work \\= \\[\\[The New Zealand Herald]] \\| date \\= 1 June 2005 \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-07\\-24}}{{ cite news \\| url \\= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=3533207 \\| work \\= \\[\\[The New Zealand Herald]] \\| title \\= Soccer team next goal for fraudster \\| author \\= Scott MacLeod \\| date \\= 8 November 2003 \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-07\\-24}}{{ cite news \\| url \\= http://au.news.yahoo.com/040408/2/ohdb.html \\| title \\= Fraudster claims to be defending Saddam \\| work \\= Yahoo! News Australia \\& NZ \\| author \\= Australian Associated Press \\| date \\= 2 July 2004 \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-07\\-24 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070425033511/http://au.news.yahoo.com/040408/2/ohdb.html \\|archive\\-date \\= 25 April 2007}}{{ cite news \\| url \\= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=3581432 \\| title \\= Will the real Giovanni Di Stefano please stand up? \\| work \\= \\[\\[The New Zealand Herald]] \\| author \\= Chris Barton \\| date \\= 31 July 2004 \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-07\\-24}} The authorities discovered that he had not disclosed a conviction in England in 1986, declared him a prohibited immigrant, and he was subsequently returned to his country of origin.{{ cite news \\| url \\= http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/08/1089000295725\\.html \\| title \\= Marsden's invitation to Baghdad \\| author \\= Kate McClymont \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \\| date \\= 9 July 2004 \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-07\\-24}}",
"In 1991 or 1992,{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.vreme.com/vreme/cudesni\\-svet\\-djovanija\\-di\\-stefana/ \\| title\\=Čudesni svet Đovanija di Stefana \\- Afere \\- Nedeljnik Vreme \\| date\\=23 April 2003 }} he moved to Yugoslavia, where he received the Yugoslavian citizenship and passport by personal authorisation of president [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Slobodan Milošević\"). The address listed in his passport was Tolstojeva 32, [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\"), right next to Milošević's official residence; however, he lived further away, at the luxurious Genex apartments.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.vreme.com/vreme/cudesni\\-svet\\-djovanija\\-di\\-stefana/ \\| title\\=Čudesni svet Đovanija di Stefana \\- Afere \\- Nedeljnik Vreme \\| date\\=23 April 2003 }} According to *[The Scotsman](/wiki/The_Scotsman \"The Scotsman\")* and *[Irish Independent](/wiki/Irish_Independent \"Irish Independent\")*, Di Stefano was moving to a country with no extradition treaty with the UK, to escape a warrant for fraud charges.",
"Around 1992, while trying to buy the MGM film studio, the United States [Immigration and Naturalization Service](/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service \"Immigration and Naturalization Service\") [deported](/wiki/Deportation \"Deportation\") him from the United States because of a fraud conviction in the UK in 1986\\. Months later he applied for a non\\-immigrant visa for re\\-entry, and was told that he needed a [waiver of grounds of inadmissibility](/wiki/United_States_Waiver_of_Inadmissibility \"United States Waiver of Inadmissibility\") to be eligible. The waiver application was denied by the federal agency, causing the visa to also be denied. In 1993, he appealed to a [United States District Court](/wiki/United_States_District_Court \"United States District Court\"), which ruled that it lacked jurisdiction to review the denial of a waiver application. In 1995, the [United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit \"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit\") affirmed the judgment of the district court, ruling that Di Stefano did not have [standing](/wiki/Standing_%28law%29 \"Standing (law)\") to challenge the waiver denial under the [Immigration and Nationality Act](/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965 \"Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965\").{{Cite court \\|litigants\\=Giovanni Di Stefano, Plaintiff\\-Appellant,\nv. Benedict J. Ferro, District Director INS, Rome Italy; \\[\\[Janet Reno]], Attorney General, Defendants\\-Appellees\\|vol \\= 53 \\|reporter \\= F.3d \\|opinion \\= 338 \\|court \\= 9th Cir. \\|year \\= 1995 \\|url\\=http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/53/53\\.F3d.338\\.94\\-55822\\.html}}",
"In November 1999 Di Stefano was arrested in Rome and extradited to Britain to be tried for fraud charges in the insolvency in 1991 of five hotels in the [English Midlands](/wiki/Midlands_%28England%29 \"Midlands (England)\") and a company called Sandhurst Assets. British investigators recognised his name when newspapers reported his bids for Dundee football club and for [Ellington Colliery](/wiki/Ellington_Colliery \"Ellington Colliery\"), and acted on a 1991 warrant.{{ citation \\|title\\= Tycoon linked to Saddam arrested for hotel fraud \\|author\\= Kim Sengupta \\|date\\= 1 December 1999 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|url\\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/tycoon\\-linked\\-to\\-saddam\\-arrested\\-for\\-hotel\\-fraud\\-1124289\\.html \\|location\\=London}} In June 2001, after Di Stefano had spent 18 months in jail, a judge ruled that he couldn't be tried because too much time had passed since the alleged offences.{{ citation \\|title\\= Lawyer is cleared over hotels 'swindle' \\|author\\= David Sapsted \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|date\\= 2 June 2001 \\|url\\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1309607/Lawyer\\-is\\-cleared\\-over\\-hotels\\-swindle.html \\|location\\=London}} During his stay in [Rebibbia prison](/wiki/Rebibbia_prison \"Rebibbia prison\"), his friend Arkan was assassinated and his other friend Milošević was jailed shortly before he was released; Di Stefano claims that it was all part of a conspiracy to isolate Milošević from his most trusted adviser.{{ citation \\|title\\= Intervista a Giovanni Di Stefano su Arkan e Milosevic (I parte). Fonte: Lo spettro \\|date\\= 8 June 2002 \\|publisher\\= dittatore.it \\|language\\= it \\|url\\= http://www.dittatori.it/intervistadistefano.htm }} ([second part](http://www.dittatori.it/intervistadistefano2.htm))",
"In 2002 the Governor of [HM Prison Belmarsh](/wiki/Belmarsh_%28HM_Prison%29 \"Belmarsh (HM Prison)\") barred Di Stefano's access to a client in prison, [Nicholas van Hoogstraten](/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoogstraten \"Nicholas van Hoogstraten\"). The restriction was appealed to the [High Court of Justice](/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice \"High Court of Justice\") in *R (Van Hoogstraten) v Governor of Belmarsh Prison*Regina (Van Hoogstraten) v Governor of Belmarsh Prison \\[2003] 1 WLR 264{{cite web \\| title \\= Jeremy Johnson \\| publisher \\= 5 Essex Court \\| url \\= http://www.5essexcourt.com/86/?form\\_83\\.replyids\\=11 \\| quote \\= High Court: Whether the governor of a prison was entitled to refuse to allow a prisoner to have legal visits from an Italian Avocato }} which ruled against the prison governor.{{ cite news \\| title \\= Prison ban on lawyer unlawful \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Guardian]] \\| author \\= Steven Morris \\| date \\= 24 September 2002 \\| url \\= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/sep/24/stevenmorris \\| location\\=London}}{{ cite news \\| title \\= Property tycoon 'denied right to see lawyer' \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\| date \\= 23 September 2002 \\|url \\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1408068/Property\\-tycoon\\-%27denied\\-right\\-to\\-see\\-lawyer%27\\.html \\|archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20130505055152/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1408068/Property\\-tycoon\\-%27denied\\-right\\-to\\-see\\-lawyer%27\\.html \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-date \\= 5 May 2013 \\| location\\=London}}",
"The decision held that the governor's challenge to Di Stefano's credentials was not filed in a timely manner, and that some evidence suggested Di Stefano was an Italian lawyer and that Italian lawyers, as a rule, were permitted visitation in British prisons as [European lawyers](/wiki/European_lawyer \"European lawyer\"). The justice further ruled that since denying Di Stefano's visits to the prisoner would cause severe prejudice to the client's legal defence, he could not be denied that right until a timely and successful challenge was made.{{efn\\| 1 \\= The right of a qualified European Union lawyer to practise in a country other than their country of origin was, until 1 July 2007, governed by the provisions of the (United Kingdom) European Communities (Services of Lawyers) Order 1978 (SI 1978/1910\\) (Amended 2004\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/professional/conduct/guideonline/view\\=page.law?POLICYID\\=108 \\|title\\=Annex 10A European Communities (Services of Lawyers) Order 1978 \\|publisher\\=Society's Regulation Authority \\|date\\=1 July 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102043532/http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/professional/conduct/guideonline/view%3Dpage.law?POLICYID\\=108 \\|archive\\-date\\= 2 January 2008 }}}}{{cite web \\| title \\= copy of court ruling \\| publisher \\= Studio Legale Internazionale \\| url \\= http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/downloads/hoogstraten/proceeding26\\-09\\-02\\.pdf \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090327015544/http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/downloads/hoogstraten/proceeding26\\-09\\-02\\.pdf \\| archive\\-date \\= 27 March 2009 }} In spite of these problems, he managed gain the release Hoogstraten from prison in 2004 (see \"notable people\" section). In November the Higher court made a different ruling for a different prison, this time saying that Di Stefano had failed to provide adequate credentials, and preventing him from visiting John Palmer in prison.",
"In December 2003 Di Stefano was featured in a BBC documentary series called *Notorious*, covering four entrepreneurs that had obtained their fortunes via controversial means; his chapter was called *Devil's Advocate*.{{citation \\| title\\= Dirty Dosh \\| work\\= \\[\\[Western Mail (Wales)\\|Western Mail]] \\| author\\= Karen Price \\| date\\= 8 January 2004 \\| url\\= https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\\-112203197/dirty\\-dosh \\| access\\-date\\= 29 August 2017 \\| archive\\-date\\= 10 March 2016 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160310001530/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\\-112203197/dirty\\-dosh \\| url\\-status\\= dead }} (registration required) In the documentary he said that Hitler would have never been convicted for killing Jews, thus enraging the Jewish community. At that time Di Stefano was trying to become director of Dundee FC, and the fans of the club were also outraged because he was wearing a Dundee pullover while making those statements. He also boasted of his friendship with Saddam Hussein and with Serbian warlord Arkan.",
"In January 2004, *The Guardian*{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/jan/15/NHS.shipman2 \\|title\\=Police probe Shipman lawyer claim \\|access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-20 \\|last\\=Cowan \\|first\\=Rosie \\|date\\=15 January 2004 \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\| location\\=London}} and the [*Daily Record*](/wiki/Daily_Record_%28Scotland%29 \"Daily Record (Scotland)\"){{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\\-112250288/we\\-can\\-t\\-let\\-just\\-any\\-old\\-tom\\-dick\\-or\\-giovanni\\-practise \\|title\\=We Can't Let Just Any Old Tom, Dick or Giovanni Practise Law in This Country; Cops and Legal Regulators to Probe Controversial Lawyer Linked to Dundee FC over Whether He Is Qualified to Act as a Solicitor. His Clients Have Included Harold Shipman and Kenneth Noye \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-19 \\|last\\=Turner \\|first\\=Kevin \\|date\\=16 January 2004 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Daily Record (Scotland)]] \\|location\\=Glasgow \\|archive\\-date\\=17 August 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817225406/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\\-112250288/we\\-can\\-t\\-let\\-just\\-any\\-old\\-tom\\-dick\\-or\\-giovanni\\-practise \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} (needs registration) reported that Di Stefano's legal qualifications were under investigation by the [British police](/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Law enforcement in the United Kingdom\") and the Law Society since the spring of 2003, to see if he had misrepresented himself as an accredited solicitor, in violation of [Solicitors Act 1974](/wiki/Solicitors_Act_1974 \"Solicitors Act 1974\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jan/21/shipman.health \\|title\\=Fraudster lawyer's claim to act for Shipman is bogus, says family's solicitor \\|access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-20 \\|last\\=Cowan \\|first\\=Rosie \\|date\\=21 January 2004 \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\| location\\=London}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Bennetto \\|first\\=James \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/saddams\\-defender\\-accused\\-of\\-falsely\\-claiming\\-to\\-be\\-solicitor\\-492651\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707004547/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/saddams\\-defender\\-accused\\-of\\-falsely\\-claiming\\-to\\-be\\-solicitor\\-492651\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2009 \\|title\\=Saddam's defender accused of falsifying his legal credentials \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|date\\=31 May 2005 \\|access\\-date \\= 2008\\-08\\-12 \\| location\\=London}}",
"As a result of the investigation he was eventually arrested in 2011 in Spain (see paragraph below). The Law Society declared that he was \"not a solicitor, or a registered foreign lawyer, or a registered European lawyer\",{{ cite news \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Independent]] \\| title \\= Devil's advocate: The world's most notorious lawyer defends himself \\| date \\= 3 July 2008 \\| url \\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/devils\\-advocate\\-the\\-worlds\\-most\\-notorious\\-lawyer\\-defends\\-himself\\-859032\\.html \\| location\\=London}} and that they were unable to verify either his legal qualifications or his status as a foreign lawyer despite going to considerable lengths, and despite asking Di Stefano himself for the information. The [Law Society of Scotland](/wiki/Law_Society_of_Scotland \"Law Society of Scotland\"){{ citation \\|title\\= Judge queries di Stefano's law qualifications 'Who is that gentleman,' counsel is asked \\|author\\= Billy Briggs \\|date\\= 28 January 2004 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Herald (Glasgow)\\|The Herald]] \\|url\\= http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/judge\\-queries\\-di\\-stefano\\-s\\-law\\-qualifications\\-who\\-is\\-that\\-gentleman\\-counsel\\-is\\-asked\\-1\\.94870 }} and the [Ordine Degli Avvocati](/wiki/Ordine_Degli_Avvocati \"Ordine Degli Avvocati\"){{ citation \\|title\\= New 'lawyer' for Gilligan and Holland is a conman \\|date\\= 28 August 2005 \\|author\\= Jim Cusack \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|url\\= http://www.independent.ie/national\\-news/new\\-lawyer\\-for\\-gilligan\\-and\\-holland\\-is\\-a\\-conman\\-471693\\.html }} of Rome have also said that he is not a registered solicitor. His name does not appear in Italy's national lawyers' register. Di Stefano claims that he does not need to register with either the Law Society nor with any Italian [bar association](/wiki/Bar_association \"Bar association\") in order to practise in the UK, a claim that is rejected by the Law Society.",
"As of 2004, Di Stefano could not represent his clients directly, and he had to represent them through Paul Martin \\& Co, a firm associated with his legal firm Studio Legale Internazionale that acts as his agent.{{ citation \\|title\\= Serial killer's legal adviser insists he has right to practise \\|date\\= 22 January 2004 \\|author\\= Jeremy Fleming \\|work\\= \\[\\[Law Society]] Gazette \\|url\\= http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/serial\\-killeramp146s\\-legal\\-adviser\\-insists\\-he\\-has\\-right\\-practise \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120318095231/http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/serial\\-killeramp146s\\-legal\\-adviser\\-insists\\-he\\-has\\-right\\-practise \\|archive\\-date\\= 18 March 2012 }} [Alistair Cooke](/wiki/Alistair_Cooke \"Alistair Cooke\"), co\\-director of the BBC series that made a documentary about Di Stefano said \"(...) We witnessed him in court, but he never actually stands up and pretends to be a lawyer. He assembles a legal team and acts as a middle man, whispering in lawyers' ears as they act on behalf of clients. He knows a lot of criminals and introduces them to his legal teams who get them off on technicalities or help them retain their assets.\"",
"In March 2006, Ireland [Chief Justice](/wiki/Chief_Justice \"Chief Justice\") Murray told Di Stefano that he would have to provide proof of his legal qualifications before he could act for Patrick 'Dutchy' Holland and be his legal representative,{{ citation \\|title\\= 'Dutchy' in court over lawyer's visit \\|date\\=16 March 2006 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|url\\= http://www.independent.ie/national\\-news/dutchy\\-in\\-court\\-over\\-lawyers\\-visit\\-107974\\.html}}{{ citation \\|title\\= 'Dutchy' lawyer fails to clarify his status \\|author\\= Ann O'Loughlin \\|date\\= 14 March 2006 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|url\\= http://www.independent.ie/national\\-news/dutchy\\-lawyer\\-fails\\-to\\-clarify\\-his\\-status\\-107566\\.html }} and he eventually ruled that Di Stefano had failed to provide any credential.{{ citation \\|title\\= Dutchy's lawyer is slammed \\|author\\= Diarmaid Mac Dermott \\|work\\= \\[\\[Daily Mirror\\|The Mirror]] \\|date\\= 21 March 2006 \\|url\\= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-143465389\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055238/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-143465389\\.html\\|url\\-status\\= dead\\|archive\\-date\\= 5 November 2012}}{{ citation \\|title\\= Dutchy fails to show credentials of Italian lawyer \\|author\\= Ann O'Loughlin \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|date\\= 21 March 2010 \\|url\\= http://www.independent.ie/national\\-news/dutchy\\-fails\\-to\\-show\\-credentials\\-of\\-italian\\-lawyer\\-108758\\.html }}",
"Di Stefano sued Murray for the negative remarks made about him during the case,{{ citation \\|title\\= Lawyer to sue Chief Justice for remark on ignorance \\|date\\= 15 March 2006 \\|author\\= Eugene Hogan \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|url\\= http://www.independent.ie/national\\-news/lawyer\\-to\\-sue\\-chief\\-justice\\-for\\-remark\\-on\\-ignorance\\-107763\\.html }} but he later dropped his complaint, saying that he did not want to harm a \"great jurist\" just to win a case.{{ citation \\|title\\= Bid to sue top judge dropped \\|work\\= \\[\\[Sunday Mirror]] \\|date\\= 12 November 2006 \\|author\\= Kevin McDonnell \\|url\\= http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bid\\+to\\+sue\\+top\\+judge\\+dropped.\\-a0154287227 \\|quote\\= Now Di Stefano has dropped the action. He said: 'Mr Murray is a great jurist and his loss would outweigh the benefit of a victory in a defamation case.' }}",
"English libel law changed with the [Defamation Act 2013](/wiki/Defamation_Act_2013 \"Defamation Act 2013\"), reducing the potential for abuse to exert a [chilling effect](/wiki/Chilling_effect \"Chilling effect\").{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/dec/31/trivial\\-libel\\-claims\\-targeted\\-new\\-law \\|title\\=Libel: new Defamation Act will reverse 'chilling effect', ministers claim \\|agency\\=Press Association \\|date\\=30 December 2013\\|work\\=The Guardian \\|location\\= London}}",
"### Arrest and trial",
"Di Stefano was arrested in [Palma, Majorca](/wiki/Palma%2C_Majorca \"Palma, Majorca\"), in Spain on 14 February 2011 on a [European Arrest Warrant](/wiki/European_Arrest_Warrant \"European Arrest Warrant\") issued by the British authorities. According to the [City of London Police](/wiki/City_of_London_Police \"City of London Police\"), the warrant had been issued in January 2011 \"on matters relating to fraud, theft and money laundering\". The arrest was the outcome of a lengthy investigation by the City of London Police's economic crime directorate.\"[Lawyer Giovanni di Stefano held in Spain](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12473976).\" BBC News, 15 February 2011 According to a statement by the Spanish Interior Ministry, quoting the arrest warrant, Di Stefano was accused of having earned large sums of money in the UK between 2004 and 2009 without being licensed to practise law in that country.\"[Spain arrests lawyer linked to Saddam defense team](https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hLInrxgVv4JDCwpeaCtVxKeAUNjQ?docId=f8a9891c59414914b9b73cc5fe07c74e){{dead link\\|date\\=June 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}\". The Associated Press, 15 February 2011 The ministry said that he was facing 18 charges for which he could receive a maximum 75 years in prison.\"[Spanish police arrest 'Saddam's lawyer'](http://www.expatica.com/es/news/spanish-news/spanish-police-arrest-saddam-s-lawyer-_130286.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925190141/http://www.expatica.com/es/news/spanish\\-news/spanish\\-police\\-arrest\\-saddam\\-s\\-lawyer\\-\\_130286\\.html \\|date\\=25 September 2012 }}\". Agence France\\-Presse, 5 February 2011 Di Stefano voluntarily accepted his [extradition](/wiki/Extradition \"Extradition\") to the UK, and he was released without bail until the extradition date, with no passport and with the obligation of going to the judge every few days and communicating any residency change.{{ citation \\|title\\= Abogado de Sadam Husein será extraditado a Londres por supuestos 18 delitos \\|language\\= es \\|author\\= Agencia \\[\\[EFE]] \\|date\\= 19 February 2011 \\| url\\= http://www.emol.com/noticias/internacional/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia\\=465506 }} Di Stefano claimed it was a political trial, prepared after he said that [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair \"Tony Blair\") should be judged by his role in the Iraq war.",
"On 25 August [Westminster Magistrates' Court](/wiki/Westminster_Magistrates%27_Court \"Westminster Magistrates' Court\") referred the case involving 18 charges of fraud to [Southwark Crown Court](/wiki/Southwark_Crown_Court \"Southwark Crown Court\") for a hearing on 30 September.{{ cite news \\|title\\=Giovanni di Stefano case goes to Crown Court \\|author\\=Angus Howarth \\|url\\=http://news.scotsman.com/uk/Giovanni\\-di\\-Stefano\\-case\\-goes.6825399\\.jp \\|newspaper\\=The Scotsman \\|date\\=26 August 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2011 \\|location\\=Edinburgh}} After the hearing, Di Stefano was released on bail, pending trial on 14 January 2013\\.{{citation \\|title\\= Ex\\-Dundee FC director and 'Devil's advocate' to stand trial on fraud charges in 2013 \\|date\\= 20 October 2011 \\|work\\= \\[\\[STV (TV network)\\|STV]] \\|url\\= http://news.stv.tv/scotland/tayside/275576\\-ex\\-dundee\\-fc\\-director\\-and\\-devils\\-advocate\\-to\\-stand\\-trial\\-on\\-client\\-fraud\\-charges\\-in\\-2013/ \\|archive\\-url\\= https://archive.today/20120712094413/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/tayside/275576\\-ex\\-dundee\\-fc\\-director\\-and\\-devils\\-advocate\\-to\\-stand\\-trial\\-on\\-client\\-fraud\\-charges\\-in\\-2013/ \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-date\\= 12 July 2012 }}",
"In July 2011, Di Stefano announced that he was launching *News of the World Online*, a website with a masthead logo similar to that of the recently closed *[News of the World](/wiki/News_of_the_World \"News of the World\")* newspaper.{{ citation \\|title\\= 'Devil's advocate' Giovanni di Stefano sets up online version of the News of the World \\|work\\= \\[\\[Sunday Mail (Scotland)\\|Sunday Mail]] \\|date\\= 24 July 2011 \\|author\\= Alan Carson \\|url\\= http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk\\-world\\-news/2011/07/24/devil\\-s\\-advocate\\-giovanni\\-di\\-stefano\\-sets\\-up\\-online\\-version\\-of\\-the\\-news\\-of\\-the\\-world\\-86908\\-23293821/ }} On 23 March 2012, [News International](/wiki/News_International \"News International\"), the paper's former publisher, sued Di Stefano for violating its trademark.{{ citation \\|title \\= News Corp. Sues Saddam's Lawyer Over News of the World Site \\|date \\= 27 March 2012 \\|url \\= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012\\-03\\-27/news\\-corp\\-sues\\-saddam\\-s\\-lawyer\\-over\\-news\\-of\\-the\\-world\\-site\\-2\\-.html \\| work\\=Bloomberg \\|first\\=Erik \\|last\\=Larson}}{{cite news \\|title\\=News International sues 'News of the World Online' website. News Group files claim against lawyer Giovanni Di Stefano and company using News of the World name\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|author\\=Mark Sweney\\|date\\=30 March 2012\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/mar/30/news\\-of\\-the\\-world\\-website\\-sued\\|location\\=London}}",
"Subsequently, in a Press Complaints Commission case relating to a *[Sunday Mail](/wiki/Sunday_Mail_%28Scotland%29 \"Sunday Mail (Scotland)\")* article{{cite news\\|title\\=The Devil's Advocate Took Me for a Mug; Exclusive Actress Rages at di Stefano\\|date\\=11 March 2012\\|newspaper\\=Sunday Mail\\|author\\=Russell Findlay\\|url\\=https://www.questia.com/library/1G1\\-282610279/the\\-devil\\-s\\-advocate\\-took\\-me\\-for\\-a\\-mug\\-exclusive\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130131215923/http://www.questia.com/library/1G1\\-282610279/the\\-devil\\-s\\-advocate\\-took\\-me\\-for\\-a\\-mug\\-exclusive\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2013}} (needs registration) about a YouTube video posted by [Tricia Walsh\\-Smith](/wiki/Tricia_Walsh-Smith \"Tricia Walsh-Smith\") stating \"that he had taken £100,000 from the individual who had posted the online video\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.triciawalshsmith.com/html/videos.htm\\|title\\=Tricia Walsh Smith's Official Website – Videos}} The *Sunday Mail* agreed to print a statement saying \"Giovanni Di Stefano has denied ripping off Tricia Walsh\\-Smith ... Ms Walsh\\-Smith claimed that Mr Di Stefano duped her into investing in the News of the World online while she was contributing a weekly column, \"Livin' an' Lovin' with Tricia Walsh\\-Smith\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pcc.org.uk/news/index.html?article\\=NzgxMw\\=\\=\\|title\\=Mr Giovanni Di Stefano v Sunday Mail\\|date\\=4 May 2012\\|publisher\\=Press Complaints Commission\\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515042106/http://www.pcc.org.uk/news/index.html?article\\=NzgxMw\\=\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=15 May 2012}}{{cite news \\|title\\=For the record.(News)(Correction notice)\\|newspaper\\=Sunday Mail\\|date\\=29 April 2012\\|url\\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-287982355\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323095439/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-287982355\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=23 March 2015}} Four of the August 2012 charges against him related to Walsh\\-Smith; Di Stefano had falsely claimed to be a lawyer, claiming he could overturn the Walsh\\-Smith pre\\-nuptial agreement, and persuading Walsh\\-Smith to invest in News of the World online. This brought the charges against Di Stefano up to 28 counts of fraud and his trial began at Southwark Crown Court on 28 January 2013\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.courtnewsuk.co.uk/newsgallery/?news\\_id\\=30319 \\|title\\=Di Stefano: The 'Devil's Advocate' in the Dock \\|work\\=Court News UK \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095952/http://www.courtnewsuk.co.uk/newsgallery/?news\\_id\\=30319 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2014 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.courtserve.net/courtlists/current/crown/sthwk\\_T130128\\.01\\.htm \\|title\\=The Crown Court at Southwark Daily List for 28 January 2013 \\|publisher\\=CourtServe \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2013 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=January 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} On 6 March 2013 he told the court that he was a qualified advocate because Yugoslavian president Milošević had awarded him an [honorary](/wiki/Honorary_degree \"Honorary degree\") law doctorate from the [University of Belgrade](/wiki/University_of_Belgrade \"University of Belgrade\") \"simply because he had asked.\"{{citation \\|title\\= Di Stefano tells of links to Saddam, bin Laden, Mugabe and Milosevic \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Herald (Glasgow)\\|The Herald]] \\|date\\= 7 March 2013 \\|url\\= http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime\\-courts/di\\-stefano\\-tells\\-of\\-links\\-to\\-saddam\\-bin\\-laden\\-mugabe\\-and\\-milosevic.20436503 }}",
"On 27 March 2013 he was found guilty of all charges; nine counts of obtaining a money transfer by deception, eight counts of fraud, three counts of acquiring criminal property, two counts of using a false instrument, one count of attempting to obtain a money transfer by deception, one count of obtaining property by deception and one count of using criminal property. He subsequently pleaded guilty to two additional counts: defrauding a couple out of £160,000, including a woman's life savings of £75,000, and stealing £150,000 from a man who had been in a car accident and lost a limb.",
"He was sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment. Judge Alistair McCreath said that Di Stefano had caused misery and frustration to many people and called him a predator for his treatment of \"desperate and vulnerable\" clients: \"You had no regard for them nor for their anguish. Your only concern was to line your own pockets.\" He described Di Stefano's crimes as \"planned and persistent,\" his defence in court as \"breathtakingly cynical,\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-21969624\\|title\\=Bogus Italian lawyer Giovanni di Stefano is jailed for 14 years\\|publisher\\=BBC News\\|date\\=28 March 2013}} and his overall conduct as showing \"greed, dishonesty and utter disregard for the sensibilities of others.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/jailed\\-bogus\\-lawyer\\-who\\-conned\\-1m\\-from\\-clients\\-8553184\\.html\\|title\\=Jailed: Bogus lawyer who conned £1m from clients\\|last\\=Cheston\\|first\\=Paul\\|work\\=Evening Standard\\|location\\=London\\|date\\=28 March 2013}}",
"Hilary Ryan, from the [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service \"Crown Prosecution Service\")'s organised crime division, said: \"For many years, Giovanni Di Stefano described himself to potential clients as a lawyer and usually as an Italian 'avvocato'. He was nothing of the sort. When the law caught up with him, he falsely claimed to have obtained various formal legal qualifications. He then went on to claim that having taught himself the law, he was entitled to describe himself as a lawyer. This was fraud by anyone's standards and a charade that he kept up for over eight years in order to line his own pockets. (...) Giovanni Di Stefano routinely tricked his clients and abused their trust. (...)\"{{citation \\|title\\= Bogus lawyer Giovanni Di Stefano convicted \\|publisher\\= Crown Prosecution Service \\|date\\= 27 March 2013 \\|url\\= http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/latest\\_news/bogus\\_lawyer\\_giovanni\\_di\\_stefano\\_convicted/ \\|access\\-date\\= 7 May 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130710002544/http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/latest\\_news/bogus\\_lawyer\\_giovanni\\_di\\_stefano\\_convicted/ \\|archive\\-date\\= 10 July 2013 \\|url\\-status\\= dead }}",
"On 4 April 2014, eight and a half years were added to Di Stefano's 14\\-year sentence, unless he compensated his victims immediately. The judge who jailed him in March 2013 at Southwark Crown Court, Alistair McCreath, told him to \"pay back £1\\.4 million forthwith or serve the extra time.\" He said Di Stefano had no intention of paying and had \"stuck up two fingers to the court\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sundayworld.com/top\\-stories/news/liar\\-lawyer\\-stefano\\-to\\-get\\-extra\\-time \\|title\\='Liar' lawyer Stefano to get extra time / Sunday World \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-30 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122833/http://www.sundayworld.com/top\\-stories/news/liar\\-lawyer\\-stefano\\-to\\-get\\-extra\\-time \\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2014 }} \\|first\\=Eamon\\| last\\= Dillon \\|date\\= 4 April 2014",
""
] |
### Personal legal history
Di Stefano was arrested in June 1984 and charged with fraud before being released on bail. He was again arrested in August of that year and refused bail. In 1986, Di Stefano was tried for conspiracy to obtain property by deception and fraudulent trading, and was convicted after a 78\-day trial, jailed for five years, and prohibited from being a company director for 10 years;{{ cite news \|url\=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article144221\.ece \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122172647/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article144221\.ece \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=22 January 2016 \|title\=A law unto himself \|author\=Russell Miller\|publisher\= Times Online (www.timesonline.co.uk) \|date\=21 August 2005 \| location\=London}} of a total of 11 fraud counts, he was convicted of three counts and [acquitted](/wiki/Acquittal "Acquittal") of eight.
In the ruling, the judge called him "one of nature's fraudsters... a swindler without scruple or conscience"{{citation \| title\= Club's saviour revealed as 'a swindler' \|date\= 12 October 2003 \|work \= \[\[The Scotsman]] \|url\= http://www.scotsman.com/news/club\-s\-saviour\-revealed\-as\-a\-swindler\-1\-1294664 }} and said he was "motivated by personal greed and pretension." Court records show that Di Stefano's only attempt to appeal against the conviction was dismissed in 1987{{ citation \| last \= Hannan \| first \= Martin \| title \= Giovanni Di Stefano: The Truth \| work \= \[\[The Scotsman]] \| date \= 12 October 2003 \| url \= http://news.scotsman.com/giovannidistefano/Giovanni\-Di\-Stefano\-The\-Truth.2469479\.jp \| access\-date \= 2007\-12\-29 \| location\=Edinburgh}}{{ citation \|title\= Defending the indefensible. The Saturday Profile: Gionanni Di Stefano \|date\= 17 January 2004 \|work\= \[\[The Scotsman]] \|url\= http://news.scotsman.com/opinion/Defending\-the\-indefensible.2495512\.jp \|location\=Edinburgh}} and further records published in 2005 showed that he served the full sentence.{{citation \|title\= Millionaire 'lawyer' certified insane here while in jail for fraud \|author\= Jim Cusack \|date\= 18 June 2006 \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|url\= http://www.independent.ie/national\-news/millionaire\-lawyer\-certified\-insane\-here\-while\-in\-jail\-for\-fraud\-131570\.html }}{{citation \|title\= Chequered Career of Blackmail Case 'Devil's Advocate' \|first\= Cathy \|last\=Vervier \|work\= The Independent on Sunday \|location\= London\|date\= 4 November 2007 \|url\= https://www.questia.com/read/1P2\-10173024/chequered\-career\-of\-blackmail\-case\-devil\-s\-advocate \|archive\-url\= https://archive.today/20130411164354/http://www.questia.com/read/1P2\-10173024/chequered\-career\-of\-blackmail\-case\-devil\-s\-advocate \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-date\= 11 April 2013 }} (registration required)
The [Lord Justice of Appeal](/wiki/Lord_Justice_of_Appeal "Lord Justice of Appeal") [Stephen Brown](/wiki/Stephen_Brown_%28judge%29 "Stephen Brown (judge)") said "\[the trial] revealed a very deep and wide measure of fraudulent behaviour. This was a man who was undoubtedly seeking to operate a financial fraud wherever he was able to induce people to succumb to representations skilfully made in the form of bogus financial documents."{{citation \|title\= Wanted 'Devil's Advocate' Lawyer Is Arrested \|work\= \[\[Sky News]] \|date\= 15 February 2011 \|author\= Martin Brunt \|url\= http://news.sky.com/story/837338/wanted\-devils\-advocate\-lawyer\-is\-arrested }} Di Stefano had publicly claimed that his 1987 appeal was successful, until a copy of the failed appeal was made public in 2004 by Rosie Cowan of *The Independent*. Di Stefano claimed that he had taken legal action in Italian courts of law against Cowan and against Martin Hannan of *Scotland on Sunday*, but the legal departments of their newspapers said that had no knowledge of any legal action started by Di Stefano against them.
He also unsuccessfully appealed in 1989 to the [European Commission of Human Rights](/wiki/European_Commission_of_Human_Rights "European Commission of Human Rights") alleging that his arrest violated the [European Convention on Human Rights](/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights "European Convention on Human Rights").{{ cite book \| title \= Decisions and Reports: Décisions Et Rapports \| chapter \= Application/Requête Nº 12391/86 John Di Stefano v. the United Kingdom. Decision of 13 April 1989 on the admissibility of the application \| author \= \[\[European Commission of Human Rights]] \| publisher \= \[\[Council of Europe]] \| year \= 1992 \| pages \= 182–193 \| isbn \= 9789287121608 \| chapter\-url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=Ij8FVLbRQ\_4C\&pg\=PA182 \| language \= fr \| quote \= Per ces motifs, la Commission déclare la requête Irrecevable }} (at this time he used the name "John") Di Stefano claimed in a [BBC](/wiki/BBC_News_24 "BBC News 24") article that the conviction was quashed on a second appeal in 1988 and that "a sense of injustice remains, making each victory against the system a sweet revenge."{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4394095\.stm \|title\=Jonathan King's 'best friend'\|publisher\=\[\[BBC News]] \|date\=31 March 2005 \|author\=Tom Geoghegan \| access\-date \= 2010\-01\-04}}
According to *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* and the *[Irish Independent](/wiki/Irish_Independent "Irish Independent")*, he had already served a six\-month sentence for fraud and false pretenses in 1975 in Ireland, and a three\-year sentence for obtaining property by deception and other charges in 1976 in the UK. Di Stefano insists that these convictions were those of a different person, called "John" instead of "Giovanni", although they share the same surname, birthday and birthplace. According to *[The New Zealand Herald](/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald "The New Zealand Herald")*, Di Stefano had already denied being the "John Di Stefano" who had been convicted in 1986, but, also according to the *New Zealand Herald*, the New Zealand police managed to verify that they were the same person by comparing his [fingerprints](/wiki/Fingerprint "Fingerprint"). Di Stefano denies that he was ever deported or that his fingerprints were ever taken.
In 1990 a Solicitors' Disciplinary Tribunal ruled that Di Stefano could not be employed by any solicitor in England or Wales without permission from the [Law Society](/wiki/Law_Society_of_England_and_Wales "Law Society of England and Wales"),{{ citation \|work\= \[\[The Independent]] \|url\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/devils\-advocate\-the\-worlds\-most\-notorious\-lawyer\-defends\-himself\-859032\.html \| location\=London \| title\=Devil's advocate: The world's most notorious lawyer defends himself \|date\=3 July 2008}}{{ citation \|title\= Investigations pile more pressure on Dundee's benefactor \|date\= 8 November 2003 \|work\= \[\[Scotland on Sunday]] \|url\= http://sport.scotsman.com/football/Investigations\-pile\-more\-pressure\-on.2477127\.jp }}{{ citation \|title\= I was ruined by Shipman 'lawyer', says ex\-solicitor \|author\= Rosie Cowan \|work\= \[\[The Guardian]] \|date\= 19 January 2004 \|url\= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jan/19/shipman.health \|location\=London}} because of his criminal record, although he could still contract a solicitor to act on his name.
In 1990, Giovanni Di Stefano travelled to New Zealand, where he made several multimillion\-dollar bids on property on behalf of a [Beverly Hills](/wiki/Beverly_Hills "Beverly Hills")\-based company.{{ cite news \| url \= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=10473104 \| title \= Familiar name in royal case \| work\= The New Zealand Herald \| date \= 31 October 2007 \| author \= NZPA \| access\-date \= 2008\-07\-24 \| author\-link \= New Zealand Press Association}}{{ citation \|title\= Italian 'Financier' Casts Shadow Over MGM/UA Buyout \|work\= \[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|date\= 4 June 1990 \|author\= Michael Cieply \|url\= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1990\-06\-04\-fi\-420\-story.html }}{{ cite news \| url \= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c\_id\=213\&objectid\=10328483 \| title \= 'Lawyer' under British scrutiny \| author \= Jason Bennetto \| work \= \[\[The New Zealand Herald]] \| date \= 1 June 2005 \| access\-date \= 2008\-07\-24}}{{ cite news \| url \= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=3533207 \| work \= \[\[The New Zealand Herald]] \| title \= Soccer team next goal for fraudster \| author \= Scott MacLeod \| date \= 8 November 2003 \| access\-date \= 2008\-07\-24}}{{ cite news \| url \= http://au.news.yahoo.com/040408/2/ohdb.html \| title \= Fraudster claims to be defending Saddam \| work \= Yahoo! News Australia \& NZ \| author \= Australian Associated Press \| date \= 2 July 2004 \| access\-date \= 2008\-07\-24 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070425033511/http://au.news.yahoo.com/040408/2/ohdb.html \|archive\-date \= 25 April 2007}}{{ cite news \| url \= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=3581432 \| title \= Will the real Giovanni Di Stefano please stand up? \| work \= \[\[The New Zealand Herald]] \| author \= Chris Barton \| date \= 31 July 2004 \| access\-date \= 2008\-07\-24}} The authorities discovered that he had not disclosed a conviction in England in 1986, declared him a prohibited immigrant, and he was subsequently returned to his country of origin.{{ cite news \| url \= http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/08/1089000295725\.html \| title \= Marsden's invitation to Baghdad \| author \= Kate McClymont \| work \= \[\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \| date \= 9 July 2004 \| access\-date \= 2008\-07\-24}}
In 1991 or 1992,{{cite web \| url\=https://www.vreme.com/vreme/cudesni\-svet\-djovanija\-di\-stefana/ \| title\=Čudesni svet Đovanija di Stefana \- Afere \- Nedeljnik Vreme \| date\=23 April 2003 }} he moved to Yugoslavia, where he received the Yugoslavian citizenship and passport by personal authorisation of president [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Slobodan Milošević"). The address listed in his passport was Tolstojeva 32, [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade"), right next to Milošević's official residence; however, he lived further away, at the luxurious Genex apartments.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.vreme.com/vreme/cudesni\-svet\-djovanija\-di\-stefana/ \| title\=Čudesni svet Đovanija di Stefana \- Afere \- Nedeljnik Vreme \| date\=23 April 2003 }} According to *[The Scotsman](/wiki/The_Scotsman "The Scotsman")* and *[Irish Independent](/wiki/Irish_Independent "Irish Independent")*, Di Stefano was moving to a country with no extradition treaty with the UK, to escape a warrant for fraud charges.
Around 1992, while trying to buy the MGM film studio, the United States [Immigration and Naturalization Service](/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service "Immigration and Naturalization Service") [deported](/wiki/Deportation "Deportation") him from the United States because of a fraud conviction in the UK in 1986\. Months later he applied for a non\-immigrant visa for re\-entry, and was told that he needed a [waiver of grounds of inadmissibility](/wiki/United_States_Waiver_of_Inadmissibility "United States Waiver of Inadmissibility") to be eligible. The waiver application was denied by the federal agency, causing the visa to also be denied. In 1993, he appealed to a [United States District Court](/wiki/United_States_District_Court "United States District Court"), which ruled that it lacked jurisdiction to review the denial of a waiver application. In 1995, the [United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit "United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit") affirmed the judgment of the district court, ruling that Di Stefano did not have [standing](/wiki/Standing_%28law%29 "Standing (law)") to challenge the waiver denial under the [Immigration and Nationality Act](/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965 "Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965").{{Cite court \|litigants\=Giovanni Di Stefano, Plaintiff\-Appellant,
v. Benedict J. Ferro, District Director INS, Rome Italy; \[\[Janet Reno]], Attorney General, Defendants\-Appellees\|vol \= 53 \|reporter \= F.3d \|opinion \= 338 \|court \= 9th Cir. \|year \= 1995 \|url\=http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/53/53\.F3d.338\.94\-55822\.html}}
In November 1999 Di Stefano was arrested in Rome and extradited to Britain to be tried for fraud charges in the insolvency in 1991 of five hotels in the [English Midlands](/wiki/Midlands_%28England%29 "Midlands (England)") and a company called Sandhurst Assets. British investigators recognised his name when newspapers reported his bids for Dundee football club and for [Ellington Colliery](/wiki/Ellington_Colliery "Ellington Colliery"), and acted on a 1991 warrant.{{ citation \|title\= Tycoon linked to Saddam arrested for hotel fraud \|author\= Kim Sengupta \|date\= 1 December 1999 \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|url\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/tycoon\-linked\-to\-saddam\-arrested\-for\-hotel\-fraud\-1124289\.html \|location\=London}} In June 2001, after Di Stefano had spent 18 months in jail, a judge ruled that he couldn't be tried because too much time had passed since the alleged offences.{{ citation \|title\= Lawyer is cleared over hotels 'swindle' \|author\= David Sapsted \|work\= \[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|date\= 2 June 2001 \|url\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1309607/Lawyer\-is\-cleared\-over\-hotels\-swindle.html \|location\=London}} During his stay in [Rebibbia prison](/wiki/Rebibbia_prison "Rebibbia prison"), his friend Arkan was assassinated and his other friend Milošević was jailed shortly before he was released; Di Stefano claims that it was all part of a conspiracy to isolate Milošević from his most trusted adviser.{{ citation \|title\= Intervista a Giovanni Di Stefano su Arkan e Milosevic (I parte). Fonte: Lo spettro \|date\= 8 June 2002 \|publisher\= dittatore.it \|language\= it \|url\= http://www.dittatori.it/intervistadistefano.htm }} ([second part](http://www.dittatori.it/intervistadistefano2.htm))
In 2002 the Governor of [HM Prison Belmarsh](/wiki/Belmarsh_%28HM_Prison%29 "Belmarsh (HM Prison)") barred Di Stefano's access to a client in prison, [Nicholas van Hoogstraten](/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoogstraten "Nicholas van Hoogstraten"). The restriction was appealed to the [High Court of Justice](/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice "High Court of Justice") in *R (Van Hoogstraten) v Governor of Belmarsh Prison*Regina (Van Hoogstraten) v Governor of Belmarsh Prison \[2003] 1 WLR 264{{cite web \| title \= Jeremy Johnson \| publisher \= 5 Essex Court \| url \= http://www.5essexcourt.com/86/?form\_83\.replyids\=11 \| quote \= High Court: Whether the governor of a prison was entitled to refuse to allow a prisoner to have legal visits from an Italian Avocato }} which ruled against the prison governor.{{ cite news \| title \= Prison ban on lawyer unlawful \| work \= \[\[The Guardian]] \| author \= Steven Morris \| date \= 24 September 2002 \| url \= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/sep/24/stevenmorris \| location\=London}}{{ cite news \| title \= Property tycoon 'denied right to see lawyer' \| work \= \[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\| date \= 23 September 2002 \|url \= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1408068/Property\-tycoon\-%27denied\-right\-to\-see\-lawyer%27\.html \|archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20130505055152/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1408068/Property\-tycoon\-%27denied\-right\-to\-see\-lawyer%27\.html \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-date \= 5 May 2013 \| location\=London}}
The decision held that the governor's challenge to Di Stefano's credentials was not filed in a timely manner, and that some evidence suggested Di Stefano was an Italian lawyer and that Italian lawyers, as a rule, were permitted visitation in British prisons as [European lawyers](/wiki/European_lawyer "European lawyer"). The justice further ruled that since denying Di Stefano's visits to the prisoner would cause severe prejudice to the client's legal defence, he could not be denied that right until a timely and successful challenge was made.{{efn\| 1 \= The right of a qualified European Union lawyer to practise in a country other than their country of origin was, until 1 July 2007, governed by the provisions of the (United Kingdom) European Communities (Services of Lawyers) Order 1978 (SI 1978/1910\) (Amended 2004\).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/professional/conduct/guideonline/view\=page.law?POLICYID\=108 \|title\=Annex 10A European Communities (Services of Lawyers) Order 1978 \|publisher\=Society's Regulation Authority \|date\=1 July 2007 \|access\-date\=2008\-09\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102043532/http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/professional/conduct/guideonline/view%3Dpage.law?POLICYID\=108 \|archive\-date\= 2 January 2008 }}}}{{cite web \| title \= copy of court ruling \| publisher \= Studio Legale Internazionale \| url \= http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/downloads/hoogstraten/proceeding26\-09\-02\.pdf \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090327015544/http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/downloads/hoogstraten/proceeding26\-09\-02\.pdf \| archive\-date \= 27 March 2009 }} In spite of these problems, he managed gain the release Hoogstraten from prison in 2004 (see "notable people" section). In November the Higher court made a different ruling for a different prison, this time saying that Di Stefano had failed to provide adequate credentials, and preventing him from visiting John Palmer in prison.
In December 2003 Di Stefano was featured in a BBC documentary series called *Notorious*, covering four entrepreneurs that had obtained their fortunes via controversial means; his chapter was called *Devil's Advocate*.{{citation \| title\= Dirty Dosh \| work\= \[\[Western Mail (Wales)\|Western Mail]] \| author\= Karen Price \| date\= 8 January 2004 \| url\= https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\-112203197/dirty\-dosh \| access\-date\= 29 August 2017 \| archive\-date\= 10 March 2016 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160310001530/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\-112203197/dirty\-dosh \| url\-status\= dead }} (registration required) In the documentary he said that Hitler would have never been convicted for killing Jews, thus enraging the Jewish community. At that time Di Stefano was trying to become director of Dundee FC, and the fans of the club were also outraged because he was wearing a Dundee pullover while making those statements. He also boasted of his friendship with Saddam Hussein and with Serbian warlord Arkan.
In January 2004, *The Guardian*{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/jan/15/NHS.shipman2 \|title\=Police probe Shipman lawyer claim \|access\-date \= 2008\-04\-20 \|last\=Cowan \|first\=Rosie \|date\=15 January 2004 \|newspaper\=The Guardian \| location\=London}} and the [*Daily Record*](/wiki/Daily_Record_%28Scotland%29 "Daily Record (Scotland)"){{cite news \|url\=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\-112250288/we\-can\-t\-let\-just\-any\-old\-tom\-dick\-or\-giovanni\-practise \|title\=We Can't Let Just Any Old Tom, Dick or Giovanni Practise Law in This Country; Cops and Legal Regulators to Probe Controversial Lawyer Linked to Dundee FC over Whether He Is Qualified to Act as a Solicitor. His Clients Have Included Harold Shipman and Kenneth Noye \|access\-date\=2012\-09\-19 \|last\=Turner \|first\=Kevin \|date\=16 January 2004 \|newspaper\=\[\[Daily Record (Scotland)]] \|location\=Glasgow \|archive\-date\=17 August 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817225406/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\-112250288/we\-can\-t\-let\-just\-any\-old\-tom\-dick\-or\-giovanni\-practise \|url\-status\=dead }} (needs registration) reported that Di Stefano's legal qualifications were under investigation by the [British police](/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom "Law enforcement in the United Kingdom") and the Law Society since the spring of 2003, to see if he had misrepresented himself as an accredited solicitor, in violation of [Solicitors Act 1974](/wiki/Solicitors_Act_1974 "Solicitors Act 1974").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jan/21/shipman.health \|title\=Fraudster lawyer's claim to act for Shipman is bogus, says family's solicitor \|access\-date \= 2008\-04\-20 \|last\=Cowan \|first\=Rosie \|date\=21 January 2004 \|newspaper\=The Guardian \| location\=London}}{{cite news\|last\=Bennetto \|first\=James \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/saddams\-defender\-accused\-of\-falsely\-claiming\-to\-be\-solicitor\-492651\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707004547/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/saddams\-defender\-accused\-of\-falsely\-claiming\-to\-be\-solicitor\-492651\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=7 July 2009 \|title\=Saddam's defender accused of falsifying his legal credentials \|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]] \|date\=31 May 2005 \|access\-date \= 2008\-08\-12 \| location\=London}}
As a result of the investigation he was eventually arrested in 2011 in Spain (see paragraph below). The Law Society declared that he was "not a solicitor, or a registered foreign lawyer, or a registered European lawyer",{{ cite news \| work \= \[\[The Independent]] \| title \= Devil's advocate: The world's most notorious lawyer defends himself \| date \= 3 July 2008 \| url \= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/devils\-advocate\-the\-worlds\-most\-notorious\-lawyer\-defends\-himself\-859032\.html \| location\=London}} and that they were unable to verify either his legal qualifications or his status as a foreign lawyer despite going to considerable lengths, and despite asking Di Stefano himself for the information. The [Law Society of Scotland](/wiki/Law_Society_of_Scotland "Law Society of Scotland"){{ citation \|title\= Judge queries di Stefano's law qualifications 'Who is that gentleman,' counsel is asked \|author\= Billy Briggs \|date\= 28 January 2004 \|work\= \[\[The Herald (Glasgow)\|The Herald]] \|url\= http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/judge\-queries\-di\-stefano\-s\-law\-qualifications\-who\-is\-that\-gentleman\-counsel\-is\-asked\-1\.94870 }} and the [Ordine Degli Avvocati](/wiki/Ordine_Degli_Avvocati "Ordine Degli Avvocati"){{ citation \|title\= New 'lawyer' for Gilligan and Holland is a conman \|date\= 28 August 2005 \|author\= Jim Cusack \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|url\= http://www.independent.ie/national\-news/new\-lawyer\-for\-gilligan\-and\-holland\-is\-a\-conman\-471693\.html }} of Rome have also said that he is not a registered solicitor. His name does not appear in Italy's national lawyers' register. Di Stefano claims that he does not need to register with either the Law Society nor with any Italian [bar association](/wiki/Bar_association "Bar association") in order to practise in the UK, a claim that is rejected by the Law Society.
As of 2004, Di Stefano could not represent his clients directly, and he had to represent them through Paul Martin \& Co, a firm associated with his legal firm Studio Legale Internazionale that acts as his agent.{{ citation \|title\= Serial killer's legal adviser insists he has right to practise \|date\= 22 January 2004 \|author\= Jeremy Fleming \|work\= \[\[Law Society]] Gazette \|url\= http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/serial\-killeramp146s\-legal\-adviser\-insists\-he\-has\-right\-practise \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120318095231/http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/serial\-killeramp146s\-legal\-adviser\-insists\-he\-has\-right\-practise \|archive\-date\= 18 March 2012 }} [Alistair Cooke](/wiki/Alistair_Cooke "Alistair Cooke"), co\-director of the BBC series that made a documentary about Di Stefano said "(...) We witnessed him in court, but he never actually stands up and pretends to be a lawyer. He assembles a legal team and acts as a middle man, whispering in lawyers' ears as they act on behalf of clients. He knows a lot of criminals and introduces them to his legal teams who get them off on technicalities or help them retain their assets."
In March 2006, Ireland [Chief Justice](/wiki/Chief_Justice "Chief Justice") Murray told Di Stefano that he would have to provide proof of his legal qualifications before he could act for Patrick 'Dutchy' Holland and be his legal representative,{{ citation \|title\= 'Dutchy' in court over lawyer's visit \|date\=16 March 2006 \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|url\= http://www.independent.ie/national\-news/dutchy\-in\-court\-over\-lawyers\-visit\-107974\.html}}{{ citation \|title\= 'Dutchy' lawyer fails to clarify his status \|author\= Ann O'Loughlin \|date\= 14 March 2006 \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|url\= http://www.independent.ie/national\-news/dutchy\-lawyer\-fails\-to\-clarify\-his\-status\-107566\.html }} and he eventually ruled that Di Stefano had failed to provide any credential.{{ citation \|title\= Dutchy's lawyer is slammed \|author\= Diarmaid Mac Dermott \|work\= \[\[Daily Mirror\|The Mirror]] \|date\= 21 March 2006 \|url\= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-143465389\.html\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055238/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-143465389\.html\|url\-status\= dead\|archive\-date\= 5 November 2012}}{{ citation \|title\= Dutchy fails to show credentials of Italian lawyer \|author\= Ann O'Loughlin \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|date\= 21 March 2010 \|url\= http://www.independent.ie/national\-news/dutchy\-fails\-to\-show\-credentials\-of\-italian\-lawyer\-108758\.html }}
Di Stefano sued Murray for the negative remarks made about him during the case,{{ citation \|title\= Lawyer to sue Chief Justice for remark on ignorance \|date\= 15 March 2006 \|author\= Eugene Hogan \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|url\= http://www.independent.ie/national\-news/lawyer\-to\-sue\-chief\-justice\-for\-remark\-on\-ignorance\-107763\.html }} but he later dropped his complaint, saying that he did not want to harm a "great jurist" just to win a case.{{ citation \|title\= Bid to sue top judge dropped \|work\= \[\[Sunday Mirror]] \|date\= 12 November 2006 \|author\= Kevin McDonnell \|url\= http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bid\+to\+sue\+top\+judge\+dropped.\-a0154287227 \|quote\= Now Di Stefano has dropped the action. He said: 'Mr Murray is a great jurist and his loss would outweigh the benefit of a victory in a defamation case.' }}
English libel law changed with the [Defamation Act 2013](/wiki/Defamation_Act_2013 "Defamation Act 2013"), reducing the potential for abuse to exert a [chilling effect](/wiki/Chilling_effect "Chilling effect").{{cite news \|url\= https://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/dec/31/trivial\-libel\-claims\-targeted\-new\-law \|title\=Libel: new Defamation Act will reverse 'chilling effect', ministers claim \|agency\=Press Association \|date\=30 December 2013\|work\=The Guardian \|location\= London}}
|
[
"### Personal legal history",
"Di Stefano was arrested in June 1984 and charged with fraud before being released on bail. He was again arrested in August of that year and refused bail. In 1986, Di Stefano was tried for conspiracy to obtain property by deception and fraudulent trading, and was convicted after a 78\\-day trial, jailed for five years, and prohibited from being a company director for 10 years;{{ cite news \\|url\\=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article144221\\.ece \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122172647/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article144221\\.ece \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=22 January 2016 \\|title\\=A law unto himself \\|author\\=Russell Miller\\|publisher\\= Times Online (www.timesonline.co.uk) \\|date\\=21 August 2005 \\| location\\=London}} of a total of 11 fraud counts, he was convicted of three counts and [acquitted](/wiki/Acquittal \"Acquittal\") of eight.",
"In the ruling, the judge called him \"one of nature's fraudsters... a swindler without scruple or conscience\"{{citation \\| title\\= Club's saviour revealed as 'a swindler' \\|date\\= 12 October 2003 \\|work \\= \\[\\[The Scotsman]] \\|url\\= http://www.scotsman.com/news/club\\-s\\-saviour\\-revealed\\-as\\-a\\-swindler\\-1\\-1294664 }} and said he was \"motivated by personal greed and pretension.\" Court records show that Di Stefano's only attempt to appeal against the conviction was dismissed in 1987{{ citation \\| last \\= Hannan \\| first \\= Martin \\| title \\= Giovanni Di Stefano: The Truth \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Scotsman]] \\| date \\= 12 October 2003 \\| url \\= http://news.scotsman.com/giovannidistefano/Giovanni\\-Di\\-Stefano\\-The\\-Truth.2469479\\.jp \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-12\\-29 \\| location\\=Edinburgh}}{{ citation \\|title\\= Defending the indefensible. The Saturday Profile: Gionanni Di Stefano \\|date\\= 17 January 2004 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Scotsman]] \\|url\\= http://news.scotsman.com/opinion/Defending\\-the\\-indefensible.2495512\\.jp \\|location\\=Edinburgh}} and further records published in 2005 showed that he served the full sentence.{{citation \\|title\\= Millionaire 'lawyer' certified insane here while in jail for fraud \\|author\\= Jim Cusack \\|date\\= 18 June 2006 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|url\\= http://www.independent.ie/national\\-news/millionaire\\-lawyer\\-certified\\-insane\\-here\\-while\\-in\\-jail\\-for\\-fraud\\-131570\\.html }}{{citation \\|title\\= Chequered Career of Blackmail Case 'Devil's Advocate' \\|first\\= Cathy \\|last\\=Vervier \\|work\\= The Independent on Sunday \\|location\\= London\\|date\\= 4 November 2007 \\|url\\= https://www.questia.com/read/1P2\\-10173024/chequered\\-career\\-of\\-blackmail\\-case\\-devil\\-s\\-advocate \\|archive\\-url\\= https://archive.today/20130411164354/http://www.questia.com/read/1P2\\-10173024/chequered\\-career\\-of\\-blackmail\\-case\\-devil\\-s\\-advocate \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-date\\= 11 April 2013 }} (registration required)",
"The [Lord Justice of Appeal](/wiki/Lord_Justice_of_Appeal \"Lord Justice of Appeal\") [Stephen Brown](/wiki/Stephen_Brown_%28judge%29 \"Stephen Brown (judge)\") said \"\\[the trial] revealed a very deep and wide measure of fraudulent behaviour. This was a man who was undoubtedly seeking to operate a financial fraud wherever he was able to induce people to succumb to representations skilfully made in the form of bogus financial documents.\"{{citation \\|title\\= Wanted 'Devil's Advocate' Lawyer Is Arrested \\|work\\= \\[\\[Sky News]] \\|date\\= 15 February 2011 \\|author\\= Martin Brunt \\|url\\= http://news.sky.com/story/837338/wanted\\-devils\\-advocate\\-lawyer\\-is\\-arrested }} Di Stefano had publicly claimed that his 1987 appeal was successful, until a copy of the failed appeal was made public in 2004 by Rosie Cowan of *The Independent*. Di Stefano claimed that he had taken legal action in Italian courts of law against Cowan and against Martin Hannan of *Scotland on Sunday*, but the legal departments of their newspapers said that had no knowledge of any legal action started by Di Stefano against them.",
"He also unsuccessfully appealed in 1989 to the [European Commission of Human Rights](/wiki/European_Commission_of_Human_Rights \"European Commission of Human Rights\") alleging that his arrest violated the [European Convention on Human Rights](/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights \"European Convention on Human Rights\").{{ cite book \\| title \\= Decisions and Reports: Décisions Et Rapports \\| chapter \\= Application/Requête Nº 12391/86 John Di Stefano v. the United Kingdom. Decision of 13 April 1989 on the admissibility of the application \\| author \\= \\[\\[European Commission of Human Rights]] \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Council of Europe]] \\| year \\= 1992 \\| pages \\= 182–193 \\| isbn \\= 9789287121608 \\| chapter\\-url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Ij8FVLbRQ\\_4C\\&pg\\=PA182 \\| language \\= fr \\| quote \\= Per ces motifs, la Commission déclare la requête Irrecevable }} (at this time he used the name \"John\") Di Stefano claimed in a [BBC](/wiki/BBC_News_24 \"BBC News 24\") article that the conviction was quashed on a second appeal in 1988 and that \"a sense of injustice remains, making each victory against the system a sweet revenge.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4394095\\.stm \\|title\\=Jonathan King's 'best friend'\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|date\\=31 March 2005 \\|author\\=Tom Geoghegan \\| access\\-date \\= 2010\\-01\\-04}}",
"According to *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* and the *[Irish Independent](/wiki/Irish_Independent \"Irish Independent\")*, he had already served a six\\-month sentence for fraud and false pretenses in 1975 in Ireland, and a three\\-year sentence for obtaining property by deception and other charges in 1976 in the UK. Di Stefano insists that these convictions were those of a different person, called \"John\" instead of \"Giovanni\", although they share the same surname, birthday and birthplace. According to *[The New Zealand Herald](/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald \"The New Zealand Herald\")*, Di Stefano had already denied being the \"John Di Stefano\" who had been convicted in 1986, but, also according to the *New Zealand Herald*, the New Zealand police managed to verify that they were the same person by comparing his [fingerprints](/wiki/Fingerprint \"Fingerprint\"). Di Stefano denies that he was ever deported or that his fingerprints were ever taken.",
"In 1990 a Solicitors' Disciplinary Tribunal ruled that Di Stefano could not be employed by any solicitor in England or Wales without permission from the [Law Society](/wiki/Law_Society_of_England_and_Wales \"Law Society of England and Wales\"),{{ citation \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Independent]] \\|url\\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/devils\\-advocate\\-the\\-worlds\\-most\\-notorious\\-lawyer\\-defends\\-himself\\-859032\\.html \\| location\\=London \\| title\\=Devil's advocate: The world's most notorious lawyer defends himself \\|date\\=3 July 2008}}{{ citation \\|title\\= Investigations pile more pressure on Dundee's benefactor \\|date\\= 8 November 2003 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Scotland on Sunday]] \\|url\\= http://sport.scotsman.com/football/Investigations\\-pile\\-more\\-pressure\\-on.2477127\\.jp }}{{ citation \\|title\\= I was ruined by Shipman 'lawyer', says ex\\-solicitor \\|author\\= Rosie Cowan \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|date\\= 19 January 2004 \\|url\\= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jan/19/shipman.health \\|location\\=London}} because of his criminal record, although he could still contract a solicitor to act on his name.",
"In 1990, Giovanni Di Stefano travelled to New Zealand, where he made several multimillion\\-dollar bids on property on behalf of a [Beverly Hills](/wiki/Beverly_Hills \"Beverly Hills\")\\-based company.{{ cite news \\| url \\= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=10473104 \\| title \\= Familiar name in royal case \\| work\\= The New Zealand Herald \\| date \\= 31 October 2007 \\| author \\= NZPA \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-07\\-24 \\| author\\-link \\= New Zealand Press Association}}{{ citation \\|title\\= Italian 'Financier' Casts Shadow Over MGM/UA Buyout \\|work\\= \\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|date\\= 4 June 1990 \\|author\\= Michael Cieply \\|url\\= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1990\\-06\\-04\\-fi\\-420\\-story.html }}{{ cite news \\| url \\= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c\\_id\\=213\\&objectid\\=10328483 \\| title \\= 'Lawyer' under British scrutiny \\| author \\= Jason Bennetto \\| work \\= \\[\\[The New Zealand Herald]] \\| date \\= 1 June 2005 \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-07\\-24}}{{ cite news \\| url \\= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=3533207 \\| work \\= \\[\\[The New Zealand Herald]] \\| title \\= Soccer team next goal for fraudster \\| author \\= Scott MacLeod \\| date \\= 8 November 2003 \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-07\\-24}}{{ cite news \\| url \\= http://au.news.yahoo.com/040408/2/ohdb.html \\| title \\= Fraudster claims to be defending Saddam \\| work \\= Yahoo! News Australia \\& NZ \\| author \\= Australian Associated Press \\| date \\= 2 July 2004 \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-07\\-24 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070425033511/http://au.news.yahoo.com/040408/2/ohdb.html \\|archive\\-date \\= 25 April 2007}}{{ cite news \\| url \\= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=3581432 \\| title \\= Will the real Giovanni Di Stefano please stand up? \\| work \\= \\[\\[The New Zealand Herald]] \\| author \\= Chris Barton \\| date \\= 31 July 2004 \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-07\\-24}} The authorities discovered that he had not disclosed a conviction in England in 1986, declared him a prohibited immigrant, and he was subsequently returned to his country of origin.{{ cite news \\| url \\= http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/08/1089000295725\\.html \\| title \\= Marsden's invitation to Baghdad \\| author \\= Kate McClymont \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \\| date \\= 9 July 2004 \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-07\\-24}}",
"In 1991 or 1992,{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.vreme.com/vreme/cudesni\\-svet\\-djovanija\\-di\\-stefana/ \\| title\\=Čudesni svet Đovanija di Stefana \\- Afere \\- Nedeljnik Vreme \\| date\\=23 April 2003 }} he moved to Yugoslavia, where he received the Yugoslavian citizenship and passport by personal authorisation of president [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Slobodan Milošević\"). The address listed in his passport was Tolstojeva 32, [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\"), right next to Milošević's official residence; however, he lived further away, at the luxurious Genex apartments.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.vreme.com/vreme/cudesni\\-svet\\-djovanija\\-di\\-stefana/ \\| title\\=Čudesni svet Đovanija di Stefana \\- Afere \\- Nedeljnik Vreme \\| date\\=23 April 2003 }} According to *[The Scotsman](/wiki/The_Scotsman \"The Scotsman\")* and *[Irish Independent](/wiki/Irish_Independent \"Irish Independent\")*, Di Stefano was moving to a country with no extradition treaty with the UK, to escape a warrant for fraud charges.",
"Around 1992, while trying to buy the MGM film studio, the United States [Immigration and Naturalization Service](/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service \"Immigration and Naturalization Service\") [deported](/wiki/Deportation \"Deportation\") him from the United States because of a fraud conviction in the UK in 1986\\. Months later he applied for a non\\-immigrant visa for re\\-entry, and was told that he needed a [waiver of grounds of inadmissibility](/wiki/United_States_Waiver_of_Inadmissibility \"United States Waiver of Inadmissibility\") to be eligible. The waiver application was denied by the federal agency, causing the visa to also be denied. In 1993, he appealed to a [United States District Court](/wiki/United_States_District_Court \"United States District Court\"), which ruled that it lacked jurisdiction to review the denial of a waiver application. In 1995, the [United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit \"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit\") affirmed the judgment of the district court, ruling that Di Stefano did not have [standing](/wiki/Standing_%28law%29 \"Standing (law)\") to challenge the waiver denial under the [Immigration and Nationality Act](/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965 \"Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965\").{{Cite court \\|litigants\\=Giovanni Di Stefano, Plaintiff\\-Appellant,\nv. Benedict J. Ferro, District Director INS, Rome Italy; \\[\\[Janet Reno]], Attorney General, Defendants\\-Appellees\\|vol \\= 53 \\|reporter \\= F.3d \\|opinion \\= 338 \\|court \\= 9th Cir. \\|year \\= 1995 \\|url\\=http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/53/53\\.F3d.338\\.94\\-55822\\.html}}",
"In November 1999 Di Stefano was arrested in Rome and extradited to Britain to be tried for fraud charges in the insolvency in 1991 of five hotels in the [English Midlands](/wiki/Midlands_%28England%29 \"Midlands (England)\") and a company called Sandhurst Assets. British investigators recognised his name when newspapers reported his bids for Dundee football club and for [Ellington Colliery](/wiki/Ellington_Colliery \"Ellington Colliery\"), and acted on a 1991 warrant.{{ citation \\|title\\= Tycoon linked to Saddam arrested for hotel fraud \\|author\\= Kim Sengupta \\|date\\= 1 December 1999 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|url\\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/tycoon\\-linked\\-to\\-saddam\\-arrested\\-for\\-hotel\\-fraud\\-1124289\\.html \\|location\\=London}} In June 2001, after Di Stefano had spent 18 months in jail, a judge ruled that he couldn't be tried because too much time had passed since the alleged offences.{{ citation \\|title\\= Lawyer is cleared over hotels 'swindle' \\|author\\= David Sapsted \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|date\\= 2 June 2001 \\|url\\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1309607/Lawyer\\-is\\-cleared\\-over\\-hotels\\-swindle.html \\|location\\=London}} During his stay in [Rebibbia prison](/wiki/Rebibbia_prison \"Rebibbia prison\"), his friend Arkan was assassinated and his other friend Milošević was jailed shortly before he was released; Di Stefano claims that it was all part of a conspiracy to isolate Milošević from his most trusted adviser.{{ citation \\|title\\= Intervista a Giovanni Di Stefano su Arkan e Milosevic (I parte). Fonte: Lo spettro \\|date\\= 8 June 2002 \\|publisher\\= dittatore.it \\|language\\= it \\|url\\= http://www.dittatori.it/intervistadistefano.htm }} ([second part](http://www.dittatori.it/intervistadistefano2.htm))",
"In 2002 the Governor of [HM Prison Belmarsh](/wiki/Belmarsh_%28HM_Prison%29 \"Belmarsh (HM Prison)\") barred Di Stefano's access to a client in prison, [Nicholas van Hoogstraten](/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoogstraten \"Nicholas van Hoogstraten\"). The restriction was appealed to the [High Court of Justice](/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice \"High Court of Justice\") in *R (Van Hoogstraten) v Governor of Belmarsh Prison*Regina (Van Hoogstraten) v Governor of Belmarsh Prison \\[2003] 1 WLR 264{{cite web \\| title \\= Jeremy Johnson \\| publisher \\= 5 Essex Court \\| url \\= http://www.5essexcourt.com/86/?form\\_83\\.replyids\\=11 \\| quote \\= High Court: Whether the governor of a prison was entitled to refuse to allow a prisoner to have legal visits from an Italian Avocato }} which ruled against the prison governor.{{ cite news \\| title \\= Prison ban on lawyer unlawful \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Guardian]] \\| author \\= Steven Morris \\| date \\= 24 September 2002 \\| url \\= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/sep/24/stevenmorris \\| location\\=London}}{{ cite news \\| title \\= Property tycoon 'denied right to see lawyer' \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\| date \\= 23 September 2002 \\|url \\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1408068/Property\\-tycoon\\-%27denied\\-right\\-to\\-see\\-lawyer%27\\.html \\|archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20130505055152/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1408068/Property\\-tycoon\\-%27denied\\-right\\-to\\-see\\-lawyer%27\\.html \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-date \\= 5 May 2013 \\| location\\=London}}",
"The decision held that the governor's challenge to Di Stefano's credentials was not filed in a timely manner, and that some evidence suggested Di Stefano was an Italian lawyer and that Italian lawyers, as a rule, were permitted visitation in British prisons as [European lawyers](/wiki/European_lawyer \"European lawyer\"). The justice further ruled that since denying Di Stefano's visits to the prisoner would cause severe prejudice to the client's legal defence, he could not be denied that right until a timely and successful challenge was made.{{efn\\| 1 \\= The right of a qualified European Union lawyer to practise in a country other than their country of origin was, until 1 July 2007, governed by the provisions of the (United Kingdom) European Communities (Services of Lawyers) Order 1978 (SI 1978/1910\\) (Amended 2004\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/professional/conduct/guideonline/view\\=page.law?POLICYID\\=108 \\|title\\=Annex 10A European Communities (Services of Lawyers) Order 1978 \\|publisher\\=Society's Regulation Authority \\|date\\=1 July 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102043532/http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/professional/conduct/guideonline/view%3Dpage.law?POLICYID\\=108 \\|archive\\-date\\= 2 January 2008 }}}}{{cite web \\| title \\= copy of court ruling \\| publisher \\= Studio Legale Internazionale \\| url \\= http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/downloads/hoogstraten/proceeding26\\-09\\-02\\.pdf \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090327015544/http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/downloads/hoogstraten/proceeding26\\-09\\-02\\.pdf \\| archive\\-date \\= 27 March 2009 }} In spite of these problems, he managed gain the release Hoogstraten from prison in 2004 (see \"notable people\" section). In November the Higher court made a different ruling for a different prison, this time saying that Di Stefano had failed to provide adequate credentials, and preventing him from visiting John Palmer in prison.",
"In December 2003 Di Stefano was featured in a BBC documentary series called *Notorious*, covering four entrepreneurs that had obtained their fortunes via controversial means; his chapter was called *Devil's Advocate*.{{citation \\| title\\= Dirty Dosh \\| work\\= \\[\\[Western Mail (Wales)\\|Western Mail]] \\| author\\= Karen Price \\| date\\= 8 January 2004 \\| url\\= https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\\-112203197/dirty\\-dosh \\| access\\-date\\= 29 August 2017 \\| archive\\-date\\= 10 March 2016 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160310001530/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\\-112203197/dirty\\-dosh \\| url\\-status\\= dead }} (registration required) In the documentary he said that Hitler would have never been convicted for killing Jews, thus enraging the Jewish community. At that time Di Stefano was trying to become director of Dundee FC, and the fans of the club were also outraged because he was wearing a Dundee pullover while making those statements. He also boasted of his friendship with Saddam Hussein and with Serbian warlord Arkan.",
"In January 2004, *The Guardian*{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/jan/15/NHS.shipman2 \\|title\\=Police probe Shipman lawyer claim \\|access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-20 \\|last\\=Cowan \\|first\\=Rosie \\|date\\=15 January 2004 \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\| location\\=London}} and the [*Daily Record*](/wiki/Daily_Record_%28Scotland%29 \"Daily Record (Scotland)\"){{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\\-112250288/we\\-can\\-t\\-let\\-just\\-any\\-old\\-tom\\-dick\\-or\\-giovanni\\-practise \\|title\\=We Can't Let Just Any Old Tom, Dick or Giovanni Practise Law in This Country; Cops and Legal Regulators to Probe Controversial Lawyer Linked to Dundee FC over Whether He Is Qualified to Act as a Solicitor. His Clients Have Included Harold Shipman and Kenneth Noye \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-19 \\|last\\=Turner \\|first\\=Kevin \\|date\\=16 January 2004 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Daily Record (Scotland)]] \\|location\\=Glasgow \\|archive\\-date\\=17 August 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817225406/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\\-112250288/we\\-can\\-t\\-let\\-just\\-any\\-old\\-tom\\-dick\\-or\\-giovanni\\-practise \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} (needs registration) reported that Di Stefano's legal qualifications were under investigation by the [British police](/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Law enforcement in the United Kingdom\") and the Law Society since the spring of 2003, to see if he had misrepresented himself as an accredited solicitor, in violation of [Solicitors Act 1974](/wiki/Solicitors_Act_1974 \"Solicitors Act 1974\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jan/21/shipman.health \\|title\\=Fraudster lawyer's claim to act for Shipman is bogus, says family's solicitor \\|access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-20 \\|last\\=Cowan \\|first\\=Rosie \\|date\\=21 January 2004 \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\| location\\=London}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Bennetto \\|first\\=James \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/saddams\\-defender\\-accused\\-of\\-falsely\\-claiming\\-to\\-be\\-solicitor\\-492651\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707004547/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/saddams\\-defender\\-accused\\-of\\-falsely\\-claiming\\-to\\-be\\-solicitor\\-492651\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2009 \\|title\\=Saddam's defender accused of falsifying his legal credentials \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|date\\=31 May 2005 \\|access\\-date \\= 2008\\-08\\-12 \\| location\\=London}}",
"As a result of the investigation he was eventually arrested in 2011 in Spain (see paragraph below). The Law Society declared that he was \"not a solicitor, or a registered foreign lawyer, or a registered European lawyer\",{{ cite news \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Independent]] \\| title \\= Devil's advocate: The world's most notorious lawyer defends himself \\| date \\= 3 July 2008 \\| url \\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/devils\\-advocate\\-the\\-worlds\\-most\\-notorious\\-lawyer\\-defends\\-himself\\-859032\\.html \\| location\\=London}} and that they were unable to verify either his legal qualifications or his status as a foreign lawyer despite going to considerable lengths, and despite asking Di Stefano himself for the information. The [Law Society of Scotland](/wiki/Law_Society_of_Scotland \"Law Society of Scotland\"){{ citation \\|title\\= Judge queries di Stefano's law qualifications 'Who is that gentleman,' counsel is asked \\|author\\= Billy Briggs \\|date\\= 28 January 2004 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Herald (Glasgow)\\|The Herald]] \\|url\\= http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/judge\\-queries\\-di\\-stefano\\-s\\-law\\-qualifications\\-who\\-is\\-that\\-gentleman\\-counsel\\-is\\-asked\\-1\\.94870 }} and the [Ordine Degli Avvocati](/wiki/Ordine_Degli_Avvocati \"Ordine Degli Avvocati\"){{ citation \\|title\\= New 'lawyer' for Gilligan and Holland is a conman \\|date\\= 28 August 2005 \\|author\\= Jim Cusack \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|url\\= http://www.independent.ie/national\\-news/new\\-lawyer\\-for\\-gilligan\\-and\\-holland\\-is\\-a\\-conman\\-471693\\.html }} of Rome have also said that he is not a registered solicitor. His name does not appear in Italy's national lawyers' register. Di Stefano claims that he does not need to register with either the Law Society nor with any Italian [bar association](/wiki/Bar_association \"Bar association\") in order to practise in the UK, a claim that is rejected by the Law Society.",
"As of 2004, Di Stefano could not represent his clients directly, and he had to represent them through Paul Martin \\& Co, a firm associated with his legal firm Studio Legale Internazionale that acts as his agent.{{ citation \\|title\\= Serial killer's legal adviser insists he has right to practise \\|date\\= 22 January 2004 \\|author\\= Jeremy Fleming \\|work\\= \\[\\[Law Society]] Gazette \\|url\\= http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/serial\\-killeramp146s\\-legal\\-adviser\\-insists\\-he\\-has\\-right\\-practise \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120318095231/http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/serial\\-killeramp146s\\-legal\\-adviser\\-insists\\-he\\-has\\-right\\-practise \\|archive\\-date\\= 18 March 2012 }} [Alistair Cooke](/wiki/Alistair_Cooke \"Alistair Cooke\"), co\\-director of the BBC series that made a documentary about Di Stefano said \"(...) We witnessed him in court, but he never actually stands up and pretends to be a lawyer. He assembles a legal team and acts as a middle man, whispering in lawyers' ears as they act on behalf of clients. He knows a lot of criminals and introduces them to his legal teams who get them off on technicalities or help them retain their assets.\"",
"In March 2006, Ireland [Chief Justice](/wiki/Chief_Justice \"Chief Justice\") Murray told Di Stefano that he would have to provide proof of his legal qualifications before he could act for Patrick 'Dutchy' Holland and be his legal representative,{{ citation \\|title\\= 'Dutchy' in court over lawyer's visit \\|date\\=16 March 2006 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|url\\= http://www.independent.ie/national\\-news/dutchy\\-in\\-court\\-over\\-lawyers\\-visit\\-107974\\.html}}{{ citation \\|title\\= 'Dutchy' lawyer fails to clarify his status \\|author\\= Ann O'Loughlin \\|date\\= 14 March 2006 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|url\\= http://www.independent.ie/national\\-news/dutchy\\-lawyer\\-fails\\-to\\-clarify\\-his\\-status\\-107566\\.html }} and he eventually ruled that Di Stefano had failed to provide any credential.{{ citation \\|title\\= Dutchy's lawyer is slammed \\|author\\= Diarmaid Mac Dermott \\|work\\= \\[\\[Daily Mirror\\|The Mirror]] \\|date\\= 21 March 2006 \\|url\\= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-143465389\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055238/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-143465389\\.html\\|url\\-status\\= dead\\|archive\\-date\\= 5 November 2012}}{{ citation \\|title\\= Dutchy fails to show credentials of Italian lawyer \\|author\\= Ann O'Loughlin \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|date\\= 21 March 2010 \\|url\\= http://www.independent.ie/national\\-news/dutchy\\-fails\\-to\\-show\\-credentials\\-of\\-italian\\-lawyer\\-108758\\.html }}",
"Di Stefano sued Murray for the negative remarks made about him during the case,{{ citation \\|title\\= Lawyer to sue Chief Justice for remark on ignorance \\|date\\= 15 March 2006 \\|author\\= Eugene Hogan \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|url\\= http://www.independent.ie/national\\-news/lawyer\\-to\\-sue\\-chief\\-justice\\-for\\-remark\\-on\\-ignorance\\-107763\\.html }} but he later dropped his complaint, saying that he did not want to harm a \"great jurist\" just to win a case.{{ citation \\|title\\= Bid to sue top judge dropped \\|work\\= \\[\\[Sunday Mirror]] \\|date\\= 12 November 2006 \\|author\\= Kevin McDonnell \\|url\\= http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bid\\+to\\+sue\\+top\\+judge\\+dropped.\\-a0154287227 \\|quote\\= Now Di Stefano has dropped the action. He said: 'Mr Murray is a great jurist and his loss would outweigh the benefit of a victory in a defamation case.' }}",
"English libel law changed with the [Defamation Act 2013](/wiki/Defamation_Act_2013 \"Defamation Act 2013\"), reducing the potential for abuse to exert a [chilling effect](/wiki/Chilling_effect \"Chilling effect\").{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/dec/31/trivial\\-libel\\-claims\\-targeted\\-new\\-law \\|title\\=Libel: new Defamation Act will reverse 'chilling effect', ministers claim \\|agency\\=Press Association \\|date\\=30 December 2013\\|work\\=The Guardian \\|location\\= London}}",
""
] |
Other interests
---------------
### Football
When he went back to Italy to the region of his birth, he bought the local team [Campobasso Calcio](/wiki/Pol._Nuovo_Campobasso_Calcio "Pol. Nuovo Campobasso Calcio");{{cite news \|author\=Maria Margherita Peracchino \|date\=12 December 2006 \|title\=Papa Di Stefano, l'avvocato italiano di Saddam \|language\=it \|work\=News ITALIA PRESS \|url\=http://www.osservatorioiraq.it/modules.php?name\=News\&file\=article\&sid\=3630 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705124700/http://www.osservatorioiraq.it/modules.php?name\=News\&file\=article\&sid\=3630 \|archive\-date\=5 July 2009}} (online translation [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl\=es\&ie\=UTF\-8\&u\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osservatorioiraq.it%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D3630\&sl\=it\&tl\=en\&history\_state0\=](https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=es&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osservatorioiraq.it%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D3630&sl=it&tl=en&history_state0=)) the club had to close a year later due to financial problems. In association with Arkan he purchased control of the Serbian second division football club [FK Obilić](/wiki/FK_Obili%C4%87 "FK Obilić");{{cite news \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/d/dundee/3122537\.stm \| publisher \= \[\[BBC Sport]] \| title \= Di Stefano on board at Dens \| date\=7 August 2003 \| access\-date \= 2010\-01\-04}} within two seasons the club was promoted from the Serbian second division to a place in the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League"), amidst accusations of threats, intimidations and match\-fixing, which Di Stefano has always denied.{{ citation \|title\= B92 reveals: Arkan planned UEFA chief murder \|date\= 21 January 2008 \|work\= Insajder (Insider) \|publisher\= \[\[B92]] \|url\= http://www.b92\.net/eng/news/crimes\-article.php?yyyy\=2008\&mm\=01ⅆ\=21\&nav\_id\=47117 \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121104180312/http://www.b92\.net/eng/news/crimes\-article.php?yyyy\=2008\&mm\=01ⅆ\=21\&nav\_id\=47117 \|archive\-date\= 4 November 2012 }}{{ citation \|title\= 'Swindler' di Stefano at centre of Shels shocker \|work\= \[\[Irish Independent]] \|date\= 21 April 2006 \|url\= http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/swindler\-di\-stefano\-at\-centre\-of\-shels\-shocker\-103795\.html }} Di Stefano announced in 1999 he had purchased 34% of [Dundee F.C.](/wiki/Dundee_F.C. "Dundee F.C."), but Dundee's board denied that any deal had been closed.{{cite web \| title \= DUN DEAL; Serb Dens link is sealed as Marr denies go\-ahead. \| publisher \= Daily Record (Glasgow, Scotland) \| date \= 13 March 1999 \| author1 \= Jackson, Keith \| author2 \= Campbell, Iain \| url \= https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\-60431811 }}{{Dead link\|date\=June 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} The board finally rejected the bid when it was made public that he was a friend of Serbian warlord Arkan, and that [Suffolk Constabulary](/wiki/Suffolk_Constabulary "Suffolk Constabulary") had issued an extradition warrant for fraud charges dating back to 1991\.{{ citation \|title\= Dundee bidder claims smear campaign \|date\= 26 April 1999 \|work\=\[\[The Herald (Glasgow)\|The Herald]] \|url\= http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/dundee\-bidder\-claims\-smear\-campaign\-1\.294779}}{{ citation \|title\= Article: Is this any way to run a football club? \|work\= \[\[Daily Record (Scotland)\|Scottish Daily Record \& Sunday]] \|date\= 16 April 1999 \|url\= http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Is\+this\+any\+way\+to\+run\+a\+football\+club%3F%3B\+DENS\+PARK\+CRISIS%3A\+Fans\+fear...\-a060425482 }} In January 2001, Di Stefano announced his intention to purchase a 6% stake in [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. "Norwich City F.C.") from its former vice\-chairman Jimmy Jones.{{cite web \| title \= Canaries sing for stakeholder power \| url \= http://www.supporters\-direct.org/docs/issue7\.pdf \| publisher \= \[\[Department for Culture, Media and Sport]] \| author1 \= Mike Reynolds \| author2 \= Phil Harris \| date \= June 2002 \| access\-date \= 2007\-11\-08 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20061230105606/http://www.supporters\-direct.org/docs/issue7\.pdf \| archive\-date \= 30 December 2006 }} These shares would not give Di Stefano a seat of the board of directors, but he said that they allowed him to sue the majority shareholders to get a seat or to buy more shares.{{citation \|title\= Recipe for disaster \|author\= Graham Dunbar \|issue\= 175 \|publisher\= \[\[When Saturday Comes]] \|url\= http://www.wsc.co.uk/content/view/3144/29/ \|access\-date\= 12 May 2011 \|archive\-date\= 22 May 2012 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120522223100/http://www.wsc.co.uk/content/view/3144/29/ \|url\-status\= dead }} The club officials claim that the share transfer was never confirmed.
In 2002, Di Stefano entered into talks to purchase a 60% stake in [Northampton Town FC](/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C. "Northampton Town F.C."),{{ cite news \| url \= http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/coca\_cola/article189891\.ece \| title \= Arkan's lawyer has ambitions to take over Northampton \| work \= The Independent \| date \= 22 May 2002 \| access\-date \= 2007\-11\-05 \| location \= London \| first \= David \| last \= Conn \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080102044919/http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/coca\_cola/article189891\.ece \| archive\-date \= 2 January 2008 }} however Di Stefano's valuation of the club changed following an [EGM](/wiki/Extraordinary_General_Meeting "Extraordinary General Meeting"), and the deal fell through.{{cite news \| url \= http://www.bbc.co.uk/northamptonshire/news/2002/08/27/cobblers\_deal.shtml \| title \= Cobblers Deal Off \| publisher \= \[\[BBC Sport]] \| date \= 27 August 2002 \| access\-date \= 2007\-11\-05 }} Di Stefano approached the Dundee board again in 2003, and was appointed as a director on 7 August 2003\. Initially the club attracted big\-name players such as [Craig Burley](/wiki/Craig_Burley "Craig Burley") and [Fabrizio Ravanelli](/wiki/Fabrizio_Ravanelli "Fabrizio Ravanelli") but it quickly ran into financial difficulties; 15 senior players were released from their contracts,{{cite news \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/d/dundee/3419865\.stm \| publisher \= \[\[BBC Sport]] \| title \= Di Stefano steps down \| date \= 22 January 2004 \| access\-date \= 2007\-11\-05 }} the [Scottish Football Association](/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association "Scottish Football Association") refused to confirm his appointment as director because his fraud convictions didn't qualify him as a "fit and proper person" as required by article 10 of its rules.{{cite news \| title \= Dual investigations pile more pressure on Dundee's beleaguered benefactor \| newspaper \= Scotland on Sunday \| date \= 9 November 2003 \| author \= Martin Hannan \|url\= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\-12949007\.html \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160122172648/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\-12949007\.html \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-date\= 22 January 2016 }} The Dundee board asked Di Stefano to resign,{{cite news \| title \= Dundee board ask di Stefano to quit; Maverick under investigation \| newspaper \= \[\[The Herald (Plymouth)\|The Herald]] \| date \= 16 January 2004 \| author \= Billy Briggs \| url \= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\-23560822\.html \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160122172648/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\-23560822\.html \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= 22 January 2016 }} which he did on 22 January 2004\.{{cite news \| newspaper \= \[\[The Courier (Dundee)]] \| title \= Di Stefano quits but still has eyes for Dundee FC \| url \= http://www.thecourier.co.uk/output/2004/01/23/newsstory5554723t0\.asp \| date \= 23 January 2004 \| access\-date \= 2008\-04\-20 \| last \= Huband \| first \= Graham \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080102035728/http://www.thecourier.co.uk/output/2004/01/23/newsstory5554723t0\.asp \| archive\-date\= 2 January 2008 }} In April 2005, he proclaimed an interest in investing approximately €1m in Irish football club [Shelbourne](/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C. "Shelbourne F.C."),{{cite news \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/irish/4927002\.stm \| publisher \= \[\[BBC Sport]] \| title \= Di Stefano requests Shels talks \| date\= 20 April 2006 \| access\-date \= 2007\-05\-24 }} but the club rejected his interest, citing his decision to let his intentions be known to the media first as the reason.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.shelbournefc.ie/news.php?id\=331 \| publisher \= Shelbourne Football Club \| title \= Statement regarding Di Stefano's interest in investing in the club \| access\-date \= 29 December 2007 \| archive\-date \= 15 February 2018 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20180215143802/http://www.shelbournefc.ie/news.php?id\=331 \| url\-status \= dead }} In April 2006, there were rumours about Di Stefano trying to buy [Drogheda United F.C.](/wiki/Drogheda_United_F.C. "Drogheda United F.C.") and [Waterford United F.C.](/wiki/Waterford_United_F.C. "Waterford United F.C."), but both clubs issued statements denying any contact.{{ citation \|title\= Waterford deny Di Stefano talks \|newspaper\= \[\[The Irish Times]] \|date\= 4 April 2006 \|url\= http://www.irishtimes.com/sports/soccer/2006/0425/1144908648527\.html \|first\=Paul \|last\=O'Hehir}}{{ citation \|title\= Drogs deny di Stefano investment talks \|date\= 25 April 2006\|publisher\= BreakingNews.ie \|url\= http://www.breakingnews.ie/sport/drogs\-deny\-di\-stefano\-investment\-talks\-255860\.html }}{{ citation \|title\= Drogheda not for sale \|newspaper\= \[\[The Irish Times]] \|quote\= Drogheda United and Waterford United have denied having had any contact with Giovanni Di Stefano (...) }} In October 2007, Di Stefano announced through his website his renewed interest in taking control of Norwich City.{{cite web\|title\=Saddam's lawyer wants to help Canaries \|url\=http://www.eveningnews24\.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand\=ENOnline\&category\=News\&tBrand\=ENOnline\&tCategory\=news\&itemid\=NOED24%20Oct%202007%2010%3A47%3A18%3A763 \|date\=24 October 2007 \|access\-date\=2007\-11\-08 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706024338/http://www.eveningnews24\.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand\=ENOnline\&category\=News\&tBrand\=ENOnline\&tCategory\=news\&itemid\=NOED24%20Oct%202007%2010%3A47%3A18%3A763 \|archive\-date\=6 July 2009 }} In February 2011 the French magazine *[So Foot](/wiki/So_Foot "So Foot")* published an interview stating that Di Stefano was considering a bid with others to acquire a stake in [AS Monaco FC](/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC "AS Monaco FC") and multi branding the football club with his record companies.{{ citation \|title\= Di Stefano: "Je veux racheter l'AS Monaco" (I want to redeem the AS Monaco) \|author1\=Thomas Pitrel \|author2\=Pierre Boisson \|issue\= 83 \|language\= fr \|date\= 2 February 2011 \|url\= http://www.sofoot.com/di\-stefano\-je\-veux\-racheter\-l\-as\-monaco\-137087\.html }}{{ citation \|title\= L'ASM entre les mains de "l'avocat du Diable"? (The ASM in the hands of "the Devil's advocate"?) \|date\= 23 February 2011 \|work\= Monaco Hebdo \|url\= http://www.monacohebdo.mc/4511\-l'asm\-entre\-les\-mains\-de\-lavocat\-du\-diable }}
A 2019 book relates his involvement with Norwich City and Dundee, what happened with the signings of footballers Fabrizio Ravanelli and [Claudio Caniggia](/wiki/Claudio_Caniggia "Claudio Caniggia"), and what could have happened if Di Stefano had managed to take over the clubs.{{citation \|title\= Book shows what might have been had convicted fraudster Giovanni di Stefano taken over Norwich City \| author\=Dan Grimmer \|work\= \[\[Eastern Daily Press]]\|url\=https://www.edp24\.co.uk/news/giovanni\-di\-stefano\-features\-in\-new\-football\-book\-1\-6091226 \| date\=6 June 2019 }}{{citation \|title\= The Bird and The Feather \|publisher\=\[\[DC Thomson]] \|pages\=229}}
### Music production
In 2007, he produced and launched *Seriously Single*, an album by Italian singer JustCarmen that put a relatively unknown singer into the studio with recordings of big stars from the past. The album was a minor hit, selling 40,000 copies, but some of the duet tracks got 650,000 downloads. In 2009, he produced and launched a second album by JustCarmen, *I wish u love*, which had two new duets with [The Bachelors](/wiki/The_Bachelors "The Bachelors").{{cite web \| title \= A collaboration with the sultry Italian singer JustCarmen has propelled Ireland's '60s hit machine, The Bachelors, back into the limelight \| date \= 30 August 2008 \| author \= Jason O'Toole \| url \= http://www.hotpress.com/music/interviews/4850539\.html \| author\-link \= Jason O'Toole (journalist) }}{{cite web \| title \= JustCarmen: I wish u love \| publisher \= cdbaby.com \| url \= http://cdbaby.com/cd/justcarmenmusic \| access\-date \= 11 January 2009 \| archive\-date \= 4 October 2012 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20121004050128/http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/justcarmenmusic \| url\-status \= dead }}
His interest on music comes from his youth, when he played guitar themes and organised music events for his [house](/wiki/House_system "House system") at school. He also released a CD in 2009 with his own songs, titled *The Next Time*.{{cite web \| title \= The Next Time: CD Giovanni Di Stefano available soon \| publisher \= Studio Legale Internazionale \| url \= http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/blogHome2\.php?blogPage\=50\&blogDate\=2009\-01\-07\+14%3A13%3A11 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090706235856/http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/blogHome2\.php?blogPage\=50\&blogDate\=2009\-01\-07\+14%3A13%3A11 \| archive\-date \= 6 July 2009 }}[The Next Time – Limited Edition](http://cdbaby.com/cd/giovannidistefano) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213161642/http://cdbaby.com/cd/giovannidistefano \|date\=13 February 2009 }} cdbaby.com
### Politics
In April 2004, Di Stefano founded a political party,{{cite news \| url \= http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid\=954\&id\=233722005 \| title \= Saddam's lawyer eyes Dundee poll \| date \= 3 March 2005 \| access\-date \= 2008\-04\-20 \| newspaper \= \[\[The Scotsman]] \| last \= MacDonell \| first \= Hamish \| location\=Edinburgh }} the Radical Party of Great Britain, registering it at the [Electoral Commission](/wiki/Electoral_Commission_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)") with himself as leader,{{cite web \| title \= The Electoral Commission Register of political parties \| url \= http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/regulatory\-issues/regpoliticalparties.cfm?frmGB\=1\&frmPartyID\=477\&frmType\=partydetail }} but the party fielded no candidates in the [2005 general election](/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election "2005 United Kingdom general election"), the [2008 London Assembly election](/wiki/2008_London_Assembly_election "2008 London Assembly election"), or the [2008 local elections](/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2008 United Kingdom local elections"). It reported no income, expenditure, assets or liabilities in 2006–2008\.[Electoral Commission](http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/party-finance/database-of-registers/statements-of-account) register of party finances and statements of account
In a November 2007 interview with [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin")'s [*Hot Press*](/wiki/Hot_Press_%28magazine%29 "Hot Press (magazine)") magazine's senior editor [Jason O'Toole](/wiki/Jason_O%27Toole_%28journalist%29 "Jason O'Toole (journalist)"), Di Stefano expressed an interest in running in the [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") in the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") elections with an [anti\-immigration](/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration "Opposition to immigration") manifesto.{{efn\| 1 \= "I'm going to run in Ireland in the European elections. You better believe it. I'm perfectly entitled in the European election to run in any EU state. You don't need to be resident or Irish. I will take my seat in Ireland because a lot of people will follow me. We are not a \[\[Right\-wing politics\|right\-wing]] party. We may be radical in name but not in nature. One of the things we'll have to deal with, as a matter of urgency, is immigration. That is the key thing because otherwise you are going to dilute Irish blood to such an extent that you'll almost wish that Cromwell hadn't got ill!"}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hotpress.com/archive/4270757\.html\|title\=A date with the devil's advocate – Features – Interview – Hot Press}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/news/20071128HotPressDiStefano.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2007\-12\-30 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819202322/http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/news/20071128HotPressDiStefano.pdf \|archive\-date\=19 August 2008 }}
Around 1999–2002 he had been the secretary general of the "right wing but not fanatical" [Partito Nazionale Italiano](/wiki/Partito_Nazionale_Italiano "Partito Nazionale Italiano").{{ cite news \| journal \= \[\[Corriere della Sera]] \| title \= Elezioni europee, la carica dei 58 simboli \|author1\=Gorodisky Daria \|author2\=Stella Gian Antonio \| date \= 23 April 1999 \| url \= http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/aprile/27/Elezioni\_europee\_carica\_dei\_simboli\_co\_0\_9904271126\.shtml }} In 1999, he was also the foreign speaker of the [Party of Serbian Unity](/wiki/Party_of_Serbian_Unity "Party of Serbian Unity") of his friend [Arkan](/wiki/Arkan "Arkan").
### Other companies
In the eighties, Di Stefano says that he imported videotapes from Hong Kong into the UK, making a £200 million fortune when he was still in his 20s.
In 1992–1999, when he was in Yugoslavia, Di Stefano says that he invested in the country's national airline, which had been grounded because of the war.
In 1990 Di Stefano and some partners tried to buy the [MGM](/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer") movie studios. One of the MGM executives said in *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 "Variety (magazine)")* that Di Stefano's bid was the stuff of "Alice in Wonderland". The bid was not successful. His partners Florio Fiorini and [Giancarlo Parretti](/wiki/Giancarlo_Parretti "Giancarlo Parretti") bribed officials of Credit Lyonnais bank so they could obtain a credit to bid for MGM, and they were eventually jailed.{{citation \|title\= Di LAST STRAW; Dundee FC Boss Says Hitler 'Innocent' – Giovanni Shows off Saddam Thrones \|date\= 28 December 2003 \|author\= Russell Findlay \|work\= \[\[Sunday Mail (Scotland)]] \|url\= https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\-111674540/di\-last\-straw\-dundee\-fc\-boss\-says\-hitler\-innocent \|access\-date\= 29 August 2017 \|archive\-date\= 8 March 2016 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160308234055/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\-111674540/di\-last\-straw\-dundee\-fc\-boss\-says\-hitler\-innocent \|url\-status\= dead }} (requires registration) Di Stefano says that the only consequence for him was that he was deported from the US. After being deported, Di Stefano migrated to Yugoslavia in fear of what the bank could do to him after causing such a loss of money. He says that he actually earned $249 million from the deal, at a time when he was still in his 30s. According to Di Stefano, in 1989 he bought Cinema Five UK, a chain of 50 cinemas, from MGM for only £8 million, and he resold them for $249 million (£160 million) to [Credit Lyonnais](/wiki/Credit_Lyonnais "Credit Lyonnais"), and this is partly the basis of his personal fortune (In 2003 Di Stefano claimed to have a fortune of £450 million.) *The Scotsman* says that MGM sued Di Stefano and won damages from him.
In 1993, on behalf of Sandhurst Assets, Di Stefano offered to buy Viajes Meliá, a Spanish travel agency owned by hotel chain [Sol Meliá](/wiki/Sol_Meli%C3%A1 "Sol Meliá"), just as another company had retracted its bid. The company was heavily in debt, and Di Stefano offered only $100 million, promising to put forward $350 million (4,000 million [pesetas](/wiki/Spanish_peseta "Spanish peseta") at that time) to pay the debts once he was the owner, and further $50 million (around 575 million pesetas) in investments.{{ citation \|title\= Oferta de Sandhurst por Viajes Meliá el mismo dia que Global retira la suya\|author\= A.L.D. \|date\= 16 January 1993 \|page\= 39 \|work\= \[\[ABC (newspaper)\|ABC]] \|language\= es \|url\= http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1993/01/16/039\.html }} Di Stefano was later arrested for fraud over dealings related to Sandhurst.
In 1999 Di Stefano, conducting his business affairs from jail, started negotiations to buy for £10 million the [Ellington Colliery](/wiki/Ellington_Colliery "Ellington Colliery"), a deep coal mine that was about to close, but he could not get the necessary permission from the [Coal Authority](/wiki/Coal_Authority "Coal Authority").{{ citation \|title\= Mine 'saved from closure' \|date\= 25 November 1999 \|publisher\= \[\[BBC News]] \|url\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/535373\.stm }} He lost interest in the deal by 2000, when his associate Arkan was murdered.{{ citation \|title\= Arkan murder ends mine deal. Collapse of buy\-out threatens 450 jobs at RJB colliery \|work\= \[\[The Independent]] \|date\= 30 January 2000 \|url\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/arkan\-murder\-ends\-mine\-deal\-727505\.html \|location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=August 2021\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}
|
[
"Other interests\n---------------",
"### Football",
"When he went back to Italy to the region of his birth, he bought the local team [Campobasso Calcio](/wiki/Pol._Nuovo_Campobasso_Calcio \"Pol. Nuovo Campobasso Calcio\");{{cite news \\|author\\=Maria Margherita Peracchino \\|date\\=12 December 2006 \\|title\\=Papa Di Stefano, l'avvocato italiano di Saddam \\|language\\=it \\|work\\=News ITALIA PRESS \\|url\\=http://www.osservatorioiraq.it/modules.php?name\\=News\\&file\\=article\\&sid\\=3630 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705124700/http://www.osservatorioiraq.it/modules.php?name\\=News\\&file\\=article\\&sid\\=3630 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 July 2009}} (online translation [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl\\=es\\&ie\\=UTF\\-8\\&u\\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osservatorioiraq.it%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D3630\\&sl\\=it\\&tl\\=en\\&history\\_state0\\=](https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=es&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osservatorioiraq.it%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D3630&sl=it&tl=en&history_state0=)) the club had to close a year later due to financial problems. In association with Arkan he purchased control of the Serbian second division football club [FK Obilić](/wiki/FK_Obili%C4%87 \"FK Obilić\");{{cite news \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/d/dundee/3122537\\.stm \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\| title \\= Di Stefano on board at Dens \\| date\\=7 August 2003 \\| access\\-date \\= 2010\\-01\\-04}} within two seasons the club was promoted from the Serbian second division to a place in the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\"), amidst accusations of threats, intimidations and match\\-fixing, which Di Stefano has always denied.{{ citation \\|title\\= B92 reveals: Arkan planned UEFA chief murder \\|date\\= 21 January 2008 \\|work\\= Insajder (Insider) \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[B92]] \\|url\\= http://www.b92\\.net/eng/news/crimes\\-article.php?yyyy\\=2008\\&mm\\=01ⅆ\\=21\\&nav\\_id\\=47117 \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121104180312/http://www.b92\\.net/eng/news/crimes\\-article.php?yyyy\\=2008\\&mm\\=01ⅆ\\=21\\&nav\\_id\\=47117 \\|archive\\-date\\= 4 November 2012 }}{{ citation \\|title\\= 'Swindler' di Stefano at centre of Shels shocker \\|work\\= \\[\\[Irish Independent]] \\|date\\= 21 April 2006 \\|url\\= http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/swindler\\-di\\-stefano\\-at\\-centre\\-of\\-shels\\-shocker\\-103795\\.html }} Di Stefano announced in 1999 he had purchased 34% of [Dundee F.C.](/wiki/Dundee_F.C. \"Dundee F.C.\"), but Dundee's board denied that any deal had been closed.{{cite web \\| title \\= DUN DEAL; Serb Dens link is sealed as Marr denies go\\-ahead. \\| publisher \\= Daily Record (Glasgow, Scotland) \\| date \\= 13 March 1999 \\| author1 \\= Jackson, Keith \\| author2 \\= Campbell, Iain \\| url \\= https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\\-60431811 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} The board finally rejected the bid when it was made public that he was a friend of Serbian warlord Arkan, and that [Suffolk Constabulary](/wiki/Suffolk_Constabulary \"Suffolk Constabulary\") had issued an extradition warrant for fraud charges dating back to 1991\\.{{ citation \\|title\\= Dundee bidder claims smear campaign \\|date\\= 26 April 1999 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Herald (Glasgow)\\|The Herald]] \\|url\\= http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/dundee\\-bidder\\-claims\\-smear\\-campaign\\-1\\.294779}}{{ citation \\|title\\= Article: Is this any way to run a football club? \\|work\\= \\[\\[Daily Record (Scotland)\\|Scottish Daily Record \\& Sunday]] \\|date\\= 16 April 1999 \\|url\\= http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Is\\+this\\+any\\+way\\+to\\+run\\+a\\+football\\+club%3F%3B\\+DENS\\+PARK\\+CRISIS%3A\\+Fans\\+fear...\\-a060425482 }} In January 2001, Di Stefano announced his intention to purchase a 6% stake in [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. \"Norwich City F.C.\") from its former vice\\-chairman Jimmy Jones.{{cite web \\| title \\= Canaries sing for stakeholder power \\| url \\= http://www.supporters\\-direct.org/docs/issue7\\.pdf \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Department for Culture, Media and Sport]] \\| author1 \\= Mike Reynolds \\| author2 \\= Phil Harris \\| date \\= June 2002 \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-11\\-08 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20061230105606/http://www.supporters\\-direct.org/docs/issue7\\.pdf \\| archive\\-date \\= 30 December 2006 }} These shares would not give Di Stefano a seat of the board of directors, but he said that they allowed him to sue the majority shareholders to get a seat or to buy more shares.{{citation \\|title\\= Recipe for disaster \\|author\\= Graham Dunbar \\|issue\\= 175 \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[When Saturday Comes]] \\|url\\= http://www.wsc.co.uk/content/view/3144/29/ \\|access\\-date\\= 12 May 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\= 22 May 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120522223100/http://www.wsc.co.uk/content/view/3144/29/ \\|url\\-status\\= dead }} The club officials claim that the share transfer was never confirmed.",
"In 2002, Di Stefano entered into talks to purchase a 60% stake in [Northampton Town FC](/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C. \"Northampton Town F.C.\"),{{ cite news \\| url \\= http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/coca\\_cola/article189891\\.ece \\| title \\= Arkan's lawyer has ambitions to take over Northampton \\| work \\= The Independent \\| date \\= 22 May 2002 \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-11\\-05 \\| location \\= London \\| first \\= David \\| last \\= Conn \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080102044919/http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/coca\\_cola/article189891\\.ece \\| archive\\-date \\= 2 January 2008 }} however Di Stefano's valuation of the club changed following an [EGM](/wiki/Extraordinary_General_Meeting \"Extraordinary General Meeting\"), and the deal fell through.{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.bbc.co.uk/northamptonshire/news/2002/08/27/cobblers\\_deal.shtml \\| title \\= Cobblers Deal Off \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\| date \\= 27 August 2002 \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-11\\-05 }} Di Stefano approached the Dundee board again in 2003, and was appointed as a director on 7 August 2003\\. Initially the club attracted big\\-name players such as [Craig Burley](/wiki/Craig_Burley \"Craig Burley\") and [Fabrizio Ravanelli](/wiki/Fabrizio_Ravanelli \"Fabrizio Ravanelli\") but it quickly ran into financial difficulties; 15 senior players were released from their contracts,{{cite news \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/d/dundee/3419865\\.stm \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\| title \\= Di Stefano steps down \\| date \\= 22 January 2004 \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-11\\-05 }} the [Scottish Football Association](/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association \"Scottish Football Association\") refused to confirm his appointment as director because his fraud convictions didn't qualify him as a \"fit and proper person\" as required by article 10 of its rules.{{cite news \\| title \\= Dual investigations pile more pressure on Dundee's beleaguered benefactor \\| newspaper \\= Scotland on Sunday \\| date \\= 9 November 2003 \\| author \\= Martin Hannan \\|url\\= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\\-12949007\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160122172648/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\\-12949007\\.html \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-date\\= 22 January 2016 }} The Dundee board asked Di Stefano to resign,{{cite news \\| title \\= Dundee board ask di Stefano to quit; Maverick under investigation \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[The Herald (Plymouth)\\|The Herald]] \\| date \\= 16 January 2004 \\| author \\= Billy Briggs \\| url \\= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\\-23560822\\.html \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160122172648/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\\-23560822\\.html \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-date \\= 22 January 2016 }} which he did on 22 January 2004\\.{{cite news \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[The Courier (Dundee)]] \\| title \\= Di Stefano quits but still has eyes for Dundee FC \\| url \\= http://www.thecourier.co.uk/output/2004/01/23/newsstory5554723t0\\.asp \\| date \\= 23 January 2004 \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-20 \\| last \\= Huband \\| first \\= Graham \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080102035728/http://www.thecourier.co.uk/output/2004/01/23/newsstory5554723t0\\.asp \\| archive\\-date\\= 2 January 2008 }} In April 2005, he proclaimed an interest in investing approximately €1m in Irish football club [Shelbourne](/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C. \"Shelbourne F.C.\"),{{cite news \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/irish/4927002\\.stm \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\| title \\= Di Stefano requests Shels talks \\| date\\= 20 April 2006 \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-05\\-24 }} but the club rejected his interest, citing his decision to let his intentions be known to the media first as the reason.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.shelbournefc.ie/news.php?id\\=331 \\| publisher \\= Shelbourne Football Club \\| title \\= Statement regarding Di Stefano's interest in investing in the club \\| access\\-date \\= 29 December 2007 \\| archive\\-date \\= 15 February 2018 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180215143802/http://www.shelbournefc.ie/news.php?id\\=331 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} In April 2006, there were rumours about Di Stefano trying to buy [Drogheda United F.C.](/wiki/Drogheda_United_F.C. \"Drogheda United F.C.\") and [Waterford United F.C.](/wiki/Waterford_United_F.C. \"Waterford United F.C.\"), but both clubs issued statements denying any contact.{{ citation \\|title\\= Waterford deny Di Stefano talks \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Irish Times]] \\|date\\= 4 April 2006 \\|url\\= http://www.irishtimes.com/sports/soccer/2006/0425/1144908648527\\.html \\|first\\=Paul \\|last\\=O'Hehir}}{{ citation \\|title\\= Drogs deny di Stefano investment talks \\|date\\= 25 April 2006\\|publisher\\= BreakingNews.ie \\|url\\= http://www.breakingnews.ie/sport/drogs\\-deny\\-di\\-stefano\\-investment\\-talks\\-255860\\.html }}{{ citation \\|title\\= Drogheda not for sale \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Irish Times]] \\|quote\\= Drogheda United and Waterford United have denied having had any contact with Giovanni Di Stefano (...) }} In October 2007, Di Stefano announced through his website his renewed interest in taking control of Norwich City.{{cite web\\|title\\=Saddam's lawyer wants to help Canaries \\|url\\=http://www.eveningnews24\\.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand\\=ENOnline\\&category\\=News\\&tBrand\\=ENOnline\\&tCategory\\=news\\&itemid\\=NOED24%20Oct%202007%2010%3A47%3A18%3A763 \\|date\\=24 October 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-08 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706024338/http://www.eveningnews24\\.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand\\=ENOnline\\&category\\=News\\&tBrand\\=ENOnline\\&tCategory\\=news\\&itemid\\=NOED24%20Oct%202007%2010%3A47%3A18%3A763 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 July 2009 }} In February 2011 the French magazine *[So Foot](/wiki/So_Foot \"So Foot\")* published an interview stating that Di Stefano was considering a bid with others to acquire a stake in [AS Monaco FC](/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC \"AS Monaco FC\") and multi branding the football club with his record companies.{{ citation \\|title\\= Di Stefano: \"Je veux racheter l'AS Monaco\" (I want to redeem the AS Monaco) \\|author1\\=Thomas Pitrel \\|author2\\=Pierre Boisson \\|issue\\= 83 \\|language\\= fr \\|date\\= 2 February 2011 \\|url\\= http://www.sofoot.com/di\\-stefano\\-je\\-veux\\-racheter\\-l\\-as\\-monaco\\-137087\\.html }}{{ citation \\|title\\= L'ASM entre les mains de \"l'avocat du Diable\"? (The ASM in the hands of \"the Devil's advocate\"?) \\|date\\= 23 February 2011 \\|work\\= Monaco Hebdo \\|url\\= http://www.monacohebdo.mc/4511\\-l'asm\\-entre\\-les\\-mains\\-de\\-lavocat\\-du\\-diable }}",
"A 2019 book relates his involvement with Norwich City and Dundee, what happened with the signings of footballers Fabrizio Ravanelli and [Claudio Caniggia](/wiki/Claudio_Caniggia \"Claudio Caniggia\"), and what could have happened if Di Stefano had managed to take over the clubs.{{citation \\|title\\= Book shows what might have been had convicted fraudster Giovanni di Stefano taken over Norwich City \\| author\\=Dan Grimmer \\|work\\= \\[\\[Eastern Daily Press]]\\|url\\=https://www.edp24\\.co.uk/news/giovanni\\-di\\-stefano\\-features\\-in\\-new\\-football\\-book\\-1\\-6091226 \\| date\\=6 June 2019 }}{{citation \\|title\\= The Bird and The Feather \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[DC Thomson]] \\|pages\\=229}}",
"### Music production",
"In 2007, he produced and launched *Seriously Single*, an album by Italian singer JustCarmen that put a relatively unknown singer into the studio with recordings of big stars from the past. The album was a minor hit, selling 40,000 copies, but some of the duet tracks got 650,000 downloads. In 2009, he produced and launched a second album by JustCarmen, *I wish u love*, which had two new duets with [The Bachelors](/wiki/The_Bachelors \"The Bachelors\").{{cite web \\| title \\= A collaboration with the sultry Italian singer JustCarmen has propelled Ireland's '60s hit machine, The Bachelors, back into the limelight \\| date \\= 30 August 2008 \\| author \\= Jason O'Toole \\| url \\= http://www.hotpress.com/music/interviews/4850539\\.html \\| author\\-link \\= Jason O'Toole (journalist) }}{{cite web \\| title \\= JustCarmen: I wish u love \\| publisher \\= cdbaby.com \\| url \\= http://cdbaby.com/cd/justcarmenmusic \\| access\\-date \\= 11 January 2009 \\| archive\\-date \\= 4 October 2012 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121004050128/http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/justcarmenmusic \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}",
"His interest on music comes from his youth, when he played guitar themes and organised music events for his [house](/wiki/House_system \"House system\") at school. He also released a CD in 2009 with his own songs, titled *The Next Time*.{{cite web \\| title \\= The Next Time: CD Giovanni Di Stefano available soon \\| publisher \\= Studio Legale Internazionale \\| url \\= http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/blogHome2\\.php?blogPage\\=50\\&blogDate\\=2009\\-01\\-07\\+14%3A13%3A11 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090706235856/http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/blogHome2\\.php?blogPage\\=50\\&blogDate\\=2009\\-01\\-07\\+14%3A13%3A11 \\| archive\\-date \\= 6 July 2009 }}[The Next Time – Limited Edition](http://cdbaby.com/cd/giovannidistefano) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213161642/http://cdbaby.com/cd/giovannidistefano \\|date\\=13 February 2009 }} cdbaby.com",
"### Politics",
"In April 2004, Di Stefano founded a political party,{{cite news \\| url \\= http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid\\=954\\&id\\=233722005 \\| title \\= Saddam's lawyer eyes Dundee poll \\| date \\= 3 March 2005 \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-20 \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[The Scotsman]] \\| last \\= MacDonell \\| first \\= Hamish \\| location\\=Edinburgh }} the Radical Party of Great Britain, registering it at the [Electoral Commission](/wiki/Electoral_Commission_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)\") with himself as leader,{{cite web \\| title \\= The Electoral Commission Register of political parties \\| url \\= http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/regulatory\\-issues/regpoliticalparties.cfm?frmGB\\=1\\&frmPartyID\\=477\\&frmType\\=partydetail }} but the party fielded no candidates in the [2005 general election](/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2005 United Kingdom general election\"), the [2008 London Assembly election](/wiki/2008_London_Assembly_election \"2008 London Assembly election\"), or the [2008 local elections](/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_local_elections \"2008 United Kingdom local elections\"). It reported no income, expenditure, assets or liabilities in 2006–2008\\.[Electoral Commission](http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/party-finance/database-of-registers/statements-of-account) register of party finances and statements of account",
"In a November 2007 interview with [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\")'s [*Hot Press*](/wiki/Hot_Press_%28magazine%29 \"Hot Press (magazine)\") magazine's senior editor [Jason O'Toole](/wiki/Jason_O%27Toole_%28journalist%29 \"Jason O'Toole (journalist)\"), Di Stefano expressed an interest in running in the [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\") in the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") elections with an [anti\\-immigration](/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration \"Opposition to immigration\") manifesto.{{efn\\| 1 \\= \"I'm going to run in Ireland in the European elections. You better believe it. I'm perfectly entitled in the European election to run in any EU state. You don't need to be resident or Irish. I will take my seat in Ireland because a lot of people will follow me. We are not a \\[\\[Right\\-wing politics\\|right\\-wing]] party. We may be radical in name but not in nature. One of the things we'll have to deal with, as a matter of urgency, is immigration. That is the key thing because otherwise you are going to dilute Irish blood to such an extent that you'll almost wish that Cromwell hadn't got ill!\"}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hotpress.com/archive/4270757\\.html\\|title\\=A date with the devil's advocate – Features – Interview – Hot Press}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/news/20071128HotPressDiStefano.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-12\\-30 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819202322/http://www.studiolegaleinternazionale.com/news/20071128HotPressDiStefano.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=19 August 2008 }}",
"Around 1999–2002 he had been the secretary general of the \"right wing but not fanatical\" [Partito Nazionale Italiano](/wiki/Partito_Nazionale_Italiano \"Partito Nazionale Italiano\").{{ cite news \\| journal \\= \\[\\[Corriere della Sera]] \\| title \\= Elezioni europee, la carica dei 58 simboli \\|author1\\=Gorodisky Daria \\|author2\\=Stella Gian Antonio \\| date \\= 23 April 1999 \\| url \\= http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/aprile/27/Elezioni\\_europee\\_carica\\_dei\\_simboli\\_co\\_0\\_9904271126\\.shtml }} In 1999, he was also the foreign speaker of the [Party of Serbian Unity](/wiki/Party_of_Serbian_Unity \"Party of Serbian Unity\") of his friend [Arkan](/wiki/Arkan \"Arkan\").",
"### Other companies",
"In the eighties, Di Stefano says that he imported videotapes from Hong Kong into the UK, making a £200 million fortune when he was still in his 20s.",
"In 1992–1999, when he was in Yugoslavia, Di Stefano says that he invested in the country's national airline, which had been grounded because of the war.",
"In 1990 Di Stefano and some partners tried to buy the [MGM](/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\") movie studios. One of the MGM executives said in *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 \"Variety (magazine)\")* that Di Stefano's bid was the stuff of \"Alice in Wonderland\". The bid was not successful. His partners Florio Fiorini and [Giancarlo Parretti](/wiki/Giancarlo_Parretti \"Giancarlo Parretti\") bribed officials of Credit Lyonnais bank so they could obtain a credit to bid for MGM, and they were eventually jailed.{{citation \\|title\\= Di LAST STRAW; Dundee FC Boss Says Hitler 'Innocent' – Giovanni Shows off Saddam Thrones \\|date\\= 28 December 2003 \\|author\\= Russell Findlay \\|work\\= \\[\\[Sunday Mail (Scotland)]] \\|url\\= https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\\-111674540/di\\-last\\-straw\\-dundee\\-fc\\-boss\\-says\\-hitler\\-innocent \\|access\\-date\\= 29 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\= 8 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160308234055/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\\-111674540/di\\-last\\-straw\\-dundee\\-fc\\-boss\\-says\\-hitler\\-innocent \\|url\\-status\\= dead }} (requires registration) Di Stefano says that the only consequence for him was that he was deported from the US. After being deported, Di Stefano migrated to Yugoslavia in fear of what the bank could do to him after causing such a loss of money. He says that he actually earned $249 million from the deal, at a time when he was still in his 30s. According to Di Stefano, in 1989 he bought Cinema Five UK, a chain of 50 cinemas, from MGM for only £8 million, and he resold them for $249 million (£160 million) to [Credit Lyonnais](/wiki/Credit_Lyonnais \"Credit Lyonnais\"), and this is partly the basis of his personal fortune (In 2003 Di Stefano claimed to have a fortune of £450 million.) *The Scotsman* says that MGM sued Di Stefano and won damages from him.",
"In 1993, on behalf of Sandhurst Assets, Di Stefano offered to buy Viajes Meliá, a Spanish travel agency owned by hotel chain [Sol Meliá](/wiki/Sol_Meli%C3%A1 \"Sol Meliá\"), just as another company had retracted its bid. The company was heavily in debt, and Di Stefano offered only $100 million, promising to put forward $350 million (4,000 million [pesetas](/wiki/Spanish_peseta \"Spanish peseta\") at that time) to pay the debts once he was the owner, and further $50 million (around 575 million pesetas) in investments.{{ citation \\|title\\= Oferta de Sandhurst por Viajes Meliá el mismo dia que Global retira la suya\\|author\\= A.L.D. \\|date\\= 16 January 1993 \\|page\\= 39 \\|work\\= \\[\\[ABC (newspaper)\\|ABC]] \\|language\\= es \\|url\\= http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1993/01/16/039\\.html }} Di Stefano was later arrested for fraud over dealings related to Sandhurst.",
"In 1999 Di Stefano, conducting his business affairs from jail, started negotiations to buy for £10 million the [Ellington Colliery](/wiki/Ellington_Colliery \"Ellington Colliery\"), a deep coal mine that was about to close, but he could not get the necessary permission from the [Coal Authority](/wiki/Coal_Authority \"Coal Authority\").{{ citation \\|title\\= Mine 'saved from closure' \\|date\\= 25 November 1999 \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[BBC News]] \\|url\\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/535373\\.stm }} He lost interest in the deal by 2000, when his associate Arkan was murdered.{{ citation \\|title\\= Arkan murder ends mine deal. Collapse of buy\\-out threatens 450 jobs at RJB colliery \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Independent]] \\|date\\= 30 January 2000 \\|url\\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/arkan\\-murder\\-ends\\-mine\\-deal\\-727505\\.html \\|location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=August 2021\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}",
""
] |
Career Highlights (selected)
----------------------------
Following individual wins in Berlin and Warsaw, Frigyes won the silver medal in April, 1934, at the European Championships in featherweight class. In the quarter\-finals of the tournament, he defeated Gösta Alm of Sweden, winning on points. In the semi\-finals he defeated Mieczysław Forlański of Poland on points. In the final fight he lost on points to Otto Kästner of Germany.
In August, 1936, Frigyes competed in the Summer Olympics in Berlin in featherweight class. He beat Denmark's Sigfred Madsen in the Round of 32\. In the quarter\-finals he bested Canadian William "Billy" Marquart on points, advancing to the semi\-finals. There he lost on points to the Argentinian Oscar Casanovas who went on to take the gold medal. In the duel for the bronze medal he lost to the German Josef Miner, who took fourth place. Until 1948, losing semi\-finalists held a bronze medal playoff, since 1952, both semi\-finalists who lost to the gold and the silver medalist, received bronze medals.
In October, 1936, Frigyes was part of the European lineup for the annual "US Golden Gloves vs. Europe" tournament, held in New York. He finished first in the featherweight class beating Bernie Miller.
Frigyes won the 1938 Hungarian National Championships in featherweight class, and that year there was an active schedule of national pairings. In the year's five matchups for Hungary, Frigyes won four, beating in the finals, Italians Antonio Mangialardo in Trieste, Aroldo Montanari in Riccione, the German Jakob Schöneberger in Budapest, and Poland's Antoni Czortek.
January 20–25, 1942, a capacity crowd of 8,000 spectators packed the Centennial Hall (Jahrhunderthalle) in Breslau, Germany, today Wrocław, Poland, for the 1942 European Amateur Boxing Championships. Frigyes won the gold medal, beating Germany's Arthur Büttner in the finals.
To the end of his years, Frigyes recalled the 1942 medal ceremony as one of the most moving moments of his life. The presentation of the Hungarian national anthem on the Walcker Orgelbau\-built pipe organ, which with 15,133 pipes and 200 stops, ranked at the time as the world's largest, before a capacity crowd in the futuristic architectural landmark designed by Max Berg, was a unique experience, well\-documented in the sports media of the time.
After World War II, the results of the 1942 [European Championships](/wiki/1942_European_Amateur_Boxing_Championships "1942 European Amateur Boxing Championships") were annulled by the AIBA.
|
[
"Career Highlights (selected)\n----------------------------",
"Following individual wins in Berlin and Warsaw, Frigyes won the silver medal in April, 1934, at the European Championships in featherweight class. In the quarter\\-finals of the tournament, he defeated Gösta Alm of Sweden, winning on points. In the semi\\-finals he defeated Mieczysław Forlański of Poland on points. In the final fight he lost on points to Otto Kästner of Germany.",
"In August, 1936, Frigyes competed in the Summer Olympics in Berlin in featherweight class. He beat Denmark's Sigfred Madsen in the Round of 32\\. In the quarter\\-finals he bested Canadian William \"Billy\" Marquart on points, advancing to the semi\\-finals. There he lost on points to the Argentinian Oscar Casanovas who went on to take the gold medal. In the duel for the bronze medal he lost to the German Josef Miner, who took fourth place. Until 1948, losing semi\\-finalists held a bronze medal playoff, since 1952, both semi\\-finalists who lost to the gold and the silver medalist, received bronze medals.",
"In October, 1936, Frigyes was part of the European lineup for the annual \"US Golden Gloves vs. Europe\" tournament, held in New York. He finished first in the featherweight class beating Bernie Miller.",
"Frigyes won the 1938 Hungarian National Championships in featherweight class, and that year there was an active schedule of national pairings. In the year's five matchups for Hungary, Frigyes won four, beating in the finals, Italians Antonio Mangialardo in Trieste, Aroldo Montanari in Riccione, the German Jakob Schöneberger in Budapest, and Poland's Antoni Czortek.",
"January 20–25, 1942, a capacity crowd of 8,000 spectators packed the Centennial Hall (Jahrhunderthalle) in Breslau, Germany, today Wrocław, Poland, for the 1942 European Amateur Boxing Championships. Frigyes won the gold medal, beating Germany's Arthur Büttner in the finals.",
"To the end of his years, Frigyes recalled the 1942 medal ceremony as one of the most moving moments of his life. The presentation of the Hungarian national anthem on the Walcker Orgelbau\\-built pipe organ, which with 15,133 pipes and 200 stops, ranked at the time as the world's largest, before a capacity crowd in the futuristic architectural landmark designed by Max Berg, was a unique experience, well\\-documented in the sports media of the time.",
"After World War II, the results of the 1942 [European Championships](/wiki/1942_European_Amateur_Boxing_Championships \"1942 European Amateur Boxing Championships\") were annulled by the AIBA.",
""
] |
Later life
----------
The 1940 and the 1944 Olympic Games were cancelled during World War II. After the Second World War, Frigyes was past competition age. Hungary was under Soviet occupation and he did not join the Communist Party.
Gradually, by 1949, he was permitted to coach, but away from Budapest in the northwestern town Győr where he trained the Vasas ETO boxers. Within a year he groomed the regional club's first national champion, László Szabó, and the Vasas ETO team was advanced to the major league among the large Budapest clubs. In 1951 he was named as the national Vasas network's best trainer.
From 1953 to 1956 he was a member of the coaching staff of the Hungarian National Team.
When the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was quelled by the returning Soviet army, Frigyes took his family to the United States, entering at the refugee camp in Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. A network television crew wanted to interview them in the camp, but with family remaining in Hungary, Frigyes declined, due to concern about potential reprisals against their relatives who stayed behind.
The immigration policy of the mid\-1950s was that refugees were dispersed to various locations in the US. He and his family were relocated to Cleveland, Ohio, where he trained boxers for the Golden Gloves championships, some of whom went on to become medalists.
Frigyes died on July 18, 1984, in Cleveland, survived by his wife of 37 years, Esther, an executive at the Chilcote Company, and their son, Dennis, a lawyer, then in Ohio, later in California, and his two daughters by a previous marriage, Vilma Fülöp and Ágnes Fehér.
|
[
"Later life\n----------",
"The 1940 and the 1944 Olympic Games were cancelled during World War II. After the Second World War, Frigyes was past competition age. Hungary was under Soviet occupation and he did not join the Communist Party.",
"Gradually, by 1949, he was permitted to coach, but away from Budapest in the northwestern town Győr where he trained the Vasas ETO boxers. Within a year he groomed the regional club's first national champion, László Szabó, and the Vasas ETO team was advanced to the major league among the large Budapest clubs. In 1951 he was named as the national Vasas network's best trainer.",
"From 1953 to 1956 he was a member of the coaching staff of the Hungarian National Team.",
"When the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was quelled by the returning Soviet army, Frigyes took his family to the United States, entering at the refugee camp in Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. A network television crew wanted to interview them in the camp, but with family remaining in Hungary, Frigyes declined, due to concern about potential reprisals against their relatives who stayed behind.",
"The immigration policy of the mid\\-1950s was that refugees were dispersed to various locations in the US. He and his family were relocated to Cleveland, Ohio, where he trained boxers for the Golden Gloves championships, some of whom went on to become medalists.",
"Frigyes died on July 18, 1984, in Cleveland, survived by his wife of 37 years, Esther, an executive at the Chilcote Company, and their son, Dennis, a lawyer, then in Ohio, later in California, and his two daughters by a previous marriage, Vilma Fülöp and Ágnes Fehér.",
""
] |
History
-------
The band is named after its lead singer María Zardoya, who was born in [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico") and raised in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"), Georgia. She and her partner Josh Conway, the drummer, met at a show at the Kibitz Room, the bar and music venue inside [Canter's Deli](/wiki/Canter%27s "Canter's") in Los Angeles.{{Cite web\|url\=https://remezcla.com/features/music/the\-marias\-interview/\|title\=Meet the Marías, the LA Band Making Dreamy Vintage Pop for Lazy Pool Days\|website\=remezcla.com\|last\=Jackson\|first\=Jhoni\|date\=December 13, 2017\|access\-date\=January 23, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 30, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730163431/http://remezcla.com/features/music/the\-marias\-interview/\|url\-status\=live}} She was performing on the bill and he was managing the sound, something he had never done before. They began writing almost immediately after meeting, and subsequently began dating.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vogue.com/article/maria\-the\-marias\-frontwoman\-beauty?verso\=true\|title\=Meet María, the Frontwoman Mastering '90s Minimalist Makeup and Self\-Care on Tour\|work\=Vogue\|date\=15 August 2019\|access\-date\=October 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=October 25, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025232148/https://www.vogue.com/article/maria\-the\-marias\-frontwoman\-beauty?verso\=true\|url\-status\=live}} Soon they recruited close friends to join as band members: Edward James on keyboards, and guitarist Jesse Perlman.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/bilingual\-indie\-group\-the\-marias\-blur\-the\-lines\-between\-fantasy\-and\-reality/Content?oid\=15713238\|title\=Bilingual Indie group the Marías blurs the lines between fantasy and reality\|work\=Detroit Metro Times\|access\-date\=October 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=October 26, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026171622/https://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/bilingual\-indie\-group\-the\-marias\-blur\-the\-lines\-between\-fantasy\-and\-reality/Content?oid\=15713238\|url\-status\=live}} They were offered an opportunity to make songs for television, which helped them understand the visual and sonic feel that they were striving for, but when it did not materialize, they used their recordings to make an [EP](/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play"), entitled *Superclean Vol. I*. *Vol. I* was released in 2017, while its counterpart *Vol. II* was released in 2018\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.apnews.com/6bb706244be443d38ddb8953e1ab5927\|title\=Music Review: Superclean, Vol. II by The Marías\|work\=Associated Press\|date\=25 October 2018\|access\-date\=October 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=October 10, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010175420/https://www.apnews.com/6bb706244be443d38ddb8953e1ab5927\|url\-status\=live}}
In 2018, they collaborated with Triathalon on the song "Drip" released as a single.
In 2020–2021, the Marías signed to Atlantic Records. In September 2021, their single "Hush" topped the *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)")* [Adult Alternative Airplay](/wiki/Adult_Alternative_Airplay "Adult Alternative Airplay") chart, becoming their first chart\-topping single.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/the\-marias/chart\-history/aaa/\|title\=Chart History: The Marias\|work\=Billboard Magazine\|access\-date\=December 10, 2021\|archive\-date\=May 5, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505191430/https://www.billboard.com/artist/the\-marias/chart\-history/aaa/\|url\-status\=live}}
The band's debut album *Cinema* (2021\) was nominated for a [Grammy Award](/wiki/Grammy_Award "Grammy Award") in the category [Best Engineered Album, Non\-Classical](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Engineered_Album%2C_Non-Classical "Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical").{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-11\-23\|title\=2022 GRAMMYs Awards: Complete Nominations List\|url\=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2022\-grammys\-complete\-winners\-nominees\-nominations\-list\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-14\|website\=GRAMMY.com\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=November 25, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125170413/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2022\-grammys\-complete\-winners\-nominees\-nominations\-list\|url\-status\=live}} In 2022, the band went on tour in promotion of *Cinema* and opened for [Halsey](/wiki/Halsey_%28singer%29 "Halsey (singer)") on her [Love and Power Tour](/wiki/Love_and_Power_Tour "Love and Power Tour").
In 2022, they collaborated with [Bad Bunny](/wiki/Bad_Bunny "Bad Bunny") on the song "Otro Atardecer" from his album *[Un Verano Sin Ti](/wiki/Un_Verano_Sin_Ti "Un Verano Sin Ti")*.
In 2023, they collaborated with [Cuco](/wiki/Cuco_%28musician%29 "Cuco (musician)") on the song "Si Me Voy", which was released as a single, and also with [Tainy](/wiki/Tainy "Tainy") and [Young Miko](/wiki/Young_Miko "Young Miko") on the song "Mañana" from Tainy's album *Data*. Later in 2023, they collaborated with [Eyedress](/wiki/Eyedress "Eyedress") on the songs "Separate Ways" and "A Room Up in the Sky".
In February 2024, the Marías released a trailer for their upcoming album, *[Submarine](/wiki/Submarine_%28The_Mar%C3%ADas_album%29 "Submarine (The Marías album)")*. In March 2024, they released their first single from the album called "Run Your Mouth" as well as announcing that *Submarine* would release on May 31, 2024\.{{Cite web \|last\=Pappis \|first\=Konstantinos \|date\=March 7, 2024 \|title\=The Marías Announce New Album ‘Submarine’, Share New Song ‘Run Your Mouth’ \|url\=https://ourculturemag.com/2024/03/07/the\-marias\-announce\-new\-album\-submarine\-share\-new\-song\-run\-your\-mouth/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328073103/https://ourculturemag.com/2024/03/07/the\-marias\-announce\-new\-album\-submarine\-share\-new\-song\-run\-your\-mouth/ \|archive\-date\=March 28, 2024 \|access\-date\=March 28, 2024 \|website\=Our Culture}} In April 2024, they released the second single from *Submarine*, "Lejos de Ti" {{Cite web \|last\=Chelosky \|first\=Danielle \|date\=April 6, 2024 \|title\=The Marías – “Lejos de Ti” \|url\=https://www.stereogum.com/2258418/the\-marias\-lejos\-de\-ti/music/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413154758/https://www.stereogum.com/2258418/the\-marias\-lejos\-de\-ti/music/ \|archive\-date\=April 13, 2024 \|access\-date\=April 13, 2024 \|website\=Stereogum}} and later unveiling their tracklist for *Submarine*. In May 2024, they released two singles simultaneously: "[No One Noticed](/wiki/No_One_Noticed "No One Noticed")" and "If Only".
### Influences
Zardoya has stated that her influences include the late [Tejano](/wiki/Tejano "Tejano") singer [Selena](/wiki/Selena "Selena"), [Norah Jones](/wiki/Norah_Jones "Norah Jones"), [Sade](/wiki/Sade_%28singer%29 "Sade (singer)"), [Nina Simone](/wiki/Nina_Simone "Nina Simone"), [Billie Holiday](/wiki/Billie_Holiday "Billie Holiday"), [Carla Morrison](/wiki/Carla_Morrison "Carla Morrison"), [Julieta Venegas](/wiki/Julieta_Venegas "Julieta Venegas"), [Erykah Badu](/wiki/Erykah_Badu "Erykah Badu"), and filmmaker [Pedro Almodóvar](/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var "Pedro Almodóvar"), while Conway is influenced by [Tame Impala](/wiki/Tame_Impala "Tame Impala"), [Radiohead](/wiki/Radiohead "Radiohead"), [D'Angelo](/wiki/D%27Angelo "D'Angelo"), and [the Strokes](/wiki/The_Strokes "The Strokes").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.onestowatch.com/blog/qa\-the\-mar%C3%ADas\-craft\-sensual\-timeless\-music\|title\=Q\&A: The Marías Craft Sensual \& Timeless Music That Will Make You Fall in Love (or Lust)\|work\=onestowatch\|access\-date\=October 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=October 10, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010174947/https://www.onestowatch.com/blog/qa\-the\-mar%25C3%25ADas\-craft\-sensual\-timeless\-music\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.timeoutmexico.mx/ciudad\-de\-mexico/musica/maria\-de\-the\-marias\-nos\-platica\-sobre\-su\-participacion\-en\-grrrl\-noise\-2019\|title\=Maria, de The Marías, nos platica sobre su participación en GRRRL Noise 2019\|work\=\[\[Time Out (magazine)\|Time Out]] México\|date\=March 4, 2019\|access\-date\=October 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=October 10, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010181127/https://www.timeoutmexico.mx/ciudad\-de\-mexico/musica/maria\-de\-the\-marias\-nos\-platica\-sobre\-su\-participacion\-en\-grrrl\-noise\-2019\|url\-status\=live}}
Zardoya stated that although Conway was not familiar with her Spanish roots, the band was nevertheless open to experimenting with new styles, ultimately leading to several Spanish\-language tracks across their releases.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The band is named after its lead singer María Zardoya, who was born in [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\") and raised in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\"), Georgia. She and her partner Josh Conway, the drummer, met at a show at the Kibitz Room, the bar and music venue inside [Canter's Deli](/wiki/Canter%27s \"Canter's\") in Los Angeles.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://remezcla.com/features/music/the\\-marias\\-interview/\\|title\\=Meet the Marías, the LA Band Making Dreamy Vintage Pop for Lazy Pool Days\\|website\\=remezcla.com\\|last\\=Jackson\\|first\\=Jhoni\\|date\\=December 13, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 30, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730163431/http://remezcla.com/features/music/the\\-marias\\-interview/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She was performing on the bill and he was managing the sound, something he had never done before. They began writing almost immediately after meeting, and subsequently began dating.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vogue.com/article/maria\\-the\\-marias\\-frontwoman\\-beauty?verso\\=true\\|title\\=Meet María, the Frontwoman Mastering '90s Minimalist Makeup and Self\\-Care on Tour\\|work\\=Vogue\\|date\\=15 August 2019\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=October 25, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025232148/https://www.vogue.com/article/maria\\-the\\-marias\\-frontwoman\\-beauty?verso\\=true\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Soon they recruited close friends to join as band members: Edward James on keyboards, and guitarist Jesse Perlman.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/bilingual\\-indie\\-group\\-the\\-marias\\-blur\\-the\\-lines\\-between\\-fantasy\\-and\\-reality/Content?oid\\=15713238\\|title\\=Bilingual Indie group the Marías blurs the lines between fantasy and reality\\|work\\=Detroit Metro Times\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=October 26, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026171622/https://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/bilingual\\-indie\\-group\\-the\\-marias\\-blur\\-the\\-lines\\-between\\-fantasy\\-and\\-reality/Content?oid\\=15713238\\|url\\-status\\=live}} They were offered an opportunity to make songs for television, which helped them understand the visual and sonic feel that they were striving for, but when it did not materialize, they used their recordings to make an [EP](/wiki/Extended_play \"Extended play\"), entitled *Superclean Vol. I*. *Vol. I* was released in 2017, while its counterpart *Vol. II* was released in 2018\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.apnews.com/6bb706244be443d38ddb8953e1ab5927\\|title\\=Music Review: Superclean, Vol. II by The Marías\\|work\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=25 October 2018\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=October 10, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010175420/https://www.apnews.com/6bb706244be443d38ddb8953e1ab5927\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 2018, they collaborated with Triathalon on the song \"Drip\" released as a single.",
"In 2020–2021, the Marías signed to Atlantic Records. In September 2021, their single \"Hush\" topped the *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* [Adult Alternative Airplay](/wiki/Adult_Alternative_Airplay \"Adult Alternative Airplay\") chart, becoming their first chart\\-topping single.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/the\\-marias/chart\\-history/aaa/\\|title\\=Chart History: The Marias\\|work\\=Billboard Magazine\\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=May 5, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505191430/https://www.billboard.com/artist/the\\-marias/chart\\-history/aaa/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The band's debut album *Cinema* (2021\\) was nominated for a [Grammy Award](/wiki/Grammy_Award \"Grammy Award\") in the category [Best Engineered Album, Non\\-Classical](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Engineered_Album%2C_Non-Classical \"Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical\").{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-23\\|title\\=2022 GRAMMYs Awards: Complete Nominations List\\|url\\=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2022\\-grammys\\-complete\\-winners\\-nominees\\-nominations\\-list\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-14\\|website\\=GRAMMY.com\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=November 25, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125170413/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2022\\-grammys\\-complete\\-winners\\-nominees\\-nominations\\-list\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2022, the band went on tour in promotion of *Cinema* and opened for [Halsey](/wiki/Halsey_%28singer%29 \"Halsey (singer)\") on her [Love and Power Tour](/wiki/Love_and_Power_Tour \"Love and Power Tour\").",
"In 2022, they collaborated with [Bad Bunny](/wiki/Bad_Bunny \"Bad Bunny\") on the song \"Otro Atardecer\" from his album *[Un Verano Sin Ti](/wiki/Un_Verano_Sin_Ti \"Un Verano Sin Ti\")*.",
"In 2023, they collaborated with [Cuco](/wiki/Cuco_%28musician%29 \"Cuco (musician)\") on the song \"Si Me Voy\", which was released as a single, and also with [Tainy](/wiki/Tainy \"Tainy\") and [Young Miko](/wiki/Young_Miko \"Young Miko\") on the song \"Mañana\" from Tainy's album *Data*. Later in 2023, they collaborated with [Eyedress](/wiki/Eyedress \"Eyedress\") on the songs \"Separate Ways\" and \"A Room Up in the Sky\".",
"In February 2024, the Marías released a trailer for their upcoming album, *[Submarine](/wiki/Submarine_%28The_Mar%C3%ADas_album%29 \"Submarine (The Marías album)\")*. In March 2024, they released their first single from the album called \"Run Your Mouth\" as well as announcing that *Submarine* would release on May 31, 2024\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Pappis \\|first\\=Konstantinos \\|date\\=March 7, 2024 \\|title\\=The Marías Announce New Album ‘Submarine’, Share New Song ‘Run Your Mouth’ \\|url\\=https://ourculturemag.com/2024/03/07/the\\-marias\\-announce\\-new\\-album\\-submarine\\-share\\-new\\-song\\-run\\-your\\-mouth/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328073103/https://ourculturemag.com/2024/03/07/the\\-marias\\-announce\\-new\\-album\\-submarine\\-share\\-new\\-song\\-run\\-your\\-mouth/ \\|archive\\-date\\=March 28, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=March 28, 2024 \\|website\\=Our Culture}} In April 2024, they released the second single from *Submarine*, \"Lejos de Ti\" {{Cite web \\|last\\=Chelosky \\|first\\=Danielle \\|date\\=April 6, 2024 \\|title\\=The Marías – “Lejos de Ti” \\|url\\=https://www.stereogum.com/2258418/the\\-marias\\-lejos\\-de\\-ti/music/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413154758/https://www.stereogum.com/2258418/the\\-marias\\-lejos\\-de\\-ti/music/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 13, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=April 13, 2024 \\|website\\=Stereogum}} and later unveiling their tracklist for *Submarine*. In May 2024, they released two singles simultaneously: \"[No One Noticed](/wiki/No_One_Noticed \"No One Noticed\")\" and \"If Only\".",
"### Influences",
"Zardoya has stated that her influences include the late [Tejano](/wiki/Tejano \"Tejano\") singer [Selena](/wiki/Selena \"Selena\"), [Norah Jones](/wiki/Norah_Jones \"Norah Jones\"), [Sade](/wiki/Sade_%28singer%29 \"Sade (singer)\"), [Nina Simone](/wiki/Nina_Simone \"Nina Simone\"), [Billie Holiday](/wiki/Billie_Holiday \"Billie Holiday\"), [Carla Morrison](/wiki/Carla_Morrison \"Carla Morrison\"), [Julieta Venegas](/wiki/Julieta_Venegas \"Julieta Venegas\"), [Erykah Badu](/wiki/Erykah_Badu \"Erykah Badu\"), and filmmaker [Pedro Almodóvar](/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var \"Pedro Almodóvar\"), while Conway is influenced by [Tame Impala](/wiki/Tame_Impala \"Tame Impala\"), [Radiohead](/wiki/Radiohead \"Radiohead\"), [D'Angelo](/wiki/D%27Angelo \"D'Angelo\"), and [the Strokes](/wiki/The_Strokes \"The Strokes\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.onestowatch.com/blog/qa\\-the\\-mar%C3%ADas\\-craft\\-sensual\\-timeless\\-music\\|title\\=Q\\&A: The Marías Craft Sensual \\& Timeless Music That Will Make You Fall in Love (or Lust)\\|work\\=onestowatch\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=October 10, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010174947/https://www.onestowatch.com/blog/qa\\-the\\-mar%25C3%25ADas\\-craft\\-sensual\\-timeless\\-music\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.timeoutmexico.mx/ciudad\\-de\\-mexico/musica/maria\\-de\\-the\\-marias\\-nos\\-platica\\-sobre\\-su\\-participacion\\-en\\-grrrl\\-noise\\-2019\\|title\\=Maria, de The Marías, nos platica sobre su participación en GRRRL Noise 2019\\|work\\=\\[\\[Time Out (magazine)\\|Time Out]] México\\|date\\=March 4, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=October 10, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010181127/https://www.timeoutmexico.mx/ciudad\\-de\\-mexico/musica/maria\\-de\\-the\\-marias\\-nos\\-platica\\-sobre\\-su\\-participacion\\-en\\-grrrl\\-noise\\-2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Zardoya stated that although Conway was not familiar with her Spanish roots, the band was nevertheless open to experimenting with new styles, ultimately leading to several Spanish\\-language tracks across their releases.",
""
] |
Programming
-----------
C More Entertainment operated over 20 [SD](/wiki/Standard-definition_television "Standard-definition television") channels in the Nordic region and eleven [HD](/wiki/High-definition_television "High-definition television") channels in September 2012\.
### 1990s
C More Entertainment was originated from the [Filmnet](/wiki/Filmnet "Filmnet") channel created in 1985\. In the early 1990s, Filmnet became two channels: Filmnet Plus and The Complete Movie Channel: Filmnet. They were later rebranded as Filmnet 1 and Filmnet 2\.
Canal\+ bought Filmnet in 1996 and the two channels were renamed on 1 September 1997\. Filmnet 1 became "Canal\+" with localized versions for the different Nordic countries and Filmnet 2 became the pan\-Nordic "[Canal\+ Gul/Canal\+ Kulta](/wiki/C_More_First "C More First")" ({{translation}} "Canal\+ Yellow/Canal\+ Gold," following the colour naming pattern used by Canal\+ in France and other countries).
A third channel "[Canal\+ Blå/Canal\+ Sininen](/wiki/C_More_Hits "C More Hits")" (Blue) was created on 3 September 1999\.
### 2000s
"[Canal\+ Zap/
Rød/Punainen](/wiki/C_More_Sport "C More Sport")" (Red) was launched on 22 September 2001, allowing cable and satellite viewers to choose an alternative match to watch during fixtures of the [FA Premier League](/wiki/FA_Premier_League "FA Premier League") and [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League "National Hockey League").
The channels were redesigned on 1 May 2004\. The three colour\-coded mixed channels were replaced with four themed channels. The Canal\+ line\-up consisted of the main Canal\+ channel, Canal\+ Film 1 and Canal\+ Film 2 showing new movies, the all\-sports channel Canal\+ Sport, and C More Film, a channel showing older films. C More Film was the first channel to use the C More name.
The line\-up was extended on 1 September 2005, when Canal\+ Film 3, C More Film 2, and C More HD were launched. C More HD was the first HD channel for the Nordic region. Canal\+ Film 1 was renamed "Canal\+ Film". Canal\+ Sport was split into country\-specific channels. Canal\+, which had been country\-specific, became pan\-Nordic. At the same time, IPTV operators in association with satellite operator [Canal Digital](/wiki/Canal_Digital "Canal Digital") launched an interactive VOD service called "Canal\+ Play", accessed from the customer's set\-top box, letting the viewers watch any seasons from any show ebroadcast on Canal\+ and any movie that was showing on the channels. On satellite it has since been merged to the Canal Digital Go service, covering every channel on the platform and also available without a box online (much like its British equivalent [Sky Go](/wiki/Sky_Go "Sky Go")).
On 1 November 2006 the [C More Film](/wiki/C_More_Film "C More Film") and C More Film 2 channels were merged with Canal\+ Film 2 and the main Canal\+ channel was replaced by a bonus channel Canal\+ Mix, showing series, entertainment, music, sports, children’s programmings, documentaries and movies. C More also introduced a new sports channel called Canal\+ Sport 2\. Three channels were renamed: Canal\+ Film was renamed back to "Canal\+ Film 1", Canal\+ Sport became Canal\+ Sport 1", and C More HD became "Canal\+ HD". Customers previously could only subscribe to all channels, but customers were now able to only subscribe to the sports or movie channels. The "Canal\+ Film" package consisted of Canal\+ Film 1, 2 and 3 and "Canal\+ Sport" consisted of Canal\+ Sport 1 and 2\. The full package was called "Canal\+ Total" and contains Canal\+ Mix and Canal\+ HD as a bonus.
On 1 February 2007 Canal\+ HD was split to 2 channels in HD: Canal\+ Film HD airs movies in HD and Canal\+ Sport HD airs sports events in HD. In September 2007 a pay\-per\-view sports service called C Sports was launched in Sweden, Denmark and Norway. It was never launched in Finland or available in Finnish but could also be viewed there. The service initially showed single matches from Canal\+ channels on a PPV basis, but soon after launch customers could also subscribe to a season ticket. This allowed them to view all matches from a chosen league during its season. In 2009 it was expanded to cover an archive of all shown matches and the ability to watch live streams of all Canal\+ Sport's channels. The service is still available in all countries except for Finland, where the content of the service is now available through parent company [MTV3](/wiki/MTV3 "MTV3")'s VOD service Katsomo.
The channel were again redesigned on 1 November 2007\. The movies and series channels were all renamed and recategorised. Canal\+ Film 1 became "Canal\+ First", specialized in new movies, as well as series and Canal\+ Film 2 was replaced by "Canal\+ Hits", specialized in classic and old movies. Canal\+ Film 3 and Canal\+ Mix were renamed "Canal\+ Action", specialized in action movies and series and "Canal\+ Drama", specialized in TV shows and movies related to drama and romantic and were joined by Canal\+ Comedy which broadcasts movies in different genres. Canal\+ Sport 1 and 2 kept their names but were joined by Canal\+ Sport Extra which time\-shared overnights with Canal 69, specialized in pornographic movies.
In July 2009, C More Entertainment launched [Canal 9](/wiki/Canal_9_%28Norway%29 "Canal 9 (Norway)"), a new sports channel, and another program for men. Canal 9 was free for Canal\+ Sport and Canal\+ Total customers on cable, satellite and IPTV and shared many sports rights with Canal\+ channels, along with its independently purchased rights commissioned by TV4 Gruppen. The station was modeled on the Finnish MTV3 Max. There have been discussions to rename MTV3 Max as *Canal 9 Suomi.* In November 2011 Canal 9 also launched in Norway.
On 1 October 2009 Canal\+ launched the [SF\-kanalen](/wiki/SF-kanalen "SF-kanalen"), a channel which broadcasts Swedish movies and miniseries from the libraries of [Svensk Filmindustri](/wiki/Svensk_Filmindustri "Svensk Filmindustri"). After TV4's purchase of the company, Canal\+ and Svensk Filmindustri became part of the same corporation. SF\-kanalen replaced Canal 69, which ceased operations the day before.
### 2010s
On 1 April 2010 Canal\+ Comedy was replaced by Canal\+ Series. It was similar to Canal\+ Hits, but it showed series from 8pm to midnight instead of movies, while from midnight to 8pm it showed movies.
On 14 May 2010 C More Entertainment launched three sports channels named Canal\+ Sport 3, Canal\+ Football and Canal\+ Hockey. Canal\+ Sport 3 was only available in Norway. At the same time, many new sports rights were announced. Later that year Canal\+ announced it would launch a second Finnish\-language sports channel called Canal\+ Aitio ({{translation}} Canal\+ Skybox) in December, since it retained the Finnish rights to [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League") and [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") matches. The new channel allowed broadcasting a second simultaneous match from the Premier League, previously only possible on FTA channels. Canal\+ also launched a new channel for Finnish viewers called "Canal\+ Urheilu". HD versions of the channels have since appeared on all platforms.
On 1 June 2011 Canal\+ launched two movies and series channels named Canal\+ Family and Canal\+ Emotion. Canal\+ Family consists of family\-oriented movies and children’s programmings. At the same time, Canal\+ Drama was renamed as Canal\+ Emotion.
In May 2012, C More Entertainment announced it would rebrand itself as C More. While most channels kept their previous names (apart from replacing the Canal\+ suffix with C More), some sports channels were renamed. Canal\+ Sport 1 was changed to C More Sport, Canal\+ Sport 2 was changed to C More Tennis, Canal\+ Sport Extra to C More Extreme, and Canal\+ Extra channels were renamed to C More Live. The only channels unchanged during the rebrand are Canal 9 and the Danish [Canal 8 Sport](/wiki/Canal_8_Sport "Canal 8 Sport"), which was launched in August 2012 as the successor of Canal\+ Sport 1 Denmark. C More Entertainment also announced that it would add documentaries as a new type of programming to complement their film programming.
On 30 October 2012, C More channels in Finland were merged with [MTV3](/wiki/MTV3 "MTV3") Kanavapaketti to form MTV3 Total. C More Urheilu (Sport), C More Aitio and C More Premier HD were renamed MTV3 MAX Sport 1, MTV3 MAX Sport 2 and MTV3 MAX Premier HD, respectively. The package was renamed MTV Total in the corporate\-wide rebrand at [MTV Oy](/wiki/MTV_Oy "MTV Oy") in 2013, and then changed back to C More in 2017\. As a result of the 2017 rebrand, MTV Oy's MTV Juniori and MTV Max were renamed [C More Juniori](/wiki/C_More_Juniori "C More Juniori") and [C More Max](/wiki/C_More_Max "C More Max"), respectively.
In October 2012, C More launched Filmnet in Sweden, an online streaming service to compete with [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix "Netflix") and [HBO Nordic](/wiki/HBO_Nordic "HBO Nordic"). Filmnet was available in Norway and Finland in early 2013\. In Denmark, C More worked with YouSee on a similar service called YouBio. The Filmnet\-branded services were moved to the main C More website on 30 June 2015\.
On February 28, 2022, C More's streaming service was discontinued in Norway in favour of [TV 2 Play](/wiki/TV_2_Play_%28Norway%29 "TV 2 Play (Norway)").{{cite news \|title\=Structural Deal Between TV2 And C More In Norway \|url\=https://nordiskfilmogtvfond.com/news/extras/structural\-deal\-between\-tv2\-and\-c\-more\-norway \|access\-date\=31 July 2024 \|work\=Nordisk Film \& TV Fond \|language\=en}} The C More brand was discontinued in Sweden on August 14, 2023, the service were merged into [TV4 Play](/wiki/TV4_Play "TV4 Play").{{cite news \|title\=Swedish broadcaster TV4 to merge its streamers C More and TV4 Play \|url\=https://www.c21media.net/news/swedish\-broadcaster\-tv4\-to\-merge\-its\-streamers\-c\-more\-and\-tv4\-play/ \|access\-date\=31 July 2024 \|work\=C21media \|language\=en\-us}} The service closed in Finland on October 10, 2023 and merge into [MTV Katsomo](/wiki/MTV_Katsomo "MTV Katsomo").{{cite news \|last1\=Kärkkäinen \|first1\=Henrik \|title\=C More ja MTV Katsomo yhdistyvät – näin käy tilaajien \|url\=https://www.is.fi/digitoday/art\-2000009835465\.html \|access\-date\=31 July 2024 \|work\=Ilta\-Sanomat \|date\=6 September 2023 \|language\=fi}} On December 31, 2023, the C More app was shut down in Denmark, and contents were moved to [TV 2 Play](/wiki/TV_2_Play "TV 2 Play").{{cite news \|title\=C More Denmark to close at year\-end \|url\=https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2023/11/22/c\-more\-denmark\-to\-close\-at\-year\-end/ \|work\=Broadband TV News \|date\=22 November 2023}}
|
[
"Programming\n-----------",
"C More Entertainment operated over 20 [SD](/wiki/Standard-definition_television \"Standard-definition television\") channels in the Nordic region and eleven [HD](/wiki/High-definition_television \"High-definition television\") channels in September 2012\\.",
"### 1990s",
"C More Entertainment was originated from the [Filmnet](/wiki/Filmnet \"Filmnet\") channel created in 1985\\. In the early 1990s, Filmnet became two channels: Filmnet Plus and The Complete Movie Channel: Filmnet. They were later rebranded as Filmnet 1 and Filmnet 2\\.",
"Canal\\+ bought Filmnet in 1996 and the two channels were renamed on 1 September 1997\\. Filmnet 1 became \"Canal\\+\" with localized versions for the different Nordic countries and Filmnet 2 became the pan\\-Nordic \"[Canal\\+ Gul/Canal\\+ Kulta](/wiki/C_More_First \"C More First\")\" ({{translation}} \"Canal\\+ Yellow/Canal\\+ Gold,\" following the colour naming pattern used by Canal\\+ in France and other countries).",
"A third channel \"[Canal\\+ Blå/Canal\\+ Sininen](/wiki/C_More_Hits \"C More Hits\")\" (Blue) was created on 3 September 1999\\.",
"### 2000s",
"\"[Canal\\+ Zap/\nRød/Punainen](/wiki/C_More_Sport \"C More Sport\")\" (Red) was launched on 22 September 2001, allowing cable and satellite viewers to choose an alternative match to watch during fixtures of the [FA Premier League](/wiki/FA_Premier_League \"FA Premier League\") and [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\").",
"The channels were redesigned on 1 May 2004\\. The three colour\\-coded mixed channels were replaced with four themed channels. The Canal\\+ line\\-up consisted of the main Canal\\+ channel, Canal\\+ Film 1 and Canal\\+ Film 2 showing new movies, the all\\-sports channel Canal\\+ Sport, and C More Film, a channel showing older films. C More Film was the first channel to use the C More name.",
"The line\\-up was extended on 1 September 2005, when Canal\\+ Film 3, C More Film 2, and C More HD were launched. C More HD was the first HD channel for the Nordic region. Canal\\+ Film 1 was renamed \"Canal\\+ Film\". Canal\\+ Sport was split into country\\-specific channels. Canal\\+, which had been country\\-specific, became pan\\-Nordic. At the same time, IPTV operators in association with satellite operator [Canal Digital](/wiki/Canal_Digital \"Canal Digital\") launched an interactive VOD service called \"Canal\\+ Play\", accessed from the customer's set\\-top box, letting the viewers watch any seasons from any show ebroadcast on Canal\\+ and any movie that was showing on the channels. On satellite it has since been merged to the Canal Digital Go service, covering every channel on the platform and also available without a box online (much like its British equivalent [Sky Go](/wiki/Sky_Go \"Sky Go\")).",
"On 1 November 2006 the [C More Film](/wiki/C_More_Film \"C More Film\") and C More Film 2 channels were merged with Canal\\+ Film 2 and the main Canal\\+ channel was replaced by a bonus channel Canal\\+ Mix, showing series, entertainment, music, sports, children’s programmings, documentaries and movies. C More also introduced a new sports channel called Canal\\+ Sport 2\\. Three channels were renamed: Canal\\+ Film was renamed back to \"Canal\\+ Film 1\", Canal\\+ Sport became Canal\\+ Sport 1\", and C More HD became \"Canal\\+ HD\". Customers previously could only subscribe to all channels, but customers were now able to only subscribe to the sports or movie channels. The \"Canal\\+ Film\" package consisted of Canal\\+ Film 1, 2 and 3 and \"Canal\\+ Sport\" consisted of Canal\\+ Sport 1 and 2\\. The full package was called \"Canal\\+ Total\" and contains Canal\\+ Mix and Canal\\+ HD as a bonus.",
"On 1 February 2007 Canal\\+ HD was split to 2 channels in HD: Canal\\+ Film HD airs movies in HD and Canal\\+ Sport HD airs sports events in HD. In September 2007 a pay\\-per\\-view sports service called C Sports was launched in Sweden, Denmark and Norway. It was never launched in Finland or available in Finnish but could also be viewed there. The service initially showed single matches from Canal\\+ channels on a PPV basis, but soon after launch customers could also subscribe to a season ticket. This allowed them to view all matches from a chosen league during its season. In 2009 it was expanded to cover an archive of all shown matches and the ability to watch live streams of all Canal\\+ Sport's channels. The service is still available in all countries except for Finland, where the content of the service is now available through parent company [MTV3](/wiki/MTV3 \"MTV3\")'s VOD service Katsomo.",
"The channel were again redesigned on 1 November 2007\\. The movies and series channels were all renamed and recategorised. Canal\\+ Film 1 became \"Canal\\+ First\", specialized in new movies, as well as series and Canal\\+ Film 2 was replaced by \"Canal\\+ Hits\", specialized in classic and old movies. Canal\\+ Film 3 and Canal\\+ Mix were renamed \"Canal\\+ Action\", specialized in action movies and series and \"Canal\\+ Drama\", specialized in TV shows and movies related to drama and romantic and were joined by Canal\\+ Comedy which broadcasts movies in different genres. Canal\\+ Sport 1 and 2 kept their names but were joined by Canal\\+ Sport Extra which time\\-shared overnights with Canal 69, specialized in pornographic movies.",
"In July 2009, C More Entertainment launched [Canal 9](/wiki/Canal_9_%28Norway%29 \"Canal 9 (Norway)\"), a new sports channel, and another program for men. Canal 9 was free for Canal\\+ Sport and Canal\\+ Total customers on cable, satellite and IPTV and shared many sports rights with Canal\\+ channels, along with its independently purchased rights commissioned by TV4 Gruppen. The station was modeled on the Finnish MTV3 Max. There have been discussions to rename MTV3 Max as *Canal 9 Suomi.* In November 2011 Canal 9 also launched in Norway.",
"On 1 October 2009 Canal\\+ launched the [SF\\-kanalen](/wiki/SF-kanalen \"SF-kanalen\"), a channel which broadcasts Swedish movies and miniseries from the libraries of [Svensk Filmindustri](/wiki/Svensk_Filmindustri \"Svensk Filmindustri\"). After TV4's purchase of the company, Canal\\+ and Svensk Filmindustri became part of the same corporation. SF\\-kanalen replaced Canal 69, which ceased operations the day before.",
"### 2010s",
"On 1 April 2010 Canal\\+ Comedy was replaced by Canal\\+ Series. It was similar to Canal\\+ Hits, but it showed series from 8pm to midnight instead of movies, while from midnight to 8pm it showed movies.",
"On 14 May 2010 C More Entertainment launched three sports channels named Canal\\+ Sport 3, Canal\\+ Football and Canal\\+ Hockey. Canal\\+ Sport 3 was only available in Norway. At the same time, many new sports rights were announced. Later that year Canal\\+ announced it would launch a second Finnish\\-language sports channel called Canal\\+ Aitio ({{translation}} Canal\\+ Skybox) in December, since it retained the Finnish rights to [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\") and [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") matches. The new channel allowed broadcasting a second simultaneous match from the Premier League, previously only possible on FTA channels. Canal\\+ also launched a new channel for Finnish viewers called \"Canal\\+ Urheilu\". HD versions of the channels have since appeared on all platforms.",
"On 1 June 2011 Canal\\+ launched two movies and series channels named Canal\\+ Family and Canal\\+ Emotion. Canal\\+ Family consists of family\\-oriented movies and children’s programmings. At the same time, Canal\\+ Drama was renamed as Canal\\+ Emotion.",
"In May 2012, C More Entertainment announced it would rebrand itself as C More. While most channels kept their previous names (apart from replacing the Canal\\+ suffix with C More), some sports channels were renamed. Canal\\+ Sport 1 was changed to C More Sport, Canal\\+ Sport 2 was changed to C More Tennis, Canal\\+ Sport Extra to C More Extreme, and Canal\\+ Extra channels were renamed to C More Live. The only channels unchanged during the rebrand are Canal 9 and the Danish [Canal 8 Sport](/wiki/Canal_8_Sport \"Canal 8 Sport\"), which was launched in August 2012 as the successor of Canal\\+ Sport 1 Denmark. C More Entertainment also announced that it would add documentaries as a new type of programming to complement their film programming.",
"On 30 October 2012, C More channels in Finland were merged with [MTV3](/wiki/MTV3 \"MTV3\") Kanavapaketti to form MTV3 Total. C More Urheilu (Sport), C More Aitio and C More Premier HD were renamed MTV3 MAX Sport 1, MTV3 MAX Sport 2 and MTV3 MAX Premier HD, respectively. The package was renamed MTV Total in the corporate\\-wide rebrand at [MTV Oy](/wiki/MTV_Oy \"MTV Oy\") in 2013, and then changed back to C More in 2017\\. As a result of the 2017 rebrand, MTV Oy's MTV Juniori and MTV Max were renamed [C More Juniori](/wiki/C_More_Juniori \"C More Juniori\") and [C More Max](/wiki/C_More_Max \"C More Max\"), respectively.",
"In October 2012, C More launched Filmnet in Sweden, an online streaming service to compete with [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix \"Netflix\") and [HBO Nordic](/wiki/HBO_Nordic \"HBO Nordic\"). Filmnet was available in Norway and Finland in early 2013\\. In Denmark, C More worked with YouSee on a similar service called YouBio. The Filmnet\\-branded services were moved to the main C More website on 30 June 2015\\.",
"On February 28, 2022, C More's streaming service was discontinued in Norway in favour of [TV 2 Play](/wiki/TV_2_Play_%28Norway%29 \"TV 2 Play (Norway)\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Structural Deal Between TV2 And C More In Norway \\|url\\=https://nordiskfilmogtvfond.com/news/extras/structural\\-deal\\-between\\-tv2\\-and\\-c\\-more\\-norway \\|access\\-date\\=31 July 2024 \\|work\\=Nordisk Film \\& TV Fond \\|language\\=en}} The C More brand was discontinued in Sweden on August 14, 2023, the service were merged into [TV4 Play](/wiki/TV4_Play \"TV4 Play\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Swedish broadcaster TV4 to merge its streamers C More and TV4 Play \\|url\\=https://www.c21media.net/news/swedish\\-broadcaster\\-tv4\\-to\\-merge\\-its\\-streamers\\-c\\-more\\-and\\-tv4\\-play/ \\|access\\-date\\=31 July 2024 \\|work\\=C21media \\|language\\=en\\-us}} The service closed in Finland on October 10, 2023 and merge into [MTV Katsomo](/wiki/MTV_Katsomo \"MTV Katsomo\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Kärkkäinen \\|first1\\=Henrik \\|title\\=C More ja MTV Katsomo yhdistyvät – näin käy tilaajien \\|url\\=https://www.is.fi/digitoday/art\\-2000009835465\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=31 July 2024 \\|work\\=Ilta\\-Sanomat \\|date\\=6 September 2023 \\|language\\=fi}} On December 31, 2023, the C More app was shut down in Denmark, and contents were moved to [TV 2 Play](/wiki/TV_2_Play \"TV 2 Play\").{{cite news \\|title\\=C More Denmark to close at year\\-end \\|url\\=https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2023/11/22/c\\-more\\-denmark\\-to\\-close\\-at\\-year\\-end/ \\|work\\=Broadband TV News \\|date\\=22 November 2023}}",
""
] |
### 2000s
"[Canal\+ Zap/
Rød/Punainen](/wiki/C_More_Sport "C More Sport")" (Red) was launched on 22 September 2001, allowing cable and satellite viewers to choose an alternative match to watch during fixtures of the [FA Premier League](/wiki/FA_Premier_League "FA Premier League") and [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League "National Hockey League").
The channels were redesigned on 1 May 2004\. The three colour\-coded mixed channels were replaced with four themed channels. The Canal\+ line\-up consisted of the main Canal\+ channel, Canal\+ Film 1 and Canal\+ Film 2 showing new movies, the all\-sports channel Canal\+ Sport, and C More Film, a channel showing older films. C More Film was the first channel to use the C More name.
The line\-up was extended on 1 September 2005, when Canal\+ Film 3, C More Film 2, and C More HD were launched. C More HD was the first HD channel for the Nordic region. Canal\+ Film 1 was renamed "Canal\+ Film". Canal\+ Sport was split into country\-specific channels. Canal\+, which had been country\-specific, became pan\-Nordic. At the same time, IPTV operators in association with satellite operator [Canal Digital](/wiki/Canal_Digital "Canal Digital") launched an interactive VOD service called "Canal\+ Play", accessed from the customer's set\-top box, letting the viewers watch any seasons from any show ebroadcast on Canal\+ and any movie that was showing on the channels. On satellite it has since been merged to the Canal Digital Go service, covering every channel on the platform and also available without a box online (much like its British equivalent [Sky Go](/wiki/Sky_Go "Sky Go")).
On 1 November 2006 the [C More Film](/wiki/C_More_Film "C More Film") and C More Film 2 channels were merged with Canal\+ Film 2 and the main Canal\+ channel was replaced by a bonus channel Canal\+ Mix, showing series, entertainment, music, sports, children’s programmings, documentaries and movies. C More also introduced a new sports channel called Canal\+ Sport 2\. Three channels were renamed: Canal\+ Film was renamed back to "Canal\+ Film 1", Canal\+ Sport became Canal\+ Sport 1", and C More HD became "Canal\+ HD". Customers previously could only subscribe to all channels, but customers were now able to only subscribe to the sports or movie channels. The "Canal\+ Film" package consisted of Canal\+ Film 1, 2 and 3 and "Canal\+ Sport" consisted of Canal\+ Sport 1 and 2\. The full package was called "Canal\+ Total" and contains Canal\+ Mix and Canal\+ HD as a bonus.
On 1 February 2007 Canal\+ HD was split to 2 channels in HD: Canal\+ Film HD airs movies in HD and Canal\+ Sport HD airs sports events in HD. In September 2007 a pay\-per\-view sports service called C Sports was launched in Sweden, Denmark and Norway. It was never launched in Finland or available in Finnish but could also be viewed there. The service initially showed single matches from Canal\+ channels on a PPV basis, but soon after launch customers could also subscribe to a season ticket. This allowed them to view all matches from a chosen league during its season. In 2009 it was expanded to cover an archive of all shown matches and the ability to watch live streams of all Canal\+ Sport's channels. The service is still available in all countries except for Finland, where the content of the service is now available through parent company [MTV3](/wiki/MTV3 "MTV3")'s VOD service Katsomo.
The channel were again redesigned on 1 November 2007\. The movies and series channels were all renamed and recategorised. Canal\+ Film 1 became "Canal\+ First", specialized in new movies, as well as series and Canal\+ Film 2 was replaced by "Canal\+ Hits", specialized in classic and old movies. Canal\+ Film 3 and Canal\+ Mix were renamed "Canal\+ Action", specialized in action movies and series and "Canal\+ Drama", specialized in TV shows and movies related to drama and romantic and were joined by Canal\+ Comedy which broadcasts movies in different genres. Canal\+ Sport 1 and 2 kept their names but were joined by Canal\+ Sport Extra which time\-shared overnights with Canal 69, specialized in pornographic movies.
In July 2009, C More Entertainment launched [Canal 9](/wiki/Canal_9_%28Norway%29 "Canal 9 (Norway)"), a new sports channel, and another program for men. Canal 9 was free for Canal\+ Sport and Canal\+ Total customers on cable, satellite and IPTV and shared many sports rights with Canal\+ channels, along with its independently purchased rights commissioned by TV4 Gruppen. The station was modeled on the Finnish MTV3 Max. There have been discussions to rename MTV3 Max as *Canal 9 Suomi.* In November 2011 Canal 9 also launched in Norway.
On 1 October 2009 Canal\+ launched the [SF\-kanalen](/wiki/SF-kanalen "SF-kanalen"), a channel which broadcasts Swedish movies and miniseries from the libraries of [Svensk Filmindustri](/wiki/Svensk_Filmindustri "Svensk Filmindustri"). After TV4's purchase of the company, Canal\+ and Svensk Filmindustri became part of the same corporation. SF\-kanalen replaced Canal 69, which ceased operations the day before.
|
[
"### 2000s",
"\"[Canal\\+ Zap/\nRød/Punainen](/wiki/C_More_Sport \"C More Sport\")\" (Red) was launched on 22 September 2001, allowing cable and satellite viewers to choose an alternative match to watch during fixtures of the [FA Premier League](/wiki/FA_Premier_League \"FA Premier League\") and [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\").",
"The channels were redesigned on 1 May 2004\\. The three colour\\-coded mixed channels were replaced with four themed channels. The Canal\\+ line\\-up consisted of the main Canal\\+ channel, Canal\\+ Film 1 and Canal\\+ Film 2 showing new movies, the all\\-sports channel Canal\\+ Sport, and C More Film, a channel showing older films. C More Film was the first channel to use the C More name.",
"The line\\-up was extended on 1 September 2005, when Canal\\+ Film 3, C More Film 2, and C More HD were launched. C More HD was the first HD channel for the Nordic region. Canal\\+ Film 1 was renamed \"Canal\\+ Film\". Canal\\+ Sport was split into country\\-specific channels. Canal\\+, which had been country\\-specific, became pan\\-Nordic. At the same time, IPTV operators in association with satellite operator [Canal Digital](/wiki/Canal_Digital \"Canal Digital\") launched an interactive VOD service called \"Canal\\+ Play\", accessed from the customer's set\\-top box, letting the viewers watch any seasons from any show ebroadcast on Canal\\+ and any movie that was showing on the channels. On satellite it has since been merged to the Canal Digital Go service, covering every channel on the platform and also available without a box online (much like its British equivalent [Sky Go](/wiki/Sky_Go \"Sky Go\")).",
"On 1 November 2006 the [C More Film](/wiki/C_More_Film \"C More Film\") and C More Film 2 channels were merged with Canal\\+ Film 2 and the main Canal\\+ channel was replaced by a bonus channel Canal\\+ Mix, showing series, entertainment, music, sports, children’s programmings, documentaries and movies. C More also introduced a new sports channel called Canal\\+ Sport 2\\. Three channels were renamed: Canal\\+ Film was renamed back to \"Canal\\+ Film 1\", Canal\\+ Sport became Canal\\+ Sport 1\", and C More HD became \"Canal\\+ HD\". Customers previously could only subscribe to all channels, but customers were now able to only subscribe to the sports or movie channels. The \"Canal\\+ Film\" package consisted of Canal\\+ Film 1, 2 and 3 and \"Canal\\+ Sport\" consisted of Canal\\+ Sport 1 and 2\\. The full package was called \"Canal\\+ Total\" and contains Canal\\+ Mix and Canal\\+ HD as a bonus.",
"On 1 February 2007 Canal\\+ HD was split to 2 channels in HD: Canal\\+ Film HD airs movies in HD and Canal\\+ Sport HD airs sports events in HD. In September 2007 a pay\\-per\\-view sports service called C Sports was launched in Sweden, Denmark and Norway. It was never launched in Finland or available in Finnish but could also be viewed there. The service initially showed single matches from Canal\\+ channels on a PPV basis, but soon after launch customers could also subscribe to a season ticket. This allowed them to view all matches from a chosen league during its season. In 2009 it was expanded to cover an archive of all shown matches and the ability to watch live streams of all Canal\\+ Sport's channels. The service is still available in all countries except for Finland, where the content of the service is now available through parent company [MTV3](/wiki/MTV3 \"MTV3\")'s VOD service Katsomo.",
"The channel were again redesigned on 1 November 2007\\. The movies and series channels were all renamed and recategorised. Canal\\+ Film 1 became \"Canal\\+ First\", specialized in new movies, as well as series and Canal\\+ Film 2 was replaced by \"Canal\\+ Hits\", specialized in classic and old movies. Canal\\+ Film 3 and Canal\\+ Mix were renamed \"Canal\\+ Action\", specialized in action movies and series and \"Canal\\+ Drama\", specialized in TV shows and movies related to drama and romantic and were joined by Canal\\+ Comedy which broadcasts movies in different genres. Canal\\+ Sport 1 and 2 kept their names but were joined by Canal\\+ Sport Extra which time\\-shared overnights with Canal 69, specialized in pornographic movies.",
"In July 2009, C More Entertainment launched [Canal 9](/wiki/Canal_9_%28Norway%29 \"Canal 9 (Norway)\"), a new sports channel, and another program for men. Canal 9 was free for Canal\\+ Sport and Canal\\+ Total customers on cable, satellite and IPTV and shared many sports rights with Canal\\+ channels, along with its independently purchased rights commissioned by TV4 Gruppen. The station was modeled on the Finnish MTV3 Max. There have been discussions to rename MTV3 Max as *Canal 9 Suomi.* In November 2011 Canal 9 also launched in Norway.",
"On 1 October 2009 Canal\\+ launched the [SF\\-kanalen](/wiki/SF-kanalen \"SF-kanalen\"), a channel which broadcasts Swedish movies and miniseries from the libraries of [Svensk Filmindustri](/wiki/Svensk_Filmindustri \"Svensk Filmindustri\"). After TV4's purchase of the company, Canal\\+ and Svensk Filmindustri became part of the same corporation. SF\\-kanalen replaced Canal 69, which ceased operations the day before.",
""
] |
### 2010s
On 1 April 2010 Canal\+ Comedy was replaced by Canal\+ Series. It was similar to Canal\+ Hits, but it showed series from 8pm to midnight instead of movies, while from midnight to 8pm it showed movies.
On 14 May 2010 C More Entertainment launched three sports channels named Canal\+ Sport 3, Canal\+ Football and Canal\+ Hockey. Canal\+ Sport 3 was only available in Norway. At the same time, many new sports rights were announced. Later that year Canal\+ announced it would launch a second Finnish\-language sports channel called Canal\+ Aitio ({{translation}} Canal\+ Skybox) in December, since it retained the Finnish rights to [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League") and [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") matches. The new channel allowed broadcasting a second simultaneous match from the Premier League, previously only possible on FTA channels. Canal\+ also launched a new channel for Finnish viewers called "Canal\+ Urheilu". HD versions of the channels have since appeared on all platforms.
On 1 June 2011 Canal\+ launched two movies and series channels named Canal\+ Family and Canal\+ Emotion. Canal\+ Family consists of family\-oriented movies and children’s programmings. At the same time, Canal\+ Drama was renamed as Canal\+ Emotion.
In May 2012, C More Entertainment announced it would rebrand itself as C More. While most channels kept their previous names (apart from replacing the Canal\+ suffix with C More), some sports channels were renamed. Canal\+ Sport 1 was changed to C More Sport, Canal\+ Sport 2 was changed to C More Tennis, Canal\+ Sport Extra to C More Extreme, and Canal\+ Extra channels were renamed to C More Live. The only channels unchanged during the rebrand are Canal 9 and the Danish [Canal 8 Sport](/wiki/Canal_8_Sport "Canal 8 Sport"), which was launched in August 2012 as the successor of Canal\+ Sport 1 Denmark. C More Entertainment also announced that it would add documentaries as a new type of programming to complement their film programming.
On 30 October 2012, C More channels in Finland were merged with [MTV3](/wiki/MTV3 "MTV3") Kanavapaketti to form MTV3 Total. C More Urheilu (Sport), C More Aitio and C More Premier HD were renamed MTV3 MAX Sport 1, MTV3 MAX Sport 2 and MTV3 MAX Premier HD, respectively. The package was renamed MTV Total in the corporate\-wide rebrand at [MTV Oy](/wiki/MTV_Oy "MTV Oy") in 2013, and then changed back to C More in 2017\. As a result of the 2017 rebrand, MTV Oy's MTV Juniori and MTV Max were renamed [C More Juniori](/wiki/C_More_Juniori "C More Juniori") and [C More Max](/wiki/C_More_Max "C More Max"), respectively.
In October 2012, C More launched Filmnet in Sweden, an online streaming service to compete with [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix "Netflix") and [HBO Nordic](/wiki/HBO_Nordic "HBO Nordic"). Filmnet was available in Norway and Finland in early 2013\. In Denmark, C More worked with YouSee on a similar service called YouBio. The Filmnet\-branded services were moved to the main C More website on 30 June 2015\.
On February 28, 2022, C More's streaming service was discontinued in Norway in favour of [TV 2 Play](/wiki/TV_2_Play_%28Norway%29 "TV 2 Play (Norway)").{{cite news \|title\=Structural Deal Between TV2 And C More In Norway \|url\=https://nordiskfilmogtvfond.com/news/extras/structural\-deal\-between\-tv2\-and\-c\-more\-norway \|access\-date\=31 July 2024 \|work\=Nordisk Film \& TV Fond \|language\=en}} The C More brand was discontinued in Sweden on August 14, 2023, the service were merged into [TV4 Play](/wiki/TV4_Play "TV4 Play").{{cite news \|title\=Swedish broadcaster TV4 to merge its streamers C More and TV4 Play \|url\=https://www.c21media.net/news/swedish\-broadcaster\-tv4\-to\-merge\-its\-streamers\-c\-more\-and\-tv4\-play/ \|access\-date\=31 July 2024 \|work\=C21media \|language\=en\-us}} The service closed in Finland on October 10, 2023 and merge into [MTV Katsomo](/wiki/MTV_Katsomo "MTV Katsomo").{{cite news \|last1\=Kärkkäinen \|first1\=Henrik \|title\=C More ja MTV Katsomo yhdistyvät – näin käy tilaajien \|url\=https://www.is.fi/digitoday/art\-2000009835465\.html \|access\-date\=31 July 2024 \|work\=Ilta\-Sanomat \|date\=6 September 2023 \|language\=fi}} On December 31, 2023, the C More app was shut down in Denmark, and contents were moved to [TV 2 Play](/wiki/TV_2_Play "TV 2 Play").{{cite news \|title\=C More Denmark to close at year\-end \|url\=https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2023/11/22/c\-more\-denmark\-to\-close\-at\-year\-end/ \|work\=Broadband TV News \|date\=22 November 2023}}
|
[
"### 2010s",
"On 1 April 2010 Canal\\+ Comedy was replaced by Canal\\+ Series. It was similar to Canal\\+ Hits, but it showed series from 8pm to midnight instead of movies, while from midnight to 8pm it showed movies.",
"On 14 May 2010 C More Entertainment launched three sports channels named Canal\\+ Sport 3, Canal\\+ Football and Canal\\+ Hockey. Canal\\+ Sport 3 was only available in Norway. At the same time, many new sports rights were announced. Later that year Canal\\+ announced it would launch a second Finnish\\-language sports channel called Canal\\+ Aitio ({{translation}} Canal\\+ Skybox) in December, since it retained the Finnish rights to [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\") and [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") matches. The new channel allowed broadcasting a second simultaneous match from the Premier League, previously only possible on FTA channels. Canal\\+ also launched a new channel for Finnish viewers called \"Canal\\+ Urheilu\". HD versions of the channels have since appeared on all platforms.",
"On 1 June 2011 Canal\\+ launched two movies and series channels named Canal\\+ Family and Canal\\+ Emotion. Canal\\+ Family consists of family\\-oriented movies and children’s programmings. At the same time, Canal\\+ Drama was renamed as Canal\\+ Emotion.",
"In May 2012, C More Entertainment announced it would rebrand itself as C More. While most channels kept their previous names (apart from replacing the Canal\\+ suffix with C More), some sports channels were renamed. Canal\\+ Sport 1 was changed to C More Sport, Canal\\+ Sport 2 was changed to C More Tennis, Canal\\+ Sport Extra to C More Extreme, and Canal\\+ Extra channels were renamed to C More Live. The only channels unchanged during the rebrand are Canal 9 and the Danish [Canal 8 Sport](/wiki/Canal_8_Sport \"Canal 8 Sport\"), which was launched in August 2012 as the successor of Canal\\+ Sport 1 Denmark. C More Entertainment also announced that it would add documentaries as a new type of programming to complement their film programming.",
"On 30 October 2012, C More channels in Finland were merged with [MTV3](/wiki/MTV3 \"MTV3\") Kanavapaketti to form MTV3 Total. C More Urheilu (Sport), C More Aitio and C More Premier HD were renamed MTV3 MAX Sport 1, MTV3 MAX Sport 2 and MTV3 MAX Premier HD, respectively. The package was renamed MTV Total in the corporate\\-wide rebrand at [MTV Oy](/wiki/MTV_Oy \"MTV Oy\") in 2013, and then changed back to C More in 2017\\. As a result of the 2017 rebrand, MTV Oy's MTV Juniori and MTV Max were renamed [C More Juniori](/wiki/C_More_Juniori \"C More Juniori\") and [C More Max](/wiki/C_More_Max \"C More Max\"), respectively.",
"In October 2012, C More launched Filmnet in Sweden, an online streaming service to compete with [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix \"Netflix\") and [HBO Nordic](/wiki/HBO_Nordic \"HBO Nordic\"). Filmnet was available in Norway and Finland in early 2013\\. In Denmark, C More worked with YouSee on a similar service called YouBio. The Filmnet\\-branded services were moved to the main C More website on 30 June 2015\\.",
"On February 28, 2022, C More's streaming service was discontinued in Norway in favour of [TV 2 Play](/wiki/TV_2_Play_%28Norway%29 \"TV 2 Play (Norway)\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Structural Deal Between TV2 And C More In Norway \\|url\\=https://nordiskfilmogtvfond.com/news/extras/structural\\-deal\\-between\\-tv2\\-and\\-c\\-more\\-norway \\|access\\-date\\=31 July 2024 \\|work\\=Nordisk Film \\& TV Fond \\|language\\=en}} The C More brand was discontinued in Sweden on August 14, 2023, the service were merged into [TV4 Play](/wiki/TV4_Play \"TV4 Play\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Swedish broadcaster TV4 to merge its streamers C More and TV4 Play \\|url\\=https://www.c21media.net/news/swedish\\-broadcaster\\-tv4\\-to\\-merge\\-its\\-streamers\\-c\\-more\\-and\\-tv4\\-play/ \\|access\\-date\\=31 July 2024 \\|work\\=C21media \\|language\\=en\\-us}} The service closed in Finland on October 10, 2023 and merge into [MTV Katsomo](/wiki/MTV_Katsomo \"MTV Katsomo\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Kärkkäinen \\|first1\\=Henrik \\|title\\=C More ja MTV Katsomo yhdistyvät – näin käy tilaajien \\|url\\=https://www.is.fi/digitoday/art\\-2000009835465\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=31 July 2024 \\|work\\=Ilta\\-Sanomat \\|date\\=6 September 2023 \\|language\\=fi}} On December 31, 2023, the C More app was shut down in Denmark, and contents were moved to [TV 2 Play](/wiki/TV_2_Play \"TV 2 Play\").{{cite news \\|title\\=C More Denmark to close at year\\-end \\|url\\=https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2023/11/22/c\\-more\\-denmark\\-to\\-close\\-at\\-year\\-end/ \\|work\\=Broadband TV News \\|date\\=22 November 2023}}",
""
] |
History
-------
*Napa* was laid down under [Maritime Commission](/wiki/Maritime_Commission "Maritime Commission") contract (MCV hull 123\) on 7 June 1944 by the [Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation](/wiki/Oregon_Shipbuilding_Corporation "Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation"), of [Portland](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon "Portland, Oregon"), [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon "Oregon"); launched in August 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Cranston Williams; acquired from the Maritime Commission on a loan\-charter basis and commissioned on 1 October 1944\.
### World War II
Following [shakedown](/wiki/Shakedown_cruise "Shakedown cruise") exercises off the California coast, *Napa* took on [Seabee](/wiki/Seabee_%28US_Navy%29 "Seabee (US Navy)") units at [Port Hueneme](/wiki/Port_Hueneme "Port Hueneme") and sailed, on 25 November, for [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii") on the first leg of her westward journey to the combat area in the Western Pacific. Arriving at [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor") on 2 December, she was assigned to Transport Division 44, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet, and for the next month trained with 1st Battalion [25th Marines](/wiki/25th_Marines "25th Marines") of the 4th Marine Division preparing for the [invasion of Iwo Jima](/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima "Battle of Iwo Jima"). On 27 January 1945, the attack transport got underway as part of TF 51\. From 11 February through the 15th, she underwent further training at [Tinian](/wiki/Tinian "Tinian"), departing on the 16th for the [Volcano Islands](/wiki/Volcano_Islands "Volcano Islands").
Eight miles off Iwo Jima by dawn on the 19th, *Napa* commenced lowering her boats at 0641, thus allowing sufficient time for the landing craft to cover the distance to the Blue Beaches on the southeastern coast of the island for H\-hour, 0900\. The first waves, in LVT's, went ashore on schedule, but were slowed at the first volcanic terrace. Without protection, the marines were vulnerable to fire from Japanese [pillboxes](/wiki/Bunker%23Pillbox "Bunker#Pillbox"), and gun and mortar positions on higher ground to the north of the beaches. The fire from those positions, which could be knocked out only by a direct hit, soon began to take its toll and the attack transports began to move in to receive the wounded. By noon, *Napa* had proceeded from the line of departure to take on casualties. Retiring that night, she returned early the next morning to continue debarking troops and cargo and to take on wounded personnel. Returning again on the morning of the 21st, she was rammed by {{USS\|Logan\|APA\-196\|3}} at about 0445\. The resulting hole in her hull, frames 98–102, was 15 feet long and extended down to a point 10 feet beyond the turn of the bilge. Fast action on the part of the crew and the remaining Marine personnel, waiting for debarkation, precluded casualties even among the evacuees; limited flooding to No. 4 hold, and prevented any fires from breaking out in that hold which contained high octane gas.
After assuring the water\-tightness of the remaining holds, the "Victory" ship resumed her duties, remaining in the [Iwo Jima](/wiki/Iwo_Jima "Iwo Jima") area until the 24th. She then departed for [Guam](/wiki/Guam "Guam") where repairs were started. On 25 March she continued to Pearl Harbor, arriving early the next month. There, Capt. [F. Kent Loomis](/wiki/F._Kent_Loomis "F. Kent Loomis") took command of the ship on 14 April. A month later, *Napa* got underway for [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), whence she sailed, on 20 June, for [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture "Okinawa Prefecture") with Army units embarked. She arrived at Machinato Anchorage on 5 August, discharged her cargo and passengers, and started back across the Pacific, reaching [Saipan](/wiki/Saipan "Saipan") on 14 August to receive the word of the Japanese surrender and orders to the Philippines.
Arriving in the Philippines in mid\-September, she commenced transporting occupation troops to the Japanese home islands including elements of the [8th Army](/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army "Eighth United States Army") to Yokohama. The ship was then assigned to [Operation Beleaguer](/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer "Operation Beleaguer") to transport [6th Marine Division](/wiki/6th_Marine_Division_%28United_States%29 "6th Marine Division (United States)") personnel to [Tsingtao](/wiki/Qingdao "Qingdao"). She sailed next to [French Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina "French Indochina") to ferry units of the 62nd Chinese Army from [Hai Phong](/wiki/Hai_Phong "Hai Phong") to [Takao, Formosa](/wiki/Kaohsiung "Kaohsiung"). On 24 November she reported to ComPhilSeaFron for "[Magic Carpet](/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_%28World_War_II%29 "Operation Magic Carpet (World War II)")" duty, departing on the 27th for California with Army personnel on board.
Anchoring in [San Francisco Bay](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay "San Francisco Bay"), on 16 December, she got underway again for Operation Beleaguer and China, on 4 January 1946, returning to the United States on 24 February. On 1 March she departed San Diego for the east coast.
### Decommissioning and fate
She arrived at Norfolk on the 16th and decommissioned at [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore") on 24 May 1946\. She was returned to the [Maritime Commission](/wiki/Maritime_Commission "Maritime Commission") on 30 May and was laid up as part of the [MARAD Reserve Fleet](/wiki/National_Defense_Reserve_Fleet "National Defense Reserve Fleet") at [James River](/wiki/James_River "James River"), Virginia, where she remained until 17 September 1983 when she was sold for scrap.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"*Napa* was laid down under [Maritime Commission](/wiki/Maritime_Commission \"Maritime Commission\") contract (MCV hull 123\\) on 7 June 1944 by the [Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation](/wiki/Oregon_Shipbuilding_Corporation \"Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation\"), of [Portland](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"), [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\"); launched in August 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Cranston Williams; acquired from the Maritime Commission on a loan\\-charter basis and commissioned on 1 October 1944\\.",
"### World War II",
"Following [shakedown](/wiki/Shakedown_cruise \"Shakedown cruise\") exercises off the California coast, *Napa* took on [Seabee](/wiki/Seabee_%28US_Navy%29 \"Seabee (US Navy)\") units at [Port Hueneme](/wiki/Port_Hueneme \"Port Hueneme\") and sailed, on 25 November, for [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\") on the first leg of her westward journey to the combat area in the Western Pacific. Arriving at [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\") on 2 December, she was assigned to Transport Division 44, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet, and for the next month trained with 1st Battalion [25th Marines](/wiki/25th_Marines \"25th Marines\") of the 4th Marine Division preparing for the [invasion of Iwo Jima](/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima \"Battle of Iwo Jima\"). On 27 January 1945, the attack transport got underway as part of TF 51\\. From 11 February through the 15th, she underwent further training at [Tinian](/wiki/Tinian \"Tinian\"), departing on the 16th for the [Volcano Islands](/wiki/Volcano_Islands \"Volcano Islands\").",
"Eight miles off Iwo Jima by dawn on the 19th, *Napa* commenced lowering her boats at 0641, thus allowing sufficient time for the landing craft to cover the distance to the Blue Beaches on the southeastern coast of the island for H\\-hour, 0900\\. The first waves, in LVT's, went ashore on schedule, but were slowed at the first volcanic terrace. Without protection, the marines were vulnerable to fire from Japanese [pillboxes](/wiki/Bunker%23Pillbox \"Bunker#Pillbox\"), and gun and mortar positions on higher ground to the north of the beaches. The fire from those positions, which could be knocked out only by a direct hit, soon began to take its toll and the attack transports began to move in to receive the wounded. By noon, *Napa* had proceeded from the line of departure to take on casualties. Retiring that night, she returned early the next morning to continue debarking troops and cargo and to take on wounded personnel. Returning again on the morning of the 21st, she was rammed by {{USS\\|Logan\\|APA\\-196\\|3}} at about 0445\\. The resulting hole in her hull, frames 98–102, was 15 feet long and extended down to a point 10 feet beyond the turn of the bilge. Fast action on the part of the crew and the remaining Marine personnel, waiting for debarkation, precluded casualties even among the evacuees; limited flooding to No. 4 hold, and prevented any fires from breaking out in that hold which contained high octane gas.",
"After assuring the water\\-tightness of the remaining holds, the \"Victory\" ship resumed her duties, remaining in the [Iwo Jima](/wiki/Iwo_Jima \"Iwo Jima\") area until the 24th. She then departed for [Guam](/wiki/Guam \"Guam\") where repairs were started. On 25 March she continued to Pearl Harbor, arriving early the next month. There, Capt. [F. Kent Loomis](/wiki/F._Kent_Loomis \"F. Kent Loomis\") took command of the ship on 14 April. A month later, *Napa* got underway for [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\"), whence she sailed, on 20 June, for [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture \"Okinawa Prefecture\") with Army units embarked. She arrived at Machinato Anchorage on 5 August, discharged her cargo and passengers, and started back across the Pacific, reaching [Saipan](/wiki/Saipan \"Saipan\") on 14 August to receive the word of the Japanese surrender and orders to the Philippines.",
"Arriving in the Philippines in mid\\-September, she commenced transporting occupation troops to the Japanese home islands including elements of the [8th Army](/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army \"Eighth United States Army\") to Yokohama. The ship was then assigned to [Operation Beleaguer](/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer \"Operation Beleaguer\") to transport [6th Marine Division](/wiki/6th_Marine_Division_%28United_States%29 \"6th Marine Division (United States)\") personnel to [Tsingtao](/wiki/Qingdao \"Qingdao\"). She sailed next to [French Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina \"French Indochina\") to ferry units of the 62nd Chinese Army from [Hai Phong](/wiki/Hai_Phong \"Hai Phong\") to [Takao, Formosa](/wiki/Kaohsiung \"Kaohsiung\"). On 24 November she reported to ComPhilSeaFron for \"[Magic Carpet](/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_%28World_War_II%29 \"Operation Magic Carpet (World War II)\")\" duty, departing on the 27th for California with Army personnel on board.",
"Anchoring in [San Francisco Bay](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay \"San Francisco Bay\"), on 16 December, she got underway again for Operation Beleaguer and China, on 4 January 1946, returning to the United States on 24 February. On 1 March she departed San Diego for the east coast.",
"### Decommissioning and fate",
"She arrived at Norfolk on the 16th and decommissioned at [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\") on 24 May 1946\\. She was returned to the [Maritime Commission](/wiki/Maritime_Commission \"Maritime Commission\") on 30 May and was laid up as part of the [MARAD Reserve Fleet](/wiki/National_Defense_Reserve_Fleet \"National Defense Reserve Fleet\") at [James River](/wiki/James_River \"James River\"), Virginia, where she remained until 17 September 1983 when she was sold for scrap.",
""
] |
### World War II
Following [shakedown](/wiki/Shakedown_cruise "Shakedown cruise") exercises off the California coast, *Napa* took on [Seabee](/wiki/Seabee_%28US_Navy%29 "Seabee (US Navy)") units at [Port Hueneme](/wiki/Port_Hueneme "Port Hueneme") and sailed, on 25 November, for [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii") on the first leg of her westward journey to the combat area in the Western Pacific. Arriving at [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor") on 2 December, she was assigned to Transport Division 44, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet, and for the next month trained with 1st Battalion [25th Marines](/wiki/25th_Marines "25th Marines") of the 4th Marine Division preparing for the [invasion of Iwo Jima](/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima "Battle of Iwo Jima"). On 27 January 1945, the attack transport got underway as part of TF 51\. From 11 February through the 15th, she underwent further training at [Tinian](/wiki/Tinian "Tinian"), departing on the 16th for the [Volcano Islands](/wiki/Volcano_Islands "Volcano Islands").
Eight miles off Iwo Jima by dawn on the 19th, *Napa* commenced lowering her boats at 0641, thus allowing sufficient time for the landing craft to cover the distance to the Blue Beaches on the southeastern coast of the island for H\-hour, 0900\. The first waves, in LVT's, went ashore on schedule, but were slowed at the first volcanic terrace. Without protection, the marines were vulnerable to fire from Japanese [pillboxes](/wiki/Bunker%23Pillbox "Bunker#Pillbox"), and gun and mortar positions on higher ground to the north of the beaches. The fire from those positions, which could be knocked out only by a direct hit, soon began to take its toll and the attack transports began to move in to receive the wounded. By noon, *Napa* had proceeded from the line of departure to take on casualties. Retiring that night, she returned early the next morning to continue debarking troops and cargo and to take on wounded personnel. Returning again on the morning of the 21st, she was rammed by {{USS\|Logan\|APA\-196\|3}} at about 0445\. The resulting hole in her hull, frames 98–102, was 15 feet long and extended down to a point 10 feet beyond the turn of the bilge. Fast action on the part of the crew and the remaining Marine personnel, waiting for debarkation, precluded casualties even among the evacuees; limited flooding to No. 4 hold, and prevented any fires from breaking out in that hold which contained high octane gas.
After assuring the water\-tightness of the remaining holds, the "Victory" ship resumed her duties, remaining in the [Iwo Jima](/wiki/Iwo_Jima "Iwo Jima") area until the 24th. She then departed for [Guam](/wiki/Guam "Guam") where repairs were started. On 25 March she continued to Pearl Harbor, arriving early the next month. There, Capt. [F. Kent Loomis](/wiki/F._Kent_Loomis "F. Kent Loomis") took command of the ship on 14 April. A month later, *Napa* got underway for [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), whence she sailed, on 20 June, for [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture "Okinawa Prefecture") with Army units embarked. She arrived at Machinato Anchorage on 5 August, discharged her cargo and passengers, and started back across the Pacific, reaching [Saipan](/wiki/Saipan "Saipan") on 14 August to receive the word of the Japanese surrender and orders to the Philippines.
Arriving in the Philippines in mid\-September, she commenced transporting occupation troops to the Japanese home islands including elements of the [8th Army](/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army "Eighth United States Army") to Yokohama. The ship was then assigned to [Operation Beleaguer](/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer "Operation Beleaguer") to transport [6th Marine Division](/wiki/6th_Marine_Division_%28United_States%29 "6th Marine Division (United States)") personnel to [Tsingtao](/wiki/Qingdao "Qingdao"). She sailed next to [French Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina "French Indochina") to ferry units of the 62nd Chinese Army from [Hai Phong](/wiki/Hai_Phong "Hai Phong") to [Takao, Formosa](/wiki/Kaohsiung "Kaohsiung"). On 24 November she reported to ComPhilSeaFron for "[Magic Carpet](/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_%28World_War_II%29 "Operation Magic Carpet (World War II)")" duty, departing on the 27th for California with Army personnel on board.
Anchoring in [San Francisco Bay](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay "San Francisco Bay"), on 16 December, she got underway again for Operation Beleaguer and China, on 4 January 1946, returning to the United States on 24 February. On 1 March she departed San Diego for the east coast.
|
[
"### World War II",
"Following [shakedown](/wiki/Shakedown_cruise \"Shakedown cruise\") exercises off the California coast, *Napa* took on [Seabee](/wiki/Seabee_%28US_Navy%29 \"Seabee (US Navy)\") units at [Port Hueneme](/wiki/Port_Hueneme \"Port Hueneme\") and sailed, on 25 November, for [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\") on the first leg of her westward journey to the combat area in the Western Pacific. Arriving at [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\") on 2 December, she was assigned to Transport Division 44, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet, and for the next month trained with 1st Battalion [25th Marines](/wiki/25th_Marines \"25th Marines\") of the 4th Marine Division preparing for the [invasion of Iwo Jima](/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima \"Battle of Iwo Jima\"). On 27 January 1945, the attack transport got underway as part of TF 51\\. From 11 February through the 15th, she underwent further training at [Tinian](/wiki/Tinian \"Tinian\"), departing on the 16th for the [Volcano Islands](/wiki/Volcano_Islands \"Volcano Islands\").",
"Eight miles off Iwo Jima by dawn on the 19th, *Napa* commenced lowering her boats at 0641, thus allowing sufficient time for the landing craft to cover the distance to the Blue Beaches on the southeastern coast of the island for H\\-hour, 0900\\. The first waves, in LVT's, went ashore on schedule, but were slowed at the first volcanic terrace. Without protection, the marines were vulnerable to fire from Japanese [pillboxes](/wiki/Bunker%23Pillbox \"Bunker#Pillbox\"), and gun and mortar positions on higher ground to the north of the beaches. The fire from those positions, which could be knocked out only by a direct hit, soon began to take its toll and the attack transports began to move in to receive the wounded. By noon, *Napa* had proceeded from the line of departure to take on casualties. Retiring that night, she returned early the next morning to continue debarking troops and cargo and to take on wounded personnel. Returning again on the morning of the 21st, she was rammed by {{USS\\|Logan\\|APA\\-196\\|3}} at about 0445\\. The resulting hole in her hull, frames 98–102, was 15 feet long and extended down to a point 10 feet beyond the turn of the bilge. Fast action on the part of the crew and the remaining Marine personnel, waiting for debarkation, precluded casualties even among the evacuees; limited flooding to No. 4 hold, and prevented any fires from breaking out in that hold which contained high octane gas.",
"After assuring the water\\-tightness of the remaining holds, the \"Victory\" ship resumed her duties, remaining in the [Iwo Jima](/wiki/Iwo_Jima \"Iwo Jima\") area until the 24th. She then departed for [Guam](/wiki/Guam \"Guam\") where repairs were started. On 25 March she continued to Pearl Harbor, arriving early the next month. There, Capt. [F. Kent Loomis](/wiki/F._Kent_Loomis \"F. Kent Loomis\") took command of the ship on 14 April. A month later, *Napa* got underway for [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\"), whence she sailed, on 20 June, for [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture \"Okinawa Prefecture\") with Army units embarked. She arrived at Machinato Anchorage on 5 August, discharged her cargo and passengers, and started back across the Pacific, reaching [Saipan](/wiki/Saipan \"Saipan\") on 14 August to receive the word of the Japanese surrender and orders to the Philippines.",
"Arriving in the Philippines in mid\\-September, she commenced transporting occupation troops to the Japanese home islands including elements of the [8th Army](/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army \"Eighth United States Army\") to Yokohama. The ship was then assigned to [Operation Beleaguer](/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer \"Operation Beleaguer\") to transport [6th Marine Division](/wiki/6th_Marine_Division_%28United_States%29 \"6th Marine Division (United States)\") personnel to [Tsingtao](/wiki/Qingdao \"Qingdao\"). She sailed next to [French Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina \"French Indochina\") to ferry units of the 62nd Chinese Army from [Hai Phong](/wiki/Hai_Phong \"Hai Phong\") to [Takao, Formosa](/wiki/Kaohsiung \"Kaohsiung\"). On 24 November she reported to ComPhilSeaFron for \"[Magic Carpet](/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_%28World_War_II%29 \"Operation Magic Carpet (World War II)\")\" duty, departing on the 27th for California with Army personnel on board.",
"Anchoring in [San Francisco Bay](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay \"San Francisco Bay\"), on 16 December, she got underway again for Operation Beleaguer and China, on 4 January 1946, returning to the United States on 24 February. On 1 March she departed San Diego for the east coast.",
""
] |
The Team
--------
[thumb\|The Hybrid Vehicle Team at the University of Wisconsin\-Madison, spring 2016\|280px](/wiki/File:WisconsinHybridTeam_2016.jpg "WisconsinHybridTeam 2016.jpg")
Many of the members have little to no previous automotive experience. New team members are taught alongside veteran student members. This passing of knowledge ensures a legacy that is carried on to younger generations.
The team is subdivided into five major groups to handle necessary tasks. The Mechanical and Drivetrain groups work to design and implement new components, renovate old parts, and perform general vehicle maintenance.
The Control and Electrical Groups are responsible for maintaining all of the vehicle computer and electrical components; this includes developing a complex control strategy and programing the [electronic control unit](/wiki/Electronic_control_unit "Electronic control unit"), rewiring the vehicle to accommodate the hybrid systems, and maintaining the battery pack as well as other electrically sensitive components.
The Outreach group is responsible for publishing [newsletters](/wiki/Newsletter "Newsletter"), maintaining the website, obtaining positive relationships with local businesses and the community, and involving the team in community events.
Each group is led by a veteran team member who meets to coordinate projects and make decisions for the vehicle's progress. Each leader is responsible to teach each of the group's attendants safely.
|
[
"The Team\n--------",
"[thumb\\|The Hybrid Vehicle Team at the University of Wisconsin\\-Madison, spring 2016\\|280px](/wiki/File:WisconsinHybridTeam_2016.jpg \"WisconsinHybridTeam 2016.jpg\")",
"Many of the members have little to no previous automotive experience. New team members are taught alongside veteran student members. This passing of knowledge ensures a legacy that is carried on to younger generations.",
"The team is subdivided into five major groups to handle necessary tasks. The Mechanical and Drivetrain groups work to design and implement new components, renovate old parts, and perform general vehicle maintenance.",
"The Control and Electrical Groups are responsible for maintaining all of the vehicle computer and electrical components; this includes developing a complex control strategy and programing the [electronic control unit](/wiki/Electronic_control_unit \"Electronic control unit\"), rewiring the vehicle to accommodate the hybrid systems, and maintaining the battery pack as well as other electrically sensitive components.",
"The Outreach group is responsible for publishing [newsletters](/wiki/Newsletter \"Newsletter\"), maintaining the website, obtaining positive relationships with local businesses and the community, and involving the team in community events.",
"Each group is led by a veteran team member who meets to coordinate projects and make decisions for the vehicle's progress. Each leader is responsible to teach each of the group's attendants safely.",
""
] |
Plot
----
{{Long plot\|date\=September 2021}}
The film starts with Kabir in disguise trying to look for something or someone at the [discotheque](/wiki/Discotheque "Discotheque"), “EGO”. In a scuffle, he kills drug dealer, Vicky Singhania, with his own taser. Outside the police are planning a raid on the discotheque to capture Vicky. Kabir calmly walks away after the inspector on duty identifies him as the famous inspirational writer and blogger, Kabir.
Kabir, however, has other problems in his professional life. A court order gives him three months of relief from the contractual obligation with a publishing house. Kabir was legally required to deliver the second half of his bestseller within six months and failed. They were also given exclusive rights to him, so he cannot write for any other publishing house. His ex\-wife Rashmi, now married to the owner of this publishing house, wants to destroy Kabir and take all his possessions i.e. an ancestral home in Panchgani and his jeep that he is very fond of. She suspects that he is writing for someone else as she had received almost his entire wealth in alimony and yet he is still able to lead a comfortable life. She employs private detective, Ricky Rosario, to investigate.
On his way to Panchgani, Kabir meets Suhana and takes a liking to her. Suhana works as a receptionist at a resort and enjoys his company. In Panchgani, Ricky is thorough with his job and heavily bribes Bindia, the daughter of the gardener of Kabir's home, to keep an eye on him. When Kabir's is away with Suhana, Ricky breaks in while on the phone with Rashmi. She guides him to a secret room and asks him to check the room for any clues. Ricky finds a hidden laptop and is able to unlock it and extract evidence, proving that Kabir is the ghostwriter for the "Zaran Khan" novel series, which violates his agreement with his current publishing house. However, Ricky tells Rashmi that he was unable to unlock the laptop and found nothing of significance.
Later, Ricky meets Kabir to tell him that he would not expose his secret if he pays him three times what Rashmi is paying. Deeply worried, he first tells everything to Suhana and shows her his secret room. Instead of being angry, Suhana is impressed and creates a plan to help him. They meet Ricky to tell him that Kabir would reveal that Ricky is the ghostwriter of Zaran Khan and can take all the proceeds from the royalty of this series. Ricky outrightly rejects this, stating he only wants the cash. That night he is found murdered on the highway with his phone crushed. Police Officer [Ashwini Kalsekar](/wiki/Ashwini_Kalsekar "Ashwini Kalsekar") investigating the murder considers Kabir as the prime suspect because Ricky had earlier registered a case against Kabir of threatening his live as a pre\-emptive action to his blackmail plan. Suhana gives a false statement that she was with him during the time of the murder to save Kabir. Later, she is worried about Ricky's photographer friend who might expose Kabir's secret. She finds his studio's address and visits him that night. She peers inside to see him describing his blackmailing techniques to a man who suddenly slashes his throat. The mysterious man comes out and threatens Suhana to shut her mouth or he would eliminate her along with Kabir.
Kabir takes her home but on the way they see a crowd. Kabir stops to investigate and learns about the murder. Meanwhile, Suhana quietly collects her hair clip she had lost there earlier. They return home to find the police officer investigating his secret room. Kabir narrates the entire story to her but she is convinced that only Kabir has a motive for both the murders. Kabir explains to her that he has already found a solution with his lawyer and they would backdate his contracts for the Zaran Khan series to escape the mess. He has already revealed his identity on his blog. Since there is no evidence, she cannot arrest him but asks both of them to visit her office the next day.
Later that night, Suhana tells Kabir about her tragic past witnessing her drunk father kill her mother and sister. The next day Suhana tells Kabir she witnessed the second murder. Kabir encourages her to report this to the police. As they approach the police station, Suhana sees the murderer coming out of the police station and asks Kabir to drive away. Kabir drops her at her workplace before going back to the station to learn the identity of the killer. The officer in charge tells him that the person who left the police station is Dr. Rao from St. Paul's hospital in Bangalore, who was first arrested for molestation charges but they let him go because the said victim withdrew her complaint. Kabir visits the hospital and learns that St Paul's hospital is actually a mental asylum and Dr. Rao has left to search for a patient.
Finally, there is a faceoff between Suhana and Dr. Rao. She snatches the gun from the police officer and threatens to kill him. Kabir intervenes and reveals the patient Dr. Rao is looking for, is her.
That fateful night after she witnessed her father murdering her family, Suhana killed her father. This lead her to suffer from schizophrenia. To help with her illness, she receives treatment from Dr. Rao at St. Paul's. After a staff member tries to molest her, she runs away from the hospital. Her condition deteriorates without her medicine, so when Kabir is threatened by Ricky, her alter ego takes over and she commits the two murders. Kabir is able to calm her down and she surrenders.
She is shown to be recovering at St Paul's hospital where Kabir visits her every day. Dr. Rao and the officer discuss the couple and Dr. Rao tells the officer that Suhana is getting better. The charges against were dropped due to her mental condition and by next week, Kabir might be able to take her home. However, the officer is not convinced as she tells Dr. Rao that the case is not over for her as the murders in Zaraan Khan's novels have actually taken place and she is sure Kabir is in fact, Zaraan Khan. Once Suhana is released, Suhana and Kabir might become a dangerous and powerful duo. Though Dr. Rao tells her that Kabir is simply a writer, the officer is not convinced and leaves telling Dr. Rao that they will meet again. After she leaves, Dr. Rao thinks about her words while looking at Kabir and Suhana.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"{{Long plot\\|date\\=September 2021}}\nThe film starts with Kabir in disguise trying to look for something or someone at the [discotheque](/wiki/Discotheque \"Discotheque\"), “EGO”. In a scuffle, he kills drug dealer, Vicky Singhania, with his own taser. Outside the police are planning a raid on the discotheque to capture Vicky. Kabir calmly walks away after the inspector on duty identifies him as the famous inspirational writer and blogger, Kabir.",
"Kabir, however, has other problems in his professional life. A court order gives him three months of relief from the contractual obligation with a publishing house. Kabir was legally required to deliver the second half of his bestseller within six months and failed. They were also given exclusive rights to him, so he cannot write for any other publishing house. His ex\\-wife Rashmi, now married to the owner of this publishing house, wants to destroy Kabir and take all his possessions i.e. an ancestral home in Panchgani and his jeep that he is very fond of. She suspects that he is writing for someone else as she had received almost his entire wealth in alimony and yet he is still able to lead a comfortable life. She employs private detective, Ricky Rosario, to investigate.",
"On his way to Panchgani, Kabir meets Suhana and takes a liking to her. Suhana works as a receptionist at a resort and enjoys his company. In Panchgani, Ricky is thorough with his job and heavily bribes Bindia, the daughter of the gardener of Kabir's home, to keep an eye on him. When Kabir's is away with Suhana, Ricky breaks in while on the phone with Rashmi. She guides him to a secret room and asks him to check the room for any clues. Ricky finds a hidden laptop and is able to unlock it and extract evidence, proving that Kabir is the ghostwriter for the \"Zaran Khan\" novel series, which violates his agreement with his current publishing house. However, Ricky tells Rashmi that he was unable to unlock the laptop and found nothing of significance.",
"Later, Ricky meets Kabir to tell him that he would not expose his secret if he pays him three times what Rashmi is paying. Deeply worried, he first tells everything to Suhana and shows her his secret room. Instead of being angry, Suhana is impressed and creates a plan to help him. They meet Ricky to tell him that Kabir would reveal that Ricky is the ghostwriter of Zaran Khan and can take all the proceeds from the royalty of this series. Ricky outrightly rejects this, stating he only wants the cash. That night he is found murdered on the highway with his phone crushed. Police Officer [Ashwini Kalsekar](/wiki/Ashwini_Kalsekar \"Ashwini Kalsekar\") investigating the murder considers Kabir as the prime suspect because Ricky had earlier registered a case against Kabir of threatening his live as a pre\\-emptive action to his blackmail plan. Suhana gives a false statement that she was with him during the time of the murder to save Kabir. Later, she is worried about Ricky's photographer friend who might expose Kabir's secret. She finds his studio's address and visits him that night. She peers inside to see him describing his blackmailing techniques to a man who suddenly slashes his throat. The mysterious man comes out and threatens Suhana to shut her mouth or he would eliminate her along with Kabir.",
"Kabir takes her home but on the way they see a crowd. Kabir stops to investigate and learns about the murder. Meanwhile, Suhana quietly collects her hair clip she had lost there earlier. They return home to find the police officer investigating his secret room. Kabir narrates the entire story to her but she is convinced that only Kabir has a motive for both the murders. Kabir explains to her that he has already found a solution with his lawyer and they would backdate his contracts for the Zaran Khan series to escape the mess. He has already revealed his identity on his blog. Since there is no evidence, she cannot arrest him but asks both of them to visit her office the next day.",
"Later that night, Suhana tells Kabir about her tragic past witnessing her drunk father kill her mother and sister. The next day Suhana tells Kabir she witnessed the second murder. Kabir encourages her to report this to the police. As they approach the police station, Suhana sees the murderer coming out of the police station and asks Kabir to drive away. Kabir drops her at her workplace before going back to the station to learn the identity of the killer. The officer in charge tells him that the person who left the police station is Dr. Rao from St. Paul's hospital in Bangalore, who was first arrested for molestation charges but they let him go because the said victim withdrew her complaint. Kabir visits the hospital and learns that St Paul's hospital is actually a mental asylum and Dr. Rao has left to search for a patient.",
"Finally, there is a faceoff between Suhana and Dr. Rao. She snatches the gun from the police officer and threatens to kill him. Kabir intervenes and reveals the patient Dr. Rao is looking for, is her.",
"That fateful night after she witnessed her father murdering her family, Suhana killed her father. This lead her to suffer from schizophrenia. To help with her illness, she receives treatment from Dr. Rao at St. Paul's. After a staff member tries to molest her, she runs away from the hospital. Her condition deteriorates without her medicine, so when Kabir is threatened by Ricky, her alter ego takes over and she commits the two murders. Kabir is able to calm her down and she surrenders.",
"She is shown to be recovering at St Paul's hospital where Kabir visits her every day. Dr. Rao and the officer discuss the couple and Dr. Rao tells the officer that Suhana is getting better. The charges against were dropped due to her mental condition and by next week, Kabir might be able to take her home. However, the officer is not convinced as she tells Dr. Rao that the case is not over for her as the murders in Zaraan Khan's novels have actually taken place and she is sure Kabir is in fact, Zaraan Khan. Once Suhana is released, Suhana and Kabir might become a dangerous and powerful duo. Though Dr. Rao tells her that Kabir is simply a writer, the officer is not convinced and leaves telling Dr. Rao that they will meet again. After she leaves, Dr. Rao thinks about her words while looking at Kabir and Suhana.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|Red Bull Arena during the July 24, 2016 derby](/wiki/File:Red_Bull_Arena%3B_NYRB_4-1_NYCFC.jpg "Red Bull Arena; NYRB 4-1 NYCFC.jpg")
[New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") has a significant history with top level club soccer including the [New York Cosmos](/wiki/New_York_Cosmos_%281970%E2%80%9385%29 "New York Cosmos (1970–85)") of the [North American Soccer League](/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_%281968%E2%80%9384%29 "North American Soccer League (1968–84)"), the most successful team in that competition's history.{{Cite web\| url \= http://homepages.sover.net/\~spectrum/\| title \= American Soccer History Archives\| access\-date \= August 11, 2015\| first \= David\| last \= Litterer\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20091108051155/http://homepages.sover.net/\~spectrum/\| archive\-date \= November 8, 2009\| url\-status \= dead}} With New York's position as the most populous city in the United States, it was expected when MLS was founded in 1993, that one of the founding clubs would play in the [New York metropolitan area](/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area "New York metropolitan area").{{Cite web\| url \= http://www.njsportsheroes.com/soccer.history.html\| title \= Soccer in New Jersey\| access\-date \= August 11, 2015\| work \= New Jersey sports heroes}} This club started play in the inaugural [1996 MLS season](/wiki/1996_Major_League_Soccer_season "1996 Major League Soccer season") as the [NY/NJ MetroStars](/wiki/New_York_Red_Bulls "New York Red Bulls").
Since its start, MLS has engaged in a steady process of expansion from its initial ten clubs until 2010, when the league announced its intention to award its 20th franchise to New York City.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/mls\-commissioner\-eyes\-possible\-new\-york\-franchise\-2013\|title\=MLS commissioner eyes possible New York franchise for 2013\|date\=7 May 2010\|work\=mlssoccer.com\|access\-date\=16 July 2024\|archive\-date\=6 October 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006130459/http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/mls\-commissioner\-eyes\-possible\-new\-york\-franchise\-2013}} The MetroStars, renamed as the New York Red Bulls following the franchise's purchase by [Red Bull GmbH](/wiki/Red_Bull_GmbH "Red Bull GmbH") in 2006, played in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") for their entire existence, beginning in [Giants Stadium](/wiki/Giants_Stadium "Giants Stadium") in [East Rutherford, New Jersey](/wiki/East_Rutherford%2C_New_Jersey "East Rutherford, New Jersey"), before moving to a purpose built [soccer\-specific stadium](/wiki/Soccer-specific_stadium "Soccer-specific stadium") in [Harrison](/wiki/Harrison%2C_New_Jersey "Harrison, New Jersey"), [Red Bull Arena](/wiki/Red_Bull_Arena_%28New_Jersey%29 "Red Bull Arena (New Jersey)"). The plan for the second New York franchise was for it to play in [the city](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") proper.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2010/03/picture\-perfect\_opening\_for\_20\.html\|title\=Picture\-perfect opening for $200M Red Bull Arena in Harrison\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|date\=March 20, 2010\|access\-date\=August 11, 2015}} That 20th franchise was indeed eventually awarded in 2013 to a consortium of the [City Football Group](/wiki/City_Football_Group "City Football Group") and [Yankee Global Enterprises](/wiki/Yankee_Global_Enterprises "Yankee Global Enterprises"), with the new club adopting the name [New York City FC](/wiki/New_York_City_FC "New York City FC").{{cite news\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20130521\&content\_id\=48162622\&vkey\=news\_mlb\&c\_id\=mlb\|title\=Yanks, Manchester City awarded MLS expansion team\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=May 21, 2013\|access\-date\=August 11, 2015}} NYCFC instantly made being in the five boroughs a key element of its club identity, as opposed to the suburban nature of the Red Bulls.{{cite web \|last1\=Klein \|first1\=Jeff Z. \|title\=Whose Side Are You On? \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/01/nyregion/a\-decision\-for\-soccer\-fans\-new\-york\-city\-football\-club\-or\-red\-bulls.html \|website\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|access\-date\=17 July 2024 \|date\=27 February 2015}}
New York City FC began play in the [2015 MLS season](/wiki/2015_Major_League_Soccer_season "2015 Major League Soccer season"). The first league meeting with the Red Bulls was scheduled for May 10 at Red Bull Arena. The buildup to the game saw an increasing level of antagonism between both the clubs and their respective supporters groups, with the Red Bulls emphasizing their history from the start of MLS as opposed to the new club, with NYCFC pointing to the fact that they are the only club to play within the [five boroughs](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City").{{cite web\|last\=Williams\|first\=Bob\|title\=NYCFC v New York Red Bulls: A rivalry without an official name or history but already plenty of intensity \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/usa/11582127/New\-York\-Red\-Bulls\-v\-New\-York\-City\-FC\-A\-rivalry\-without\-an\-official\-name\-or\-history\-but\-already\-plenty\-of\-intensity.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508023619/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/usa/11582127/New\-York\-Red\-Bulls\-v\-New\-York\-City\-FC\-A\-rivalry\-without\-an\-official\-name\-or\-history\-but\-already\-plenty\-of\-intensity.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=May 8, 2015\|publisher\=Daily Telegraph\|date\=May 6, 2015\|access\-date\=August 11, 2015}} The first meeting between the two, in front of a capacity crowd, saw striker [Bradley Wright\-Phillips](/wiki/Bradley_Wright-Phillips "Bradley Wright-Phillips") score the first goal in a 2–1 win for the Red Bulls.{{cite web\|title\=New York Red Bulls v New York City FC\|url\=http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015\-05\-10\-new\-york\-red\-bulls\-vs\-new\-york\-city\-fc/boxscore\|publisher\=Major League Soccer\|date\=May 11, 2015\|access\-date\=August 11, 2015}} Subsequent to this game, there were two further league meetings between the teams, at [Yankee Stadium](/wiki/Yankee_Stadium "Yankee Stadium") and Red Bull Arena, both resulting in wins for the Red Bulls. NYCFC won their first game against the Red Bulls at the fifth time of asking on July 3, 2016, at Yankee Stadium.{{cite web\|title\=New York Red Bulls v New York City FC\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/jul/03/new\-york\-city\-fc\-new\-york\-red\-bulls\-mls\-hudson\-river\-derby\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=July 3, 2016\|access\-date\=July 15, 2016}} The Red Bulls 7–0 win at Yankee Stadium in 2016 is tied for the highest victory margin in MLS history.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2016/05/21/new\-york\-red\-bulls\-make\-history\-7\-0\-road\-win\-yankee\-stadium\|title\=New York Red Bulls make history with 7–0 road win at Yankee Stadium\|publisher\=MLSSoccer.com\|date\=May 21, 2016\|access\-date\=April 12, 2020}} During a 3–2 New York City FC victory, [David Villa](/wiki/David_Villa "David Villa") recorded the derby's first ever hat trick on August 6, 2017\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2017/08/06/david\-villas\-1st\-mls\-hat\-trick\-lifts\-new\-york\-city\-fc\-bounceback\-win\|title\=David Villa's 1st MLS hat trick lifts New York City FC to bounceback win\|publisher\=MLSSoccer.com\|date\=August 6, 2017\|access\-date\=August 6, 2017}}
Early on in the rivalry's history, the Red Bulls dominated the fixture, winning the first four matches including one particular fixture, commonly referred to as 'The Red Wedding', in which the Red Bulls won 7–0\. In 2017, however, New York City began to gain traction in the derby, going undefeated in all three meetings and finishing above the Red Bulls for the first time.
That same year, the Red Bulls and New York City FC played their first exhibition game and the first derby match in a neutral stadium. The match was part of the [2017 Desert Diamond Cup](/wiki/2017_Desert_Diamond_Cup "2017 Desert Diamond Cup") in [Tucson, Arizona](/wiki/Tucson%2C_Arizona "Tucson, Arizona") with the match taking place on February 15, 2017\. The Red Bulls won against New York City FC 2–0, with [Sacha Kljestan](/wiki/Sacha_Kljestan "Sacha Kljestan") scoring both goals. Neither NYFC nor NYRB failed to go to the Consolation round as both teams ended at the bottom.{{cite web\|last\=Stejskal\|first\=Sam \|title\=Preseason \- Wednesday, February 15: Desert Diamond Cup kicks off\|url\=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/preseason\-wednesday\-february\-15\-desert\-diamond\-cup\-kicks\|publisher\=Major League Soccer\|date\=February 15, 2017}}
Over the course of the following seasons, New York City began to grow beyond its expansion\-club roots and establish themselves as a consistent playoff side. This enhanced the rivalry further, leading to tense and sometimes heated encounters between the two sides including a back and forth 1–1 draw in August of 2018 with the Red Bulls and New York City going into the match 2nd and 3rd in the East respectively. The encounter saw multiple red cards and fouls over the course of the match.
In 2019, another controversial match saw the Red Bulls defeat New York City 2–1 in Red Bull Arena, with the match being referred to as ‘Throw\-In Gate’ as miscommunication from the referee to the players led to the winning Red Bulls goal.
Following the pandemic, the rivalry continued to bring some meaningful encounters including a 1–1 in 2021, which saw two red cards and the Red Bulls score the equalizer in the 101st minute, the latest goal scored in the history of the MLS Regular Season. Another crucial encounter in 2022 saw New York City and the Red Bulls square off in the quarterfinal of the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup.
In 2023, the two sides met in the [Leagues Cup](/wiki/2023_Leagues_Cup "2023 Leagues Cup"), the first\-ever encounter in a continental cup competition. The Red Bulls won 1–0\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|Red Bull Arena during the July 24, 2016 derby](/wiki/File:Red_Bull_Arena%3B_NYRB_4-1_NYCFC.jpg \"Red Bull Arena; NYRB 4-1 NYCFC.jpg\")\n[New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") has a significant history with top level club soccer including the [New York Cosmos](/wiki/New_York_Cosmos_%281970%E2%80%9385%29 \"New York Cosmos (1970–85)\") of the [North American Soccer League](/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_%281968%E2%80%9384%29 \"North American Soccer League (1968–84)\"), the most successful team in that competition's history.{{Cite web\\| url \\= http://homepages.sover.net/\\~spectrum/\\| title \\= American Soccer History Archives\\| access\\-date \\= August 11, 2015\\| first \\= David\\| last \\= Litterer\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091108051155/http://homepages.sover.net/\\~spectrum/\\| archive\\-date \\= November 8, 2009\\| url\\-status \\= dead}} With New York's position as the most populous city in the United States, it was expected when MLS was founded in 1993, that one of the founding clubs would play in the [New York metropolitan area](/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area \"New York metropolitan area\").{{Cite web\\| url \\= http://www.njsportsheroes.com/soccer.history.html\\| title \\= Soccer in New Jersey\\| access\\-date \\= August 11, 2015\\| work \\= New Jersey sports heroes}} This club started play in the inaugural [1996 MLS season](/wiki/1996_Major_League_Soccer_season \"1996 Major League Soccer season\") as the [NY/NJ MetroStars](/wiki/New_York_Red_Bulls \"New York Red Bulls\").",
"Since its start, MLS has engaged in a steady process of expansion from its initial ten clubs until 2010, when the league announced its intention to award its 20th franchise to New York City.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/mls\\-commissioner\\-eyes\\-possible\\-new\\-york\\-franchise\\-2013\\|title\\=MLS commissioner eyes possible New York franchise for 2013\\|date\\=7 May 2010\\|work\\=mlssoccer.com\\|access\\-date\\=16 July 2024\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006130459/http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/mls\\-commissioner\\-eyes\\-possible\\-new\\-york\\-franchise\\-2013}} The MetroStars, renamed as the New York Red Bulls following the franchise's purchase by [Red Bull GmbH](/wiki/Red_Bull_GmbH \"Red Bull GmbH\") in 2006, played in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\") for their entire existence, beginning in [Giants Stadium](/wiki/Giants_Stadium \"Giants Stadium\") in [East Rutherford, New Jersey](/wiki/East_Rutherford%2C_New_Jersey \"East Rutherford, New Jersey\"), before moving to a purpose built [soccer\\-specific stadium](/wiki/Soccer-specific_stadium \"Soccer-specific stadium\") in [Harrison](/wiki/Harrison%2C_New_Jersey \"Harrison, New Jersey\"), [Red Bull Arena](/wiki/Red_Bull_Arena_%28New_Jersey%29 \"Red Bull Arena (New Jersey)\"). The plan for the second New York franchise was for it to play in [the city](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") proper.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2010/03/picture\\-perfect\\_opening\\_for\\_20\\.html\\|title\\=Picture\\-perfect opening for $200M Red Bull Arena in Harrison\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|date\\=March 20, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2015}} That 20th franchise was indeed eventually awarded in 2013 to a consortium of the [City Football Group](/wiki/City_Football_Group \"City Football Group\") and [Yankee Global Enterprises](/wiki/Yankee_Global_Enterprises \"Yankee Global Enterprises\"), with the new club adopting the name [New York City FC](/wiki/New_York_City_FC \"New York City FC\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20130521\\&content\\_id\\=48162622\\&vkey\\=news\\_mlb\\&c\\_id\\=mlb\\|title\\=Yanks, Manchester City awarded MLS expansion team\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=May 21, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2015}} NYCFC instantly made being in the five boroughs a key element of its club identity, as opposed to the suburban nature of the Red Bulls.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Klein \\|first1\\=Jeff Z. \\|title\\=Whose Side Are You On? \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/01/nyregion/a\\-decision\\-for\\-soccer\\-fans\\-new\\-york\\-city\\-football\\-club\\-or\\-red\\-bulls.html \\|website\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2024 \\|date\\=27 February 2015}}",
"New York City FC began play in the [2015 MLS season](/wiki/2015_Major_League_Soccer_season \"2015 Major League Soccer season\"). The first league meeting with the Red Bulls was scheduled for May 10 at Red Bull Arena. The buildup to the game saw an increasing level of antagonism between both the clubs and their respective supporters groups, with the Red Bulls emphasizing their history from the start of MLS as opposed to the new club, with NYCFC pointing to the fact that they are the only club to play within the [five boroughs](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Williams\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=NYCFC v New York Red Bulls: A rivalry without an official name or history but already plenty of intensity \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/usa/11582127/New\\-York\\-Red\\-Bulls\\-v\\-New\\-York\\-City\\-FC\\-A\\-rivalry\\-without\\-an\\-official\\-name\\-or\\-history\\-but\\-already\\-plenty\\-of\\-intensity.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508023619/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/usa/11582127/New\\-York\\-Red\\-Bulls\\-v\\-New\\-York\\-City\\-FC\\-A\\-rivalry\\-without\\-an\\-official\\-name\\-or\\-history\\-but\\-already\\-plenty\\-of\\-intensity.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=May 8, 2015\\|publisher\\=Daily Telegraph\\|date\\=May 6, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2015}} The first meeting between the two, in front of a capacity crowd, saw striker [Bradley Wright\\-Phillips](/wiki/Bradley_Wright-Phillips \"Bradley Wright-Phillips\") score the first goal in a 2–1 win for the Red Bulls.{{cite web\\|title\\=New York Red Bulls v New York City FC\\|url\\=http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015\\-05\\-10\\-new\\-york\\-red\\-bulls\\-vs\\-new\\-york\\-city\\-fc/boxscore\\|publisher\\=Major League Soccer\\|date\\=May 11, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2015}} Subsequent to this game, there were two further league meetings between the teams, at [Yankee Stadium](/wiki/Yankee_Stadium \"Yankee Stadium\") and Red Bull Arena, both resulting in wins for the Red Bulls. NYCFC won their first game against the Red Bulls at the fifth time of asking on July 3, 2016, at Yankee Stadium.{{cite web\\|title\\=New York Red Bulls v New York City FC\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/jul/03/new\\-york\\-city\\-fc\\-new\\-york\\-red\\-bulls\\-mls\\-hudson\\-river\\-derby\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=July 3, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=July 15, 2016}} The Red Bulls 7–0 win at Yankee Stadium in 2016 is tied for the highest victory margin in MLS history.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2016/05/21/new\\-york\\-red\\-bulls\\-make\\-history\\-7\\-0\\-road\\-win\\-yankee\\-stadium\\|title\\=New York Red Bulls make history with 7–0 road win at Yankee Stadium\\|publisher\\=MLSSoccer.com\\|date\\=May 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2020}} During a 3–2 New York City FC victory, [David Villa](/wiki/David_Villa \"David Villa\") recorded the derby's first ever hat trick on August 6, 2017\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2017/08/06/david\\-villas\\-1st\\-mls\\-hat\\-trick\\-lifts\\-new\\-york\\-city\\-fc\\-bounceback\\-win\\|title\\=David Villa's 1st MLS hat trick lifts New York City FC to bounceback win\\|publisher\\=MLSSoccer.com\\|date\\=August 6, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=August 6, 2017}}",
"Early on in the rivalry's history, the Red Bulls dominated the fixture, winning the first four matches including one particular fixture, commonly referred to as 'The Red Wedding', in which the Red Bulls won 7–0\\. In 2017, however, New York City began to gain traction in the derby, going undefeated in all three meetings and finishing above the Red Bulls for the first time.",
"That same year, the Red Bulls and New York City FC played their first exhibition game and the first derby match in a neutral stadium. The match was part of the [2017 Desert Diamond Cup](/wiki/2017_Desert_Diamond_Cup \"2017 Desert Diamond Cup\") in [Tucson, Arizona](/wiki/Tucson%2C_Arizona \"Tucson, Arizona\") with the match taking place on February 15, 2017\\. The Red Bulls won against New York City FC 2–0, with [Sacha Kljestan](/wiki/Sacha_Kljestan \"Sacha Kljestan\") scoring both goals. Neither NYFC nor NYRB failed to go to the Consolation round as both teams ended at the bottom.{{cite web\\|last\\=Stejskal\\|first\\=Sam \\|title\\=Preseason \\- Wednesday, February 15: Desert Diamond Cup kicks off\\|url\\=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/preseason\\-wednesday\\-february\\-15\\-desert\\-diamond\\-cup\\-kicks\\|publisher\\=Major League Soccer\\|date\\=February 15, 2017}}",
"Over the course of the following seasons, New York City began to grow beyond its expansion\\-club roots and establish themselves as a consistent playoff side. This enhanced the rivalry further, leading to tense and sometimes heated encounters between the two sides including a back and forth 1–1 draw in August of 2018 with the Red Bulls and New York City going into the match 2nd and 3rd in the East respectively. The encounter saw multiple red cards and fouls over the course of the match.",
"In 2019, another controversial match saw the Red Bulls defeat New York City 2–1 in Red Bull Arena, with the match being referred to as ‘Throw\\-In Gate’ as miscommunication from the referee to the players led to the winning Red Bulls goal.",
"Following the pandemic, the rivalry continued to bring some meaningful encounters including a 1–1 in 2021, which saw two red cards and the Red Bulls score the equalizer in the 101st minute, the latest goal scored in the history of the MLS Regular Season. Another crucial encounter in 2022 saw New York City and the Red Bulls square off in the quarterfinal of the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup.",
"In 2023, the two sides met in the [Leagues Cup](/wiki/2023_Leagues_Cup \"2023 Leagues Cup\"), the first\\-ever encounter in a continental cup competition. The Red Bulls won 1–0\\.",
""
] |
Racing career
-------------
### Motorcycle racing
Butler launched his amateur bike racing career upon graduating from high school. His first opportunity came when a buddy agreed to let him race an old bike under a lease/purchase agreement. This involved Steve paying $25/week for the machine with earnings from flipping hamburgers after school.
Realizing that his meager budget was insufficient to race competitively, Butler prevailed upon a friend to provide (free) transport to/from the races. This allowed Steve to buy tires and other racing essentials. The strategy worked and allowed Butler to begin winning races.
In 1976, Butler was able to win the AMA District 15 (Indiana) ½ Mile Flat Track Championship which convinced him to advance to professional motorcycle racing. However, in his first pro season Butler was severely injured during a race at the Onekama, MI ½ mile dirt track. He remained in the hospital for 30 days and spent nine months recovering from his injuries. This was the fourth time in four years that he found himself recovering from fractured bones resulting from motorcycle racing.
[thumb\|right\| Butler rides to a win in a 1978 pro flat track race at the Greenville (OH) ½ mile](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_104_v3.jpg "Steve Butler 104 v3.jpg")
In 1978, Butler rebounded from his injuries by winning a pro race at Beaver Dam, WI—his very first event after recovering from the Onekama crash. More than 20 years later, Butler's exploits are recalled in a 2001 [Cycle News](http://www.cyclenews.com/) article featuring racers successful in both motorcycle and automobile racing. This piece placed Butler on a short\-list of motorcycle/car racers that included legends such as [Joe Leonard](/wiki/Joe_Leonard "Joe Leonard"), [Swede Savage](/wiki/Swede_Savage "Swede Savage"), and Steve Morehead.
Butler began 1979 aboard a [Harley\-Davidson XR\-750](/wiki/Harley-Davidson_XR-750 "Harley-Davidson XR-750")—famous for both its performance and high maintenance costs. Unfortunately, these costs became prohibitive and Butler had to stop racing mid\-season due to insufficient finances. At this point, he began attending local sprint car races and became inspired to abandon the unreliable Harley for a new kind of racer.
### Early sprint cars
If Butler's motorcycle racing was conducted on a “shoe\-string” budget, his entry into Sprint Car racing was seemingly hopeless—he was attempting to enter an advanced class of auto racing with no money and no prior auto racing experience. He was also nearly 25 years old and the sport was tilting towards very young drivers; in just a few years [Jeff Gordon](/wiki/Jeff_Gordon "Jeff Gordon") would begin his own sprint car career at age 13\. Undaunted, Butler jumped in with both feet by selling all of his race bikes and his transport van (his only personal transportation). When liquidating his assets was insufficient to buy a sprint car, he convinced his future wife, Thomasa Brock, to help him obtain a loan using her own home as collateral. This provided enough money to buy a beat\-up old Sprint Car.
Butler spent the winter of 1980–81 rebuilding the crashed and worn\-out car in his mom's garage, using only hand tools and a gas\-welding rig. The lack of sophisticated tools made this work very labor\-intensive. Butler relied on a dedicated group of friends who volunteered to provide the labor and skills necessary to get the fabrication work done. Steve planned the overall design, performed the engine building, and participated in the fabrication work.
As the 1981 season opened, Butler was pouring all available money into the race car and was still without street wheels of any sort. Once again, a friend came to the rescue by offering to tow the race car. Despite these financial problems, Butler was able to win his very first (heat) race. This quick success led to Butler's first big break when Ezra Beachy, a local engine shop owner, offered Butler an engine sponsorship
Although the Beachy engine sponsorship was very exciting, Butler's immediate problem was that he was rapidly running out of the money needed for essentials such as race tires and fuel. After only three weeks of racing, it was now uncertain if the team could even make the next race, let alone a full season. The atmosphere was gloomy, within Mom Butler's garage/race shop, when a newspaper delivery kid mentioned that one of his customers was a race fan. Butler immediately followed\-up on this tip by arranging to meet with Bud Whitacre, a local supermarket owner. This led to $500 for a new set of tires and the beginning of a lifelong relationship.
In January 1983, Butler began the year by marrying Thomasa. Unfortunately, the couple could not yet afford a honey\-moon. This problem was solved, later that year, when Butler won the 1983 Paragon Speedway track championship. Instead of a trophy, track promoter Mike Johnson supplied the couple with a trip to the Bahamas which became their belated honey\-moon trip.
### United States Auto Club Racing
#### Debut
In 1982, Butler's first [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") appearance was dramatic. On his first qualifying lap, still driving his original home\-built race car, Butler set a new track record at Bloomington, IN; on the second lap he flipped out of the track. Steve did return to race six USAC races in 1983, posting top\-three finishes in half of these. However, his primary focus was on winning the 1983 Paragon track championship.
##### 1984
[thumb\|right\| During his rookie USAC season, Butler delivers an upset win over [Steve Kinser](/wiki/Steve_Kinser "Steve Kinser") and [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader") at Terra Haute, INButler](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_ActionTrack_84.jpg "Steve Butler ActionTrack 84.jpg") mounted his first effort to campaign the full [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") Sprint Car series in 1984\. He quickly seized national attention by winning his first USAC race on live television. The Jud Larson/Don Branson memorial, held on the high\-banked ½ mile at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway "Eldora Speedway"), was broadcast on ABC's [Wide World of Sports](/wiki/Wide_World_of_Sports_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Wide World of Sports (U.S. TV series)"). The win was unexpected, as Butler started 10th behind formidable veterans such as [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt "Jack Hewitt"), [Sheldon Kinser](/wiki/Sheldon_Kinser "Sheldon Kinser"), and Rickey Hood. However, Butler quickly moved through the field to take the lead from Hewitt on the 16th lap to claim his first USAC victory.
In June, Steve and Thomasa became parents with the birth of Jennifer. Just two days later, Butler won the annual Kokomo Classic race with both his wife and newborn daughter in attendance.
By the end of the year, Butler had won 5 USAC sprint races, one less than eventual series champion Rickey Hood. The most impressive of these was at the flat [Terre Haute Action Track](/wiki/Terre_Haute_Action_Track "Terre Haute Action Track") ½ mile; Butler started 7th and then drove past visiting champions [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader") (defending [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") champ) and Steve Kinser (defending [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws "World of Outlaws") champ) to earn the win. Butler went on to finish the season 3rd in USAC points.
##### 1985
In February, Butler started the 1985 season driving in [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona "Phoenix, Arizona") (AZ) in a locally owned car. In April, as the Midwest Spring began, he was back in the Whitacre/Beachy sprint car. However, by the end of the year, he had driven for at least 9 different race teams and had advanced to 2nd in the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") sprint championship standings.
In August, Butler hooked\-up with Phil Poor, who had just purchased his first sprint car by way of a bargain\-priced package. This deal included the car, engine, spares, transport trailer, and even a rusted out Chevy Suburban tow vehicle. Butler and Poor began to win races with the old sprint car even though it had been cast aside—as uncompetitive—by its previous owner. In response, Poor named the under\-appreciated car “Ol’ Whitey.” This little team was the genesis for many years of racing success, as Butler and Poor went on to win four USAC titles together.
Late in the season, Butler joined with the Jarrett racing team to compete in the Springfield Silver Crown race, finishing in the top ten. The new team then finished 2nd in the annual Hoosier Hundred at Indianapolis, nearly winning the race. These performances earned Butler the title of 1985 USAC Silver Crown Rookie of the Year.
---
#### Championship Years
##### 1986
[thumb\|right\|Butler and Ol' Whitey ride Eldora's cushion to their first USAC championship.](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_Eldora_86.jpg "Steve Butler Eldora 86.jpg")
In 1986, Ol' Whitey returned as the centerpiece of Phil Poor's small race team. With new sponsorship from [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx), Butler drove the faithful car to a very successful racing season. They won [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") races, [AllStar Circuit of Champions](http://www.allstarsprint.com//) races and posted some top\-five [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws "World of Outlaws") finishes. The team also won many non\-sanctioned “special” races including the Indiana Sprint Week championship. In September, Butler capped\-off the year by winning the USAC Sprint Championship.
Butler continued to improve in the Silver Crown series and advanced to 2nd in the 1986 championship standings. At [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/), Steve impressed the racing fraternity by nearly winning in his very first attempt to race on pavement. Butler started in 16th and then proceeded to drive into the lead, passing [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") and [Indy 500](/wiki/Indy_500 "Indy 500") competitors such as [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader"), [Gary Bettenhausen](/wiki/Gary_Bettenhausen "Gary Bettenhausen"), and [Rich Vogler](/wiki/Rich_Vogler "Rich Vogler"). Although tire problems dropped him to 2nd at the finish, Butler's race\-leading performance had grabbed attention.
Butler finished the season with a win at [Gas City, IN](http://www.gascityi69speedway.com/). This win came the day after Austin, his new son, was born. As with Jennifer's birth, the Butler's celebrated their new child with a race win.
##### 1987
In 1987, the team debuted with brand new equipment as [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx) supplied the resources to create a truly professional class race team. The team continued its practice of running a variety of races, while concentrating on the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") Sprint series. A highlight of the year was winning the [Tony Hulman](/wiki/Tony_Hulman "Tony Hulman") classic at [Terre Haute Action Track](/wiki/Terre_Haute_Action_Track "Terre Haute Action Track") Butler went on to claim his 2nd straight USAC Sprint Championship and was awarded “Driver of the Year” by the Hoosier Auto Racing Fan club.
In the Silver Crown series standings Butler had a strong run and scored top\-five finishes in over half the races. He also continued to show potential as a pavement racer, by finishing top\-three at both [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) and [Phoenix International Raceway](/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway "Phoenix International Raceway"). However, in the point standings he was, for the second year in a row, 2nd behind the tough [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt "Jack Hewitt").
##### 1988
In 1988, Butler became the first driver to win three consecutive [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") sprint championships. Two of these were during a brief period (1987–1990\) in which USAC added winged dirt races to the traditional mix of pavement and dirt non\-winged races. This new challenge provided Steve a chance to demonstrate his versatility by winning all three types of races during the 1988 season.
[Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway "Eldora Speedway"), always a Butler favorite, was the site of great dirt wins. In July, Butler won a USAC winged\-sprint race at the track. Visiting [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws "World of Outlaws") stars such as [Jac Haudenschild](http://www.haudenschildracing.com/), Jimmy Sills, and Brad Doty made this an especially tough win. These drivers were using the USAC race to prepare for Eldora's King's Royal, the track's premier winged\-sprint car race, scheduled the following weekend. A few months later, Butler also won Eldora's most prestigious non\-wing sprint race—the annual USAC Four\-Crown National.
[thumb\|right\|Butler on the gas at the 1988 Springfield Mile en route to his first Silver Crown championship.The](/wiki/File:Butler_Springfield_Mile_88.jpg "Butler Springfield Mile 88.jpg") highlight of Butler's season was his dominance of the new pavement races at [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) where he won on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") television and was fastest at the races that he didn’t win outright (due to mechanical misfortune). In the process, Butler pioneered a new style of passing on the banked oval. His spectacular maneuver was dubbed “The Butler Grass\-Cutter Move” by [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") announcers [Larry Nuber](/wiki/Larry_Nuber "Larry Nuber") and [Steve Chassey](/wiki/Steve_Chassey "Steve Chassey"). Twenty years later, this technique was cited as an influence by [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") star [Jason Leffler](/wiki/Jason_Leffler "Jason Leffler") after his win in the 2007 [Kroger 200](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Busch%29 "Kroger 200 (Busch)") at [ORP](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Raceway_Park_at_Indianapolis "O'Reilly Raceway Park at Indianapolis")."NASCAR Racing :Busch Series in Indianapolis." ESPN. Time Warner Cable. 28 July 2007\.
In the Silver Crown series, Butler finally defeated [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt "Jack Hewitt") to win the championship. This achievement highlighted Butler's technical capabilities as he was *chief mechanic*, as well as driver, on the winning Jarrett Farms race car.
##### 1989
[thumb\|right\|In his only Indy Car appearance Butler showed impressive speed until a crash destroyed the car and broke his shoulder.](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_Indy_89_2.jpg "Steve Butler Indy 89 2.jpg") Butler did not defend his [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") titles in 1989 due to his bid to enter [Indy Car](/wiki/American_Championship_Car_Racing "American Championship Car Racing") racing and compete in the [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 "Indianapolis 500"). Driving a [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx)\-owned Lola/Cosworth, Butler established himself as a top rookie contender by posting the fastest speed (214\.246 mph) achieved during the mandatory rookie orientation testing. At the conclusion of the 2nd day of official race practice, Steve was surprised to find himself with speeds among the top veteran drivers. This performance generated considerable excitement, given that Butler had never before raced an Indy Car and was considered a “dirt track” racer. Unfortunately, Butler's fortunes reversed quickly when he crashed heavily, destroyed the car, and suffered a broken right shoulder.
In June, after recovering from the broken shoulder, Butler returned to sprint car racing and soon resumed winning races. Unfortunately, in August he was again injured, this time breaking his left shoulder in a sprint car accident. However, Butler missed only one race weekend during his recovery. He made good use of the break by joining [Larry Nuber](/wiki/Larry_Nuber "Larry Nuber"), in the [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") TV announcer's booth, to call the USAC sprint car action at [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/).
##### 1990
In 1990, Steve returned to USAC racing full\-time trying for a record 4th [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") Sprint Car championship. He began the season driving the Aristocrat \#2 and won two races, including another [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") television race at [Winchester Speedway](http://www.winchesterspeedway.com/). At mid\-season he changed rides to the Hoffman \#69\. The team enjoyed quick success, setting fast qualifying time six\-times and setting track records and winning races. This performance secured the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") Sprint Car championship.
The highlight of Butler's Silver Crown season was a dramatic win at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway "Eldora Speedway"), where he narrowly defeated [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt "Jack Hewitt"). The pair battled the entire race, exchanging the lead many times. Their duel set a blistering pace and forced Butler to establish a new 50\-lap track record that stood for many years after his retirement
##### 1991
The 1991 season was bittersweet for the Hoffman/Butler alliance. The team continued to excel at raw speed; it set the most fast qualifying times and won the most [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") sprint car races. The team also won the majority of the live\-television races on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN"), including wins on the notorious hi\-banks at [Salem Speedway](/wiki/Salem_Speedway "Salem Speedway") and at [Indianapolis Raceway Park.](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) Despite being the winningest team on the USAC circuit, they finished third in the series point standings after a string of mechanical problems caused inconsistent finishes.
##### 1992
The highlight of Butler's 1992 [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") season was winning his 2nd Silver Crown championship. This championship run was the most dramatic of Butler's career. Coming into the season's final race, at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway "Eldora Speedway"), Butler was well behind point\-leader Jeff Swindell. With only a slim chance at the championship, Butler had to win; 2nd place had no mathematical chance. He improved his chances by setting the fastest qualifying speed and earning the pole starting position. During the race, Butler and points\-leader Jeff Swindell traded the lead and battled for advantage. In the final laps, Butler was able to prevail for the win, but did not know the championship outcome. Only after points were tallied, did he learn that he had won the championship. Butler attributes much of this success to the return of Phil Poor, his former mechanic on the Stoops sprint car team. Although the pair had not worked together since 1989, winning the Silver Crown championship proved that they still had the right “chemistry.”
In the sprint car division, the Butler/Hoffman team struggled through a difficult season marred by crashes and mechanical problems. In between these problems, Butler won at [Winchester Speedway](http://www.winchesterspeedway.com/) after battling with future [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") star [Tony Stewart](/wiki/Tony_Stewart "Tony Stewart"). Steve would eventually finish the year second in the championship standings. This was Butler's eighth, and final, season to run the full USAC sprint schedule,Although Butler competed in USAC from 1982 to 1993, he did not run the full USAC sprint schedule during four of these years, due to other obligations: 1982, debut USAC race only; 1983, focus on Paragon Championship; 1989, Indy Car entry and injuries; 1993, USAC Suspension during these years, he won four championships and was never below the top\-three in championship points.
### Wings
[thumb\|right\|Butler won in both winged\-sprint cars and in the non\-winged formula preferred by USAC](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_Wing_88.jpg "Steve Butler Wing 88.jpg")
Butler was known primarily for his success in non\-winged USAC racing, however he also performed well in the winged\-sprint cars. Steve occasionally raced with winged\-sprint specialists such as the [AllStar Circuit of Champions](http://www.allstarsprint.com/)(Allstars) and [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws "World of Outlaws") and was very competitive. He won six races with the Allstars and, in 1987, finished top\-ten [87 Allstar Point Standings](http://www.allstarsprint.com/history/) in the AllStar point standings, despite running a limited schedule due to conflicts with his USAC commitments.
When [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") briefly experimented with winged\-sprint races, Butler won several of these against competition that included regulars from the [AllStar Circuit of Champions](http://www.allstarsprint.com/) and [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws "World of Outlaws").USAC winged\-sprint races typically attracted winged\-sprint car specialists that did not compete at non\-wing USAC races
### Final Season Controversy
For 1993, Butler changed to the Chrisman Racing team hoping to find a new chemistry that could lead to another sprint championship. Butler was consistently running well and, at mid\-season, was again leading the point standings in both the Sprint and Silver Crown divisions.
Butler scored an early Silver Crown win at the Hulman 100 (Indianapolis). This race was Steve's final USAC victory and included a special twist: Butler was forced to perform in\-cockpit diagnosis and repair of a problem that was causing the engine to misfire. At mid\-race, the rough\-running engine was causing Butler to fade back into the pack and was threatening his ability to even finish. However, during a caution period, Butler was able to identify the problem as a faulty ignition switch. He then disconnected the switch and secured the bare wire by tying it off around a hydraulic hose, thereby preventing the exposed strands from shorting out. All this was accomplished on the race track, while driving with one hand and repairing with the other. With full power restored, Butler charged into the lead and defeated Ron Shuman by 10 seconds at the checkered flag.
Unfortunately, Butler's hopes for additional USAC titles were destroyed in July when he was involved in racing accidents in two consecutive races. Officials levied a rare one\-month driving suspension against him, effectively eliminated his championship hopes.
USAC's actions created significant controversy: the club had little precedent for such harsh action against a current champion and points leader; on the other hand Butler had a history of driving aggressively and some thought his risk\-taking style needed to be reigned in. In spite of this controversy—or perhaps because of it—the [Hoosier Auto Racing Fan](http://harf.vpweb.com/HARF-Hall-of-Fame.html) club immediately inducted Butler into its Hall of Fame.
At the end of the season, Butler decided to conclude his racing career and focus on pursuing his future career in electronic systems engineering.
|
[
"Racing career\n-------------",
"### Motorcycle racing",
"Butler launched his amateur bike racing career upon graduating from high school. His first opportunity came when a buddy agreed to let him race an old bike under a lease/purchase agreement. This involved Steve paying $25/week for the machine with earnings from flipping hamburgers after school.",
"Realizing that his meager budget was insufficient to race competitively, Butler prevailed upon a friend to provide (free) transport to/from the races. This allowed Steve to buy tires and other racing essentials. The strategy worked and allowed Butler to begin winning races.",
"In 1976, Butler was able to win the AMA District 15 (Indiana) ½ Mile Flat Track Championship which convinced him to advance to professional motorcycle racing. However, in his first pro season Butler was severely injured during a race at the Onekama, MI ½ mile dirt track. He remained in the hospital for 30 days and spent nine months recovering from his injuries. This was the fourth time in four years that he found himself recovering from fractured bones resulting from motorcycle racing.",
"[thumb\\|right\\| Butler rides to a win in a 1978 pro flat track race at the Greenville (OH) ½ mile](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_104_v3.jpg \"Steve Butler 104 v3.jpg\")",
"In 1978, Butler rebounded from his injuries by winning a pro race at Beaver Dam, WI—his very first event after recovering from the Onekama crash. More than 20 years later, Butler's exploits are recalled in a 2001 [Cycle News](http://www.cyclenews.com/) article featuring racers successful in both motorcycle and automobile racing. This piece placed Butler on a short\\-list of motorcycle/car racers that included legends such as [Joe Leonard](/wiki/Joe_Leonard \"Joe Leonard\"), [Swede Savage](/wiki/Swede_Savage \"Swede Savage\"), and Steve Morehead.",
"Butler began 1979 aboard a [Harley\\-Davidson XR\\-750](/wiki/Harley-Davidson_XR-750 \"Harley-Davidson XR-750\")—famous for both its performance and high maintenance costs. Unfortunately, these costs became prohibitive and Butler had to stop racing mid\\-season due to insufficient finances. At this point, he began attending local sprint car races and became inspired to abandon the unreliable Harley for a new kind of racer.",
"### Early sprint cars",
"If Butler's motorcycle racing was conducted on a “shoe\\-string” budget, his entry into Sprint Car racing was seemingly hopeless—he was attempting to enter an advanced class of auto racing with no money and no prior auto racing experience. He was also nearly 25 years old and the sport was tilting towards very young drivers; in just a few years [Jeff Gordon](/wiki/Jeff_Gordon \"Jeff Gordon\") would begin his own sprint car career at age 13\\. Undaunted, Butler jumped in with both feet by selling all of his race bikes and his transport van (his only personal transportation). When liquidating his assets was insufficient to buy a sprint car, he convinced his future wife, Thomasa Brock, to help him obtain a loan using her own home as collateral. This provided enough money to buy a beat\\-up old Sprint Car.",
"Butler spent the winter of 1980–81 rebuilding the crashed and worn\\-out car in his mom's garage, using only hand tools and a gas\\-welding rig. The lack of sophisticated tools made this work very labor\\-intensive. Butler relied on a dedicated group of friends who volunteered to provide the labor and skills necessary to get the fabrication work done. Steve planned the overall design, performed the engine building, and participated in the fabrication work.",
"As the 1981 season opened, Butler was pouring all available money into the race car and was still without street wheels of any sort. Once again, a friend came to the rescue by offering to tow the race car. Despite these financial problems, Butler was able to win his very first (heat) race. This quick success led to Butler's first big break when Ezra Beachy, a local engine shop owner, offered Butler an engine sponsorship",
"Although the Beachy engine sponsorship was very exciting, Butler's immediate problem was that he was rapidly running out of the money needed for essentials such as race tires and fuel. After only three weeks of racing, it was now uncertain if the team could even make the next race, let alone a full season. The atmosphere was gloomy, within Mom Butler's garage/race shop, when a newspaper delivery kid mentioned that one of his customers was a race fan. Butler immediately followed\\-up on this tip by arranging to meet with Bud Whitacre, a local supermarket owner. This led to $500 for a new set of tires and the beginning of a lifelong relationship.",
"In January 1983, Butler began the year by marrying Thomasa. Unfortunately, the couple could not yet afford a honey\\-moon. This problem was solved, later that year, when Butler won the 1983 Paragon Speedway track championship. Instead of a trophy, track promoter Mike Johnson supplied the couple with a trip to the Bahamas which became their belated honey\\-moon trip.",
"### United States Auto Club Racing",
"#### Debut",
"In 1982, Butler's first [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") appearance was dramatic. On his first qualifying lap, still driving his original home\\-built race car, Butler set a new track record at Bloomington, IN; on the second lap he flipped out of the track. Steve did return to race six USAC races in 1983, posting top\\-three finishes in half of these. However, his primary focus was on winning the 1983 Paragon track championship.",
"##### 1984",
"[thumb\\|right\\| During his rookie USAC season, Butler delivers an upset win over [Steve Kinser](/wiki/Steve_Kinser \"Steve Kinser\") and [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\") at Terra Haute, INButler](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_ActionTrack_84.jpg \"Steve Butler ActionTrack 84.jpg\") mounted his first effort to campaign the full [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") Sprint Car series in 1984\\. He quickly seized national attention by winning his first USAC race on live television. The Jud Larson/Don Branson memorial, held on the high\\-banked ½ mile at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway \"Eldora Speedway\"), was broadcast on ABC's [Wide World of Sports](/wiki/Wide_World_of_Sports_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Wide World of Sports (U.S. TV series)\"). The win was unexpected, as Butler started 10th behind formidable veterans such as [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt \"Jack Hewitt\"), [Sheldon Kinser](/wiki/Sheldon_Kinser \"Sheldon Kinser\"), and Rickey Hood. However, Butler quickly moved through the field to take the lead from Hewitt on the 16th lap to claim his first USAC victory.",
"In June, Steve and Thomasa became parents with the birth of Jennifer. Just two days later, Butler won the annual Kokomo Classic race with both his wife and newborn daughter in attendance.",
"By the end of the year, Butler had won 5 USAC sprint races, one less than eventual series champion Rickey Hood. The most impressive of these was at the flat [Terre Haute Action Track](/wiki/Terre_Haute_Action_Track \"Terre Haute Action Track\") ½ mile; Butler started 7th and then drove past visiting champions [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\") (defending [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") champ) and Steve Kinser (defending [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws \"World of Outlaws\") champ) to earn the win. Butler went on to finish the season 3rd in USAC points.",
"##### 1985",
"In February, Butler started the 1985 season driving in [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona \"Phoenix, Arizona\") (AZ) in a locally owned car. In April, as the Midwest Spring began, he was back in the Whitacre/Beachy sprint car. However, by the end of the year, he had driven for at least 9 different race teams and had advanced to 2nd in the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") sprint championship standings.",
"In August, Butler hooked\\-up with Phil Poor, who had just purchased his first sprint car by way of a bargain\\-priced package. This deal included the car, engine, spares, transport trailer, and even a rusted out Chevy Suburban tow vehicle. Butler and Poor began to win races with the old sprint car even though it had been cast aside—as uncompetitive—by its previous owner. In response, Poor named the under\\-appreciated car “Ol’ Whitey.” This little team was the genesis for many years of racing success, as Butler and Poor went on to win four USAC titles together.",
"Late in the season, Butler joined with the Jarrett racing team to compete in the Springfield Silver Crown race, finishing in the top ten. The new team then finished 2nd in the annual Hoosier Hundred at Indianapolis, nearly winning the race. These performances earned Butler the title of 1985 USAC Silver Crown Rookie of the Year.",
"",
"---",
"#### Championship Years",
"##### 1986",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Butler and Ol' Whitey ride Eldora's cushion to their first USAC championship.](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_Eldora_86.jpg \"Steve Butler Eldora 86.jpg\")\nIn 1986, Ol' Whitey returned as the centerpiece of Phil Poor's small race team. With new sponsorship from [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx), Butler drove the faithful car to a very successful racing season. They won [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") races, [AllStar Circuit of Champions](http://www.allstarsprint.com//) races and posted some top\\-five [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws \"World of Outlaws\") finishes. The team also won many non\\-sanctioned “special” races including the Indiana Sprint Week championship. In September, Butler capped\\-off the year by winning the USAC Sprint Championship.",
"Butler continued to improve in the Silver Crown series and advanced to 2nd in the 1986 championship standings. At [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/), Steve impressed the racing fraternity by nearly winning in his very first attempt to race on pavement. Butler started in 16th and then proceeded to drive into the lead, passing [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") and [Indy 500](/wiki/Indy_500 \"Indy 500\") competitors such as [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\"), [Gary Bettenhausen](/wiki/Gary_Bettenhausen \"Gary Bettenhausen\"), and [Rich Vogler](/wiki/Rich_Vogler \"Rich Vogler\"). Although tire problems dropped him to 2nd at the finish, Butler's race\\-leading performance had grabbed attention.",
"Butler finished the season with a win at [Gas City, IN](http://www.gascityi69speedway.com/). This win came the day after Austin, his new son, was born. As with Jennifer's birth, the Butler's celebrated their new child with a race win.",
"##### 1987",
"In 1987, the team debuted with brand new equipment as [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx) supplied the resources to create a truly professional class race team. The team continued its practice of running a variety of races, while concentrating on the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") Sprint series. A highlight of the year was winning the [Tony Hulman](/wiki/Tony_Hulman \"Tony Hulman\") classic at [Terre Haute Action Track](/wiki/Terre_Haute_Action_Track \"Terre Haute Action Track\") Butler went on to claim his 2nd straight USAC Sprint Championship and was awarded “Driver of the Year” by the Hoosier Auto Racing Fan club.",
"In the Silver Crown series standings Butler had a strong run and scored top\\-five finishes in over half the races. He also continued to show potential as a pavement racer, by finishing top\\-three at both [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) and [Phoenix International Raceway](/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway \"Phoenix International Raceway\"). However, in the point standings he was, for the second year in a row, 2nd behind the tough [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt \"Jack Hewitt\").",
"##### 1988",
"In 1988, Butler became the first driver to win three consecutive [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") sprint championships. Two of these were during a brief period (1987–1990\\) in which USAC added winged dirt races to the traditional mix of pavement and dirt non\\-winged races. This new challenge provided Steve a chance to demonstrate his versatility by winning all three types of races during the 1988 season.",
"[Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway \"Eldora Speedway\"), always a Butler favorite, was the site of great dirt wins. In July, Butler won a USAC winged\\-sprint race at the track. Visiting [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws \"World of Outlaws\") stars such as [Jac Haudenschild](http://www.haudenschildracing.com/), Jimmy Sills, and Brad Doty made this an especially tough win. These drivers were using the USAC race to prepare for Eldora's King's Royal, the track's premier winged\\-sprint car race, scheduled the following weekend. A few months later, Butler also won Eldora's most prestigious non\\-wing sprint race—the annual USAC Four\\-Crown National.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Butler on the gas at the 1988 Springfield Mile en route to his first Silver Crown championship.The](/wiki/File:Butler_Springfield_Mile_88.jpg \"Butler Springfield Mile 88.jpg\") highlight of Butler's season was his dominance of the new pavement races at [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) where he won on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") television and was fastest at the races that he didn’t win outright (due to mechanical misfortune). In the process, Butler pioneered a new style of passing on the banked oval. His spectacular maneuver was dubbed “The Butler Grass\\-Cutter Move” by [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") announcers [Larry Nuber](/wiki/Larry_Nuber \"Larry Nuber\") and [Steve Chassey](/wiki/Steve_Chassey \"Steve Chassey\"). Twenty years later, this technique was cited as an influence by [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") star [Jason Leffler](/wiki/Jason_Leffler \"Jason Leffler\") after his win in the 2007 [Kroger 200](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Busch%29 \"Kroger 200 (Busch)\") at [ORP](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Raceway_Park_at_Indianapolis \"O'Reilly Raceway Park at Indianapolis\").\"NASCAR Racing :Busch Series in Indianapolis.\" ESPN. Time Warner Cable. 28 July 2007\\.",
"In the Silver Crown series, Butler finally defeated [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt \"Jack Hewitt\") to win the championship. This achievement highlighted Butler's technical capabilities as he was *chief mechanic*, as well as driver, on the winning Jarrett Farms race car.",
"##### 1989",
"[thumb\\|right\\|In his only Indy Car appearance Butler showed impressive speed until a crash destroyed the car and broke his shoulder.](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_Indy_89_2.jpg \"Steve Butler Indy 89 2.jpg\") Butler did not defend his [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") titles in 1989 due to his bid to enter [Indy Car](/wiki/American_Championship_Car_Racing \"American Championship Car Racing\") racing and compete in the [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 \"Indianapolis 500\"). Driving a [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx)\\-owned Lola/Cosworth, Butler established himself as a top rookie contender by posting the fastest speed (214\\.246 mph) achieved during the mandatory rookie orientation testing. At the conclusion of the 2nd day of official race practice, Steve was surprised to find himself with speeds among the top veteran drivers. This performance generated considerable excitement, given that Butler had never before raced an Indy Car and was considered a “dirt track” racer. Unfortunately, Butler's fortunes reversed quickly when he crashed heavily, destroyed the car, and suffered a broken right shoulder.",
"In June, after recovering from the broken shoulder, Butler returned to sprint car racing and soon resumed winning races. Unfortunately, in August he was again injured, this time breaking his left shoulder in a sprint car accident. However, Butler missed only one race weekend during his recovery. He made good use of the break by joining [Larry Nuber](/wiki/Larry_Nuber \"Larry Nuber\"), in the [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") TV announcer's booth, to call the USAC sprint car action at [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/).",
"##### 1990",
"In 1990, Steve returned to USAC racing full\\-time trying for a record 4th [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") Sprint Car championship. He began the season driving the Aristocrat \\#2 and won two races, including another [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") television race at [Winchester Speedway](http://www.winchesterspeedway.com/). At mid\\-season he changed rides to the Hoffman \\#69\\. The team enjoyed quick success, setting fast qualifying time six\\-times and setting track records and winning races. This performance secured the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") Sprint Car championship.",
"The highlight of Butler's Silver Crown season was a dramatic win at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway \"Eldora Speedway\"), where he narrowly defeated [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt \"Jack Hewitt\"). The pair battled the entire race, exchanging the lead many times. Their duel set a blistering pace and forced Butler to establish a new 50\\-lap track record that stood for many years after his retirement",
"##### 1991",
"The 1991 season was bittersweet for the Hoffman/Butler alliance. The team continued to excel at raw speed; it set the most fast qualifying times and won the most [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") sprint car races. The team also won the majority of the live\\-television races on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\"), including wins on the notorious hi\\-banks at [Salem Speedway](/wiki/Salem_Speedway \"Salem Speedway\") and at [Indianapolis Raceway Park.](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) Despite being the winningest team on the USAC circuit, they finished third in the series point standings after a string of mechanical problems caused inconsistent finishes.",
"##### 1992",
"The highlight of Butler's 1992 [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") season was winning his 2nd Silver Crown championship. This championship run was the most dramatic of Butler's career. Coming into the season's final race, at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway \"Eldora Speedway\"), Butler was well behind point\\-leader Jeff Swindell. With only a slim chance at the championship, Butler had to win; 2nd place had no mathematical chance. He improved his chances by setting the fastest qualifying speed and earning the pole starting position. During the race, Butler and points\\-leader Jeff Swindell traded the lead and battled for advantage. In the final laps, Butler was able to prevail for the win, but did not know the championship outcome. Only after points were tallied, did he learn that he had won the championship. Butler attributes much of this success to the return of Phil Poor, his former mechanic on the Stoops sprint car team. Although the pair had not worked together since 1989, winning the Silver Crown championship proved that they still had the right “chemistry.”",
"In the sprint car division, the Butler/Hoffman team struggled through a difficult season marred by crashes and mechanical problems. In between these problems, Butler won at [Winchester Speedway](http://www.winchesterspeedway.com/) after battling with future [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") star [Tony Stewart](/wiki/Tony_Stewart \"Tony Stewart\"). Steve would eventually finish the year second in the championship standings. This was Butler's eighth, and final, season to run the full USAC sprint schedule,Although Butler competed in USAC from 1982 to 1993, he did not run the full USAC sprint schedule during four of these years, due to other obligations: 1982, debut USAC race only; 1983, focus on Paragon Championship; 1989, Indy Car entry and injuries; 1993, USAC Suspension during these years, he won four championships and was never below the top\\-three in championship points.",
"### Wings",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Butler won in both winged\\-sprint cars and in the non\\-winged formula preferred by USAC](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_Wing_88.jpg \"Steve Butler Wing 88.jpg\")\nButler was known primarily for his success in non\\-winged USAC racing, however he also performed well in the winged\\-sprint cars. Steve occasionally raced with winged\\-sprint specialists such as the [AllStar Circuit of Champions](http://www.allstarsprint.com/)(Allstars) and [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws \"World of Outlaws\") and was very competitive. He won six races with the Allstars and, in 1987, finished top\\-ten [87 Allstar Point Standings](http://www.allstarsprint.com/history/) in the AllStar point standings, despite running a limited schedule due to conflicts with his USAC commitments.",
"",
"When [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") briefly experimented with winged\\-sprint races, Butler won several of these against competition that included regulars from the [AllStar Circuit of Champions](http://www.allstarsprint.com/) and [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws \"World of Outlaws\").USAC winged\\-sprint races typically attracted winged\\-sprint car specialists that did not compete at non\\-wing USAC races",
"### Final Season Controversy",
"For 1993, Butler changed to the Chrisman Racing team hoping to find a new chemistry that could lead to another sprint championship. Butler was consistently running well and, at mid\\-season, was again leading the point standings in both the Sprint and Silver Crown divisions.",
"Butler scored an early Silver Crown win at the Hulman 100 (Indianapolis). This race was Steve's final USAC victory and included a special twist: Butler was forced to perform in\\-cockpit diagnosis and repair of a problem that was causing the engine to misfire. At mid\\-race, the rough\\-running engine was causing Butler to fade back into the pack and was threatening his ability to even finish. However, during a caution period, Butler was able to identify the problem as a faulty ignition switch. He then disconnected the switch and secured the bare wire by tying it off around a hydraulic hose, thereby preventing the exposed strands from shorting out. All this was accomplished on the race track, while driving with one hand and repairing with the other. With full power restored, Butler charged into the lead and defeated Ron Shuman by 10 seconds at the checkered flag.",
"Unfortunately, Butler's hopes for additional USAC titles were destroyed in July when he was involved in racing accidents in two consecutive races. Officials levied a rare one\\-month driving suspension against him, effectively eliminated his championship hopes.",
"USAC's actions created significant controversy: the club had little precedent for such harsh action against a current champion and points leader; on the other hand Butler had a history of driving aggressively and some thought his risk\\-taking style needed to be reigned in. In spite of this controversy—or perhaps because of it—the [Hoosier Auto Racing Fan](http://harf.vpweb.com/HARF-Hall-of-Fame.html) club immediately inducted Butler into its Hall of Fame.",
"At the end of the season, Butler decided to conclude his racing career and focus on pursuing his future career in electronic systems engineering.",
""
] |
### Motorcycle racing
Butler launched his amateur bike racing career upon graduating from high school. His first opportunity came when a buddy agreed to let him race an old bike under a lease/purchase agreement. This involved Steve paying $25/week for the machine with earnings from flipping hamburgers after school.
Realizing that his meager budget was insufficient to race competitively, Butler prevailed upon a friend to provide (free) transport to/from the races. This allowed Steve to buy tires and other racing essentials. The strategy worked and allowed Butler to begin winning races.
In 1976, Butler was able to win the AMA District 15 (Indiana) ½ Mile Flat Track Championship which convinced him to advance to professional motorcycle racing. However, in his first pro season Butler was severely injured during a race at the Onekama, MI ½ mile dirt track. He remained in the hospital for 30 days and spent nine months recovering from his injuries. This was the fourth time in four years that he found himself recovering from fractured bones resulting from motorcycle racing.
[thumb\|right\| Butler rides to a win in a 1978 pro flat track race at the Greenville (OH) ½ mile](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_104_v3.jpg "Steve Butler 104 v3.jpg")
In 1978, Butler rebounded from his injuries by winning a pro race at Beaver Dam, WI—his very first event after recovering from the Onekama crash. More than 20 years later, Butler's exploits are recalled in a 2001 [Cycle News](http://www.cyclenews.com/) article featuring racers successful in both motorcycle and automobile racing. This piece placed Butler on a short\-list of motorcycle/car racers that included legends such as [Joe Leonard](/wiki/Joe_Leonard "Joe Leonard"), [Swede Savage](/wiki/Swede_Savage "Swede Savage"), and Steve Morehead.
Butler began 1979 aboard a [Harley\-Davidson XR\-750](/wiki/Harley-Davidson_XR-750 "Harley-Davidson XR-750")—famous for both its performance and high maintenance costs. Unfortunately, these costs became prohibitive and Butler had to stop racing mid\-season due to insufficient finances. At this point, he began attending local sprint car races and became inspired to abandon the unreliable Harley for a new kind of racer.
|
[
"### Motorcycle racing",
"Butler launched his amateur bike racing career upon graduating from high school. His first opportunity came when a buddy agreed to let him race an old bike under a lease/purchase agreement. This involved Steve paying $25/week for the machine with earnings from flipping hamburgers after school.",
"Realizing that his meager budget was insufficient to race competitively, Butler prevailed upon a friend to provide (free) transport to/from the races. This allowed Steve to buy tires and other racing essentials. The strategy worked and allowed Butler to begin winning races.",
"In 1976, Butler was able to win the AMA District 15 (Indiana) ½ Mile Flat Track Championship which convinced him to advance to professional motorcycle racing. However, in his first pro season Butler was severely injured during a race at the Onekama, MI ½ mile dirt track. He remained in the hospital for 30 days and spent nine months recovering from his injuries. This was the fourth time in four years that he found himself recovering from fractured bones resulting from motorcycle racing.",
"[thumb\\|right\\| Butler rides to a win in a 1978 pro flat track race at the Greenville (OH) ½ mile](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_104_v3.jpg \"Steve Butler 104 v3.jpg\")",
"In 1978, Butler rebounded from his injuries by winning a pro race at Beaver Dam, WI—his very first event after recovering from the Onekama crash. More than 20 years later, Butler's exploits are recalled in a 2001 [Cycle News](http://www.cyclenews.com/) article featuring racers successful in both motorcycle and automobile racing. This piece placed Butler on a short\\-list of motorcycle/car racers that included legends such as [Joe Leonard](/wiki/Joe_Leonard \"Joe Leonard\"), [Swede Savage](/wiki/Swede_Savage \"Swede Savage\"), and Steve Morehead.",
"Butler began 1979 aboard a [Harley\\-Davidson XR\\-750](/wiki/Harley-Davidson_XR-750 \"Harley-Davidson XR-750\")—famous for both its performance and high maintenance costs. Unfortunately, these costs became prohibitive and Butler had to stop racing mid\\-season due to insufficient finances. At this point, he began attending local sprint car races and became inspired to abandon the unreliable Harley for a new kind of racer.",
""
] |
### United States Auto Club Racing
#### Debut
In 1982, Butler's first [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") appearance was dramatic. On his first qualifying lap, still driving his original home\-built race car, Butler set a new track record at Bloomington, IN; on the second lap he flipped out of the track. Steve did return to race six USAC races in 1983, posting top\-three finishes in half of these. However, his primary focus was on winning the 1983 Paragon track championship.
##### 1984
[thumb\|right\| During his rookie USAC season, Butler delivers an upset win over [Steve Kinser](/wiki/Steve_Kinser "Steve Kinser") and [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader") at Terra Haute, INButler](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_ActionTrack_84.jpg "Steve Butler ActionTrack 84.jpg") mounted his first effort to campaign the full [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") Sprint Car series in 1984\. He quickly seized national attention by winning his first USAC race on live television. The Jud Larson/Don Branson memorial, held on the high\-banked ½ mile at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway "Eldora Speedway"), was broadcast on ABC's [Wide World of Sports](/wiki/Wide_World_of_Sports_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Wide World of Sports (U.S. TV series)"). The win was unexpected, as Butler started 10th behind formidable veterans such as [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt "Jack Hewitt"), [Sheldon Kinser](/wiki/Sheldon_Kinser "Sheldon Kinser"), and Rickey Hood. However, Butler quickly moved through the field to take the lead from Hewitt on the 16th lap to claim his first USAC victory.
In June, Steve and Thomasa became parents with the birth of Jennifer. Just two days later, Butler won the annual Kokomo Classic race with both his wife and newborn daughter in attendance.
By the end of the year, Butler had won 5 USAC sprint races, one less than eventual series champion Rickey Hood. The most impressive of these was at the flat [Terre Haute Action Track](/wiki/Terre_Haute_Action_Track "Terre Haute Action Track") ½ mile; Butler started 7th and then drove past visiting champions [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader") (defending [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") champ) and Steve Kinser (defending [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws "World of Outlaws") champ) to earn the win. Butler went on to finish the season 3rd in USAC points.
##### 1985
In February, Butler started the 1985 season driving in [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona "Phoenix, Arizona") (AZ) in a locally owned car. In April, as the Midwest Spring began, he was back in the Whitacre/Beachy sprint car. However, by the end of the year, he had driven for at least 9 different race teams and had advanced to 2nd in the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") sprint championship standings.
In August, Butler hooked\-up with Phil Poor, who had just purchased his first sprint car by way of a bargain\-priced package. This deal included the car, engine, spares, transport trailer, and even a rusted out Chevy Suburban tow vehicle. Butler and Poor began to win races with the old sprint car even though it had been cast aside—as uncompetitive—by its previous owner. In response, Poor named the under\-appreciated car “Ol’ Whitey.” This little team was the genesis for many years of racing success, as Butler and Poor went on to win four USAC titles together.
Late in the season, Butler joined with the Jarrett racing team to compete in the Springfield Silver Crown race, finishing in the top ten. The new team then finished 2nd in the annual Hoosier Hundred at Indianapolis, nearly winning the race. These performances earned Butler the title of 1985 USAC Silver Crown Rookie of the Year.
---
#### Championship Years
##### 1986
[thumb\|right\|Butler and Ol' Whitey ride Eldora's cushion to their first USAC championship.](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_Eldora_86.jpg "Steve Butler Eldora 86.jpg")
In 1986, Ol' Whitey returned as the centerpiece of Phil Poor's small race team. With new sponsorship from [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx), Butler drove the faithful car to a very successful racing season. They won [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") races, [AllStar Circuit of Champions](http://www.allstarsprint.com//) races and posted some top\-five [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws "World of Outlaws") finishes. The team also won many non\-sanctioned “special” races including the Indiana Sprint Week championship. In September, Butler capped\-off the year by winning the USAC Sprint Championship.
Butler continued to improve in the Silver Crown series and advanced to 2nd in the 1986 championship standings. At [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/), Steve impressed the racing fraternity by nearly winning in his very first attempt to race on pavement. Butler started in 16th and then proceeded to drive into the lead, passing [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") and [Indy 500](/wiki/Indy_500 "Indy 500") competitors such as [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader"), [Gary Bettenhausen](/wiki/Gary_Bettenhausen "Gary Bettenhausen"), and [Rich Vogler](/wiki/Rich_Vogler "Rich Vogler"). Although tire problems dropped him to 2nd at the finish, Butler's race\-leading performance had grabbed attention.
Butler finished the season with a win at [Gas City, IN](http://www.gascityi69speedway.com/). This win came the day after Austin, his new son, was born. As with Jennifer's birth, the Butler's celebrated their new child with a race win.
##### 1987
In 1987, the team debuted with brand new equipment as [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx) supplied the resources to create a truly professional class race team. The team continued its practice of running a variety of races, while concentrating on the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") Sprint series. A highlight of the year was winning the [Tony Hulman](/wiki/Tony_Hulman "Tony Hulman") classic at [Terre Haute Action Track](/wiki/Terre_Haute_Action_Track "Terre Haute Action Track") Butler went on to claim his 2nd straight USAC Sprint Championship and was awarded “Driver of the Year” by the Hoosier Auto Racing Fan club.
In the Silver Crown series standings Butler had a strong run and scored top\-five finishes in over half the races. He also continued to show potential as a pavement racer, by finishing top\-three at both [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) and [Phoenix International Raceway](/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway "Phoenix International Raceway"). However, in the point standings he was, for the second year in a row, 2nd behind the tough [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt "Jack Hewitt").
##### 1988
In 1988, Butler became the first driver to win three consecutive [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") sprint championships. Two of these were during a brief period (1987–1990\) in which USAC added winged dirt races to the traditional mix of pavement and dirt non\-winged races. This new challenge provided Steve a chance to demonstrate his versatility by winning all three types of races during the 1988 season.
[Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway "Eldora Speedway"), always a Butler favorite, was the site of great dirt wins. In July, Butler won a USAC winged\-sprint race at the track. Visiting [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws "World of Outlaws") stars such as [Jac Haudenschild](http://www.haudenschildracing.com/), Jimmy Sills, and Brad Doty made this an especially tough win. These drivers were using the USAC race to prepare for Eldora's King's Royal, the track's premier winged\-sprint car race, scheduled the following weekend. A few months later, Butler also won Eldora's most prestigious non\-wing sprint race—the annual USAC Four\-Crown National.
[thumb\|right\|Butler on the gas at the 1988 Springfield Mile en route to his first Silver Crown championship.The](/wiki/File:Butler_Springfield_Mile_88.jpg "Butler Springfield Mile 88.jpg") highlight of Butler's season was his dominance of the new pavement races at [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) where he won on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") television and was fastest at the races that he didn’t win outright (due to mechanical misfortune). In the process, Butler pioneered a new style of passing on the banked oval. His spectacular maneuver was dubbed “The Butler Grass\-Cutter Move” by [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") announcers [Larry Nuber](/wiki/Larry_Nuber "Larry Nuber") and [Steve Chassey](/wiki/Steve_Chassey "Steve Chassey"). Twenty years later, this technique was cited as an influence by [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") star [Jason Leffler](/wiki/Jason_Leffler "Jason Leffler") after his win in the 2007 [Kroger 200](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Busch%29 "Kroger 200 (Busch)") at [ORP](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Raceway_Park_at_Indianapolis "O'Reilly Raceway Park at Indianapolis")."NASCAR Racing :Busch Series in Indianapolis." ESPN. Time Warner Cable. 28 July 2007\.
In the Silver Crown series, Butler finally defeated [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt "Jack Hewitt") to win the championship. This achievement highlighted Butler's technical capabilities as he was *chief mechanic*, as well as driver, on the winning Jarrett Farms race car.
##### 1989
[thumb\|right\|In his only Indy Car appearance Butler showed impressive speed until a crash destroyed the car and broke his shoulder.](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_Indy_89_2.jpg "Steve Butler Indy 89 2.jpg") Butler did not defend his [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") titles in 1989 due to his bid to enter [Indy Car](/wiki/American_Championship_Car_Racing "American Championship Car Racing") racing and compete in the [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 "Indianapolis 500"). Driving a [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx)\-owned Lola/Cosworth, Butler established himself as a top rookie contender by posting the fastest speed (214\.246 mph) achieved during the mandatory rookie orientation testing. At the conclusion of the 2nd day of official race practice, Steve was surprised to find himself with speeds among the top veteran drivers. This performance generated considerable excitement, given that Butler had never before raced an Indy Car and was considered a “dirt track” racer. Unfortunately, Butler's fortunes reversed quickly when he crashed heavily, destroyed the car, and suffered a broken right shoulder.
In June, after recovering from the broken shoulder, Butler returned to sprint car racing and soon resumed winning races. Unfortunately, in August he was again injured, this time breaking his left shoulder in a sprint car accident. However, Butler missed only one race weekend during his recovery. He made good use of the break by joining [Larry Nuber](/wiki/Larry_Nuber "Larry Nuber"), in the [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") TV announcer's booth, to call the USAC sprint car action at [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/).
##### 1990
In 1990, Steve returned to USAC racing full\-time trying for a record 4th [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") Sprint Car championship. He began the season driving the Aristocrat \#2 and won two races, including another [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") television race at [Winchester Speedway](http://www.winchesterspeedway.com/). At mid\-season he changed rides to the Hoffman \#69\. The team enjoyed quick success, setting fast qualifying time six\-times and setting track records and winning races. This performance secured the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") Sprint Car championship.
The highlight of Butler's Silver Crown season was a dramatic win at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway "Eldora Speedway"), where he narrowly defeated [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt "Jack Hewitt"). The pair battled the entire race, exchanging the lead many times. Their duel set a blistering pace and forced Butler to establish a new 50\-lap track record that stood for many years after his retirement
##### 1991
The 1991 season was bittersweet for the Hoffman/Butler alliance. The team continued to excel at raw speed; it set the most fast qualifying times and won the most [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") sprint car races. The team also won the majority of the live\-television races on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN"), including wins on the notorious hi\-banks at [Salem Speedway](/wiki/Salem_Speedway "Salem Speedway") and at [Indianapolis Raceway Park.](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) Despite being the winningest team on the USAC circuit, they finished third in the series point standings after a string of mechanical problems caused inconsistent finishes.
##### 1992
The highlight of Butler's 1992 [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") season was winning his 2nd Silver Crown championship. This championship run was the most dramatic of Butler's career. Coming into the season's final race, at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway "Eldora Speedway"), Butler was well behind point\-leader Jeff Swindell. With only a slim chance at the championship, Butler had to win; 2nd place had no mathematical chance. He improved his chances by setting the fastest qualifying speed and earning the pole starting position. During the race, Butler and points\-leader Jeff Swindell traded the lead and battled for advantage. In the final laps, Butler was able to prevail for the win, but did not know the championship outcome. Only after points were tallied, did he learn that he had won the championship. Butler attributes much of this success to the return of Phil Poor, his former mechanic on the Stoops sprint car team. Although the pair had not worked together since 1989, winning the Silver Crown championship proved that they still had the right “chemistry.”
In the sprint car division, the Butler/Hoffman team struggled through a difficult season marred by crashes and mechanical problems. In between these problems, Butler won at [Winchester Speedway](http://www.winchesterspeedway.com/) after battling with future [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") star [Tony Stewart](/wiki/Tony_Stewart "Tony Stewart"). Steve would eventually finish the year second in the championship standings. This was Butler's eighth, and final, season to run the full USAC sprint schedule,Although Butler competed in USAC from 1982 to 1993, he did not run the full USAC sprint schedule during four of these years, due to other obligations: 1982, debut USAC race only; 1983, focus on Paragon Championship; 1989, Indy Car entry and injuries; 1993, USAC Suspension during these years, he won four championships and was never below the top\-three in championship points.
|
[
"### United States Auto Club Racing",
"#### Debut",
"In 1982, Butler's first [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") appearance was dramatic. On his first qualifying lap, still driving his original home\\-built race car, Butler set a new track record at Bloomington, IN; on the second lap he flipped out of the track. Steve did return to race six USAC races in 1983, posting top\\-three finishes in half of these. However, his primary focus was on winning the 1983 Paragon track championship.",
"##### 1984",
"[thumb\\|right\\| During his rookie USAC season, Butler delivers an upset win over [Steve Kinser](/wiki/Steve_Kinser \"Steve Kinser\") and [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\") at Terra Haute, INButler](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_ActionTrack_84.jpg \"Steve Butler ActionTrack 84.jpg\") mounted his first effort to campaign the full [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") Sprint Car series in 1984\\. He quickly seized national attention by winning his first USAC race on live television. The Jud Larson/Don Branson memorial, held on the high\\-banked ½ mile at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway \"Eldora Speedway\"), was broadcast on ABC's [Wide World of Sports](/wiki/Wide_World_of_Sports_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Wide World of Sports (U.S. TV series)\"). The win was unexpected, as Butler started 10th behind formidable veterans such as [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt \"Jack Hewitt\"), [Sheldon Kinser](/wiki/Sheldon_Kinser \"Sheldon Kinser\"), and Rickey Hood. However, Butler quickly moved through the field to take the lead from Hewitt on the 16th lap to claim his first USAC victory.",
"In June, Steve and Thomasa became parents with the birth of Jennifer. Just two days later, Butler won the annual Kokomo Classic race with both his wife and newborn daughter in attendance.",
"By the end of the year, Butler had won 5 USAC sprint races, one less than eventual series champion Rickey Hood. The most impressive of these was at the flat [Terre Haute Action Track](/wiki/Terre_Haute_Action_Track \"Terre Haute Action Track\") ½ mile; Butler started 7th and then drove past visiting champions [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\") (defending [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") champ) and Steve Kinser (defending [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws \"World of Outlaws\") champ) to earn the win. Butler went on to finish the season 3rd in USAC points.",
"##### 1985",
"In February, Butler started the 1985 season driving in [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona \"Phoenix, Arizona\") (AZ) in a locally owned car. In April, as the Midwest Spring began, he was back in the Whitacre/Beachy sprint car. However, by the end of the year, he had driven for at least 9 different race teams and had advanced to 2nd in the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") sprint championship standings.",
"In August, Butler hooked\\-up with Phil Poor, who had just purchased his first sprint car by way of a bargain\\-priced package. This deal included the car, engine, spares, transport trailer, and even a rusted out Chevy Suburban tow vehicle. Butler and Poor began to win races with the old sprint car even though it had been cast aside—as uncompetitive—by its previous owner. In response, Poor named the under\\-appreciated car “Ol’ Whitey.” This little team was the genesis for many years of racing success, as Butler and Poor went on to win four USAC titles together.",
"Late in the season, Butler joined with the Jarrett racing team to compete in the Springfield Silver Crown race, finishing in the top ten. The new team then finished 2nd in the annual Hoosier Hundred at Indianapolis, nearly winning the race. These performances earned Butler the title of 1985 USAC Silver Crown Rookie of the Year.",
"",
"---",
"#### Championship Years",
"##### 1986",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Butler and Ol' Whitey ride Eldora's cushion to their first USAC championship.](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_Eldora_86.jpg \"Steve Butler Eldora 86.jpg\")\nIn 1986, Ol' Whitey returned as the centerpiece of Phil Poor's small race team. With new sponsorship from [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx), Butler drove the faithful car to a very successful racing season. They won [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") races, [AllStar Circuit of Champions](http://www.allstarsprint.com//) races and posted some top\\-five [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws \"World of Outlaws\") finishes. The team also won many non\\-sanctioned “special” races including the Indiana Sprint Week championship. In September, Butler capped\\-off the year by winning the USAC Sprint Championship.",
"Butler continued to improve in the Silver Crown series and advanced to 2nd in the 1986 championship standings. At [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/), Steve impressed the racing fraternity by nearly winning in his very first attempt to race on pavement. Butler started in 16th and then proceeded to drive into the lead, passing [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") and [Indy 500](/wiki/Indy_500 \"Indy 500\") competitors such as [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\"), [Gary Bettenhausen](/wiki/Gary_Bettenhausen \"Gary Bettenhausen\"), and [Rich Vogler](/wiki/Rich_Vogler \"Rich Vogler\"). Although tire problems dropped him to 2nd at the finish, Butler's race\\-leading performance had grabbed attention.",
"Butler finished the season with a win at [Gas City, IN](http://www.gascityi69speedway.com/). This win came the day after Austin, his new son, was born. As with Jennifer's birth, the Butler's celebrated their new child with a race win.",
"##### 1987",
"In 1987, the team debuted with brand new equipment as [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx) supplied the resources to create a truly professional class race team. The team continued its practice of running a variety of races, while concentrating on the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") Sprint series. A highlight of the year was winning the [Tony Hulman](/wiki/Tony_Hulman \"Tony Hulman\") classic at [Terre Haute Action Track](/wiki/Terre_Haute_Action_Track \"Terre Haute Action Track\") Butler went on to claim his 2nd straight USAC Sprint Championship and was awarded “Driver of the Year” by the Hoosier Auto Racing Fan club.",
"In the Silver Crown series standings Butler had a strong run and scored top\\-five finishes in over half the races. He also continued to show potential as a pavement racer, by finishing top\\-three at both [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) and [Phoenix International Raceway](/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway \"Phoenix International Raceway\"). However, in the point standings he was, for the second year in a row, 2nd behind the tough [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt \"Jack Hewitt\").",
"##### 1988",
"In 1988, Butler became the first driver to win three consecutive [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") sprint championships. Two of these were during a brief period (1987–1990\\) in which USAC added winged dirt races to the traditional mix of pavement and dirt non\\-winged races. This new challenge provided Steve a chance to demonstrate his versatility by winning all three types of races during the 1988 season.",
"[Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway \"Eldora Speedway\"), always a Butler favorite, was the site of great dirt wins. In July, Butler won a USAC winged\\-sprint race at the track. Visiting [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws \"World of Outlaws\") stars such as [Jac Haudenschild](http://www.haudenschildracing.com/), Jimmy Sills, and Brad Doty made this an especially tough win. These drivers were using the USAC race to prepare for Eldora's King's Royal, the track's premier winged\\-sprint car race, scheduled the following weekend. A few months later, Butler also won Eldora's most prestigious non\\-wing sprint race—the annual USAC Four\\-Crown National.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Butler on the gas at the 1988 Springfield Mile en route to his first Silver Crown championship.The](/wiki/File:Butler_Springfield_Mile_88.jpg \"Butler Springfield Mile 88.jpg\") highlight of Butler's season was his dominance of the new pavement races at [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) where he won on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") television and was fastest at the races that he didn’t win outright (due to mechanical misfortune). In the process, Butler pioneered a new style of passing on the banked oval. His spectacular maneuver was dubbed “The Butler Grass\\-Cutter Move” by [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") announcers [Larry Nuber](/wiki/Larry_Nuber \"Larry Nuber\") and [Steve Chassey](/wiki/Steve_Chassey \"Steve Chassey\"). Twenty years later, this technique was cited as an influence by [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") star [Jason Leffler](/wiki/Jason_Leffler \"Jason Leffler\") after his win in the 2007 [Kroger 200](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Busch%29 \"Kroger 200 (Busch)\") at [ORP](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Raceway_Park_at_Indianapolis \"O'Reilly Raceway Park at Indianapolis\").\"NASCAR Racing :Busch Series in Indianapolis.\" ESPN. Time Warner Cable. 28 July 2007\\.",
"In the Silver Crown series, Butler finally defeated [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt \"Jack Hewitt\") to win the championship. This achievement highlighted Butler's technical capabilities as he was *chief mechanic*, as well as driver, on the winning Jarrett Farms race car.",
"##### 1989",
"[thumb\\|right\\|In his only Indy Car appearance Butler showed impressive speed until a crash destroyed the car and broke his shoulder.](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_Indy_89_2.jpg \"Steve Butler Indy 89 2.jpg\") Butler did not defend his [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") titles in 1989 due to his bid to enter [Indy Car](/wiki/American_Championship_Car_Racing \"American Championship Car Racing\") racing and compete in the [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 \"Indianapolis 500\"). Driving a [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx)\\-owned Lola/Cosworth, Butler established himself as a top rookie contender by posting the fastest speed (214\\.246 mph) achieved during the mandatory rookie orientation testing. At the conclusion of the 2nd day of official race practice, Steve was surprised to find himself with speeds among the top veteran drivers. This performance generated considerable excitement, given that Butler had never before raced an Indy Car and was considered a “dirt track” racer. Unfortunately, Butler's fortunes reversed quickly when he crashed heavily, destroyed the car, and suffered a broken right shoulder.",
"In June, after recovering from the broken shoulder, Butler returned to sprint car racing and soon resumed winning races. Unfortunately, in August he was again injured, this time breaking his left shoulder in a sprint car accident. However, Butler missed only one race weekend during his recovery. He made good use of the break by joining [Larry Nuber](/wiki/Larry_Nuber \"Larry Nuber\"), in the [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") TV announcer's booth, to call the USAC sprint car action at [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/).",
"##### 1990",
"In 1990, Steve returned to USAC racing full\\-time trying for a record 4th [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") Sprint Car championship. He began the season driving the Aristocrat \\#2 and won two races, including another [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") television race at [Winchester Speedway](http://www.winchesterspeedway.com/). At mid\\-season he changed rides to the Hoffman \\#69\\. The team enjoyed quick success, setting fast qualifying time six\\-times and setting track records and winning races. This performance secured the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") Sprint Car championship.",
"The highlight of Butler's Silver Crown season was a dramatic win at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway \"Eldora Speedway\"), where he narrowly defeated [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt \"Jack Hewitt\"). The pair battled the entire race, exchanging the lead many times. Their duel set a blistering pace and forced Butler to establish a new 50\\-lap track record that stood for many years after his retirement",
"##### 1991",
"The 1991 season was bittersweet for the Hoffman/Butler alliance. The team continued to excel at raw speed; it set the most fast qualifying times and won the most [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") sprint car races. The team also won the majority of the live\\-television races on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\"), including wins on the notorious hi\\-banks at [Salem Speedway](/wiki/Salem_Speedway \"Salem Speedway\") and at [Indianapolis Raceway Park.](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) Despite being the winningest team on the USAC circuit, they finished third in the series point standings after a string of mechanical problems caused inconsistent finishes.",
"##### 1992",
"The highlight of Butler's 1992 [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") season was winning his 2nd Silver Crown championship. This championship run was the most dramatic of Butler's career. Coming into the season's final race, at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway \"Eldora Speedway\"), Butler was well behind point\\-leader Jeff Swindell. With only a slim chance at the championship, Butler had to win; 2nd place had no mathematical chance. He improved his chances by setting the fastest qualifying speed and earning the pole starting position. During the race, Butler and points\\-leader Jeff Swindell traded the lead and battled for advantage. In the final laps, Butler was able to prevail for the win, but did not know the championship outcome. Only after points were tallied, did he learn that he had won the championship. Butler attributes much of this success to the return of Phil Poor, his former mechanic on the Stoops sprint car team. Although the pair had not worked together since 1989, winning the Silver Crown championship proved that they still had the right “chemistry.”",
"In the sprint car division, the Butler/Hoffman team struggled through a difficult season marred by crashes and mechanical problems. In between these problems, Butler won at [Winchester Speedway](http://www.winchesterspeedway.com/) after battling with future [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") star [Tony Stewart](/wiki/Tony_Stewart \"Tony Stewart\"). Steve would eventually finish the year second in the championship standings. This was Butler's eighth, and final, season to run the full USAC sprint schedule,Although Butler competed in USAC from 1982 to 1993, he did not run the full USAC sprint schedule during four of these years, due to other obligations: 1982, debut USAC race only; 1983, focus on Paragon Championship; 1989, Indy Car entry and injuries; 1993, USAC Suspension during these years, he won four championships and was never below the top\\-three in championship points.",
""
] |
#### Debut
In 1982, Butler's first [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") appearance was dramatic. On his first qualifying lap, still driving his original home\-built race car, Butler set a new track record at Bloomington, IN; on the second lap he flipped out of the track. Steve did return to race six USAC races in 1983, posting top\-three finishes in half of these. However, his primary focus was on winning the 1983 Paragon track championship.
##### 1984
[thumb\|right\| During his rookie USAC season, Butler delivers an upset win over [Steve Kinser](/wiki/Steve_Kinser "Steve Kinser") and [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader") at Terra Haute, INButler](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_ActionTrack_84.jpg "Steve Butler ActionTrack 84.jpg") mounted his first effort to campaign the full [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") Sprint Car series in 1984\. He quickly seized national attention by winning his first USAC race on live television. The Jud Larson/Don Branson memorial, held on the high\-banked ½ mile at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway "Eldora Speedway"), was broadcast on ABC's [Wide World of Sports](/wiki/Wide_World_of_Sports_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Wide World of Sports (U.S. TV series)"). The win was unexpected, as Butler started 10th behind formidable veterans such as [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt "Jack Hewitt"), [Sheldon Kinser](/wiki/Sheldon_Kinser "Sheldon Kinser"), and Rickey Hood. However, Butler quickly moved through the field to take the lead from Hewitt on the 16th lap to claim his first USAC victory.
In June, Steve and Thomasa became parents with the birth of Jennifer. Just two days later, Butler won the annual Kokomo Classic race with both his wife and newborn daughter in attendance.
By the end of the year, Butler had won 5 USAC sprint races, one less than eventual series champion Rickey Hood. The most impressive of these was at the flat [Terre Haute Action Track](/wiki/Terre_Haute_Action_Track "Terre Haute Action Track") ½ mile; Butler started 7th and then drove past visiting champions [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader") (defending [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") champ) and Steve Kinser (defending [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws "World of Outlaws") champ) to earn the win. Butler went on to finish the season 3rd in USAC points.
##### 1985
In February, Butler started the 1985 season driving in [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona "Phoenix, Arizona") (AZ) in a locally owned car. In April, as the Midwest Spring began, he was back in the Whitacre/Beachy sprint car. However, by the end of the year, he had driven for at least 9 different race teams and had advanced to 2nd in the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") sprint championship standings.
In August, Butler hooked\-up with Phil Poor, who had just purchased his first sprint car by way of a bargain\-priced package. This deal included the car, engine, spares, transport trailer, and even a rusted out Chevy Suburban tow vehicle. Butler and Poor began to win races with the old sprint car even though it had been cast aside—as uncompetitive—by its previous owner. In response, Poor named the under\-appreciated car “Ol’ Whitey.” This little team was the genesis for many years of racing success, as Butler and Poor went on to win four USAC titles together.
Late in the season, Butler joined with the Jarrett racing team to compete in the Springfield Silver Crown race, finishing in the top ten. The new team then finished 2nd in the annual Hoosier Hundred at Indianapolis, nearly winning the race. These performances earned Butler the title of 1985 USAC Silver Crown Rookie of the Year.
---
|
[
"#### Debut",
"In 1982, Butler's first [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") appearance was dramatic. On his first qualifying lap, still driving his original home\\-built race car, Butler set a new track record at Bloomington, IN; on the second lap he flipped out of the track. Steve did return to race six USAC races in 1983, posting top\\-three finishes in half of these. However, his primary focus was on winning the 1983 Paragon track championship.",
"##### 1984",
"[thumb\\|right\\| During his rookie USAC season, Butler delivers an upset win over [Steve Kinser](/wiki/Steve_Kinser \"Steve Kinser\") and [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\") at Terra Haute, INButler](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_ActionTrack_84.jpg \"Steve Butler ActionTrack 84.jpg\") mounted his first effort to campaign the full [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") Sprint Car series in 1984\\. He quickly seized national attention by winning his first USAC race on live television. The Jud Larson/Don Branson memorial, held on the high\\-banked ½ mile at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway \"Eldora Speedway\"), was broadcast on ABC's [Wide World of Sports](/wiki/Wide_World_of_Sports_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Wide World of Sports (U.S. TV series)\"). The win was unexpected, as Butler started 10th behind formidable veterans such as [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt \"Jack Hewitt\"), [Sheldon Kinser](/wiki/Sheldon_Kinser \"Sheldon Kinser\"), and Rickey Hood. However, Butler quickly moved through the field to take the lead from Hewitt on the 16th lap to claim his first USAC victory.",
"In June, Steve and Thomasa became parents with the birth of Jennifer. Just two days later, Butler won the annual Kokomo Classic race with both his wife and newborn daughter in attendance.",
"By the end of the year, Butler had won 5 USAC sprint races, one less than eventual series champion Rickey Hood. The most impressive of these was at the flat [Terre Haute Action Track](/wiki/Terre_Haute_Action_Track \"Terre Haute Action Track\") ½ mile; Butler started 7th and then drove past visiting champions [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\") (defending [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") champ) and Steve Kinser (defending [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws \"World of Outlaws\") champ) to earn the win. Butler went on to finish the season 3rd in USAC points.",
"##### 1985",
"In February, Butler started the 1985 season driving in [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona \"Phoenix, Arizona\") (AZ) in a locally owned car. In April, as the Midwest Spring began, he was back in the Whitacre/Beachy sprint car. However, by the end of the year, he had driven for at least 9 different race teams and had advanced to 2nd in the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") sprint championship standings.",
"In August, Butler hooked\\-up with Phil Poor, who had just purchased his first sprint car by way of a bargain\\-priced package. This deal included the car, engine, spares, transport trailer, and even a rusted out Chevy Suburban tow vehicle. Butler and Poor began to win races with the old sprint car even though it had been cast aside—as uncompetitive—by its previous owner. In response, Poor named the under\\-appreciated car “Ol’ Whitey.” This little team was the genesis for many years of racing success, as Butler and Poor went on to win four USAC titles together.",
"Late in the season, Butler joined with the Jarrett racing team to compete in the Springfield Silver Crown race, finishing in the top ten. The new team then finished 2nd in the annual Hoosier Hundred at Indianapolis, nearly winning the race. These performances earned Butler the title of 1985 USAC Silver Crown Rookie of the Year.",
"",
"---",
""
] |
#### Championship Years
##### 1986
[thumb\|right\|Butler and Ol' Whitey ride Eldora's cushion to their first USAC championship.](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_Eldora_86.jpg "Steve Butler Eldora 86.jpg")
In 1986, Ol' Whitey returned as the centerpiece of Phil Poor's small race team. With new sponsorship from [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx), Butler drove the faithful car to a very successful racing season. They won [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") races, [AllStar Circuit of Champions](http://www.allstarsprint.com//) races and posted some top\-five [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws "World of Outlaws") finishes. The team also won many non\-sanctioned “special” races including the Indiana Sprint Week championship. In September, Butler capped\-off the year by winning the USAC Sprint Championship.
Butler continued to improve in the Silver Crown series and advanced to 2nd in the 1986 championship standings. At [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/), Steve impressed the racing fraternity by nearly winning in his very first attempt to race on pavement. Butler started in 16th and then proceeded to drive into the lead, passing [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") and [Indy 500](/wiki/Indy_500 "Indy 500") competitors such as [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader"), [Gary Bettenhausen](/wiki/Gary_Bettenhausen "Gary Bettenhausen"), and [Rich Vogler](/wiki/Rich_Vogler "Rich Vogler"). Although tire problems dropped him to 2nd at the finish, Butler's race\-leading performance had grabbed attention.
Butler finished the season with a win at [Gas City, IN](http://www.gascityi69speedway.com/). This win came the day after Austin, his new son, was born. As with Jennifer's birth, the Butler's celebrated their new child with a race win.
##### 1987
In 1987, the team debuted with brand new equipment as [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx) supplied the resources to create a truly professional class race team. The team continued its practice of running a variety of races, while concentrating on the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") Sprint series. A highlight of the year was winning the [Tony Hulman](/wiki/Tony_Hulman "Tony Hulman") classic at [Terre Haute Action Track](/wiki/Terre_Haute_Action_Track "Terre Haute Action Track") Butler went on to claim his 2nd straight USAC Sprint Championship and was awarded “Driver of the Year” by the Hoosier Auto Racing Fan club.
In the Silver Crown series standings Butler had a strong run and scored top\-five finishes in over half the races. He also continued to show potential as a pavement racer, by finishing top\-three at both [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) and [Phoenix International Raceway](/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway "Phoenix International Raceway"). However, in the point standings he was, for the second year in a row, 2nd behind the tough [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt "Jack Hewitt").
##### 1988
In 1988, Butler became the first driver to win three consecutive [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") sprint championships. Two of these were during a brief period (1987–1990\) in which USAC added winged dirt races to the traditional mix of pavement and dirt non\-winged races. This new challenge provided Steve a chance to demonstrate his versatility by winning all three types of races during the 1988 season.
[Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway "Eldora Speedway"), always a Butler favorite, was the site of great dirt wins. In July, Butler won a USAC winged\-sprint race at the track. Visiting [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws "World of Outlaws") stars such as [Jac Haudenschild](http://www.haudenschildracing.com/), Jimmy Sills, and Brad Doty made this an especially tough win. These drivers were using the USAC race to prepare for Eldora's King's Royal, the track's premier winged\-sprint car race, scheduled the following weekend. A few months later, Butler also won Eldora's most prestigious non\-wing sprint race—the annual USAC Four\-Crown National.
[thumb\|right\|Butler on the gas at the 1988 Springfield Mile en route to his first Silver Crown championship.The](/wiki/File:Butler_Springfield_Mile_88.jpg "Butler Springfield Mile 88.jpg") highlight of Butler's season was his dominance of the new pavement races at [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) where he won on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") television and was fastest at the races that he didn’t win outright (due to mechanical misfortune). In the process, Butler pioneered a new style of passing on the banked oval. His spectacular maneuver was dubbed “The Butler Grass\-Cutter Move” by [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") announcers [Larry Nuber](/wiki/Larry_Nuber "Larry Nuber") and [Steve Chassey](/wiki/Steve_Chassey "Steve Chassey"). Twenty years later, this technique was cited as an influence by [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") star [Jason Leffler](/wiki/Jason_Leffler "Jason Leffler") after his win in the 2007 [Kroger 200](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Busch%29 "Kroger 200 (Busch)") at [ORP](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Raceway_Park_at_Indianapolis "O'Reilly Raceway Park at Indianapolis")."NASCAR Racing :Busch Series in Indianapolis." ESPN. Time Warner Cable. 28 July 2007\.
In the Silver Crown series, Butler finally defeated [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt "Jack Hewitt") to win the championship. This achievement highlighted Butler's technical capabilities as he was *chief mechanic*, as well as driver, on the winning Jarrett Farms race car.
##### 1989
[thumb\|right\|In his only Indy Car appearance Butler showed impressive speed until a crash destroyed the car and broke his shoulder.](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_Indy_89_2.jpg "Steve Butler Indy 89 2.jpg") Butler did not defend his [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") titles in 1989 due to his bid to enter [Indy Car](/wiki/American_Championship_Car_Racing "American Championship Car Racing") racing and compete in the [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 "Indianapolis 500"). Driving a [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx)\-owned Lola/Cosworth, Butler established himself as a top rookie contender by posting the fastest speed (214\.246 mph) achieved during the mandatory rookie orientation testing. At the conclusion of the 2nd day of official race practice, Steve was surprised to find himself with speeds among the top veteran drivers. This performance generated considerable excitement, given that Butler had never before raced an Indy Car and was considered a “dirt track” racer. Unfortunately, Butler's fortunes reversed quickly when he crashed heavily, destroyed the car, and suffered a broken right shoulder.
In June, after recovering from the broken shoulder, Butler returned to sprint car racing and soon resumed winning races. Unfortunately, in August he was again injured, this time breaking his left shoulder in a sprint car accident. However, Butler missed only one race weekend during his recovery. He made good use of the break by joining [Larry Nuber](/wiki/Larry_Nuber "Larry Nuber"), in the [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") TV announcer's booth, to call the USAC sprint car action at [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/).
##### 1990
In 1990, Steve returned to USAC racing full\-time trying for a record 4th [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") Sprint Car championship. He began the season driving the Aristocrat \#2 and won two races, including another [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") television race at [Winchester Speedway](http://www.winchesterspeedway.com/). At mid\-season he changed rides to the Hoffman \#69\. The team enjoyed quick success, setting fast qualifying time six\-times and setting track records and winning races. This performance secured the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") Sprint Car championship.
The highlight of Butler's Silver Crown season was a dramatic win at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway "Eldora Speedway"), where he narrowly defeated [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt "Jack Hewitt"). The pair battled the entire race, exchanging the lead many times. Their duel set a blistering pace and forced Butler to establish a new 50\-lap track record that stood for many years after his retirement
##### 1991
The 1991 season was bittersweet for the Hoffman/Butler alliance. The team continued to excel at raw speed; it set the most fast qualifying times and won the most [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") sprint car races. The team also won the majority of the live\-television races on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN"), including wins on the notorious hi\-banks at [Salem Speedway](/wiki/Salem_Speedway "Salem Speedway") and at [Indianapolis Raceway Park.](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) Despite being the winningest team on the USAC circuit, they finished third in the series point standings after a string of mechanical problems caused inconsistent finishes.
##### 1992
The highlight of Butler's 1992 [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") season was winning his 2nd Silver Crown championship. This championship run was the most dramatic of Butler's career. Coming into the season's final race, at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway "Eldora Speedway"), Butler was well behind point\-leader Jeff Swindell. With only a slim chance at the championship, Butler had to win; 2nd place had no mathematical chance. He improved his chances by setting the fastest qualifying speed and earning the pole starting position. During the race, Butler and points\-leader Jeff Swindell traded the lead and battled for advantage. In the final laps, Butler was able to prevail for the win, but did not know the championship outcome. Only after points were tallied, did he learn that he had won the championship. Butler attributes much of this success to the return of Phil Poor, his former mechanic on the Stoops sprint car team. Although the pair had not worked together since 1989, winning the Silver Crown championship proved that they still had the right “chemistry.”
In the sprint car division, the Butler/Hoffman team struggled through a difficult season marred by crashes and mechanical problems. In between these problems, Butler won at [Winchester Speedway](http://www.winchesterspeedway.com/) after battling with future [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") star [Tony Stewart](/wiki/Tony_Stewart "Tony Stewart"). Steve would eventually finish the year second in the championship standings. This was Butler's eighth, and final, season to run the full USAC sprint schedule,Although Butler competed in USAC from 1982 to 1993, he did not run the full USAC sprint schedule during four of these years, due to other obligations: 1982, debut USAC race only; 1983, focus on Paragon Championship; 1989, Indy Car entry and injuries; 1993, USAC Suspension during these years, he won four championships and was never below the top\-three in championship points.
|
[
"#### Championship Years",
"##### 1986",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Butler and Ol' Whitey ride Eldora's cushion to their first USAC championship.](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_Eldora_86.jpg \"Steve Butler Eldora 86.jpg\")\nIn 1986, Ol' Whitey returned as the centerpiece of Phil Poor's small race team. With new sponsorship from [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx), Butler drove the faithful car to a very successful racing season. They won [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") races, [AllStar Circuit of Champions](http://www.allstarsprint.com//) races and posted some top\\-five [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws \"World of Outlaws\") finishes. The team also won many non\\-sanctioned “special” races including the Indiana Sprint Week championship. In September, Butler capped\\-off the year by winning the USAC Sprint Championship.",
"Butler continued to improve in the Silver Crown series and advanced to 2nd in the 1986 championship standings. At [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/), Steve impressed the racing fraternity by nearly winning in his very first attempt to race on pavement. Butler started in 16th and then proceeded to drive into the lead, passing [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") and [Indy 500](/wiki/Indy_500 \"Indy 500\") competitors such as [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\"), [Gary Bettenhausen](/wiki/Gary_Bettenhausen \"Gary Bettenhausen\"), and [Rich Vogler](/wiki/Rich_Vogler \"Rich Vogler\"). Although tire problems dropped him to 2nd at the finish, Butler's race\\-leading performance had grabbed attention.",
"Butler finished the season with a win at [Gas City, IN](http://www.gascityi69speedway.com/). This win came the day after Austin, his new son, was born. As with Jennifer's birth, the Butler's celebrated their new child with a race win.",
"##### 1987",
"In 1987, the team debuted with brand new equipment as [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx) supplied the resources to create a truly professional class race team. The team continued its practice of running a variety of races, while concentrating on the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") Sprint series. A highlight of the year was winning the [Tony Hulman](/wiki/Tony_Hulman \"Tony Hulman\") classic at [Terre Haute Action Track](/wiki/Terre_Haute_Action_Track \"Terre Haute Action Track\") Butler went on to claim his 2nd straight USAC Sprint Championship and was awarded “Driver of the Year” by the Hoosier Auto Racing Fan club.",
"In the Silver Crown series standings Butler had a strong run and scored top\\-five finishes in over half the races. He also continued to show potential as a pavement racer, by finishing top\\-three at both [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) and [Phoenix International Raceway](/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway \"Phoenix International Raceway\"). However, in the point standings he was, for the second year in a row, 2nd behind the tough [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt \"Jack Hewitt\").",
"##### 1988",
"In 1988, Butler became the first driver to win three consecutive [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") sprint championships. Two of these were during a brief period (1987–1990\\) in which USAC added winged dirt races to the traditional mix of pavement and dirt non\\-winged races. This new challenge provided Steve a chance to demonstrate his versatility by winning all three types of races during the 1988 season.",
"[Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway \"Eldora Speedway\"), always a Butler favorite, was the site of great dirt wins. In July, Butler won a USAC winged\\-sprint race at the track. Visiting [World of Outlaws](/wiki/World_of_Outlaws \"World of Outlaws\") stars such as [Jac Haudenschild](http://www.haudenschildracing.com/), Jimmy Sills, and Brad Doty made this an especially tough win. These drivers were using the USAC race to prepare for Eldora's King's Royal, the track's premier winged\\-sprint car race, scheduled the following weekend. A few months later, Butler also won Eldora's most prestigious non\\-wing sprint race—the annual USAC Four\\-Crown National.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Butler on the gas at the 1988 Springfield Mile en route to his first Silver Crown championship.The](/wiki/File:Butler_Springfield_Mile_88.jpg \"Butler Springfield Mile 88.jpg\") highlight of Butler's season was his dominance of the new pavement races at [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) where he won on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") television and was fastest at the races that he didn’t win outright (due to mechanical misfortune). In the process, Butler pioneered a new style of passing on the banked oval. His spectacular maneuver was dubbed “The Butler Grass\\-Cutter Move” by [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") announcers [Larry Nuber](/wiki/Larry_Nuber \"Larry Nuber\") and [Steve Chassey](/wiki/Steve_Chassey \"Steve Chassey\"). Twenty years later, this technique was cited as an influence by [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") star [Jason Leffler](/wiki/Jason_Leffler \"Jason Leffler\") after his win in the 2007 [Kroger 200](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Busch%29 \"Kroger 200 (Busch)\") at [ORP](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Raceway_Park_at_Indianapolis \"O'Reilly Raceway Park at Indianapolis\").\"NASCAR Racing :Busch Series in Indianapolis.\" ESPN. Time Warner Cable. 28 July 2007\\.",
"In the Silver Crown series, Butler finally defeated [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt \"Jack Hewitt\") to win the championship. This achievement highlighted Butler's technical capabilities as he was *chief mechanic*, as well as driver, on the winning Jarrett Farms race car.",
"##### 1989",
"[thumb\\|right\\|In his only Indy Car appearance Butler showed impressive speed until a crash destroyed the car and broke his shoulder.](/wiki/File:Steve_Butler_Indy_89_2.jpg \"Steve Butler Indy 89 2.jpg\") Butler did not defend his [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") titles in 1989 due to his bid to enter [Indy Car](/wiki/American_Championship_Car_Racing \"American Championship Car Racing\") racing and compete in the [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 \"Indianapolis 500\"). Driving a [Jeff Stoops](http://www.stoops.com/AboutStoops.aspx)\\-owned Lola/Cosworth, Butler established himself as a top rookie contender by posting the fastest speed (214\\.246 mph) achieved during the mandatory rookie orientation testing. At the conclusion of the 2nd day of official race practice, Steve was surprised to find himself with speeds among the top veteran drivers. This performance generated considerable excitement, given that Butler had never before raced an Indy Car and was considered a “dirt track” racer. Unfortunately, Butler's fortunes reversed quickly when he crashed heavily, destroyed the car, and suffered a broken right shoulder.",
"In June, after recovering from the broken shoulder, Butler returned to sprint car racing and soon resumed winning races. Unfortunately, in August he was again injured, this time breaking his left shoulder in a sprint car accident. However, Butler missed only one race weekend during his recovery. He made good use of the break by joining [Larry Nuber](/wiki/Larry_Nuber \"Larry Nuber\"), in the [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") TV announcer's booth, to call the USAC sprint car action at [Indianapolis Raceway Park](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/).",
"##### 1990",
"In 1990, Steve returned to USAC racing full\\-time trying for a record 4th [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") Sprint Car championship. He began the season driving the Aristocrat \\#2 and won two races, including another [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") television race at [Winchester Speedway](http://www.winchesterspeedway.com/). At mid\\-season he changed rides to the Hoffman \\#69\\. The team enjoyed quick success, setting fast qualifying time six\\-times and setting track records and winning races. This performance secured the [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") Sprint Car championship.",
"The highlight of Butler's Silver Crown season was a dramatic win at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway \"Eldora Speedway\"), where he narrowly defeated [Jack Hewitt](/wiki/Jack_Hewitt \"Jack Hewitt\"). The pair battled the entire race, exchanging the lead many times. Their duel set a blistering pace and forced Butler to establish a new 50\\-lap track record that stood for many years after his retirement",
"##### 1991",
"The 1991 season was bittersweet for the Hoffman/Butler alliance. The team continued to excel at raw speed; it set the most fast qualifying times and won the most [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") sprint car races. The team also won the majority of the live\\-television races on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\"), including wins on the notorious hi\\-banks at [Salem Speedway](/wiki/Salem_Speedway \"Salem Speedway\") and at [Indianapolis Raceway Park.](http://www.oreillyracewaypark.com/) Despite being the winningest team on the USAC circuit, they finished third in the series point standings after a string of mechanical problems caused inconsistent finishes.",
"##### 1992",
"The highlight of Butler's 1992 [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") season was winning his 2nd Silver Crown championship. This championship run was the most dramatic of Butler's career. Coming into the season's final race, at [Eldora Speedway](/wiki/Eldora_Speedway \"Eldora Speedway\"), Butler was well behind point\\-leader Jeff Swindell. With only a slim chance at the championship, Butler had to win; 2nd place had no mathematical chance. He improved his chances by setting the fastest qualifying speed and earning the pole starting position. During the race, Butler and points\\-leader Jeff Swindell traded the lead and battled for advantage. In the final laps, Butler was able to prevail for the win, but did not know the championship outcome. Only after points were tallied, did he learn that he had won the championship. Butler attributes much of this success to the return of Phil Poor, his former mechanic on the Stoops sprint car team. Although the pair had not worked together since 1989, winning the Silver Crown championship proved that they still had the right “chemistry.”",
"In the sprint car division, the Butler/Hoffman team struggled through a difficult season marred by crashes and mechanical problems. In between these problems, Butler won at [Winchester Speedway](http://www.winchesterspeedway.com/) after battling with future [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") star [Tony Stewart](/wiki/Tony_Stewart \"Tony Stewart\"). Steve would eventually finish the year second in the championship standings. This was Butler's eighth, and final, season to run the full USAC sprint schedule,Although Butler competed in USAC from 1982 to 1993, he did not run the full USAC sprint schedule during four of these years, due to other obligations: 1982, debut USAC race only; 1983, focus on Paragon Championship; 1989, Indy Car entry and injuries; 1993, USAC Suspension during these years, he won four championships and was never below the top\\-three in championship points.",
""
] |
### Final Season Controversy
For 1993, Butler changed to the Chrisman Racing team hoping to find a new chemistry that could lead to another sprint championship. Butler was consistently running well and, at mid\-season, was again leading the point standings in both the Sprint and Silver Crown divisions.
Butler scored an early Silver Crown win at the Hulman 100 (Indianapolis). This race was Steve's final USAC victory and included a special twist: Butler was forced to perform in\-cockpit diagnosis and repair of a problem that was causing the engine to misfire. At mid\-race, the rough\-running engine was causing Butler to fade back into the pack and was threatening his ability to even finish. However, during a caution period, Butler was able to identify the problem as a faulty ignition switch. He then disconnected the switch and secured the bare wire by tying it off around a hydraulic hose, thereby preventing the exposed strands from shorting out. All this was accomplished on the race track, while driving with one hand and repairing with the other. With full power restored, Butler charged into the lead and defeated Ron Shuman by 10 seconds at the checkered flag.
Unfortunately, Butler's hopes for additional USAC titles were destroyed in July when he was involved in racing accidents in two consecutive races. Officials levied a rare one\-month driving suspension against him, effectively eliminated his championship hopes.
USAC's actions created significant controversy: the club had little precedent for such harsh action against a current champion and points leader; on the other hand Butler had a history of driving aggressively and some thought his risk\-taking style needed to be reigned in. In spite of this controversy—or perhaps because of it—the [Hoosier Auto Racing Fan](http://harf.vpweb.com/HARF-Hall-of-Fame.html) club immediately inducted Butler into its Hall of Fame.
At the end of the season, Butler decided to conclude his racing career and focus on pursuing his future career in electronic systems engineering.
|
[
"### Final Season Controversy",
"For 1993, Butler changed to the Chrisman Racing team hoping to find a new chemistry that could lead to another sprint championship. Butler was consistently running well and, at mid\\-season, was again leading the point standings in both the Sprint and Silver Crown divisions.",
"Butler scored an early Silver Crown win at the Hulman 100 (Indianapolis). This race was Steve's final USAC victory and included a special twist: Butler was forced to perform in\\-cockpit diagnosis and repair of a problem that was causing the engine to misfire. At mid\\-race, the rough\\-running engine was causing Butler to fade back into the pack and was threatening his ability to even finish. However, during a caution period, Butler was able to identify the problem as a faulty ignition switch. He then disconnected the switch and secured the bare wire by tying it off around a hydraulic hose, thereby preventing the exposed strands from shorting out. All this was accomplished on the race track, while driving with one hand and repairing with the other. With full power restored, Butler charged into the lead and defeated Ron Shuman by 10 seconds at the checkered flag.",
"Unfortunately, Butler's hopes for additional USAC titles were destroyed in July when he was involved in racing accidents in two consecutive races. Officials levied a rare one\\-month driving suspension against him, effectively eliminated his championship hopes.",
"USAC's actions created significant controversy: the club had little precedent for such harsh action against a current champion and points leader; on the other hand Butler had a history of driving aggressively and some thought his risk\\-taking style needed to be reigned in. In spite of this controversy—or perhaps because of it—the [Hoosier Auto Racing Fan](http://harf.vpweb.com/HARF-Hall-of-Fame.html) club immediately inducted Butler into its Hall of Fame.",
"At the end of the season, Butler decided to conclude his racing career and focus on pursuing his future career in electronic systems engineering.",
""
] |
Block matrix operations
-----------------------
### Transpose
Let
A \= \\begin{bmatrix}
A\_{11} \& A\_{12} \& \\cdots \& A\_{1q} \\\\
A\_{21} \& A\_{22} \& \\cdots \& A\_{2q} \\\\
\\vdots \& \\vdots \& \\ddots \& \\vdots \\\\
A\_{p1} \& A\_{p2} \& \\cdots \& A\_{pq}
\\end{bmatrix}
where A\_{ij} \\in \\mathbb{C}^{k\_i \\times \\ell\_j}. (This matrix A will be reused in {{section link\|\|Addition}} and {{section link\|\|Multiplication}}.) Then its transpose is
A^T \= \\begin{bmatrix}
A\_{11}^T \& A\_{21}^T \& \\cdots \& A\_{p1}^T \\\\
A\_{12}^T \& A\_{22}^T \& \\cdots \& A\_{p2}^T \\\\
\\vdots \& \\vdots \& \\ddots \& \\vdots \\\\
A\_{1q}^T \& A\_{2q}^T \& \\cdots \& A\_{pq}^T
\\end{bmatrix},
and the same equation holds with the transpose replaced by the conjugate transpose.
#### Block transpose
A special form of matrix [transpose](/wiki/Transpose "Transpose") can also be defined for block matrices, where individual blocks are reordered but not transposed. Let A\=(B\_{ij}) be a k \\times l block matrix with m \\times n blocks B\_{ij}, the block transpose of A is the l \\times k block matrix A^\\mathcal{B} with m \\times n blocks \\left(A^\\mathcal{B}\\right)\_{ij} \= B\_{ji}.{{cite thesis \|last\=Mackey \|first\=D. Steven \|date\=2006 \|title\=Structured linearizations for matrix polynomials \|publisher\=University of Manchester \|issn\=1749\-9097 \|oclc\=930686781 \|url\=http://eprints.maths.manchester.ac.uk/314/1/mackey06\.pdf}} As with the conventional trace operator, the block transpose is a [linear mapping](/wiki/Linear_mapping "Linear mapping") such that (A \+ C)^\\mathcal{B} \= A^\\mathcal{B} \+ C^\\mathcal{B} . However, in general the property (A C)^\\mathcal{B} \= C^\\mathcal{B} A^\\mathcal{B} does not hold unless the blocks of A and C commute.
### Addition
Let
B \= \\begin{bmatrix}
B\_{11} \& B\_{12} \& \\cdots \& B\_{1s} \\\\
B\_{21} \& B\_{22} \& \\cdots \& B\_{2s} \\\\
\\vdots \& \\vdots \& \\ddots \& \\vdots \\\\
B\_{r1} \& B\_{r2} \& \\cdots \& B\_{rs}
\\end{bmatrix},
where B\_{ij} \\in \\mathbb{C}^{m\_i \\times n\_j}, and let A be the matrix defined in {{section link\|\|Transpose}}. (This matrix B will be reused in {{section link\|\|Multiplication}}.) Then if p \= r, q \= s, k\_i \= m\_i, and \\ell\_j \= n\_j, then
A \+ B \= \\begin{bmatrix}
A\_{11} \+ B\_{11} \& A\_{12} \+ B\_{12} \& \\cdots \& A\_{1q} \+ B\_{1q} \\\\
A\_{21} \+ B\_{21} \& A\_{22} \+ B\_{22} \& \\cdots \& A\_{2q} \+ B\_{2q} \\\\
\\vdots \& \\vdots \& \\ddots \& \\vdots \\\\
A\_{p1} \+ B\_{p1} \& A\_{p2} \+ B\_{p2} \& \\cdots \& A\_{pq} \+ B\_{pq}
\\end{bmatrix}.
### Multiplication
It is possible to use a block partitioned matrix product that involves only algebra on submatrices of the factors. The partitioning of the factors is not arbitrary, however, and requires "[conformable](/wiki/Conformable_matrix "Conformable matrix") partitions"{{cite book \|last\=Eves \|first\=Howard \|author\-link\=Howard Eves \|title\=Elementary Matrix Theory \|year\=1980 \|publisher\=Dover \|location\=New York \|isbn\=0\-486\-63946\-0 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/elementarymatrix0000eves\_r2m2/page/37 37] \|url\=https://archive.org/details/elementarymatrix0000eves\_r2m2 \|url\-access\=registration \|edition\=reprint \|access\-date\=24 April 2013 \|quote\=A partitioning as in Theorem 1\.9\.4 is called a ''conformable partition'' of ''A'' and ''B''.}} between two matrices A and B such that all submatrix products that will be used are defined.{{cite book \|last\=Anton \|first\=Howard \|title\=Elementary Linear Algebra \|year\=1994 \|publisher\=John Wiley \|location\=New York \|isbn\=0\-471\-58742\-7 \|page\=36 \|edition\=7th \|quote\=...provided the sizes of the submatrices of A and B are such that the indicated operations can be performed.}}
{{Cquote
\| quote \= Two matrices A and B are said to be partitioned conformally for the product AB, when A and B are partitioned into submatrices and if the multiplication AB is carried out treating the submatrices as if they are scalars, but keeping the order, and when all products and sums of submatrices involved are defined.
\| author \= Arak M. Mathai and Hans J. Haubold
\| source \= ''Linear Algebra: A Course for Physicists and Engineers''{{Cite book \|last1\=Mathai \|first1\=Arakaparampil M. \|title\=Linear Algebra: a course for physicists and engineers \|last2\=Haubold \|first2\=Hans J. \|date\=2017 \|publisher\=De Gruyter \|isbn\=978\-3\-11\-056259\-0 \|series\=De Gruyter textbook \|location\=Berlin Boston \|pages\=162}}
}}
Let A be the matrix defined in {{section link\|\|Transpose}}, and let B be the matrix defined in {{section link\|\|Addition}}. Then the matrix product
```
C = AB
```
can be performed blockwise, yielding C as an (p \\times s) matrix. The matrices in the resulting matrix C are calculated by multiplying:
```
C_{ij} = \sum_{k=1}^{q} A_{ik}B_{kj}.
```
{{Cite book \|last\=Johnston \|first\=Nathaniel \|title\=Introduction to linear and matrix algebra \|date\=2021 \|publisher\=Springer Nature \|isbn\=978\-3\-030\-52811\-9 \|location\=Cham, Switzerland \|pages\=30,425}}
Or, using the [Einstein notation](/wiki/Einstein_notation "Einstein notation") that implicitly sums over repeated indices:
```
C_{ij} = A_{ik}B_{kj}.
```
Depicting C as a matrix, we have
C \= AB \= \\begin{bmatrix}
\\sum\_{i\=1}^{q} A\_{1i}B\_{i1} \& \\sum\_{i\=1}^{q} A\_{1i}B\_{i2} \& \\cdots \& \\sum\_{i\=1}^{q} A\_{1i}B\_{is} \\\\
\\sum\_{i\=1}^{q} A\_{2i}B\_{i1} \& \\sum\_{i\=1}^{q} A\_{2i}B\_{i2} \& \\cdots \& \\sum\_{i\=1}^{q} A\_{2i}B\_{is} \\\\
\\vdots \& \\vdots \& \\ddots \& \\vdots \\\\
\\sum\_{i\=1}^{q} A\_{pi}B\_{i1} \& \\sum\_{i\=1}^{q} A\_{pi}B\_{i2} \& \\cdots \& \\sum\_{i\=1}^{q} A\_{pi}B\_{is}
\\end{bmatrix}.
### Inversion{{anchor\|Inversion}}
{{for\|more details and derivation using block LDU decomposition\|Schur complement}}
{{see also\|Helmert–Wolf blocking}}
If a matrix is partitioned into four blocks, it can be [inverted blockwise](/wiki/Invertible_matrix%23Blockwise_inversion "Invertible matrix#Blockwise inversion") as follows:
{P} \= \\begin{bmatrix}
```
{A} & {B} \\
{C} & {D}
\end{bmatrix}^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix}
{A}^{-1} + {A}^{-1}{B}\left({D} - {CA}^{-1}{B}\right)^{-1}{CA}^{-1} &
-{A}^{-1}{B}\left({D} - {CA}^{-1}{B}\right)^{-1} \\
-\left({D}-{CA}^{-1}{B}\right)^{-1}{CA}^{-1} &
\left({D} - {CA}^{-1}{B}\right)^{-1}
\end{bmatrix},
```
where **A** and **D** are square blocks of arbitrary size, and **B** and **C** are [conformable](/wiki/Conformable_matrix "Conformable matrix") with them for partitioning. Furthermore, **A** and the Schur complement of **A** in **P**: {{nowrap\|'''P'''/'''A''' {{\=}} '''D''' − '''CA'''{{sup\|−1}}'''B'''}} must be invertible.
{{cite book
\| last \= Bernstein
\| first \= Dennis
\| title \= Matrix Mathematics
\| publisher \= Princeton University Press
\| year \= 2005
\| pages \= 44
\| isbn \= 0\-691\-11802\-7
}}
Equivalently, by permuting the blocks:
{P} \= \\begin{bmatrix}
```
{A} & {B} \\
{C} & {D}
\end{bmatrix}^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix}
\left({A} - {BD}^{-1}{C}\right)^{-1} &
-\left({A}-{BD}^{-1}{C}\right)^{-1}{BD}^{-1} \\
-{D}^{-1}{C}\left({A} - {BD}^{-1}{C}\right)^{-1} &
\quad {D}^{-1} + {D}^{-1}{C}\left({A} - {BD}^{-1}{C}\right)^{-1}{BD}^{-1}
\end{bmatrix}.
```
Here, **D** and the Schur complement of **D** in **P**: {{nowrap\|'''P'''/'''D''' {{\=}} '''A''' − '''BD'''{{sup\|−1}}'''C'''}} must be invertible.
If **A** and **D** are both invertible, then:
```
\begin{bmatrix}
{A} & {B} \\
{C} & {D}
\end{bmatrix}^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix}
\left({A} - {B} {D}^{-1} {C}\right)^{-1} & {0} \\
{0} & \left({D} - {C} {A}^{-1} {B}\right)^{-1}
\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}
{I} & -{B} {D}^{-1} \\
-{C} {A}^{-1} & {I}
\end{bmatrix}.
```
By the [Weinstein–Aronszajn identity](/wiki/Weinstein%E2%80%93Aronszajn_identity "Weinstein–Aronszajn identity"), one of the two matrices in the block\-diagonal matrix is invertible exactly when the other is.
### Determinant{{anchor\|Determinant}}
The formula for the determinant of a 2 \\times 2\-matrix above continues to hold, under appropriate further assumptions, for a matrix composed of four submatrices A, B, C, D. The easiest such formula, which can be proven using either the Leibniz formula or a factorization involving the [Schur complement](/wiki/Schur_complement "Schur complement"), is
\\det\\begin{bmatrix}A\& 0\\\\ C\& D\\end{bmatrix} \= \\det(A) \\det(D) \= \\det\\begin{bmatrix}A\& B\\\\ 0\& D\\end{bmatrix}.
Using this formula, we can derive that [characteristic polynomials](/wiki/Characteristic_polynomial "Characteristic polynomial") of \\begin{bmatrix}A\& 0\\\\ C\& D\\end{bmatrix} and \\begin{bmatrix}A\& B\\\\ 0\& D\\end{bmatrix} are same and equal to the product of characteristic polynomials of A and D. Furthermore, If \\begin{bmatrix}A\& 0\\\\ C\& D\\end{bmatrix} or \\begin{bmatrix}A\& B\\\\ 0\& D\\end{bmatrix} is [diagonalizable](/wiki/Diagonalizable "Diagonalizable"), then A and D are diagonalizable too. The converse is false; simply check \\begin{bmatrix}1\& 1\\\\ 0\& 1\\end{bmatrix}.
If A is [invertible](/wiki/Invertible_matrix "Invertible matrix"), one has
\\det\\begin{bmatrix}A\& B\\\\ C\& D\\end{bmatrix} \= \\det(A) \\det\\left(D \- C A^{\-1} B\\right),
and if D is invertible, one has
\\det\\begin{bmatrix}A\& B\\\\ C\& D\\end{bmatrix} \= \\det(D) \\det\\left(A \- B D^{\-1} C\\right) .Taboga, Marco (2021\). "Determinant of a block matrix", Lectures on matrix algebra.
If the blocks are square matrices of the *same* size further formulas hold. For example, if C and D [commute](/wiki/Commutativity "Commutativity") (i.e., CD\=DC), then
\\det\\begin{bmatrix}A\& B\\\\ C\& D\\end{bmatrix} \= \\det(AD \- BC).{{Cite journal\|first\= J. R.\|last\= Silvester\|title\= Determinants of Block Matrices\|journal\= Math. Gaz.\|volume\= 84\|issue\= 501\|year\= 2000\|pages\= 460–467\|jstor\= 3620776\|url\= http://www.ee.iisc.ernet.in/new/people/faculty/prasantg/downloads/blocks.pdf\|doi\= 10\.2307/3620776\|access\-date\= 2021\-06\-25\|archive\-date\= 2015\-03\-18\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222335/http://www.ee.iisc.ernet.in/new/people/faculty/prasantg/downloads/blocks.pdf\|url\-status\= dead}}
This formula has been generalized to matrices composed of more than 2 \\times 2 blocks, again under appropriate commutativity conditions among the individual blocks.{{cite journal\|last1\=Sothanaphan\|first1\=Nat\|title\=Determinants of block matrices with noncommuting blocks\|journal\=Linear Algebra and Its Applications\|date\=January 2017\|volume\=512\|pages\=202–218\|doi\=10\.1016/j.laa.2016\.10\.004\|arxiv\=1805\.06027\|s2cid\=119272194}}
For A \= D and B\=C, the following formula holds (even if A and B do not commute)
\\det\\begin{bmatrix}A\& B\\\\ B\& A\\end{bmatrix} \= \\det(A \- B) \\det(A \+ B).
|
[
"Block matrix operations\n-----------------------",
"### Transpose",
"Let",
"A \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\nA\\_{11} \\& A\\_{12} \\& \\\\cdots \\& A\\_{1q} \\\\\\\\\nA\\_{21} \\& A\\_{22} \\& \\\\cdots \\& A\\_{2q} \\\\\\\\\n\\\\vdots \\& \\\\vdots \\& \\\\ddots \\& \\\\vdots \\\\\\\\\nA\\_{p1} \\& A\\_{p2} \\& \\\\cdots \\& A\\_{pq}\n\\\\end{bmatrix}\nwhere A\\_{ij} \\\\in \\\\mathbb{C}^{k\\_i \\\\times \\\\ell\\_j}. (This matrix A will be reused in {{section link\\|\\|Addition}} and {{section link\\|\\|Multiplication}}.) Then its transpose is",
"A^T \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\nA\\_{11}^T \\& A\\_{21}^T \\& \\\\cdots \\& A\\_{p1}^T \\\\\\\\\nA\\_{12}^T \\& A\\_{22}^T \\& \\\\cdots \\& A\\_{p2}^T \\\\\\\\\n\\\\vdots \\& \\\\vdots \\& \\\\ddots \\& \\\\vdots \\\\\\\\\nA\\_{1q}^T \\& A\\_{2q}^T \\& \\\\cdots \\& A\\_{pq}^T\n\\\\end{bmatrix},\nand the same equation holds with the transpose replaced by the conjugate transpose.",
"#### Block transpose",
"A special form of matrix [transpose](/wiki/Transpose \"Transpose\") can also be defined for block matrices, where individual blocks are reordered but not transposed. Let A\\=(B\\_{ij}) be a k \\\\times l block matrix with m \\\\times n blocks B\\_{ij}, the block transpose of A is the l \\\\times k block matrix A^\\\\mathcal{B} with m \\\\times n blocks \\\\left(A^\\\\mathcal{B}\\\\right)\\_{ij} \\= B\\_{ji}.{{cite thesis \\|last\\=Mackey \\|first\\=D. Steven \\|date\\=2006 \\|title\\=Structured linearizations for matrix polynomials \\|publisher\\=University of Manchester \\|issn\\=1749\\-9097 \\|oclc\\=930686781 \\|url\\=http://eprints.maths.manchester.ac.uk/314/1/mackey06\\.pdf}} As with the conventional trace operator, the block transpose is a [linear mapping](/wiki/Linear_mapping \"Linear mapping\") such that (A \\+ C)^\\\\mathcal{B} \\= A^\\\\mathcal{B} \\+ C^\\\\mathcal{B} . However, in general the property (A C)^\\\\mathcal{B} \\= C^\\\\mathcal{B} A^\\\\mathcal{B} does not hold unless the blocks of A and C commute.",
"### Addition",
"Let",
"B \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\nB\\_{11} \\& B\\_{12} \\& \\\\cdots \\& B\\_{1s} \\\\\\\\\nB\\_{21} \\& B\\_{22} \\& \\\\cdots \\& B\\_{2s} \\\\\\\\\n\\\\vdots \\& \\\\vdots \\& \\\\ddots \\& \\\\vdots \\\\\\\\\nB\\_{r1} \\& B\\_{r2} \\& \\\\cdots \\& B\\_{rs}\n\\\\end{bmatrix},\nwhere B\\_{ij} \\\\in \\\\mathbb{C}^{m\\_i \\\\times n\\_j}, and let A be the matrix defined in {{section link\\|\\|Transpose}}. (This matrix B will be reused in {{section link\\|\\|Multiplication}}.) Then if p \\= r, q \\= s, k\\_i \\= m\\_i, and \\\\ell\\_j \\= n\\_j, then",
"A \\+ B \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\nA\\_{11} \\+ B\\_{11} \\& A\\_{12} \\+ B\\_{12} \\& \\\\cdots \\& A\\_{1q} \\+ B\\_{1q} \\\\\\\\\nA\\_{21} \\+ B\\_{21} \\& A\\_{22} \\+ B\\_{22} \\& \\\\cdots \\& A\\_{2q} \\+ B\\_{2q} \\\\\\\\\n\\\\vdots \\& \\\\vdots \\& \\\\ddots \\& \\\\vdots \\\\\\\\\nA\\_{p1} \\+ B\\_{p1} \\& A\\_{p2} \\+ B\\_{p2} \\& \\\\cdots \\& A\\_{pq} \\+ B\\_{pq}\n\\\\end{bmatrix}.\n### Multiplication",
"It is possible to use a block partitioned matrix product that involves only algebra on submatrices of the factors. The partitioning of the factors is not arbitrary, however, and requires \"[conformable](/wiki/Conformable_matrix \"Conformable matrix\") partitions\"{{cite book \\|last\\=Eves \\|first\\=Howard \\|author\\-link\\=Howard Eves \\|title\\=Elementary Matrix Theory \\|year\\=1980 \\|publisher\\=Dover \\|location\\=New York \\|isbn\\=0\\-486\\-63946\\-0 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/elementarymatrix0000eves\\_r2m2/page/37 37] \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/elementarymatrix0000eves\\_r2m2 \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|edition\\=reprint \\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2013 \\|quote\\=A partitioning as in Theorem 1\\.9\\.4 is called a ''conformable partition'' of ''A'' and ''B''.}} between two matrices A and B such that all submatrix products that will be used are defined.{{cite book \\|last\\=Anton \\|first\\=Howard \\|title\\=Elementary Linear Algebra \\|year\\=1994 \\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\|location\\=New York \\|isbn\\=0\\-471\\-58742\\-7 \\|page\\=36 \\|edition\\=7th \\|quote\\=...provided the sizes of the submatrices of A and B are such that the indicated operations can be performed.}}\n{{Cquote\n\\| quote \\= Two matrices A and B are said to be partitioned conformally for the product AB, when A and B are partitioned into submatrices and if the multiplication AB is carried out treating the submatrices as if they are scalars, but keeping the order, and when all products and sums of submatrices involved are defined.\n\\| author \\= Arak M. Mathai and Hans J. Haubold\n\\| source \\= ''Linear Algebra: A Course for Physicists and Engineers''{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Mathai \\|first1\\=Arakaparampil M. \\|title\\=Linear Algebra: a course for physicists and engineers \\|last2\\=Haubold \\|first2\\=Hans J. \\|date\\=2017 \\|publisher\\=De Gruyter \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-11\\-056259\\-0 \\|series\\=De Gruyter textbook \\|location\\=Berlin Boston \\|pages\\=162}}\n}}",
"Let A be the matrix defined in {{section link\\|\\|Transpose}}, and let B be the matrix defined in {{section link\\|\\|Addition}}. Then the matrix product",
"",
"```\n C = AB",
"```",
"can be performed blockwise, yielding C as an (p \\\\times s) matrix. The matrices in the resulting matrix C are calculated by multiplying:",
"",
"```\n C_{ij} = \\sum_{k=1}^{q} A_{ik}B_{kj}.",
"```",
"{{Cite book \\|last\\=Johnston \\|first\\=Nathaniel \\|title\\=Introduction to linear and matrix algebra \\|date\\=2021 \\|publisher\\=Springer Nature \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-030\\-52811\\-9 \\|location\\=Cham, Switzerland \\|pages\\=30,425}}\nOr, using the [Einstein notation](/wiki/Einstein_notation \"Einstein notation\") that implicitly sums over repeated indices:",
"",
"```\n C_{ij} = A_{ik}B_{kj}.",
"```",
"Depicting C as a matrix, we have",
"C \\= AB \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{q} A\\_{1i}B\\_{i1} \\& \\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{q} A\\_{1i}B\\_{i2} \\& \\\\cdots \\& \\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{q} A\\_{1i}B\\_{is} \\\\\\\\\n\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{q} A\\_{2i}B\\_{i1} \\& \\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{q} A\\_{2i}B\\_{i2} \\& \\\\cdots \\& \\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{q} A\\_{2i}B\\_{is} \\\\\\\\\n\\\\vdots \\& \\\\vdots \\& \\\\ddots \\& \\\\vdots \\\\\\\\\n\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{q} A\\_{pi}B\\_{i1} \\& \\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{q} A\\_{pi}B\\_{i2} \\& \\\\cdots \\& \\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{q} A\\_{pi}B\\_{is}\n\\\\end{bmatrix}.\n### Inversion{{anchor\\|Inversion}}",
"{{for\\|more details and derivation using block LDU decomposition\\|Schur complement}}\n{{see also\\|Helmert–Wolf blocking}}",
"If a matrix is partitioned into four blocks, it can be [inverted blockwise](/wiki/Invertible_matrix%23Blockwise_inversion \"Invertible matrix#Blockwise inversion\") as follows:",
"{P} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n {A} & {B} \\\\\n {C} & {D}\n \\end{bmatrix}^{-1} = \\begin{bmatrix}\n {A}^{-1} + {A}^{-1}{B}\\left({D} - {CA}^{-1}{B}\\right)^{-1}{CA}^{-1} &\n -{A}^{-1}{B}\\left({D} - {CA}^{-1}{B}\\right)^{-1} \\\\\n -\\left({D}-{CA}^{-1}{B}\\right)^{-1}{CA}^{-1} &\n \\left({D} - {CA}^{-1}{B}\\right)^{-1}\n \\end{bmatrix},",
"```",
"where **A** and **D** are square blocks of arbitrary size, and **B** and **C** are [conformable](/wiki/Conformable_matrix \"Conformable matrix\") with them for partitioning. Furthermore, **A** and the Schur complement of **A** in **P**: {{nowrap\\|'''P'''/'''A''' {{\\=}} '''D''' − '''CA'''{{sup\\|−1}}'''B'''}} must be invertible.\n{{cite book\n \\| last \\= Bernstein\n \\| first \\= Dennis\n \\| title \\= Matrix Mathematics\n \\| publisher \\= Princeton University Press\n \\| year \\= 2005\n \\| pages \\= 44\n \\| isbn \\= 0\\-691\\-11802\\-7\n}}",
"Equivalently, by permuting the blocks:",
"{P} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n {A} & {B} \\\\\n {C} & {D}\n \\end{bmatrix}^{-1} = \\begin{bmatrix}\n \\left({A} - {BD}^{-1}{C}\\right)^{-1} &\n -\\left({A}-{BD}^{-1}{C}\\right)^{-1}{BD}^{-1} \\\\\n -{D}^{-1}{C}\\left({A} - {BD}^{-1}{C}\\right)^{-1} &\n \\quad {D}^{-1} + {D}^{-1}{C}\\left({A} - {BD}^{-1}{C}\\right)^{-1}{BD}^{-1}\n \\end{bmatrix}.",
"```",
"Here, **D** and the Schur complement of **D** in **P**: {{nowrap\\|'''P'''/'''D''' {{\\=}} '''A''' − '''BD'''{{sup\\|−1}}'''C'''}} must be invertible.",
"If **A** and **D** are both invertible, then:",
"",
"```\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n {A} & {B} \\\\\n {C} & {D}\n \\end{bmatrix}^{-1} = \\begin{bmatrix}\n \\left({A} - {B} {D}^{-1} {C}\\right)^{-1} & {0} \\\\\n {0} & \\left({D} - {C} {A}^{-1} {B}\\right)^{-1}\n \\end{bmatrix} \\begin{bmatrix}\n {I} & -{B} {D}^{-1} \\\\\n -{C} {A}^{-1} & {I}\n \\end{bmatrix}.",
"```",
"By the [Weinstein–Aronszajn identity](/wiki/Weinstein%E2%80%93Aronszajn_identity \"Weinstein–Aronszajn identity\"), one of the two matrices in the block\\-diagonal matrix is invertible exactly when the other is.",
"### Determinant{{anchor\\|Determinant}}",
"The formula for the determinant of a 2 \\\\times 2\\-matrix above continues to hold, under appropriate further assumptions, for a matrix composed of four submatrices A, B, C, D. The easiest such formula, which can be proven using either the Leibniz formula or a factorization involving the [Schur complement](/wiki/Schur_complement \"Schur complement\"), is\n\\\\det\\\\begin{bmatrix}A\\& 0\\\\\\\\ C\\& D\\\\end{bmatrix} \\= \\\\det(A) \\\\det(D) \\= \\\\det\\\\begin{bmatrix}A\\& B\\\\\\\\ 0\\& D\\\\end{bmatrix}.",
"Using this formula, we can derive that [characteristic polynomials](/wiki/Characteristic_polynomial \"Characteristic polynomial\") of \\\\begin{bmatrix}A\\& 0\\\\\\\\ C\\& D\\\\end{bmatrix} and \\\\begin{bmatrix}A\\& B\\\\\\\\ 0\\& D\\\\end{bmatrix} are same and equal to the product of characteristic polynomials of A and D. Furthermore, If \\\\begin{bmatrix}A\\& 0\\\\\\\\ C\\& D\\\\end{bmatrix} or \\\\begin{bmatrix}A\\& B\\\\\\\\ 0\\& D\\\\end{bmatrix} is [diagonalizable](/wiki/Diagonalizable \"Diagonalizable\"), then A and D are diagonalizable too. The converse is false; simply check \\\\begin{bmatrix}1\\& 1\\\\\\\\ 0\\& 1\\\\end{bmatrix}.",
"If A is [invertible](/wiki/Invertible_matrix \"Invertible matrix\"), one has",
"\\\\det\\\\begin{bmatrix}A\\& B\\\\\\\\ C\\& D\\\\end{bmatrix} \\= \\\\det(A) \\\\det\\\\left(D \\- C A^{\\-1} B\\\\right),\nand if D is invertible, one has\n\\\\det\\\\begin{bmatrix}A\\& B\\\\\\\\ C\\& D\\\\end{bmatrix} \\= \\\\det(D) \\\\det\\\\left(A \\- B D^{\\-1} C\\\\right) .Taboga, Marco (2021\\). \"Determinant of a block matrix\", Lectures on matrix algebra.\nIf the blocks are square matrices of the *same* size further formulas hold. For example, if C and D [commute](/wiki/Commutativity \"Commutativity\") (i.e., CD\\=DC), then \n\\\\det\\\\begin{bmatrix}A\\& B\\\\\\\\ C\\& D\\\\end{bmatrix} \\= \\\\det(AD \\- BC).{{Cite journal\\|first\\= J. R.\\|last\\= Silvester\\|title\\= Determinants of Block Matrices\\|journal\\= Math. Gaz.\\|volume\\= 84\\|issue\\= 501\\|year\\= 2000\\|pages\\= 460–467\\|jstor\\= 3620776\\|url\\= http://www.ee.iisc.ernet.in/new/people/faculty/prasantg/downloads/blocks.pdf\\|doi\\= 10\\.2307/3620776\\|access\\-date\\= 2021\\-06\\-25\\|archive\\-date\\= 2015\\-03\\-18\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222335/http://www.ee.iisc.ernet.in/new/people/faculty/prasantg/downloads/blocks.pdf\\|url\\-status\\= dead}}\nThis formula has been generalized to matrices composed of more than 2 \\\\times 2 blocks, again under appropriate commutativity conditions among the individual blocks.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Sothanaphan\\|first1\\=Nat\\|title\\=Determinants of block matrices with noncommuting blocks\\|journal\\=Linear Algebra and Its Applications\\|date\\=January 2017\\|volume\\=512\\|pages\\=202–218\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.laa.2016\\.10\\.004\\|arxiv\\=1805\\.06027\\|s2cid\\=119272194}}",
"For A \\= D and B\\=C, the following formula holds (even if A and B do not commute)\n\\\\det\\\\begin{bmatrix}A\\& B\\\\\\\\ B\\& A\\\\end{bmatrix} \\= \\\\det(A \\- B) \\\\det(A \\+ B).",
""
] |
Special types of block matrices
-------------------------------
### Direct sums and block diagonal matrices
#### Direct sum
{{See also\|Matrix addition\#Direct sum}}
For any arbitrary matrices **A** (of size *m* × *n*) and **B** (of size *p* × *q*), we have the **direct sum** of **A** and **B**, denoted by **A** \\oplus **B** and defined as
```
{A} \oplus {B} =
\begin{bmatrix}
a_{11} & \cdots & a_{1n} & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
a_{m1} & \cdots & a_{mn} & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
0 & \cdots & 0 & b_{11} & \cdots & b_{1q} \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & \cdots & 0 & b_{p1} & \cdots & b_{pq}
\end{bmatrix}.
```
For instance,
```
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 3 & 2 \\
2 & 3 & 1
\end{bmatrix} \oplus
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 6 \\
0 & 1
\end{bmatrix} =
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 3 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\
2 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 6 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}.
```
This operation generalizes naturally to arbitrary dimensioned arrays (provided that **A** and **B** have the same number of dimensions).
Note that any element in the [direct sum](/wiki/Direct_sum_of_vector_spaces "Direct sum of vector spaces") of two [vector spaces](/wiki/Vector_space "Vector space") of matrices could be represented as a direct sum of two matrices.
#### Block diagonal matrices {{anchor\|Block diagonal matrix}}
{{See also\|Diagonal matrix}}
A **block diagonal matrix** is a block matrix that is a [square matrix](/wiki/Square_matrix "Square matrix") such that the main\-diagonal blocks are square matrices and all off\-diagonal blocks are zero matrices.{{Cite book \|last1\=Abadir \|first1\=Karim M. \|title\=Matrix Algebra \|last2\=Magnus \|first2\=Jan R. \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|year\=2005 \|isbn\=9781139443647 \|pages\=97,100,106,111,114,118 \|language\=en}} That is, a block diagonal matrix **A** has the form
{A} \= \\begin{bmatrix}
```
{A}_1 & {0} & \cdots & {0} \\
{0} & {A}_2 & \cdots & {0} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
{0} & {0} & \cdots & {A}_n
```
\\end{bmatrix}
where **A***k* is a square matrix for all *k* \= 1, ..., *n*. In other words, matrix **A** is the [direct sum](/wiki/Direct_sum_of_matrices "Direct sum of matrices") of **A**1, ..., **A***n*. It can also be indicated as **A**1 ⊕ **A**2 ⊕ ... ⊕ **A***n* or diag(**A**1, **A**2, ..., **A***n*){{Cite book \|last\=Gentle \|first\=James E. \|title\=Matrix Algebra: Theory, Computations, and Applications in Statistics \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Springer New York Springer e\-books \|isbn\=978\-0\-387\-70873\-7 \|series\=Springer Texts in Statistics \|location\=New York, NY \|pages\=47,487}} (the latter being the same formalism used for a [diagonal matrix](/wiki/Diagonal_matrix "Diagonal matrix")). Any square matrix can trivially be considered a block diagonal matrix with only one block.
For the [determinant](/wiki/Determinant "Determinant") and [trace](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 "Trace (linear algebra)"), the following properties hold:
\\begin{align}
```
\det{A} &= \det{A}_1 \times \cdots \times \det{A}_n,
```
\\end{align}{{Cite book \|last1\=Quarteroni \|first1\=Alfio \|title\=Numerical mathematics \|last2\=Sacco \|first2\=Riccardo \|last3\=Saleri \|first3\=Fausto \|date\=2000 \|publisher\=Springer \|isbn\=978\-0\-387\-98959\-4 \|series\=Texts in applied mathematics \|location\=New York \|pages\=10,13}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=George \|first1\=Raju K. \|last2\=Ajayakumar \|first2\=Abhijith \|date\=2024 \|title\=A Course in Linear Algebra \|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1007/978\-981\-99\-8680\-4 \|journal\=University Texts in the Mathematical Sciences \|language\=en \|pages\=35,407 \|doi\=10\.1007/978\-981\-99\-8680\-4 \|isbn\=978\-981\-99\-8679\-8 \|issn\=2731\-9318}} and
\\begin{align}
```
\operatorname{tr}{A} &= \operatorname{tr} {A}_1 + \cdots + \operatorname{tr} {A}_n.\end{align}
```
A block diagonal matrix is invertible [if and only if](/wiki/If_and_only_if "If and only if") each of its main\-diagonal blocks are invertible, and in this case its inverse is another block diagonal matrix given by
\\begin{bmatrix}
```
{A}_{1} & {0} & \cdots & {0} \\
{0} & {A}_{2} & \cdots & {0} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
{0} & {0} & \cdots & {A}_{n}
\end{bmatrix}^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix}
{A}_{1}^{-1} & {0} & \cdots & {0} \\
{0} & {A}_{2}^{-1} & \cdots & {0} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
{0} & {0} & \cdots & {A}_{n}^{-1}
\end{bmatrix}.
```
{{Cite book \|last\=Prince \|first\=Simon J. D. \|title\=Computer vision: models, learning, and inference \|date\=2012 \|publisher\=Cambridge university press \|isbn\=978\-1\-107\-01179\-3 \|location\=New York \|pages\=531}}
The [eigenvalues](/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors "Eigenvalues and eigenvectors") [and eigenvectors](/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors "Eigenvalues and eigenvectors") of {A} are simply those of the {A}\_ks combined.
### Block tridiagonal matrices
{{See also\|Tridiagonal matrix}}
A **block tridiagonal matrix** is another special block matrix, which is just like the block diagonal matrix a [square matrix](/wiki/Square_matrix "Square matrix"), having square matrices (blocks) in the lower diagonal, [main diagonal](/wiki/Main_diagonal "Main diagonal") and upper diagonal, with all other blocks being zero matrices. It is essentially a [tridiagonal matrix](/wiki/Tridiagonal_matrix "Tridiagonal matrix") but has submatrices in places of scalars. A block tridiagonal matrix A has the form
{A} \= \\begin{bmatrix}
```
{B}_{1} & {C}_{1} & & & \cdots & & {0} \\
{A}_{2} & {B}_{2} & {C}_{2} & & & & \\
& \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & & & \vdots \\
& & {A}_{k} & {B}_{k} & {C}_{k} & & \\
\vdots & & & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & \\
& & & & {A}_{n-1} & {B}_{n-1} & {C}_{n-1} \\
{0} & & \cdots & & & {A}_{n} & {B}_{n}
```
\\end{bmatrix}
where {A}\_{k}, {B}\_{k} and {C}\_{k} are square sub\-matrices of the lower, main and upper diagonal respectively.{{Cite book \|last\=Dietl \|first\=Guido K. E. \|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm85898525 \|title\=Linear estimation and detection in Krylov subspaces \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Springer \|isbn\=978\-3\-540\-68478\-7 \|series\=Foundations in signal processing, communications and networking \|location\=Berlin ; New York \|pages\=85,87 \|language\=en \|oclc\=ocm85898525}}{{Cite book \|last1\=Horn \|first1\=Roger A. \|title\=Matrix analysis \|last2\=Johnson \|first2\=Charles R. \|date\=2017 \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-83940\-2 \|edition\=Second edition, corrected reprint \|location\=New York, NY \|pages\=36 \|language\=en}}
Block tridiagonal matrices are often encountered in numerical solutions of engineering problems (e.g., [computational fluid dynamics](/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics "Computational fluid dynamics")). Optimized numerical methods for [LU factorization](/wiki/LU_factorization "LU factorization") are available{{Cite book \|last\=Datta \|first\=Biswa Nath \|title\=Numerical linear algebra and applications \|date\=2010 \|publisher\=SIAM \|isbn\=978\-0\-89871\-685\-6 \|edition\=2 \|location\=Philadelphia, Pa \|pages\=168}} and hence efficient solution algorithms for equation systems with a block tridiagonal matrix as coefficient matrix. The [Thomas algorithm](/wiki/Thomas_algorithm "Thomas algorithm"), used for efficient solution of equation systems involving a [tridiagonal matrix](/wiki/Tridiagonal_matrix "Tridiagonal matrix") can also be applied using matrix operations to block tridiagonal matrices (see also [Block LU decomposition](/wiki/Block_LU_decomposition "Block LU decomposition")).
### Block triangular matrices
{{See also\|Triangular matrix}}
#### Upper block triangular
A matrix A is **upper block triangular** (or **block upper triangular**{{Cite book \|last\=Stewart \|first\=Gilbert W. \|title\=Matrix algorithms. 2: Eigensystems \|date\=2001 \|publisher\=Soc. for Industrial and Applied Mathematics \|isbn\=978\-0\-89871\-503\-3 \|location\=Philadelphia, Pa \|pages\=5}}) if
A \= \\begin{bmatrix}
A\_{11} \& A\_{12} \& \\cdots \& A\_{1k} \\\\
0 \& A\_{22} \& \\cdots \& A\_{2k} \\\\
\\vdots \& \\vdots \& \\ddots \& \\vdots \\\\
0 \& 0 \& \\cdots \& A\_{kk}
\\end{bmatrix},
where A\_{ij} \\in \\mathbb{F}^{n\_i \\times n\_j} for all i, j \= 1, \\ldots, k.{{Cite book \|last\=Bernstein \|first\=Dennis S. \|title\=Matrix mathematics: theory, facts, and formulas \|publisher\=Princeton University Press \|year\=2009 \|isbn\=978\-0\-691\-14039\-1 \|edition\=2 \|location\=Princeton, NJ \|pages\=168,298 \|language\=en}}
#### Lower block triangular
A matrix A is **lower block triangular** if
A \= \\begin{bmatrix}
A\_{11} \& 0 \& \\cdots \& 0 \\\\
A\_{21} \& A\_{22} \& \\cdots \& 0 \\\\
\\vdots \& \\vdots \& \\ddots \& \\vdots \\\\
A\_{k1} \& A\_{k2} \& \\cdots \& A\_{kk}
\\end{bmatrix},
where A\_{ij} \\in \\mathbb{F}^{n\_i \\times n\_j} for all i, j \= 1, \\ldots, k.
### Block Toeplitz matrices
{{See also\|Toeplitz matrix}}
A **block Toeplitz matrix** is another special block matrix, which contains blocks that are repeated down the diagonals of the matrix, as a [Toeplitz matrix](/wiki/Toeplitz_matrix "Toeplitz matrix") has elements repeated down the diagonal.
A matrix A is **block Toeplitz** if A\_{(i,j)} \= A\_{(k,l)} for all k \- i \= l \- j, that is,
A \= \\begin{bmatrix}
A\_1 \& A\_2 \& A\_3 \& \\cdots \\\\
A\_4 \& A\_1 \& A\_2 \& \\cdots \\\\
A\_5 \& A\_4 \& A\_1 \& \\cdots \\\\
\\vdots \& \\vdots \& \\vdots \& \\ddots
\\end{bmatrix},
where A\_i \\in \\mathbb{F}^{n\_i \\times m\_i}.
### Block Hankel matrices
{{See also\|Hankel matrix}}
A matrix A is **block Hankel** if A\_{(i,j)} \= A\_{(k,l)} for all i \+ j \= k \+ l, that is,
A \= \\begin{bmatrix}
A\_1 \& A\_2 \& A\_3 \& \\cdots \\\\
A\_2 \& A\_3 \& A\_4 \& \\cdots \\\\
A\_3 \& A\_4 \& A\_5 \& \\cdots \\\\
\\vdots \& \\vdots \& \\vdots \& \\ddots
\\end{bmatrix},
where A\_i \\in \\mathbb{F}^{n\_i \\times m\_i}.
|
[
"Special types of block matrices\n-------------------------------",
"### Direct sums and block diagonal matrices",
"#### Direct sum",
"{{See also\\|Matrix addition\\#Direct sum}}\nFor any arbitrary matrices **A** (of size *m* × *n*) and **B** (of size *p* × *q*), we have the **direct sum** of **A** and **B**, denoted by **A** \\\\oplus **B** and defined as",
"",
"```\n {A} \\oplus {B} =\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n a_{11} & \\cdots & a_{1n} & 0 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\n a_{m1} & \\cdots & a_{mn} & 0 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n 0 & \\cdots & 0 & b_{11} & \\cdots & b_{1q} \\\\\n \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\n 0 & \\cdots & 0 & b_{p1} & \\cdots & b_{pq} \n \\end{bmatrix}.",
"```",
"For instance,",
"",
"```\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 & 3 & 2 \\\\\n 2 & 3 & 1\n \\end{bmatrix} \\oplus\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 & 6 \\\\\n 0 & 1\n \\end{bmatrix} =\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 & 3 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n 2 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 6 \\\\\n 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\n \\end{bmatrix}.",
"```",
"This operation generalizes naturally to arbitrary dimensioned arrays (provided that **A** and **B** have the same number of dimensions).",
"Note that any element in the [direct sum](/wiki/Direct_sum_of_vector_spaces \"Direct sum of vector spaces\") of two [vector spaces](/wiki/Vector_space \"Vector space\") of matrices could be represented as a direct sum of two matrices.",
"#### Block diagonal matrices {{anchor\\|Block diagonal matrix}}",
"{{See also\\|Diagonal matrix}}\nA **block diagonal matrix** is a block matrix that is a [square matrix](/wiki/Square_matrix \"Square matrix\") such that the main\\-diagonal blocks are square matrices and all off\\-diagonal blocks are zero matrices.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Abadir \\|first1\\=Karim M. \\|title\\=Matrix Algebra \\|last2\\=Magnus \\|first2\\=Jan R. \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|year\\=2005 \\|isbn\\=9781139443647 \\|pages\\=97,100,106,111,114,118 \\|language\\=en}} That is, a block diagonal matrix **A** has the form",
"{A} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n {A}_1 & {0} & \\cdots & {0} \\\\\n {0} & {A}_2 & \\cdots & {0} \\\\\n \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\n {0} & {0} & \\cdots & {A}_n",
"```\n\\\\end{bmatrix}\nwhere **A***k* is a square matrix for all *k* \\= 1, ..., *n*. In other words, matrix **A** is the [direct sum](/wiki/Direct_sum_of_matrices \"Direct sum of matrices\") of **A**1, ..., **A***n*. It can also be indicated as **A**1 ⊕ **A**2 ⊕ ... ⊕ **A***n* or diag(**A**1, **A**2, ..., **A***n*){{Cite book \\|last\\=Gentle \\|first\\=James E. \\|title\\=Matrix Algebra: Theory, Computations, and Applications in Statistics \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Springer New York Springer e\\-books \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-387\\-70873\\-7 \\|series\\=Springer Texts in Statistics \\|location\\=New York, NY \\|pages\\=47,487}} (the latter being the same formalism used for a [diagonal matrix](/wiki/Diagonal_matrix \"Diagonal matrix\")). Any square matrix can trivially be considered a block diagonal matrix with only one block.",
"For the [determinant](/wiki/Determinant \"Determinant\") and [trace](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 \"Trace (linear algebra)\"), the following properties hold:\n\\\\begin{align}",
"```\n \\det{A} &= \\det{A}_1 \\times \\cdots \\times \\det{A}_n,",
"```\n\\\\end{align}{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Quarteroni \\|first1\\=Alfio \\|title\\=Numerical mathematics \\|last2\\=Sacco \\|first2\\=Riccardo \\|last3\\=Saleri \\|first3\\=Fausto \\|date\\=2000 \\|publisher\\=Springer \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-387\\-98959\\-4 \\|series\\=Texts in applied mathematics \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=10,13}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=George \\|first1\\=Raju K. \\|last2\\=Ajayakumar \\|first2\\=Abhijith \\|date\\=2024 \\|title\\=A Course in Linear Algebra \\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1007/978\\-981\\-99\\-8680\\-4 \\|journal\\=University Texts in the Mathematical Sciences \\|language\\=en \\|pages\\=35,407 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-981\\-99\\-8680\\-4 \\|isbn\\=978\\-981\\-99\\-8679\\-8 \\|issn\\=2731\\-9318}} and\n\\\\begin{align}",
"```\n \\operatorname{tr}{A} &= \\operatorname{tr} {A}_1 + \\cdots + \\operatorname{tr} {A}_n.\\end{align}\n```",
"",
"A block diagonal matrix is invertible [if and only if](/wiki/If_and_only_if \"If and only if\") each of its main\\-diagonal blocks are invertible, and in this case its inverse is another block diagonal matrix given by\n\\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n {A}_{1} & {0} & \\cdots & {0} \\\\\n {0} & {A}_{2} & \\cdots & {0} \\\\\n \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\n {0} & {0} & \\cdots & {A}_{n} \n \\end{bmatrix}^{-1} = \\begin{bmatrix}\n {A}_{1}^{-1} & {0} & \\cdots & {0} \\\\\n {0} & {A}_{2}^{-1} & \\cdots & {0} \\\\\n \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\n {0} & {0} & \\cdots & {A}_{n}^{-1} \n \\end{bmatrix}.",
"```",
"{{Cite book \\|last\\=Prince \\|first\\=Simon J. D. \\|title\\=Computer vision: models, learning, and inference \\|date\\=2012 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge university press \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-107\\-01179\\-3 \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=531}}",
"The [eigenvalues](/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors \"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors\") [and eigenvectors](/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors \"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors\") of {A} are simply those of the {A}\\_ks combined.",
"### Block tridiagonal matrices",
"{{See also\\|Tridiagonal matrix}}\nA **block tridiagonal matrix** is another special block matrix, which is just like the block diagonal matrix a [square matrix](/wiki/Square_matrix \"Square matrix\"), having square matrices (blocks) in the lower diagonal, [main diagonal](/wiki/Main_diagonal \"Main diagonal\") and upper diagonal, with all other blocks being zero matrices. It is essentially a [tridiagonal matrix](/wiki/Tridiagonal_matrix \"Tridiagonal matrix\") but has submatrices in places of scalars. A block tridiagonal matrix A has the form",
"{A} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n {B}_{1} & {C}_{1} & & & \\cdots & & {0} \\\\\n {A}_{2} & {B}_{2} & {C}_{2} & & & & \\\\\n & \\ddots & \\ddots & \\ddots & & & \\vdots \\\\\n & & {A}_{k} & {B}_{k} & {C}_{k} & & \\\\\n \\vdots & & & \\ddots & \\ddots & \\ddots & \\\\\n & & & & {A}_{n-1} & {B}_{n-1} & {C}_{n-1} \\\\\n {0} & & \\cdots & & & {A}_{n} & {B}_{n}",
"```\n\\\\end{bmatrix}\nwhere {A}\\_{k}, {B}\\_{k} and {C}\\_{k} are square sub\\-matrices of the lower, main and upper diagonal respectively.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Dietl \\|first\\=Guido K. E. \\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm85898525 \\|title\\=Linear estimation and detection in Krylov subspaces \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Springer \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-540\\-68478\\-7 \\|series\\=Foundations in signal processing, communications and networking \\|location\\=Berlin ; New York \\|pages\\=85,87 \\|language\\=en \\|oclc\\=ocm85898525}}{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Horn \\|first1\\=Roger A. \\|title\\=Matrix analysis \\|last2\\=Johnson \\|first2\\=Charles R. \\|date\\=2017 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-83940\\-2 \\|edition\\=Second edition, corrected reprint \\|location\\=New York, NY \\|pages\\=36 \\|language\\=en}}",
"Block tridiagonal matrices are often encountered in numerical solutions of engineering problems (e.g., [computational fluid dynamics](/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics \"Computational fluid dynamics\")). Optimized numerical methods for [LU factorization](/wiki/LU_factorization \"LU factorization\") are available{{Cite book \\|last\\=Datta \\|first\\=Biswa Nath \\|title\\=Numerical linear algebra and applications \\|date\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=SIAM \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-89871\\-685\\-6 \\|edition\\=2 \\|location\\=Philadelphia, Pa \\|pages\\=168}} and hence efficient solution algorithms for equation systems with a block tridiagonal matrix as coefficient matrix. The [Thomas algorithm](/wiki/Thomas_algorithm \"Thomas algorithm\"), used for efficient solution of equation systems involving a [tridiagonal matrix](/wiki/Tridiagonal_matrix \"Tridiagonal matrix\") can also be applied using matrix operations to block tridiagonal matrices (see also [Block LU decomposition](/wiki/Block_LU_decomposition \"Block LU decomposition\")).",
"### Block triangular matrices",
"{{See also\\|Triangular matrix}}\n#### Upper block triangular",
"A matrix A is **upper block triangular** (or **block upper triangular**{{Cite book \\|last\\=Stewart \\|first\\=Gilbert W. \\|title\\=Matrix algorithms. 2: Eigensystems \\|date\\=2001 \\|publisher\\=Soc. for Industrial and Applied Mathematics \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-89871\\-503\\-3 \\|location\\=Philadelphia, Pa \\|pages\\=5}}) if",
"A \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\nA\\_{11} \\& A\\_{12} \\& \\\\cdots \\& A\\_{1k} \\\\\\\\\n0 \\& A\\_{22} \\& \\\\cdots \\& A\\_{2k} \\\\\\\\\n\\\\vdots \\& \\\\vdots \\& \\\\ddots \\& \\\\vdots \\\\\\\\\n0 \\& 0 \\& \\\\cdots \\& A\\_{kk}\n\\\\end{bmatrix},\nwhere A\\_{ij} \\\\in \\\\mathbb{F}^{n\\_i \\\\times n\\_j} for all i, j \\= 1, \\\\ldots, k.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Bernstein \\|first\\=Dennis S. \\|title\\=Matrix mathematics: theory, facts, and formulas \\|publisher\\=Princeton University Press \\|year\\=2009 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-691\\-14039\\-1 \\|edition\\=2 \\|location\\=Princeton, NJ \\|pages\\=168,298 \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### Lower block triangular",
"A matrix A is **lower block triangular** if",
"A \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\nA\\_{11} \\& 0 \\& \\\\cdots \\& 0 \\\\\\\\\nA\\_{21} \\& A\\_{22} \\& \\\\cdots \\& 0 \\\\\\\\\n\\\\vdots \\& \\\\vdots \\& \\\\ddots \\& \\\\vdots \\\\\\\\\nA\\_{k1} \\& A\\_{k2} \\& \\\\cdots \\& A\\_{kk}\n\\\\end{bmatrix},\nwhere A\\_{ij} \\\\in \\\\mathbb{F}^{n\\_i \\\\times n\\_j} for all i, j \\= 1, \\\\ldots, k.",
"### Block Toeplitz matrices",
"{{See also\\|Toeplitz matrix}}\nA **block Toeplitz matrix** is another special block matrix, which contains blocks that are repeated down the diagonals of the matrix, as a [Toeplitz matrix](/wiki/Toeplitz_matrix \"Toeplitz matrix\") has elements repeated down the diagonal.",
"A matrix A is **block Toeplitz** if A\\_{(i,j)} \\= A\\_{(k,l)} for all k \\- i \\= l \\- j, that is,",
"A \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\nA\\_1 \\& A\\_2 \\& A\\_3 \\& \\\\cdots \\\\\\\\\nA\\_4 \\& A\\_1 \\& A\\_2 \\& \\\\cdots \\\\\\\\\nA\\_5 \\& A\\_4 \\& A\\_1 \\& \\\\cdots \\\\\\\\\n\\\\vdots \\& \\\\vdots \\& \\\\vdots \\& \\\\ddots\n\\\\end{bmatrix},\nwhere A\\_i \\\\in \\\\mathbb{F}^{n\\_i \\\\times m\\_i}.",
"### Block Hankel matrices",
"{{See also\\|Hankel matrix}}",
"A matrix A is **block Hankel** if A\\_{(i,j)} \\= A\\_{(k,l)} for all i \\+ j \\= k \\+ l, that is,",
"A \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\nA\\_1 \\& A\\_2 \\& A\\_3 \\& \\\\cdots \\\\\\\\\nA\\_2 \\& A\\_3 \\& A\\_4 \\& \\\\cdots \\\\\\\\\nA\\_3 \\& A\\_4 \\& A\\_5 \\& \\\\cdots \\\\\\\\\n\\\\vdots \\& \\\\vdots \\& \\\\vdots \\& \\\\ddots\n\\\\end{bmatrix},\nwhere A\\_i \\\\in \\\\mathbb{F}^{n\\_i \\\\times m\\_i}.",
""
] |
Design and development
----------------------
### Mk I
Instigated in 1986 (just before its Sierra predecessor received a major facelift), the design of the car cost Ford US$6 [billion](/wiki/1000000000_%28number%29 "1000000000 (number)"). It was one of the most expensive new\-car programmes ever. The Mondeo was significant as its design and marketing were shared between Ford USA in [Dearborn](/wiki/Dearborn%2C_Michigan "Dearborn, Michigan") and Ford of Europe.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.igi\-pub.com/downloads/pdf/IT5646\_YEBXRE01d8\.pdf \|title\=04Mol \|publisher\=Igi\-pub.com \|access\-date\=2010\-09\-30 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528134027/http://www.igi\-pub.com/downloads/pdf/IT5646\_YEBXRE01d8\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2008\-05\-28 \|url\-status\=dead }} Its codename while under development reflected thus: **CDW27** signified that it straddled the C and D size classes and was a "world car". The head of the Mondeo project was [John Oldfield](/wiki/John_Oldfield_%28engineer%29 "John Oldfield (engineer)"), headquartered at [Ford Dunton](/wiki/Dunton_Technical_Centre "Dunton Technical Centre") in Essex.
A large proportion of the high development cost was due to the Mondeo being a completely new design, sharing very little, if anything, with the Ford Sierra. Unlike the Sierra, the Mondeo is [front\-wheel drive](/wiki/Front-wheel_drive "Front-wheel drive") in its most common form, with a rarer [four\-wheel drive](/wiki/Four-wheel_drive "Four-wheel drive") version available on the Mk I car only. Over\-optimistically, the [floor pan](/wiki/Floorpan "Floorpan") was designed to accept virtually any conceivable drivetrain, from a transverse inline\-four engine to a longitudinal V\-8\.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2011}} This resulted in a hugely intrusive and mostly disused bellhousing cover and transmission tunnel. Resultingly the front interior, especially the footwells, feels more cramped than would be expected from a vehicle of this size. The Mondeo featured new manual and automatic transmissions and sophisticated suspension design, which give it class\-leading handling and ride qualities, and subframes front and rear to give it executive car refinement. The automatic transmission featured electronic control with sport and economy modes plus switchable [overdrive](/wiki/Overdrive_%28mechanics%29 "Overdrive (mechanics)"). The program manager from 1988, and throughout its early development, was [David Price](/wiki/David_Price_%28engineer%29 "David Price (engineer)").
{{Multiple image
\| align \= right
\| direction \= vertical
\| width \=
\| image1 \= 1996 Ford Mondeo 1\.8 TD LX Saloon (17102429280\).jpg
\| caption1 \= Saloon (pre\-facelift)
\| image2 \= 1993 Ford Mondeo 1\.8 LX (11999008514\).jpg
\| caption2 \= Hatchback (pre\-facelift)
\| image3 \= 2Ford Mondeo Turnier '95\.jpg
\| caption3 \= Estate (pre\-facelift)
\| total\_width \=
\| alt1 \=
}}
By 1989, Ford had confirmed that it would be launching an all\-new front\-wheel drive car to replace the Sierra within the next four years, although it had not yet decided whether the Sierra name would continue or be replaced, with some subsequent reports even hinting that the Cortina name could make a comeback, having been axed in 1982 when replaced by the Sierra. Several prototypes were tested that year, but the launch of the [Nissan Primera](/wiki/Nissan_Primera "Nissan Primera") in 1990 prompted Ford to make a number of major alterations to the final product, as it saw the new competitor from Nissan to be the benchmark car in this sector, having previously identified the [Honda Accord](/wiki/Honda_Accord "Honda Accord") as the class leader.
The car was launched in the midst of turbulent times at Ford of Europe, when the division was haemorrhaging hundreds of millions of dollars,{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2007}} and had gained a reputation in the motoring press for selling products which had been designed by accountants rather than engineers. The fifth\-generation [Escort](/wiki/Ford_Escort_%28European%29 "Ford Escort (European)") and third\-generation [Orion](/wiki/Ford_Orion "Ford Orion") of 1990 was the zenith of this cost\-cutting/high\-price philosophy, which was by then beginning to backfire on Ford, with the cars being slated for their substandard ride and handling, though a facelift in 1992 had seen things improve a little. The Sierra had sold well, but not as well as the all\-conquering [Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina "Ford Cortina") before it, and in Britain, it had been overtaken in the sales charts by the newer [Vauxhall Cavalier](/wiki/Vauxhall_Cavalier "Vauxhall Cavalier"). Previously loyal customers were already turning to rival European and Japanese products, and by the time of the Mondeo's launch, the future of Europe as a Ford manufacturing base was hanging in the balance. The new car had to be good, and it had to sell. It was unveiled to the public on 23 November 1992, although sales would not begin for another four months. At this stage, Ford confirmed that the new car would feature a completely new name and would be called the Mondeo.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.aronline.co.uk/cars/ford/mondeo/ford\-mondeo\-development\-story/ \| title\=Ford Mondeo development story \- how Uncle Henry crafted a world car \| date\=7 August 2019 }}
Safety was a high priority in the Mondeo design, with a driver's side [airbag](/wiki/Airbag "Airbag") (it was the first\-ever car sold from the beginning with a driver's airbag in all of its versions, which helped it achieve the [European Car of the Year](/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year "European Car of the Year") title for 1994\), side\-impact bars, seat belt pretensioners, and [antilock braking systems](/wiki/Antilock_braking_system "Antilock braking system") (higher models) as standard features. Other features for its year included adaptive damping, [self\-leveling suspension](/wiki/Self-leveling_suspension "Self-leveling suspension") (top estate models), [traction control](/wiki/Traction_control_system "Traction control system") (V6 and 4WD versions), and heated front windscreen, branded [Quickclear](/wiki/Quickclear "Quickclear").
The interiors were usually well\-appointed, featuring [velour](/wiki/Velour "Velour") trim, an arm rest with CD and tape storage, central locking (frequently remote), power windows (all round on higher models), power mirrors, illuminated entry, flat\-folding rear seats, etc. Higher\-specification models had leather seats, [trip computers](/wiki/Trip_computer "Trip computer"), electric sunroof, CD changer, and alloy wheels.
During its development, Ford used the 1986 Honda Accord and in the later stages the 1990 [Nissan Primera](/wiki/Nissan_Primera "Nissan Primera") as the class benchmarks that the CDW27 had to beat.
### {{anchor\|facelift\|Mk II}} Mk II (facelift)
[thumb\|left\|Hatchback (facelift)](/wiki/File:2000_Ford_Mondeo_LX_2.0_Front.jpg "2000 Ford Mondeo LX 2.0 Front.jpg")
{{Multiple image
\| align \= right
\| direction \= vertical
\| width \=
\| image1 \= 1996 Ford Mondeo (HC) GLX sedan (26418738910\).jpg
\| caption1 \= Saloon (facelift)
\| image2 \= 1996\-1998 Ford Mondeo (HC) LX station wagon 01\.jpg
\| caption2 \= Estate (facelift)
\| image3 \= 2000 Ford Mondeo LX 1\.8 Rear.jpg
\| caption3 \= Hatchback (facelift)
\| total\_width \=
\| alt1 \=
}}
[thumb\|left\|Mk II interior](/wiki/File:Interieur_Ford_Mondeo_ghia.JPG "Interieur Ford Mondeo ghia.JPG")
The mid\-cycle facelift, launched in October 1996, addressed three of the original Mondeo's biggest criticisms: its bland styling, the poor headlight performance, the reflectors of which quickly yellowed, and the cramped rear legroom. The lowering of specification levels around that time, such as air conditioning and alloy wheels, became optional on the UK Ghia models and may have indicated a desire by Ford to cut costs and recoup some of the considerable sums invested in the original design. These specification levels were improved again in 1998 as the Mondeo approached replacement.
The facelift left only the doors, the roof, and the rear quarter panels on the estate the same as the original model. Even the extractor vents on the rear doors were replaced by a panel bearing the name Mondeo. The most notable change was the introduction of the grille and larger, wraparound lighting units. The saloon version featured some distinctive rear lights. These incorporated an additional reflector panel that extended around the top and the side of the rear wings. Unlike the iterations seen on the heavily facelifted Scorpio and Mk IV Fiesta during the previous year, this facelift was well received.
The interior was also mildly revised, though the basic dashboard architecture was the same as before. Safety specification was improved, with the car gaining a full\-sized driver airbag in place of the smaller 'euro\-bag' fitted in the Mk I Mondeo. The Mk II gained a 'flagged' three\-star rating in [Euro NCAP](/wiki/Euro_NCAP "Euro NCAP") testing, which was average for rivals of its time (the same as the Vauxhall Vectra, better than the [Citroën Xantia](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xantia "Citroën Xantia") and [Peugeot 406](/wiki/Peugeot_406 "Peugeot 406"), and worse than the Nissan Primera). The cars' structure suffered excessive footwell intrusion in the frontal impact and a disturbing B\-pillar displacement in the side test.
The Zetec engine was thoroughly revised in 1998\. The updated version was far more refined at high revolutions. In December 1998, Ford released in Europe a sports car with a [coupé](/wiki/Coup%C3%A9 "Coupé") body shell based upon the Mk II Mondeo called the [Ford Cougar](/wiki/Ford_Cougar "Ford Cougar") (or [Mercury Cougar](/wiki/Mercury_Cougar "Mercury Cougar") in North America). This car shared the engines (2\.0 I4, 2\.5 V6\), transmissions, suspension (partially) and floorpans from the Mondeo, but the body shell was unique to the Cougar, and was one of the last Ford cars to be designed under Ford's [New Edge](/wiki/New_Edge "New Edge") philosophy.
|
[
"Design and development\n----------------------",
"### Mk I",
"Instigated in 1986 (just before its Sierra predecessor received a major facelift), the design of the car cost Ford US$6 [billion](/wiki/1000000000_%28number%29 \"1000000000 (number)\"). It was one of the most expensive new\\-car programmes ever. The Mondeo was significant as its design and marketing were shared between Ford USA in [Dearborn](/wiki/Dearborn%2C_Michigan \"Dearborn, Michigan\") and Ford of Europe.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.igi\\-pub.com/downloads/pdf/IT5646\\_YEBXRE01d8\\.pdf \\|title\\=04Mol \\|publisher\\=Igi\\-pub.com \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-30 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528134027/http://www.igi\\-pub.com/downloads/pdf/IT5646\\_YEBXRE01d8\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-05\\-28 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Its codename while under development reflected thus: **CDW27** signified that it straddled the C and D size classes and was a \"world car\". The head of the Mondeo project was [John Oldfield](/wiki/John_Oldfield_%28engineer%29 \"John Oldfield (engineer)\"), headquartered at [Ford Dunton](/wiki/Dunton_Technical_Centre \"Dunton Technical Centre\") in Essex.",
"A large proportion of the high development cost was due to the Mondeo being a completely new design, sharing very little, if anything, with the Ford Sierra. Unlike the Sierra, the Mondeo is [front\\-wheel drive](/wiki/Front-wheel_drive \"Front-wheel drive\") in its most common form, with a rarer [four\\-wheel drive](/wiki/Four-wheel_drive \"Four-wheel drive\") version available on the Mk I car only. Over\\-optimistically, the [floor pan](/wiki/Floorpan \"Floorpan\") was designed to accept virtually any conceivable drivetrain, from a transverse inline\\-four engine to a longitudinal V\\-8\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2011}} This resulted in a hugely intrusive and mostly disused bellhousing cover and transmission tunnel. Resultingly the front interior, especially the footwells, feels more cramped than would be expected from a vehicle of this size. The Mondeo featured new manual and automatic transmissions and sophisticated suspension design, which give it class\\-leading handling and ride qualities, and subframes front and rear to give it executive car refinement. The automatic transmission featured electronic control with sport and economy modes plus switchable [overdrive](/wiki/Overdrive_%28mechanics%29 \"Overdrive (mechanics)\"). The program manager from 1988, and throughout its early development, was [David Price](/wiki/David_Price_%28engineer%29 \"David Price (engineer)\").\n{{Multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| width \\= \n\\| image1 \\= 1996 Ford Mondeo 1\\.8 TD LX Saloon (17102429280\\).jpg\n\\| caption1 \\= Saloon (pre\\-facelift)\n\\| image2 \\= 1993 Ford Mondeo 1\\.8 LX (11999008514\\).jpg\n\\| caption2 \\= Hatchback (pre\\-facelift)\n\\| image3 \\= 2Ford Mondeo Turnier '95\\.jpg\n\\| caption3 \\= Estate (pre\\-facelift)\n\\| total\\_width \\= \n\\| alt1 \\= \n}}\nBy 1989, Ford had confirmed that it would be launching an all\\-new front\\-wheel drive car to replace the Sierra within the next four years, although it had not yet decided whether the Sierra name would continue or be replaced, with some subsequent reports even hinting that the Cortina name could make a comeback, having been axed in 1982 when replaced by the Sierra. Several prototypes were tested that year, but the launch of the [Nissan Primera](/wiki/Nissan_Primera \"Nissan Primera\") in 1990 prompted Ford to make a number of major alterations to the final product, as it saw the new competitor from Nissan to be the benchmark car in this sector, having previously identified the [Honda Accord](/wiki/Honda_Accord \"Honda Accord\") as the class leader.",
"The car was launched in the midst of turbulent times at Ford of Europe, when the division was haemorrhaging hundreds of millions of dollars,{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2007}} and had gained a reputation in the motoring press for selling products which had been designed by accountants rather than engineers. The fifth\\-generation [Escort](/wiki/Ford_Escort_%28European%29 \"Ford Escort (European)\") and third\\-generation [Orion](/wiki/Ford_Orion \"Ford Orion\") of 1990 was the zenith of this cost\\-cutting/high\\-price philosophy, which was by then beginning to backfire on Ford, with the cars being slated for their substandard ride and handling, though a facelift in 1992 had seen things improve a little. The Sierra had sold well, but not as well as the all\\-conquering [Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina \"Ford Cortina\") before it, and in Britain, it had been overtaken in the sales charts by the newer [Vauxhall Cavalier](/wiki/Vauxhall_Cavalier \"Vauxhall Cavalier\"). Previously loyal customers were already turning to rival European and Japanese products, and by the time of the Mondeo's launch, the future of Europe as a Ford manufacturing base was hanging in the balance. The new car had to be good, and it had to sell. It was unveiled to the public on 23 November 1992, although sales would not begin for another four months. At this stage, Ford confirmed that the new car would feature a completely new name and would be called the Mondeo.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.aronline.co.uk/cars/ford/mondeo/ford\\-mondeo\\-development\\-story/ \\| title\\=Ford Mondeo development story \\- how Uncle Henry crafted a world car \\| date\\=7 August 2019 }}",
"Safety was a high priority in the Mondeo design, with a driver's side [airbag](/wiki/Airbag \"Airbag\") (it was the first\\-ever car sold from the beginning with a driver's airbag in all of its versions, which helped it achieve the [European Car of the Year](/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year \"European Car of the Year\") title for 1994\\), side\\-impact bars, seat belt pretensioners, and [antilock braking systems](/wiki/Antilock_braking_system \"Antilock braking system\") (higher models) as standard features. Other features for its year included adaptive damping, [self\\-leveling suspension](/wiki/Self-leveling_suspension \"Self-leveling suspension\") (top estate models), [traction control](/wiki/Traction_control_system \"Traction control system\") (V6 and 4WD versions), and heated front windscreen, branded [Quickclear](/wiki/Quickclear \"Quickclear\").",
"The interiors were usually well\\-appointed, featuring [velour](/wiki/Velour \"Velour\") trim, an arm rest with CD and tape storage, central locking (frequently remote), power windows (all round on higher models), power mirrors, illuminated entry, flat\\-folding rear seats, etc. Higher\\-specification models had leather seats, [trip computers](/wiki/Trip_computer \"Trip computer\"), electric sunroof, CD changer, and alloy wheels.",
"During its development, Ford used the 1986 Honda Accord and in the later stages the 1990 [Nissan Primera](/wiki/Nissan_Primera \"Nissan Primera\") as the class benchmarks that the CDW27 had to beat.",
"### {{anchor\\|facelift\\|Mk II}} Mk II (facelift)",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Hatchback (facelift)](/wiki/File:2000_Ford_Mondeo_LX_2.0_Front.jpg \"2000 Ford Mondeo LX 2.0 Front.jpg\")",
"{{Multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| width \\= \n\\| image1 \\= 1996 Ford Mondeo (HC) GLX sedan (26418738910\\).jpg\n\\| caption1 \\= Saloon (facelift)\n\\| image2 \\= 1996\\-1998 Ford Mondeo (HC) LX station wagon 01\\.jpg\n\\| caption2 \\= Estate (facelift)\n\\| image3 \\= 2000 Ford Mondeo LX 1\\.8 Rear.jpg\n\\| caption3 \\= Hatchback (facelift)\n\\| total\\_width \\= \n\\| alt1 \\= \n}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Mk II interior](/wiki/File:Interieur_Ford_Mondeo_ghia.JPG \"Interieur Ford Mondeo ghia.JPG\")\nThe mid\\-cycle facelift, launched in October 1996, addressed three of the original Mondeo's biggest criticisms: its bland styling, the poor headlight performance, the reflectors of which quickly yellowed, and the cramped rear legroom. The lowering of specification levels around that time, such as air conditioning and alloy wheels, became optional on the UK Ghia models and may have indicated a desire by Ford to cut costs and recoup some of the considerable sums invested in the original design. These specification levels were improved again in 1998 as the Mondeo approached replacement.",
"The facelift left only the doors, the roof, and the rear quarter panels on the estate the same as the original model. Even the extractor vents on the rear doors were replaced by a panel bearing the name Mondeo. The most notable change was the introduction of the grille and larger, wraparound lighting units. The saloon version featured some distinctive rear lights. These incorporated an additional reflector panel that extended around the top and the side of the rear wings. Unlike the iterations seen on the heavily facelifted Scorpio and Mk IV Fiesta during the previous year, this facelift was well received.",
"The interior was also mildly revised, though the basic dashboard architecture was the same as before. Safety specification was improved, with the car gaining a full\\-sized driver airbag in place of the smaller 'euro\\-bag' fitted in the Mk I Mondeo. The Mk II gained a 'flagged' three\\-star rating in [Euro NCAP](/wiki/Euro_NCAP \"Euro NCAP\") testing, which was average for rivals of its time (the same as the Vauxhall Vectra, better than the [Citroën Xantia](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xantia \"Citroën Xantia\") and [Peugeot 406](/wiki/Peugeot_406 \"Peugeot 406\"), and worse than the Nissan Primera). The cars' structure suffered excessive footwell intrusion in the frontal impact and a disturbing B\\-pillar displacement in the side test.",
"The Zetec engine was thoroughly revised in 1998\\. The updated version was far more refined at high revolutions. In December 1998, Ford released in Europe a sports car with a [coupé](/wiki/Coup%C3%A9 \"Coupé\") body shell based upon the Mk II Mondeo called the [Ford Cougar](/wiki/Ford_Cougar \"Ford Cougar\") (or [Mercury Cougar](/wiki/Mercury_Cougar \"Mercury Cougar\") in North America). This car shared the engines (2\\.0 I4, 2\\.5 V6\\), transmissions, suspension (partially) and floorpans from the Mondeo, but the body shell was unique to the Cougar, and was one of the last Ford cars to be designed under Ford's [New Edge](/wiki/New_Edge \"New Edge\") philosophy.",
""
] |
### Mk I
Instigated in 1986 (just before its Sierra predecessor received a major facelift), the design of the car cost Ford US$6 [billion](/wiki/1000000000_%28number%29 "1000000000 (number)"). It was one of the most expensive new\-car programmes ever. The Mondeo was significant as its design and marketing were shared between Ford USA in [Dearborn](/wiki/Dearborn%2C_Michigan "Dearborn, Michigan") and Ford of Europe.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.igi\-pub.com/downloads/pdf/IT5646\_YEBXRE01d8\.pdf \|title\=04Mol \|publisher\=Igi\-pub.com \|access\-date\=2010\-09\-30 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528134027/http://www.igi\-pub.com/downloads/pdf/IT5646\_YEBXRE01d8\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2008\-05\-28 \|url\-status\=dead }} Its codename while under development reflected thus: **CDW27** signified that it straddled the C and D size classes and was a "world car". The head of the Mondeo project was [John Oldfield](/wiki/John_Oldfield_%28engineer%29 "John Oldfield (engineer)"), headquartered at [Ford Dunton](/wiki/Dunton_Technical_Centre "Dunton Technical Centre") in Essex.
A large proportion of the high development cost was due to the Mondeo being a completely new design, sharing very little, if anything, with the Ford Sierra. Unlike the Sierra, the Mondeo is [front\-wheel drive](/wiki/Front-wheel_drive "Front-wheel drive") in its most common form, with a rarer [four\-wheel drive](/wiki/Four-wheel_drive "Four-wheel drive") version available on the Mk I car only. Over\-optimistically, the [floor pan](/wiki/Floorpan "Floorpan") was designed to accept virtually any conceivable drivetrain, from a transverse inline\-four engine to a longitudinal V\-8\.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2011}} This resulted in a hugely intrusive and mostly disused bellhousing cover and transmission tunnel. Resultingly the front interior, especially the footwells, feels more cramped than would be expected from a vehicle of this size. The Mondeo featured new manual and automatic transmissions and sophisticated suspension design, which give it class\-leading handling and ride qualities, and subframes front and rear to give it executive car refinement. The automatic transmission featured electronic control with sport and economy modes plus switchable [overdrive](/wiki/Overdrive_%28mechanics%29 "Overdrive (mechanics)"). The program manager from 1988, and throughout its early development, was [David Price](/wiki/David_Price_%28engineer%29 "David Price (engineer)").
{{Multiple image
\| align \= right
\| direction \= vertical
\| width \=
\| image1 \= 1996 Ford Mondeo 1\.8 TD LX Saloon (17102429280\).jpg
\| caption1 \= Saloon (pre\-facelift)
\| image2 \= 1993 Ford Mondeo 1\.8 LX (11999008514\).jpg
\| caption2 \= Hatchback (pre\-facelift)
\| image3 \= 2Ford Mondeo Turnier '95\.jpg
\| caption3 \= Estate (pre\-facelift)
\| total\_width \=
\| alt1 \=
}}
By 1989, Ford had confirmed that it would be launching an all\-new front\-wheel drive car to replace the Sierra within the next four years, although it had not yet decided whether the Sierra name would continue or be replaced, with some subsequent reports even hinting that the Cortina name could make a comeback, having been axed in 1982 when replaced by the Sierra. Several prototypes were tested that year, but the launch of the [Nissan Primera](/wiki/Nissan_Primera "Nissan Primera") in 1990 prompted Ford to make a number of major alterations to the final product, as it saw the new competitor from Nissan to be the benchmark car in this sector, having previously identified the [Honda Accord](/wiki/Honda_Accord "Honda Accord") as the class leader.
The car was launched in the midst of turbulent times at Ford of Europe, when the division was haemorrhaging hundreds of millions of dollars,{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2007}} and had gained a reputation in the motoring press for selling products which had been designed by accountants rather than engineers. The fifth\-generation [Escort](/wiki/Ford_Escort_%28European%29 "Ford Escort (European)") and third\-generation [Orion](/wiki/Ford_Orion "Ford Orion") of 1990 was the zenith of this cost\-cutting/high\-price philosophy, which was by then beginning to backfire on Ford, with the cars being slated for their substandard ride and handling, though a facelift in 1992 had seen things improve a little. The Sierra had sold well, but not as well as the all\-conquering [Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina "Ford Cortina") before it, and in Britain, it had been overtaken in the sales charts by the newer [Vauxhall Cavalier](/wiki/Vauxhall_Cavalier "Vauxhall Cavalier"). Previously loyal customers were already turning to rival European and Japanese products, and by the time of the Mondeo's launch, the future of Europe as a Ford manufacturing base was hanging in the balance. The new car had to be good, and it had to sell. It was unveiled to the public on 23 November 1992, although sales would not begin for another four months. At this stage, Ford confirmed that the new car would feature a completely new name and would be called the Mondeo.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.aronline.co.uk/cars/ford/mondeo/ford\-mondeo\-development\-story/ \| title\=Ford Mondeo development story \- how Uncle Henry crafted a world car \| date\=7 August 2019 }}
Safety was a high priority in the Mondeo design, with a driver's side [airbag](/wiki/Airbag "Airbag") (it was the first\-ever car sold from the beginning with a driver's airbag in all of its versions, which helped it achieve the [European Car of the Year](/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year "European Car of the Year") title for 1994\), side\-impact bars, seat belt pretensioners, and [antilock braking systems](/wiki/Antilock_braking_system "Antilock braking system") (higher models) as standard features. Other features for its year included adaptive damping, [self\-leveling suspension](/wiki/Self-leveling_suspension "Self-leveling suspension") (top estate models), [traction control](/wiki/Traction_control_system "Traction control system") (V6 and 4WD versions), and heated front windscreen, branded [Quickclear](/wiki/Quickclear "Quickclear").
The interiors were usually well\-appointed, featuring [velour](/wiki/Velour "Velour") trim, an arm rest with CD and tape storage, central locking (frequently remote), power windows (all round on higher models), power mirrors, illuminated entry, flat\-folding rear seats, etc. Higher\-specification models had leather seats, [trip computers](/wiki/Trip_computer "Trip computer"), electric sunroof, CD changer, and alloy wheels.
During its development, Ford used the 1986 Honda Accord and in the later stages the 1990 [Nissan Primera](/wiki/Nissan_Primera "Nissan Primera") as the class benchmarks that the CDW27 had to beat.
|
[
"### Mk I",
"Instigated in 1986 (just before its Sierra predecessor received a major facelift), the design of the car cost Ford US$6 [billion](/wiki/1000000000_%28number%29 \"1000000000 (number)\"). It was one of the most expensive new\\-car programmes ever. The Mondeo was significant as its design and marketing were shared between Ford USA in [Dearborn](/wiki/Dearborn%2C_Michigan \"Dearborn, Michigan\") and Ford of Europe.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.igi\\-pub.com/downloads/pdf/IT5646\\_YEBXRE01d8\\.pdf \\|title\\=04Mol \\|publisher\\=Igi\\-pub.com \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-30 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528134027/http://www.igi\\-pub.com/downloads/pdf/IT5646\\_YEBXRE01d8\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-05\\-28 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Its codename while under development reflected thus: **CDW27** signified that it straddled the C and D size classes and was a \"world car\". The head of the Mondeo project was [John Oldfield](/wiki/John_Oldfield_%28engineer%29 \"John Oldfield (engineer)\"), headquartered at [Ford Dunton](/wiki/Dunton_Technical_Centre \"Dunton Technical Centre\") in Essex.",
"A large proportion of the high development cost was due to the Mondeo being a completely new design, sharing very little, if anything, with the Ford Sierra. Unlike the Sierra, the Mondeo is [front\\-wheel drive](/wiki/Front-wheel_drive \"Front-wheel drive\") in its most common form, with a rarer [four\\-wheel drive](/wiki/Four-wheel_drive \"Four-wheel drive\") version available on the Mk I car only. Over\\-optimistically, the [floor pan](/wiki/Floorpan \"Floorpan\") was designed to accept virtually any conceivable drivetrain, from a transverse inline\\-four engine to a longitudinal V\\-8\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2011}} This resulted in a hugely intrusive and mostly disused bellhousing cover and transmission tunnel. Resultingly the front interior, especially the footwells, feels more cramped than would be expected from a vehicle of this size. The Mondeo featured new manual and automatic transmissions and sophisticated suspension design, which give it class\\-leading handling and ride qualities, and subframes front and rear to give it executive car refinement. The automatic transmission featured electronic control with sport and economy modes plus switchable [overdrive](/wiki/Overdrive_%28mechanics%29 \"Overdrive (mechanics)\"). The program manager from 1988, and throughout its early development, was [David Price](/wiki/David_Price_%28engineer%29 \"David Price (engineer)\").\n{{Multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| width \\= \n\\| image1 \\= 1996 Ford Mondeo 1\\.8 TD LX Saloon (17102429280\\).jpg\n\\| caption1 \\= Saloon (pre\\-facelift)\n\\| image2 \\= 1993 Ford Mondeo 1\\.8 LX (11999008514\\).jpg\n\\| caption2 \\= Hatchback (pre\\-facelift)\n\\| image3 \\= 2Ford Mondeo Turnier '95\\.jpg\n\\| caption3 \\= Estate (pre\\-facelift)\n\\| total\\_width \\= \n\\| alt1 \\= \n}}\nBy 1989, Ford had confirmed that it would be launching an all\\-new front\\-wheel drive car to replace the Sierra within the next four years, although it had not yet decided whether the Sierra name would continue or be replaced, with some subsequent reports even hinting that the Cortina name could make a comeback, having been axed in 1982 when replaced by the Sierra. Several prototypes were tested that year, but the launch of the [Nissan Primera](/wiki/Nissan_Primera \"Nissan Primera\") in 1990 prompted Ford to make a number of major alterations to the final product, as it saw the new competitor from Nissan to be the benchmark car in this sector, having previously identified the [Honda Accord](/wiki/Honda_Accord \"Honda Accord\") as the class leader.",
"The car was launched in the midst of turbulent times at Ford of Europe, when the division was haemorrhaging hundreds of millions of dollars,{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2007}} and had gained a reputation in the motoring press for selling products which had been designed by accountants rather than engineers. The fifth\\-generation [Escort](/wiki/Ford_Escort_%28European%29 \"Ford Escort (European)\") and third\\-generation [Orion](/wiki/Ford_Orion \"Ford Orion\") of 1990 was the zenith of this cost\\-cutting/high\\-price philosophy, which was by then beginning to backfire on Ford, with the cars being slated for their substandard ride and handling, though a facelift in 1992 had seen things improve a little. The Sierra had sold well, but not as well as the all\\-conquering [Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina \"Ford Cortina\") before it, and in Britain, it had been overtaken in the sales charts by the newer [Vauxhall Cavalier](/wiki/Vauxhall_Cavalier \"Vauxhall Cavalier\"). Previously loyal customers were already turning to rival European and Japanese products, and by the time of the Mondeo's launch, the future of Europe as a Ford manufacturing base was hanging in the balance. The new car had to be good, and it had to sell. It was unveiled to the public on 23 November 1992, although sales would not begin for another four months. At this stage, Ford confirmed that the new car would feature a completely new name and would be called the Mondeo.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.aronline.co.uk/cars/ford/mondeo/ford\\-mondeo\\-development\\-story/ \\| title\\=Ford Mondeo development story \\- how Uncle Henry crafted a world car \\| date\\=7 August 2019 }}",
"Safety was a high priority in the Mondeo design, with a driver's side [airbag](/wiki/Airbag \"Airbag\") (it was the first\\-ever car sold from the beginning with a driver's airbag in all of its versions, which helped it achieve the [European Car of the Year](/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year \"European Car of the Year\") title for 1994\\), side\\-impact bars, seat belt pretensioners, and [antilock braking systems](/wiki/Antilock_braking_system \"Antilock braking system\") (higher models) as standard features. Other features for its year included adaptive damping, [self\\-leveling suspension](/wiki/Self-leveling_suspension \"Self-leveling suspension\") (top estate models), [traction control](/wiki/Traction_control_system \"Traction control system\") (V6 and 4WD versions), and heated front windscreen, branded [Quickclear](/wiki/Quickclear \"Quickclear\").",
"The interiors were usually well\\-appointed, featuring [velour](/wiki/Velour \"Velour\") trim, an arm rest with CD and tape storage, central locking (frequently remote), power windows (all round on higher models), power mirrors, illuminated entry, flat\\-folding rear seats, etc. Higher\\-specification models had leather seats, [trip computers](/wiki/Trip_computer \"Trip computer\"), electric sunroof, CD changer, and alloy wheels.",
"During its development, Ford used the 1986 Honda Accord and in the later stages the 1990 [Nissan Primera](/wiki/Nissan_Primera \"Nissan Primera\") as the class benchmarks that the CDW27 had to beat.",
""
] |
Engines
-------
Along with an all\-new platform, the Mondeo also used Ford's then\-new [Zetec](/wiki/Zetec "Zetec") engines, first seen in 1991 in the [Ford Escort](/wiki/Ford_Escort_%28Europe%29 "Ford Escort (Europe)"), [Ford Orion](/wiki/Ford_Orion "Ford Orion") and [Ford Fiesta](/wiki/Ford_Fiesta "Ford Fiesta").
Three versions of the 16\-valve [Zetec](/wiki/Zetec "Zetec") engine were used. The 1\.6 L version, rated at {{cvt\|90\|PS\|kW\|0}} from the Escort was used, a 1\.8 with {{cvt\|115\|PS\|kW\|0}} also found in the Escort and Ford Fiesta ({{convert\|105\|and\|130\|PS}}), while a new {{cvt\|136\|PS\|kW\|0}} 2\.0 L version was launched.
An alternative to the Zetec engines was the [Endura\-D](/wiki/Endura-D "Endura-D") 1\.8 L [turbo\-diesel](/wiki/Turbo-diesel "Turbo-diesel"). This engine had origins in the older 1\.6 L [diesel](/wiki/Diesel_engine "Diesel engine") design (which in itself was based on the petrol OHV Kent engine block from the Mk1\-2 Escort and Mk1 Fiesta) and was used in the Fiesta and elsewhere. Although not without merits, it was not seen as a strong competitor to other European diesels such as that produced by [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot "Peugeot"). The contrast between this unit and the competition seemed enormous by the time the engine was dropped in 2000\. Strangely, the diesel\-powered vehicles could easily be distinguished by dint of their having a slightly redesigned grille so that more air would flow to the top mounted intercooler.
A new American designed V6 engine was introduced in 1994 as part of a model line\-up review, in the form of the {{convert\|170\|PS}} 2\.5 L 24\-valve V6 [Duratec](/wiki/Ford_Duratec "Ford Duratec") unit, primarily included for markets where four\-cylinder [petrol](/wiki/Petrol "Petrol") engines are not favored {{By whom\|date\=December 2023}} and are usually intended for the upmarket European buyer. This engine, first unveiled in the Mondeo's North American cousin, the Ford Contour, is characterized by its smooth operation, chain\-driven camshafts, and additional butterflies in the lower inlet to close of the inlet path to one valve, giving better torque at low engine speeds, this was vacuum operated on the Mk1 and electronically controlled on the Mk2\. This engine was originally branded 24v on the Mk1, but later on badged as the more glamorous sounding V6\.
This engine was also used to introduce the new "ST" brand to the Mondeo range as a flagship model (with less specification than a Ghia or a Ghia X), the ST24 in 1997\. The power of the engine stayed at {{convert\|170\|PS\|abbr\=on}}, the same as other 2\.5 L\-engined models (so was slower than a Mk I 24v), but the ST featured unique cabin trim (half\-leather seats), unique 16\-inch alloy wheels (that were originally only available on a Ghia X Estate), and a full Rally Sport Appearance Pack body kit as standard. The bodykit option was listed as a delete option for those who did not want it fitted as standard. This was later replaced by the Limited Edition ST200 in 1999, featuring an [SVT](/wiki/Special_Vehicle_Team "Special Vehicle Team") version of the V6 Duratec with a power output of {{convert\|200\|PS\|abbr\=on}}.
Although neither of these models ever sold in high numbers, the marketing was important to Ford, as it was an introduction to the ST range as a sportier side to the full range, especially significant as apart from the [Focus](/wiki/Ford_Focus_%28international%29 "Ford Focus (international)") RS, both the XR and RS model ranges were phased out during the 1990s.
Ford briefly sold a version using the 2\.0 L Zetec engine and [four\-wheel drive](/wiki/Four-wheel_drive "Four-wheel drive"), available between 1995 and 1996 on cars with Si, Ghia, and Ghia X trim and in 1997 on the Mk2 in some European countries.
| Model | Years | Engine and type | | Displ. | Power | Torque |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1\.6 | 1993–1999 | [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 "Straight-4") [16V](/wiki/Multi-valve "Multi-valve") | [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec_engine "Ford Zetec engine") | 1597 cc | {{convert\|66\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 5250 rpm | {{convert\|135\|Nm\|ft.lbf\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 3500 rpm |
| 1\.6 | 1999–2000 | [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 "Straight-4") [16V](/wiki/Multi-valve "Multi-valve") | [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec_engine "Ford Zetec engine") | 1597 cc | {{convert\|70\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 5250 rpm | {{convert\|142\|Nm\|ft.lbf\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 3600 rpm |
| 1\.8 | 1993–2000 | [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 "Straight-4") [16V](/wiki/Multi-valve "Multi-valve") | [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec_engine "Ford Zetec engine") | 1796 cc | {{convert\|85\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 5750 rpm | {{convert\|158\|Nm\|ft.lbf\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 3750 rpm |
| 2\.0 | 1993–1996 | [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 "Straight-4") [16V](/wiki/Multi-valve "Multi-valve") | [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec_engine "Ford Zetec engine") | 1988 cc | {{convert\|100\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 6000 rpm | {{convert\|175\|Nm\|ft.lbf\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 4000 rpm |
| 2\.0 | 1996–2000 | [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 "Straight-4") [16V](/wiki/Multi-valve "Multi-valve") | [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec_engine "Ford Zetec engine") | 1988 cc | {{convert\|96\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 5600 rpm | {{convert\|178\|Nm\|ft.lbf\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 4000 rpm |
| 2\.0 [4x4](/wiki/All-wheel-drive "All-wheel-drive") | 1993–1996 | [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 "Straight-4") [16V](/wiki/Multi-valve "Multi-valve") | [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec_engine "Ford Zetec engine") | 1988 cc | {{convert\|97\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 6000 rpm | {{convert\|175\|Nm\|ft.lbf\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 4000 rpm |
| 2\.5 | 1994–1998 | [V6](/wiki/V6_engine "V6 engine") [24V](/wiki/Multi-valve "Multi-valve") | [Duratec](/wiki/Ford_Duratec_engine "Ford Duratec engine") | 2544 cc | {{convert\|125\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 6250 rpm | {{convert\|220\|Nm\|ft.lbf\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 4250 rpm |
| 2\.5 | 1998–2000 | [V6](/wiki/V6_engine "V6 engine") [24V](/wiki/Multi-valve "Multi-valve") | [Duratec](/wiki/Ford_Duratec_engine "Ford Duratec engine") | 2495 cc | {{convert\|125\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 6250 rpm | {{convert\|220\|Nm\|ft.lbf\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 4250 rpm |
| 2\.5 ST200 | 1999–2000 | [V6](/wiki/V6_engine "V6 engine") [24V](/wiki/Multi-valve "Multi-valve") | [Duratec](/wiki/Ford_Duratec_engine "Ford Duratec engine") | 2495 cc | {{convert\|151\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 6500 rpm | {{convert\|235\|Nm\|ft.lbf\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 5500 rpm |
| 1\.8 [TD](/wiki/Turbodiesel "Turbodiesel") | 1993–2000 | [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 "Straight-4") 8V | [Endura\-D](/wiki/Ford_Endura-D_engine "Ford Endura-D engine") | 1753 cc | {{convert\|66\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 4500 rpm | {{convert\|177\|Nm\|ft.lbf\|0\|abbr\=on}} @ 2250 rpm |
|
[
"Engines\n-------",
"Along with an all\\-new platform, the Mondeo also used Ford's then\\-new [Zetec](/wiki/Zetec \"Zetec\") engines, first seen in 1991 in the [Ford Escort](/wiki/Ford_Escort_%28Europe%29 \"Ford Escort (Europe)\"), [Ford Orion](/wiki/Ford_Orion \"Ford Orion\") and [Ford Fiesta](/wiki/Ford_Fiesta \"Ford Fiesta\").",
"Three versions of the 16\\-valve [Zetec](/wiki/Zetec \"Zetec\") engine were used. The 1\\.6 L version, rated at {{cvt\\|90\\|PS\\|kW\\|0}} from the Escort was used, a 1\\.8 with {{cvt\\|115\\|PS\\|kW\\|0}} also found in the Escort and Ford Fiesta ({{convert\\|105\\|and\\|130\\|PS}}), while a new {{cvt\\|136\\|PS\\|kW\\|0}} 2\\.0 L version was launched.",
"An alternative to the Zetec engines was the [Endura\\-D](/wiki/Endura-D \"Endura-D\") 1\\.8 L [turbo\\-diesel](/wiki/Turbo-diesel \"Turbo-diesel\"). This engine had origins in the older 1\\.6 L [diesel](/wiki/Diesel_engine \"Diesel engine\") design (which in itself was based on the petrol OHV Kent engine block from the Mk1\\-2 Escort and Mk1 Fiesta) and was used in the Fiesta and elsewhere. Although not without merits, it was not seen as a strong competitor to other European diesels such as that produced by [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot \"Peugeot\"). The contrast between this unit and the competition seemed enormous by the time the engine was dropped in 2000\\. Strangely, the diesel\\-powered vehicles could easily be distinguished by dint of their having a slightly redesigned grille so that more air would flow to the top mounted intercooler.",
"A new American designed V6 engine was introduced in 1994 as part of a model line\\-up review, in the form of the {{convert\\|170\\|PS}} 2\\.5 L 24\\-valve V6 [Duratec](/wiki/Ford_Duratec \"Ford Duratec\") unit, primarily included for markets where four\\-cylinder [petrol](/wiki/Petrol \"Petrol\") engines are not favored {{By whom\\|date\\=December 2023}} and are usually intended for the upmarket European buyer. This engine, first unveiled in the Mondeo's North American cousin, the Ford Contour, is characterized by its smooth operation, chain\\-driven camshafts, and additional butterflies in the lower inlet to close of the inlet path to one valve, giving better torque at low engine speeds, this was vacuum operated on the Mk1 and electronically controlled on the Mk2\\. This engine was originally branded 24v on the Mk1, but later on badged as the more glamorous sounding V6\\.",
"This engine was also used to introduce the new \"ST\" brand to the Mondeo range as a flagship model (with less specification than a Ghia or a Ghia X), the ST24 in 1997\\. The power of the engine stayed at {{convert\\|170\\|PS\\|abbr\\=on}}, the same as other 2\\.5 L\\-engined models (so was slower than a Mk I 24v), but the ST featured unique cabin trim (half\\-leather seats), unique 16\\-inch alloy wheels (that were originally only available on a Ghia X Estate), and a full Rally Sport Appearance Pack body kit as standard. The bodykit option was listed as a delete option for those who did not want it fitted as standard. This was later replaced by the Limited Edition ST200 in 1999, featuring an [SVT](/wiki/Special_Vehicle_Team \"Special Vehicle Team\") version of the V6 Duratec with a power output of {{convert\\|200\\|PS\\|abbr\\=on}}.",
"Although neither of these models ever sold in high numbers, the marketing was important to Ford, as it was an introduction to the ST range as a sportier side to the full range, especially significant as apart from the [Focus](/wiki/Ford_Focus_%28international%29 \"Ford Focus (international)\") RS, both the XR and RS model ranges were phased out during the 1990s.",
"Ford briefly sold a version using the 2\\.0 L Zetec engine and [four\\-wheel drive](/wiki/Four-wheel_drive \"Four-wheel drive\"), available between 1995 and 1996 on cars with Si, Ghia, and Ghia X trim and in 1997 on the Mk2 in some European countries.",
"",
"| Model | Years | Engine and type | | Displ. | Power | Torque |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1\\.6 | 1993–1999 | [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 \"Straight-4\") [16V](/wiki/Multi-valve \"Multi-valve\") | [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec_engine \"Ford Zetec engine\") | 1597 cc | {{convert\\|66\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 5250 rpm | {{convert\\|135\\|Nm\\|ft.lbf\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 3500 rpm |\n| 1\\.6 | 1999–2000 | [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 \"Straight-4\") [16V](/wiki/Multi-valve \"Multi-valve\") | [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec_engine \"Ford Zetec engine\") | 1597 cc | {{convert\\|70\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 5250 rpm | {{convert\\|142\\|Nm\\|ft.lbf\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 3600 rpm |\n| 1\\.8 | 1993–2000 | [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 \"Straight-4\") [16V](/wiki/Multi-valve \"Multi-valve\") | [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec_engine \"Ford Zetec engine\") | 1796 cc | {{convert\\|85\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 5750 rpm | {{convert\\|158\\|Nm\\|ft.lbf\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 3750 rpm |\n| 2\\.0 | 1993–1996 | [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 \"Straight-4\") [16V](/wiki/Multi-valve \"Multi-valve\") | [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec_engine \"Ford Zetec engine\") | 1988 cc | {{convert\\|100\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 6000 rpm | {{convert\\|175\\|Nm\\|ft.lbf\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 4000 rpm |\n| 2\\.0 | 1996–2000 | [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 \"Straight-4\") [16V](/wiki/Multi-valve \"Multi-valve\") | [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec_engine \"Ford Zetec engine\") | 1988 cc | {{convert\\|96\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 5600 rpm | {{convert\\|178\\|Nm\\|ft.lbf\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 4000 rpm |\n| 2\\.0 [4x4](/wiki/All-wheel-drive \"All-wheel-drive\") | 1993–1996 | [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 \"Straight-4\") [16V](/wiki/Multi-valve \"Multi-valve\") | [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec_engine \"Ford Zetec engine\") | 1988 cc | {{convert\\|97\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 6000 rpm | {{convert\\|175\\|Nm\\|ft.lbf\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 4000 rpm |\n| 2\\.5 | 1994–1998 | [V6](/wiki/V6_engine \"V6 engine\") [24V](/wiki/Multi-valve \"Multi-valve\") | [Duratec](/wiki/Ford_Duratec_engine \"Ford Duratec engine\") | 2544 cc | {{convert\\|125\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 6250 rpm | {{convert\\|220\\|Nm\\|ft.lbf\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 4250 rpm |\n| 2\\.5 | 1998–2000 | [V6](/wiki/V6_engine \"V6 engine\") [24V](/wiki/Multi-valve \"Multi-valve\") | [Duratec](/wiki/Ford_Duratec_engine \"Ford Duratec engine\") | 2495 cc | {{convert\\|125\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 6250 rpm | {{convert\\|220\\|Nm\\|ft.lbf\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 4250 rpm |\n| 2\\.5 ST200 | 1999–2000 | [V6](/wiki/V6_engine \"V6 engine\") [24V](/wiki/Multi-valve \"Multi-valve\") | [Duratec](/wiki/Ford_Duratec_engine \"Ford Duratec engine\") | 2495 cc | {{convert\\|151\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 6500 rpm | {{convert\\|235\\|Nm\\|ft.lbf\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 5500 rpm |\n| 1\\.8 [TD](/wiki/Turbodiesel \"Turbodiesel\") | 1993–2000 | [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 \"Straight-4\") 8V | [Endura\\-D](/wiki/Ford_Endura-D_engine \"Ford Endura-D engine\") | 1753 cc | {{convert\\|66\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 4500 rpm | {{convert\\|177\\|Nm\\|ft.lbf\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} @ 2250 rpm |",
""
] |
Market
------
### Europe
The 1992–1996 range had the following trim levels:
UK market
* **Base** – 1\.6L Zetec, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, base trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate (replaced by Aspen in 1995\)
* **Aspen** – 1\.6 L Zetec, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, base trim level, 5\-door hatchback, estate
* **LX** – 1\.6 L/1\.8 L/2\.0 L Zetec, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, midrange trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate
* **GLX** – 1\.6 L/1\.8 L/2\.0 L Zetec, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, luxury trim level version of the LX, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate
* **24v** – 2\.5L Duratec V6, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate (1994–1995 only) with sports seats and 15” steel wheels and trims
* **Si** – 2\.0 L 4\-cylinder with shorter ratio gearbox, 2\.5 L Duratec V6 (Sept 1995\- Aug 1996 only), sports version, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate, optional 4x4 on 2\.0L Zetec
* **Ghia** – 1\.8 L/2\.0 L Zetec, 2\.5 L Duratec V6, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, midrange trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate, optional 4x4 on 2\.0L Zetec
* **Ghia X** – (1995\-1996 only) 2\.0L Zetec, 2\.5 L Duratec V6, 1\.8L turbodiesel, luxury trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, 5\-door estate (from 1995\), optional 4x4 on 2\.0L Zetec
Special edition versions included the 1\.8 L Ultima (1993\-1994 only) and 1\.8 L, 1\.8 L turbodiesel Verona (1995\-1996 only) models which included a mix of lower and higher model components and exclusive interior trims.
The Mk1 was available with a factory or dealer option, RS bodykit, from 1993 to 1995, consisting of additional front and rear aerodynamic bumper styling which was bonded to the factory bumpers, side skirts and a boot lid mounted spoiler on all body shapes, together with a choice of 15” and 16” alloy wheels. A more subtle bodykit was offered as an option from Sept 1995 to Aug 1996 consisting of complete replacement bumpers with round front fog lights and smooth side skirts, the boot spoilers had an additional high level brake light added.
A special edition version of the 2\.0 Si was available in 1993–1994 in limited numbers and came in Citrine Yellow with a special version of the Si seat fabric and included the full RS bodykit, these were issued to each Ford Dealer as a promotional tool for sale and an even smaller number of these cars (\~50\) were tuned by a dealer, Hendy Ford and fitted with different camshafts, producing approximately 150 PS and were identified by special graphics on the sides.
Additional trim levels in other European markets included:
* **Mirage** – 1\.6 L Zetec, base trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate – only offered in the Netherlands{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2010}}
* **CLX** – 1\.6 L/1\.8 L/2\.0 L Zetec, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, midrange trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate – not offered in the UK{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2010}}
* **Verona** – 1\.8 L, midrange trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback
* **GLX** – 1\.6 L/1\.8 L/2\.0 L Zetec, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, luxury trim level version of the CLX, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate
* **Business Edition** – 1\.6 L/1\.8 L/2\.0 L 4\-cylinder, 2\.5 L V6, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, luxury trim level version of LX, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate. – only offered in the Netherlands{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2010}}
* **GT** – 1\.8 L/2\.0 L 4\-cylinder, 2\.5 L V6, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, sports version, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate. Only offered in the Netherlands,{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2010}} equivalent to UK\-spec Si
* **V6** – 2\.5 L V6, luxury version, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate. Never offered with a V6 (base) in the Netherlands, only Business Edition or GT.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2010}}
The 1996–2000 range had the following trim levels:
* **Aspen** – 1\.6 L Zetec, 1\.8 L TD Endura, base trim level, 5dr, Estate
* **LX** – 1\.6/1\.8/2\.0 L Zetec, 1\.8 L TD Endura, midrange trim level, 4dr, 5dr, Estate
* **Verona** – 1\.8 L Zetec, midrange trim level, 5dr
* **GLX** – 1\.8/2\.0 L Zetec, 1\.8 L TD Endura, midrange trim level, 4dr, 5dr, Estate
* **Si** – 2\.0 L Zetec, 2\.5 L V6 170 PS, sports version, 4dr, 5dr, Estate
* **Zetec** – 1\.8/2\.0 L Zetec, replaced Si, 5dr, Estate
* **Zetec\-S** – 2\.0 L Zetec, rare Zetec based special edition with ST bodykit, 5dr
* **Ghia** – 2\.0 L Zetec, 2\.5 L V6 170 PS, 1\.8 L TD Endura, luxury trim level
* **Ghia X** – 2\.0 L Zetec, 2\.5 L V6 170 PS, 1\.8 L TD Endura, top spec trim level
* **ST24** – 2\.5 L V6 170 PS, Sports Variant Luxury bucket seat half leather trim, sports\-suspension, RSAP Kit
* **ST200** – 2\.5 L V6 205 PS, Sports Variant, Luxury Recaro leather trim, 17" alloys, tuned engine \& suspension, RSAP Kit, digital Climate Control
The facelifted Mk II Mondeo sports variants included the ST24 and the ST200\. The ST24 produced {{convert\|170\|bhp\|abbr\=on}} from its 2\.5\-litre V6 24v engine and was launched with Rally Sport Appearance Pack body kits, along with sports suspension and half\-leather sports bucket seats. Its standard setup had the ST24 from standstill to {{convert\|62\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} in 8\.0 seconds, coupled with a maximum speed of {{convert\|148\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}. North America got an SE "Sport" Version of the Contour, which featured exclusive wheels and the coveted 9\-inch Sport Drum rear brakes. Rear disc brakes eventually became available in North America on certain Contour and Mystique models, although some customers bemoaned the reduced level of feel over the original sport drums.
The ST200 was then launched as the Enthusiast's car, with a tuned 2\.5\-litre V6 24v engine producing {{convert\|202\|bhp\|abbr\=on}}. This engine made the ST200 go from standing to {{convert\|60\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} in around 7\.7 seconds,{{cite web \|last\=Finlay \|first\=David \|title\=Ford Mondeo ST200: Sleeping on his What? \|url\=http://www.carkeys.co.uk/road\-test\-review/ford\-mondeo\-st200 \|publisher\=CarKeys.co.uk}} and reach a maximum speed of {{convert\|151\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}. Tuning included a different throttle body, cams, flywheel, and upper manifold, to name a few. This version of the Mondeo also had even harder sports suspension than the ST24, and came with half\-leather [Recaro](/wiki/Recaro "Recaro") sports bucket seats, full leather was available as a cost option. The ST200 was released to the public in Imperial Blue (All Countries due to receive the ST200\) and additionally in Europe, Stardust Silver, Panther Black and Radiant Red. 66 were also made in Diamond White 73 (for use by various UK police forces). The North American counterpart to this model was known as the Contour SVT.
### Africa
In South Africa, the trim levels offered were:
* **LX** – 1\.8 L Zetec, midrange trim level, 4\-door saloon
* **CLX** – 2\.0 L Zetec, midrange trim level, 4\-door saloon
* **2\.0 Aspen** – 2\.0 L Zetec, luxury trim level version of the LX, 4\-door saloon
* **Si** – 2\.5 L V6, sports version, 5\-door hatchback
### South America
In Brazil, the trim levels offered were:
* **CLX** – 1\.8 L Zetec, standard trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, and 5\-door station wagon.
* **GLX** – 2\.0 L Zetec, midrange trim level, 4\-door saloon and 5\-door hatchback, and 5\-door station wagon.
* **Ghia** – 2\.5 L V6 Duratec HE, Luxury\&Sport trim level version, only was 4\-door saloon.
|
[
"Market\n------",
"### Europe",
"The 1992–1996 range had the following trim levels:",
"UK market\n* **Base** – 1\\.6L Zetec, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, base trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate (replaced by Aspen in 1995\\)\n* **Aspen** – 1\\.6 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, base trim level, 5\\-door hatchback, estate\n* **LX** – 1\\.6 L/1\\.8 L/2\\.0 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, midrange trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate\n* **GLX** – 1\\.6 L/1\\.8 L/2\\.0 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, luxury trim level version of the LX, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate\n* **24v** – 2\\.5L Duratec V6, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate (1994–1995 only) with sports seats and 15” steel wheels and trims\n* **Si** – 2\\.0 L 4\\-cylinder with shorter ratio gearbox, 2\\.5 L Duratec V6 (Sept 1995\\- Aug 1996 only), sports version, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate, optional 4x4 on 2\\.0L Zetec\n* **Ghia** – 1\\.8 L/2\\.0 L Zetec, 2\\.5 L Duratec V6, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, midrange trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate, optional 4x4 on 2\\.0L Zetec\n* **Ghia X** – (1995\\-1996 only) 2\\.0L Zetec, 2\\.5 L Duratec V6, 1\\.8L turbodiesel, luxury trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, 5\\-door estate (from 1995\\), optional 4x4 on 2\\.0L Zetec",
"Special edition versions included the 1\\.8 L Ultima (1993\\-1994 only) and 1\\.8 L, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel Verona (1995\\-1996 only) models which included a mix of lower and higher model components and exclusive interior trims.",
"The Mk1 was available with a factory or dealer option, RS bodykit, from 1993 to 1995, consisting of additional front and rear aerodynamic bumper styling which was bonded to the factory bumpers, side skirts and a boot lid mounted spoiler on all body shapes, together with a choice of 15” and 16” alloy wheels. A more subtle bodykit was offered as an option from Sept 1995 to Aug 1996 consisting of complete replacement bumpers with round front fog lights and smooth side skirts, the boot spoilers had an additional high level brake light added.",
"A special edition version of the 2\\.0 Si was available in 1993–1994 in limited numbers and came in Citrine Yellow with a special version of the Si seat fabric and included the full RS bodykit, these were issued to each Ford Dealer as a promotional tool for sale and an even smaller number of these cars (\\~50\\) were tuned by a dealer, Hendy Ford and fitted with different camshafts, producing approximately 150 PS and were identified by special graphics on the sides.",
"Additional trim levels in other European markets included:",
"* **Mirage** – 1\\.6 L Zetec, base trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate – only offered in the Netherlands{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2010}}\n* **CLX** – 1\\.6 L/1\\.8 L/2\\.0 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, midrange trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate – not offered in the UK{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2010}}\n* **Verona** – 1\\.8 L, midrange trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback\n* **GLX** – 1\\.6 L/1\\.8 L/2\\.0 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, luxury trim level version of the CLX, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate\n* **Business Edition** – 1\\.6 L/1\\.8 L/2\\.0 L 4\\-cylinder, 2\\.5 L V6, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, luxury trim level version of LX, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate. – only offered in the Netherlands{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2010}}\n* **GT** – 1\\.8 L/2\\.0 L 4\\-cylinder, 2\\.5 L V6, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, sports version, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate. Only offered in the Netherlands,{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2010}} equivalent to UK\\-spec Si\n* **V6** – 2\\.5 L V6, luxury version, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate. Never offered with a V6 (base) in the Netherlands, only Business Edition or GT.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2010}}",
"The 1996–2000 range had the following trim levels:\n* **Aspen** – 1\\.6 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L TD Endura, base trim level, 5dr, Estate\n* **LX** – 1\\.6/1\\.8/2\\.0 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L TD Endura, midrange trim level, 4dr, 5dr, Estate\n* **Verona** – 1\\.8 L Zetec, midrange trim level, 5dr\n* **GLX** – 1\\.8/2\\.0 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L TD Endura, midrange trim level, 4dr, 5dr, Estate\n* **Si** – 2\\.0 L Zetec, 2\\.5 L V6 170 PS, sports version, 4dr, 5dr, Estate\n* **Zetec** – 1\\.8/2\\.0 L Zetec, replaced Si, 5dr, Estate\n* **Zetec\\-S** – 2\\.0 L Zetec, rare Zetec based special edition with ST bodykit, 5dr\n* **Ghia** – 2\\.0 L Zetec, 2\\.5 L V6 170 PS, 1\\.8 L TD Endura, luxury trim level\n* **Ghia X** – 2\\.0 L Zetec, 2\\.5 L V6 170 PS, 1\\.8 L TD Endura, top spec trim level\n* **ST24** – 2\\.5 L V6 170 PS, Sports Variant Luxury bucket seat half leather trim, sports\\-suspension, RSAP Kit\n* **ST200** – 2\\.5 L V6 205 PS, Sports Variant, Luxury Recaro leather trim, 17\" alloys, tuned engine \\& suspension, RSAP Kit, digital Climate Control",
"The facelifted Mk II Mondeo sports variants included the ST24 and the ST200\\. The ST24 produced {{convert\\|170\\|bhp\\|abbr\\=on}} from its 2\\.5\\-litre V6 24v engine and was launched with Rally Sport Appearance Pack body kits, along with sports suspension and half\\-leather sports bucket seats. Its standard setup had the ST24 from standstill to {{convert\\|62\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} in 8\\.0 seconds, coupled with a maximum speed of {{convert\\|148\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}. North America got an SE \"Sport\" Version of the Contour, which featured exclusive wheels and the coveted 9\\-inch Sport Drum rear brakes. Rear disc brakes eventually became available in North America on certain Contour and Mystique models, although some customers bemoaned the reduced level of feel over the original sport drums.",
"The ST200 was then launched as the Enthusiast's car, with a tuned 2\\.5\\-litre V6 24v engine producing {{convert\\|202\\|bhp\\|abbr\\=on}}. This engine made the ST200 go from standing to {{convert\\|60\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} in around 7\\.7 seconds,{{cite web \\|last\\=Finlay \\|first\\=David \\|title\\=Ford Mondeo ST200: Sleeping on his What? \\|url\\=http://www.carkeys.co.uk/road\\-test\\-review/ford\\-mondeo\\-st200 \\|publisher\\=CarKeys.co.uk}} and reach a maximum speed of {{convert\\|151\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}. Tuning included a different throttle body, cams, flywheel, and upper manifold, to name a few. This version of the Mondeo also had even harder sports suspension than the ST24, and came with half\\-leather [Recaro](/wiki/Recaro \"Recaro\") sports bucket seats, full leather was available as a cost option. The ST200 was released to the public in Imperial Blue (All Countries due to receive the ST200\\) and additionally in Europe, Stardust Silver, Panther Black and Radiant Red. 66 were also made in Diamond White 73 (for use by various UK police forces). The North American counterpart to this model was known as the Contour SVT.",
"### Africa",
"In South Africa, the trim levels offered were:\n* **LX** – 1\\.8 L Zetec, midrange trim level, 4\\-door saloon\n* **CLX** – 2\\.0 L Zetec, midrange trim level, 4\\-door saloon\n* **2\\.0 Aspen** – 2\\.0 L Zetec, luxury trim level version of the LX, 4\\-door saloon\n* **Si** – 2\\.5 L V6, sports version, 5\\-door hatchback",
"### South America",
"In Brazil, the trim levels offered were:\n* **CLX** – 1\\.8 L Zetec, standard trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, and 5\\-door station wagon.\n* **GLX** – 2\\.0 L Zetec, midrange trim level, 4\\-door saloon and 5\\-door hatchback, and 5\\-door station wagon.\n* **Ghia** – 2\\.5 L V6 Duratec HE, Luxury\\&Sport trim level version, only was 4\\-door saloon.",
""
] |
### Europe
The 1992–1996 range had the following trim levels:
UK market
* **Base** – 1\.6L Zetec, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, base trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate (replaced by Aspen in 1995\)
* **Aspen** – 1\.6 L Zetec, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, base trim level, 5\-door hatchback, estate
* **LX** – 1\.6 L/1\.8 L/2\.0 L Zetec, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, midrange trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate
* **GLX** – 1\.6 L/1\.8 L/2\.0 L Zetec, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, luxury trim level version of the LX, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate
* **24v** – 2\.5L Duratec V6, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate (1994–1995 only) with sports seats and 15” steel wheels and trims
* **Si** – 2\.0 L 4\-cylinder with shorter ratio gearbox, 2\.5 L Duratec V6 (Sept 1995\- Aug 1996 only), sports version, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate, optional 4x4 on 2\.0L Zetec
* **Ghia** – 1\.8 L/2\.0 L Zetec, 2\.5 L Duratec V6, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, midrange trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate, optional 4x4 on 2\.0L Zetec
* **Ghia X** – (1995\-1996 only) 2\.0L Zetec, 2\.5 L Duratec V6, 1\.8L turbodiesel, luxury trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, 5\-door estate (from 1995\), optional 4x4 on 2\.0L Zetec
Special edition versions included the 1\.8 L Ultima (1993\-1994 only) and 1\.8 L, 1\.8 L turbodiesel Verona (1995\-1996 only) models which included a mix of lower and higher model components and exclusive interior trims.
The Mk1 was available with a factory or dealer option, RS bodykit, from 1993 to 1995, consisting of additional front and rear aerodynamic bumper styling which was bonded to the factory bumpers, side skirts and a boot lid mounted spoiler on all body shapes, together with a choice of 15” and 16” alloy wheels. A more subtle bodykit was offered as an option from Sept 1995 to Aug 1996 consisting of complete replacement bumpers with round front fog lights and smooth side skirts, the boot spoilers had an additional high level brake light added.
A special edition version of the 2\.0 Si was available in 1993–1994 in limited numbers and came in Citrine Yellow with a special version of the Si seat fabric and included the full RS bodykit, these were issued to each Ford Dealer as a promotional tool for sale and an even smaller number of these cars (\~50\) were tuned by a dealer, Hendy Ford and fitted with different camshafts, producing approximately 150 PS and were identified by special graphics on the sides.
Additional trim levels in other European markets included:
* **Mirage** – 1\.6 L Zetec, base trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate – only offered in the Netherlands{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2010}}
* **CLX** – 1\.6 L/1\.8 L/2\.0 L Zetec, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, midrange trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate – not offered in the UK{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2010}}
* **Verona** – 1\.8 L, midrange trim level, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback
* **GLX** – 1\.6 L/1\.8 L/2\.0 L Zetec, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, luxury trim level version of the CLX, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate
* **Business Edition** – 1\.6 L/1\.8 L/2\.0 L 4\-cylinder, 2\.5 L V6, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, luxury trim level version of LX, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate. – only offered in the Netherlands{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2010}}
* **GT** – 1\.8 L/2\.0 L 4\-cylinder, 2\.5 L V6, 1\.8 L turbodiesel, sports version, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate. Only offered in the Netherlands,{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2010}} equivalent to UK\-spec Si
* **V6** – 2\.5 L V6, luxury version, 4\-door saloon, 5\-door hatchback, estate. Never offered with a V6 (base) in the Netherlands, only Business Edition or GT.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2010}}
The 1996–2000 range had the following trim levels:
* **Aspen** – 1\.6 L Zetec, 1\.8 L TD Endura, base trim level, 5dr, Estate
* **LX** – 1\.6/1\.8/2\.0 L Zetec, 1\.8 L TD Endura, midrange trim level, 4dr, 5dr, Estate
* **Verona** – 1\.8 L Zetec, midrange trim level, 5dr
* **GLX** – 1\.8/2\.0 L Zetec, 1\.8 L TD Endura, midrange trim level, 4dr, 5dr, Estate
* **Si** – 2\.0 L Zetec, 2\.5 L V6 170 PS, sports version, 4dr, 5dr, Estate
* **Zetec** – 1\.8/2\.0 L Zetec, replaced Si, 5dr, Estate
* **Zetec\-S** – 2\.0 L Zetec, rare Zetec based special edition with ST bodykit, 5dr
* **Ghia** – 2\.0 L Zetec, 2\.5 L V6 170 PS, 1\.8 L TD Endura, luxury trim level
* **Ghia X** – 2\.0 L Zetec, 2\.5 L V6 170 PS, 1\.8 L TD Endura, top spec trim level
* **ST24** – 2\.5 L V6 170 PS, Sports Variant Luxury bucket seat half leather trim, sports\-suspension, RSAP Kit
* **ST200** – 2\.5 L V6 205 PS, Sports Variant, Luxury Recaro leather trim, 17" alloys, tuned engine \& suspension, RSAP Kit, digital Climate Control
The facelifted Mk II Mondeo sports variants included the ST24 and the ST200\. The ST24 produced {{convert\|170\|bhp\|abbr\=on}} from its 2\.5\-litre V6 24v engine and was launched with Rally Sport Appearance Pack body kits, along with sports suspension and half\-leather sports bucket seats. Its standard setup had the ST24 from standstill to {{convert\|62\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} in 8\.0 seconds, coupled with a maximum speed of {{convert\|148\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}. North America got an SE "Sport" Version of the Contour, which featured exclusive wheels and the coveted 9\-inch Sport Drum rear brakes. Rear disc brakes eventually became available in North America on certain Contour and Mystique models, although some customers bemoaned the reduced level of feel over the original sport drums.
The ST200 was then launched as the Enthusiast's car, with a tuned 2\.5\-litre V6 24v engine producing {{convert\|202\|bhp\|abbr\=on}}. This engine made the ST200 go from standing to {{convert\|60\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} in around 7\.7 seconds,{{cite web \|last\=Finlay \|first\=David \|title\=Ford Mondeo ST200: Sleeping on his What? \|url\=http://www.carkeys.co.uk/road\-test\-review/ford\-mondeo\-st200 \|publisher\=CarKeys.co.uk}} and reach a maximum speed of {{convert\|151\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}. Tuning included a different throttle body, cams, flywheel, and upper manifold, to name a few. This version of the Mondeo also had even harder sports suspension than the ST24, and came with half\-leather [Recaro](/wiki/Recaro "Recaro") sports bucket seats, full leather was available as a cost option. The ST200 was released to the public in Imperial Blue (All Countries due to receive the ST200\) and additionally in Europe, Stardust Silver, Panther Black and Radiant Red. 66 were also made in Diamond White 73 (for use by various UK police forces). The North American counterpart to this model was known as the Contour SVT.
|
[
"### Europe",
"The 1992–1996 range had the following trim levels:",
"UK market\n* **Base** – 1\\.6L Zetec, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, base trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate (replaced by Aspen in 1995\\)\n* **Aspen** – 1\\.6 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, base trim level, 5\\-door hatchback, estate\n* **LX** – 1\\.6 L/1\\.8 L/2\\.0 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, midrange trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate\n* **GLX** – 1\\.6 L/1\\.8 L/2\\.0 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, luxury trim level version of the LX, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate\n* **24v** – 2\\.5L Duratec V6, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate (1994–1995 only) with sports seats and 15” steel wheels and trims\n* **Si** – 2\\.0 L 4\\-cylinder with shorter ratio gearbox, 2\\.5 L Duratec V6 (Sept 1995\\- Aug 1996 only), sports version, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate, optional 4x4 on 2\\.0L Zetec\n* **Ghia** – 1\\.8 L/2\\.0 L Zetec, 2\\.5 L Duratec V6, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, midrange trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate, optional 4x4 on 2\\.0L Zetec\n* **Ghia X** – (1995\\-1996 only) 2\\.0L Zetec, 2\\.5 L Duratec V6, 1\\.8L turbodiesel, luxury trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, 5\\-door estate (from 1995\\), optional 4x4 on 2\\.0L Zetec",
"Special edition versions included the 1\\.8 L Ultima (1993\\-1994 only) and 1\\.8 L, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel Verona (1995\\-1996 only) models which included a mix of lower and higher model components and exclusive interior trims.",
"The Mk1 was available with a factory or dealer option, RS bodykit, from 1993 to 1995, consisting of additional front and rear aerodynamic bumper styling which was bonded to the factory bumpers, side skirts and a boot lid mounted spoiler on all body shapes, together with a choice of 15” and 16” alloy wheels. A more subtle bodykit was offered as an option from Sept 1995 to Aug 1996 consisting of complete replacement bumpers with round front fog lights and smooth side skirts, the boot spoilers had an additional high level brake light added.",
"A special edition version of the 2\\.0 Si was available in 1993–1994 in limited numbers and came in Citrine Yellow with a special version of the Si seat fabric and included the full RS bodykit, these were issued to each Ford Dealer as a promotional tool for sale and an even smaller number of these cars (\\~50\\) were tuned by a dealer, Hendy Ford and fitted with different camshafts, producing approximately 150 PS and were identified by special graphics on the sides.",
"Additional trim levels in other European markets included:",
"* **Mirage** – 1\\.6 L Zetec, base trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate – only offered in the Netherlands{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2010}}\n* **CLX** – 1\\.6 L/1\\.8 L/2\\.0 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, midrange trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate – not offered in the UK{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2010}}\n* **Verona** – 1\\.8 L, midrange trim level, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback\n* **GLX** – 1\\.6 L/1\\.8 L/2\\.0 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, luxury trim level version of the CLX, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate\n* **Business Edition** – 1\\.6 L/1\\.8 L/2\\.0 L 4\\-cylinder, 2\\.5 L V6, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, luxury trim level version of LX, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate. – only offered in the Netherlands{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2010}}\n* **GT** – 1\\.8 L/2\\.0 L 4\\-cylinder, 2\\.5 L V6, 1\\.8 L turbodiesel, sports version, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate. Only offered in the Netherlands,{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2010}} equivalent to UK\\-spec Si\n* **V6** – 2\\.5 L V6, luxury version, 4\\-door saloon, 5\\-door hatchback, estate. Never offered with a V6 (base) in the Netherlands, only Business Edition or GT.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2010}}",
"The 1996–2000 range had the following trim levels:\n* **Aspen** – 1\\.6 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L TD Endura, base trim level, 5dr, Estate\n* **LX** – 1\\.6/1\\.8/2\\.0 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L TD Endura, midrange trim level, 4dr, 5dr, Estate\n* **Verona** – 1\\.8 L Zetec, midrange trim level, 5dr\n* **GLX** – 1\\.8/2\\.0 L Zetec, 1\\.8 L TD Endura, midrange trim level, 4dr, 5dr, Estate\n* **Si** – 2\\.0 L Zetec, 2\\.5 L V6 170 PS, sports version, 4dr, 5dr, Estate\n* **Zetec** – 1\\.8/2\\.0 L Zetec, replaced Si, 5dr, Estate\n* **Zetec\\-S** – 2\\.0 L Zetec, rare Zetec based special edition with ST bodykit, 5dr\n* **Ghia** – 2\\.0 L Zetec, 2\\.5 L V6 170 PS, 1\\.8 L TD Endura, luxury trim level\n* **Ghia X** – 2\\.0 L Zetec, 2\\.5 L V6 170 PS, 1\\.8 L TD Endura, top spec trim level\n* **ST24** – 2\\.5 L V6 170 PS, Sports Variant Luxury bucket seat half leather trim, sports\\-suspension, RSAP Kit\n* **ST200** – 2\\.5 L V6 205 PS, Sports Variant, Luxury Recaro leather trim, 17\" alloys, tuned engine \\& suspension, RSAP Kit, digital Climate Control",
"The facelifted Mk II Mondeo sports variants included the ST24 and the ST200\\. The ST24 produced {{convert\\|170\\|bhp\\|abbr\\=on}} from its 2\\.5\\-litre V6 24v engine and was launched with Rally Sport Appearance Pack body kits, along with sports suspension and half\\-leather sports bucket seats. Its standard setup had the ST24 from standstill to {{convert\\|62\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} in 8\\.0 seconds, coupled with a maximum speed of {{convert\\|148\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}. North America got an SE \"Sport\" Version of the Contour, which featured exclusive wheels and the coveted 9\\-inch Sport Drum rear brakes. Rear disc brakes eventually became available in North America on certain Contour and Mystique models, although some customers bemoaned the reduced level of feel over the original sport drums.",
"The ST200 was then launched as the Enthusiast's car, with a tuned 2\\.5\\-litre V6 24v engine producing {{convert\\|202\\|bhp\\|abbr\\=on}}. This engine made the ST200 go from standing to {{convert\\|60\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} in around 7\\.7 seconds,{{cite web \\|last\\=Finlay \\|first\\=David \\|title\\=Ford Mondeo ST200: Sleeping on his What? \\|url\\=http://www.carkeys.co.uk/road\\-test\\-review/ford\\-mondeo\\-st200 \\|publisher\\=CarKeys.co.uk}} and reach a maximum speed of {{convert\\|151\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}. Tuning included a different throttle body, cams, flywheel, and upper manifold, to name a few. This version of the Mondeo also had even harder sports suspension than the ST24, and came with half\\-leather [Recaro](/wiki/Recaro \"Recaro\") sports bucket seats, full leather was available as a cost option. The ST200 was released to the public in Imperial Blue (All Countries due to receive the ST200\\) and additionally in Europe, Stardust Silver, Panther Black and Radiant Red. 66 were also made in Diamond White 73 (for use by various UK police forces). The North American counterpart to this model was known as the Contour SVT.",
""
] |
Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique
---------------------------------
{{Infobox automobile
\| name \= Ford Contour
Mercury Mystique
\| image \= 1998\-2000 Mercury Mystique \-\- 03\-24\-2012\.JPG
\| image\_size \=
\| caption \= ''Mercury Mystique (facelift)''
\| type \=
\| production \= August 15, 1994–October 19, 2000
\| model\_years \= 1995–2000
\| assembly \= United States: \[\[Claycomo, Missouri]] (\[\[Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant\|Kansas City Assembly]])
Mexico: \[\[Cuautitlán Izcalli]] (\[\[Cuautitlán Assembly]])
\| body\_style \= 4\-door sedan
\| platform \= \[\[Ford CDW27 platform]]
\| related \= Ford Mondeo Mk 1/Mk 2
\[\[Ford Cougar]]
\[\[Mercury Cougar\#Eighth generation (1999–2002\)\|Mercury Cougar]]
\| layout \= \[\[FF layout]]
\| engine \= {{ubl\|2\.0 L ''\[\[Ford Zetec engine\|Zetec]]'' \[\[Straight\-four engine\|I4]] \| 2\.5 L ''\[\[Ford Mondeo V6 engine\|Duratec 25]]'' V6 \| 2\.5 L ''\[\[Ford Mondeo V6 engine\#Duratec 25 SVT\|Duratec 25 SVT]]'' V6 }}
\| transmission \= 5\-speed manual
4\-speed automatic
\| wheelbase \= {{convert\|106\.5\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on\|0\|}}
\| length \= {{convert\|183\.9\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on\|0\|}}
\| width \= {{convert\|69\.0\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on\|0\|}}
\| height \= {{convert\|54\.4\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on\|0\|}}
\| weight \= {{convert\|2769\|\-\|3038\|lb\|kg\|abbr\=on\|0\|}}
\| predecessor \= \[\[Ford Tempo\|Ford Tempo/Mercury Topaz]]
\| successor \= \[\[Ford Fusion (Americas)]]
\| designer \= \[\[Patrick Schiavone]]
}}
The **Ford Contour** and its [rebadged](/wiki/Badge_engineering "Badge engineering") Mercury variant, the **Mercury Mystique**, are North American versions of the first\-generation Ford Mondeo, marketed for model years 1995\-2000 as a four\-door sedan, replacing the [Ford Tempo and Mercury Topaz](/wiki/Ford_Tempo "Ford Tempo"). Production at [Kansas City Assembly](/wiki/Ford_Kansas_City_Assembly_Plant "Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant") in [Claycomo, Missouri](/wiki/Claycomo%2C_Missouri "Claycomo, Missouri"), and [Cuautitlán Assembly](/wiki/Cuautitl%C3%A1n_Assembly "Cuautitlán Assembly") started on August 15, 1994\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.local387\.com/ford\_historic\_dates.htm\|title\=Ford Historic Dates \& Events\|publisher\=United Auto Workers Local 387\|access\-date\=9 February 2016}}
Derived directly from (and developed together with) the Ford Mondeo Mk 1, the Contour and Mystique shared the [Ford CDW27 platform](/wiki/Ford_CDW27_platform "Ford CDW27 platform") with its European counterpart. In contrast to the first Ford "[world car](/wiki/World_car "World car")" (the 1981 Ford Escort), the Contour was redesigned slightly to better suit American demands. The three shared major systems, including body structure, powertrain, and suspension.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/27/business/ford\-sets\-its\-sights\-on\-a\-world\-car.html\|title\=Ford Sets Its Sights on a 'World Car'\| first\=Richard W. \| last \= Stevenson\|access\-date\=2018\-06\-10\|language\=en}}
While officially classified a mid\-size car, the Contour was among the smallest sedans in the segment, with its interior dimensions becoming a point of criticism.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.caranddriver.com/features/dishonorable\-mention\-the\-10\-most\-embarrassing\-award\-winners\-in\-automotive\-history\|title\=Dishonorable Mention: The 10 Most Embarrassing Award Winners in Automotive History\|date\=20 January 2009}}
The Contour and Mystique shared two engines with the Mondeo, a 125 hp 2\.0 [L](/wiki/Liter "Liter") [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec "Ford Zetec") inline\-4 and a 170 hp 2\.5 L [Duratec V6](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo_V6_engine "Ford Mondeo V6 engine"); the 1\.8L turbodiesel of the Mondeo was never sold in North America. A five\-speed manual transmission was standard with both engines, with a four\-speed automatic offered with as an option.
The Ford Contour was produced with three trim levels: base\-trim GL (1995\-1997\), a higher\-content LX, and a sporty SE trim. The 2\.0L engine was standard on GL and LX versions, with the 2\.5L standard on SE\-trim examples.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mycarmanual.com/ford/contour/1996/\|title\=1996 Ford Contour Specs\|website\=www.mycarmanual.com\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-13}} As a running change during 1996, a "Sport" option package was introduced for GL and SE\-trim models. The Mercury Mystique was produced with two trim levels: standard\-trim GS and higher\-trim LS (with a "Sport" option package available for both versions); from 1997 to 1999, an undesignated base\-trim Mystique was offered.{{cite web\|url\=http://consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com/1995\-to\-2000\-mercury\-mystique.htm\|title\=1995–2001 Mercury Mystique Review\|access\-date\=June 19, 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914164409/http://consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com/1995\-to\-2000\-mercury\-mystique.htm\|archive\-date\=September 14, 2008\|url\-status\=dead}}
File:1995\-Ford\-Contour.jpg\|1995 Ford Contour SE
File:95\-97 Ford Contour.jpg\|1996\-1997 Ford Contour GL
File:Contour 1998\-2000\.JPG\|Ford Contour GL, rear view
File:Ford\-Contour.jpg\|1998 Ford Contour LX
File:Ford Contour SE Sport.jpg\|Ford Contour SE Sport, rear view (1998\-1999\)
File:1995\-1997 Mercury Mystique .jpg\|1995\-1997 Mercury Mystique LS
File:1998\-2000 Mercury Mystique.JPG\|1998\-2000 Mercury Mystique GS Sport
### Facelift
Released in January 1997 for the 1998 model year, Ford introduced an updated version of the Contour and Mystique with redesigned front fascia, front and rear quarter panels, headlamps and taillamps. All three models added the model name to the rear door behind the passenger window (with Mercury adding its brand emblem).
For 1998, a high\-performance version variant of the Ford Contour was introduced, the Ford SVT Contour (in line with the larger [Ford Taurus SHO](/wiki/Ford_Taurus_SHO "Ford Taurus SHO")). For 1999, the Ford Mondeo would introduce the ST200 trim; while sharing the powertrain of the SVT Contour, the Mondeo ST200 adapted different chassis and interior modifications from the SVT Contour.
### Ford SVT Contour
The SVT Contour was a modified version of the Ford Contour [sedan](/wiki/Sedan_%28car%29 "Sedan (car)") from Ford's in\-house [Special Vehicle Team](/wiki/Special_Vehicle_Team "Special Vehicle Team"), with all examples sourced from Kansas City Assembly."Ford SVT Contour", Ford Motor Company, svt.ford.com, web: [SVT](http://www.svt.ford.com). It was powered by an upgraded version of the 2\.5 L V6, producing 195 hp (200 hp from 1999\). Paired solely with a 5\-speed manual transmission, the vehicle underwent handling and performance upgrades, including re\-tuned suspension, upgraded brakes, larger wheels and high\-performance tires, along with the installation of different seats, trim, white\-face instruments, and new bodywork. In line with [Ford Mustang SVT Cobras](/wiki/Ford_Mustang_SVT_Cobra "Ford Mustang SVT Cobra"), the Ford SVT Contour was available primarily by special order at specially designated Ford dealerships.
The SVT Contour was produced from 1997 to 2000, with a major running change during 1998 (effectively making a 1998\.5 model year for the variant).
File:Ford Contour SVT.jpg\|Ford SVT Contour
File:1998 Ford Contour SVT (5627290077\).jpg\|Ford SVT Contour, rear view
File:1998 Ford Contour SVT.png\|1998 Ford Contour SVT in Toreador Red
| Year | Engine | Power | Torque | Production |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 |2\.5 L *[Duratec 25 SVT](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo_V6_engine%23Duratec_25_SVT "Ford Mondeo V6 engine#Duratec 25 SVT")* [V6](/wiki/V6 "V6")195 hp (145 kW)165 ft·lbf (224 N·m)4,485
| 1998\.5 |2,050
| 1999 |200 hp (149 kW)169 ft·lbf (229 N·m)2,760
| 2000 |2,150
|Total
11,445 |
### Engines
* 2\.0 L [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec_engine "Ford Zetec engine") [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 "Straight-4") 125 hp (97 kW)
* 2\.5 L [Duratec 25](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo_V6_engine "Ford Mondeo V6 engine") [V6](/wiki/V6 "V6") 170 hp (125 kW)
* 2\.5 L [Duratec 25](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo_V6_engine "Ford Mondeo V6 engine") [V6](/wiki/V6 "V6") 195 hp (145 kW) (1998 SVT)
* 2\.5 L [Duratec 25](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo_V6_engine "Ford Mondeo V6 engine") [V6](/wiki/V6 "V6") 200 hp (149 kW) (1999 and 2000 SVT)
### Model year changes
### 1996
* The backs of the front seats were recessed, improving rear seat leg room.
* Rear seat cushions were repositioned to increase room.
* Chrome bumper strips were now body colour, resulting in bumpers that were monochromatic.
* Seven\-spoke alloy wheels become standard for SE model.
* Split rear seats now available on all models.
* The powertrain control module was changed to the newer EEC\-V to be [OBD\-II](/wiki/OBD-II "OBD-II") compliant.
* Manual transmission was reworked for easier shifts.
* New colours.
* You could now only use 1 key to unlock all the doors.
* The steering could have optional leather on the [Mercury Mystique](/wiki/Mercury_Mystique "Mercury Mystique").
### 1997
* New value\-priced base models were introduced in late 1997 for both Contour and Mystique.
* Traction control is dropped as an option.
* Added interior trunk light
* Steering wheels now tilt
* Heated mirrors are dropped as an option.
* "Unleaded fuel only" label was removed from the fuel gauge.
* Various interior plastic pieces and covers on the Contour are no longer spray\-painted silver and are left black.
* Remote fuel door release is dropped.
* Mystique – optional [CD](/wiki/CD "CD") player and power front seats on GS, standard on LS
* Monochromatic bumper strips were removed altogether.
### 1998
* New design for front and rear fascias, including a chrome grille surround and larger headlights; Mystique gets side Mercury emblems on the rear quarter windows.
* Mystique's interior also received new fabric choices (leather seating, previously optional, became standard on LS models) and faux wood trim to make it more upscale than the Contour.
* Five\-speed manual transmission changed from rod shift to cable shift.
* High\-performance Contour SVT version debuts, available only in Silver Frost, Toreador Red, and Black Ebony with Midnight Blue interior.
* Roof line altered and the rear deck shortened for improved rear seat headroom
* Seat recliner is changed from a knob to a lever.
* Seatbelt for rear centre seat is improved from two\-point to three\-point.
* New centre consoles; pop\-up cup holders are replaced and are now molded into the console.
* Glove box light, underhood light, lighted sun visors, and door handle lights are removed.
* Integrated rear child\-safety seats are optional on the Mystique.
* Warning lights on the instrument cluster were relocated to different spots. Moldings stayed the same.
* The red empty marker on the fuel gauge was left white.
* Less forceful "second\-generation" airbags were made standard.
### Mid\-1998
In mid\-production for the 1998 model (manufactured after February 1998\), Ford decided to make several more changes to the SVT Contour. This resulted in a noticeable distinction between early and late 1998 SVT Contours. To differentiate between the two, the late 1998 model is sometimes referred to as the "1998\.5", or alternatively the early 1998 model as the "E0" and the late 1998 model as the "E1". The mid\-year changes are as listed below.
* Split rear seats are now available only on the SE model.
* In\-dash clock is relocated to the stereo head unit display.
* New Cobra\-style SVT aluminum alloy wheels
* SVT\-specific Goodyear Eagle F1 tires replace Goodyear GS\-C tires. The 205/55\-16 size is retained.
* Different strut valving and tires raised skid pad numbers from .84 to .90 G.
* The word "normal" was removed from the temperature gauge. "C" for cool and "H" for hot were added.
### 1999
* All models are equipped with a slightly larger fuel tank at 15\.4 gallons.
* A slight change was made in dash design. The plastic piece around front window was eliminated.
* Seats were again altered for additional rear leg room.
* The 2\.0 L I4 engine received an additional 5 [hp](/wiki/Horsepower "Horsepower")
* Contour SVT engine rating was upped 5 hp to 200 [hp](/wiki/Horsepower "Horsepower") due to additional [abrasive flow machining](/wiki/Abrasive_flow_machining "Abrasive flow machining") of the primary and secondary intake ports.
* SVT is offered in Tropic Green.
* SVT gains tan leather interior for Tropic Green and Toreador Red, and optional on Black Ebony cars.
* SVT gets new BF Goodrich KDW tires. Size changes to 215/50\-16\.
* Revised transmission synchronizers addressed an issue in the 1998 SVT.
* Mystique's suspension was tuned for a softer ride.
### 2000
* Displacement on the Duratec V6 engine decreased slightly, but the compression ratio was increased to compensate. This was done to keep the engine used in Mazda vehicles to maintain a lower engine displacement based tax level in Japan.
* Ground effect side skirts on the Contour SE Sport were discontinued
* Rear spoiler option was added for the SVT
* Four\-cylinder Contour models continued as fleet vehicles only.
* Mystique GS and LS models returned with emergency in\-trunk releases. Mercury pulled the Mystique from its lineup early in the 2000 model year. Production ended for the Mystique on December 23, 1999, but Contour production continued into late fall of 2000 to support rental fleets.
* The last Ford Contour rolled off the assembly line on October 19, 2000\.
* Ford narrowed its lineup, with the most similar replacement for the Contour, the Fusion, not debuting until 2006
### Reception
Both the Contour and Mystique were praised for their handling and [ride quality](/wiki/Ride_quality "Ride quality"), and were described as a "fun four\-door sedan that offered European moves at American prices" by Edmunds. For the SVT trim, Edmunds.com named the Contour SVT the most wanted sedan under $25,000 for 1999
The Contour and Mystique were on *[Car and Driver](/wiki/Car_and_Driver "Car and Driver")* magazine's [Ten Best list](/wiki/Car_and_Driver_Ten_Best "Car and Driver Ten Best") for 1995, 1996 and 1997\. Although *Car and Driver* staff wrote an article in 2009 apologizing for the inclusion of the Ford Contour on the "Ten Best" list, it was the only car the staff did not outright recant from the list, saying in hindsight, the car should have been considered too small for its price range to properly meet criteria, and that this is the likely reason for the car's failure to achieve widespread appeal.
The Ford Contour was also named as an *Automobile* magazine All Star for 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/press/date/19980408/press011298\.html\|title\=Automobile Magazine Unveils 1998 All\-Stars}}
### Safety
The [Insurance Institute for Highway Safety](/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety "Insurance Institute for Highway Safety") gave the Contour a "Poor" overall rating in the frontal impact crash. The head, neck, and chest were all well protected and the dummy movement was well controlled, but excessive footwell intrusion contributed to high forces on both legs and a "Marginal" structural rating.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id\=41\|title\=IIHS\-HLDI:Ford Contour\|access\-date\=2014\-07\-27\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-01\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701134230/http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id\=41\|url\-status\=dead}} The Contour received five stars for both the driver and passenger in the NHTSA test.
|
[
"Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique\n---------------------------------",
"{{Infobox automobile\n\\| name \\= Ford Contour \nMercury Mystique\n\\| image \\= 1998\\-2000 Mercury Mystique \\-\\- 03\\-24\\-2012\\.JPG\n\\| image\\_size \\= \n\\| caption \\= ''Mercury Mystique (facelift)''\n\\| type \\= \n\\| production \\= August 15, 1994–October 19, 2000\n\\| model\\_years \\= 1995–2000\n\\| assembly \\= United States: \\[\\[Claycomo, Missouri]] (\\[\\[Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant\\|Kansas City Assembly]]) \nMexico: \\[\\[Cuautitlán Izcalli]] (\\[\\[Cuautitlán Assembly]])\n\\| body\\_style \\= 4\\-door sedan\n\\| platform \\= \\[\\[Ford CDW27 platform]]\n\\| related \\= Ford Mondeo Mk 1/Mk 2 \n\\[\\[Ford Cougar]] \n\\[\\[Mercury Cougar\\#Eighth generation (1999–2002\\)\\|Mercury Cougar]]\n\\| layout \\= \\[\\[FF layout]]\n\\| engine \\= {{ubl\\|2\\.0 L ''\\[\\[Ford Zetec engine\\|Zetec]]'' \\[\\[Straight\\-four engine\\|I4]] \\| 2\\.5 L ''\\[\\[Ford Mondeo V6 engine\\|Duratec 25]]'' V6 \\| 2\\.5 L ''\\[\\[Ford Mondeo V6 engine\\#Duratec 25 SVT\\|Duratec 25 SVT]]'' V6 }}\n\\| transmission \\= 5\\-speed manual \n 4\\-speed automatic\n\\| wheelbase \\= {{convert\\|106\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on\\|0\\|}}\n\\| length \\= {{convert\\|183\\.9\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on\\|0\\|}}\n\\| width \\= {{convert\\|69\\.0\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on\\|0\\|}}\n\\| height \\= {{convert\\|54\\.4\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on\\|0\\|}}\n\\| weight \\= {{convert\\|2769\\|\\-\\|3038\\|lb\\|kg\\|abbr\\=on\\|0\\|}}\n\\| predecessor \\= \\[\\[Ford Tempo\\|Ford Tempo/Mercury Topaz]]\n\\| successor \\= \\[\\[Ford Fusion (Americas)]]\n\\| designer \\= \\[\\[Patrick Schiavone]]\n}}\nThe **Ford Contour** and its [rebadged](/wiki/Badge_engineering \"Badge engineering\") Mercury variant, the **Mercury Mystique**, are North American versions of the first\\-generation Ford Mondeo, marketed for model years 1995\\-2000 as a four\\-door sedan, replacing the [Ford Tempo and Mercury Topaz](/wiki/Ford_Tempo \"Ford Tempo\"). Production at [Kansas City Assembly](/wiki/Ford_Kansas_City_Assembly_Plant \"Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant\") in [Claycomo, Missouri](/wiki/Claycomo%2C_Missouri \"Claycomo, Missouri\"), and [Cuautitlán Assembly](/wiki/Cuautitl%C3%A1n_Assembly \"Cuautitlán Assembly\") started on August 15, 1994\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.local387\\.com/ford\\_historic\\_dates.htm\\|title\\=Ford Historic Dates \\& Events\\|publisher\\=United Auto Workers Local 387\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2016}}",
"Derived directly from (and developed together with) the Ford Mondeo Mk 1, the Contour and Mystique shared the [Ford CDW27 platform](/wiki/Ford_CDW27_platform \"Ford CDW27 platform\") with its European counterpart. In contrast to the first Ford \"[world car](/wiki/World_car \"World car\")\" (the 1981 Ford Escort), the Contour was redesigned slightly to better suit American demands. The three shared major systems, including body structure, powertrain, and suspension.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/27/business/ford\\-sets\\-its\\-sights\\-on\\-a\\-world\\-car.html\\|title\\=Ford Sets Its Sights on a 'World Car'\\| first\\=Richard W. \\| last \\= Stevenson\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-10\\|language\\=en}}",
"While officially classified a mid\\-size car, the Contour was among the smallest sedans in the segment, with its interior dimensions becoming a point of criticism.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.caranddriver.com/features/dishonorable\\-mention\\-the\\-10\\-most\\-embarrassing\\-award\\-winners\\-in\\-automotive\\-history\\|title\\=Dishonorable Mention: The 10 Most Embarrassing Award Winners in Automotive History\\|date\\=20 January 2009}}",
"The Contour and Mystique shared two engines with the Mondeo, a 125 hp 2\\.0 [L](/wiki/Liter \"Liter\") [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec \"Ford Zetec\") inline\\-4 and a 170 hp 2\\.5 L [Duratec V6](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo_V6_engine \"Ford Mondeo V6 engine\"); the 1\\.8L turbodiesel of the Mondeo was never sold in North America. A five\\-speed manual transmission was standard with both engines, with a four\\-speed automatic offered with as an option.",
"The Ford Contour was produced with three trim levels: base\\-trim GL (1995\\-1997\\), a higher\\-content LX, and a sporty SE trim. The 2\\.0L engine was standard on GL and LX versions, with the 2\\.5L standard on SE\\-trim examples.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mycarmanual.com/ford/contour/1996/\\|title\\=1996 Ford Contour Specs\\|website\\=www.mycarmanual.com\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-13}} As a running change during 1996, a \"Sport\" option package was introduced for GL and SE\\-trim models. The Mercury Mystique was produced with two trim levels: standard\\-trim GS and higher\\-trim LS (with a \"Sport\" option package available for both versions); from 1997 to 1999, an undesignated base\\-trim Mystique was offered.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com/1995\\-to\\-2000\\-mercury\\-mystique.htm\\|title\\=1995–2001 Mercury Mystique Review\\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914164409/http://consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com/1995\\-to\\-2000\\-mercury\\-mystique.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=September 14, 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"",
"File:1995\\-Ford\\-Contour.jpg\\|1995 Ford Contour SE\nFile:95\\-97 Ford Contour.jpg\\|1996\\-1997 Ford Contour GL \nFile:Contour 1998\\-2000\\.JPG\\|Ford Contour GL, rear view \nFile:Ford\\-Contour.jpg\\|1998 Ford Contour LX\nFile:Ford Contour SE Sport.jpg\\|Ford Contour SE Sport, rear view (1998\\-1999\\)\nFile:1995\\-1997 Mercury Mystique .jpg\\|1995\\-1997 Mercury Mystique LS \nFile:1998\\-2000 Mercury Mystique.JPG\\|1998\\-2000 Mercury Mystique GS Sport",
"",
"### Facelift",
"Released in January 1997 for the 1998 model year, Ford introduced an updated version of the Contour and Mystique with redesigned front fascia, front and rear quarter panels, headlamps and taillamps. All three models added the model name to the rear door behind the passenger window (with Mercury adding its brand emblem).",
"For 1998, a high\\-performance version variant of the Ford Contour was introduced, the Ford SVT Contour (in line with the larger [Ford Taurus SHO](/wiki/Ford_Taurus_SHO \"Ford Taurus SHO\")). For 1999, the Ford Mondeo would introduce the ST200 trim; while sharing the powertrain of the SVT Contour, the Mondeo ST200 adapted different chassis and interior modifications from the SVT Contour.",
"### Ford SVT Contour",
"The SVT Contour was a modified version of the Ford Contour [sedan](/wiki/Sedan_%28car%29 \"Sedan (car)\") from Ford's in\\-house [Special Vehicle Team](/wiki/Special_Vehicle_Team \"Special Vehicle Team\"), with all examples sourced from Kansas City Assembly.\"Ford SVT Contour\", Ford Motor Company, svt.ford.com, web: [SVT](http://www.svt.ford.com). It was powered by an upgraded version of the 2\\.5 L V6, producing 195 hp (200 hp from 1999\\). Paired solely with a 5\\-speed manual transmission, the vehicle underwent handling and performance upgrades, including re\\-tuned suspension, upgraded brakes, larger wheels and high\\-performance tires, along with the installation of different seats, trim, white\\-face instruments, and new bodywork. In line with [Ford Mustang SVT Cobras](/wiki/Ford_Mustang_SVT_Cobra \"Ford Mustang SVT Cobra\"), the Ford SVT Contour was available primarily by special order at specially designated Ford dealerships.",
"The SVT Contour was produced from 1997 to 2000, with a major running change during 1998 (effectively making a 1998\\.5 model year for the variant).",
"",
"File:Ford Contour SVT.jpg\\|Ford SVT Contour\nFile:1998 Ford Contour SVT (5627290077\\).jpg\\|Ford SVT Contour, rear view\nFile:1998 Ford Contour SVT.png\\|1998 Ford Contour SVT in Toreador Red",
"",
"",
"| Year | Engine | Power | Torque | Production |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1998 |2\\.5 L *[Duratec 25 SVT](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo_V6_engine%23Duratec_25_SVT \"Ford Mondeo V6 engine#Duratec 25 SVT\")* [V6](/wiki/V6 \"V6\")195 hp (145 kW)165 ft·lbf (224 N·m)4,485",
"| 1998\\.5 |2,050",
"| 1999 |200 hp (149 kW)169 ft·lbf (229 N·m)2,760",
"| 2000 |2,150",
"|Total",
"11,445 |",
"### Engines",
"* 2\\.0 L [Zetec](/wiki/Ford_Zetec_engine \"Ford Zetec engine\") [I4](/wiki/Straight-4 \"Straight-4\") 125 hp (97 kW)\n* 2\\.5 L [Duratec 25](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo_V6_engine \"Ford Mondeo V6 engine\") [V6](/wiki/V6 \"V6\") 170 hp (125 kW)\n* 2\\.5 L [Duratec 25](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo_V6_engine \"Ford Mondeo V6 engine\") [V6](/wiki/V6 \"V6\") 195 hp (145 kW) (1998 SVT)\n* 2\\.5 L [Duratec 25](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo_V6_engine \"Ford Mondeo V6 engine\") [V6](/wiki/V6 \"V6\") 200 hp (149 kW) (1999 and 2000 SVT)",
"### Model year changes",
"### 1996",
"* The backs of the front seats were recessed, improving rear seat leg room.\n* Rear seat cushions were repositioned to increase room.\n* Chrome bumper strips were now body colour, resulting in bumpers that were monochromatic.\n* Seven\\-spoke alloy wheels become standard for SE model.\n* Split rear seats now available on all models.\n* The powertrain control module was changed to the newer EEC\\-V to be [OBD\\-II](/wiki/OBD-II \"OBD-II\") compliant.\n* Manual transmission was reworked for easier shifts.\n* New colours.\n* You could now only use 1 key to unlock all the doors.\n* The steering could have optional leather on the [Mercury Mystique](/wiki/Mercury_Mystique \"Mercury Mystique\").",
"### 1997",
"* New value\\-priced base models were introduced in late 1997 for both Contour and Mystique.\n* Traction control is dropped as an option.\n* Added interior trunk light\n* Steering wheels now tilt\n* Heated mirrors are dropped as an option.\n* \"Unleaded fuel only\" label was removed from the fuel gauge.\n* Various interior plastic pieces and covers on the Contour are no longer spray\\-painted silver and are left black.\n* Remote fuel door release is dropped.\n* Mystique – optional [CD](/wiki/CD \"CD\") player and power front seats on GS, standard on LS\n* Monochromatic bumper strips were removed altogether.",
"### 1998",
"* New design for front and rear fascias, including a chrome grille surround and larger headlights; Mystique gets side Mercury emblems on the rear quarter windows.\n* Mystique's interior also received new fabric choices (leather seating, previously optional, became standard on LS models) and faux wood trim to make it more upscale than the Contour.\n* Five\\-speed manual transmission changed from rod shift to cable shift.\n* High\\-performance Contour SVT version debuts, available only in Silver Frost, Toreador Red, and Black Ebony with Midnight Blue interior.\n* Roof line altered and the rear deck shortened for improved rear seat headroom\n* Seat recliner is changed from a knob to a lever.\n* Seatbelt for rear centre seat is improved from two\\-point to three\\-point.\n* New centre consoles; pop\\-up cup holders are replaced and are now molded into the console.\n* Glove box light, underhood light, lighted sun visors, and door handle lights are removed.\n* Integrated rear child\\-safety seats are optional on the Mystique.\n* Warning lights on the instrument cluster were relocated to different spots. Moldings stayed the same.\n* The red empty marker on the fuel gauge was left white.\n* Less forceful \"second\\-generation\" airbags were made standard.",
"### Mid\\-1998",
"In mid\\-production for the 1998 model (manufactured after February 1998\\), Ford decided to make several more changes to the SVT Contour. This resulted in a noticeable distinction between early and late 1998 SVT Contours. To differentiate between the two, the late 1998 model is sometimes referred to as the \"1998\\.5\", or alternatively the early 1998 model as the \"E0\" and the late 1998 model as the \"E1\". The mid\\-year changes are as listed below.\n* Split rear seats are now available only on the SE model.\n* In\\-dash clock is relocated to the stereo head unit display.\n* New Cobra\\-style SVT aluminum alloy wheels\n* SVT\\-specific Goodyear Eagle F1 tires replace Goodyear GS\\-C tires. The 205/55\\-16 size is retained.\n* Different strut valving and tires raised skid pad numbers from .84 to .90 G.\n* The word \"normal\" was removed from the temperature gauge. \"C\" for cool and \"H\" for hot were added.",
"### 1999",
"* All models are equipped with a slightly larger fuel tank at 15\\.4 gallons.\n* A slight change was made in dash design. The plastic piece around front window was eliminated.\n* Seats were again altered for additional rear leg room.\n* The 2\\.0 L I4 engine received an additional 5 [hp](/wiki/Horsepower \"Horsepower\")\n* Contour SVT engine rating was upped 5 hp to 200 [hp](/wiki/Horsepower \"Horsepower\") due to additional [abrasive flow machining](/wiki/Abrasive_flow_machining \"Abrasive flow machining\") of the primary and secondary intake ports.\n* SVT is offered in Tropic Green.\n* SVT gains tan leather interior for Tropic Green and Toreador Red, and optional on Black Ebony cars.\n* SVT gets new BF Goodrich KDW tires. Size changes to 215/50\\-16\\.\n* Revised transmission synchronizers addressed an issue in the 1998 SVT.\n* Mystique's suspension was tuned for a softer ride.",
"### 2000",
"* Displacement on the Duratec V6 engine decreased slightly, but the compression ratio was increased to compensate. This was done to keep the engine used in Mazda vehicles to maintain a lower engine displacement based tax level in Japan.\n* Ground effect side skirts on the Contour SE Sport were discontinued\n* Rear spoiler option was added for the SVT\n* Four\\-cylinder Contour models continued as fleet vehicles only.\n* Mystique GS and LS models returned with emergency in\\-trunk releases. Mercury pulled the Mystique from its lineup early in the 2000 model year. Production ended for the Mystique on December 23, 1999, but Contour production continued into late fall of 2000 to support rental fleets.\n* The last Ford Contour rolled off the assembly line on October 19, 2000\\.\n* Ford narrowed its lineup, with the most similar replacement for the Contour, the Fusion, not debuting until 2006",
"### Reception",
"Both the Contour and Mystique were praised for their handling and [ride quality](/wiki/Ride_quality \"Ride quality\"), and were described as a \"fun four\\-door sedan that offered European moves at American prices\" by Edmunds. For the SVT trim, Edmunds.com named the Contour SVT the most wanted sedan under $25,000 for 1999",
"The Contour and Mystique were on *[Car and Driver](/wiki/Car_and_Driver \"Car and Driver\")* magazine's [Ten Best list](/wiki/Car_and_Driver_Ten_Best \"Car and Driver Ten Best\") for 1995, 1996 and 1997\\. Although *Car and Driver* staff wrote an article in 2009 apologizing for the inclusion of the Ford Contour on the \"Ten Best\" list, it was the only car the staff did not outright recant from the list, saying in hindsight, the car should have been considered too small for its price range to properly meet criteria, and that this is the likely reason for the car's failure to achieve widespread appeal.",
"The Ford Contour was also named as an *Automobile* magazine All Star for 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/press/date/19980408/press011298\\.html\\|title\\=Automobile Magazine Unveils 1998 All\\-Stars}}",
"### Safety",
"The [Insurance Institute for Highway Safety](/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety \"Insurance Institute for Highway Safety\") gave the Contour a \"Poor\" overall rating in the frontal impact crash. The head, neck, and chest were all well protected and the dummy movement was well controlled, but excessive footwell intrusion contributed to high forces on both legs and a \"Marginal\" structural rating.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id\\=41\\|title\\=IIHS\\-HLDI:Ford Contour\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-01\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701134230/http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id\\=41\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The Contour received five stars for both the driver and passenger in the NHTSA test.",
""
] |
Sales
-----
In Europe, the Mondeo was instantly declared a class leader. It was elected [Car of the Year](/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year "European Car of the Year") in 1994, ahead of PSA's new [Xantia](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xantia "Citroën Xantia") model.{{cite web \|title\=Rewind to 1994: Ford Mondeo. \|url\=http://www.quicks.co.uk/news/2013/rewind\-1994\-ford\-mondeo/ \|publisher\=Quicks \|access\-date\=9 January 2014 \|archive\-date\=9 January 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109211800/http://www.quicks.co.uk/news/2013/rewind\-1994\-ford\-mondeo/ \|url\-status\=dead }} The facelifted Mondeo was initially popular, being Britain's third\-best selling new car in 1996 through to 1998\. However, in 1999 it dipped into sixth place and had been outsold by its biggest rival, the [Vauxhall Vectra](/wiki/Vauxhall_Vectra "Vauxhall Vectra").
In North America and Australia, the Contour/Mondeo wasn't as successful. In the United States and Canada, the Contour suffered from market incompatibility with the preceding [Ford Tempo](/wiki/Ford_Tempo "Ford Tempo"), which by the end of its production run was an outdated design from the early 1980s which was sold primarily to lower\-end customers and fleets on account of its low price. In contrast, the Contour was significantly more expensive as Ford hoped to sell it on its redeeming qualities; a base model 1995 Contour cost $13,310, which was over $2,000 more expensive than a base model 1994 Tempo, and several hundred dollars more expensive than a fully optioned 1994 Tempo LX, which priced it out of the market for returning Tempo customers.
Customers in the Contour's price range were instead drawn to the [Taurus](/wiki/Ford_Taurus_%28second_generation%29 "Ford Taurus (second generation)") which was larger and offered better value for money, or to the [Escort](/wiki/Ford_Escort_%28North_America%29 "Ford Escort (North America)") which was less expensive. Large factory incentives on the outgoing Taurus throughout 1995 in anticipation of [a completely redesigned model due to launch later that year](/wiki/Ford_Taurus_%28third_generation%29 "Ford Taurus (third generation)") helped the Taurus cut into the Contour's initial market.
Anticipating this, Ford moved the Taurus upmarket with the release of the redesigned 1996 model, but poor customer reception to the new model's design and higher price forced Ford to heavily discount it and continuously reduce its base price through its life, reviving the in\-showroom competition between the two models. Additionally, the Contour was hurt by strong competition in the medium segment by the other American automakers. The similarly priced [Chrysler Cirrus](/wiki/Chrysler_Cirrus "Chrysler Cirrus"), which was launched for the 1995 model year, matched the Contour in design, performance and driving dynamics, but had more features and a larger interior. The 1996 launch of the lower\-priced [Chevrolet Malibu](/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu%23Fifth_generation_%281997%29 "Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)") also cut into Contour sales.
The Mondeo was released in Australia in 1995, but was not a sales success, where, similarly, a much larger local model, the [Falcon](/wiki/Ford_Falcon_%28Australia%29 "Ford Falcon (Australia)"), was available, and was dropped in 2000\. [Ford Australia](/wiki/Ford_Australia "Ford Australia") withdrew completely from the medium\-sized segment of the Australian market, arguing that it was in decline. The estate version, the first medium\-sized Ford of its kind to be sold in Australia since the Cortina, was dropped in 1999\. It struggled against Japanese midsized models such as the [Honda Accord](/wiki/Honda_Accord "Honda Accord") and [Subaru Liberty](/wiki/Subaru_Legacy "Subaru Legacy"), as well as the [Holden Vectra](/wiki/Holden_Vectra "Holden Vectra"), also imported from Europe, although unlike the Mondeo, briefly assembled locally.{{cite web \|date\=2002\-12\-16 \|title\=Ford's disaster a strong performer \|url\=http://www.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID\=8608\&vf\=1 \|access\-date\=2010\-09\-30 \|publisher\=Drive.com.au \|archive\-date\=2012\-02\-22 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222041122/http://www.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID\=8608\&vf\=1 \|url\-status\=dead }} The Mondeo has since returned to Australia in 2007 with an all\-new model.
One theory was advanced by some motoring journalists; because the Mondeo was developed in Europe with limited input from Ford's North American and Australian operations, executives at both operations were unenthusiastic about the car and had no qualms about letting it fail in the marketplace to allow for the continued success of their locally developed models. Ford withdrew the Mondeo from both continents in 2000\. The Mondeo returned to North America in 2012 as the redesigned 2013 Fusion as part of the "One Ford" business plan. The redesigned Mondeos, due to their larger size, better prices, increased development input from Australian and American operations, and changing market demographics, proved successful in both continents.
In Australia, the 1995 to 2000 Ford Mondeos were assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings 2006 as providing "significantly better than average" protection for their occupants in the event of a crash.{{cite web \|title\=Used car safety ratings \|url\=http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/08996200\-8923\-4807\-802C\-2EEBA9339292/0/2005usedcarbrochure.pdf \|publisher\=Vicroads.vic.gov.au \|pages\=14 \|date\=2005\-06\-29}}
The Mondeo launched in New Zealand to replace the [Mazda 626](/wiki/Mazda_626 "Mazda 626")\-based Telstar following the closure of the [Ford New Zealand](/wiki/Ford_New_Zealand "Ford New Zealand") assembly plant in 1997\. Many earlier\-model Mondeos, [imported used](/wiki/Grey_import "Grey import") from Japan, were also sold locally.
In 1997, the Mondeo was introduced into South Africa as a replacement for the Ford Telstar. It was produced locally at their Silverton plant in 1\.8\-litre and 2\.0\-litre saloon models. As production was limited to one body style, Estate (2\.0\-litre) Hatchback (2\.5\-litre V6\) models were imported alongside the saloon models. The Mondeo was one of the first mainstream cars in South Africa to introduce airbags as standard equipment.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2009}} Saloon sales were never a major success{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2009}} – fairly radical styling being cited as the main problem by a still conservative vehicle market. Styling was partly addressed by an Aspen model, which featured 15\-inch alloy wheels, front fog lamps, and full leather trim.
In [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan"), [Ford Lio Ho](/wiki/Ford_Lio_Ho "Ford Lio Ho") produced a version of the Mondeo known as the Mondeo M2000, which had a front end similar to the outgoing Mercury Mystique, but with Ford badges. Its rear end was similar to that of the European models. This model was also exported to [China](/wiki/Mainland_China "Mainland China").[Ford Lio Ho Gears Up For Car Exports](http://www.cens.com/cens/html/en/news/news_inner_7928.html), CENS, Feb 26, 2004
| \+ US sales |
| --- |
| Calendar year | Contour | Mystique |
| 1999{{cite web \|url\=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/press/date/20010103/press033466\.html \|title\=Ford Motor Company Sets New Full Year U.S. Sales Record \|publisher\=Theautochannel.com \|access\-date\=2009\-04\-28}} | 134,487 | 39,531 |
| 2000 | 45,109 | 16,208 |
|
[
"Sales\n-----",
"In Europe, the Mondeo was instantly declared a class leader. It was elected [Car of the Year](/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year \"European Car of the Year\") in 1994, ahead of PSA's new [Xantia](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xantia \"Citroën Xantia\") model.{{cite web \\|title\\=Rewind to 1994: Ford Mondeo. \\|url\\=http://www.quicks.co.uk/news/2013/rewind\\-1994\\-ford\\-mondeo/ \\|publisher\\=Quicks \\|access\\-date\\=9 January 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 January 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109211800/http://www.quicks.co.uk/news/2013/rewind\\-1994\\-ford\\-mondeo/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The facelifted Mondeo was initially popular, being Britain's third\\-best selling new car in 1996 through to 1998\\. However, in 1999 it dipped into sixth place and had been outsold by its biggest rival, the [Vauxhall Vectra](/wiki/Vauxhall_Vectra \"Vauxhall Vectra\").",
"In North America and Australia, the Contour/Mondeo wasn't as successful. In the United States and Canada, the Contour suffered from market incompatibility with the preceding [Ford Tempo](/wiki/Ford_Tempo \"Ford Tempo\"), which by the end of its production run was an outdated design from the early 1980s which was sold primarily to lower\\-end customers and fleets on account of its low price. In contrast, the Contour was significantly more expensive as Ford hoped to sell it on its redeeming qualities; a base model 1995 Contour cost $13,310, which was over $2,000 more expensive than a base model 1994 Tempo, and several hundred dollars more expensive than a fully optioned 1994 Tempo LX, which priced it out of the market for returning Tempo customers.",
"Customers in the Contour's price range were instead drawn to the [Taurus](/wiki/Ford_Taurus_%28second_generation%29 \"Ford Taurus (second generation)\") which was larger and offered better value for money, or to the [Escort](/wiki/Ford_Escort_%28North_America%29 \"Ford Escort (North America)\") which was less expensive. Large factory incentives on the outgoing Taurus throughout 1995 in anticipation of [a completely redesigned model due to launch later that year](/wiki/Ford_Taurus_%28third_generation%29 \"Ford Taurus (third generation)\") helped the Taurus cut into the Contour's initial market.",
"Anticipating this, Ford moved the Taurus upmarket with the release of the redesigned 1996 model, but poor customer reception to the new model's design and higher price forced Ford to heavily discount it and continuously reduce its base price through its life, reviving the in\\-showroom competition between the two models. Additionally, the Contour was hurt by strong competition in the medium segment by the other American automakers. The similarly priced [Chrysler Cirrus](/wiki/Chrysler_Cirrus \"Chrysler Cirrus\"), which was launched for the 1995 model year, matched the Contour in design, performance and driving dynamics, but had more features and a larger interior. The 1996 launch of the lower\\-priced [Chevrolet Malibu](/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu%23Fifth_generation_%281997%29 \"Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)\") also cut into Contour sales.",
"The Mondeo was released in Australia in 1995, but was not a sales success, where, similarly, a much larger local model, the [Falcon](/wiki/Ford_Falcon_%28Australia%29 \"Ford Falcon (Australia)\"), was available, and was dropped in 2000\\. [Ford Australia](/wiki/Ford_Australia \"Ford Australia\") withdrew completely from the medium\\-sized segment of the Australian market, arguing that it was in decline. The estate version, the first medium\\-sized Ford of its kind to be sold in Australia since the Cortina, was dropped in 1999\\. It struggled against Japanese midsized models such as the [Honda Accord](/wiki/Honda_Accord \"Honda Accord\") and [Subaru Liberty](/wiki/Subaru_Legacy \"Subaru Legacy\"), as well as the [Holden Vectra](/wiki/Holden_Vectra \"Holden Vectra\"), also imported from Europe, although unlike the Mondeo, briefly assembled locally.{{cite web \\|date\\=2002\\-12\\-16 \\|title\\=Ford's disaster a strong performer \\|url\\=http://www.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID\\=8608\\&vf\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-30 \\|publisher\\=Drive.com.au \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-22 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222041122/http://www.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID\\=8608\\&vf\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The Mondeo has since returned to Australia in 2007 with an all\\-new model.",
"One theory was advanced by some motoring journalists; because the Mondeo was developed in Europe with limited input from Ford's North American and Australian operations, executives at both operations were unenthusiastic about the car and had no qualms about letting it fail in the marketplace to allow for the continued success of their locally developed models. Ford withdrew the Mondeo from both continents in 2000\\. The Mondeo returned to North America in 2012 as the redesigned 2013 Fusion as part of the \"One Ford\" business plan. The redesigned Mondeos, due to their larger size, better prices, increased development input from Australian and American operations, and changing market demographics, proved successful in both continents.",
"In Australia, the 1995 to 2000 Ford Mondeos were assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings 2006 as providing \"significantly better than average\" protection for their occupants in the event of a crash.{{cite web \\|title\\=Used car safety ratings \\|url\\=http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/08996200\\-8923\\-4807\\-802C\\-2EEBA9339292/0/2005usedcarbrochure.pdf \\|publisher\\=Vicroads.vic.gov.au \\|pages\\=14 \\|date\\=2005\\-06\\-29}}",
"The Mondeo launched in New Zealand to replace the [Mazda 626](/wiki/Mazda_626 \"Mazda 626\")\\-based Telstar following the closure of the [Ford New Zealand](/wiki/Ford_New_Zealand \"Ford New Zealand\") assembly plant in 1997\\. Many earlier\\-model Mondeos, [imported used](/wiki/Grey_import \"Grey import\") from Japan, were also sold locally.",
"In 1997, the Mondeo was introduced into South Africa as a replacement for the Ford Telstar. It was produced locally at their Silverton plant in 1\\.8\\-litre and 2\\.0\\-litre saloon models. As production was limited to one body style, Estate (2\\.0\\-litre) Hatchback (2\\.5\\-litre V6\\) models were imported alongside the saloon models. The Mondeo was one of the first mainstream cars in South Africa to introduce airbags as standard equipment.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2009}} Saloon sales were never a major success{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2009}} – fairly radical styling being cited as the main problem by a still conservative vehicle market. Styling was partly addressed by an Aspen model, which featured 15\\-inch alloy wheels, front fog lamps, and full leather trim.",
"In [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\"), [Ford Lio Ho](/wiki/Ford_Lio_Ho \"Ford Lio Ho\") produced a version of the Mondeo known as the Mondeo M2000, which had a front end similar to the outgoing Mercury Mystique, but with Ford badges. Its rear end was similar to that of the European models. This model was also exported to [China](/wiki/Mainland_China \"Mainland China\").[Ford Lio Ho Gears Up For Car Exports](http://www.cens.com/cens/html/en/news/news_inner_7928.html), CENS, Feb 26, 2004",
"",
"| \\+ US sales |\n| --- |\n| Calendar year | Contour | Mystique |\n| 1999{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/press/date/20010103/press033466\\.html \\|title\\=Ford Motor Company Sets New Full Year U.S. Sales Record \\|publisher\\=Theautochannel.com \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-28}} | 134,487 | 39,531 |\n| 2000 | 45,109 | 16,208 |",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
Drafted in the third round by the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills "Buffalo Bills") in the [1971 NFL draft](/wiki/1971_NFL_draft "1971 NFL draft"), he was needed not as the leading rusher, but the blocking weapon for star [running back](/wiki/Running_back "Running back") [O. J. Simpson](/wiki/O._J._Simpson "O. J. Simpson"). As Simpson remarks, most of his 11,236 career rushing yards were due to Braxton.
Braxton's career took off in 1972, his sophomore season in the league, when he rushed for 453 yards on 116 attempts with five touchdowns and caught 24 receptions for 232 yards and a score. In 1973, Braxton rushed for 494 yards on 108 attempts with four touchdowns despite only playing in six games (starting four) due to being deactivated for the first eight games with a back injury.{{cite news\|title\=Oakland, Buffalo Silent about Starting QB Spot\|date\=September 8, 1983\|accessdate\=May 28, 2018\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20468269/clarionledger/\|newspaper\=The Clarion Ledger\|via\=\[\[newspapers.com]]\|page\=21}}{{cite news\|title\=O. J. Simpson is Colt Headache\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20468430/the\_evening\_sun/\|newspaper\=The Evening Sun\|accessdate\=May 28, 2018\|via\=\[\[newspapers.com]]\|date\=November 24, 1973\|page\=9}} In 1974, Braxton became a premier runner alongside Simpson, rushing for 543 yards on 146 carries with four touchdowns.
During the 1975 season, Braxton rushed for 823 yards and nine touchdowns, which he considered his best season. He also caught 26 passes for 282 yards and 4 touchdowns. His nine rushing touchdowns ranked eighth in the league, and his 13 all\-purpose scores finished fifth.
Braxton's 1976 season ended with a knee injury, and he rushed for 372 yards and a touchdown during the 1977 season. He played half of the 1978 season with the Bills, rushing for 73 yards, and then finished out his [NFL](/wiki/NFL "NFL") career in the second half of the [1978 season](/wiki/1978_NFL_season "1978 NFL season") with the [Miami Dolphins](/wiki/Miami_Dolphins "Miami Dolphins"), rushing for 48 yards and two touchdowns.
For his career, Braxton rushed for 2,890 yards on 741 attempts with 25 touchdowns. His receiving totals were 1,473 yards on 144 receptions with 6 touchdowns, for 31 career all\-purpose touchdowns.
Upon Braxton's death, Ed Abramoski, Buffalo's lead athletic trainer during the entirety of Braxton's tenure, said "Jimmy Braxton was one of the smartest players I've ever seen. He really knew how the game worked."{{cite web\| url \= https://buffalonews.com/sports/bills/sean\-kirst\-thurman\-thomas\-jim\-braxton\-and\-the\-legend\-of\-34/article\_820a10d3\-20e8\-53e1\-ad27\-736c5b515a97\.html\| title \= Sean Kirst: Thurman Thomas, Jim Braxton and the legend of '34' {{!}} Buffalo Bills News {{!}} NFL {{!}} buffalonews.com\| date \= October 29, 2018}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"Drafted in the third round by the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills \"Buffalo Bills\") in the [1971 NFL draft](/wiki/1971_NFL_draft \"1971 NFL draft\"), he was needed not as the leading rusher, but the blocking weapon for star [running back](/wiki/Running_back \"Running back\") [O. J. Simpson](/wiki/O._J._Simpson \"O. J. Simpson\"). As Simpson remarks, most of his 11,236 career rushing yards were due to Braxton.",
"Braxton's career took off in 1972, his sophomore season in the league, when he rushed for 453 yards on 116 attempts with five touchdowns and caught 24 receptions for 232 yards and a score. In 1973, Braxton rushed for 494 yards on 108 attempts with four touchdowns despite only playing in six games (starting four) due to being deactivated for the first eight games with a back injury.{{cite news\\|title\\=Oakland, Buffalo Silent about Starting QB Spot\\|date\\=September 8, 1983\\|accessdate\\=May 28, 2018\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20468269/clarionledger/\\|newspaper\\=The Clarion Ledger\\|via\\=\\[\\[newspapers.com]]\\|page\\=21}}{{cite news\\|title\\=O. J. Simpson is Colt Headache\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20468430/the\\_evening\\_sun/\\|newspaper\\=The Evening Sun\\|accessdate\\=May 28, 2018\\|via\\=\\[\\[newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=November 24, 1973\\|page\\=9}} In 1974, Braxton became a premier runner alongside Simpson, rushing for 543 yards on 146 carries with four touchdowns.",
"During the 1975 season, Braxton rushed for 823 yards and nine touchdowns, which he considered his best season. He also caught 26 passes for 282 yards and 4 touchdowns. His nine rushing touchdowns ranked eighth in the league, and his 13 all\\-purpose scores finished fifth.",
"Braxton's 1976 season ended with a knee injury, and he rushed for 372 yards and a touchdown during the 1977 season. He played half of the 1978 season with the Bills, rushing for 73 yards, and then finished out his [NFL](/wiki/NFL \"NFL\") career in the second half of the [1978 season](/wiki/1978_NFL_season \"1978 NFL season\") with the [Miami Dolphins](/wiki/Miami_Dolphins \"Miami Dolphins\"), rushing for 48 yards and two touchdowns.",
"For his career, Braxton rushed for 2,890 yards on 741 attempts with 25 touchdowns. His receiving totals were 1,473 yards on 144 receptions with 6 touchdowns, for 31 career all\\-purpose touchdowns.",
"Upon Braxton's death, Ed Abramoski, Buffalo's lead athletic trainer during the entirety of Braxton's tenure, said \"Jimmy Braxton was one of the smartest players I've ever seen. He really knew how the game worked.\"{{cite web\\| url \\= https://buffalonews.com/sports/bills/sean\\-kirst\\-thurman\\-thomas\\-jim\\-braxton\\-and\\-the\\-legend\\-of\\-34/article\\_820a10d3\\-20e8\\-53e1\\-ad27\\-736c5b515a97\\.html\\| title \\= Sean Kirst: Thurman Thomas, Jim Braxton and the legend of '34' {{!}} Buffalo Bills News {{!}} NFL {{!}} buffalonews.com\\| date \\= October 29, 2018}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
A cab drives through the night road to pick up a passenger. The cab driver, Harris Caron, is listening to a radio show about [time\-traveling](/wiki/Time-travel "Time-travel") aliens who changed the nature of reality. A charming young passenger calling herself Penny gets into his cab and asks to go to the corner of River and Elm. The car moves along a deserted dark highway, and Harris and Penny have a mildly flirtatious conversation. Suddenly, she disappears from the back seat of the car, leaving no trace. Bewildered, Harris contacts dispatch. The Dispatcher says he does not know what to do about a vanishing passenger and that Harris should just reset his fare and return to the city. Harris resets the [odometer](/wiki/Odometer "Odometer"), and the prior events occur again more or less as they had before, though without Penny giving her name. The car crashes, and the barrier between the seats breaks. Harris grabs Penny's hand and asks if she is all right, calling her Penny. Penny says he used her name this time though she had not given it and tells Harris to remember her this time before she disappears.
Harris again resets the meter, and the events occur again, this time with Harris having vague recollections of prior details. He realizes he has picked up Penny before. Penny, relieved, tells him the ride has occurred at least a hundred times, with Harris never remembering anything, suggesting they are trapped in a time loop that always ends with Penny disappearing and repeating the events. Through subsequent trips, their conversation grows more intimate. Penny, despite making up many humorous stories about her career during past rides, explains she is really in [horticulture](/wiki/Horticulture "Horticulture"), which fits her floral attire and accessories. Harris explains he is a taxi driver because his father was, though he hates the job and felt his father wasted his life doing the task and he is doing the same. Penny is sympathetic but says she sees nobility in taking people to their destinations. She also feels trapped by her unhappy arranged marriage. Harris once had a girlfriend whom he met via a taxi ride, but the relationship had ended badly when she left him.
Countless loops later, after Penny's disappearance, Harris decides to look for her. He does not reset his meter and drives down a different road, despite voices whispering to him to turn back. He eventually reaches a bright light where a dark figure demands he turn around. Harris resets his meter. He is still visibly upset when he picks up Penny again, and she comforts him, leading to them making love. Afterward, Harris notices a scar on Penny's head from when she hit her head in the car crash. The scar is old and Harris realizes they are not in a time loop but that time is actually passing. Penny is unable to answer his questions, but tells him to not drink his water before she disappears again.
Harris does not drink his water and picks up a new passenger, an elderly man who asks to go to River and Elm. As he drives, Harris' memory of his old girlfriend return. The girl he had picked up in his taxi cab was in fact Penny, and they had spent a romantic summer together before she left suddenly. Harris subsequently died in a car crash. Harris takes the old man to River and Elm, a desolate place, and the old man pays him with a gold coin, like many other similar gold coins Harris finds in his cab. The Dispatcher calls to check in and tells Harris to get back to his job. Harris asks what is his job.
The Dispatcher explains that Harris is his ferryman, a punishment given to him after his and Penny's relationship. The Dispatcher is Death, and Penny, who is actually [Persephone](/wiki/Persephone "Persephone"), is his wife. Death had taken away Harris' memory of Penny, and Penny had provided water to erase his memory of his job. Harris had been unaware of years passing, only aware of when he drove Penny, something that happened yearly as she returned to the underworld.
Harris continues his job and drives many different souls to the afterlife. After a year, it is again time to pick up Penny. She apologizes for everything and implores him to drink the water again for his own sake, but Harris says he has found nobility in his task and that he is grateful for their brief time each year to be together. He drops her off, and they express their feelings for each other before he drives away.{{cite web \|title\=The Fare (2018\) \|url\=https://letterboxd.com/film/the\-fare/ \|website\=\[\[Letterboxd]] \|accessdate\=22 December 2019 \|language\=en}}
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"A cab drives through the night road to pick up a passenger. The cab driver, Harris Caron, is listening to a radio show about [time\\-traveling](/wiki/Time-travel \"Time-travel\") aliens who changed the nature of reality. A charming young passenger calling herself Penny gets into his cab and asks to go to the corner of River and Elm. The car moves along a deserted dark highway, and Harris and Penny have a mildly flirtatious conversation. Suddenly, she disappears from the back seat of the car, leaving no trace. Bewildered, Harris contacts dispatch. The Dispatcher says he does not know what to do about a vanishing passenger and that Harris should just reset his fare and return to the city. Harris resets the [odometer](/wiki/Odometer \"Odometer\"), and the prior events occur again more or less as they had before, though without Penny giving her name. The car crashes, and the barrier between the seats breaks. Harris grabs Penny's hand and asks if she is all right, calling her Penny. Penny says he used her name this time though she had not given it and tells Harris to remember her this time before she disappears.",
"Harris again resets the meter, and the events occur again, this time with Harris having vague recollections of prior details. He realizes he has picked up Penny before. Penny, relieved, tells him the ride has occurred at least a hundred times, with Harris never remembering anything, suggesting they are trapped in a time loop that always ends with Penny disappearing and repeating the events. Through subsequent trips, their conversation grows more intimate. Penny, despite making up many humorous stories about her career during past rides, explains she is really in [horticulture](/wiki/Horticulture \"Horticulture\"), which fits her floral attire and accessories. Harris explains he is a taxi driver because his father was, though he hates the job and felt his father wasted his life doing the task and he is doing the same. Penny is sympathetic but says she sees nobility in taking people to their destinations. She also feels trapped by her unhappy arranged marriage. Harris once had a girlfriend whom he met via a taxi ride, but the relationship had ended badly when she left him.",
"Countless loops later, after Penny's disappearance, Harris decides to look for her. He does not reset his meter and drives down a different road, despite voices whispering to him to turn back. He eventually reaches a bright light where a dark figure demands he turn around. Harris resets his meter. He is still visibly upset when he picks up Penny again, and she comforts him, leading to them making love. Afterward, Harris notices a scar on Penny's head from when she hit her head in the car crash. The scar is old and Harris realizes they are not in a time loop but that time is actually passing. Penny is unable to answer his questions, but tells him to not drink his water before she disappears again.",
"Harris does not drink his water and picks up a new passenger, an elderly man who asks to go to River and Elm. As he drives, Harris' memory of his old girlfriend return. The girl he had picked up in his taxi cab was in fact Penny, and they had spent a romantic summer together before she left suddenly. Harris subsequently died in a car crash. Harris takes the old man to River and Elm, a desolate place, and the old man pays him with a gold coin, like many other similar gold coins Harris finds in his cab. The Dispatcher calls to check in and tells Harris to get back to his job. Harris asks what is his job.",
"The Dispatcher explains that Harris is his ferryman, a punishment given to him after his and Penny's relationship. The Dispatcher is Death, and Penny, who is actually [Persephone](/wiki/Persephone \"Persephone\"), is his wife. Death had taken away Harris' memory of Penny, and Penny had provided water to erase his memory of his job. Harris had been unaware of years passing, only aware of when he drove Penny, something that happened yearly as she returned to the underworld.",
"Harris continues his job and drives many different souls to the afterlife. After a year, it is again time to pick up Penny. She apologizes for everything and implores him to drink the water again for his own sake, but Harris says he has found nobility in his task and that he is grateful for their brief time each year to be together. He drops her off, and they express their feelings for each other before he drives away.{{cite web \\|title\\=The Fare (2018\\) \\|url\\=https://letterboxd.com/film/the\\-fare/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Letterboxd]] \\|accessdate\\=22 December 2019 \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
History
-------
By 1910, there were 18,000 [Jews](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Toronto "History of the Jews in Toronto") in Toronto, an over 500% increase in one decade. Among the thousands who poured in fleeing pogroms and poverty were men, and sometimes families, from two small Polish shtetlach of [Staszow](/wiki/Stashov "Stashov") and Slipi.{{cite web\|title\=Stashover\-Slipia Congregation History\|url\=http://www.stashoverslipia.org/history.html\|accessdate\=21 June 2013}} Unable to speak English, they clustered in areas that other Jews frequented. Life was not easy for these immigrants. Some found work as [peddlers](/wiki/Peddler "Peddler"), others as tailors or small scale businessmen.
To ease the loneliness, people from the same town \- called {{transl\|yi\|landsleit}} in Yiddish \- sought each other. They tried hard to rebuild a new life in a cold city that did not care much for Jews or other immigrants. For many, one of the best ways to recreate a small part of what they had left behind was to form a small synagogue, commonly called a shul.
By 1910, each organization had officially created one, often meeting in a series of temporary quarters. These small congregational homes served functions beyond prayer. They were meeting places, a small "piece of der alte Heim" (their homes in Poland) where they could converse in Yiddish, read letters from home to each other, talk about their "Canadian" children who were doing so well at school, and boast of how their hard earned incomes were being used to bring in more family members. The onset of the First World War stopped immigration for a while, but the gates of Canada reopened, albeit more reluctantly, in the 1920s, thus allowing the small congregations to continue growing.
As the congregations grew and felt more secure, they purchased houses \- the Stashover on Dundas Street near Spadina and the Slipia on Oxford Street \- and, in 1964, converted them into shuls.{{cite news \|author\=Kraft, Frances \|title\=Revitalized Stashover\-Slipia shul turns 100 \|url\=https://thecjn.ca/news/canada/revitalized\-stashover\-slipia\-shul\-turns\-100/ \|work\=\[\[Canadian Jewish News]] \|date\=28 April 2010 \|access\-date\=23 October 2023 }} Rabbi Graubart arrived from Staszow shortly after the war. He was a respected and learned man who authored books on Jewish law, opened a Yeshiva, became Principal of the [Eitz Chaim School](/wiki/Eitz_Chaim_Schools "Eitz Chaim Schools") on D'Arcy Street, and a source of pride to his congregants. Their pride was such that even the economic challenges of the Depression could not close congregational doors.
But the shadow of the Shoah fell across the communities, and indeed upon all Canadian Jewry. In 1945 the awful truth became clear: both Staszow and Slipi were Judenrein—emptied of Jews after centuries of residence. A few souls and few families, remnants of far larger clans, trickled into Toronto and joined their {{transl\|yi\|landsleit}}. They arrived just as the Jewish community began to move northwards into the suburbs. By the early 1960s both the Stashover and Slipia Congregations found downtown membership dwindling. The Stashover moved first—to the building we occupy today on Sultana Avenue. They were joined a few years later by the Slipia Congregation. Through the 1960s and 1970s, the shul thrived in the vibrant centre of Toronto Jewish life.
But as the numbers of the second generation members dwindled, and their children attended less often, a slow decline began. Services fell from twice a day to twice a week, and "waiting for minyan" \- the 10 men needed to make a quorum for public prayer \- became frequent on Shabbat. Something had to be done.
And it was. In 2007 the older generation generously and willingly called upon their successors to take over their legacy. Together, both generations, aided by new members attracted by our traditional friendly and familial atmosphere, reinvigorated the congregation.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"By 1910, there were 18,000 [Jews](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Toronto \"History of the Jews in Toronto\") in Toronto, an over 500% increase in one decade. Among the thousands who poured in fleeing pogroms and poverty were men, and sometimes families, from two small Polish shtetlach of [Staszow](/wiki/Stashov \"Stashov\") and Slipi.{{cite web\\|title\\=Stashover\\-Slipia Congregation History\\|url\\=http://www.stashoverslipia.org/history.html\\|accessdate\\=21 June 2013}} Unable to speak English, they clustered in areas that other Jews frequented. Life was not easy for these immigrants. Some found work as [peddlers](/wiki/Peddler \"Peddler\"), others as tailors or small scale businessmen.",
"To ease the loneliness, people from the same town \\- called {{transl\\|yi\\|landsleit}} in Yiddish \\- sought each other. They tried hard to rebuild a new life in a cold city that did not care much for Jews or other immigrants. For many, one of the best ways to recreate a small part of what they had left behind was to form a small synagogue, commonly called a shul.",
"By 1910, each organization had officially created one, often meeting in a series of temporary quarters. These small congregational homes served functions beyond prayer. They were meeting places, a small \"piece of der alte Heim\" (their homes in Poland) where they could converse in Yiddish, read letters from home to each other, talk about their \"Canadian\" children who were doing so well at school, and boast of how their hard earned incomes were being used to bring in more family members. The onset of the First World War stopped immigration for a while, but the gates of Canada reopened, albeit more reluctantly, in the 1920s, thus allowing the small congregations to continue growing.",
"As the congregations grew and felt more secure, they purchased houses \\- the Stashover on Dundas Street near Spadina and the Slipia on Oxford Street \\- and, in 1964, converted them into shuls.{{cite news \\|author\\=Kraft, Frances \\|title\\=Revitalized Stashover\\-Slipia shul turns 100 \\|url\\=https://thecjn.ca/news/canada/revitalized\\-stashover\\-slipia\\-shul\\-turns\\-100/ \\|work\\=\\[\\[Canadian Jewish News]] \\|date\\=28 April 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2023 }} Rabbi Graubart arrived from Staszow shortly after the war. He was a respected and learned man who authored books on Jewish law, opened a Yeshiva, became Principal of the [Eitz Chaim School](/wiki/Eitz_Chaim_Schools \"Eitz Chaim Schools\") on D'Arcy Street, and a source of pride to his congregants. Their pride was such that even the economic challenges of the Depression could not close congregational doors.",
"But the shadow of the Shoah fell across the communities, and indeed upon all Canadian Jewry. In 1945 the awful truth became clear: both Staszow and Slipi were Judenrein—emptied of Jews after centuries of residence. A few souls and few families, remnants of far larger clans, trickled into Toronto and joined their {{transl\\|yi\\|landsleit}}. They arrived just as the Jewish community began to move northwards into the suburbs. By the early 1960s both the Stashover and Slipia Congregations found downtown membership dwindling. The Stashover moved first—to the building we occupy today on Sultana Avenue. They were joined a few years later by the Slipia Congregation. Through the 1960s and 1970s, the shul thrived in the vibrant centre of Toronto Jewish life.",
"But as the numbers of the second generation members dwindled, and their children attended less often, a slow decline began. Services fell from twice a day to twice a week, and \"waiting for minyan\" \\- the 10 men needed to make a quorum for public prayer \\- became frequent on Shabbat. Something had to be done.",
"And it was. In 2007 the older generation generously and willingly called upon their successors to take over their legacy. Together, both generations, aided by new members attracted by our traditional friendly and familial atmosphere, reinvigorated the congregation.",
""
] |
Racing History
--------------
[thumb\|250px\|right\|Nick Heidfeld Lola F3000, West Competition.](/wiki/File:Lola_F3000.jpg "Lola F3000.jpg")
### 1998
The team began racing in 1998, with then McLaren test\-driver Nick Heidfeld and [Nicolas Minassian](/wiki/Nicolas_Minassian "Nicolas Minassian") driving.
Heidfeld was quickly on the pace, qualifying and finishing second on his first outing. Over the season, he would win three races, qualify on pole for one more and challenge Juan Pablo Montoya for the title. He eventually finished second overall, scoring 58 points to Montoya's 65\.
By contrast, Minassian had a poor season, scoring just 5 points all year. He was replaced by [Bas Leinders](/wiki/Bas_Leinders "Bas Leinders") for the final race at the Nürburgring. Even though Leinders had qualified 19th, he did not take the start of the race in order to give Heidfeld a chance at winning the title after being pushed down the grid for fuel irregularities.
### 1999
West Competition retained Nick Heidfeld for 1999 and brought in Brazilian [Mario Haberfeld](/wiki/Mario_Haberfeld "Mario Haberfeld") to replace Minassian who moved on to the new [Kid Jensen Racing](/wiki/Kid_Jensen_Racing "Kid Jensen Racing") team.
Heidfeld won at winning at Imola, Catalunya, Magny\-Cours and the A1\-Ring, as well as taking four pole positions on the way to the title. His domination of the series was reflected on his winning margin to championship runner\-up [Jason Watt](/wiki/Jason_Watt "Jason Watt"), with Heidfeld amassing 59 points to Watt's 30\.
Haberfeld fared less well, just as Minassian had before him. His season would see him fail to qualify five times and retire a further three times. On the two occasions he did finish, it was well out of the points, meaning that he finished the season without a classification in the championship.
### 2000
With champion Heidfeld leaving for the Prost F1 team at the end of his title year, West Competition signed [Stéphane Sarrazin](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Sarrazin "Stéphane Sarrazin") and [Tomáš Enge](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Enge "Tomáš Enge") for the 2000 season. The team also changed their name to mySAP.com in deference to their new title sponsor.
Lauded when signed, Sarazzin proved to be somewhat disappointing, scoring three points. He was replaced mid season by [Tomas Scheckter](/wiki/Tomas_Scheckter "Tomas Scheckter"), the son of the 1979 Formula 1 World Champion Jody Scheckter.
Scheckter had a mixed half\-season, qualifying and finishing second behind Enge at [Hockenheim](/wiki/Hockenheimring "Hockenheimring"), but being rather average elsewhere.
Enge had an up\-and\-down season, winning the race at Hockenheim yet failing to qualify at [Monaco](/wiki/Circuit_de_Monaco "Circuit de Monaco"). He finished 6th in the title race, the highest of the team's drivers.
At the end of the year, the team disbanded. Principal David Brown also left McLaren at this time, opting to return to race engineering with the [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix "Jordan Grand Prix") team.
|
[
"Racing History\n--------------",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|Nick Heidfeld Lola F3000, West Competition.](/wiki/File:Lola_F3000.jpg \"Lola F3000.jpg\")",
"### 1998",
"The team began racing in 1998, with then McLaren test\\-driver Nick Heidfeld and [Nicolas Minassian](/wiki/Nicolas_Minassian \"Nicolas Minassian\") driving.",
"Heidfeld was quickly on the pace, qualifying and finishing second on his first outing. Over the season, he would win three races, qualify on pole for one more and challenge Juan Pablo Montoya for the title. He eventually finished second overall, scoring 58 points to Montoya's 65\\.",
"By contrast, Minassian had a poor season, scoring just 5 points all year. He was replaced by [Bas Leinders](/wiki/Bas_Leinders \"Bas Leinders\") for the final race at the Nürburgring. Even though Leinders had qualified 19th, he did not take the start of the race in order to give Heidfeld a chance at winning the title after being pushed down the grid for fuel irregularities.",
"### 1999",
"West Competition retained Nick Heidfeld for 1999 and brought in Brazilian [Mario Haberfeld](/wiki/Mario_Haberfeld \"Mario Haberfeld\") to replace Minassian who moved on to the new [Kid Jensen Racing](/wiki/Kid_Jensen_Racing \"Kid Jensen Racing\") team.",
"Heidfeld won at winning at Imola, Catalunya, Magny\\-Cours and the A1\\-Ring, as well as taking four pole positions on the way to the title. His domination of the series was reflected on his winning margin to championship runner\\-up [Jason Watt](/wiki/Jason_Watt \"Jason Watt\"), with Heidfeld amassing 59 points to Watt's 30\\.",
"Haberfeld fared less well, just as Minassian had before him. His season would see him fail to qualify five times and retire a further three times. On the two occasions he did finish, it was well out of the points, meaning that he finished the season without a classification in the championship.",
"### 2000",
"With champion Heidfeld leaving for the Prost F1 team at the end of his title year, West Competition signed [Stéphane Sarrazin](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Sarrazin \"Stéphane Sarrazin\") and [Tomáš Enge](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Enge \"Tomáš Enge\") for the 2000 season. The team also changed their name to mySAP.com in deference to their new title sponsor.",
"Lauded when signed, Sarazzin proved to be somewhat disappointing, scoring three points. He was replaced mid season by [Tomas Scheckter](/wiki/Tomas_Scheckter \"Tomas Scheckter\"), the son of the 1979 Formula 1 World Champion Jody Scheckter.",
"Scheckter had a mixed half\\-season, qualifying and finishing second behind Enge at [Hockenheim](/wiki/Hockenheimring \"Hockenheimring\"), but being rather average elsewhere.",
"Enge had an up\\-and\\-down season, winning the race at Hockenheim yet failing to qualify at [Monaco](/wiki/Circuit_de_Monaco \"Circuit de Monaco\"). He finished 6th in the title race, the highest of the team's drivers.",
"At the end of the year, the team disbanded. Principal David Brown also left McLaren at this time, opting to return to race engineering with the [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix \"Jordan Grand Prix\") team.",
""
] |
### 2000
With champion Heidfeld leaving for the Prost F1 team at the end of his title year, West Competition signed [Stéphane Sarrazin](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Sarrazin "Stéphane Sarrazin") and [Tomáš Enge](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Enge "Tomáš Enge") for the 2000 season. The team also changed their name to mySAP.com in deference to their new title sponsor.
Lauded when signed, Sarazzin proved to be somewhat disappointing, scoring three points. He was replaced mid season by [Tomas Scheckter](/wiki/Tomas_Scheckter "Tomas Scheckter"), the son of the 1979 Formula 1 World Champion Jody Scheckter.
Scheckter had a mixed half\-season, qualifying and finishing second behind Enge at [Hockenheim](/wiki/Hockenheimring "Hockenheimring"), but being rather average elsewhere.
Enge had an up\-and\-down season, winning the race at Hockenheim yet failing to qualify at [Monaco](/wiki/Circuit_de_Monaco "Circuit de Monaco"). He finished 6th in the title race, the highest of the team's drivers.
At the end of the year, the team disbanded. Principal David Brown also left McLaren at this time, opting to return to race engineering with the [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix "Jordan Grand Prix") team.
|
[
"### 2000",
"With champion Heidfeld leaving for the Prost F1 team at the end of his title year, West Competition signed [Stéphane Sarrazin](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Sarrazin \"Stéphane Sarrazin\") and [Tomáš Enge](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Enge \"Tomáš Enge\") for the 2000 season. The team also changed their name to mySAP.com in deference to their new title sponsor.",
"Lauded when signed, Sarazzin proved to be somewhat disappointing, scoring three points. He was replaced mid season by [Tomas Scheckter](/wiki/Tomas_Scheckter \"Tomas Scheckter\"), the son of the 1979 Formula 1 World Champion Jody Scheckter.",
"Scheckter had a mixed half\\-season, qualifying and finishing second behind Enge at [Hockenheim](/wiki/Hockenheimring \"Hockenheimring\"), but being rather average elsewhere.",
"Enge had an up\\-and\\-down season, winning the race at Hockenheim yet failing to qualify at [Monaco](/wiki/Circuit_de_Monaco \"Circuit de Monaco\"). He finished 6th in the title race, the highest of the team's drivers.",
"At the end of the year, the team disbanded. Principal David Brown also left McLaren at this time, opting to return to race engineering with the [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix \"Jordan Grand Prix\") team.",
""
] |
World War II (1939–1945\)
-------------------------
### Operations
{{Main\|Battle of the Atlantic}}
During World War II, U\-boat warfare was the major component of the Battle of the Atlantic, which began in 1939 and ended with Germany's surrender in 1945\. British Prime Minister [Winston Churchill](/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill") later wrote "The only thing that really frightened me during the war was the U\-boat peril."{{Sfn\|Churchill\|\|p\=529}} Cross\-Atlantic trade in war supplies and food was extensive and critical for Britain's survival. The continuous action surrounding Allied shipping became known as the Battle of the Atlantic.
[thumb\|left\|[U\-boat pens](/wiki/Submarine_pen "Submarine pen") in [Saint\-Nazaire](/wiki/Saint-Nazaire "Saint-Nazaire"), France](/wiki/File:Base_ssmarin_stnazaire.jpg "Base ssmarin stnazaire.jpg")
As convoying had been key in the defeat of German submarines during World War I, the British began organizing convoys at once in September 1939\. The most common U\-boat attack against convoys during the early years of the war was conducted on the surface and at night. During 1939 the Germans made a few attempts to attack convoys with their new 'wolfpack' tactic, but these were not successful. The [invasion of Norway](/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung "Operation Weserübung") in April 1940 halted temporarily all U\-boat operations against merchant shipping. During the invasion many technical problems with the German torpedoes were exposed and only in August 1940 could the campaign against convoys be revived. There were now fewer U\-boats operational than at the beginning of the war, but thanks to the new bases in France and Norway U\-boats could reach their operation grounds far more easily. During the following months the U\-boats put their 'wolfpack' tactic against convoy in practice with spectacular results. This period, before the Allied forces developed truly effective antisubmarine warfare tactics, was referred to by German submariners as "{{lang\|de\|die glückliche Zeit}}" or the [First Happy Time](/wiki/First_Happy_Time "First Happy Time").{{Cite web \|title\=Military History Online \|url\=https://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/atlantic/uboatwar.aspx \|access\-date\=2019\-02\-04 \|website\=www.militaryhistoryonline.com}}
In the beginning of 1941 British countermeasures began to take effect: in March 1941 the three leading U\-boat aces were sunk during convoy battles. In May 1941 the British were able to [break](/wiki/Ultra_%28cryptography%29 "Ultra (cryptography)") into German secret naval [Enigma](/wiki/Enigma_machine "Enigma machine") communications and could henceforth reroute convoys around U\-boat concentrations.{{Sfn\|Costello \& Hughes\|\|pp\=154–155}} When American warships started to escort Atlantic convoys, the U\-boats were restricted in their operations as Hitler wanted to avoid possible conflict with the US.{{Sfn\|Costello \& Hughes\|\|p\=165}} The campaign against merchant shipping received further impediments when Hitler interfered on two occasions: first he insisted that a small force of U\-boats be kept on station in the [Arctic](/wiki/Arctic "Arctic") as a precaution against a possible Allied invasion in Norway{{Sfn\|Blair\|\|pp\=357–358}}{{Sfn\|Mason\|\|p\=68}} and next he ordered a substantial force of U\-boats to operate in the Mediterranean in order to support the Italians and [Rommel's](/wiki/Erwin_Rommel "Erwin Rommel") [Afrika Korps](/wiki/Afrika_Korps "Afrika Korps").{{Sfn\|Mason\|\|p\=54}}
When the US entered war, the focus of U\-boat operations shifted to the Atlantic coast of the United States and Canada, where no convoys were organized and anti\-submarine measures were inadequate. There followed a [Second Happy Time](/wiki/Second_Happy_Time "Second Happy Time") when U\-boats could extend their successful operation to the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico") and the [Caribbean Sea](/wiki/Caribbean_Sea "Caribbean Sea").{{Sfn\|Mason\|\|pp\=72–73}} By mid 1942 an adequate defense was organized in these regions and then U\-boats returned to their original and crucial hunting grounds on the North Atlantic convoy lanes.{{Sfn\|Blair\|\|p\=654}} The renewed offensive against convoys reached its climax in March 1943, when two thirds of all ships sunk, were ships sailing in convoys.{{Sfn\|Mason\|\|p\=108}} But the Allies put effective countermeasures into effect and only two months later on 24 May Dönitz had to stop the campaign due to heavy losses.{{Sfn\|Rohwer\|\|p\=252}}
U\-boats operated also off the southern African coasts and even as far east as the [Arabian Sea](/wiki/Arabian_Sea "Arabian Sea") and [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean "Indian Ocean").
By the end of the war, almost 3,000 Allied ships (175 warships; 2,825 merchant ships) had been sunk by U\-boat torpedoes.{{cite book \|last\=Crocker III \|first\=H. W. \|url\=https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/310 \|title\=Don't Tread on Me \|publisher\=Crown Forum \|year\=2006 \|isbn\=978\-1\-4000\-5363\-6 \|location\=New York \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/310 310] \|url\-access\=registration}} In total 1131 U\-boats entered service before the German surrender, of which 863 have executed war patrols, and 785 were lost.{{Sfn\|Haskell\|\|p\=14}}{{Sfn\|Middlebrook\|\|p\=327}} Of the 154 U\-boats surrendered, 121 were scuttled in deep water off [Lisahally](/wiki/Londonderry_Port "Londonderry Port"), Northern Ireland, or [Loch Ryan](/wiki/Loch_Ryan "Loch Ryan"), Scotland, in late 1945 and early 1946 during [Operation Deadlight](/wiki/Operation_Deadlight "Operation Deadlight").
### Torpedo developments
The U\-boats' main weapon was the [torpedo](/wiki/Torpedo "Torpedo"), though [mines](/wiki/Sea_mine "Sea mine") and [deck guns](/wiki/Deck_gun "Deck gun") (while surfaced) were also used. Early German World War II torpedoes were fitted with one of two types of pistol triggers – impact, which detonated the warhead upon contact with a solid object, and [magnetic](/wiki/Magnetic_pistol "Magnetic pistol"), which detonated upon sensing a change in the magnetic field within a few meters. Initially, the depth\-keeping equipment and magnetic and contact exploders were notoriously unreliable. During the first eight months of the war, torpedoes often ran at an improper depth, detonated prematurely, or failed to explode altogether{{snd}}sometimes bouncing harmlessly off the hull of the target ship. This was most evident in [Operation Weserübung](/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung "Operation Weserübung"), the invasion of Norway, where various skilled U\-boat commanders failed to inflict damage on British transports and warships because of faulty torpedoes. The faults were largely due to a lack of testing. The magnetic detonator was sensitive to mechanical oscillations during the torpedo run, and to fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field at high latitudes. These early magnetic detonators were eventually phased out. The depth\-keeping problem remained problematic, not until January 1942 was the last fault discovered by accident: when ventilating the onboard torpedoes during maintenance, it was possible that the excess internal air\-pressure in the U\-boat offset the depth setting mechanism in the balance chamber of the torpedo.{{Sfn\|Dönitz\|\|p\=482}}{{Sfn\|Blair\|\|p\=485}}[thumb\|The pattern running of a FAT torpedo](/wiki/File:Flachenabsuchender_Torpedo_type_I-firing_positions.svg "Flachenabsuchender Torpedo type I-firing positions.svg")
In order to give U\-boats better opportunities against well\-defended convoys, several types of "pattern\-running" torpedoes were developed. The FAT (**Flächen\-Absuch\-Torpedo** or **Federapparat\-Torpedo**) and LUT (**LageUnabhängiger** Torpedo) was an electric torpedo which ran straight out to a preset distance, then traveled in either a circular or ladder\-like pattern through the convoy lanes. This increased the probability of a hit. The torpedo had one setting to regulate the length of the prerun, after which one of four other possible settings kicked in and made the torpedo zigzag towards either left or right and either on short (1200 m) or long (1900 m) legs. When fired, the firing U\-boat sent out a warning to the other U\-boats in the vicinity so these could dive to avoid being hit by the random running torpedo. The FAT torpedo became available end of 1942 and was in regular use during the convoy battles of March 1943\.{{Sfn\|Middlebrook\|\|pp\=170–171}}{{Sfn\|Brennecke\|1984\|pp\=389–391}}
Germany also developed acoustic homing torpedoes. In February 1943 the first acoustic torpedo, the T4 "Falke", was tested on a small scale with moderate success, but this torpedo could only be used against large, slow ships. The acoustic torpedo ran straight to an arming distance of 1000 m and then turned toward the loudest noise detected. Its successor, the [T5 "Zaunkönig](/wiki/G7es_torpedo "G7es torpedo")", was designed to combat small and fast warships, and entered service in September 1943\.{{Sfn\|Brennecke\|1984\|pp\=391–394}} The Allies countered acoustic torpedoes with noisemaker decoys such as *[Foxer](/wiki/Foxer "Foxer")*, *FXR*, *CAT*, and [*Fanfare*](/wiki/Fanfare_%28decoy%29 "Fanfare (decoy)").
### U\-boat developments
[thumb\|A prefabricated segment of a Type XXI U\-boat. The cross\-section shows clearly the '8'\-shaped hull, where the lower part was used to store large batteries hence the name of 'ElektroBoot'](/wiki/File:Type_XXI_section.jpg "Type XXI section.jpg")
In 1940 the Germans made successful tests with the [V\-80](/wiki/German_submarine_V-80 "German submarine V-80") experimental submarine featuring a new type of propulsion: on the surface it used the classic Diesel engines but submerged it used a revolutionary [hydrogen peroxide](/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide "Hydrogen peroxide") [air\-independent](/wiki/Air-independent_propulsion "Air-independent propulsion") [propellant](/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide%23Propellant "Hydrogen peroxide#Propellant") system designed by [Hellmuth Walter](/wiki/Hellmuth_Walter "Hellmuth Walter"). With this Walter\-turbine a U\-boat could achieve underwater speeds of more than 20 knots, much more than the 4 knot cruising and 6 knot maximum speed of electrical engines powered by batteries. Four more experimental [Type XVIIA](/wiki/German_Type_XVIIB_submarine "German Type XVIIB submarine") U\-boats with Walter turbines were built and tested, but the Germans could not put this design in use for a big frontline U\-boat.{{Sfn\|Blair Vol2\|\|pp\=10\-11}}{{Sfn\|Costello \& Hughes\|\|pp\=284–285}} Unlike a classic U\-boat that could recharge its batteries with the diesel engines, once a Walter U\-boat had consumed its hydrogen peroxide propellant it could not submerge anymore. The Germans did not possess the resources and plants to produce sufficient hydrogen peroxide to operate a fleet of Walter submarines. Despite these limitations, 24 frontline Type XVIIB coastal submarines were ordered, but only three were built and none were operational before the end of the war.{{Sfn\|Blair Vol2\|\|p\=312}}
The Walter U\-boats had very large hulls in order to store the fuel for submerged propulsion. Once it became clear these Walter U\-boats would not be operational in time, the Walter U\-boat hull design was reused with a different approach: the space for the hydrogen peroxide tanks was used to store much larger batteries. With the much increased battery power U\-boats were also able to reach much higher speeds and endurance when submerged.{{Sfn\|Breyer\|\|pp\=7–13}} Based on the design of an Atlantic Walter U\-boat, the [Type XXI](/wiki/German_Type_XXI_submarine "German Type XXI submarine") "{{lang\|de\|Elektroboot}}" was designed to boost submerged performance. Smaller [Type XXIII](/wiki/German_Type_XXIII_submarine "German Type XXIII submarine") coastal {{lang\|de\|Elektroboote}} were also taken into production. These {{lang\|de\|Elektroboote}} were mass\-produced, with prefabricated segments constructed at different sites and then assembled at the bigger shipyards.{{Sfn\|Blair Vol2\|\|pp\=312–313}}{{Sfn\|Costello \& Hughes\|\|pp\=285\-287}}
[thumb\|The {{lang\|de\|Schnorkel}} mast and air flows](/wiki/File:Submarine_snorkel.png "Submarine snorkel.png")
After the [German invasion of the Netherlands](/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands "German invasion of the Netherlands") in 1940 the Germans captured some Dutch submarines equipped with a [*Schnorchel*](/wiki/Submarine_snorkel "Submarine snorkel") (snorkel), but saw no need for them until 1943\. The {{lang\|de\|Schnorchel}} was a retractable pipe that supplied air to the diesel engines while submerged at [periscope depth](/wiki/Periscope_depth "Periscope depth"), allowing the boats to cruise submerged on diesel engines and recharge their batteries.{{Sfn\|Breyer\|\|p\=8}} It was far from a perfect solution: problems occurred with the device's valve sticking shut or closing as it dunked in rough weather; since the system used the entire pressure hull as a buffer, the diesels would instantaneously suck huge volumes of air from the boat's compartments, and the crew often suffered painful ear injuries. Speed was limited to {{convert\|8\|kn\|km/h}}, lest the device snap from stress. Whilst running submerged with the {{lang\|de\|Schnorchel}}, the [Gruppenhorchgerät](/wiki/Gruppenhorchger%C3%A4t "Gruppenhorchgerät") was useless because of interference with the noisy diesel engines. But the {{lang\|de\|Schnorchel}} allowed the old Type VII and IX U\-boats to operate in waters which were previously denied to them.{{Sfn\|Costello \& Hughes\|\|p\=284}} Finally, Allied radar eventually became sufficiently advanced that the {{lang\|de\|Schnorchel}} mast could be detected.
### Classes
* [Type I](/wiki/German_Type_I_submarine "German Type I submarine"): first design for a large 750\-ton U\-boat. Only 2 built as the design was not very successful.
* [Type II](/wiki/Type_II_submarine "Type II submarine"): small coastal submarines used mainly for training purposes. The latest subtype IID had saddle tanks which gave it a range to operate in the Atlantic, which it did until 1941
* [Type VII](/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine "German Type VII submarine"): the "workhorse" of the U\-boats with 709 completed in World War II
* [Type IX](/wiki/German_Type_IX_submarine "German Type IX submarine"): these long\-range U\-boats operated as far as the Indian Ocean with the Japanese ([Monsun Gruppe](/wiki/Monsun_Gruppe "Monsun Gruppe")), and the [South Atlantic](/wiki/South_Atlantic "South Atlantic")
* [Type X](/wiki/German_Type_X_submarine "German Type X submarine"): long\-range minelayers but mainly used to resupply other U\-boats
* [Type XIV](/wiki/German_Type_XIV_submarine "German Type XIV submarine"): unarmed U\-boat, used to resupply other U\-boats; nicknamed the {{lang\|de\|Milchkuh}} ("Milk Cow")
* Type XVII: small experimental coastal submarines powered by experimental hydrogen peroxide propulsion systems, not put into service
* [Type XXI](/wiki/German_Type_XXI_submarine "German Type XXI submarine"): known as the {{lang\|de\|Elektroboot}}. The design was taken into mass production, but only two set out for a war patrol before the end of the war
* [Type XXIII](/wiki/German_Type_XXIII_submarine "German Type XXIII submarine"): smaller version of the XXI used for coastal operations. operated on a small scale during 1945
* [Midget submarines](/wiki/Midget_submarine "Midget submarine"), including [*Biber*](/wiki/Biber_%28submarine%29 "Biber (submarine)"), [*Hai*](/wiki/Hai_%28midget_submarine%29 "Hai (midget submarine)"), *[Molch](/wiki/Molch "Molch")*, and *[Seehund](/wiki/Seehund "Seehund")*
* [Uncompleted U\-boat projects](/wiki/Uncompleted_U-boat_projects "Uncompleted U-boat projects")
### Countermeasures
{{Main\|Anti\-submarine warfare}}
Throughout the war, an [arms race](/wiki/Arms_race "Arms race") evolved between the Allies and the Kriegsmarine. [Sonar](/wiki/Sonar "Sonar") (ASDIC in Britain) allowed Allied warships to detect submerged U\-boats, but was not effective against a surfaced vessel; thus, early in the war, a U\-boat at night or in bad weather was actually safer on the surface. Advancements in radar became deadly for the U\-boat crews, especially once aircraft\-mounted units were developed. As a countermeasure, U\-boats were fitted with radar warning receivers, to give them ample time to dive before the enemy closed in, as well as more antiaircraft guns, but by early to mid\-1943, the Allies switched to [centimetric radar](/wiki/Radar_in_World_War_II%23Centimetric "Radar in World War II#Centimetric") (unknown to Germany), which rendered the radar detectors ineffective. U\-boat radar systems were also developed, but many captains chose not to use them for fear of broadcasting their position to the enemy. Against ASDIC the Germans developed *[Bold](/wiki/Bold_%28decoy%29 "Bold (decoy)"),* a chemical bubble\-making decoy.
Advances in convoy tactics, [high\-frequency direction finding](/wiki/High-frequency_direction_finding "High-frequency direction finding"), referred to as "Huff\-Duff", radar, sonar, [depth charges](/wiki/Depth_charge "Depth charge"), [anti\-submarine](/wiki/Anti-submarine_weapon "Anti-submarine weapon") weapons such as "[Hedgehog](/wiki/Hedgehog_%28weapon%29 "Hedgehog (weapon)")" and "[FIDO](/wiki/Mark_24_mine "Mark 24 mine")", the intermittent cracking of the German Naval [Enigma code](/wiki/Enigma_code "Enigma code"), the introduction of the [Leigh Light](/wiki/Leigh_Light "Leigh Light"), long range patrol aircraft, [escort carriers](/wiki/Escort_carrier "Escort carrier") and the enormous US shipbuilding capacity, all turned the tide against the U\-boats. At the same time, the Allies targeted the U\-boat shipyards and their bases with [strategic bombing](/wiki/Strategic_bombing "Strategic bombing").[thumb\|upright\=.9\|Captured [Type VII](/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine "German Type VII submarine") and [Type IX](/wiki/German_Type_IX_submarine "German Type IX submarine") U\-boats outside their pen in [Trondheim](/wiki/Trondheim "Trondheim"), Norway, 19 May 1945](/wiki/File:Captured_German_U-boats_outside_their_pen_at_Trondheim_in_Norway%2C_19_May_1945._BU6382.jpg "Captured German U-boats outside their pen at Trondheim in Norway, 19 May 1945. BU6382.jpg") In May 1941 code books, an [Enigma machine](/wiki/Enigma_machine "Enigma machine") and its settings were captured from the {{GS\|U\-110\|1940\|2}} which could be boarded before she sank. A team including [Alan Turing](/wiki/Alan_Turing "Alan Turing") used special\-purpose "[Bombes](/wiki/Bombe "Bombe")" and early [computers](/wiki/Computer "Computer") to break new German codes as they were introduced. The speedy decoding of messages allowed rerouting convoys around U\-boat patrol lines. In February 1942 the naval Enigma machines were altered and this advantage was lost until the new code was broken in October 1942, when {{GS\|U\-559\|3\=2}} was boarded as she was sinking, and crucial code books were salvaged.
|
[
"World War II (1939–1945\\)\n-------------------------",
"### Operations",
"{{Main\\|Battle of the Atlantic}}",
"During World War II, U\\-boat warfare was the major component of the Battle of the Atlantic, which began in 1939 and ended with Germany's surrender in 1945\\. British Prime Minister [Winston Churchill](/wiki/Winston_Churchill \"Winston Churchill\") later wrote \"The only thing that really frightened me during the war was the U\\-boat peril.\"{{Sfn\\|Churchill\\|\\|p\\=529}} Cross\\-Atlantic trade in war supplies and food was extensive and critical for Britain's survival. The continuous action surrounding Allied shipping became known as the Battle of the Atlantic.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[U\\-boat pens](/wiki/Submarine_pen \"Submarine pen\") in [Saint\\-Nazaire](/wiki/Saint-Nazaire \"Saint-Nazaire\"), France](/wiki/File:Base_ssmarin_stnazaire.jpg \"Base ssmarin stnazaire.jpg\")\nAs convoying had been key in the defeat of German submarines during World War I, the British began organizing convoys at once in September 1939\\. The most common U\\-boat attack against convoys during the early years of the war was conducted on the surface and at night. During 1939 the Germans made a few attempts to attack convoys with their new 'wolfpack' tactic, but these were not successful. The [invasion of Norway](/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung \"Operation Weserübung\") in April 1940 halted temporarily all U\\-boat operations against merchant shipping. During the invasion many technical problems with the German torpedoes were exposed and only in August 1940 could the campaign against convoys be revived. There were now fewer U\\-boats operational than at the beginning of the war, but thanks to the new bases in France and Norway U\\-boats could reach their operation grounds far more easily. During the following months the U\\-boats put their 'wolfpack' tactic against convoy in practice with spectacular results. This period, before the Allied forces developed truly effective antisubmarine warfare tactics, was referred to by German submariners as \"{{lang\\|de\\|die glückliche Zeit}}\" or the [First Happy Time](/wiki/First_Happy_Time \"First Happy Time\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Military History Online \\|url\\=https://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/atlantic/uboatwar.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-04 \\|website\\=www.militaryhistoryonline.com}}",
"In the beginning of 1941 British countermeasures began to take effect: in March 1941 the three leading U\\-boat aces were sunk during convoy battles. In May 1941 the British were able to [break](/wiki/Ultra_%28cryptography%29 \"Ultra (cryptography)\") into German secret naval [Enigma](/wiki/Enigma_machine \"Enigma machine\") communications and could henceforth reroute convoys around U\\-boat concentrations.{{Sfn\\|Costello \\& Hughes\\|\\|pp\\=154–155}} When American warships started to escort Atlantic convoys, the U\\-boats were restricted in their operations as Hitler wanted to avoid possible conflict with the US.{{Sfn\\|Costello \\& Hughes\\|\\|p\\=165}} The campaign against merchant shipping received further impediments when Hitler interfered on two occasions: first he insisted that a small force of U\\-boats be kept on station in the [Arctic](/wiki/Arctic \"Arctic\") as a precaution against a possible Allied invasion in Norway{{Sfn\\|Blair\\|\\|pp\\=357–358}}{{Sfn\\|Mason\\|\\|p\\=68}} and next he ordered a substantial force of U\\-boats to operate in the Mediterranean in order to support the Italians and [Rommel's](/wiki/Erwin_Rommel \"Erwin Rommel\") [Afrika Korps](/wiki/Afrika_Korps \"Afrika Korps\").{{Sfn\\|Mason\\|\\|p\\=54}}",
"When the US entered war, the focus of U\\-boat operations shifted to the Atlantic coast of the United States and Canada, where no convoys were organized and anti\\-submarine measures were inadequate. There followed a [Second Happy Time](/wiki/Second_Happy_Time \"Second Happy Time\") when U\\-boats could extend their successful operation to the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\") and the [Caribbean Sea](/wiki/Caribbean_Sea \"Caribbean Sea\").{{Sfn\\|Mason\\|\\|pp\\=72–73}} By mid 1942 an adequate defense was organized in these regions and then U\\-boats returned to their original and crucial hunting grounds on the North Atlantic convoy lanes.{{Sfn\\|Blair\\|\\|p\\=654}} The renewed offensive against convoys reached its climax in March 1943, when two thirds of all ships sunk, were ships sailing in convoys.{{Sfn\\|Mason\\|\\|p\\=108}} But the Allies put effective countermeasures into effect and only two months later on 24 May Dönitz had to stop the campaign due to heavy losses.{{Sfn\\|Rohwer\\|\\|p\\=252}}",
"U\\-boats operated also off the southern African coasts and even as far east as the [Arabian Sea](/wiki/Arabian_Sea \"Arabian Sea\") and [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean \"Indian Ocean\").",
"By the end of the war, almost 3,000 Allied ships (175 warships; 2,825 merchant ships) had been sunk by U\\-boat torpedoes.{{cite book \\|last\\=Crocker III \\|first\\=H. W. \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/310 \\|title\\=Don't Tread on Me \\|publisher\\=Crown Forum \\|year\\=2006 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4000\\-5363\\-6 \\|location\\=New York \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/310 310] \\|url\\-access\\=registration}} In total 1131 U\\-boats entered service before the German surrender, of which 863 have executed war patrols, and 785 were lost.{{Sfn\\|Haskell\\|\\|p\\=14}}{{Sfn\\|Middlebrook\\|\\|p\\=327}} Of the 154 U\\-boats surrendered, 121 were scuttled in deep water off [Lisahally](/wiki/Londonderry_Port \"Londonderry Port\"), Northern Ireland, or [Loch Ryan](/wiki/Loch_Ryan \"Loch Ryan\"), Scotland, in late 1945 and early 1946 during [Operation Deadlight](/wiki/Operation_Deadlight \"Operation Deadlight\").",
"### Torpedo developments",
"The U\\-boats' main weapon was the [torpedo](/wiki/Torpedo \"Torpedo\"), though [mines](/wiki/Sea_mine \"Sea mine\") and [deck guns](/wiki/Deck_gun \"Deck gun\") (while surfaced) were also used. Early German World War II torpedoes were fitted with one of two types of pistol triggers – impact, which detonated the warhead upon contact with a solid object, and [magnetic](/wiki/Magnetic_pistol \"Magnetic pistol\"), which detonated upon sensing a change in the magnetic field within a few meters. Initially, the depth\\-keeping equipment and magnetic and contact exploders were notoriously unreliable. During the first eight months of the war, torpedoes often ran at an improper depth, detonated prematurely, or failed to explode altogether{{snd}}sometimes bouncing harmlessly off the hull of the target ship. This was most evident in [Operation Weserübung](/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung \"Operation Weserübung\"), the invasion of Norway, where various skilled U\\-boat commanders failed to inflict damage on British transports and warships because of faulty torpedoes. The faults were largely due to a lack of testing. The magnetic detonator was sensitive to mechanical oscillations during the torpedo run, and to fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field at high latitudes. These early magnetic detonators were eventually phased out. The depth\\-keeping problem remained problematic, not until January 1942 was the last fault discovered by accident: when ventilating the onboard torpedoes during maintenance, it was possible that the excess internal air\\-pressure in the U\\-boat offset the depth setting mechanism in the balance chamber of the torpedo.{{Sfn\\|Dönitz\\|\\|p\\=482}}{{Sfn\\|Blair\\|\\|p\\=485}}[thumb\\|The pattern running of a FAT torpedo](/wiki/File:Flachenabsuchender_Torpedo_type_I-firing_positions.svg \"Flachenabsuchender Torpedo type I-firing positions.svg\")\nIn order to give U\\-boats better opportunities against well\\-defended convoys, several types of \"pattern\\-running\" torpedoes were developed. The FAT (**Flächen\\-Absuch\\-Torpedo** or **Federapparat\\-Torpedo**) and LUT (**LageUnabhängiger** Torpedo) was an electric torpedo which ran straight out to a preset distance, then traveled in either a circular or ladder\\-like pattern through the convoy lanes. This increased the probability of a hit. The torpedo had one setting to regulate the length of the prerun, after which one of four other possible settings kicked in and made the torpedo zigzag towards either left or right and either on short (1200 m) or long (1900 m) legs. When fired, the firing U\\-boat sent out a warning to the other U\\-boats in the vicinity so these could dive to avoid being hit by the random running torpedo. The FAT torpedo became available end of 1942 and was in regular use during the convoy battles of March 1943\\.{{Sfn\\|Middlebrook\\|\\|pp\\=170–171}}{{Sfn\\|Brennecke\\|1984\\|pp\\=389–391}}",
"Germany also developed acoustic homing torpedoes. In February 1943 the first acoustic torpedo, the T4 \"Falke\", was tested on a small scale with moderate success, but this torpedo could only be used against large, slow ships. The acoustic torpedo ran straight to an arming distance of 1000 m and then turned toward the loudest noise detected. Its successor, the [T5 \"Zaunkönig](/wiki/G7es_torpedo \"G7es torpedo\")\", was designed to combat small and fast warships, and entered service in September 1943\\.{{Sfn\\|Brennecke\\|1984\\|pp\\=391–394}} The Allies countered acoustic torpedoes with noisemaker decoys such as *[Foxer](/wiki/Foxer \"Foxer\")*, *FXR*, *CAT*, and [*Fanfare*](/wiki/Fanfare_%28decoy%29 \"Fanfare (decoy)\").",
"### U\\-boat developments",
"[thumb\\|A prefabricated segment of a Type XXI U\\-boat. The cross\\-section shows clearly the '8'\\-shaped hull, where the lower part was used to store large batteries hence the name of 'ElektroBoot'](/wiki/File:Type_XXI_section.jpg \"Type XXI section.jpg\")\nIn 1940 the Germans made successful tests with the [V\\-80](/wiki/German_submarine_V-80 \"German submarine V-80\") experimental submarine featuring a new type of propulsion: on the surface it used the classic Diesel engines but submerged it used a revolutionary [hydrogen peroxide](/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide \"Hydrogen peroxide\") [air\\-independent](/wiki/Air-independent_propulsion \"Air-independent propulsion\") [propellant](/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide%23Propellant \"Hydrogen peroxide#Propellant\") system designed by [Hellmuth Walter](/wiki/Hellmuth_Walter \"Hellmuth Walter\"). With this Walter\\-turbine a U\\-boat could achieve underwater speeds of more than 20 knots, much more than the 4 knot cruising and 6 knot maximum speed of electrical engines powered by batteries. Four more experimental [Type XVIIA](/wiki/German_Type_XVIIB_submarine \"German Type XVIIB submarine\") U\\-boats with Walter turbines were built and tested, but the Germans could not put this design in use for a big frontline U\\-boat.{{Sfn\\|Blair Vol2\\|\\|pp\\=10\\-11}}{{Sfn\\|Costello \\& Hughes\\|\\|pp\\=284–285}} Unlike a classic U\\-boat that could recharge its batteries with the diesel engines, once a Walter U\\-boat had consumed its hydrogen peroxide propellant it could not submerge anymore. The Germans did not possess the resources and plants to produce sufficient hydrogen peroxide to operate a fleet of Walter submarines. Despite these limitations, 24 frontline Type XVIIB coastal submarines were ordered, but only three were built and none were operational before the end of the war.{{Sfn\\|Blair Vol2\\|\\|p\\=312}}",
"The Walter U\\-boats had very large hulls in order to store the fuel for submerged propulsion. Once it became clear these Walter U\\-boats would not be operational in time, the Walter U\\-boat hull design was reused with a different approach: the space for the hydrogen peroxide tanks was used to store much larger batteries. With the much increased battery power U\\-boats were also able to reach much higher speeds and endurance when submerged.{{Sfn\\|Breyer\\|\\|pp\\=7–13}} Based on the design of an Atlantic Walter U\\-boat, the [Type XXI](/wiki/German_Type_XXI_submarine \"German Type XXI submarine\") \"{{lang\\|de\\|Elektroboot}}\" was designed to boost submerged performance. Smaller [Type XXIII](/wiki/German_Type_XXIII_submarine \"German Type XXIII submarine\") coastal {{lang\\|de\\|Elektroboote}} were also taken into production. These {{lang\\|de\\|Elektroboote}} were mass\\-produced, with prefabricated segments constructed at different sites and then assembled at the bigger shipyards.{{Sfn\\|Blair Vol2\\|\\|pp\\=312–313}}{{Sfn\\|Costello \\& Hughes\\|\\|pp\\=285\\-287}}\n[thumb\\|The {{lang\\|de\\|Schnorkel}} mast and air flows](/wiki/File:Submarine_snorkel.png \"Submarine snorkel.png\")\nAfter the [German invasion of the Netherlands](/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands \"German invasion of the Netherlands\") in 1940 the Germans captured some Dutch submarines equipped with a [*Schnorchel*](/wiki/Submarine_snorkel \"Submarine snorkel\") (snorkel), but saw no need for them until 1943\\. The {{lang\\|de\\|Schnorchel}} was a retractable pipe that supplied air to the diesel engines while submerged at [periscope depth](/wiki/Periscope_depth \"Periscope depth\"), allowing the boats to cruise submerged on diesel engines and recharge their batteries.{{Sfn\\|Breyer\\|\\|p\\=8}} It was far from a perfect solution: problems occurred with the device's valve sticking shut or closing as it dunked in rough weather; since the system used the entire pressure hull as a buffer, the diesels would instantaneously suck huge volumes of air from the boat's compartments, and the crew often suffered painful ear injuries. Speed was limited to {{convert\\|8\\|kn\\|km/h}}, lest the device snap from stress. Whilst running submerged with the {{lang\\|de\\|Schnorchel}}, the [Gruppenhorchgerät](/wiki/Gruppenhorchger%C3%A4t \"Gruppenhorchgerät\") was useless because of interference with the noisy diesel engines. But the {{lang\\|de\\|Schnorchel}} allowed the old Type VII and IX U\\-boats to operate in waters which were previously denied to them.{{Sfn\\|Costello \\& Hughes\\|\\|p\\=284}} Finally, Allied radar eventually became sufficiently advanced that the {{lang\\|de\\|Schnorchel}} mast could be detected.",
"### Classes",
"* [Type I](/wiki/German_Type_I_submarine \"German Type I submarine\"): first design for a large 750\\-ton U\\-boat. Only 2 built as the design was not very successful.\n* [Type II](/wiki/Type_II_submarine \"Type II submarine\"): small coastal submarines used mainly for training purposes. The latest subtype IID had saddle tanks which gave it a range to operate in the Atlantic, which it did until 1941\n* [Type VII](/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine \"German Type VII submarine\"): the \"workhorse\" of the U\\-boats with 709 completed in World War II\n* [Type IX](/wiki/German_Type_IX_submarine \"German Type IX submarine\"): these long\\-range U\\-boats operated as far as the Indian Ocean with the Japanese ([Monsun Gruppe](/wiki/Monsun_Gruppe \"Monsun Gruppe\")), and the [South Atlantic](/wiki/South_Atlantic \"South Atlantic\")\n* [Type X](/wiki/German_Type_X_submarine \"German Type X submarine\"): long\\-range minelayers but mainly used to resupply other U\\-boats\n* [Type XIV](/wiki/German_Type_XIV_submarine \"German Type XIV submarine\"): unarmed U\\-boat, used to resupply other U\\-boats; nicknamed the {{lang\\|de\\|Milchkuh}} (\"Milk Cow\")\n* Type XVII: small experimental coastal submarines powered by experimental hydrogen peroxide propulsion systems, not put into service\n* [Type XXI](/wiki/German_Type_XXI_submarine \"German Type XXI submarine\"): known as the {{lang\\|de\\|Elektroboot}}. The design was taken into mass production, but only two set out for a war patrol before the end of the war\n* [Type XXIII](/wiki/German_Type_XXIII_submarine \"German Type XXIII submarine\"): smaller version of the XXI used for coastal operations. operated on a small scale during 1945\n* [Midget submarines](/wiki/Midget_submarine \"Midget submarine\"), including [*Biber*](/wiki/Biber_%28submarine%29 \"Biber (submarine)\"), [*Hai*](/wiki/Hai_%28midget_submarine%29 \"Hai (midget submarine)\"), *[Molch](/wiki/Molch \"Molch\")*, and *[Seehund](/wiki/Seehund \"Seehund\")*\n* [Uncompleted U\\-boat projects](/wiki/Uncompleted_U-boat_projects \"Uncompleted U-boat projects\")",
"### Countermeasures",
"{{Main\\|Anti\\-submarine warfare}}\nThroughout the war, an [arms race](/wiki/Arms_race \"Arms race\") evolved between the Allies and the Kriegsmarine. [Sonar](/wiki/Sonar \"Sonar\") (ASDIC in Britain) allowed Allied warships to detect submerged U\\-boats, but was not effective against a surfaced vessel; thus, early in the war, a U\\-boat at night or in bad weather was actually safer on the surface. Advancements in radar became deadly for the U\\-boat crews, especially once aircraft\\-mounted units were developed. As a countermeasure, U\\-boats were fitted with radar warning receivers, to give them ample time to dive before the enemy closed in, as well as more antiaircraft guns, but by early to mid\\-1943, the Allies switched to [centimetric radar](/wiki/Radar_in_World_War_II%23Centimetric \"Radar in World War II#Centimetric\") (unknown to Germany), which rendered the radar detectors ineffective. U\\-boat radar systems were also developed, but many captains chose not to use them for fear of broadcasting their position to the enemy. Against ASDIC the Germans developed *[Bold](/wiki/Bold_%28decoy%29 \"Bold (decoy)\"),* a chemical bubble\\-making decoy.",
"Advances in convoy tactics, [high\\-frequency direction finding](/wiki/High-frequency_direction_finding \"High-frequency direction finding\"), referred to as \"Huff\\-Duff\", radar, sonar, [depth charges](/wiki/Depth_charge \"Depth charge\"), [anti\\-submarine](/wiki/Anti-submarine_weapon \"Anti-submarine weapon\") weapons such as \"[Hedgehog](/wiki/Hedgehog_%28weapon%29 \"Hedgehog (weapon)\")\" and \"[FIDO](/wiki/Mark_24_mine \"Mark 24 mine\")\", the intermittent cracking of the German Naval [Enigma code](/wiki/Enigma_code \"Enigma code\"), the introduction of the [Leigh Light](/wiki/Leigh_Light \"Leigh Light\"), long range patrol aircraft, [escort carriers](/wiki/Escort_carrier \"Escort carrier\") and the enormous US shipbuilding capacity, all turned the tide against the U\\-boats. At the same time, the Allies targeted the U\\-boat shipyards and their bases with [strategic bombing](/wiki/Strategic_bombing \"Strategic bombing\").[thumb\\|upright\\=.9\\|Captured [Type VII](/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine \"German Type VII submarine\") and [Type IX](/wiki/German_Type_IX_submarine \"German Type IX submarine\") U\\-boats outside their pen in [Trondheim](/wiki/Trondheim \"Trondheim\"), Norway, 19 May 1945](/wiki/File:Captured_German_U-boats_outside_their_pen_at_Trondheim_in_Norway%2C_19_May_1945._BU6382.jpg \"Captured German U-boats outside their pen at Trondheim in Norway, 19 May 1945. BU6382.jpg\") In May 1941 code books, an [Enigma machine](/wiki/Enigma_machine \"Enigma machine\") and its settings were captured from the {{GS\\|U\\-110\\|1940\\|2}} which could be boarded before she sank. A team including [Alan Turing](/wiki/Alan_Turing \"Alan Turing\") used special\\-purpose \"[Bombes](/wiki/Bombe \"Bombe\")\" and early [computers](/wiki/Computer \"Computer\") to break new German codes as they were introduced. The speedy decoding of messages allowed rerouting convoys around U\\-boat patrol lines. In February 1942 the naval Enigma machines were altered and this advantage was lost until the new code was broken in October 1942, when {{GS\\|U\\-559\\|3\\=2}} was boarded as she was sinking, and crucial code books were salvaged.",
""
] |
Post–World War II and Cold War (after 1945\)
--------------------------------------------
[thumb\|left\|*U\-15* and *U\-17*, [Type 206 submarines](/wiki/Type_206_submarine "Type 206 submarine"), of the [German Navy](/wiki/German_Navy "German Navy")](/wiki/File:Submarines_S194_and_S196.jpg "Submarines S194 and S196.jpg")
From 1955, the West German {{lang\|de\|\[\[Bundesmarine]]}} was allowed to have a small navy. Initially, two sunken Type XXIIIs and a Type XXI were raised and repaired. In the 1960s, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) restarted building submarines. Because West Germany was initially restricted to a 450\-tonne displacement limit, the {{lang\|de\|Bundesmarine}} focused on small [coastal submarines](/wiki/Coastal_submarine "Coastal submarine") to protect against the [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") threat in the [Baltic Sea](/wiki/Baltic_Sea "Baltic Sea"). The Germans sought to use advanced technologies to offset the small displacement, such as [amagnetic](/wiki/Ferromagnetism "Ferromagnetism") steel to protect against [naval mines](/wiki/Naval_mine "Naval mine") and [magnetic anomaly detectors](/wiki/Magnetic_anomaly_detector "Magnetic anomaly detector").
The initial [Type 201](/wiki/Type_201_submarine "Type 201 submarine") was a failure because of hull cracking; the subsequent [Type 205](/wiki/Type_205_submarine "Type 205 submarine"), first commissioned in 1967, was a success, so 12 were built for the German navy. To continue the U\-boat tradition, the new boats received the classic "U" designation starting with the *U\-1*.
With the Danish government's purchase of two Type 205 boats, the West German government realized the potential for the submarine as an export, developing a customized version [Type 207](/wiki/Kobben-class_submarine "Kobben-class submarine"). Small and agile submarines were built during the Cold War to operate in the shallow Baltic Sea, resulting in the [Type 206](/wiki/Type_206_submarine "Type 206 submarine"). Three of the improved Type 206 boats were later sold to the [Israeli Navy](/wiki/Israeli_Navy "Israeli Navy"), becoming the [Type 540](/wiki/Gal-class_submarine "Gal-class submarine"). The German [Type 209](/wiki/Type_209_submarine "Type 209 submarine") diesel\-electric submarine was the most popular export\-sales submarine in the world from the late 1960s into the first years of the 21st century. With a larger 1,000–1,500 tonne displacement, the class was very customizable and has seen service with 14 navies, with 51 examples being built as of 2006\. Germany continued to reap successes with derivations or on the basis of the successful type 209, as are the [Type 800](/wiki/Dolphin-class_submarine "Dolphin-class submarine") sold to Israel and the [TR\-1700](/wiki/TR-1700-class_submarine "TR-1700-class submarine") sold to Argentina.
Germany continued to succeed as an exporter of submarines as the [Klasse 210](/wiki/Ula-class_submarine "Ula-class submarine") sold to Norway, considered the most silent and maneuverable submarines in the world. This demonstrated its capacity and put its export seal on the world.
[thumb\|right\|[Type 212 submarine](/wiki/Type_212_submarine "Type 212 submarine") with air\-independent propulsion of the [German Navy](/wiki/German_Navy "German Navy") in dock at [HDW](/wiki/Howaldtswerke "Howaldtswerke")/[Kiel](/wiki/Kiel "Kiel")](/wiki/File:U_Boot_212_HDW_1.jpg "U Boot 212 HDW 1.jpg")
Germany has brought the U\-boat name into the 21st century with the new [Type 212](/wiki/Type_212_submarine "Type 212 submarine"); it features an air\-independent propulsion system using [hydrogen](/wiki/Hydrogen "Hydrogen") [fuel cells](/wiki/Fuel_cell "Fuel cell"). This system is safer than previous closed\-cycle diesel engines and steam turbines, cheaper than a nuclear reactor, and quieter than either. While the Type 212 is also being purchased by Italy{{cite web\|url\=https://www.naval\-technology.com/projects/u212a\-todaro\-class\-submarines/\|title\=Naval Technology on the Todaro class\|access\-date \= 2019\-03\-09}} and Norway,{{Sfn\|Berg Bentzrød\|\|}} the [Type 214](/wiki/Type_214_submarine "Type 214 submarine") has been designed as the follow\-on export model and has been sold to Greece, South Korea, and Turkey, and based on it would get the [Type U 209PN](/wiki/Tridente-class_submarine "Tridente-class submarine") sold to Portugal.
In recent years Germany introduced new models such as the [Type 216](/wiki/Type_216_submarine "Type 216 submarine") and the [Type 218](/wiki/Invincible-class_submarine "Invincible-class submarine"), the latter being sold to Singapore.
In 2016, Germany commissioned its newest U\-boat, [the *U\-36*, a Type 212](/wiki/German_submarine_U-36_%28S186%29 "German submarine U-36 (S186)").
|
[
"Post–World War II and Cold War (after 1945\\)\n--------------------------------------------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|*U\\-15* and *U\\-17*, [Type 206 submarines](/wiki/Type_206_submarine \"Type 206 submarine\"), of the [German Navy](/wiki/German_Navy \"German Navy\")](/wiki/File:Submarines_S194_and_S196.jpg \"Submarines S194 and S196.jpg\")\nFrom 1955, the West German {{lang\\|de\\|\\[\\[Bundesmarine]]}} was allowed to have a small navy. Initially, two sunken Type XXIIIs and a Type XXI were raised and repaired. In the 1960s, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) restarted building submarines. Because West Germany was initially restricted to a 450\\-tonne displacement limit, the {{lang\\|de\\|Bundesmarine}} focused on small [coastal submarines](/wiki/Coastal_submarine \"Coastal submarine\") to protect against the [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") threat in the [Baltic Sea](/wiki/Baltic_Sea \"Baltic Sea\"). The Germans sought to use advanced technologies to offset the small displacement, such as [amagnetic](/wiki/Ferromagnetism \"Ferromagnetism\") steel to protect against [naval mines](/wiki/Naval_mine \"Naval mine\") and [magnetic anomaly detectors](/wiki/Magnetic_anomaly_detector \"Magnetic anomaly detector\").",
"The initial [Type 201](/wiki/Type_201_submarine \"Type 201 submarine\") was a failure because of hull cracking; the subsequent [Type 205](/wiki/Type_205_submarine \"Type 205 submarine\"), first commissioned in 1967, was a success, so 12 were built for the German navy. To continue the U\\-boat tradition, the new boats received the classic \"U\" designation starting with the *U\\-1*.",
"With the Danish government's purchase of two Type 205 boats, the West German government realized the potential for the submarine as an export, developing a customized version [Type 207](/wiki/Kobben-class_submarine \"Kobben-class submarine\"). Small and agile submarines were built during the Cold War to operate in the shallow Baltic Sea, resulting in the [Type 206](/wiki/Type_206_submarine \"Type 206 submarine\"). Three of the improved Type 206 boats were later sold to the [Israeli Navy](/wiki/Israeli_Navy \"Israeli Navy\"), becoming the [Type 540](/wiki/Gal-class_submarine \"Gal-class submarine\"). The German [Type 209](/wiki/Type_209_submarine \"Type 209 submarine\") diesel\\-electric submarine was the most popular export\\-sales submarine in the world from the late 1960s into the first years of the 21st century. With a larger 1,000–1,500 tonne displacement, the class was very customizable and has seen service with 14 navies, with 51 examples being built as of 2006\\. Germany continued to reap successes with derivations or on the basis of the successful type 209, as are the [Type 800](/wiki/Dolphin-class_submarine \"Dolphin-class submarine\") sold to Israel and the [TR\\-1700](/wiki/TR-1700-class_submarine \"TR-1700-class submarine\") sold to Argentina.",
"Germany continued to succeed as an exporter of submarines as the [Klasse 210](/wiki/Ula-class_submarine \"Ula-class submarine\") sold to Norway, considered the most silent and maneuverable submarines in the world. This demonstrated its capacity and put its export seal on the world.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Type 212 submarine](/wiki/Type_212_submarine \"Type 212 submarine\") with air\\-independent propulsion of the [German Navy](/wiki/German_Navy \"German Navy\") in dock at [HDW](/wiki/Howaldtswerke \"Howaldtswerke\")/[Kiel](/wiki/Kiel \"Kiel\")](/wiki/File:U_Boot_212_HDW_1.jpg \"U Boot 212 HDW 1.jpg\")\nGermany has brought the U\\-boat name into the 21st century with the new [Type 212](/wiki/Type_212_submarine \"Type 212 submarine\"); it features an air\\-independent propulsion system using [hydrogen](/wiki/Hydrogen \"Hydrogen\") [fuel cells](/wiki/Fuel_cell \"Fuel cell\"). This system is safer than previous closed\\-cycle diesel engines and steam turbines, cheaper than a nuclear reactor, and quieter than either. While the Type 212 is also being purchased by Italy{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.naval\\-technology.com/projects/u212a\\-todaro\\-class\\-submarines/\\|title\\=Naval Technology on the Todaro class\\|access\\-date \\= 2019\\-03\\-09}} and Norway,{{Sfn\\|Berg Bentzrød\\|\\|}} the [Type 214](/wiki/Type_214_submarine \"Type 214 submarine\") has been designed as the follow\\-on export model and has been sold to Greece, South Korea, and Turkey, and based on it would get the [Type U 209PN](/wiki/Tridente-class_submarine \"Tridente-class submarine\") sold to Portugal.",
"In recent years Germany introduced new models such as the [Type 216](/wiki/Type_216_submarine \"Type 216 submarine\") and the [Type 218](/wiki/Invincible-class_submarine \"Invincible-class submarine\"), the latter being sold to Singapore.",
"In 2016, Germany commissioned its newest U\\-boat, [the *U\\-36*, a Type 212](/wiki/German_submarine_U-36_%28S186%29 \"German submarine U-36 (S186)\").",
""
] |
Early life
----------
Austin was born on August 26, 1857, in [Decatur, Alabama](/wiki/Decatur%2C_Alabama "Decatur, Alabama"), the son of John and Mary (Parker) Austin. He attended public schools in [Loudon County, Tennessee](/wiki/Loudon_County%2C_Tennessee "Loudon County, Tennessee"), and studied law at the [University of Tennessee](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee "University of Tennessee"). He was admitted to the [bar](/wiki/Bar_association "Bar association") in 1878, and commenced practice in [Knoxville, Tennessee](/wiki/Knoxville%2C_Tennessee "Knoxville, Tennessee").
Austin served as a clerk in the [Post Office Department](/wiki/Post_Office_Department "Post Office Department") at [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), from 1879 to 1881\. He worked as Assistant [Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives](/wiki/Doorkeeper_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives") under his future political ally, [Walter P. Brownlow](/wiki/Walter_P._Brownlow "Walter P. Brownlow"), from 1881 to 1883, during the [Forty\-seventh Congress](/wiki/Forty-seventh_United_States_Congress "Forty-seventh United States Congress"). He was a special agent of the [War Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War "United States Department of War") from 1883 to 1885\. In 1885, he engaged in newspaper work in Knoxville. He then returned to Decatur, Alabama, and continued the practice of law. He was the private secretary of Congressman [Leonidas C. Houk](/wiki/Leonidas_C._Houk "Leonidas C. Houk") from Tennessee in 1888, and was the city attorney of Decatur, Alabama.{{cite web\|title\=Richard W. Austin\|url\=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index\=A000341\|publisher\=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress\|accessdate\=1 May 2013}}
Austin ran for Alabama's [8th district](/wiki/Alabama%27s_8th_congressional_district "Alabama's 8th congressional district") seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1890, but lost to the incumbent, former Confederate general [Joseph Wheeler](/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler "Joseph Wheeler"), 16,821 votes to 12,076\.[Alabama District 8: 1890](http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=332308), Our Campaigns. Retrieved: 17 August 2013\. He was a delegate to the [1892 Republican National Convention](/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention "1892 Republican National Convention") at [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis "Minneapolis"). He returned to Knoxville in 1893 to edit the *Knoxville Republican*.
Following the death of Leonidas Houk in 1891, the Tennessee Republican Party gradually split into two quarreling factions: one led by Brownlow, which Austin supported, and the other led by former congressman [Henry Clay Evans](/wiki/Henry_Clay_Evans "Henry Clay Evans") of Chattanooga, which had the support of Chattanooga businessman [Newell Sanders](/wiki/Newell_Sanders "Newell Sanders"). At the [1896 Republican National Convention](/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention "1896 Republican National Convention"), Austin and Brownlow helped thwart Evans' bid for the vice presidential nomination. Brownlow was elected to Congress by the [1st district](/wiki/Tennessee%27s_1st_congressional_district "Tennessee's 1st congressional district") later that year. The president considered Evans for the office of [Postmaster General](/wiki/Postmaster_General_of_the_United_States "Postmaster General of the United States"), but the appointment went to [James A. Gary](/wiki/James_A._Gary "James A. Gary") of [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland "Maryland"), due in part to the influence of Brownlow and Austin.Phillip Langsdon, *Tennessee: A Political History* (Franklin, Tenn.: Hillsboro Press, 2000\), pp. 227\-229\.
In 1897, President McKinley appointed Austin [United States Marshal](/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service "United States Marshals Service") for the [Eastern District of Tennessee](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Tennessee "United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee"). One of the more notable actions of Austin as marshal came in June 1903, when he organized an unsuccessful effort to recapture outlaw [Kid Curry](/wiki/Kid_Curry "Kid Curry"), who had escaped from a Knoxville jail.Mark Smokov, *[He Rode with Butch and Sundance: The Story of Harvey (Kid Curry) Logan](https://books.google.com/books?id=5-kosT_32RcC&dq=%22r.+w.+austin%22+tennessee&pg=PA268)* (University of North Texas Press, 2012\), pp. 268\-270\.
Austin ran for Tennessee's [2nd district](/wiki/Tennessee%27s_2nd_congressional_district "Tennessee's 2nd congressional district") congressional seat in 1904, but was defeated in the primary by [Nathan W. Hale](/wiki/Nathan_W._Hale "Nathan W. Hale"), who had the support of the Evans\-Sanders block.Langsdon, *Tennessee: A Political History*, p. 240\. In 1906, Austin was appointed United States [consul](/wiki/Consul_%28representative%29 "Consul (representative)") at [Glasgow, Scotland](/wiki/Glasgow%2C_Scotland "Glasgow, Scotland"). He remained at this post until November 1907, when he resigned and returned to Tennessee to mount another congressional campaign.
|
[
"Early life\n----------",
"Austin was born on August 26, 1857, in [Decatur, Alabama](/wiki/Decatur%2C_Alabama \"Decatur, Alabama\"), the son of John and Mary (Parker) Austin. He attended public schools in [Loudon County, Tennessee](/wiki/Loudon_County%2C_Tennessee \"Loudon County, Tennessee\"), and studied law at the [University of Tennessee](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee \"University of Tennessee\"). He was admitted to the [bar](/wiki/Bar_association \"Bar association\") in 1878, and commenced practice in [Knoxville, Tennessee](/wiki/Knoxville%2C_Tennessee \"Knoxville, Tennessee\").",
"Austin served as a clerk in the [Post Office Department](/wiki/Post_Office_Department \"Post Office Department\") at [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), from 1879 to 1881\\. He worked as Assistant [Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives](/wiki/Doorkeeper_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives \"Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives\") under his future political ally, [Walter P. Brownlow](/wiki/Walter_P._Brownlow \"Walter P. Brownlow\"), from 1881 to 1883, during the [Forty\\-seventh Congress](/wiki/Forty-seventh_United_States_Congress \"Forty-seventh United States Congress\"). He was a special agent of the [War Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War \"United States Department of War\") from 1883 to 1885\\. In 1885, he engaged in newspaper work in Knoxville. He then returned to Decatur, Alabama, and continued the practice of law. He was the private secretary of Congressman [Leonidas C. Houk](/wiki/Leonidas_C._Houk \"Leonidas C. Houk\") from Tennessee in 1888, and was the city attorney of Decatur, Alabama.{{cite web\\|title\\=Richard W. Austin\\|url\\=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index\\=A000341\\|publisher\\=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress\\|accessdate\\=1 May 2013}}",
"Austin ran for Alabama's [8th district](/wiki/Alabama%27s_8th_congressional_district \"Alabama's 8th congressional district\") seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1890, but lost to the incumbent, former Confederate general [Joseph Wheeler](/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler \"Joseph Wheeler\"), 16,821 votes to 12,076\\.[Alabama District 8: 1890](http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=332308), Our Campaigns. Retrieved: 17 August 2013\\. He was a delegate to the [1892 Republican National Convention](/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention \"1892 Republican National Convention\") at [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis \"Minneapolis\"). He returned to Knoxville in 1893 to edit the *Knoxville Republican*.",
"Following the death of Leonidas Houk in 1891, the Tennessee Republican Party gradually split into two quarreling factions: one led by Brownlow, which Austin supported, and the other led by former congressman [Henry Clay Evans](/wiki/Henry_Clay_Evans \"Henry Clay Evans\") of Chattanooga, which had the support of Chattanooga businessman [Newell Sanders](/wiki/Newell_Sanders \"Newell Sanders\"). At the [1896 Republican National Convention](/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention \"1896 Republican National Convention\"), Austin and Brownlow helped thwart Evans' bid for the vice presidential nomination. Brownlow was elected to Congress by the [1st district](/wiki/Tennessee%27s_1st_congressional_district \"Tennessee's 1st congressional district\") later that year. The president considered Evans for the office of [Postmaster General](/wiki/Postmaster_General_of_the_United_States \"Postmaster General of the United States\"), but the appointment went to [James A. Gary](/wiki/James_A._Gary \"James A. Gary\") of [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\"), due in part to the influence of Brownlow and Austin.Phillip Langsdon, *Tennessee: A Political History* (Franklin, Tenn.: Hillsboro Press, 2000\\), pp. 227\\-229\\.",
"In 1897, President McKinley appointed Austin [United States Marshal](/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service \"United States Marshals Service\") for the [Eastern District of Tennessee](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Tennessee \"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee\"). One of the more notable actions of Austin as marshal came in June 1903, when he organized an unsuccessful effort to recapture outlaw [Kid Curry](/wiki/Kid_Curry \"Kid Curry\"), who had escaped from a Knoxville jail.Mark Smokov, *[He Rode with Butch and Sundance: The Story of Harvey (Kid Curry) Logan](https://books.google.com/books?id=5-kosT_32RcC&dq=%22r.+w.+austin%22+tennessee&pg=PA268)* (University of North Texas Press, 2012\\), pp. 268\\-270\\.",
"Austin ran for Tennessee's [2nd district](/wiki/Tennessee%27s_2nd_congressional_district \"Tennessee's 2nd congressional district\") congressional seat in 1904, but was defeated in the primary by [Nathan W. Hale](/wiki/Nathan_W._Hale \"Nathan W. Hale\"), who had the support of the Evans\\-Sanders block.Langsdon, *Tennessee: A Political History*, p. 240\\. In 1906, Austin was appointed United States [consul](/wiki/Consul_%28representative%29 \"Consul (representative)\") at [Glasgow, Scotland](/wiki/Glasgow%2C_Scotland \"Glasgow, Scotland\"). He remained at this post until November 1907, when he resigned and returned to Tennessee to mount another congressional campaign.",
""
] |
Congress
--------
In 1908, the quarrel between the Evans\-Sanders and Brownlow\-Austin factions intensified when powerful Knoxville businessman [William J. Oliver](/wiki/William_J._Oliver_%28industrialist%29 "William J. Oliver (industrialist)"), a friend of Brownlow and Austin, led a band of armed ruffians to the state party's convention in Nashville, where they beat up Sanders and chased away his supporters. Determined to defeat Hale, the Brownlow faction aligned itself with the [Malcolm Patterson](/wiki/Malcolm_R._Patterson "Malcolm R. Patterson") faction of the state's Democratic Party, which was facing a similar rift between supporters of Patterson and supporters of his gubernatorial opponent, [Edward W. Carmack](/wiki/Edward_W._Carmack "Edward W. Carmack"). The Brownlow Republicans offered to vote for Patterson for governor, and in return, Patterson Democrats would vote for Austin in the 2nd district congressional election. With this support, Austin edged Hale on election day, 15,337 votes to 14,528\.Langsdon, *Tennessee: A Political History*, pp. 251\-253\.[Richard W. Austin](http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=129406), Our Campaigns. Retrieved: 17 August 2013\.
[left\|thumb\|Congressman Austin, photographed by [Harris \& Ewing](/wiki/Harris_%26_Ewing_photo_studio "Harris & Ewing photo studio") in 1914](/wiki/File:Richard-wilson-austin-2.jpg "Richard-wilson-austin-2.jpg")
Incensed, Hale and his supporters attempted unsuccessfully to prevent Austin from caucusing with House Republicans. [John Chiles Houk](/wiki/John_Chiles_Houk "John Chiles Houk"), who generally supported the Evans\-Sanders faction, convinced Patterson to abandon his support for Austin and Brownlow. This move proved untimely, however, as Patterson's popularity plummeted due to his actions in the aftermath of the Cooper\-Carmack shootout. Though Hale had the support of Houk and the influential *Knoxville Journal*, Austin had the support of President [William Howard Taft](/wiki/William_Howard_Taft "William Howard Taft").Langsdon, *Tennessee: A Political History*, pp. 261\-265\. Following a savage campaign in 1910, Austin again defeated Hale, this time by a margin of 15,761 votes to 11,755\.
In 1912, Republicans were again divided, with some remaining loyal to Taft, and others throwing their support behind [Theodore Roosevelt](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt") and the [Progressive Party](/wiki/Progressive_Party_%28United_States%2C_1912%29 "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)") ticket. In the 2nd district congressional election, Austin remained loyal to Taft and ran on the Republican ticket. W. H. Buttram, who had the support of John Chiles Houk and Knoxville attorney [Hugh B. Lindsay](/wiki/Hugh_B._Lindsay "Hugh B. Lindsay"), ran on the Progressive ticket. J.C.J. Williams ran as a Democrat. Though Roosevelt outpolled Taft in the 2nd district, Austin was easily reelected, garnering 12,712 votes to 7,025 for Buttram, and 6,681 for Williams.Langsdon, *Tennessee: A Political History*, pp. 278\-280\.
Austin was easily reelected in 1914 and 1916\. At the [1916 Republican National Convention](/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention "1916 Republican National Convention"), he openly squabbled with ex\-Governor [Ben W. Hooper](/wiki/Ben_W._Hooper "Ben W. Hooper") (a Sanders ally) over the state's delegate to the national committee.*[Official Report of the Proceedings of the Sixteenth Republican National Convention](https://books.google.com/books?id=74MMAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22r.+w.+austin%22+tennessee&pg=PA104),* (Tenny Press, 1916\), p. 104\. The persistent enmity of Houk, Sanders and Hooper finally took its toll in the March 1918 Republican primary, when Austin was defeated for the nomination by state party chairman [J. Will Taylor](/wiki/J._Will_Taylor "J. Will Taylor").Langsdon, *Tennessee: A Political History*, pp. 288\-296\.
During his five terms in Congress, Austin, a Taft ally, generally supported protectionist measures, such as tariffs on foreign imports.*[Credit \& Financial Management](https://books.google.com/books?id=DrYmAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22r.+w.+austin%22+tennessee&pg=PA155)*, Volume 16 (1916\), p. 155\. In February 1911, Austin delivered a memorial address on the House floor for Brownlow, who had died the previous year."[Address of Mr. Austin, of Tennessee](https://books.google.com/books?id=W-Y3AQAAIAAJ&dq=%22It+is+with+the+most+profound+feeling+of+sorrow+that+I+rise%22+brownlow&pg=RA4-PA40)," *House Documents for the 61st Congress*, December 5, 1910 \- March 4, 1911, p. 40\. In 1915, he supported a national exchange system that would help match job seekers with employers looking for help.Udo Sautter, *[Three Cheers for the Unemployed: Government and Unemployment Before the New Deal](https://books.google.com/books?id=2E0jZ5VlUkEC&dq=%22richard+w.+austin%22+tennessee&pg=PA83)* (Cambridge University Press, 1991\), p. 83\. During the House debate on the [19th Amendment](/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") in January 1918, Austin, referring to Congressman [Jeannette Rankin](/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin "Jeannette Rankin") of Montana, argued, "The highest, best, and strongest evidence that women's suffrage is a success has been established in this House by the enviable record made by our colleague from Montana, who has won the respect, confidence, and admiration of the members and officials of this House."Norma Smith, *[Jeannette Rankin, America's Conscience](https://books.google.com/books?id=Q85tHVOJR50C&dq=%22richard+wilson+austin%22&pg=PA125)* (Montana Historical Society, 2002\), p. 125\.
|
[
"Congress\n--------",
"In 1908, the quarrel between the Evans\\-Sanders and Brownlow\\-Austin factions intensified when powerful Knoxville businessman [William J. Oliver](/wiki/William_J._Oliver_%28industrialist%29 \"William J. Oliver (industrialist)\"), a friend of Brownlow and Austin, led a band of armed ruffians to the state party's convention in Nashville, where they beat up Sanders and chased away his supporters. Determined to defeat Hale, the Brownlow faction aligned itself with the [Malcolm Patterson](/wiki/Malcolm_R._Patterson \"Malcolm R. Patterson\") faction of the state's Democratic Party, which was facing a similar rift between supporters of Patterson and supporters of his gubernatorial opponent, [Edward W. Carmack](/wiki/Edward_W._Carmack \"Edward W. Carmack\"). The Brownlow Republicans offered to vote for Patterson for governor, and in return, Patterson Democrats would vote for Austin in the 2nd district congressional election. With this support, Austin edged Hale on election day, 15,337 votes to 14,528\\.Langsdon, *Tennessee: A Political History*, pp. 251\\-253\\.[Richard W. Austin](http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=129406), Our Campaigns. Retrieved: 17 August 2013\\.",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Congressman Austin, photographed by [Harris \\& Ewing](/wiki/Harris_%26_Ewing_photo_studio \"Harris & Ewing photo studio\") in 1914](/wiki/File:Richard-wilson-austin-2.jpg \"Richard-wilson-austin-2.jpg\")",
"Incensed, Hale and his supporters attempted unsuccessfully to prevent Austin from caucusing with House Republicans. [John Chiles Houk](/wiki/John_Chiles_Houk \"John Chiles Houk\"), who generally supported the Evans\\-Sanders faction, convinced Patterson to abandon his support for Austin and Brownlow. This move proved untimely, however, as Patterson's popularity plummeted due to his actions in the aftermath of the Cooper\\-Carmack shootout. Though Hale had the support of Houk and the influential *Knoxville Journal*, Austin had the support of President [William Howard Taft](/wiki/William_Howard_Taft \"William Howard Taft\").Langsdon, *Tennessee: A Political History*, pp. 261\\-265\\. Following a savage campaign in 1910, Austin again defeated Hale, this time by a margin of 15,761 votes to 11,755\\.",
"In 1912, Republicans were again divided, with some remaining loyal to Taft, and others throwing their support behind [Theodore Roosevelt](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt \"Theodore Roosevelt\") and the [Progressive Party](/wiki/Progressive_Party_%28United_States%2C_1912%29 \"Progressive Party (United States, 1912)\") ticket. In the 2nd district congressional election, Austin remained loyal to Taft and ran on the Republican ticket. W. H. Buttram, who had the support of John Chiles Houk and Knoxville attorney [Hugh B. Lindsay](/wiki/Hugh_B._Lindsay \"Hugh B. Lindsay\"), ran on the Progressive ticket. J.C.J. Williams ran as a Democrat. Though Roosevelt outpolled Taft in the 2nd district, Austin was easily reelected, garnering 12,712 votes to 7,025 for Buttram, and 6,681 for Williams.Langsdon, *Tennessee: A Political History*, pp. 278\\-280\\.",
"Austin was easily reelected in 1914 and 1916\\. At the [1916 Republican National Convention](/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention \"1916 Republican National Convention\"), he openly squabbled with ex\\-Governor [Ben W. Hooper](/wiki/Ben_W._Hooper \"Ben W. Hooper\") (a Sanders ally) over the state's delegate to the national committee.*[Official Report of the Proceedings of the Sixteenth Republican National Convention](https://books.google.com/books?id=74MMAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22r.+w.+austin%22+tennessee&pg=PA104),* (Tenny Press, 1916\\), p. 104\\. The persistent enmity of Houk, Sanders and Hooper finally took its toll in the March 1918 Republican primary, when Austin was defeated for the nomination by state party chairman [J. Will Taylor](/wiki/J._Will_Taylor \"J. Will Taylor\").Langsdon, *Tennessee: A Political History*, pp. 288\\-296\\.",
"During his five terms in Congress, Austin, a Taft ally, generally supported protectionist measures, such as tariffs on foreign imports.*[Credit \\& Financial Management](https://books.google.com/books?id=DrYmAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22r.+w.+austin%22+tennessee&pg=PA155)*, Volume 16 (1916\\), p. 155\\. In February 1911, Austin delivered a memorial address on the House floor for Brownlow, who had died the previous year.\"[Address of Mr. Austin, of Tennessee](https://books.google.com/books?id=W-Y3AQAAIAAJ&dq=%22It+is+with+the+most+profound+feeling+of+sorrow+that+I+rise%22+brownlow&pg=RA4-PA40),\" *House Documents for the 61st Congress*, December 5, 1910 \\- March 4, 1911, p. 40\\. In 1915, he supported a national exchange system that would help match job seekers with employers looking for help.Udo Sautter, *[Three Cheers for the Unemployed: Government and Unemployment Before the New Deal](https://books.google.com/books?id=2E0jZ5VlUkEC&dq=%22richard+w.+austin%22+tennessee&pg=PA83)* (Cambridge University Press, 1991\\), p. 83\\. During the House debate on the [19th Amendment](/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\") in January 1918, Austin, referring to Congressman [Jeannette Rankin](/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin \"Jeannette Rankin\") of Montana, argued, \"The highest, best, and strongest evidence that women's suffrage is a success has been established in this House by the enviable record made by our colleague from Montana, who has won the respect, confidence, and admiration of the members and officials of this House.\"Norma Smith, *[Jeannette Rankin, America's Conscience](https://books.google.com/books?id=Q85tHVOJR50C&dq=%22richard+wilson+austin%22&pg=PA125)* (Montana Historical Society, 2002\\), p. 125\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Planning and construction
In 1974, the Hong Kong government proposed the development of the second medical school in the territory (the first being University of Hong Kong) and a new teaching hospital in [Sha Tin](/wiki/Sha_Tin "Sha Tin"),{{cite book\|title\=Plague, SARS and the Story of Medicine in Hong Kong\|date\=2006\|publisher\=Hong Kong University Press\|isbn\=9789622098053\|pages\=124–130\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=WBx6McA35iYC\&pg\=PA124}} and that became the Faculty of Medicine of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Prince of Wales Hospital.
The construction of the Prince of Wales Hospital started on 1 December 1979, scheduled to be completed by September 1982, and be operational by May 1983\. The plan was to allow the first batch of medical students admitted in October 1981 to start their clinical training at the hospital in July 1983\. Unfortunately, the construction was delayed by a year, the hospital was finally completed in November 1983 and went into operation on 1 May 1984\.{{cite book\|last\=Starling\|first\=Arthur E.\|title\=The Chance of a Lifetime\|date\=1988\|publisher\=The Chinese University Press\|isbn\=9789622014244\|pages\=65–75\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=HOSdD2ShFOEC\&pg\=PA65}}
Despite the delay and change of the schedule, the official opening ceremony was held on 1 November 1982 as originally planned. It was performed by [Katharine, Duchess of Kent](/wiki/Katharine%2C_Duchess_of_Kent "Katharine, Duchess of Kent").
Due to the delay, temporary arrangements were made with [United Christian Hospital](/wiki/United_Christian_Hospital "United Christian Hospital") for clinical teaching of the first batch of medical students, and the teaching activities were gradually transferred from United Christian Hospital to Prince of Wales Hospital.
### Early years
In 1991, under a reform of the healthcare system, the management of the hospital (and other public hospitals) was transferred from the former Medical and Health Department to the Hospital Authority.{{cite book\|last1\=Lee\|first1\=S. H.\|title\=Routledge Handbook of Global Public Health in Asia\|date\=2014\|publisher\=Routledge\|isbn\=9781317817703\|pages\=11–12\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=yxRgAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA11}}
Until the mid\-1990s, the hospital was responsible for providing medical services to the nearly 25,000 [Vietnamese boat people](/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Hong_Kong "Vietnamese people in Hong Kong") at Whitehead Detention Centre in nearby [Wu Kai Sha](/wiki/Wu_Kai_Sha "Wu Kai Sha"), once considered the world's largest prison.{{cite news\|last1\=Chan\|first1\=Fiona\|title\=$50m hospital project too late, board warns\|url\=http://hknews.lib.hku.hk.eproxy2\.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/13\_05\.04/3568\.pdf\|access\-date\=13 August 2014\|publisher\=South China Morning Post\|date\=19 April 1991}}{{cite book\|title\=The Other Hong Kong Report 1990\|last\=Bale\|first\=Chris\|editor1\-last\=Wong\|editor1\-first\=Richard Y.C.\|editor2\-last\=Cheng\|editor2\-first\=Joseph Y.S.\|year\=1990\|publisher\=\[\[The Chinese University Press]]\|location\=Hong Kong\|isbn\=9789622014947\|pages\=159–174\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Bn92hNgt2oAC\&pg\=PA159}}{{cite news\|last1\=Dobson\|first1\=Chris\|title\=A day at the world's largest 'prison'\|url\=http://hknews.lib.hku.hk.eproxy2\.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/02\_09\.32/131559\.pdf\|access\-date\=13 August 2014\|publisher\=South China Morning Post\|date\=19 July 1992}} In 1990, Vietnamese women made up a third of patients within the hospital's maternity unit, leading to allegations of strained hospital resources and a subsequent scheme to transfer many pregnant refugees to Queen Elizabeth Hospital instead.{{cite news\|title\=Call for transfer of Viets to island\|url\=http://hknews.lib.hku.hk.eproxy1\.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/02\_09\.22/130086\.pdf\|access\-date\=27 August 2014\|publisher\=South China Morning Post\|date\=23 April 1990}}{{cite news\|title\=Camp baby boom a growing problem\|url\=http://hknews.lib.hku.hk.eproxy1\.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/02\_09\.28/130860\.pdf\|access\-date\=27 August 2014\|publisher\=Hong Kong Standard\|date\=8 June 1991}} By 1994, some Sha Tin residents voiced dissatisfaction that their hospital bore the weight of the refugee's medical needs, but then\-hospital chief executive Alison Reid responded that the boat people comprised only five per cent of monthly visits to A \& E and that the local population was "not being disadvantaged". Still, in the same year, the hospital proposed setting up a 24\-hour clinic inside the refugee camp.{{cite news\|last1\=Weldon\|first1\=Susie\|title\=Clinic proposed for Whitehead\|url\=http://hknews.lib.hku.hk.eproxy1\.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/02\_09\.35/132386\.pdf\|access\-date\=27 August 2014\|publisher\=Eastern Express\|date\=16 June 1994}} The situation ended with the resettlement or repatriation of the refugees under the [Comprehensive Plan of Action](/wiki/Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action "Comprehensive Plan of Action").
The Sir Yue Kong Pao Centre for Cancer and the Lady Pao Children's Cancer Centre was officially opened by Charles, Prince of Wales in November 1994\. Built with a donation of HK$120 million from Mr and Mrs [Peter Woo](/wiki/Peter_Woo "Peter Woo"), and named after Mrs Woo's parents, Sir [Yue\-Kong Pao](/wiki/Yue-Kong_Pao "Yue-Kong Pao") and Lady Pao, the centre provides cancer treatments and resources for cancer research and education.{{cite web\|title\=History\|url\=http://www3\.ha.org.hk/pwh/content/about/history.html\|website\=Prince of Wales Hospital\|access\-date\=4 August 2014}}{{cite news\|last\=Finlay\|first\=Victoria\|title\=Donation\|url\=http://www.scmp.com/article/39440/donation\|newspaper\=South China Morning Post\|location\=Hong Kong\|date\=6 August 1993}}
The South Wing of the Li Ka Shing Specialist Outpatient Clinic was completed in June 1997, began operating in the following month, and was officially opened on 29 May 1998 by [Li Ka\-shing](/wiki/Li_Ka-shing "Li Ka-shing"), who donated HK$21 million to its establishment. With a total floor area of 7,930 square metres, the clinic provides additional space to cope with increasing demand for specialist outpatient services in the region.{{cite web\|title\=Li Ka Shing Specialist Clinics at the Prince of Wales Hospital\|url\=http://lksf.stu.edu.cn/new\_eng/Medical/shatin/page\_01\.htm\|website\=Li Ka Shing Foundation\|access\-date\=6 August 2014\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140812035210/http://lksf.stu.edu.cn/new\_eng/Medical/shatin/page\_01\.htm\|archive\-date\=12 August 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}
### SARS epidemic
In 2003, a severe epidemic [severe acute respiratory syndrome](/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome "Severe acute respiratory syndrome") (SARS) occurred in multiple countries. The epidemic in Hong Kong started with the outbreak in Prince of Wales Hospital on 10 March 2003 when 11 healthcare workers in ward 8A (later renamed 8H) had shown symptoms of [atypical pneumonia](/wiki/Atypical_pneumonia "Atypical pneumonia") at the same time. [Epidemiologic](/wiki/Epidemiology "Epidemiology") investigation had linked these cases to a patient who was admitted to ward 8A on 4 March 2003\. The patient had previously visited an ill professor from [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou").
The disease was unknown at the time. The infection soon spread extensively in ward 8A, affecting 143 individuals who had direct contact with the patient, including healthcare workers, medical students, other patients in the same ward, visitors, and the patient's relatives. It was found that the outbreak was amplified by the use of [nebuliser](/wiki/Nebuliser "Nebuliser") treatment on the patient.
In response to the outbreak, the hospital had implemented several control measures, including restricting access to the 8th floor of the main building (where ward 8A was situated), suspension of some services, and dividing the medical team into a dirty team and a clean team. The dirty team, led by Professor [Joseph Sung](/wiki/Joseph_Sung "Joseph Sung"), was responsible for taking care of SARS patients. The clean team was barred from the SARS wards.
The outbreak in the hospital eventually affected 239 individuals.{{cite book\|title\=SARS in Hong Kong: From Experience to Action\|date\=2 October 2003\|publisher\=SARS Expert Committee\|location\=Hong Kong\|pages\=24–35\|url\=http://www.sars\-expertcom.gov.hk/english/reports/reports/files/e\_chp3\_21\.pdf}}
### Recent developments
The hospital has undergone redevelopment since 2007\. The Main Clinical Block and Trauma Centre, a fourteen\-storey new building, was built on the site of the original helipad and tennis court. With a total gross floor area of 71,500 square metres, the new building provides in\-patient services, operating theatres and day services. Construction work started on 23 April 2007 and the new building was opened in late 2010\.{{cite press release\|title\=Redevelopment project of Prince of Wales Hospital\|url\=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201305/22/P201305220726\.htm\|publisher\=Hong Kong Government\|date\=22 May 2013}} The hospital began its 10\-year phase 2 redevelopment project in 2018\. The construction of a new In\-patient Extension Block is expected to complete in 2025\-2026\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www3\.ha.org.hk/pwh/pwhredevelop2/project\_e.htm\|title\=Project Timeline (Tentative)}}
In November 2013, the hospital was accredited by the Australian Council on Healthcare Standards International.{{cite web\|title\=Member Organisation – Fast Facts\|url\=http://www.achs.org.au/media/75399/prince\_of\_wales\_hospital.pdf\|website\=The Australian Council on Healthcare Standards\|access\-date\=6 August 2014}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Planning and construction",
"In 1974, the Hong Kong government proposed the development of the second medical school in the territory (the first being University of Hong Kong) and a new teaching hospital in [Sha Tin](/wiki/Sha_Tin \"Sha Tin\"),{{cite book\\|title\\=Plague, SARS and the Story of Medicine in Hong Kong\\|date\\=2006\\|publisher\\=Hong Kong University Press\\|isbn\\=9789622098053\\|pages\\=124–130\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=WBx6McA35iYC\\&pg\\=PA124}} and that became the Faculty of Medicine of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Prince of Wales Hospital.",
"The construction of the Prince of Wales Hospital started on 1 December 1979, scheduled to be completed by September 1982, and be operational by May 1983\\. The plan was to allow the first batch of medical students admitted in October 1981 to start their clinical training at the hospital in July 1983\\. Unfortunately, the construction was delayed by a year, the hospital was finally completed in November 1983 and went into operation on 1 May 1984\\.{{cite book\\|last\\=Starling\\|first\\=Arthur E.\\|title\\=The Chance of a Lifetime\\|date\\=1988\\|publisher\\=The Chinese University Press\\|isbn\\=9789622014244\\|pages\\=65–75\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=HOSdD2ShFOEC\\&pg\\=PA65}}",
"Despite the delay and change of the schedule, the official opening ceremony was held on 1 November 1982 as originally planned. It was performed by [Katharine, Duchess of Kent](/wiki/Katharine%2C_Duchess_of_Kent \"Katharine, Duchess of Kent\").",
"Due to the delay, temporary arrangements were made with [United Christian Hospital](/wiki/United_Christian_Hospital \"United Christian Hospital\") for clinical teaching of the first batch of medical students, and the teaching activities were gradually transferred from United Christian Hospital to Prince of Wales Hospital.",
"### Early years",
"In 1991, under a reform of the healthcare system, the management of the hospital (and other public hospitals) was transferred from the former Medical and Health Department to the Hospital Authority.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Lee\\|first1\\=S. H.\\|title\\=Routledge Handbook of Global Public Health in Asia\\|date\\=2014\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|isbn\\=9781317817703\\|pages\\=11–12\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=yxRgAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA11}}",
"Until the mid\\-1990s, the hospital was responsible for providing medical services to the nearly 25,000 [Vietnamese boat people](/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Hong_Kong \"Vietnamese people in Hong Kong\") at Whitehead Detention Centre in nearby [Wu Kai Sha](/wiki/Wu_Kai_Sha \"Wu Kai Sha\"), once considered the world's largest prison.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Chan\\|first1\\=Fiona\\|title\\=$50m hospital project too late, board warns\\|url\\=http://hknews.lib.hku.hk.eproxy2\\.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/13\\_05\\.04/3568\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2014\\|publisher\\=South China Morning Post\\|date\\=19 April 1991}}{{cite book\\|title\\=The Other Hong Kong Report 1990\\|last\\=Bale\\|first\\=Chris\\|editor1\\-last\\=Wong\\|editor1\\-first\\=Richard Y.C.\\|editor2\\-last\\=Cheng\\|editor2\\-first\\=Joseph Y.S.\\|year\\=1990\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Chinese University Press]]\\|location\\=Hong Kong\\|isbn\\=9789622014947\\|pages\\=159–174\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Bn92hNgt2oAC\\&pg\\=PA159}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Dobson\\|first1\\=Chris\\|title\\=A day at the world's largest 'prison'\\|url\\=http://hknews.lib.hku.hk.eproxy2\\.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/02\\_09\\.32/131559\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2014\\|publisher\\=South China Morning Post\\|date\\=19 July 1992}} In 1990, Vietnamese women made up a third of patients within the hospital's maternity unit, leading to allegations of strained hospital resources and a subsequent scheme to transfer many pregnant refugees to Queen Elizabeth Hospital instead.{{cite news\\|title\\=Call for transfer of Viets to island\\|url\\=http://hknews.lib.hku.hk.eproxy1\\.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/02\\_09\\.22/130086\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2014\\|publisher\\=South China Morning Post\\|date\\=23 April 1990}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Camp baby boom a growing problem\\|url\\=http://hknews.lib.hku.hk.eproxy1\\.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/02\\_09\\.28/130860\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2014\\|publisher\\=Hong Kong Standard\\|date\\=8 June 1991}} By 1994, some Sha Tin residents voiced dissatisfaction that their hospital bore the weight of the refugee's medical needs, but then\\-hospital chief executive Alison Reid responded that the boat people comprised only five per cent of monthly visits to A \\& E and that the local population was \"not being disadvantaged\". Still, in the same year, the hospital proposed setting up a 24\\-hour clinic inside the refugee camp.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Weldon\\|first1\\=Susie\\|title\\=Clinic proposed for Whitehead\\|url\\=http://hknews.lib.hku.hk.eproxy1\\.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/02\\_09\\.35/132386\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2014\\|publisher\\=Eastern Express\\|date\\=16 June 1994}} The situation ended with the resettlement or repatriation of the refugees under the [Comprehensive Plan of Action](/wiki/Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action \"Comprehensive Plan of Action\").",
"The Sir Yue Kong Pao Centre for Cancer and the Lady Pao Children's Cancer Centre was officially opened by Charles, Prince of Wales in November 1994\\. Built with a donation of HK$120 million from Mr and Mrs [Peter Woo](/wiki/Peter_Woo \"Peter Woo\"), and named after Mrs Woo's parents, Sir [Yue\\-Kong Pao](/wiki/Yue-Kong_Pao \"Yue-Kong Pao\") and Lady Pao, the centre provides cancer treatments and resources for cancer research and education.{{cite web\\|title\\=History\\|url\\=http://www3\\.ha.org.hk/pwh/content/about/history.html\\|website\\=Prince of Wales Hospital\\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2014}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Finlay\\|first\\=Victoria\\|title\\=Donation\\|url\\=http://www.scmp.com/article/39440/donation\\|newspaper\\=South China Morning Post\\|location\\=Hong Kong\\|date\\=6 August 1993}}",
"The South Wing of the Li Ka Shing Specialist Outpatient Clinic was completed in June 1997, began operating in the following month, and was officially opened on 29 May 1998 by [Li Ka\\-shing](/wiki/Li_Ka-shing \"Li Ka-shing\"), who donated HK$21 million to its establishment. With a total floor area of 7,930 square metres, the clinic provides additional space to cope with increasing demand for specialist outpatient services in the region.{{cite web\\|title\\=Li Ka Shing Specialist Clinics at the Prince of Wales Hospital\\|url\\=http://lksf.stu.edu.cn/new\\_eng/Medical/shatin/page\\_01\\.htm\\|website\\=Li Ka Shing Foundation\\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140812035210/http://lksf.stu.edu.cn/new\\_eng/Medical/shatin/page\\_01\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### SARS epidemic",
"In 2003, a severe epidemic [severe acute respiratory syndrome](/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome \"Severe acute respiratory syndrome\") (SARS) occurred in multiple countries. The epidemic in Hong Kong started with the outbreak in Prince of Wales Hospital on 10 March 2003 when 11 healthcare workers in ward 8A (later renamed 8H) had shown symptoms of [atypical pneumonia](/wiki/Atypical_pneumonia \"Atypical pneumonia\") at the same time. [Epidemiologic](/wiki/Epidemiology \"Epidemiology\") investigation had linked these cases to a patient who was admitted to ward 8A on 4 March 2003\\. The patient had previously visited an ill professor from [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\").",
"The disease was unknown at the time. The infection soon spread extensively in ward 8A, affecting 143 individuals who had direct contact with the patient, including healthcare workers, medical students, other patients in the same ward, visitors, and the patient's relatives. It was found that the outbreak was amplified by the use of [nebuliser](/wiki/Nebuliser \"Nebuliser\") treatment on the patient.",
"In response to the outbreak, the hospital had implemented several control measures, including restricting access to the 8th floor of the main building (where ward 8A was situated), suspension of some services, and dividing the medical team into a dirty team and a clean team. The dirty team, led by Professor [Joseph Sung](/wiki/Joseph_Sung \"Joseph Sung\"), was responsible for taking care of SARS patients. The clean team was barred from the SARS wards.",
"The outbreak in the hospital eventually affected 239 individuals.{{cite book\\|title\\=SARS in Hong Kong: From Experience to Action\\|date\\=2 October 2003\\|publisher\\=SARS Expert Committee\\|location\\=Hong Kong\\|pages\\=24–35\\|url\\=http://www.sars\\-expertcom.gov.hk/english/reports/reports/files/e\\_chp3\\_21\\.pdf}}",
"### Recent developments",
"The hospital has undergone redevelopment since 2007\\. The Main Clinical Block and Trauma Centre, a fourteen\\-storey new building, was built on the site of the original helipad and tennis court. With a total gross floor area of 71,500 square metres, the new building provides in\\-patient services, operating theatres and day services. Construction work started on 23 April 2007 and the new building was opened in late 2010\\.{{cite press release\\|title\\=Redevelopment project of Prince of Wales Hospital\\|url\\=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201305/22/P201305220726\\.htm\\|publisher\\=Hong Kong Government\\|date\\=22 May 2013}} The hospital began its 10\\-year phase 2 redevelopment project in 2018\\. The construction of a new In\\-patient Extension Block is expected to complete in 2025\\-2026\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www3\\.ha.org.hk/pwh/pwhredevelop2/project\\_e.htm\\|title\\=Project Timeline (Tentative)}}",
"In November 2013, the hospital was accredited by the Australian Council on Healthcare Standards International.{{cite web\\|title\\=Member Organisation – Fast Facts\\|url\\=http://www.achs.org.au/media/75399/prince\\_of\\_wales\\_hospital.pdf\\|website\\=The Australian Council on Healthcare Standards\\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2014}}",
""
] |
Early life
----------
Naramaro's father Moroe was trusted by [Emperor Shōmu](/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dmu "Emperor Shōmu") to govern, and by 743 was promoted as far as {{Nihongo\|\|従一位\|ju ichi\-i}} and *[sadaijin](/wiki/Sadaijin "Sadaijin")*.
In 740, Naramaro was conferred the rank of {{Nihongo\|\|従五位下\|ju go\-i no ge}} and then promoted to {{Nihongo\|\|従五位上\|ju go\-i no jō}}. In 741 he was promoted to *[Daigaku\-no\-kami](/wiki/Daigaku-no-kami "Daigaku-no-kami")*, in 743 to {{Nihongo\|\|正五位上\|shō go\-i no jō}}, in 745 to {{Nihongo\|director of the \[\[Settsu province\|Settsu]] office\|摂津大夫}}, in 746 to {{Nihongo\|\[\[Ministry of Popular Affairs\|Senior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs]]\|民部大輔}}, and in 747 to {{Nihongo\|\|従四位下\|ju shi\-i no ge}}.
In 749, Emperor Shōmu retired, and [Empress Kōken](/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dken "Empress Kōken") assumed the throne. [Fujiwara no Nakamaro](/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Nakamaro "Fujiwara no Nakamaro"), who had both the favor of Kōken and the confidence of Shōmu's wife [Empress Kōmyō](/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D "Empress Kōmyō"), rapidly rose to power, and came into conflict with Moroe. In the same year, Naramaro rose to {{Nihongo\|\|従四位上\|ju shi\-i no jō}}, and was appointed as [chamberlain](/wiki/Chamberlain_of_Japan "Chamberlain of Japan") and *[Sangi](/wiki/Sangi_%28Japan%29 "Sangi (Japan)")*.
In 755, Moroe was reported to have slandered the court at a banquet. He resigned in the next year, and died disappointed in 757\.
In 756, ex\-Emperor Shōmu died, and based on his will {{Interlanguage link multi\|Prince Funado\|ja\|3\=道祖王}} was made crown prince. In 757, though, Kōken removed him from the position on the grounds of immorality, and two months later replaced him with Nakamaro's preferred candidate Prince Ōi, the future [Emperor Junnin](/wiki/Emperor_Junnin "Emperor Junnin").
|
[
"Early life\n----------",
"Naramaro's father Moroe was trusted by [Emperor Shōmu](/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dmu \"Emperor Shōmu\") to govern, and by 743 was promoted as far as {{Nihongo\\|\\|従一位\\|ju ichi\\-i}} and *[sadaijin](/wiki/Sadaijin \"Sadaijin\")*.",
"In 740, Naramaro was conferred the rank of {{Nihongo\\|\\|従五位下\\|ju go\\-i no ge}} and then promoted to {{Nihongo\\|\\|従五位上\\|ju go\\-i no jō}}. In 741 he was promoted to *[Daigaku\\-no\\-kami](/wiki/Daigaku-no-kami \"Daigaku-no-kami\")*, in 743 to {{Nihongo\\|\\|正五位上\\|shō go\\-i no jō}}, in 745 to {{Nihongo\\|director of the \\[\\[Settsu province\\|Settsu]] office\\|摂津大夫}}, in 746 to {{Nihongo\\|\\[\\[Ministry of Popular Affairs\\|Senior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs]]\\|民部大輔}}, and in 747 to {{Nihongo\\|\\|従四位下\\|ju shi\\-i no ge}}.",
"In 749, Emperor Shōmu retired, and [Empress Kōken](/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dken \"Empress Kōken\") assumed the throne. [Fujiwara no Nakamaro](/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Nakamaro \"Fujiwara no Nakamaro\"), who had both the favor of Kōken and the confidence of Shōmu's wife [Empress Kōmyō](/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D \"Empress Kōmyō\"), rapidly rose to power, and came into conflict with Moroe. In the same year, Naramaro rose to {{Nihongo\\|\\|従四位上\\|ju shi\\-i no jō}}, and was appointed as [chamberlain](/wiki/Chamberlain_of_Japan \"Chamberlain of Japan\") and *[Sangi](/wiki/Sangi_%28Japan%29 \"Sangi (Japan)\")*.",
"In 755, Moroe was reported to have slandered the court at a banquet. He resigned in the next year, and died disappointed in 757\\.",
"In 756, ex\\-Emperor Shōmu died, and based on his will {{Interlanguage link multi\\|Prince Funado\\|ja\\|3\\=道祖王}} was made crown prince. In 757, though, Kōken removed him from the position on the grounds of immorality, and two months later replaced him with Nakamaro's preferred candidate Prince Ōi, the future [Emperor Junnin](/wiki/Emperor_Junnin \"Emperor Junnin\").",
""
] |
Personal life
-------------
Reese is co\-owner of 1490 [WBCB (AM)](/wiki/WBCB_%28AM%29 "WBCB (AM)") in [Levittown, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Levittown%2C_Pennsylvania "Levittown, Pennsylvania"), a [Bucks County](/wiki/Bucks_County "Bucks County") suburb north of Philadelphia.
Reese's autobiography, *It's Gooooood!*, was published in 1998\. The title is a reference is to his distinctive and well recognized "field goal" call, which is usually delivered excitedly and at a high pitch that contrasts starkly with his usual baritone broadcasting voice.
His wife Cynthia was a former sixth grade science teacher at Keith Valley Middle School in [Horsham](/wiki/Horsham_Township%2C_Pennsylvania "Horsham Township, Pennsylvania"), Pennsylvania, a Philadelphia suburb. His son Nolan has been an assistant editor of such films as Avatar, Iron Man 2 \& The Muppets. His daughter Ida is a graphic designer.
Reese's mother was also a teacher at Robert E. Lamberton School in [Overbrook Park, Philadelphia](/wiki/Overbrook_Park%2C_Philadelphia "Overbrook Park, Philadelphia"), where the Reeses lived in the 1960s. Her love of musical theater was passed onto many of her students.
In 2022, Reese provided vocals on the [Christmas album](/wiki/Christmas_album "Christmas album") *[A Philly Special Christmas](/wiki/A_Philly_Special_Christmas "A Philly Special Christmas")*.
|
[
"Personal life\n-------------",
"Reese is co\\-owner of 1490 [WBCB (AM)](/wiki/WBCB_%28AM%29 \"WBCB (AM)\") in [Levittown, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Levittown%2C_Pennsylvania \"Levittown, Pennsylvania\"), a [Bucks County](/wiki/Bucks_County \"Bucks County\") suburb north of Philadelphia.",
"Reese's autobiography, *It's Gooooood!*, was published in 1998\\. The title is a reference is to his distinctive and well recognized \"field goal\" call, which is usually delivered excitedly and at a high pitch that contrasts starkly with his usual baritone broadcasting voice.",
"His wife Cynthia was a former sixth grade science teacher at Keith Valley Middle School in [Horsham](/wiki/Horsham_Township%2C_Pennsylvania \"Horsham Township, Pennsylvania\"), Pennsylvania, a Philadelphia suburb. His son Nolan has been an assistant editor of such films as Avatar, Iron Man 2 \\& The Muppets. His daughter Ida is a graphic designer.",
"Reese's mother was also a teacher at Robert E. Lamberton School in [Overbrook Park, Philadelphia](/wiki/Overbrook_Park%2C_Philadelphia \"Overbrook Park, Philadelphia\"), where the Reeses lived in the 1960s. Her love of musical theater was passed onto many of her students.",
"In 2022, Reese provided vocals on the [Christmas album](/wiki/Christmas_album \"Christmas album\") *[A Philly Special Christmas](/wiki/A_Philly_Special_Christmas \"A Philly Special Christmas\")*.",
""
] |
Other works
-----------
### By Stockton
In July 1885, again in *The Century Magazine*, Stockton published "The Discourager of Hesitancy", a follow\-up to "The Lady, or the Tiger?", and set one year after the events of that story. Five travelers visit the kingdom to discover what the accused man had found behind the door he chose. Meeting with an official, they explain that one of their countrymen was present on that day, but fled without seeing the result. The official tells them a second story, of a prince who had come to the kingdom to find a wife. Instead of allowing him to see any available ladies, the king had him immediately taken to guest quarters and summoned attendants to prepare him for a wedding to be held the next day. One attendant introduced himself as the Discourager of Hesitancy and explained that his job was to ensure compliance with the king's will, through the subtle threat of the large "cimeter" ([scimitar](/wiki/Scimitar "Scimitar")) he carried.
At noon on the following day, the prince was blindfolded and brought before a priest, where a marriage ceremony was performed and he could feel and hear a lady standing next to him. Once the ceremony was complete, the blindfold was removed and he turned to find 40 ladies standing before him, one of whom was his new bride. If he did not correctly identify her, the Discourager would execute him on the spot. The prince narrowed the possibilities down to two, one lady smiling and one frowning, and made the correct choice.
The kingdom official tells the five travelers that once they figure out which lady the prince had married, he will tell them the outcome of "The Lady, or the Tiger?" The story ends with a comment that they still have not come to a decision.
### By other artists
A play adaptation by [Sydney Rosenfeld](/wiki/Sydney_Rosenfeld "Sydney Rosenfeld") debuted at [Wallack's Theatre](/wiki/Wallack%27s_Theatre "Wallack's Theatre") in 1888 and ran for seven weeks. In addition to stretching out the story as long as possible to make it a play, at the end the choice was revealed to the audience: neither a lady nor a tiger, but an old hag.Smith, Cecil \& Glenn Litton. [Musical Comedy in America](https://books.google.com/books?id=1VvYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA44), p. 44 (1991 ed.)
A radio dramatization of "The Lady, or the Tiger" by [Elliott](/wiki/Elliott_Lewis_%28actor%29 "Elliott Lewis (actor)") and [Cathy Lewis](/wiki/Cathy_Lewis "Cathy Lewis") aired on the show *[On Stage](/wiki/On_Stage_%28radio_show%29 "On Stage (radio show)")* in 1953\.{{Cite book\|title\=Radio drama : a comprehensive chronicle of American network programs, 1932\-1962\|last\=Grams\|first\=Martin\|date\=2008\-02\-27\|publisher\=McFarland\|isbn\=9780786438716\|location\=Jefferson, N.C.\|oclc\=188535974}}
[Toyah Willcox](/wiki/Toyah_Willcox "Toyah Willcox") and [Robert Fripp](/wiki/Robert_Fripp "Robert Fripp") released a recording of "The Lady, or the Tiger?" and "The Discourager of Hesitancy" with Willcox reading the stories to electric guitar accompaniment by Fripp.
"The Lady, or the Tiger?" is one of three short stories that were adapted into the 1966 [musical comedy](/wiki/Musical_comedy "Musical comedy") *[The Apple Tree](/wiki/The_Apple_Tree "The Apple Tree")*.{{cite web\|title\=The Apple Tree\|date\=16 September 2015 \|publisher\=Music Theatre International\|url\=http://www.mtishows.com/show\_detail.asp?showid\=000007}}
The story served as inspiration for [Raymond Smullyan](/wiki/Raymond_Smullyan "Raymond Smullyan")'s puzzle book by the same title, *The Lady, or the Tiger?*.{{Cite book \|isbn \= 0812921178\|title \= The Lady or the Tiger? And Other Logic Puzzles: Including a Mathematical Novel that Features Gödel's Great Discovery\|last1 \= Smullyan\|first1 \= Raymond M.\|year \= 1992\| publisher\=Times Books }} The first set of [logic puzzles](/wiki/Logic_puzzle "Logic puzzle") in the book had a similar scenario to the short story in which a king gives each prisoner a choice between a number of doors; behind each one was either a lady or a tiger. However, the king bases the prisoner's fate on intelligence and not luck by posting a statement on each door that can be true or false.
*The Lady, or the Tiger?* was adapted into a short film by [Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation](/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_Educational_Corporation "Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation") in 1970\.{{cite book \|title\= The lady or the tiger?; and, A Discussion of Frank Stockton's The Lady, or the tiger? \|author\= \|oclc \= 422754519}}{{cite web \|url\= https://kids.britannica.com/kids/assembly/view/139771 \|title\= Frank Stockton's story \|author\= \|website\= Britannica Kids \|access\-date\= 2018\-05\-23 }}
"The Purr\-fect Crime", Season 1, Episode 19 of the U.S. television series [*Batman*](/wiki/Batman_%28TV_series%29 "Batman (TV series)") ends with a cliffhanger in which [Catwoman](/wiki/Catwoman "Catwoman") has Batman locked in a room with two doors; one of which opens to her, and the other opens to a tiger. Over an intercom she taunts him with "Which will it be, Batman? The lady or the tiger?" Batman has no hint and chooses the door that has the tiger.{{cite web \|title\=Batman (TV Series): The Purr\-fect Crime (1966\): Plot Summary \|publisher\=IMDb \|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0519547/plotsummary \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-08}}
The 2011 [They Might Be Giants](/wiki/They_Might_Be_Giants "They Might Be Giants") album *[Join Us](/wiki/Join_Us "Join Us")* includes a song titled "The Lady and the Tiger," which retells Stockton's story through lyrics such as "behind one door, a muffled roar. Behind the other, a voice."
In the 14th episode of the 2023 Korean drama *[My Dearest](/wiki/My_Dearest "My Dearest")* a character narrates the story of The Lady or the Tiger to [Namkoong Min](/wiki/Namkoong_Min "Namkoong Min")'s character Lee Jang\-hyun without mentioning the name of this story.
|
[
"Other works\n-----------",
"### By Stockton",
"In July 1885, again in *The Century Magazine*, Stockton published \"The Discourager of Hesitancy\", a follow\\-up to \"The Lady, or the Tiger?\", and set one year after the events of that story. Five travelers visit the kingdom to discover what the accused man had found behind the door he chose. Meeting with an official, they explain that one of their countrymen was present on that day, but fled without seeing the result. The official tells them a second story, of a prince who had come to the kingdom to find a wife. Instead of allowing him to see any available ladies, the king had him immediately taken to guest quarters and summoned attendants to prepare him for a wedding to be held the next day. One attendant introduced himself as the Discourager of Hesitancy and explained that his job was to ensure compliance with the king's will, through the subtle threat of the large \"cimeter\" ([scimitar](/wiki/Scimitar \"Scimitar\")) he carried.",
"At noon on the following day, the prince was blindfolded and brought before a priest, where a marriage ceremony was performed and he could feel and hear a lady standing next to him. Once the ceremony was complete, the blindfold was removed and he turned to find 40 ladies standing before him, one of whom was his new bride. If he did not correctly identify her, the Discourager would execute him on the spot. The prince narrowed the possibilities down to two, one lady smiling and one frowning, and made the correct choice.",
"The kingdom official tells the five travelers that once they figure out which lady the prince had married, he will tell them the outcome of \"The Lady, or the Tiger?\" The story ends with a comment that they still have not come to a decision.",
"### By other artists",
"A play adaptation by [Sydney Rosenfeld](/wiki/Sydney_Rosenfeld \"Sydney Rosenfeld\") debuted at [Wallack's Theatre](/wiki/Wallack%27s_Theatre \"Wallack's Theatre\") in 1888 and ran for seven weeks. In addition to stretching out the story as long as possible to make it a play, at the end the choice was revealed to the audience: neither a lady nor a tiger, but an old hag.Smith, Cecil \\& Glenn Litton. [Musical Comedy in America](https://books.google.com/books?id=1VvYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA44), p. 44 (1991 ed.)",
"A radio dramatization of \"The Lady, or the Tiger\" by [Elliott](/wiki/Elliott_Lewis_%28actor%29 \"Elliott Lewis (actor)\") and [Cathy Lewis](/wiki/Cathy_Lewis \"Cathy Lewis\") aired on the show *[On Stage](/wiki/On_Stage_%28radio_show%29 \"On Stage (radio show)\")* in 1953\\.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Radio drama : a comprehensive chronicle of American network programs, 1932\\-1962\\|last\\=Grams\\|first\\=Martin\\|date\\=2008\\-02\\-27\\|publisher\\=McFarland\\|isbn\\=9780786438716\\|location\\=Jefferson, N.C.\\|oclc\\=188535974}}",
"[Toyah Willcox](/wiki/Toyah_Willcox \"Toyah Willcox\") and [Robert Fripp](/wiki/Robert_Fripp \"Robert Fripp\") released a recording of \"The Lady, or the Tiger?\" and \"The Discourager of Hesitancy\" with Willcox reading the stories to electric guitar accompaniment by Fripp.",
"\"The Lady, or the Tiger?\" is one of three short stories that were adapted into the 1966 [musical comedy](/wiki/Musical_comedy \"Musical comedy\") *[The Apple Tree](/wiki/The_Apple_Tree \"The Apple Tree\")*.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Apple Tree\\|date\\=16 September 2015 \\|publisher\\=Music Theatre International\\|url\\=http://www.mtishows.com/show\\_detail.asp?showid\\=000007}}",
"The story served as inspiration for [Raymond Smullyan](/wiki/Raymond_Smullyan \"Raymond Smullyan\")'s puzzle book by the same title, *The Lady, or the Tiger?*.{{Cite book \\|isbn \\= 0812921178\\|title \\= The Lady or the Tiger? And Other Logic Puzzles: Including a Mathematical Novel that Features Gödel's Great Discovery\\|last1 \\= Smullyan\\|first1 \\= Raymond M.\\|year \\= 1992\\| publisher\\=Times Books }} The first set of [logic puzzles](/wiki/Logic_puzzle \"Logic puzzle\") in the book had a similar scenario to the short story in which a king gives each prisoner a choice between a number of doors; behind each one was either a lady or a tiger. However, the king bases the prisoner's fate on intelligence and not luck by posting a statement on each door that can be true or false.",
"*The Lady, or the Tiger?* was adapted into a short film by [Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation](/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_Educational_Corporation \"Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation\") in 1970\\.{{cite book \\|title\\= The lady or the tiger?; and, A Discussion of Frank Stockton's The Lady, or the tiger? \\|author\\= \\|oclc \\= 422754519}}{{cite web \\|url\\= https://kids.britannica.com/kids/assembly/view/139771 \\|title\\= Frank Stockton's story \\|author\\= \\|website\\= Britannica Kids \\|access\\-date\\= 2018\\-05\\-23 }}",
"\"The Purr\\-fect Crime\", Season 1, Episode 19 of the U.S. television series [*Batman*](/wiki/Batman_%28TV_series%29 \"Batman (TV series)\") ends with a cliffhanger in which [Catwoman](/wiki/Catwoman \"Catwoman\") has Batman locked in a room with two doors; one of which opens to her, and the other opens to a tiger. Over an intercom she taunts him with \"Which will it be, Batman? The lady or the tiger?\" Batman has no hint and chooses the door that has the tiger.{{cite web \\|title\\=Batman (TV Series): The Purr\\-fect Crime (1966\\): Plot Summary \\|publisher\\=IMDb \\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0519547/plotsummary \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-08}}",
"The 2011 [They Might Be Giants](/wiki/They_Might_Be_Giants \"They Might Be Giants\") album *[Join Us](/wiki/Join_Us \"Join Us\")* includes a song titled \"The Lady and the Tiger,\" which retells Stockton's story through lyrics such as \"behind one door, a muffled roar. Behind the other, a voice.\"",
"In the 14th episode of the 2023 Korean drama *[My Dearest](/wiki/My_Dearest \"My Dearest\")* a character narrates the story of The Lady or the Tiger to [Namkoong Min](/wiki/Namkoong_Min \"Namkoong Min\")'s character Lee Jang\\-hyun without mentioning the name of this story.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early history
The village of Bogang has a long history of football and is known as the "Hometown of Football". Its football history can be traced back to 1941, when the [Japanese invading China](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War") and [occupying Hong Kong](/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong "Japanese occupation of Hong Kong"), as about 100 villagers who were making a living in Hong Kong, and were members of the [Hong Kong football team](/wiki/Hong_Kong_football_team "Hong Kong football team"), returned to their home village and continued to resist Japan. In order to continue the anti\-Japanese War, the returning youths set up the first football team in Bogang. It was reported that the players used football to share secret information, as sports was considered legitimate by the Japanese and such gatherings were allowed.
As Shenzhen was named a "Special economics zone" in 1980, many villages in Shenzhen became rich. Villagers of Bogang decided to avoid bad habits from those villages from affecting them, so in 1992, football was included in the quality education program for the villagers of Bogang Village.
Children in Bogang started football training in [elementary school](/wiki/Elementary_School "Elementary School"). Of the more than 1,800 residents in the Bogang community, 80% of the males can play football. Football teams were formed from different age groups of residents, from children to the elderly, with the oldest player being over 80 years old. There are more than 220 football players in the entire community, and as many as 800 residents involved in football.{{Cite web\|url\=http://shenzhen.sina.com.cn/news/n/2015\-07\-14/detail\-ifxewnih2257913\.shtml\|title\=三夺全国冠军 宝安壆岗村坚持全民足球拒职业化\|website\=shenzhen.sina.com.cn\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-26}}
### Formation of a club
In 1998, with the approval of the [Chinese Football Association](/wiki/Chinese_Football_Association "Chinese Football Association"), Bogang established the country's first village\-level football club, and the Bogang football team has become the first amateur team in the country to have a dedicated football field.
In 2002, the [Chinese Champions League](/wiki/Chinese_Champions_League "Chinese Champions League") was established. The Bogang Football Team became one of the founding teams of the tournament. In the same year, under the leadership of coach Ding Sheng, they won 2nd place, only beaten 3–1 by [Guangzhou Restaurant](/wiki/Guangzhou_Restaurant "Guangzhou Restaurant").{{Cite web\|url\=http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2002d.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407000720/http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2002d.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2008\-04\-07\|title\=中文足球资料大全 2002年全国足球业余（丙级）队联赛\|date\=2008\-04\-07\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-08}}
In 2003, they defeated [Hunan Sports](/wiki/Hunan_Sports "Hunan Sports") in a 7–6 [penalty shootout](/wiki/Penalty_shootout "Penalty shootout") after a 1–1 draw.{{Cite web\|url\=http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2003d.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211014643/http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2003d.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-11\|title\=2003年全国足球业余(丙级)队联赛\_中国足球历史数据库\_中文足球资料大全\|date\=2013\-12\-11\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-26}} In 2004, they defeated [Qingdao Liming](/wiki/Qingdao_Liming "Qingdao Liming") 2–0 after finishing top of Group B and defeating [Yunnan Satellite Channel](/wiki/Yunnan_Satellite_Channel "Yunnan Satellite Channel") in a penalty shootout.{{Cite web\|url\=http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2004d.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211014030/http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2004d.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-11\|title\=2004年全国足球业余(丙级)队联赛\_中国足球历史数据库\_中文足球资料大全\|date\=2013\-12\-11\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-26}} In 2005, they again won the championship, after defeating [Shanghai Songjiang Gas](/wiki/Shanghai_Songjiang_Gas "Shanghai Songjiang Gas").{{Cite web\|url\=http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2005d.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211013621/http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2005d.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-11\|title\=2005年全国足球业余联赛\_中国足球历史数据库\_中文足球资料大全\|date\=2013\-12\-11\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-26}} In 2006, they defeated [Changchun Normal University](/wiki/Changchun_Normal_University "Changchun Normal University") 3–1\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2006d.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211015115/http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2006d.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-11\|title\=2006年全国足球业余联赛\_中国足球历史数据库\_中文足球资料大全\|date\=2013\-12\-11\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-26}} In 2007, they again won the championship after defeating [Yanji Court](/wiki/Yanji_Court "Yanji Court"),{{Cite web\|url\=http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2007d.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211015718/http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2007d.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-11\|title\=2007年全国足球业余联赛\_中国足球历史数据库\_中文足球资料大全\|date\=2013\-12\-11\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-26}} winning the championship for 5 consecutive times.
Due to their outstanding performances, the [Chinese Football Association](/wiki/Chinese_Football_Association "Chinese Football Association") and other relevant parties have asked them to be promoted to the [China League Two](/wiki/China_League_Two "China League Two"), but the then owner of the club, Boang Co., Ltd. (an economic entity restructured from the collective property of Bogang Village), declined the request as they considered the investments in playing professionally too large, and defied their original will of "free\-for\-all" football.{{Cite web\|url\=http://shenzhen.sina.com.cn/news/n/2015\-07\-14/detail\-ifxewnih2257913\.shtml\|title\=三夺全国冠军 宝安壆岗村坚持全民足球拒职业化\|website\=shenzhen.sina.com.cn\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-08}} In the 12 years afterwards, they only played in regional contests. In 2018, the Palm Eco\-Town Development Company Limited, (owned by [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship "EFL Championship") team [West Brom](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C.")'s current chairman [Lai Guochuan](/wiki/Lai_Guochuan "Lai Guochuan")), officially participated in the investment in Shenzhen Bogang Football Club, and on July 10, 2018, Shenzhen Bogang Football Club Co., Ltd. was formally established, and [Li Haiqiang](/wiki/Li_Haiqiang "Li Haiqiang"), who had led former club [Meixian Techand](/wiki/Guangdong_South_China_Tiger_F.C. "Guangdong South China Tiger F.C.") to [League 1](/wiki/China_League_One "China League One"), was hired as the team coach. On March 14, 2019, Shenzhen Bogang held the ceremony to begin its quest for League 2 that year. It played its first match in the new, but familiar [Chinese Champions League](/wiki/Chinese_Champions_League "Chinese Champions League"), beating [Nanning Binjiang](/wiki/Nanning_Binjiang "Nanning Binjiang") 5–0\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://barb.sznews.com/MB/content/201904/16/content\_635053\.html\|title\=深圳壆岗主场首秀开门红\_宝安日报数字报\|website\=barb.sznews.com\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-08}} Later, they managed to advance to the final stages and eventually to the final of [2019 Chinese Champions League](/wiki/2019_Chinese_Champions_League "2019 Chinese Champions League"). On 19 October, they won 2–1 against [Nanjing Fengfan](/wiki/Nanjing_Fengfan "Nanjing Fengfan") in the first leg of the final at home, but they were defeated 4–1 in the away leg at [Nanjing](/wiki/Nanjing "Nanjing"), and finished as runners\-up in the league, gaining promotion to the [China League Two](/wiki/China_League_Two "China League Two") for the first time in its 78 years of existence.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early history",
"The village of Bogang has a long history of football and is known as the \"Hometown of Football\". Its football history can be traced back to 1941, when the [Japanese invading China](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\") and [occupying Hong Kong](/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong \"Japanese occupation of Hong Kong\"), as about 100 villagers who were making a living in Hong Kong, and were members of the [Hong Kong football team](/wiki/Hong_Kong_football_team \"Hong Kong football team\"), returned to their home village and continued to resist Japan. In order to continue the anti\\-Japanese War, the returning youths set up the first football team in Bogang. It was reported that the players used football to share secret information, as sports was considered legitimate by the Japanese and such gatherings were allowed.",
"As Shenzhen was named a \"Special economics zone\" in 1980, many villages in Shenzhen became rich. Villagers of Bogang decided to avoid bad habits from those villages from affecting them, so in 1992, football was included in the quality education program for the villagers of Bogang Village.",
"Children in Bogang started football training in [elementary school](/wiki/Elementary_School \"Elementary School\"). Of the more than 1,800 residents in the Bogang community, 80% of the males can play football. Football teams were formed from different age groups of residents, from children to the elderly, with the oldest player being over 80 years old. There are more than 220 football players in the entire community, and as many as 800 residents involved in football.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://shenzhen.sina.com.cn/news/n/2015\\-07\\-14/detail\\-ifxewnih2257913\\.shtml\\|title\\=三夺全国冠军 宝安壆岗村坚持全民足球拒职业化\\|website\\=shenzhen.sina.com.cn\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-26}}",
"### Formation of a club",
"In 1998, with the approval of the [Chinese Football Association](/wiki/Chinese_Football_Association \"Chinese Football Association\"), Bogang established the country's first village\\-level football club, and the Bogang football team has become the first amateur team in the country to have a dedicated football field.",
"In 2002, the [Chinese Champions League](/wiki/Chinese_Champions_League \"Chinese Champions League\") was established. The Bogang Football Team became one of the founding teams of the tournament. In the same year, under the leadership of coach Ding Sheng, they won 2nd place, only beaten 3–1 by [Guangzhou Restaurant](/wiki/Guangzhou_Restaurant \"Guangzhou Restaurant\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2002d.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407000720/http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2002d.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-04\\-07\\|title\\=中文足球资料大全 2002年全国足球业余（丙级）队联赛\\|date\\=2008\\-04\\-07\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-08}}",
"In 2003, they defeated [Hunan Sports](/wiki/Hunan_Sports \"Hunan Sports\") in a 7–6 [penalty shootout](/wiki/Penalty_shootout \"Penalty shootout\") after a 1–1 draw.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2003d.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211014643/http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2003d.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-11\\|title\\=2003年全国足球业余(丙级)队联赛\\_中国足球历史数据库\\_中文足球资料大全\\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-11\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-26}} In 2004, they defeated [Qingdao Liming](/wiki/Qingdao_Liming \"Qingdao Liming\") 2–0 after finishing top of Group B and defeating [Yunnan Satellite Channel](/wiki/Yunnan_Satellite_Channel \"Yunnan Satellite Channel\") in a penalty shootout.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2004d.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211014030/http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2004d.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-11\\|title\\=2004年全国足球业余(丙级)队联赛\\_中国足球历史数据库\\_中文足球资料大全\\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-11\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-26}} In 2005, they again won the championship, after defeating [Shanghai Songjiang Gas](/wiki/Shanghai_Songjiang_Gas \"Shanghai Songjiang Gas\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2005d.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211013621/http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2005d.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-11\\|title\\=2005年全国足球业余联赛\\_中国足球历史数据库\\_中文足球资料大全\\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-11\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-26}} In 2006, they defeated [Changchun Normal University](/wiki/Changchun_Normal_University \"Changchun Normal University\") 3–1\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2006d.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211015115/http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2006d.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-11\\|title\\=2006年全国足球业余联赛\\_中国足球历史数据库\\_中文足球资料大全\\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-11\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-26}} In 2007, they again won the championship after defeating [Yanji Court](/wiki/Yanji_Court \"Yanji Court\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2007d.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211015718/http://zuqiuziliao.cn/china/2007d.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-11\\|title\\=2007年全国足球业余联赛\\_中国足球历史数据库\\_中文足球资料大全\\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-11\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-26}} winning the championship for 5 consecutive times.",
"Due to their outstanding performances, the [Chinese Football Association](/wiki/Chinese_Football_Association \"Chinese Football Association\") and other relevant parties have asked them to be promoted to the [China League Two](/wiki/China_League_Two \"China League Two\"), but the then owner of the club, Boang Co., Ltd. (an economic entity restructured from the collective property of Bogang Village), declined the request as they considered the investments in playing professionally too large, and defied their original will of \"free\\-for\\-all\" football.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://shenzhen.sina.com.cn/news/n/2015\\-07\\-14/detail\\-ifxewnih2257913\\.shtml\\|title\\=三夺全国冠军 宝安壆岗村坚持全民足球拒职业化\\|website\\=shenzhen.sina.com.cn\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-08}} In the 12 years afterwards, they only played in regional contests. In 2018, the Palm Eco\\-Town Development Company Limited, (owned by [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship \"EFL Championship\") team [West Brom](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\")'s current chairman [Lai Guochuan](/wiki/Lai_Guochuan \"Lai Guochuan\")), officially participated in the investment in Shenzhen Bogang Football Club, and on July 10, 2018, Shenzhen Bogang Football Club Co., Ltd. was formally established, and [Li Haiqiang](/wiki/Li_Haiqiang \"Li Haiqiang\"), who had led former club [Meixian Techand](/wiki/Guangdong_South_China_Tiger_F.C. \"Guangdong South China Tiger F.C.\") to [League 1](/wiki/China_League_One \"China League One\"), was hired as the team coach. On March 14, 2019, Shenzhen Bogang held the ceremony to begin its quest for League 2 that year. It played its first match in the new, but familiar [Chinese Champions League](/wiki/Chinese_Champions_League \"Chinese Champions League\"), beating [Nanning Binjiang](/wiki/Nanning_Binjiang \"Nanning Binjiang\") 5–0\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://barb.sznews.com/MB/content/201904/16/content\\_635053\\.html\\|title\\=深圳壆岗主场首秀开门红\\_宝安日报数字报\\|website\\=barb.sznews.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-08}} Later, they managed to advance to the final stages and eventually to the final of [2019 Chinese Champions League](/wiki/2019_Chinese_Champions_League \"2019 Chinese Champions League\"). On 19 October, they won 2–1 against [Nanjing Fengfan](/wiki/Nanjing_Fengfan \"Nanjing Fengfan\") in the first leg of the final at home, but they were defeated 4–1 in the away leg at [Nanjing](/wiki/Nanjing \"Nanjing\"), and finished as runners\\-up in the league, gaining promotion to the [China League Two](/wiki/China_League_Two \"China League Two\") for the first time in its 78 years of existence.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Perebyinis was born on 9 November 1968 in [Ternopil](/wiki/Ternopil "Ternopil"). He graduated from [Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv](/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv "Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv") in 1992\. He speaks four foreign languages: [English](/wiki/English_language "English language"), [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"), [Czech](/wiki/Czech_language "Czech language") and [Slovak](/wiki/Slovak_language "Slovak language").
From 1992 to 1994, he was an Attaché, Third, Second Secretary of the Information Department of the [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Ukraine%29 "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ukraine)").
From 1994 to 1998, he was the Second, then promoted First Secretary of [the Embassy of Ukraine in the Czech Republic](/wiki/Embassy_of_Ukraine%2C_Prague "Embassy of Ukraine, Prague").
From 1998 to 2000, he was the Senior Consultant, Chief Consultant, Deputy Head of the Department of the Main Directorate for Foreign Policy of the [Administration of the President of Ukraine](/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_Ukraine "Office of the President of Ukraine").
From 2000 to 2001, he was the Counselor of the [Embassy of Ukraine in Greece](/wiki/Embassy_of_Ukraine_in_Greece "Embassy of Ukraine in Greece").
From 2001 to 2004, he was the Counselor of the Embassy of Ukraine in the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic").
From 2004 to 2005, he was the Deputy Head of the Main Department for Foreign Policy of the Administration of the President of Ukraine.
From 2005 to 2006, he was the Deputy Head of the Main Foreign Policy Service, and then the Head of the Department of Bilateral and Regional Cooperation of the Secretariat of the President of Ukraine.
From 2006 to 2008, he was the Consul General of Ukraine in [Prešov](/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov "Prešov") in [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia").
On 29 August 2008 to 11 November 2011, Perebyinis was the 6th [Ambassador to Sweden](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Ukraine_to_Sweden "List of ambassadors of Ukraine to Sweden").{{Cite web \|title\=Про призначення Є. Перебийноса Надзвичайним і Повноважним Послом України в Королівстві Швеція \|url\=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/777/2008 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-11 \|website\=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України \|language\=uk}}{{Cite web \|title\=Про звільнення Є. Перебийноса з посади Надзвичайного і Повноважного Посла України в Королівстві Швеція \|url\=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1043/2011 \|access\-date\=11 June 2022\|website\=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України \|language\=uk}}
From 2012 to 2013, he was an Ambassador and Plenipotentiary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine.
In January 2013, he was the acting Director of the Information Policy Department, and a spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. In June 2013, he officially became the Director of the Information Policy Department. In July 2014, he became the Deputy Director of the Department of Policy and Communications, Spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine.
As Deputy Director of the agency, Perebyinis made a number of high\-profile statements in the media, in particular, he denied the Russians the right to be called the indigenous people of Ukraine, and the CIS, in his opinion, is a "puppet formation.".{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.km.ru/world/2014/03/17/protivostoyanie\-na\-ukraine\-2013\-14/734869\-v\-mid\-ukrainy\-zhivushchikh\-v\-strane\-rossi \|title\=В МИД Украины живущих в стране русских назвали диаспорой \|access\-date\=31 March 2014 \|archive\-date\=20 March 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320135313/http://www.km.ru/world/2014/03/17/protivostoyanie\-na\-ukraine\-2013\-14/734869\-v\-mid\-ukrainy\-zhivushchikh\-v\-strane\-rossi \|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.novostimira.com.ua/news\_99484\.html \|title\=МИД Украины считает СНГ марионеточным образованием \|access\-date\=31 March 2014\|archive\-date\=18 May 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085550/http://www.novostimira.com.ua/news\_99484\.html \|url\-status\=live}}
On 10 May 2015, Perebyinis became the 7th [Ambassador to Latvia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Ukraine_to_Latvia "List of ambassadors of Ukraine to Latvia").{{Cite web \|title\=Про призначення Є. Перебийноса Надзвичайним і Повноважним Послом України в Латвійській Республіці \|url\=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/261/2015 \|access\-date\=11 June 2022 \|website\=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України \|language\=uk}}
On 23 January 2017, Perbyinis became the 7th [Ambassador of Ukraine to the Czech Republic](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Ukraine_to_the_Czech_Republic "List of ambassadors of Ukraine to the Czech Republic").{{Cite web \|date\=23 January 2017 \|title\=УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №16/2017 \|url\=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/162017\-21094 \|access\-date\=11 June 2022 \|website\=Офіційне інтернет\-представництво Президента України\|language\=uk}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2017/01/23/7133211/ \|title\=Перебийніс став послом України в Чехії {{!}} Українська правда \|access\-date\=27 March 2022\|archive\-date\=26 February 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226225308/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2017/01/23/7133211/ \|url\-status\= live}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.novinky.cz/zahranicni/evropa/clanek/kyjev\-posila\-do\-cela\-velvyslanectvi\-v\-praze\-ostreho\-kritika\-kremlu\-40022366 \|title\=Kyjev posílá do čela velvyslanectví v Praze ostrého kritika Kremlu \- Novinky.cz \|access\-date\=27 March 2022 \|archive\-date\=26 February 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226221304/https://www.novinky.cz/zahranicni/evropa/clanek/kyjev\-posila\-do\-cela\-velvyslanectvi\-v\-praze\-ostreho\-kritika\-kremlu\-40022366 \|url\-status\=live}}
On 28 May 2022, he was involved in Embrace Ukraine. Strengthen the Union program, stating, "The majority of EU citizens – 71% \- believe that Ukraine is part of the European family. However, it is important that politicians also hear the voice of their citizens and make the necessary decision on the legal consolidation of Ukraine's status. This will be a significant step towards our victory for a free, European future for Ukraine. Ukraine is Europe! Europe is Ukraine!"{{Cite web \|title\=The EU is holding campaigns to grant Ukraine candidate status – News on Depo.ua. \|url\=https://news.depo.ua/ukr/news/u\-es\-provodyat\-aktsii\-za\-nadannya\-ukraini\-statusu\-kandidata\-202205281438907 \|access\-date\=29 May 2022 \|website\=www.depo.ua \|language\=uk}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Perebyinis was born on 9 November 1968 in [Ternopil](/wiki/Ternopil \"Ternopil\"). He graduated from [Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv](/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv \"Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv\") in 1992\\. He speaks four foreign languages: [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"), [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language \"Russian language\"), [Czech](/wiki/Czech_language \"Czech language\") and [Slovak](/wiki/Slovak_language \"Slovak language\").",
"From 1992 to 1994, he was an Attaché, Third, Second Secretary of the Information Department of the [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Ukraine%29 \"Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ukraine)\").",
"From 1994 to 1998, he was the Second, then promoted First Secretary of [the Embassy of Ukraine in the Czech Republic](/wiki/Embassy_of_Ukraine%2C_Prague \"Embassy of Ukraine, Prague\").",
"From 1998 to 2000, he was the Senior Consultant, Chief Consultant, Deputy Head of the Department of the Main Directorate for Foreign Policy of the [Administration of the President of Ukraine](/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_Ukraine \"Office of the President of Ukraine\").",
"From 2000 to 2001, he was the Counselor of the [Embassy of Ukraine in Greece](/wiki/Embassy_of_Ukraine_in_Greece \"Embassy of Ukraine in Greece\").",
"From 2001 to 2004, he was the Counselor of the Embassy of Ukraine in the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic \"Czech Republic\").",
"From 2004 to 2005, he was the Deputy Head of the Main Department for Foreign Policy of the Administration of the President of Ukraine.",
"From 2005 to 2006, he was the Deputy Head of the Main Foreign Policy Service, and then the Head of the Department of Bilateral and Regional Cooperation of the Secretariat of the President of Ukraine.",
"From 2006 to 2008, he was the Consul General of Ukraine in [Prešov](/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov \"Prešov\") in [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia \"Slovakia\").",
"On 29 August 2008 to 11 November 2011, Perebyinis was the 6th [Ambassador to Sweden](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Ukraine_to_Sweden \"List of ambassadors of Ukraine to Sweden\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Про призначення Є. Перебийноса Надзвичайним і Повноважним Послом України в Королівстві Швеція \\|url\\=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/777/2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-11 \\|website\\=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України \\|language\\=uk}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Про звільнення Є. Перебийноса з посади Надзвичайного і Повноважного Посла України в Королівстві Швеція \\|url\\=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1043/2011 \\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2022\\|website\\=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України \\|language\\=uk}}",
"From 2012 to 2013, he was an Ambassador and Plenipotentiary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine.",
"In January 2013, he was the acting Director of the Information Policy Department, and a spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. In June 2013, he officially became the Director of the Information Policy Department. In July 2014, he became the Deputy Director of the Department of Policy and Communications, Spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine.",
"As Deputy Director of the agency, Perebyinis made a number of high\\-profile statements in the media, in particular, he denied the Russians the right to be called the indigenous people of Ukraine, and the CIS, in his opinion, is a \"puppet formation.\".{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.km.ru/world/2014/03/17/protivostoyanie\\-na\\-ukraine\\-2013\\-14/734869\\-v\\-mid\\-ukrainy\\-zhivushchikh\\-v\\-strane\\-rossi \\|title\\=В МИД Украины живущих в стране русских назвали диаспорой \\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 March 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320135313/http://www.km.ru/world/2014/03/17/protivostoyanie\\-na\\-ukraine\\-2013\\-14/734869\\-v\\-mid\\-ukrainy\\-zhivushchikh\\-v\\-strane\\-rossi \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.novostimira.com.ua/news\\_99484\\.html \\|title\\=МИД Украины считает СНГ марионеточным образованием \\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085550/http://www.novostimira.com.ua/news\\_99484\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 10 May 2015, Perebyinis became the 7th [Ambassador to Latvia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Ukraine_to_Latvia \"List of ambassadors of Ukraine to Latvia\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Про призначення Є. Перебийноса Надзвичайним і Повноважним Послом України в Латвійській Республіці \\|url\\=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/261/2015 \\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2022 \\|website\\=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України \\|language\\=uk}}",
"On 23 January 2017, Perbyinis became the 7th [Ambassador of Ukraine to the Czech Republic](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Ukraine_to_the_Czech_Republic \"List of ambassadors of Ukraine to the Czech Republic\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=23 January 2017 \\|title\\=УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №16/2017 \\|url\\=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/162017\\-21094 \\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2022 \\|website\\=Офіційне інтернет\\-представництво Президента України\\|language\\=uk}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2017/01/23/7133211/ \\|title\\=Перебийніс став послом України в Чехії {{!}} Українська правда \\|access\\-date\\=27 March 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=26 February 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226225308/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2017/01/23/7133211/ \\|url\\-status\\= live}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.novinky.cz/zahranicni/evropa/clanek/kyjev\\-posila\\-do\\-cela\\-velvyslanectvi\\-v\\-praze\\-ostreho\\-kritika\\-kremlu\\-40022366 \\|title\\=Kyjev posílá do čela velvyslanectví v Praze ostrého kritika Kremlu \\- Novinky.cz \\|access\\-date\\=27 March 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 February 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226221304/https://www.novinky.cz/zahranicni/evropa/clanek/kyjev\\-posila\\-do\\-cela\\-velvyslanectvi\\-v\\-praze\\-ostreho\\-kritika\\-kremlu\\-40022366 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 28 May 2022, he was involved in Embrace Ukraine. Strengthen the Union program, stating, \"The majority of EU citizens – 71% \\- believe that Ukraine is part of the European family. However, it is important that politicians also hear the voice of their citizens and make the necessary decision on the legal consolidation of Ukraine's status. This will be a significant step towards our victory for a free, European future for Ukraine. Ukraine is Europe! Europe is Ukraine!\"{{Cite web \\|title\\=The EU is holding campaigns to grant Ukraine candidate status – News on Depo.ua. \\|url\\=https://news.depo.ua/ukr/news/u\\-es\\-provodyat\\-aktsii\\-za\\-nadannya\\-ukraini\\-statusu\\-kandidata\\-202205281438907 \\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2022 \\|website\\=www.depo.ua \\|language\\=uk}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Alfred reminds [Bruce](/wiki/Bruce_Wayne_%28Gotham%29 "Bruce Wayne (Gotham)") of his parent's and his love for him, and this undoes the shamin's programming. He withdraws the sword from [Alfred's](/wiki/Alfred_Pennyworth_%28Gotham%29 "Alfred Pennyworth (Gotham)") chest, rejecting [Ra's al Ghul's](/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul_%28Gotham%29 "Ra's al Ghul (Gotham)") crowning as his heir. Ra's tells Bruce to use the Lazarus Pit to heal Alfred and leaves. Bruce takes water from the Pit and pours it on Alfred's wound, sealing the wound and waking him up. He then takes him to the hospital. [Selina](/wiki/Selina_Kyle_%28Gotham_character%29 "Selina Kyle (Gotham character)") arrives, having heard about Alfred's condition, but Bruce dismisses her for her flippancy. She counters that her actions have been based on what she considers surviving in Gotham, and that unlike Bruce, she's accepted who she is.
In the GCPD, [Gordon](/wiki/James_Gordon_%28Gotham%29 "James Gordon (Gotham)") receives a call from [Lee](/wiki/Leslie_Thompkins_%28Gotham%29 "Leslie Thompkins (Gotham)"), who is planning to leave Gotham and wants him to join her. Gordon decides to leave with her in order to stay together. [Nygma](/wiki/Edward_Nygma_%28Gotham%29 "Edward Nygma (Gotham)") and [Barbara](/wiki/Barbara_Kean_%28Gotham%29 "Barbara Kean (Gotham)") begin to send demands to the mayor's office in exchange for the antidote, demanding [Cobblepot](/wiki/Oswald_Cobblepot_%28Gotham%29 "Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)") in return. Gordon and [Bullock](/wiki/Harvey_Bullock_%28Gotham%29 "Harvey Bullock (Gotham)") then take Cobblepot out of his cell in order to bargain with them, but Nygma has taken [Tetch](/wiki/Jervis_Tetch_%28Gotham%29 "Jervis Tetch (Gotham)"), planning on killing Cobblepot once and for all.
Gordon and Bullock take Cobblepot to a factory where Nygma holds Tetch with a bomb connected to him in order to kill him if the deal goes awry. The meeting is interrupted by Barbara, [Tabitha](/wiki/Tabitha_Galavan "Tabitha Galavan") and [Butch](/wiki/Butch_Gilzean "Butch Gilzean") who try to retrieve Tetch. Cobblepot breaks free, knocks out Nygma and escapes in the police cruiser with him in the backseat. Seeing they cannot escape in time, Gordon cuts Tetch's throat to retrieve his blood for the antidote, and he and Bullock return to the GCPD to develop the cure. Unfortunately, Gordon finally succumbs to the virus and leaves the precinct. He tries to inject Lee with the antidote, but he fails multiple times. While he and Lee escape through the train station, Bullock intercepts them, but Gordon attacks him while Lee boards the train. Harvey urges him to remember his calling and affirms his friendship with Jim before giving him his badge back with two vials of the antidote on the back. On the train, Gordon injects Lee and then himzelf, freeing them from the virus.
Barbara confronts Butch about the betrayal and shoots him in the head. Nygma breaks free of Cobblepot's handcuffs but is goaded into returning to the port where he shot Cobblepot. However, this is part of Cobblepot's plan, having emptied Nygma's gun, and after Nygma pulls the trigger, Cobblepot reveals his ruse and [Ivy](/wiki/Ivy_Pepper "Ivy Pepper") and [Fries](/wiki/Mr._Freeze_%28Gotham_character%29 "Mr. Freeze (Gotham character)") who followed them in order to complete his task: to contain Nygma as a reminder to never let love weaken him again. Cobblepot then has Fries freeze Nygma.
Tabitha enters the safe house and finds a case on the table. Barbara walks in with gun in hand. They argue and then begin fighting, culminating in Tabitha using her whip to knock down a construction light that electrocutes and kills Barbara.
A news broadcast in the hospital reports that the antidote has been released and Gotham is returning to normal. Alfred finally wakes up and comforts Bruce, who confesses he is lost and doesn't know how to find his true self. Alfred urges him to forge his destiny based on what he loves.
Wanting to find security and influence, Selina goes to The Sirens Club and joins Tabitha, even testing her whip. Gordon arrives at Lee's Brownstone expect her to be waiting for him; instead, he finds a letter in which Lee states that she is leaving Gotham but that she believes in him. Cobblepot and Ivy display Nygma's frozen body as a sculpture for their new club: the [Iceberg Lounge](/wiki/Iceberg_Lounge "Iceberg Lounge"). Butch is revealed to be on life support in the hospital, and the doctors reveal that his birth name was [Cyrus Gold](/wiki/Solomon_Grundy_%28comics%29 "Solomon Grundy (comics)"). In the final scene, [a young girl](/wiki/Harley_Quinn_in_other_media "Harley Quinn in other media") and her family wander through [Crime Alley](/wiki/Crime_Alley "Crime Alley") when they are assaulted by a mugger. Suddenly, a [vigilante](/wiki/Vigilante "Vigilante") attacks the mugger and then escapes to a building rooftop. The vigilante removes his knit cap, revealing himself to be Bruce.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Alfred reminds [Bruce](/wiki/Bruce_Wayne_%28Gotham%29 \"Bruce Wayne (Gotham)\") of his parent's and his love for him, and this undoes the shamin's programming. He withdraws the sword from [Alfred's](/wiki/Alfred_Pennyworth_%28Gotham%29 \"Alfred Pennyworth (Gotham)\") chest, rejecting [Ra's al Ghul's](/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul_%28Gotham%29 \"Ra's al Ghul (Gotham)\") crowning as his heir. Ra's tells Bruce to use the Lazarus Pit to heal Alfred and leaves. Bruce takes water from the Pit and pours it on Alfred's wound, sealing the wound and waking him up. He then takes him to the hospital. [Selina](/wiki/Selina_Kyle_%28Gotham_character%29 \"Selina Kyle (Gotham character)\") arrives, having heard about Alfred's condition, but Bruce dismisses her for her flippancy. She counters that her actions have been based on what she considers surviving in Gotham, and that unlike Bruce, she's accepted who she is.",
"In the GCPD, [Gordon](/wiki/James_Gordon_%28Gotham%29 \"James Gordon (Gotham)\") receives a call from [Lee](/wiki/Leslie_Thompkins_%28Gotham%29 \"Leslie Thompkins (Gotham)\"), who is planning to leave Gotham and wants him to join her. Gordon decides to leave with her in order to stay together. [Nygma](/wiki/Edward_Nygma_%28Gotham%29 \"Edward Nygma (Gotham)\") and [Barbara](/wiki/Barbara_Kean_%28Gotham%29 \"Barbara Kean (Gotham)\") begin to send demands to the mayor's office in exchange for the antidote, demanding [Cobblepot](/wiki/Oswald_Cobblepot_%28Gotham%29 \"Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)\") in return. Gordon and [Bullock](/wiki/Harvey_Bullock_%28Gotham%29 \"Harvey Bullock (Gotham)\") then take Cobblepot out of his cell in order to bargain with them, but Nygma has taken [Tetch](/wiki/Jervis_Tetch_%28Gotham%29 \"Jervis Tetch (Gotham)\"), planning on killing Cobblepot once and for all.",
"Gordon and Bullock take Cobblepot to a factory where Nygma holds Tetch with a bomb connected to him in order to kill him if the deal goes awry. The meeting is interrupted by Barbara, [Tabitha](/wiki/Tabitha_Galavan \"Tabitha Galavan\") and [Butch](/wiki/Butch_Gilzean \"Butch Gilzean\") who try to retrieve Tetch. Cobblepot breaks free, knocks out Nygma and escapes in the police cruiser with him in the backseat. Seeing they cannot escape in time, Gordon cuts Tetch's throat to retrieve his blood for the antidote, and he and Bullock return to the GCPD to develop the cure. Unfortunately, Gordon finally succumbs to the virus and leaves the precinct. He tries to inject Lee with the antidote, but he fails multiple times. While he and Lee escape through the train station, Bullock intercepts them, but Gordon attacks him while Lee boards the train. Harvey urges him to remember his calling and affirms his friendship with Jim before giving him his badge back with two vials of the antidote on the back. On the train, Gordon injects Lee and then himzelf, freeing them from the virus.",
"Barbara confronts Butch about the betrayal and shoots him in the head. Nygma breaks free of Cobblepot's handcuffs but is goaded into returning to the port where he shot Cobblepot. However, this is part of Cobblepot's plan, having emptied Nygma's gun, and after Nygma pulls the trigger, Cobblepot reveals his ruse and [Ivy](/wiki/Ivy_Pepper \"Ivy Pepper\") and [Fries](/wiki/Mr._Freeze_%28Gotham_character%29 \"Mr. Freeze (Gotham character)\") who followed them in order to complete his task: to contain Nygma as a reminder to never let love weaken him again. Cobblepot then has Fries freeze Nygma.",
"Tabitha enters the safe house and finds a case on the table. Barbara walks in with gun in hand. They argue and then begin fighting, culminating in Tabitha using her whip to knock down a construction light that electrocutes and kills Barbara.",
"A news broadcast in the hospital reports that the antidote has been released and Gotham is returning to normal. Alfred finally wakes up and comforts Bruce, who confesses he is lost and doesn't know how to find his true self. Alfred urges him to forge his destiny based on what he loves.",
"Wanting to find security and influence, Selina goes to The Sirens Club and joins Tabitha, even testing her whip. Gordon arrives at Lee's Brownstone expect her to be waiting for him; instead, he finds a letter in which Lee states that she is leaving Gotham but that she believes in him. Cobblepot and Ivy display Nygma's frozen body as a sculpture for their new club: the [Iceberg Lounge](/wiki/Iceberg_Lounge \"Iceberg Lounge\"). Butch is revealed to be on life support in the hospital, and the doctors reveal that his birth name was [Cyrus Gold](/wiki/Solomon_Grundy_%28comics%29 \"Solomon Grundy (comics)\"). In the final scene, [a young girl](/wiki/Harley_Quinn_in_other_media \"Harley Quinn in other media\") and her family wander through [Crime Alley](/wiki/Crime_Alley \"Crime Alley\") when they are assaulted by a mugger. Suddenly, a [vigilante](/wiki/Vigilante \"Vigilante\") attacks the mugger and then escapes to a building rooftop. The vigilante removes his knit cap, revealing himself to be Bruce.",
""
] |
Jones in America
----------------
Before emigrating, Jones worked with the [Congregational Fund](/wiki/Dissenting_academies%23Funding "Dissenting academies#Funding"), a Congregational missionary society based in London, and it seems that he came to America in order to establish [Congregational](/wiki/Congregational_church "Congregational church") churches on behalf of the Fund.{{cite book\|last1\=Briggs\|first1\=Charles A.\|title\=American Presbyterianism: Its Origin \& Early History, Together with an App. of Letters \& Documents, Many of Which Have Recently Been Discovered\|url\=https://archive.org/details/americanpresbyt00briggoog\|date\=1885\|publisher\=C. Scribner's Sons\|location\=New York\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/americanpresbyt00briggoog/page/n31 7]}} However, shortly after his arrival, he adopted [Presbyterian](/wiki/Presbyterian_polity "Presbyterian polity") principles, and was instrumental in organizing at least two churches under [presbyterian governance](/wiki/Presbyterian_polity "Presbyterian polity").
In 1714 Jones organized and became the founding minister of Abington Presbyterian Church in Abington, Pennsylvania.{{cite journal\|last1\=Benson\|first1\=Louis F.\|title\=Record of New Publications\|journal\=Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society\|date\=1916\|volume\=8\|issue\=7\|page\=332}} In addition to acting as minister, Jones also provided his house as a meeting place for the early church. Later, Jones furnished land from his farm "to build a House for the Publick Worship of God And also a place for Burying the Dead."{{cite web\|title\=History of Abington Presbyterian Church\|url\=http://www.apcusa.org/who\-we\-are/history.aspx\|website\=Abington Presbyterian Church\|accessdate\=10 December 2014}} The church is still located within the property Jones provided.
In 1719, Jones helped to organize Bensalem Dutch Reformed Church (now Bensalem Presbyterian Church) in Bensalem, Pennsylvania.{{cite book\|last1\=Battle\|first1\=J. H.\|title\=History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania including an Account of Its Original Exploration, Its Relation to the Settlements of New Jersey and Delaware, Its Erection into a Separate County, Also Its Subsequent Growth and Development ; with Sketches of Its Historic and Interesting Localities, and Biographies of Many of Its Representative Citizens\|url\=https://archive.org/details/cu31924090934682\|date\=1887\|publisher\=A. Warner\|location\=Philadelphia\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/cu31924090934682/page/n96 84]}} Jones also served as supply pastor to other local Presbyterian and Dutch Reformed congregations, including Great Valley Presbyterian Church (another congregation Jones helped to establish{{cite journal\|title\=Reports upon the Early History of the Presbyterian Churches: Great Valley, Charleston, and Westchester\|journal\=Journal of Presbyterian History\|date\=1904\|volume\=2\|issue\=5\|page\=332}}), Presbyterian Church, North and South Hampton Dutch Reformed Church, Norriton Presbyterian Church,{{cite book\|last1\=Klett\|first1\=Guy Soulliard\|title\=Presbyterians in Colonial Pennsylvania\|date\=1937\|publisher\=University of Pennsylvania Press\|location\=Philadelphia\|page\=48}} and Neshaminy Dutch Reformed Church (now Addisville Reformed Church), whose Dutch speaking congregation knew as him the "Rev. Mallegie Jons".{{cite journal\|last1\=Hinke\|first1\=Wm. J.\|title\=Church Record of Neshaminy and Bucks County, 1710\-1738\|journal\=Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society\|date\=1901\|volume\=1\|issue\=1\|page\=129}}
Jones served at Abington Presbyterian Church until his death in 1729\. He seems to have preached regularly at Bensalem Dutch Reformed Church, as well as the other churches he helped to organize, until his death.
Jones was notably active in the early years of the [Presbytery of Philadelphia](/wiki/Presbytery_of_Philadelphia "Presbytery of Philadelphia"), the first [presbytery](/wiki/Presbyterian_polity%23Presbytery "Presbyterian polity#Presbytery") organized in the United States. Jones was among the first ministers of the newly founded Presbytery,{{cite journal\|last1\=White\|first1\=William P.\|title\=Presbyteries Organized in Philadelphia\|journal\=Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society\|date\=1916\|volume\=8\|issue\=7\|page\=91}} and his service helped guide its early development. In particular, his work on numerous committees contributed significantly to the success of the early presbytery.{{cite journal\|last1\=Steel\|first1\=R\|title\=History of Abington Presbyterian Church, Pennsylvania\|journal\=The Presbyterian Magazine\|date\=1856\|volume\=6\|page\=81}}
Jones was an irenic and conciliatory churchman who worked successfully among the diverse and at times conflicting ethnic and confessional groups within early American Presbyterianism.{{cite book\|last1\=Hodge\|first1\=Charles\|title\=The Constitutional History of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. Philadelphia\|url\=https://archive.org/details/constitutionalhip00hodg\|date\=1839\|publisher\=William S. Martien\|location\=Philadelphia\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/constitutionalhip00hodg/page/168 168]}} The differences among these groups contributed to the [Old Side–New Side Controversy](/wiki/Old_Side%E2%80%93New_Side_Controversy "Old Side–New Side Controversy") which, shortly after Jones's death, divided American Presbyterianism into two camps. Even amidst early signs of this division,{{cite book\|last1\=LeBeau\|first1\=Bryan F.\|title\=Jonathan Dickinson and the Formative Years of American Presbyterianism\|date\=1997\|publisher\=University of Kentucky Press\|location\=Lexington\|page\=27}} however, Jones successfully pastored mixed congregations of Welsh, English, Dutch, and Ulster Scots at Abington, Bensalem, and other churches.{{cite book\|last1\=Hanna\|first1\=Charles\|title\=The Scotch\-Irish or the Scot in North Britain, North Ireland, and North America.\|url\=https://archive.org/details/scotchirishorsc00hanngoog\|date\=1902\|location\=New York\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/scotchirishorsc00hanngoog/page/n33 15]\|edition\=Vol. 2}}
Jones's ministry at the Bensalem Dutch Reformed Church provides an example of his success in ministering to the diverse population of Colonial Pennsylvania. This church was formed, in part, by Dutch congregants of Abington Presbyterian Church who wished to found a church reflecting their distinctive linguistic and [Dutch Reformed](/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church "Dutch Reformed Church") confessional heritage. Nevertheless, the Bensalem congregation, along with other Dutch Reformed churches where Jones preached, had no objection to the ministry of Jones, and frequently requested his services in the early years their church.{{cite book\|last1\=Battle\|first1\=J. H.\|title\=History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania including an Account of Its Original Exploration, Its Relation to the Settlements of New Jersey and Delaware, Its Erection into a Separate County, Also Its Subsequent Growth and Development ; with Sketches of Its Historic and Interesting Localities, and Biographies of Many of Its Representative Citizens\|url\=https://archive.org/details/cu31924090934682\|date\=1887\|publisher\=A. Warner\|location\=Philadelphia\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/cu31924090934682/page/n496 484]}}
Moreover, Jones managed to work successfully within a presbytery often dominated by colleagues drawn from Scottish and Ulster Scots Presbyterian churches, who held stricter views on church governance and doctrine than Jones.{{cite journal\|last1\=Schlenther\|first1\=B. S.\|title\="The English is Swallowing up Their Language": Welsh Ethnic Ambivalence in Colonial Pennsylvania in the Experience of David Evans\|journal\=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography\|date\=1990\|volume\=114\|issue\=2\|page\=209}} Jones, along with his Nonconforming colleagues, who had suffered the hardships of [Nonconformity](/wiki/Nonconformist_%28Protestantism%29 "Nonconformist (Protestantism)") under the Established Church of England, found these stricter views uncomfortably reminiscent of the burdens under which they had labored before finding relief in the New World. Jones's Scottish colleagues, on the other hand, objected to the looser doctrinal standards of the early Pennsylvania church. Their more favorable experience within the established [Church of Scotland](/wiki/Church_of_Scotland "Church of Scotland") inclined them to welcome a degree of uniformity that Jones and his colleagues found objectionable.{{cite journal\|last1\=Butler\|first1\=Jon\|title\=Power, Authority, and the Origins of American Denominational Order: The English Churches in the Delaware Valley, 1680\-1730\|journal\=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society\|date\=1978\|volume\=68\|issue\=2\|page\=64\|doi\=10\.2307/1006282\|jstor\=1006282 }}{{cite journal\|last1\=Bauman\|first1\=Michael\|title\=Jonathan Dickinson and the Subscription Controversy\|journal\=Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society\|date\=1998\|volume\=41\|issue\=3\|page\=455}} Nevertheless, Jones found ways to contribute to the success of the early presbytery.
Although relations within Jones's congregations were usually amicable, one rare instance of church discipline illustrates some of the difficulties facing a Colonial minister in what was still a lightly settled frontier region. In 1728 Jones and the [session](/wiki/Session_%28Presbyterianism%29 "Session (Presbyterianism)") of the Neshaminy Church felt compelled to excommunicate one of their members after he was found guilty of a number of offenses: "1st, of being a notorious lyer; 2ly, a notorious swerer; 3ly, of cheating and Robbing whoever would give him any credit; 4ly, armed himself with weapons to kill and murder such as would come according to Law to demand their rights, whether in their own persons or by the King's officers, and thus Rebelling against the Government; 5ly, of Running away out of ye Province with other men's goods."{{cite book\|last1\=Battle\|first1\=J. H.\|title\=History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania\|date\=1881\|publisher\=A. Warner\|location\=Philadelphia\|page\=484}} It is not recorded whether this prodigal later repented, or continued, among his other offenses, to lie and swear.
|
[
"Jones in America\n----------------",
"Before emigrating, Jones worked with the [Congregational Fund](/wiki/Dissenting_academies%23Funding \"Dissenting academies#Funding\"), a Congregational missionary society based in London, and it seems that he came to America in order to establish [Congregational](/wiki/Congregational_church \"Congregational church\") churches on behalf of the Fund.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Briggs\\|first1\\=Charles A.\\|title\\=American Presbyterianism: Its Origin \\& Early History, Together with an App. of Letters \\& Documents, Many of Which Have Recently Been Discovered\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/americanpresbyt00briggoog\\|date\\=1885\\|publisher\\=C. Scribner's Sons\\|location\\=New York\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/americanpresbyt00briggoog/page/n31 7]}} However, shortly after his arrival, he adopted [Presbyterian](/wiki/Presbyterian_polity \"Presbyterian polity\") principles, and was instrumental in organizing at least two churches under [presbyterian governance](/wiki/Presbyterian_polity \"Presbyterian polity\").",
"In 1714 Jones organized and became the founding minister of Abington Presbyterian Church in Abington, Pennsylvania.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Benson\\|first1\\=Louis F.\\|title\\=Record of New Publications\\|journal\\=Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society\\|date\\=1916\\|volume\\=8\\|issue\\=7\\|page\\=332}} In addition to acting as minister, Jones also provided his house as a meeting place for the early church. Later, Jones furnished land from his farm \"to build a House for the Publick Worship of God And also a place for Burying the Dead.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=History of Abington Presbyterian Church\\|url\\=http://www.apcusa.org/who\\-we\\-are/history.aspx\\|website\\=Abington Presbyterian Church\\|accessdate\\=10 December 2014}} The church is still located within the property Jones provided.",
"In 1719, Jones helped to organize Bensalem Dutch Reformed Church (now Bensalem Presbyterian Church) in Bensalem, Pennsylvania.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Battle\\|first1\\=J. H.\\|title\\=History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania including an Account of Its Original Exploration, Its Relation to the Settlements of New Jersey and Delaware, Its Erection into a Separate County, Also Its Subsequent Growth and Development ; with Sketches of Its Historic and Interesting Localities, and Biographies of Many of Its Representative Citizens\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/cu31924090934682\\|date\\=1887\\|publisher\\=A. Warner\\|location\\=Philadelphia\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/cu31924090934682/page/n96 84]}} Jones also served as supply pastor to other local Presbyterian and Dutch Reformed congregations, including Great Valley Presbyterian Church (another congregation Jones helped to establish{{cite journal\\|title\\=Reports upon the Early History of the Presbyterian Churches: Great Valley, Charleston, and Westchester\\|journal\\=Journal of Presbyterian History\\|date\\=1904\\|volume\\=2\\|issue\\=5\\|page\\=332}}), Presbyterian Church, North and South Hampton Dutch Reformed Church, Norriton Presbyterian Church,{{cite book\\|last1\\=Klett\\|first1\\=Guy Soulliard\\|title\\=Presbyterians in Colonial Pennsylvania\\|date\\=1937\\|publisher\\=University of Pennsylvania Press\\|location\\=Philadelphia\\|page\\=48}} and Neshaminy Dutch Reformed Church (now Addisville Reformed Church), whose Dutch speaking congregation knew as him the \"Rev. Mallegie Jons\".{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Hinke\\|first1\\=Wm. J.\\|title\\=Church Record of Neshaminy and Bucks County, 1710\\-1738\\|journal\\=Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society\\|date\\=1901\\|volume\\=1\\|issue\\=1\\|page\\=129}}",
"Jones served at Abington Presbyterian Church until his death in 1729\\. He seems to have preached regularly at Bensalem Dutch Reformed Church, as well as the other churches he helped to organize, until his death.",
"Jones was notably active in the early years of the [Presbytery of Philadelphia](/wiki/Presbytery_of_Philadelphia \"Presbytery of Philadelphia\"), the first [presbytery](/wiki/Presbyterian_polity%23Presbytery \"Presbyterian polity#Presbytery\") organized in the United States. Jones was among the first ministers of the newly founded Presbytery,{{cite journal\\|last1\\=White\\|first1\\=William P.\\|title\\=Presbyteries Organized in Philadelphia\\|journal\\=Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society\\|date\\=1916\\|volume\\=8\\|issue\\=7\\|page\\=91}} and his service helped guide its early development. In particular, his work on numerous committees contributed significantly to the success of the early presbytery.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Steel\\|first1\\=R\\|title\\=History of Abington Presbyterian Church, Pennsylvania\\|journal\\=The Presbyterian Magazine\\|date\\=1856\\|volume\\=6\\|page\\=81}}",
"Jones was an irenic and conciliatory churchman who worked successfully among the diverse and at times conflicting ethnic and confessional groups within early American Presbyterianism.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Hodge\\|first1\\=Charles\\|title\\=The Constitutional History of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. Philadelphia\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/constitutionalhip00hodg\\|date\\=1839\\|publisher\\=William S. Martien\\|location\\=Philadelphia\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/constitutionalhip00hodg/page/168 168]}} The differences among these groups contributed to the [Old Side–New Side Controversy](/wiki/Old_Side%E2%80%93New_Side_Controversy \"Old Side–New Side Controversy\") which, shortly after Jones's death, divided American Presbyterianism into two camps. Even amidst early signs of this division,{{cite book\\|last1\\=LeBeau\\|first1\\=Bryan F.\\|title\\=Jonathan Dickinson and the Formative Years of American Presbyterianism\\|date\\=1997\\|publisher\\=University of Kentucky Press\\|location\\=Lexington\\|page\\=27}} however, Jones successfully pastored mixed congregations of Welsh, English, Dutch, and Ulster Scots at Abington, Bensalem, and other churches.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Hanna\\|first1\\=Charles\\|title\\=The Scotch\\-Irish or the Scot in North Britain, North Ireland, and North America.\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/scotchirishorsc00hanngoog\\|date\\=1902\\|location\\=New York\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/scotchirishorsc00hanngoog/page/n33 15]\\|edition\\=Vol. 2}}",
"Jones's ministry at the Bensalem Dutch Reformed Church provides an example of his success in ministering to the diverse population of Colonial Pennsylvania. This church was formed, in part, by Dutch congregants of Abington Presbyterian Church who wished to found a church reflecting their distinctive linguistic and [Dutch Reformed](/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church \"Dutch Reformed Church\") confessional heritage. Nevertheless, the Bensalem congregation, along with other Dutch Reformed churches where Jones preached, had no objection to the ministry of Jones, and frequently requested his services in the early years their church.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Battle\\|first1\\=J. H.\\|title\\=History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania including an Account of Its Original Exploration, Its Relation to the Settlements of New Jersey and Delaware, Its Erection into a Separate County, Also Its Subsequent Growth and Development ; with Sketches of Its Historic and Interesting Localities, and Biographies of Many of Its Representative Citizens\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/cu31924090934682\\|date\\=1887\\|publisher\\=A. Warner\\|location\\=Philadelphia\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/cu31924090934682/page/n496 484]}}",
"Moreover, Jones managed to work successfully within a presbytery often dominated by colleagues drawn from Scottish and Ulster Scots Presbyterian churches, who held stricter views on church governance and doctrine than Jones.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Schlenther\\|first1\\=B. S.\\|title\\=\"The English is Swallowing up Their Language\": Welsh Ethnic Ambivalence in Colonial Pennsylvania in the Experience of David Evans\\|journal\\=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography\\|date\\=1990\\|volume\\=114\\|issue\\=2\\|page\\=209}} Jones, along with his Nonconforming colleagues, who had suffered the hardships of [Nonconformity](/wiki/Nonconformist_%28Protestantism%29 \"Nonconformist (Protestantism)\") under the Established Church of England, found these stricter views uncomfortably reminiscent of the burdens under which they had labored before finding relief in the New World. Jones's Scottish colleagues, on the other hand, objected to the looser doctrinal standards of the early Pennsylvania church. Their more favorable experience within the established [Church of Scotland](/wiki/Church_of_Scotland \"Church of Scotland\") inclined them to welcome a degree of uniformity that Jones and his colleagues found objectionable.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Butler\\|first1\\=Jon\\|title\\=Power, Authority, and the Origins of American Denominational Order: The English Churches in the Delaware Valley, 1680\\-1730\\|journal\\=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society\\|date\\=1978\\|volume\\=68\\|issue\\=2\\|page\\=64\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/1006282\\|jstor\\=1006282 }}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Bauman\\|first1\\=Michael\\|title\\=Jonathan Dickinson and the Subscription Controversy\\|journal\\=Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society\\|date\\=1998\\|volume\\=41\\|issue\\=3\\|page\\=455}} Nevertheless, Jones found ways to contribute to the success of the early presbytery.",
"Although relations within Jones's congregations were usually amicable, one rare instance of church discipline illustrates some of the difficulties facing a Colonial minister in what was still a lightly settled frontier region. In 1728 Jones and the [session](/wiki/Session_%28Presbyterianism%29 \"Session (Presbyterianism)\") of the Neshaminy Church felt compelled to excommunicate one of their members after he was found guilty of a number of offenses: \"1st, of being a notorious lyer; 2ly, a notorious swerer; 3ly, of cheating and Robbing whoever would give him any credit; 4ly, armed himself with weapons to kill and murder such as would come according to Law to demand their rights, whether in their own persons or by the King's officers, and thus Rebelling against the Government; 5ly, of Running away out of ye Province with other men's goods.\"{{cite book\\|last1\\=Battle\\|first1\\=J. H.\\|title\\=History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania\\|date\\=1881\\|publisher\\=A. Warner\\|location\\=Philadelphia\\|page\\=484}} It is not recorded whether this prodigal later repented, or continued, among his other offenses, to lie and swear.",
""
] |
History
-------
Mojo's seminal radio show ran from 1977 through the mid\-1980s, and while broadcast on stations marketed toward the [African\-American](/wiki/African_American "African American") market, his programming was a combination of [soul](/wiki/Soul_music "Soul music"), [funk](/wiki/Funk "Funk"), [new wave](/wiki/New_wave_music "New wave music"), [hip hop](/wiki/Hip-Hop_Music "Hip-Hop Music"), and [rock](/wiki/Rock_Music "Rock Music").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.midnightfunkassociation.com/2008/11/about\-the\-electrifying\-mojo/\#more\-35\|title\=Midnight Funk Association\|work\=MidnightFunkAssociation.com\|accessdate\=2013\-02\-01}} He also wrote music, sometimes under the name "C. J. Surge".{{cite news\|url\=http://cousinsvinyl.com/2007/the\-electrifying\-mojo\-and\-the\-midnight\-funk\-association/\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120707092439/http://cousinsvinyl.com/2007/the\-electrifying\-mojo\-and\-the\-midnight\-funk\-association/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2012\-07\-07\|title\=The Electrifying Mojo and the Midnight Funk Association\|work\=Cousin's Vinyl\|accessdate\=2008\-06\-09}}
Johnson's first radio job was at [KOKY](/wiki/KOKY "KOKY") in [Little Rock, Arkansas](/wiki/Little_Rock%2C_Arkansas "Little Rock, Arkansas"). He next worked at DYZA in the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), then returned to KOKY and later moved to [KALO](/wiki/KFOG_%28AM%29 "KFOG (AM)") in Little Rock.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=GjT6XGxFeaA\|title\=YouTube video description\|website\=youtube.com\|date\=28 December 2023 \|language\=en\|format\=video}} After serving in the [Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force"), Johnson attended the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan "University of Michigan") in the mid\-1970s where he began broadcasting on the University radio station and then on [Ann Arbor](/wiki/Ann_Arbor "Ann Arbor") station [WAAM](/wiki/WAAM "WAAM") (at the time a popular [Top 40](/wiki/Top_40 "Top 40") station). In 1977, he began broadcasting on [WGPR](/wiki/WGPR "WGPR") (107\.5\) in Detroit and soon gathered a diverse audience attracted to his "genre bending" format. Moving to [WJLB](/wiki/WJLB "WJLB") around 1982, Mojo gained additional listeners at the more easily found 97\.9 frequency and [billboards](/wiki/Billboards "Billboards") throughout Detroit touted the "Landing of the Mothership" at 10:00 every night.
Mojo moved to [WHYT](/wiki/WDVD "WDVD") (96\.3\) in 1985 and then [WTWR\-FM](/wiki/WMIM "WMIM") in [Toledo, Ohio](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Ohio "Toledo, Ohio") after a management turnover at WHYT in 1987, until 1990, when he accepted an offer to return to the Detroit airwaves at [WMXD](/wiki/WMXD "WMXD"). At this time, Mojo began doing remote broadcasts, driving around Detroit, talking to people in the city, while his Production assistant Wendell Burke kept the music going at the studio.
In the mid\-nineties, Mojo went back to WGPR. Musically, this included shows focused on single themes, such as symphonic music by black composers, a survey of the jazz and symphonic music of [Duke Ellington](/wiki/Duke_Ellington "Duke Ellington"), and one alternating the music of [Billie Holiday](/wiki/Billie_Holiday "Billie Holiday") with spoken excerpts from her autobiography. He, as before, frequently played recordings in their entirety.
In an unusual arrangement, Mojo was purchasing his air\-time from WGPR and then finding his own sponsors for the show. His two primary sponsors at this time were a deli and an insurance agency.
He also dedicated airtime to reading excerpts from his 500\-plus page book, *The Mental Machine* ({{ISBN\|0\-9639811\-1\-0}}), a work of poetry and prose about community and societal ills.
The late 1990s brought Mojo to [WCHB](/wiki/WMUZ_%28AM%29 "WMUZ (AM)") for a stretch in 1998 where he began broadcasting his show over the internet for a short time. He also was making guest appearances on the now defunct [WDTR](/wiki/WDTR "WDTR") around 2004\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Mojo's seminal radio show ran from 1977 through the mid\\-1980s, and while broadcast on stations marketed toward the [African\\-American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\") market, his programming was a combination of [soul](/wiki/Soul_music \"Soul music\"), [funk](/wiki/Funk \"Funk\"), [new wave](/wiki/New_wave_music \"New wave music\"), [hip hop](/wiki/Hip-Hop_Music \"Hip-Hop Music\"), and [rock](/wiki/Rock_Music \"Rock Music\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.midnightfunkassociation.com/2008/11/about\\-the\\-electrifying\\-mojo/\\#more\\-35\\|title\\=Midnight Funk Association\\|work\\=MidnightFunkAssociation.com\\|accessdate\\=2013\\-02\\-01}} He also wrote music, sometimes under the name \"C. J. Surge\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://cousinsvinyl.com/2007/the\\-electrifying\\-mojo\\-and\\-the\\-midnight\\-funk\\-association/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120707092439/http://cousinsvinyl.com/2007/the\\-electrifying\\-mojo\\-and\\-the\\-midnight\\-funk\\-association/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-07\\|title\\=The Electrifying Mojo and the Midnight Funk Association\\|work\\=Cousin's Vinyl\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-06\\-09}}",
"Johnson's first radio job was at [KOKY](/wiki/KOKY \"KOKY\") in [Little Rock, Arkansas](/wiki/Little_Rock%2C_Arkansas \"Little Rock, Arkansas\"). He next worked at DYZA in the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), then returned to KOKY and later moved to [KALO](/wiki/KFOG_%28AM%29 \"KFOG (AM)\") in Little Rock.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=GjT6XGxFeaA\\|title\\=YouTube video description\\|website\\=youtube.com\\|date\\=28 December 2023 \\|language\\=en\\|format\\=video}} After serving in the [Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force \"United States Air Force\"), Johnson attended the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan \"University of Michigan\") in the mid\\-1970s where he began broadcasting on the University radio station and then on [Ann Arbor](/wiki/Ann_Arbor \"Ann Arbor\") station [WAAM](/wiki/WAAM \"WAAM\") (at the time a popular [Top 40](/wiki/Top_40 \"Top 40\") station). In 1977, he began broadcasting on [WGPR](/wiki/WGPR \"WGPR\") (107\\.5\\) in Detroit and soon gathered a diverse audience attracted to his \"genre bending\" format. Moving to [WJLB](/wiki/WJLB \"WJLB\") around 1982, Mojo gained additional listeners at the more easily found 97\\.9 frequency and [billboards](/wiki/Billboards \"Billboards\") throughout Detroit touted the \"Landing of the Mothership\" at 10:00 every night.",
"Mojo moved to [WHYT](/wiki/WDVD \"WDVD\") (96\\.3\\) in 1985 and then [WTWR\\-FM](/wiki/WMIM \"WMIM\") in [Toledo, Ohio](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Ohio \"Toledo, Ohio\") after a management turnover at WHYT in 1987, until 1990, when he accepted an offer to return to the Detroit airwaves at [WMXD](/wiki/WMXD \"WMXD\"). At this time, Mojo began doing remote broadcasts, driving around Detroit, talking to people in the city, while his Production assistant Wendell Burke kept the music going at the studio.",
"In the mid\\-nineties, Mojo went back to WGPR. Musically, this included shows focused on single themes, such as symphonic music by black composers, a survey of the jazz and symphonic music of [Duke Ellington](/wiki/Duke_Ellington \"Duke Ellington\"), and one alternating the music of [Billie Holiday](/wiki/Billie_Holiday \"Billie Holiday\") with spoken excerpts from her autobiography. He, as before, frequently played recordings in their entirety.",
"In an unusual arrangement, Mojo was purchasing his air\\-time from WGPR and then finding his own sponsors for the show. His two primary sponsors at this time were a deli and an insurance agency.",
"He also dedicated airtime to reading excerpts from his 500\\-plus page book, *The Mental Machine* ({{ISBN\\|0\\-9639811\\-1\\-0}}), a work of poetry and prose about community and societal ills.",
"The late 1990s brought Mojo to [WCHB](/wiki/WMUZ_%28AM%29 \"WMUZ (AM)\") for a stretch in 1998 where he began broadcasting his show over the internet for a short time. He also was making guest appearances on the now defunct [WDTR](/wiki/WDTR \"WDTR\") around 2004\\.",
""
] |
Standards
---------
The ARINC Standards are prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) where aviation suppliers such as [Collins Aerospace](/wiki/Collins_Aerospace "Collins Aerospace") and [GE Aviation](/wiki/GE_Aviation "GE Aviation") serve as contributors in support of their airline customer base. An abbreviated list follows.
### 400 Series
The 400 Series describes guidelines for installation, wiring, [data buses](/wiki/Bus_%28computing%29 "Bus (computing)"), and databases.
* ARINC 404 defines [Air Transport Rack](/wiki/Line-replaceable_unit "Line-replaceable unit") (ATR) form factors for avionics equipment installed in many types of aircraft. It defines air transport equipment cases and racking.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.arinc.com/cf/store/catalog.cfm?prod\_group\_id\=1\&category\_group\_id\=1\|title\=Air Transport Equipment Cases and Racking \- ARINC 404\|access\-date\=2012\-10\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608164318/https://www.arinc.com/cf/store/catalog.cfm?prod\_group\_id\=1\&category\_group\_id\=1\|archive\-date\=2012\-06\-08\|url\-status\=dead}}
* ARINC 407 is a manual for [Synchro](/wiki/Synchro "Synchro") uses in aerospace systems
* [ARINC 424](/wiki/ARINC_424 "ARINC 424") is an international standard [file format](/wiki/File_format "File format") for [aircraft](/wiki/Aircraft "Aircraft") navigation data.
* [ARINC 429](/wiki/ARINC_429 "ARINC 429") is the most widely used data bus standard for aviation. Electrical and data format characteristics are defined for a two\-wire serial bus with one transmitter and up to 20 receivers. The bus is capable of operating at a speed of 100 kbit/s.
### 500 Series
The 500 Series describes older analog avionics equipment used on early jet aircraft such as the [Boeing 727](/wiki/Boeing_727 "Boeing 727"), [Douglas DC\-9](/wiki/DC9 "DC9"), [DC\-10](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10 "McDonnell Douglas DC-10"), [Boeing 737](/wiki/Boeing_737 "Boeing 737") and [747](/wiki/Boeing_747 "Boeing 747"), and [Airbus A300](/wiki/Airbus_A300 "Airbus A300").
### 600 Series
The 600 Series are reference standards for avionics equipment specified by the ARINC 700 Series
[thumb\|ARINC 628 compliant wireless access point by [Lufthansa Technik](/wiki/Lufthansa_Technik "Lufthansa Technik")](/wiki/File:EBACE_2019%2C_Le_Grand-Saconnex_%28EB190653%29.jpg "EBACE 2019, Le Grand-Saconnex (EB190653).jpg")
* ARINC 600 is the predominant avionics packaging standard introducing the avionics Modular Concept Unit (MCU)
* ARINC 604 is a standard and guidance for the purpose of designing and implementing [Built\-In Test Equipment](/wiki/Built-In_Test_Equipment "Built-In Test Equipment"). The standard also describes the [Centralized Fault Display System](/wiki/Centralized_Fault_Display_System "Centralized Fault Display System").{{cite web\|url\=http://ato\-p.se\-apps.faa.gov/faastandards/TrmQuery.cfm?Cat\=23 \|title\=FAA Standards, Category: Aeronautical \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629230911/http://ato\-p.se\-apps.faa.gov/faastandards/TrmQuery.cfm?Cat\=23 \|archive\-date\=2007\-06\-29 }}
* [ARINC 610B](/wiki/ARINC_610B "ARINC 610B") provides guidance for use of avionics equipment and software in simulators.
* [ARINC 608](/wiki/ARINC_608 "ARINC 608") Design Guidance for Avionics Test Equipment: describes a standard avionics test system concept that will reduce the cost of test and repair of avionic systems.
* [ARINC 615](/wiki/ARINC_615 "ARINC 615") is a family of standards covering "data loading", commonly used for transferring software and data to or from avionics devices. The ARINC 615 standard covers "data loading" over [ARINC 429](/wiki/ARINC_429 "ARINC 429").
* [ARINC 615A](/wiki/ARINC_615A "ARINC 615A") is a standard that covers a "data loading" protocol which can be used over various bus types such as Ethernet, CAN, and [ARINC 664](/wiki/Avionics_Full-Duplex_Switched_Ethernet "Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet").
* [ARINC 618](/wiki/ARINC_618 "ARINC 618") is a standard that covers a [data transmission](/wiki/Data_transmission "Data transmission") protocol called "Character Oriented Protocol".
* [ARINC 619](/wiki/ARINC_619 "ARINC 619") is a standard that covers a [data transmission](/wiki/Data_transmission "Data transmission") protocol over [ARINC 429](/wiki/ARINC_429 "ARINC 429") called "Bit Oriented Protocol".
* [ARINC 620](/wiki/ARINC_620 "ARINC 620") is a standard that covers a [data transmission](/wiki/Data_transmission "Data transmission") protocol called "Datalink Ground System".
* [ARINC 624](/wiki/ARINC_624 "ARINC 624") is a standard for aircraft onboard maintenance system (OMS). It uses [ARINC 429](/wiki/ARINC_429 "ARINC 429") for [data transmission](/wiki/Data_transmission "Data transmission") between embedded equipments.
* [ARINC 625](/wiki/ARINC_625 "ARINC 625") is an Industry Guide For Component Test Development and Management. It provides a standard approach for quality management of Test Procedure Generation within the commercial air transport industry.
* [ARINC 628](/wiki/ARINC_628 "ARINC 628") is a standard for Cabin Equipment Interfaces
* [ARINC 629](/wiki/ARINC_629 "ARINC 629") is a multi\-transmitter data bus protocol where up to 120 terminals can share the same bus. It is installed on aircraft such as the [Boeing 777](/wiki/Boeing_777 "Boeing 777"), [Airbus A330](/wiki/Airbus_A330 "Airbus A330") and [Airbus A340](/wiki/Airbus_A340 "Airbus A340").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.logic\-fruit.com/blog/arinc\-standard/arinc\-629\-digital\-data\-bus\-specifications/ \|title\=ARINC 629 Digital Data Bus Specifications\|date\=18 January 2021 }}
* [ARINC 633](/wiki/ARINC_633 "ARINC 633") is the air\-ground protocol for ACARS and IP networks used for [AOC](/wiki/Aeronautical_Operational_Control "Aeronautical Operational Control") data exchanges between aircraft and the ground.
* [ARINC 635](/wiki/ARINC_635 "ARINC 635") defines the protocols for the [HFDL](/wiki/High_Frequency_Data_Link "High Frequency Data Link") network of radios used for communication and messaging between aircraft and HF Ground Stations.
* [ARINC 653](/wiki/ARINC_653 "ARINC 653") is a standard Real Time Operating System (RTOS) interface for partitioning of computer resources in the time and space domains. The standard also specifies Application Program Interfaces (APIs) for abstraction of the application from the underlying hardware and software.
* [ARINC 660](/wiki/ARINC_660 "ARINC 660") defines avionics functional allocation and recommended architectures for CNS/ATM avionics.
* [ARINC 661](/wiki/ARINC_661 "ARINC 661") defines the data structures used in an interactive [cockpit display system](/wiki/Cockpit_display_system "Cockpit display system") (CDS), and the communication between the CDS and User Applications. The [GUI](/wiki/GUI "GUI") definition is completely defined in binary definition files. The CDS software consists of a kernel capable of creating a hierarchical [GUI](/wiki/GUI "GUI") specified in the definition files. The concepts used by ARINC 661 are similar to those used in [user interface markup languages](/wiki/User_interface_markup_language "User interface markup language").
* [ARINC 664](/wiki/Avionics_Full-Duplex_Switched_Ethernet "Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet"), known for its implementation as **AFDX** (Avionics Full\-Duplex Switched Ethernet), defines the use of a deterministic [Ethernet](/wiki/Ethernet "Ethernet") network as an avionic databus in modern aircraft like the [Airbus A380](/wiki/Airbus_A380 "Airbus A380"), the [Sukhoi Superjet 100](/wiki/Sukhoi_Superjet_100 "Sukhoi Superjet 100"), the [Bombardier CSeries](/wiki/Bombardier_CSeries "Bombardier CSeries"), and the [Boeing 787 Dreamliner](/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner "Boeing 787 Dreamliner").
* [ARINC 665](/wiki/ARINC_665 "ARINC 665") This standard defines standards for loadable software parts and software transport media.
* [ARINC 667](/wiki/ARINC_667 "ARINC 667") is a Guidance for the Management of Field Loadable Software.
* [ARINC 668](/wiki/ARINC_668 "ARINC 668") Guidance For Tool and Test Equipment (TTE) Equivalency.
### 700 Series
The 700 Series describes the form, fit, and function of avionics equipment installed predominately on transport category aircraft.{{cite web \|url\=https://arinc.com/cf/store/catalog.cfm?prod\_group\_id\=1\&category\_group\_id\=4 \|title\=ARINC Store, 700 series \|access\-date\=2011\-08\-17 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814000656/https://www.arinc.com/cf/store/catalog.cfm?prod\_group\_id\=1\&category\_group\_id\=4 \|archive\-date\=2011\-08\-14 \|url\-status\=dead }}
* ARINC 702A defines the Flight Management Systems (FMS)
* ARINC 704 defines the Inertial Reference System (IRS)
* ARINC 705 defines the Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS)
* ARINC 707 defines the Radio Altimeter (RALT)
* [ARINC 708](/wiki/ARINC_708 "ARINC 708") is the standard for airborne weather radar. It defines the airborne weather radar characteristics for civil and military aircraft
* ARINC 709 defines Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
* [ARINC 717](/wiki/ARINC_717 "ARINC 717") defines the acquisition of flight data for recording
* ARINC 718 describes an Air Traffic Control Transponder (ATCRBS/MODE S)
* ARINC 724B defines the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS)
* ARINC 735B defines the Traffic Computer with Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)
* ARINC 738 defines an integrated Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU)
* ARINC 739 is the standard for a Multi\-Purpose Control and Display Unit (MCDU) and interfaces.
* ARINC 740 defines airborne printers
* ARINC 741 is the standard for a first\-generation [L\-band](/wiki/L-band "L-band") satellite data unit
* ARINC 743A defines a GNSS sensor receiver
* ARINC 744A defines a full\-format airborne printer
* ARINC 746 is the standard for a cabin telecommunications unit, based on [Q.931](/wiki/Q.931 "Q.931") and [CEPT\-E1](/wiki/CEPT-E1 "CEPT-E1")
* ARINC 747 defines a Flight Data Recorder (FDR)
* ARINC 750 defines a VHF Digital Radio
* ARINC 755 defines a Multi\-Mode Receiver (MMR) for approach and landing
* ARINC 756 defines a GNSS Navigation and Landing Unit
* ARINC 757 defines a Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR)
* ARINC 759 defines an Aircraft Interface Device (AID)
* ARINC 760 defines a GNSS Navigator
* [ARINC 761](/wiki/ARINC_761 "ARINC 761") is the standard for a second\-generation L\-band [satellite data unit](/wiki/Satellite_data_unit "Satellite data unit"), also called Swift64 by operator [Inmarsat](/wiki/Inmarsat "Inmarsat")
* ARINC 763 is the standard for a generic avionics file server and [wireless access points](/wiki/Wireless_access_point "Wireless access point")
* ARINC 767 defines a combined recorder unit capable of data and voice
* ARINC 771 is the standard for the second\-generation [L\-Band](/wiki/L-Band "L-Band") satellite data unit, also called Certus Broadband for the [low Earth orbit](/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit "Low Earth orbit") (LEO) [Iridium NEXT](/wiki/Iridium_NEXT "Iridium NEXT") by operator [Iridium](/wiki/Iridium_Communications "Iridium Communications")
* ARINC 781 is the standard for a third\-generation [L\-band](/wiki/L-band "L-band") satellite data unit, also called [SwiftBroadband](/wiki/SwiftBroadband "SwiftBroadband") (SBB) by operator [Inmarsat](/wiki/Inmarsat "Inmarsat")
* ARINC 791 defines a first generation of Ku and Ka band satellite data airborne terminal equipment.
* ARINC 792 defines a second generation of Ku and Ka band satellite data airborne terminal equipment.
### 800 Series
The 800 Series comprises a set of aviation standards for aircraft, including fiber optics used in high\-speed [data buses](/wiki/Bus_%28computing%29 "Bus (computing)").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.arinc.com/cf/store/catalog.cfm?prod\_group\_id\=1\&category\_group\_id\=63 \|title\=ARINC Standards store, 800 series \|access\-date\=2010\-06\-10 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829124038/https://www.arinc.com/cf/store/catalog.cfm?prod\_group\_id\=1\&category\_group\_id\=63 \|archive\-date\=2012\-08\-29 \|url\-status\=dead }}
* ARINC 800 is the first industry standard intended for characterization of aviation\-grade high\-speed (Gbps) Ethernet links. CABIN CONNECTORS AND CABLES Part 1 to Part 4
* ARINC 801 through 807 define the application of fiber optics on the aircraft.
* ARINC 810 is a standard for the integration of aircraft galley inserts and associated interfaces Title: Definition of Standard Interfaces for Galley Insert (GAIN) Equipment, Physical Interfaces.
* ARINC 811 provides a common understanding of information security concepts as they relate to airborne networks, and provides a framework for evaluating the security of airborne networked systems.
* [ARINC 812](/wiki/ARINC_812 "ARINC 812") is a standard for the integration of aircraft galley inserts and associated interfaces
* ARINC 816 defines a database for [airport moving maps](/wiki/Taxi_positional_awareness "Taxi positional awareness")
* ARINC 817 defines a low\-speed digital video interface
* [ARINC 818](/wiki/ARINC_818 "ARINC 818") defines a high\-speed digital video interface standard developed for high bandwidth, low latency, uncompressed digital video transmission.
* ARINC 821 is a top\-level networking definition describing aircraft domains, file servers and other infrastructure.
* ARINC 822 is the standard for Gatelink.
* [ARINC 823](/wiki/ARINC_823 "ARINC 823") is a standard for end\-to\-end datalink encryption.
* [ARINC 825](/wiki/ARINC_825 "ARINC 825") is a standard for [Controller Area Network bus](/wiki/CAN_bus "CAN bus") protocol for airborne use.
* [ARINC 826](/wiki/ARINC_826 "ARINC 826") is a protocol for avionic data loading over a [Controller Area Network bus](/wiki/CAN_bus "CAN bus").
* ARINC 827 specifies a crate format for electronic distribution of software parts for aircraft.
* ARINC 828 defines aircraft wiring provisions and electrical interface standards for [electronic flight bag](/wiki/Electronic_flight_bag "Electronic flight bag") (EFB)
* ARINC 834 defines an aircraft data interface that sources data to Electronic Flight Bags, airborne file servers, etc.
* ARINC 836 describes modular rack\-style aircraft cabin standard enclosures.
* ARINC 838 provides a standardized XML description for loadable software parts.
* ARINC 839 is a function definition of airborne manager of air\-ground interface communications (MAGIC)
* ARINC 840 defines the Application Control Interface (ACI) used with an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB)
* ARINC 841 defines Media Independent Aircraft Messaging
* ARINC 842 provides guidance for usage of digital certificates on airplane avionics and cabin equipment.
|
[
"Standards\n---------",
"The ARINC Standards are prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) where aviation suppliers such as [Collins Aerospace](/wiki/Collins_Aerospace \"Collins Aerospace\") and [GE Aviation](/wiki/GE_Aviation \"GE Aviation\") serve as contributors in support of their airline customer base. An abbreviated list follows.",
"### 400 Series",
"The 400 Series describes guidelines for installation, wiring, [data buses](/wiki/Bus_%28computing%29 \"Bus (computing)\"), and databases.\n* ARINC 404 defines [Air Transport Rack](/wiki/Line-replaceable_unit \"Line-replaceable unit\") (ATR) form factors for avionics equipment installed in many types of aircraft. It defines air transport equipment cases and racking.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.arinc.com/cf/store/catalog.cfm?prod\\_group\\_id\\=1\\&category\\_group\\_id\\=1\\|title\\=Air Transport Equipment Cases and Racking \\- ARINC 404\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608164318/https://www.arinc.com/cf/store/catalog.cfm?prod\\_group\\_id\\=1\\&category\\_group\\_id\\=1\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-08\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* ARINC 407 is a manual for [Synchro](/wiki/Synchro \"Synchro\") uses in aerospace systems\n* [ARINC 424](/wiki/ARINC_424 \"ARINC 424\") is an international standard [file format](/wiki/File_format \"File format\") for [aircraft](/wiki/Aircraft \"Aircraft\") navigation data.\n* [ARINC 429](/wiki/ARINC_429 \"ARINC 429\") is the most widely used data bus standard for aviation. Electrical and data format characteristics are defined for a two\\-wire serial bus with one transmitter and up to 20 receivers. The bus is capable of operating at a speed of 100 kbit/s.",
"### 500 Series",
"The 500 Series describes older analog avionics equipment used on early jet aircraft such as the [Boeing 727](/wiki/Boeing_727 \"Boeing 727\"), [Douglas DC\\-9](/wiki/DC9 \"DC9\"), [DC\\-10](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10 \"McDonnell Douglas DC-10\"), [Boeing 737](/wiki/Boeing_737 \"Boeing 737\") and [747](/wiki/Boeing_747 \"Boeing 747\"), and [Airbus A300](/wiki/Airbus_A300 \"Airbus A300\").",
"### 600 Series",
"The 600 Series are reference standards for avionics equipment specified by the ARINC 700 Series\n[thumb\\|ARINC 628 compliant wireless access point by [Lufthansa Technik](/wiki/Lufthansa_Technik \"Lufthansa Technik\")](/wiki/File:EBACE_2019%2C_Le_Grand-Saconnex_%28EB190653%29.jpg \"EBACE 2019, Le Grand-Saconnex (EB190653).jpg\")\n* ARINC 600 is the predominant avionics packaging standard introducing the avionics Modular Concept Unit (MCU)\n* ARINC 604 is a standard and guidance for the purpose of designing and implementing [Built\\-In Test Equipment](/wiki/Built-In_Test_Equipment \"Built-In Test Equipment\"). The standard also describes the [Centralized Fault Display System](/wiki/Centralized_Fault_Display_System \"Centralized Fault Display System\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ato\\-p.se\\-apps.faa.gov/faastandards/TrmQuery.cfm?Cat\\=23 \\|title\\=FAA Standards, Category: Aeronautical \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629230911/http://ato\\-p.se\\-apps.faa.gov/faastandards/TrmQuery.cfm?Cat\\=23 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-06\\-29 }}\n* [ARINC 610B](/wiki/ARINC_610B \"ARINC 610B\") provides guidance for use of avionics equipment and software in simulators.\n* [ARINC 608](/wiki/ARINC_608 \"ARINC 608\") Design Guidance for Avionics Test Equipment: describes a standard avionics test system concept that will reduce the cost of test and repair of avionic systems.\n* [ARINC 615](/wiki/ARINC_615 \"ARINC 615\") is a family of standards covering \"data loading\", commonly used for transferring software and data to or from avionics devices. The ARINC 615 standard covers \"data loading\" over [ARINC 429](/wiki/ARINC_429 \"ARINC 429\").\n* [ARINC 615A](/wiki/ARINC_615A \"ARINC 615A\") is a standard that covers a \"data loading\" protocol which can be used over various bus types such as Ethernet, CAN, and [ARINC 664](/wiki/Avionics_Full-Duplex_Switched_Ethernet \"Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet\").\n* [ARINC 618](/wiki/ARINC_618 \"ARINC 618\") is a standard that covers a [data transmission](/wiki/Data_transmission \"Data transmission\") protocol called \"Character Oriented Protocol\".\n* [ARINC 619](/wiki/ARINC_619 \"ARINC 619\") is a standard that covers a [data transmission](/wiki/Data_transmission \"Data transmission\") protocol over [ARINC 429](/wiki/ARINC_429 \"ARINC 429\") called \"Bit Oriented Protocol\".\n* [ARINC 620](/wiki/ARINC_620 \"ARINC 620\") is a standard that covers a [data transmission](/wiki/Data_transmission \"Data transmission\") protocol called \"Datalink Ground System\".\n* [ARINC 624](/wiki/ARINC_624 \"ARINC 624\") is a standard for aircraft onboard maintenance system (OMS). It uses [ARINC 429](/wiki/ARINC_429 \"ARINC 429\") for [data transmission](/wiki/Data_transmission \"Data transmission\") between embedded equipments.\n* [ARINC 625](/wiki/ARINC_625 \"ARINC 625\") is an Industry Guide For Component Test Development and Management. It provides a standard approach for quality management of Test Procedure Generation within the commercial air transport industry.\n* [ARINC 628](/wiki/ARINC_628 \"ARINC 628\") is a standard for Cabin Equipment Interfaces\n* [ARINC 629](/wiki/ARINC_629 \"ARINC 629\") is a multi\\-transmitter data bus protocol where up to 120 terminals can share the same bus. It is installed on aircraft such as the [Boeing 777](/wiki/Boeing_777 \"Boeing 777\"), [Airbus A330](/wiki/Airbus_A330 \"Airbus A330\") and [Airbus A340](/wiki/Airbus_A340 \"Airbus A340\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.logic\\-fruit.com/blog/arinc\\-standard/arinc\\-629\\-digital\\-data\\-bus\\-specifications/ \\|title\\=ARINC 629 Digital Data Bus Specifications\\|date\\=18 January 2021 }}\n* [ARINC 633](/wiki/ARINC_633 \"ARINC 633\") is the air\\-ground protocol for ACARS and IP networks used for [AOC](/wiki/Aeronautical_Operational_Control \"Aeronautical Operational Control\") data exchanges between aircraft and the ground.\n* [ARINC 635](/wiki/ARINC_635 \"ARINC 635\") defines the protocols for the [HFDL](/wiki/High_Frequency_Data_Link \"High Frequency Data Link\") network of radios used for communication and messaging between aircraft and HF Ground Stations.\n* [ARINC 653](/wiki/ARINC_653 \"ARINC 653\") is a standard Real Time Operating System (RTOS) interface for partitioning of computer resources in the time and space domains. The standard also specifies Application Program Interfaces (APIs) for abstraction of the application from the underlying hardware and software.\n* [ARINC 660](/wiki/ARINC_660 \"ARINC 660\") defines avionics functional allocation and recommended architectures for CNS/ATM avionics.\n* [ARINC 661](/wiki/ARINC_661 \"ARINC 661\") defines the data structures used in an interactive [cockpit display system](/wiki/Cockpit_display_system \"Cockpit display system\") (CDS), and the communication between the CDS and User Applications. The [GUI](/wiki/GUI \"GUI\") definition is completely defined in binary definition files. The CDS software consists of a kernel capable of creating a hierarchical [GUI](/wiki/GUI \"GUI\") specified in the definition files. The concepts used by ARINC 661 are similar to those used in [user interface markup languages](/wiki/User_interface_markup_language \"User interface markup language\").\n* [ARINC 664](/wiki/Avionics_Full-Duplex_Switched_Ethernet \"Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet\"), known for its implementation as **AFDX** (Avionics Full\\-Duplex Switched Ethernet), defines the use of a deterministic [Ethernet](/wiki/Ethernet \"Ethernet\") network as an avionic databus in modern aircraft like the [Airbus A380](/wiki/Airbus_A380 \"Airbus A380\"), the [Sukhoi Superjet 100](/wiki/Sukhoi_Superjet_100 \"Sukhoi Superjet 100\"), the [Bombardier CSeries](/wiki/Bombardier_CSeries \"Bombardier CSeries\"), and the [Boeing 787 Dreamliner](/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner \"Boeing 787 Dreamliner\").\n* [ARINC 665](/wiki/ARINC_665 \"ARINC 665\") This standard defines standards for loadable software parts and software transport media.\n* [ARINC 667](/wiki/ARINC_667 \"ARINC 667\") is a Guidance for the Management of Field Loadable Software.\n* [ARINC 668](/wiki/ARINC_668 \"ARINC 668\") Guidance For Tool and Test Equipment (TTE) Equivalency.",
"### 700 Series",
"The 700 Series describes the form, fit, and function of avionics equipment installed predominately on transport category aircraft.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://arinc.com/cf/store/catalog.cfm?prod\\_group\\_id\\=1\\&category\\_group\\_id\\=4 \\|title\\=ARINC Store, 700 series \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-08\\-17 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814000656/https://www.arinc.com/cf/store/catalog.cfm?prod\\_group\\_id\\=1\\&category\\_group\\_id\\=4 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-08\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n* ARINC 702A defines the Flight Management Systems (FMS)\n* ARINC 704 defines the Inertial Reference System (IRS)\n* ARINC 705 defines the Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS)\n* ARINC 707 defines the Radio Altimeter (RALT)\n* [ARINC 708](/wiki/ARINC_708 \"ARINC 708\") is the standard for airborne weather radar. It defines the airborne weather radar characteristics for civil and military aircraft\n* ARINC 709 defines Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)\n* [ARINC 717](/wiki/ARINC_717 \"ARINC 717\") defines the acquisition of flight data for recording\n* ARINC 718 describes an Air Traffic Control Transponder (ATCRBS/MODE S)\n* ARINC 724B defines the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS)\n* ARINC 735B defines the Traffic Computer with Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)\n* ARINC 738 defines an integrated Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU)\n* ARINC 739 is the standard for a Multi\\-Purpose Control and Display Unit (MCDU) and interfaces.\n* ARINC 740 defines airborne printers\n* ARINC 741 is the standard for a first\\-generation [L\\-band](/wiki/L-band \"L-band\") satellite data unit\n* ARINC 743A defines a GNSS sensor receiver\n* ARINC 744A defines a full\\-format airborne printer\n* ARINC 746 is the standard for a cabin telecommunications unit, based on [Q.931](/wiki/Q.931 \"Q.931\") and [CEPT\\-E1](/wiki/CEPT-E1 \"CEPT-E1\")\n* ARINC 747 defines a Flight Data Recorder (FDR)\n* ARINC 750 defines a VHF Digital Radio\n* ARINC 755 defines a Multi\\-Mode Receiver (MMR) for approach and landing\n* ARINC 756 defines a GNSS Navigation and Landing Unit\n* ARINC 757 defines a Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR)\n* ARINC 759 defines an Aircraft Interface Device (AID)\n* ARINC 760 defines a GNSS Navigator\n* [ARINC 761](/wiki/ARINC_761 \"ARINC 761\") is the standard for a second\\-generation L\\-band [satellite data unit](/wiki/Satellite_data_unit \"Satellite data unit\"), also called Swift64 by operator [Inmarsat](/wiki/Inmarsat \"Inmarsat\")\n* ARINC 763 is the standard for a generic avionics file server and [wireless access points](/wiki/Wireless_access_point \"Wireless access point\")\n* ARINC 767 defines a combined recorder unit capable of data and voice\n* ARINC 771 is the standard for the second\\-generation [L\\-Band](/wiki/L-Band \"L-Band\") satellite data unit, also called Certus Broadband for the [low Earth orbit](/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit \"Low Earth orbit\") (LEO) [Iridium NEXT](/wiki/Iridium_NEXT \"Iridium NEXT\") by operator [Iridium](/wiki/Iridium_Communications \"Iridium Communications\")\n* ARINC 781 is the standard for a third\\-generation [L\\-band](/wiki/L-band \"L-band\") satellite data unit, also called [SwiftBroadband](/wiki/SwiftBroadband \"SwiftBroadband\") (SBB) by operator [Inmarsat](/wiki/Inmarsat \"Inmarsat\")\n* ARINC 791 defines a first generation of Ku and Ka band satellite data airborne terminal equipment.\n* ARINC 792 defines a second generation of Ku and Ka band satellite data airborne terminal equipment.",
"### 800 Series",
"The 800 Series comprises a set of aviation standards for aircraft, including fiber optics used in high\\-speed [data buses](/wiki/Bus_%28computing%29 \"Bus (computing)\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.arinc.com/cf/store/catalog.cfm?prod\\_group\\_id\\=1\\&category\\_group\\_id\\=63 \\|title\\=ARINC Standards store, 800 series \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-10 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829124038/https://www.arinc.com/cf/store/catalog.cfm?prod\\_group\\_id\\=1\\&category\\_group\\_id\\=63 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-08\\-29 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n* ARINC 800 is the first industry standard intended for characterization of aviation\\-grade high\\-speed (Gbps) Ethernet links. CABIN CONNECTORS AND CABLES Part 1 to Part 4\n* ARINC 801 through 807 define the application of fiber optics on the aircraft.\n* ARINC 810 is a standard for the integration of aircraft galley inserts and associated interfaces Title: Definition of Standard Interfaces for Galley Insert (GAIN) Equipment, Physical Interfaces.\n* ARINC 811 provides a common understanding of information security concepts as they relate to airborne networks, and provides a framework for evaluating the security of airborne networked systems.\n* [ARINC 812](/wiki/ARINC_812 \"ARINC 812\") is a standard for the integration of aircraft galley inserts and associated interfaces\n* ARINC 816 defines a database for [airport moving maps](/wiki/Taxi_positional_awareness \"Taxi positional awareness\")\n* ARINC 817 defines a low\\-speed digital video interface\n* [ARINC 818](/wiki/ARINC_818 \"ARINC 818\") defines a high\\-speed digital video interface standard developed for high bandwidth, low latency, uncompressed digital video transmission.\n* ARINC 821 is a top\\-level networking definition describing aircraft domains, file servers and other infrastructure.\n* ARINC 822 is the standard for Gatelink.\n* [ARINC 823](/wiki/ARINC_823 \"ARINC 823\") is a standard for end\\-to\\-end datalink encryption.\n* [ARINC 825](/wiki/ARINC_825 \"ARINC 825\") is a standard for [Controller Area Network bus](/wiki/CAN_bus \"CAN bus\") protocol for airborne use.\n* [ARINC 826](/wiki/ARINC_826 \"ARINC 826\") is a protocol for avionic data loading over a [Controller Area Network bus](/wiki/CAN_bus \"CAN bus\").\n* ARINC 827 specifies a crate format for electronic distribution of software parts for aircraft.\n* ARINC 828 defines aircraft wiring provisions and electrical interface standards for [electronic flight bag](/wiki/Electronic_flight_bag \"Electronic flight bag\") (EFB)\n* ARINC 834 defines an aircraft data interface that sources data to Electronic Flight Bags, airborne file servers, etc.\n* ARINC 836 describes modular rack\\-style aircraft cabin standard enclosures.\n* ARINC 838 provides a standardized XML description for loadable software parts.\n* ARINC 839 is a function definition of airborne manager of air\\-ground interface communications (MAGIC)\n* ARINC 840 defines the Application Control Interface (ACI) used with an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB)\n* ARINC 841 defines Media Independent Aircraft Messaging\n* ARINC 842 provides guidance for usage of digital certificates on airplane avionics and cabin equipment.",
""
] |
History
-------
The oldest traces of human activity in this area are documented between Męcina and writers. Archaeological excavations have revealed here urnowe burial from the times of the Lusatian culture, which lands Polish lasted in the period 1300–400 BC.
The first mention of the village comes from a knight Męcina pence from 1326 and relate to the local parish.Peter Skoczek (2009\) Parishes Earth Limanowa . Proszówki: Provincial Publishing House, pp. 139–145\. {{ISBN\|978\-83\-88383\-43\-4}}
At the end of the sixteenth century. Męcina divided into Niżna and religion, noble families ruled here Krzeszów and Marcinkowskich. In the mid\-sixteenth century. Męciny heir Sebastian Krzesz fell into a dispute with the local parish priest, who soon turned into open conflict.Andrzej Matuszczyk (2008\) Beskid Wyspowy . Pruszkow: Brain Training Publishing House, pp. 166–167\. {{ISBN\|978\-83\-89188\-78\-6}} Victorious from this battle came Krzesz, who eventually exiled priest, seized his property, poniszczył parish registers, and the place had brought two preachers Arian . In the temple instead of altars set plain wooden cross. During the Reformation the church served the local congregation ariańskiemu (brothers Polish).
It was only in 1605\. Arrived at the place of a new Catholic priest that his ministry had to start from the renovation of the church, in which he helped finance the next heir of the House of Krzeszów – Stanislaw, who converted to Catholicism.
In the nineteenth century. Męcinie pastor was Father Vincent Wąsikiewicz, researcher of folk culture, the author of books and ethnographic studies. During this period Męcinie were several noble mansions and manors. In Męcinie Lower the court called "White" (today the area opposite the school) in the nineteenth century. Gostkowskich family farmed, while close Kłodnego was a mansion called "Bobrówka" (today, leaving behind 2 small spichlerzyki). In the Upper Męcinie was in the nineteenth century. Mansion called "oak" (approx. 1 km from the church, at the top of the village, on the right side of the road to the writers), which also gospodarzyła another branch of the family Gostkowskich.
After the war Męcina became famous throughout the country and beyond its borders thanks to the label hockey sticks Bronislaw Smolen .Bronislaw Smoleń initiated the construction of a school in Męcinie and many other social actions. On the wall of the school is a plaque dedicated to his person, unveiled on 1 September 1997\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The oldest traces of human activity in this area are documented between Męcina and writers. Archaeological excavations have revealed here urnowe burial from the times of the Lusatian culture, which lands Polish lasted in the period 1300–400 BC.",
"The first mention of the village comes from a knight Męcina pence from 1326 and relate to the local parish.Peter Skoczek (2009\\) Parishes Earth Limanowa . Proszówki: Provincial Publishing House, pp. 139–145\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-83\\-88383\\-43\\-4}}",
"At the end of the sixteenth century. Męcina divided into Niżna and religion, noble families ruled here Krzeszów and Marcinkowskich. In the mid\\-sixteenth century. Męciny heir Sebastian Krzesz fell into a dispute with the local parish priest, who soon turned into open conflict.Andrzej Matuszczyk (2008\\) Beskid Wyspowy . Pruszkow: Brain Training Publishing House, pp. 166–167\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-83\\-89188\\-78\\-6}} Victorious from this battle came Krzesz, who eventually exiled priest, seized his property, poniszczył parish registers, and the place had brought two preachers Arian . In the temple instead of altars set plain wooden cross. During the Reformation the church served the local congregation ariańskiemu (brothers Polish).",
"It was only in 1605\\. Arrived at the place of a new Catholic priest that his ministry had to start from the renovation of the church, in which he helped finance the next heir of the House of Krzeszów – Stanislaw, who converted to Catholicism.",
"In the nineteenth century. Męcinie pastor was Father Vincent Wąsikiewicz, researcher of folk culture, the author of books and ethnographic studies. During this period Męcinie were several noble mansions and manors. In Męcinie Lower the court called \"White\" (today the area opposite the school) in the nineteenth century. Gostkowskich family farmed, while close Kłodnego was a mansion called \"Bobrówka\" (today, leaving behind 2 small spichlerzyki). In the Upper Męcinie was in the nineteenth century. Mansion called \"oak\" (approx. 1 km from the church, at the top of the village, on the right side of the road to the writers), which also gospodarzyła another branch of the family Gostkowskich.",
"After the war Męcina became famous throughout the country and beyond its borders thanks to the label hockey sticks Bronislaw Smolen .Bronislaw Smoleń initiated the construction of a school in Męcinie and many other social actions. On the wall of the school is a plaque dedicated to his person, unveiled on 1 September 1997\\.",
""
] |
Interesting and historic buildings in the village
-------------------------------------------------
In the center of the village on the road to Nowy Sacz is a church. St. Abate from the end of the seventeenth century, wooden, built on the framework of a tower pole construction. Inside preserved rainbow beam with a Baroque crucifix, the choir edging profiles and Baroque. At the altar, there is a stone crypt heirs Męciny and local pastors. The porch hangs a painting of St. John Cantius and St. figure. John of Nepomuk from 1740\.
Built between 1984 and 2006 a new church is acting as a parish church.
Chamber memory Zdzislaw Smolen – Inspector District Podhalańsko – Carpathian Rifle Association "Sagittarius", which gathered quite a rich collection of family memorabilia, including photos, a collection orzełków military uniforms soldiers and weapons (including Russian saber, captured in the Battle of Warsaw 1920\).
House of creative work and Zygmunt Jolanta Kłosowskich, local painters and sculptors.
The historic chapel from the seventeenth century in the hamlet Miczaki at which celebrated worship Catholics męcińscy at a time when the local church was converted into a church Arian.
Above Miczakami is a large sandstone quarry (recently resumed work).
In the lower part of the village, on the road to Krasne Potocki you can see ruined, two hundred years old mill . Fragments of the old mill wheel.
In the center of the village there is also a group of schools, fire station OSP, a few shops, a railway station.
|
[
"Interesting and historic buildings in the village\n-------------------------------------------------",
"In the center of the village on the road to Nowy Sacz is a church. St. Abate from the end of the seventeenth century, wooden, built on the framework of a tower pole construction. Inside preserved rainbow beam with a Baroque crucifix, the choir edging profiles and Baroque. At the altar, there is a stone crypt heirs Męciny and local pastors. The porch hangs a painting of St. John Cantius and St. figure. John of Nepomuk from 1740\\.",
"Built between 1984 and 2006 a new church is acting as a parish church.",
"Chamber memory Zdzislaw Smolen – Inspector District Podhalańsko – Carpathian Rifle Association \"Sagittarius\", which gathered quite a rich collection of family memorabilia, including photos, a collection orzełków military uniforms soldiers and weapons (including Russian saber, captured in the Battle of Warsaw 1920\\).",
"House of creative work and Zygmunt Jolanta Kłosowskich, local painters and sculptors.",
"The historic chapel from the seventeenth century in the hamlet Miczaki at which celebrated worship Catholics męcińscy at a time when the local church was converted into a church Arian.",
"Above Miczakami is a large sandstone quarry (recently resumed work).",
"In the lower part of the village, on the road to Krasne Potocki you can see ruined, two hundred years old mill . Fragments of the old mill wheel.",
"In the center of the village there is also a group of schools, fire station OSP, a few shops, a railway station.",
""
] |
Death
-----
One day in the Electrophon studio Lewis shared concern with Hodgson of a rash that had appeared on his arms from his wrists to his elbows. Retrospectively known as a sign of [seroconversion](/wiki/Seroconversion "Seroconversion") of [HIV](/wiki/HIV "HIV"). Close friends of Lewis started to see, as he himself noticed that he was increasingly unable to fight off or taking longer to fight off common infections such as cold and flu.
Around mid\-1984 Lewis was admitted to [London's Middlesex Hospital](/wiki/Middlesex_Hospital "Middlesex Hospital") with what was diagnosed as a form of [pneumonia](/wiki/Pneumonia "Pneumonia"). Additional tests after admission revealed an [HIV/AIDS](/wiki/HIV/AIDS "HIV/AIDS") diagnosis. Hodgson and friends visited John in hospital and upon his discharge all agreed to relocate the studio from [Covent Garden](/wiki/Covent_Garden "Covent Garden") to a small cottage in [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol "Bristol"). While John and his friends hoped for a treatment or cure, they felt the fresh country air would do him good. Hodgson recalled that naturally, electronic equipment gathers dust by static so they cleaned the studio equipment before sending it off to the cottage in [Midford](/wiki/Midford "Midford"), Bristol.
Within a matter of weeks, John fell unwell and was admitted to the isolation hospital, Ham Green near Bristol. John's father having passed in 1976 his mother Minnie made the journey from [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton "Edmonton"), Canada to be by her son's side. John spent Christmas 1984 in a room on the isolation ward, known as T\-Ward with two other men who were also unwell with [AIDS](/wiki/HIV/AIDS "HIV/AIDS") and AIDS\-related complications. The rooms were separated by a wall with a window.
John Lewis passed away on 3 February 1985 at Ham Green Hospital, near [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol "Bristol"). His cause of death was a 1a, [Pulmonary Embolism](/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism "Pulmonary embolism"). 1b, [Cryptococcal meningitis](/wiki/Cryptococcosis "Cryptococcosis") (an AIDS\-related meningitis) and 2, [HTLV\-3 virus infection](/wiki/HIV "HIV") (now known as HIV/AIDS).
He was cremated at Haycombe Crematorium, [Bath](/wiki/Bath%2C_Somerset "Bath, Somerset") on 12 February 1985 in an intimate service and his ashes were interred in the garden of remembrance.
|
[
"Death\n-----",
"One day in the Electrophon studio Lewis shared concern with Hodgson of a rash that had appeared on his arms from his wrists to his elbows. Retrospectively known as a sign of [seroconversion](/wiki/Seroconversion \"Seroconversion\") of [HIV](/wiki/HIV \"HIV\"). Close friends of Lewis started to see, as he himself noticed that he was increasingly unable to fight off or taking longer to fight off common infections such as cold and flu.",
"Around mid\\-1984 Lewis was admitted to [London's Middlesex Hospital](/wiki/Middlesex_Hospital \"Middlesex Hospital\") with what was diagnosed as a form of [pneumonia](/wiki/Pneumonia \"Pneumonia\"). Additional tests after admission revealed an [HIV/AIDS](/wiki/HIV/AIDS \"HIV/AIDS\") diagnosis. Hodgson and friends visited John in hospital and upon his discharge all agreed to relocate the studio from [Covent Garden](/wiki/Covent_Garden \"Covent Garden\") to a small cottage in [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol \"Bristol\"). While John and his friends hoped for a treatment or cure, they felt the fresh country air would do him good. Hodgson recalled that naturally, electronic equipment gathers dust by static so they cleaned the studio equipment before sending it off to the cottage in [Midford](/wiki/Midford \"Midford\"), Bristol.",
"Within a matter of weeks, John fell unwell and was admitted to the isolation hospital, Ham Green near Bristol. John's father having passed in 1976 his mother Minnie made the journey from [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton \"Edmonton\"), Canada to be by her son's side. John spent Christmas 1984 in a room on the isolation ward, known as T\\-Ward with two other men who were also unwell with [AIDS](/wiki/HIV/AIDS \"HIV/AIDS\") and AIDS\\-related complications. The rooms were separated by a wall with a window.",
"John Lewis passed away on 3 February 1985 at Ham Green Hospital, near [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol \"Bristol\"). His cause of death was a 1a, [Pulmonary Embolism](/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism \"Pulmonary embolism\"). 1b, [Cryptococcal meningitis](/wiki/Cryptococcosis \"Cryptococcosis\") (an AIDS\\-related meningitis) and 2, [HTLV\\-3 virus infection](/wiki/HIV \"HIV\") (now known as HIV/AIDS).",
"He was cremated at Haycombe Crematorium, [Bath](/wiki/Bath%2C_Somerset \"Bath, Somerset\") on 12 February 1985 in an intimate service and his ashes were interred in the garden of remembrance.",
""
] |
History
-------
### First World War
The squadron was formed in [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") on 27 September 1918 from flights of the [Royal Naval Air Service](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service "Royal Naval Air Service") after that service's amalgamation with the [Royal Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps "Royal Flying Corps") to form the RAF. It flew [Sopwith Babies](/wiki/Sopwith_Baby "Sopwith Baby") and [Felixstowe F3s](/wiki/Felixstowe_F3 "Felixstowe F3") from [Otranto](/wiki/Otranto "Otranto") reconnoitring for submarines escaping from the [Adriatic Sea](/wiki/Adriatic_Sea "Adriatic Sea") into the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea"). The squadron was disbanded on 16 May 1919\.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/263squadron.cfm \|title\=History of 263 Squadron \|work\=Royal Air Force \|year\=2015 \|access\-date\=19 October 2015}}
### Second World War
The squadron reformed as a fighter squadron at [RAF Filton](/wiki/RAF_Filton "RAF Filton") near [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol "Bristol") on 2 October 1939, taking over some of [605 Squadron](/wiki/No._605_Squadron_RAF "No. 605 Squadron RAF")'s [biplane](/wiki/Biplane "Biplane") [Gloster Gladiator Mk.Is](/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator "Gloster Gladiator"). It became operational towards the end of the year and [scrambled](/wiki/Wiktionary:Scramble "Scramble") for the first time on 12 January 1940\. Around this time the squadron received 22 Gloster Gladiator Mk.IIs to replace the Mk.Is{{cite web \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021080305/http://geocities.com/acrawford0/263\_1Sqn.html \|archive\-date\=21 October 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|url\=http://www.geocities.com/acrawford0/263\_1Sqn.html \|title\=263 Squadron RAF \|first\=Alex \|last\=Crawford \|year\=2009 \|access\-date\=19 October 2015}}
#### Gloster Gladiator and Norway
[thumb\|left\|[Bermudian](/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda") Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede DFC and other RAF pilots](/wiki/File:Bermudian_Flying_Officer_Herman_Francis_Grant_Ede_DFC_and_other_RAF_pilots.jpg "Bermudian Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede DFC and other RAF pilots.jpg")
[thumb\|Gloster Gladiator Mk.I in [RNoAF](/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Air_Force "Royal Norwegian Air Force") colours](/wiki/File:Gloster_Gladiator_1.jpg "Gloster Gladiator 1.jpg")
The Gladiator may have looked like a First World War aircraft but with twice the speed of most First World War [fighters](/wiki/Fighter_aircraft "Fighter aircraft") it had considerably better performance. However, as a fighter, it did not compare well with the type of enemy aircraft it might expect to meet in the Second World War, being only slightly faster than the [Heinkel 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 "Heinkel He 111") [bomber](/wiki/Bomber "Bomber").
Germany [invaded Norway](/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung "Operation Weserübung") on 9 April 1940 and 263 Squadron was soon instructed to prepare for a move. On 20 April, the aircraft were flown, via [RAF Sealand](/wiki/RAF_Sealand "RAF Sealand"), to [Scapa Flow](/wiki/Scapa_Flow "Scapa Flow"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") where [Fleet Air Arm](/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm "Fleet Air Arm") pilots landed them on the aircraft carrier {{HMS\|Glorious}}One source, Rawlings 1978\. p. 374, gives {{HMS\|Furious\|47\|6}}. and 18 Gladiators sailed for Norway. On 24 April, after two days sailing, the squadron flew its aircraft off the carrier to a landing strip on the frozen lake [Lesjaskogsvatnet](/wiki/Lesjaskogsvatnet "Lesjaskogsvatnet") in [Oppland](/wiki/Oppland "Oppland") in central southern Norway.
Unfortunately for the enterprise, the squadron was extremely short of ground staff and equipment and few of its Gladiators had been prepared for combat before the [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe "Luftwaffe") struck with Heinkel 111s shortly after daybreak on 25 April. By the end of 26 April, although 263 Squadron had managed to destroy two Heinkels, all of its aircraft had been destroyed or rendered unserviceable and by the end of the month the squadron was ordered home.
[thumb\|Artist's impression of the [Gloster Gladiator](/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator "Gloster Gladiator") flown by [Bermudian](/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda") Flying Officer H.F.G. "Baba" Ede, DFC, on the 24th May, 1940\.](/wiki/File:Gloster_Gladiator_of_Bermudian_Flying_Officer_Herman_Francis_Grant_Ede_DFC.jpg "Gloster Gladiator of Bermudian Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede DFC.jpg")
The re\-equipped squadron returned to the far north of Norway on 21 May, flying from [Bardufoss airfield](/wiki/Bardufoss_Air_Station "Bardufoss Air Station"), near [Narvik](/wiki/Narvik "Narvik"), reinforced by [No 46 Squadron](/wiki/No._46_Squadron_RAF "No. 46 Squadron RAF") whose Hurricanes arrived a few days later, using an airstrip in [Skånland Municipality](/wiki/Sk%C3%A5nland_Municipality "Skånland Municipality"). Due to unsuitable ground at Skånland, 46 Squadron moved so that both were operating from Bardufoss by 27 May.
The squadrons had been ordered to defend the fleet anchorage at Skånland and the military base at [Harstad](/wiki/Harstad_%28town%29 "Harstad (town)") on the island of [Hinnøya](/wiki/Hinn%C3%B8ya "Hinnøya"). Action was short but intense before the squadrons were instructed on 2 June to prepare for evacuation; 263 Squadron had flown 249 sorties and claimed 26 enemy aircraft destroyed. 263's ten surviving Gladiators were landed on HMS *Glorious* on 7 June. *Glorious* sailed but was intercepted by the German [battleships](/wiki/Battleship "Battleship") {{Ship\|German battleship\|Gneisenau\|\|2}} and {{Ship\|German battleship\| Scharnhorst\|\|2}}. The aircraft carrier was sunk and with it the aircraft from four squadrons. 263 Squadron lost its CO, S/Ldr John W Donaldson, F/Lt Alvin T Williams and P.O. Sidney Robert McNamara along with seven other pilots.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/milestones\-of\-flight/british\_military/1940\.html \|title\=1940 \|work\=RAF Museum}}{{cite book \|url\= http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei\-WH2\-1RAF\-c3\.html \|chapter\=Chapter 3 — Meeting the German Attack \|title\= Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45: New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force Volume I: European Theatre September 1939 – December 1942 \|first\=H. L. \|last\=Thompson \|location\=Wellington, New Zealand \|publisher\=War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs \|year\=1953 \|pages\=46–50 \|access\-date\=19 October 2015}} Among the pilots who fought with the squadron in Norway and died on *Glorious*, was F.O. Grant Ede, DFC, one of many [Bermudians to serve in the RAF](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force%2C_Bermuda%2C_1939-1945 "Royal Air Force, Bermuda, 1939-1945") during the war and the first Bermudian to die in the war.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.geocities.ws/gpvillain/ede.html \|title\=Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede, DFC \|first\=Seán \|last\=Pòl Ó Creachmhaoil \|work\=geocities.ws \|year\=2011 \|access\-date\=19 October 2015}}{{cite news \|url\= http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20111112/ISLAND/711129970 \|title\=Bermuda's first\-lost in the Second World War \|first\=Dr. Edward \|last\=Harris \|newspaper\=\[\[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)\|The Royal Gazette]] \|location\=Bermuda \|date\=12 November 2011 \|access\-date\=19 October 2015}}{{cite web \|url\= http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/commonwealth\_ede.htm \|first\=Håkan \|last\=Gustavsson \|title\=Herman Francis Grant Ede \|work\=Biplane Fighter Aces from the Second World War \|date\=5 October 2004 \|access\-date\=19 October 2015}}
#### Westland Whirlwind
[thumb\|Whirlwind Mk I, 263 Sqn Exeter, in flight over West Country](/wiki/File:Whirlwind_Mk_I%2C_263_Sqn_Exeter%2C_in_flight_over_West_Country.jpg "Whirlwind Mk I, 263 Sqn Exeter, in flight over West Country.jpg")
The [Westland Whirlwind](/wiki/Westland_Whirlwind_%28fighter%29 "Westland Whirlwind (fighter)") was the first cannon\-armed fighter for the RAF, first flown in October 1938 and at the production stage by 1940\. It was a [twin engined](/wiki/Twin_engined "Twin engined") [heavy fighter](/wiki/Heavy_fighter "Heavy fighter") (also able to function as a [fighter bomber](/wiki/Fighter_bomber "Fighter bomber") with {{convert\|500\|lb\|kg\|adj\=on}} bombload). With four [20mm Hispano cannon](/wiki/20mm_Hispano_cannon "20mm Hispano cannon") in the nose, it was more powerful than an eight\-gunned fighter like the Spitfire or Hurricane. It was fast, matching the current Spitfire's maximum speed, but performed best at low altitude and was used for convoy escort and against small targets in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel "English Channel") and northern [France](/wiki/France "France"). Only 114 were produced (compared with over 20,000 Spitfires).
No. 263 Squadron spent the next six months with [13 Group](/wiki/No._13_Group_RAF "No. 13 Group RAF") near [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh "Edinburgh"). It assembled on 10 June 1940 at [RAF Drem](/wiki/RAF_Drem "RAF Drem") and after two weeks moved to [RAF Grangemouth](/wiki/RAF_Grangemouth "RAF Grangemouth"), where it spent three months before returning to Drem until November and then moving again south to be nearer its intended targets in northern France and the English Channel.
During its time in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), it had to sort out the final problems with the [Rolls\-Royce Peregrine](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Peregrine "Rolls-Royce Peregrine") engines and Hispano cannon. To fill the gap the squadron was provided with [Hawker Hurricanes](/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane "Hawker Hurricane") which were flown in action a few times. Production of the Peregrine by Rolls\-Royce was slow and it was November before the squadron was fully equipped. The squadron transferred to [RAF Exeter](/wiki/RAF_Exeter "RAF Exeter"), commencing [Chameleon patrols](/wiki/Chameleon_patrols "Chameleon patrols") against enemy [E\-boats](/wiki/E-boat "E-boat") stationed in the English Channel and [Western Approaches](/wiki/Western_Approaches "Western Approaches"). The E\-boats would rescue German bomber crews who had "ditched" in the sea. Here, on 12 January 1941, a section patrolling near the [Isles of Scilly](/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly "Isles of Scilly") located a [Junkers Ju 88](/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88 "Junkers Ju 88") and [Pilot Officer](/wiki/Pilot_Officer "Pilot Officer") (PO) Stein was credited with a probable kill.
As well as its fighter capability, the Whirlwind could operate as a [fighter\-bomber](/wiki/Fighter-bomber "Fighter-bomber"). In September 1941 S/Ldr Thomas Pugh, the squadron's 21\-year\-old commander, suggested that the bombing capability should be investigated, however the idea was initially rejected.{{cite web \|url\= http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2505127 \|title\=No 263 Squadron: Operations Record Book (ref AIR27/1548\) \|work\=\[\[The National Archives (United Kingdom)\|National Archives UK]] \|year\=2015 \|access\-date\=19 October 2015}} Finally, in August 1942 the squadron moved to [RAF Colerne](/wiki/RAF_Colerne "RAF Colerne") in [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire "Wiltshire") and bomb\-racks were fitted to eight aircraft; initially two {{convert\|250\|lb\|kg\|adj\=on}} bombs could be carried, and later this was increased to two {{convert\|500\|lb\|kg\|adj\=on}} bombs.
No. 263 Squadron flew Whirlwinds until the end of 1943, with the three years operating the type being spent in the west of the country: two years in airfields around [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire "Wiltshire"), [Dorset](/wiki/Dorset "Dorset") and [Gloucestershire](/wiki/Gloucestershire "Gloucestershire"), six months in south [Wales](/wiki/Wales "Wales"), and six months in [Devon](/wiki/Devon "Devon") and [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall "Cornwall"). Apart from periods of training and "rest and recuperation," the squadron's operations involved: air\-ground attacks on airfields, railways and roads in northern France; air\-sea attacks on enemy shipping ([E\-boats](/wiki/E-boat "E-boat") and [armed trawlers](/wiki/Naval_trawler "Naval trawler")); sea convoy escort; and bomber escort.
#### Hawker Typhoon
[thumb\|right\|Hawker Typhoon](/wiki/File:Typhoon.jpg "Typhoon.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Pilots of No.263 Squadron pose in front of their Typhoon. Pilot Officer Thyagarajan, an Indian pilot is seated on the engine cowling](/wiki/File:Pilots_of_No.263_Squadron_RAF.jpg "Pilots of No.263 Squadron RAF.jpg")
Like the Whirlwind, the [Hawker Typhoon 1B](/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon "Hawker Typhoon") was a fighter bomber or [strike fighter](/wiki/Strike_fighter "Strike fighter"). Although only powered by a single engine, the [Napier Sabre](/wiki/Napier_Sabre "Napier Sabre"), it was more powerful (2,260 [hp](/wiki/Horsepower "Horsepower")) than the two [Peregrine](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Peregrine "Rolls-Royce Peregrine") (885 hp each) Whirlwind engines. As well as four cannon it could be armed with two (later four) 500 lb (227 kg) bombs or eight ["60lb" rockets](/wiki/RP-3 "RP-3"). Like the Whirlwind it performed at its best at lower altitudes.
In December 1943, 263 Squadron became non\-operational while aircrew and ground staff became familiar with the new plane. By the end of the month flying on the Whirlwind had shrunk to 22 hours and over 309 hours had been flown on the Typhoon. After two weeks Armament Practice Camp at [RAF Fairwood Common](/wiki/RAF_Fairwood_Common "RAF Fairwood Common"), the squadron became operational again on 1 February 1944 and attacked for the first time on 3 February when three divebombing operations took place.
On 27 August 1944 the squadron and [No. 266 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._266_Squadron_RAF "No. 266 Squadron RAF") Typhoons with Spitfire escort was mistakenly ordered to attack the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") 1st Minesweeping Flotilla off [Cap d'Antifer](/wiki/La_Poterie-Cap-d%27Antifer "La Poterie-Cap-d'Antifer"), [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre "Le Havre"), with the result that {{HMS\|Britomart\|J22\|6}} and {{HMS\|Hussar\|J82\|2}} were sunk and {{HMS\|Salamander\|J86\|2}} was irreparably damaged, killing 117 sailors and wounding 153 more.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.halcyon\-class.co.uk/FriendlyFire/friendly\_fire.htm \|title\=Sinking of HMS Britomart and HMS Hussar by friendly fire \|publisher\=Halcyon Class \|access\-date\=27 January 2014}}
#### Cap Arcona
On 3 May 1945, three ships, the *[Cap Arcona](/wiki/Cap_Arcona "Cap Arcona")*, the *[Thielbek](/wiki/Thielbek "Thielbek")* and the *[Deutschland](/wiki/Deutschland_IV "Deutschland IV")*, were sunk as a result of four attacks by [Hawker Typhoons](/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon "Hawker Typhoon") of [No. 83 Group RAF](/wiki/No._83_Expeditionary_Air_Group_%28United_Kingdom%29 "No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group (United Kingdom)"). After [No. 184 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._184_Squadron_RAF "No. 184 Squadron RAF") and [No. 198 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._198_Squadron_RAF "No. 198 Squadron RAF") it was 263 Squadron's, by then based in [RAF Ahlhorn](/wiki/RAF_Ahlhorn "RAF Ahlhorn") ([Großenkneten](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fenkneten "Großenkneten")) who were led by [Squadron Leader](/wiki/Squadron_Leader "Squadron Leader") [Marten T. S. Rumbold](/wiki/Marten_T._S._Rumbold "Marten T. S. Rumbold").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### First World War",
"The squadron was formed in [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") on 27 September 1918 from flights of the [Royal Naval Air Service](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service \"Royal Naval Air Service\") after that service's amalgamation with the [Royal Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps \"Royal Flying Corps\") to form the RAF. It flew [Sopwith Babies](/wiki/Sopwith_Baby \"Sopwith Baby\") and [Felixstowe F3s](/wiki/Felixstowe_F3 \"Felixstowe F3\") from [Otranto](/wiki/Otranto \"Otranto\") reconnoitring for submarines escaping from the [Adriatic Sea](/wiki/Adriatic_Sea \"Adriatic Sea\") into the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\"). The squadron was disbanded on 16 May 1919\\.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/263squadron.cfm \\|title\\=History of 263 Squadron \\|work\\=Royal Air Force \\|year\\=2015 \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2015}}",
"### Second World War",
"The squadron reformed as a fighter squadron at [RAF Filton](/wiki/RAF_Filton \"RAF Filton\") near [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol \"Bristol\") on 2 October 1939, taking over some of [605 Squadron](/wiki/No._605_Squadron_RAF \"No. 605 Squadron RAF\")'s [biplane](/wiki/Biplane \"Biplane\") [Gloster Gladiator Mk.Is](/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator \"Gloster Gladiator\"). It became operational towards the end of the year and [scrambled](/wiki/Wiktionary:Scramble \"Scramble\") for the first time on 12 January 1940\\. Around this time the squadron received 22 Gloster Gladiator Mk.IIs to replace the Mk.Is{{cite web \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021080305/http://geocities.com/acrawford0/263\\_1Sqn.html \\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|url\\=http://www.geocities.com/acrawford0/263\\_1Sqn.html \\|title\\=263 Squadron RAF \\|first\\=Alex \\|last\\=Crawford \\|year\\=2009 \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2015}}",
"#### Gloster Gladiator and Norway",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Bermudian](/wiki/Bermuda \"Bermuda\") Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede DFC and other RAF pilots](/wiki/File:Bermudian_Flying_Officer_Herman_Francis_Grant_Ede_DFC_and_other_RAF_pilots.jpg \"Bermudian Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede DFC and other RAF pilots.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Gloster Gladiator Mk.I in [RNoAF](/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Air_Force \"Royal Norwegian Air Force\") colours](/wiki/File:Gloster_Gladiator_1.jpg \"Gloster Gladiator 1.jpg\")\nThe Gladiator may have looked like a First World War aircraft but with twice the speed of most First World War [fighters](/wiki/Fighter_aircraft \"Fighter aircraft\") it had considerably better performance. However, as a fighter, it did not compare well with the type of enemy aircraft it might expect to meet in the Second World War, being only slightly faster than the [Heinkel 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 \"Heinkel He 111\") [bomber](/wiki/Bomber \"Bomber\").",
"Germany [invaded Norway](/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung \"Operation Weserübung\") on 9 April 1940 and 263 Squadron was soon instructed to prepare for a move. On 20 April, the aircraft were flown, via [RAF Sealand](/wiki/RAF_Sealand \"RAF Sealand\"), to [Scapa Flow](/wiki/Scapa_Flow \"Scapa Flow\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") where [Fleet Air Arm](/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm \"Fleet Air Arm\") pilots landed them on the aircraft carrier {{HMS\\|Glorious}}One source, Rawlings 1978\\. p. 374, gives {{HMS\\|Furious\\|47\\|6}}. and 18 Gladiators sailed for Norway. On 24 April, after two days sailing, the squadron flew its aircraft off the carrier to a landing strip on the frozen lake [Lesjaskogsvatnet](/wiki/Lesjaskogsvatnet \"Lesjaskogsvatnet\") in [Oppland](/wiki/Oppland \"Oppland\") in central southern Norway.",
"Unfortunately for the enterprise, the squadron was extremely short of ground staff and equipment and few of its Gladiators had been prepared for combat before the [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe \"Luftwaffe\") struck with Heinkel 111s shortly after daybreak on 25 April. By the end of 26 April, although 263 Squadron had managed to destroy two Heinkels, all of its aircraft had been destroyed or rendered unserviceable and by the end of the month the squadron was ordered home.",
"[thumb\\|Artist's impression of the [Gloster Gladiator](/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator \"Gloster Gladiator\") flown by [Bermudian](/wiki/Bermuda \"Bermuda\") Flying Officer H.F.G. \"Baba\" Ede, DFC, on the 24th May, 1940\\.](/wiki/File:Gloster_Gladiator_of_Bermudian_Flying_Officer_Herman_Francis_Grant_Ede_DFC.jpg \"Gloster Gladiator of Bermudian Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede DFC.jpg\")\nThe re\\-equipped squadron returned to the far north of Norway on 21 May, flying from [Bardufoss airfield](/wiki/Bardufoss_Air_Station \"Bardufoss Air Station\"), near [Narvik](/wiki/Narvik \"Narvik\"), reinforced by [No 46 Squadron](/wiki/No._46_Squadron_RAF \"No. 46 Squadron RAF\") whose Hurricanes arrived a few days later, using an airstrip in [Skånland Municipality](/wiki/Sk%C3%A5nland_Municipality \"Skånland Municipality\"). Due to unsuitable ground at Skånland, 46 Squadron moved so that both were operating from Bardufoss by 27 May.",
"The squadrons had been ordered to defend the fleet anchorage at Skånland and the military base at [Harstad](/wiki/Harstad_%28town%29 \"Harstad (town)\") on the island of [Hinnøya](/wiki/Hinn%C3%B8ya \"Hinnøya\"). Action was short but intense before the squadrons were instructed on 2 June to prepare for evacuation; 263 Squadron had flown 249 sorties and claimed 26 enemy aircraft destroyed. 263's ten surviving Gladiators were landed on HMS *Glorious* on 7 June. *Glorious* sailed but was intercepted by the German [battleships](/wiki/Battleship \"Battleship\") {{Ship\\|German battleship\\|Gneisenau\\|\\|2}} and {{Ship\\|German battleship\\| Scharnhorst\\|\\|2}}. The aircraft carrier was sunk and with it the aircraft from four squadrons. 263 Squadron lost its CO, S/Ldr John W Donaldson, F/Lt Alvin T Williams and P.O. Sidney Robert McNamara along with seven other pilots.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/milestones\\-of\\-flight/british\\_military/1940\\.html \\|title\\=1940 \\|work\\=RAF Museum}}{{cite book \\|url\\= http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei\\-WH2\\-1RAF\\-c3\\.html \\|chapter\\=Chapter 3 — Meeting the German Attack \\|title\\= Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45: New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force Volume I: European Theatre September 1939 – December 1942 \\|first\\=H. L. \\|last\\=Thompson \\|location\\=Wellington, New Zealand \\|publisher\\=War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs \\|year\\=1953 \\|pages\\=46–50 \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2015}} Among the pilots who fought with the squadron in Norway and died on *Glorious*, was F.O. Grant Ede, DFC, one of many [Bermudians to serve in the RAF](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force%2C_Bermuda%2C_1939-1945 \"Royal Air Force, Bermuda, 1939-1945\") during the war and the first Bermudian to die in the war.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.geocities.ws/gpvillain/ede.html \\|title\\=Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede, DFC \\|first\\=Seán \\|last\\=Pòl Ó Creachmhaoil \\|work\\=geocities.ws \\|year\\=2011 \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2015}}{{cite news \\|url\\= http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20111112/ISLAND/711129970 \\|title\\=Bermuda's first\\-lost in the Second World War \\|first\\=Dr. Edward \\|last\\=Harris \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)\\|The Royal Gazette]] \\|location\\=Bermuda \\|date\\=12 November 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2015}}{{cite web \\|url\\= http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/commonwealth\\_ede.htm \\|first\\=Håkan \\|last\\=Gustavsson \\|title\\=Herman Francis Grant Ede \\|work\\=Biplane Fighter Aces from the Second World War \\|date\\=5 October 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2015}}",
"#### Westland Whirlwind",
"[thumb\\|Whirlwind Mk I, 263 Sqn Exeter, in flight over West Country](/wiki/File:Whirlwind_Mk_I%2C_263_Sqn_Exeter%2C_in_flight_over_West_Country.jpg \"Whirlwind Mk I, 263 Sqn Exeter, in flight over West Country.jpg\")\nThe [Westland Whirlwind](/wiki/Westland_Whirlwind_%28fighter%29 \"Westland Whirlwind (fighter)\") was the first cannon\\-armed fighter for the RAF, first flown in October 1938 and at the production stage by 1940\\. It was a [twin engined](/wiki/Twin_engined \"Twin engined\") [heavy fighter](/wiki/Heavy_fighter \"Heavy fighter\") (also able to function as a [fighter bomber](/wiki/Fighter_bomber \"Fighter bomber\") with {{convert\\|500\\|lb\\|kg\\|adj\\=on}} bombload). With four [20mm Hispano cannon](/wiki/20mm_Hispano_cannon \"20mm Hispano cannon\") in the nose, it was more powerful than an eight\\-gunned fighter like the Spitfire or Hurricane. It was fast, matching the current Spitfire's maximum speed, but performed best at low altitude and was used for convoy escort and against small targets in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel \"English Channel\") and northern [France](/wiki/France \"France\"). Only 114 were produced (compared with over 20,000 Spitfires).",
"No. 263 Squadron spent the next six months with [13 Group](/wiki/No._13_Group_RAF \"No. 13 Group RAF\") near [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\"). It assembled on 10 June 1940 at [RAF Drem](/wiki/RAF_Drem \"RAF Drem\") and after two weeks moved to [RAF Grangemouth](/wiki/RAF_Grangemouth \"RAF Grangemouth\"), where it spent three months before returning to Drem until November and then moving again south to be nearer its intended targets in northern France and the English Channel.",
"During its time in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), it had to sort out the final problems with the [Rolls\\-Royce Peregrine](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Peregrine \"Rolls-Royce Peregrine\") engines and Hispano cannon. To fill the gap the squadron was provided with [Hawker Hurricanes](/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane \"Hawker Hurricane\") which were flown in action a few times. Production of the Peregrine by Rolls\\-Royce was slow and it was November before the squadron was fully equipped. The squadron transferred to [RAF Exeter](/wiki/RAF_Exeter \"RAF Exeter\"), commencing [Chameleon patrols](/wiki/Chameleon_patrols \"Chameleon patrols\") against enemy [E\\-boats](/wiki/E-boat \"E-boat\") stationed in the English Channel and [Western Approaches](/wiki/Western_Approaches \"Western Approaches\"). The E\\-boats would rescue German bomber crews who had \"ditched\" in the sea. Here, on 12 January 1941, a section patrolling near the [Isles of Scilly](/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly \"Isles of Scilly\") located a [Junkers Ju 88](/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88 \"Junkers Ju 88\") and [Pilot Officer](/wiki/Pilot_Officer \"Pilot Officer\") (PO) Stein was credited with a probable kill.",
"As well as its fighter capability, the Whirlwind could operate as a [fighter\\-bomber](/wiki/Fighter-bomber \"Fighter-bomber\"). In September 1941 S/Ldr Thomas Pugh, the squadron's 21\\-year\\-old commander, suggested that the bombing capability should be investigated, however the idea was initially rejected.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2505127 \\|title\\=No 263 Squadron: Operations Record Book (ref AIR27/1548\\) \\|work\\=\\[\\[The National Archives (United Kingdom)\\|National Archives UK]] \\|year\\=2015 \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2015}} Finally, in August 1942 the squadron moved to [RAF Colerne](/wiki/RAF_Colerne \"RAF Colerne\") in [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire \"Wiltshire\") and bomb\\-racks were fitted to eight aircraft; initially two {{convert\\|250\\|lb\\|kg\\|adj\\=on}} bombs could be carried, and later this was increased to two {{convert\\|500\\|lb\\|kg\\|adj\\=on}} bombs.",
"No. 263 Squadron flew Whirlwinds until the end of 1943, with the three years operating the type being spent in the west of the country: two years in airfields around [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire \"Wiltshire\"), [Dorset](/wiki/Dorset \"Dorset\") and [Gloucestershire](/wiki/Gloucestershire \"Gloucestershire\"), six months in south [Wales](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\"), and six months in [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\") and [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall \"Cornwall\"). Apart from periods of training and \"rest and recuperation,\" the squadron's operations involved: air\\-ground attacks on airfields, railways and roads in northern France; air\\-sea attacks on enemy shipping ([E\\-boats](/wiki/E-boat \"E-boat\") and [armed trawlers](/wiki/Naval_trawler \"Naval trawler\")); sea convoy escort; and bomber escort.",
"#### Hawker Typhoon",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Hawker Typhoon](/wiki/File:Typhoon.jpg \"Typhoon.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Pilots of No.263 Squadron pose in front of their Typhoon. Pilot Officer Thyagarajan, an Indian pilot is seated on the engine cowling](/wiki/File:Pilots_of_No.263_Squadron_RAF.jpg \"Pilots of No.263 Squadron RAF.jpg\")\nLike the Whirlwind, the [Hawker Typhoon 1B](/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon \"Hawker Typhoon\") was a fighter bomber or [strike fighter](/wiki/Strike_fighter \"Strike fighter\"). Although only powered by a single engine, the [Napier Sabre](/wiki/Napier_Sabre \"Napier Sabre\"), it was more powerful (2,260 [hp](/wiki/Horsepower \"Horsepower\")) than the two [Peregrine](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Peregrine \"Rolls-Royce Peregrine\") (885 hp each) Whirlwind engines. As well as four cannon it could be armed with two (later four) 500 lb (227 kg) bombs or eight [\"60lb\" rockets](/wiki/RP-3 \"RP-3\"). Like the Whirlwind it performed at its best at lower altitudes.",
"In December 1943, 263 Squadron became non\\-operational while aircrew and ground staff became familiar with the new plane. By the end of the month flying on the Whirlwind had shrunk to 22 hours and over 309 hours had been flown on the Typhoon. After two weeks Armament Practice Camp at [RAF Fairwood Common](/wiki/RAF_Fairwood_Common \"RAF Fairwood Common\"), the squadron became operational again on 1 February 1944 and attacked for the first time on 3 February when three divebombing operations took place.",
"On 27 August 1944 the squadron and [No. 266 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._266_Squadron_RAF \"No. 266 Squadron RAF\") Typhoons with Spitfire escort was mistakenly ordered to attack the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") 1st Minesweeping Flotilla off [Cap d'Antifer](/wiki/La_Poterie-Cap-d%27Antifer \"La Poterie-Cap-d'Antifer\"), [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre \"Le Havre\"), with the result that {{HMS\\|Britomart\\|J22\\|6}} and {{HMS\\|Hussar\\|J82\\|2}} were sunk and {{HMS\\|Salamander\\|J86\\|2}} was irreparably damaged, killing 117 sailors and wounding 153 more.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.halcyon\\-class.co.uk/FriendlyFire/friendly\\_fire.htm \\|title\\=Sinking of HMS Britomart and HMS Hussar by friendly fire \\|publisher\\=Halcyon Class \\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2014}}",
"#### Cap Arcona",
"On 3 May 1945, three ships, the *[Cap Arcona](/wiki/Cap_Arcona \"Cap Arcona\")*, the *[Thielbek](/wiki/Thielbek \"Thielbek\")* and the *[Deutschland](/wiki/Deutschland_IV \"Deutschland IV\")*, were sunk as a result of four attacks by [Hawker Typhoons](/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon \"Hawker Typhoon\") of [No. 83 Group RAF](/wiki/No._83_Expeditionary_Air_Group_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group (United Kingdom)\"). After [No. 184 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._184_Squadron_RAF \"No. 184 Squadron RAF\") and [No. 198 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._198_Squadron_RAF \"No. 198 Squadron RAF\") it was 263 Squadron's, by then based in [RAF Ahlhorn](/wiki/RAF_Ahlhorn \"RAF Ahlhorn\") ([Großenkneten](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fenkneten \"Großenkneten\")) who were led by [Squadron Leader](/wiki/Squadron_Leader \"Squadron Leader\") [Marten T. S. Rumbold](/wiki/Marten_T._S._Rumbold \"Marten T. S. Rumbold\").",
""
] |
### Second World War
The squadron reformed as a fighter squadron at [RAF Filton](/wiki/RAF_Filton "RAF Filton") near [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol "Bristol") on 2 October 1939, taking over some of [605 Squadron](/wiki/No._605_Squadron_RAF "No. 605 Squadron RAF")'s [biplane](/wiki/Biplane "Biplane") [Gloster Gladiator Mk.Is](/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator "Gloster Gladiator"). It became operational towards the end of the year and [scrambled](/wiki/Wiktionary:Scramble "Scramble") for the first time on 12 January 1940\. Around this time the squadron received 22 Gloster Gladiator Mk.IIs to replace the Mk.Is{{cite web \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021080305/http://geocities.com/acrawford0/263\_1Sqn.html \|archive\-date\=21 October 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|url\=http://www.geocities.com/acrawford0/263\_1Sqn.html \|title\=263 Squadron RAF \|first\=Alex \|last\=Crawford \|year\=2009 \|access\-date\=19 October 2015}}
#### Gloster Gladiator and Norway
[thumb\|left\|[Bermudian](/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda") Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede DFC and other RAF pilots](/wiki/File:Bermudian_Flying_Officer_Herman_Francis_Grant_Ede_DFC_and_other_RAF_pilots.jpg "Bermudian Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede DFC and other RAF pilots.jpg")
[thumb\|Gloster Gladiator Mk.I in [RNoAF](/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Air_Force "Royal Norwegian Air Force") colours](/wiki/File:Gloster_Gladiator_1.jpg "Gloster Gladiator 1.jpg")
The Gladiator may have looked like a First World War aircraft but with twice the speed of most First World War [fighters](/wiki/Fighter_aircraft "Fighter aircraft") it had considerably better performance. However, as a fighter, it did not compare well with the type of enemy aircraft it might expect to meet in the Second World War, being only slightly faster than the [Heinkel 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 "Heinkel He 111") [bomber](/wiki/Bomber "Bomber").
Germany [invaded Norway](/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung "Operation Weserübung") on 9 April 1940 and 263 Squadron was soon instructed to prepare for a move. On 20 April, the aircraft were flown, via [RAF Sealand](/wiki/RAF_Sealand "RAF Sealand"), to [Scapa Flow](/wiki/Scapa_Flow "Scapa Flow"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") where [Fleet Air Arm](/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm "Fleet Air Arm") pilots landed them on the aircraft carrier {{HMS\|Glorious}}One source, Rawlings 1978\. p. 374, gives {{HMS\|Furious\|47\|6}}. and 18 Gladiators sailed for Norway. On 24 April, after two days sailing, the squadron flew its aircraft off the carrier to a landing strip on the frozen lake [Lesjaskogsvatnet](/wiki/Lesjaskogsvatnet "Lesjaskogsvatnet") in [Oppland](/wiki/Oppland "Oppland") in central southern Norway.
Unfortunately for the enterprise, the squadron was extremely short of ground staff and equipment and few of its Gladiators had been prepared for combat before the [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe "Luftwaffe") struck with Heinkel 111s shortly after daybreak on 25 April. By the end of 26 April, although 263 Squadron had managed to destroy two Heinkels, all of its aircraft had been destroyed or rendered unserviceable and by the end of the month the squadron was ordered home.
[thumb\|Artist's impression of the [Gloster Gladiator](/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator "Gloster Gladiator") flown by [Bermudian](/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda") Flying Officer H.F.G. "Baba" Ede, DFC, on the 24th May, 1940\.](/wiki/File:Gloster_Gladiator_of_Bermudian_Flying_Officer_Herman_Francis_Grant_Ede_DFC.jpg "Gloster Gladiator of Bermudian Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede DFC.jpg")
The re\-equipped squadron returned to the far north of Norway on 21 May, flying from [Bardufoss airfield](/wiki/Bardufoss_Air_Station "Bardufoss Air Station"), near [Narvik](/wiki/Narvik "Narvik"), reinforced by [No 46 Squadron](/wiki/No._46_Squadron_RAF "No. 46 Squadron RAF") whose Hurricanes arrived a few days later, using an airstrip in [Skånland Municipality](/wiki/Sk%C3%A5nland_Municipality "Skånland Municipality"). Due to unsuitable ground at Skånland, 46 Squadron moved so that both were operating from Bardufoss by 27 May.
The squadrons had been ordered to defend the fleet anchorage at Skånland and the military base at [Harstad](/wiki/Harstad_%28town%29 "Harstad (town)") on the island of [Hinnøya](/wiki/Hinn%C3%B8ya "Hinnøya"). Action was short but intense before the squadrons were instructed on 2 June to prepare for evacuation; 263 Squadron had flown 249 sorties and claimed 26 enemy aircraft destroyed. 263's ten surviving Gladiators were landed on HMS *Glorious* on 7 June. *Glorious* sailed but was intercepted by the German [battleships](/wiki/Battleship "Battleship") {{Ship\|German battleship\|Gneisenau\|\|2}} and {{Ship\|German battleship\| Scharnhorst\|\|2}}. The aircraft carrier was sunk and with it the aircraft from four squadrons. 263 Squadron lost its CO, S/Ldr John W Donaldson, F/Lt Alvin T Williams and P.O. Sidney Robert McNamara along with seven other pilots.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/milestones\-of\-flight/british\_military/1940\.html \|title\=1940 \|work\=RAF Museum}}{{cite book \|url\= http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei\-WH2\-1RAF\-c3\.html \|chapter\=Chapter 3 — Meeting the German Attack \|title\= Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45: New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force Volume I: European Theatre September 1939 – December 1942 \|first\=H. L. \|last\=Thompson \|location\=Wellington, New Zealand \|publisher\=War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs \|year\=1953 \|pages\=46–50 \|access\-date\=19 October 2015}} Among the pilots who fought with the squadron in Norway and died on *Glorious*, was F.O. Grant Ede, DFC, one of many [Bermudians to serve in the RAF](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force%2C_Bermuda%2C_1939-1945 "Royal Air Force, Bermuda, 1939-1945") during the war and the first Bermudian to die in the war.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.geocities.ws/gpvillain/ede.html \|title\=Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede, DFC \|first\=Seán \|last\=Pòl Ó Creachmhaoil \|work\=geocities.ws \|year\=2011 \|access\-date\=19 October 2015}}{{cite news \|url\= http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20111112/ISLAND/711129970 \|title\=Bermuda's first\-lost in the Second World War \|first\=Dr. Edward \|last\=Harris \|newspaper\=\[\[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)\|The Royal Gazette]] \|location\=Bermuda \|date\=12 November 2011 \|access\-date\=19 October 2015}}{{cite web \|url\= http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/commonwealth\_ede.htm \|first\=Håkan \|last\=Gustavsson \|title\=Herman Francis Grant Ede \|work\=Biplane Fighter Aces from the Second World War \|date\=5 October 2004 \|access\-date\=19 October 2015}}
#### Westland Whirlwind
[thumb\|Whirlwind Mk I, 263 Sqn Exeter, in flight over West Country](/wiki/File:Whirlwind_Mk_I%2C_263_Sqn_Exeter%2C_in_flight_over_West_Country.jpg "Whirlwind Mk I, 263 Sqn Exeter, in flight over West Country.jpg")
The [Westland Whirlwind](/wiki/Westland_Whirlwind_%28fighter%29 "Westland Whirlwind (fighter)") was the first cannon\-armed fighter for the RAF, first flown in October 1938 and at the production stage by 1940\. It was a [twin engined](/wiki/Twin_engined "Twin engined") [heavy fighter](/wiki/Heavy_fighter "Heavy fighter") (also able to function as a [fighter bomber](/wiki/Fighter_bomber "Fighter bomber") with {{convert\|500\|lb\|kg\|adj\=on}} bombload). With four [20mm Hispano cannon](/wiki/20mm_Hispano_cannon "20mm Hispano cannon") in the nose, it was more powerful than an eight\-gunned fighter like the Spitfire or Hurricane. It was fast, matching the current Spitfire's maximum speed, but performed best at low altitude and was used for convoy escort and against small targets in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel "English Channel") and northern [France](/wiki/France "France"). Only 114 were produced (compared with over 20,000 Spitfires).
No. 263 Squadron spent the next six months with [13 Group](/wiki/No._13_Group_RAF "No. 13 Group RAF") near [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh "Edinburgh"). It assembled on 10 June 1940 at [RAF Drem](/wiki/RAF_Drem "RAF Drem") and after two weeks moved to [RAF Grangemouth](/wiki/RAF_Grangemouth "RAF Grangemouth"), where it spent three months before returning to Drem until November and then moving again south to be nearer its intended targets in northern France and the English Channel.
During its time in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), it had to sort out the final problems with the [Rolls\-Royce Peregrine](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Peregrine "Rolls-Royce Peregrine") engines and Hispano cannon. To fill the gap the squadron was provided with [Hawker Hurricanes](/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane "Hawker Hurricane") which were flown in action a few times. Production of the Peregrine by Rolls\-Royce was slow and it was November before the squadron was fully equipped. The squadron transferred to [RAF Exeter](/wiki/RAF_Exeter "RAF Exeter"), commencing [Chameleon patrols](/wiki/Chameleon_patrols "Chameleon patrols") against enemy [E\-boats](/wiki/E-boat "E-boat") stationed in the English Channel and [Western Approaches](/wiki/Western_Approaches "Western Approaches"). The E\-boats would rescue German bomber crews who had "ditched" in the sea. Here, on 12 January 1941, a section patrolling near the [Isles of Scilly](/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly "Isles of Scilly") located a [Junkers Ju 88](/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88 "Junkers Ju 88") and [Pilot Officer](/wiki/Pilot_Officer "Pilot Officer") (PO) Stein was credited with a probable kill.
As well as its fighter capability, the Whirlwind could operate as a [fighter\-bomber](/wiki/Fighter-bomber "Fighter-bomber"). In September 1941 S/Ldr Thomas Pugh, the squadron's 21\-year\-old commander, suggested that the bombing capability should be investigated, however the idea was initially rejected.{{cite web \|url\= http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2505127 \|title\=No 263 Squadron: Operations Record Book (ref AIR27/1548\) \|work\=\[\[The National Archives (United Kingdom)\|National Archives UK]] \|year\=2015 \|access\-date\=19 October 2015}} Finally, in August 1942 the squadron moved to [RAF Colerne](/wiki/RAF_Colerne "RAF Colerne") in [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire "Wiltshire") and bomb\-racks were fitted to eight aircraft; initially two {{convert\|250\|lb\|kg\|adj\=on}} bombs could be carried, and later this was increased to two {{convert\|500\|lb\|kg\|adj\=on}} bombs.
No. 263 Squadron flew Whirlwinds until the end of 1943, with the three years operating the type being spent in the west of the country: two years in airfields around [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire "Wiltshire"), [Dorset](/wiki/Dorset "Dorset") and [Gloucestershire](/wiki/Gloucestershire "Gloucestershire"), six months in south [Wales](/wiki/Wales "Wales"), and six months in [Devon](/wiki/Devon "Devon") and [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall "Cornwall"). Apart from periods of training and "rest and recuperation," the squadron's operations involved: air\-ground attacks on airfields, railways and roads in northern France; air\-sea attacks on enemy shipping ([E\-boats](/wiki/E-boat "E-boat") and [armed trawlers](/wiki/Naval_trawler "Naval trawler")); sea convoy escort; and bomber escort.
#### Hawker Typhoon
[thumb\|right\|Hawker Typhoon](/wiki/File:Typhoon.jpg "Typhoon.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Pilots of No.263 Squadron pose in front of their Typhoon. Pilot Officer Thyagarajan, an Indian pilot is seated on the engine cowling](/wiki/File:Pilots_of_No.263_Squadron_RAF.jpg "Pilots of No.263 Squadron RAF.jpg")
Like the Whirlwind, the [Hawker Typhoon 1B](/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon "Hawker Typhoon") was a fighter bomber or [strike fighter](/wiki/Strike_fighter "Strike fighter"). Although only powered by a single engine, the [Napier Sabre](/wiki/Napier_Sabre "Napier Sabre"), it was more powerful (2,260 [hp](/wiki/Horsepower "Horsepower")) than the two [Peregrine](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Peregrine "Rolls-Royce Peregrine") (885 hp each) Whirlwind engines. As well as four cannon it could be armed with two (later four) 500 lb (227 kg) bombs or eight ["60lb" rockets](/wiki/RP-3 "RP-3"). Like the Whirlwind it performed at its best at lower altitudes.
In December 1943, 263 Squadron became non\-operational while aircrew and ground staff became familiar with the new plane. By the end of the month flying on the Whirlwind had shrunk to 22 hours and over 309 hours had been flown on the Typhoon. After two weeks Armament Practice Camp at [RAF Fairwood Common](/wiki/RAF_Fairwood_Common "RAF Fairwood Common"), the squadron became operational again on 1 February 1944 and attacked for the first time on 3 February when three divebombing operations took place.
On 27 August 1944 the squadron and [No. 266 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._266_Squadron_RAF "No. 266 Squadron RAF") Typhoons with Spitfire escort was mistakenly ordered to attack the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") 1st Minesweeping Flotilla off [Cap d'Antifer](/wiki/La_Poterie-Cap-d%27Antifer "La Poterie-Cap-d'Antifer"), [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre "Le Havre"), with the result that {{HMS\|Britomart\|J22\|6}} and {{HMS\|Hussar\|J82\|2}} were sunk and {{HMS\|Salamander\|J86\|2}} was irreparably damaged, killing 117 sailors and wounding 153 more.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.halcyon\-class.co.uk/FriendlyFire/friendly\_fire.htm \|title\=Sinking of HMS Britomart and HMS Hussar by friendly fire \|publisher\=Halcyon Class \|access\-date\=27 January 2014}}
#### Cap Arcona
On 3 May 1945, three ships, the *[Cap Arcona](/wiki/Cap_Arcona "Cap Arcona")*, the *[Thielbek](/wiki/Thielbek "Thielbek")* and the *[Deutschland](/wiki/Deutschland_IV "Deutschland IV")*, were sunk as a result of four attacks by [Hawker Typhoons](/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon "Hawker Typhoon") of [No. 83 Group RAF](/wiki/No._83_Expeditionary_Air_Group_%28United_Kingdom%29 "No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group (United Kingdom)"). After [No. 184 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._184_Squadron_RAF "No. 184 Squadron RAF") and [No. 198 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._198_Squadron_RAF "No. 198 Squadron RAF") it was 263 Squadron's, by then based in [RAF Ahlhorn](/wiki/RAF_Ahlhorn "RAF Ahlhorn") ([Großenkneten](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fenkneten "Großenkneten")) who were led by [Squadron Leader](/wiki/Squadron_Leader "Squadron Leader") [Marten T. S. Rumbold](/wiki/Marten_T._S._Rumbold "Marten T. S. Rumbold").
|
[
"### Second World War",
"The squadron reformed as a fighter squadron at [RAF Filton](/wiki/RAF_Filton \"RAF Filton\") near [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol \"Bristol\") on 2 October 1939, taking over some of [605 Squadron](/wiki/No._605_Squadron_RAF \"No. 605 Squadron RAF\")'s [biplane](/wiki/Biplane \"Biplane\") [Gloster Gladiator Mk.Is](/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator \"Gloster Gladiator\"). It became operational towards the end of the year and [scrambled](/wiki/Wiktionary:Scramble \"Scramble\") for the first time on 12 January 1940\\. Around this time the squadron received 22 Gloster Gladiator Mk.IIs to replace the Mk.Is{{cite web \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021080305/http://geocities.com/acrawford0/263\\_1Sqn.html \\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|url\\=http://www.geocities.com/acrawford0/263\\_1Sqn.html \\|title\\=263 Squadron RAF \\|first\\=Alex \\|last\\=Crawford \\|year\\=2009 \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2015}}",
"#### Gloster Gladiator and Norway",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Bermudian](/wiki/Bermuda \"Bermuda\") Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede DFC and other RAF pilots](/wiki/File:Bermudian_Flying_Officer_Herman_Francis_Grant_Ede_DFC_and_other_RAF_pilots.jpg \"Bermudian Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede DFC and other RAF pilots.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Gloster Gladiator Mk.I in [RNoAF](/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Air_Force \"Royal Norwegian Air Force\") colours](/wiki/File:Gloster_Gladiator_1.jpg \"Gloster Gladiator 1.jpg\")\nThe Gladiator may have looked like a First World War aircraft but with twice the speed of most First World War [fighters](/wiki/Fighter_aircraft \"Fighter aircraft\") it had considerably better performance. However, as a fighter, it did not compare well with the type of enemy aircraft it might expect to meet in the Second World War, being only slightly faster than the [Heinkel 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 \"Heinkel He 111\") [bomber](/wiki/Bomber \"Bomber\").",
"Germany [invaded Norway](/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung \"Operation Weserübung\") on 9 April 1940 and 263 Squadron was soon instructed to prepare for a move. On 20 April, the aircraft were flown, via [RAF Sealand](/wiki/RAF_Sealand \"RAF Sealand\"), to [Scapa Flow](/wiki/Scapa_Flow \"Scapa Flow\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") where [Fleet Air Arm](/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm \"Fleet Air Arm\") pilots landed them on the aircraft carrier {{HMS\\|Glorious}}One source, Rawlings 1978\\. p. 374, gives {{HMS\\|Furious\\|47\\|6}}. and 18 Gladiators sailed for Norway. On 24 April, after two days sailing, the squadron flew its aircraft off the carrier to a landing strip on the frozen lake [Lesjaskogsvatnet](/wiki/Lesjaskogsvatnet \"Lesjaskogsvatnet\") in [Oppland](/wiki/Oppland \"Oppland\") in central southern Norway.",
"Unfortunately for the enterprise, the squadron was extremely short of ground staff and equipment and few of its Gladiators had been prepared for combat before the [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe \"Luftwaffe\") struck with Heinkel 111s shortly after daybreak on 25 April. By the end of 26 April, although 263 Squadron had managed to destroy two Heinkels, all of its aircraft had been destroyed or rendered unserviceable and by the end of the month the squadron was ordered home.",
"[thumb\\|Artist's impression of the [Gloster Gladiator](/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator \"Gloster Gladiator\") flown by [Bermudian](/wiki/Bermuda \"Bermuda\") Flying Officer H.F.G. \"Baba\" Ede, DFC, on the 24th May, 1940\\.](/wiki/File:Gloster_Gladiator_of_Bermudian_Flying_Officer_Herman_Francis_Grant_Ede_DFC.jpg \"Gloster Gladiator of Bermudian Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede DFC.jpg\")\nThe re\\-equipped squadron returned to the far north of Norway on 21 May, flying from [Bardufoss airfield](/wiki/Bardufoss_Air_Station \"Bardufoss Air Station\"), near [Narvik](/wiki/Narvik \"Narvik\"), reinforced by [No 46 Squadron](/wiki/No._46_Squadron_RAF \"No. 46 Squadron RAF\") whose Hurricanes arrived a few days later, using an airstrip in [Skånland Municipality](/wiki/Sk%C3%A5nland_Municipality \"Skånland Municipality\"). Due to unsuitable ground at Skånland, 46 Squadron moved so that both were operating from Bardufoss by 27 May.",
"The squadrons had been ordered to defend the fleet anchorage at Skånland and the military base at [Harstad](/wiki/Harstad_%28town%29 \"Harstad (town)\") on the island of [Hinnøya](/wiki/Hinn%C3%B8ya \"Hinnøya\"). Action was short but intense before the squadrons were instructed on 2 June to prepare for evacuation; 263 Squadron had flown 249 sorties and claimed 26 enemy aircraft destroyed. 263's ten surviving Gladiators were landed on HMS *Glorious* on 7 June. *Glorious* sailed but was intercepted by the German [battleships](/wiki/Battleship \"Battleship\") {{Ship\\|German battleship\\|Gneisenau\\|\\|2}} and {{Ship\\|German battleship\\| Scharnhorst\\|\\|2}}. The aircraft carrier was sunk and with it the aircraft from four squadrons. 263 Squadron lost its CO, S/Ldr John W Donaldson, F/Lt Alvin T Williams and P.O. Sidney Robert McNamara along with seven other pilots.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/milestones\\-of\\-flight/british\\_military/1940\\.html \\|title\\=1940 \\|work\\=RAF Museum}}{{cite book \\|url\\= http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei\\-WH2\\-1RAF\\-c3\\.html \\|chapter\\=Chapter 3 — Meeting the German Attack \\|title\\= Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45: New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force Volume I: European Theatre September 1939 – December 1942 \\|first\\=H. L. \\|last\\=Thompson \\|location\\=Wellington, New Zealand \\|publisher\\=War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs \\|year\\=1953 \\|pages\\=46–50 \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2015}} Among the pilots who fought with the squadron in Norway and died on *Glorious*, was F.O. Grant Ede, DFC, one of many [Bermudians to serve in the RAF](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force%2C_Bermuda%2C_1939-1945 \"Royal Air Force, Bermuda, 1939-1945\") during the war and the first Bermudian to die in the war.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.geocities.ws/gpvillain/ede.html \\|title\\=Flying Officer Herman Francis Grant Ede, DFC \\|first\\=Seán \\|last\\=Pòl Ó Creachmhaoil \\|work\\=geocities.ws \\|year\\=2011 \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2015}}{{cite news \\|url\\= http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20111112/ISLAND/711129970 \\|title\\=Bermuda's first\\-lost in the Second World War \\|first\\=Dr. Edward \\|last\\=Harris \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)\\|The Royal Gazette]] \\|location\\=Bermuda \\|date\\=12 November 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2015}}{{cite web \\|url\\= http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/commonwealth\\_ede.htm \\|first\\=Håkan \\|last\\=Gustavsson \\|title\\=Herman Francis Grant Ede \\|work\\=Biplane Fighter Aces from the Second World War \\|date\\=5 October 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2015}}",
"#### Westland Whirlwind",
"[thumb\\|Whirlwind Mk I, 263 Sqn Exeter, in flight over West Country](/wiki/File:Whirlwind_Mk_I%2C_263_Sqn_Exeter%2C_in_flight_over_West_Country.jpg \"Whirlwind Mk I, 263 Sqn Exeter, in flight over West Country.jpg\")\nThe [Westland Whirlwind](/wiki/Westland_Whirlwind_%28fighter%29 \"Westland Whirlwind (fighter)\") was the first cannon\\-armed fighter for the RAF, first flown in October 1938 and at the production stage by 1940\\. It was a [twin engined](/wiki/Twin_engined \"Twin engined\") [heavy fighter](/wiki/Heavy_fighter \"Heavy fighter\") (also able to function as a [fighter bomber](/wiki/Fighter_bomber \"Fighter bomber\") with {{convert\\|500\\|lb\\|kg\\|adj\\=on}} bombload). With four [20mm Hispano cannon](/wiki/20mm_Hispano_cannon \"20mm Hispano cannon\") in the nose, it was more powerful than an eight\\-gunned fighter like the Spitfire or Hurricane. It was fast, matching the current Spitfire's maximum speed, but performed best at low altitude and was used for convoy escort and against small targets in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel \"English Channel\") and northern [France](/wiki/France \"France\"). Only 114 were produced (compared with over 20,000 Spitfires).",
"No. 263 Squadron spent the next six months with [13 Group](/wiki/No._13_Group_RAF \"No. 13 Group RAF\") near [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\"). It assembled on 10 June 1940 at [RAF Drem](/wiki/RAF_Drem \"RAF Drem\") and after two weeks moved to [RAF Grangemouth](/wiki/RAF_Grangemouth \"RAF Grangemouth\"), where it spent three months before returning to Drem until November and then moving again south to be nearer its intended targets in northern France and the English Channel.",
"During its time in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), it had to sort out the final problems with the [Rolls\\-Royce Peregrine](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Peregrine \"Rolls-Royce Peregrine\") engines and Hispano cannon. To fill the gap the squadron was provided with [Hawker Hurricanes](/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane \"Hawker Hurricane\") which were flown in action a few times. Production of the Peregrine by Rolls\\-Royce was slow and it was November before the squadron was fully equipped. The squadron transferred to [RAF Exeter](/wiki/RAF_Exeter \"RAF Exeter\"), commencing [Chameleon patrols](/wiki/Chameleon_patrols \"Chameleon patrols\") against enemy [E\\-boats](/wiki/E-boat \"E-boat\") stationed in the English Channel and [Western Approaches](/wiki/Western_Approaches \"Western Approaches\"). The E\\-boats would rescue German bomber crews who had \"ditched\" in the sea. Here, on 12 January 1941, a section patrolling near the [Isles of Scilly](/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly \"Isles of Scilly\") located a [Junkers Ju 88](/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88 \"Junkers Ju 88\") and [Pilot Officer](/wiki/Pilot_Officer \"Pilot Officer\") (PO) Stein was credited with a probable kill.",
"As well as its fighter capability, the Whirlwind could operate as a [fighter\\-bomber](/wiki/Fighter-bomber \"Fighter-bomber\"). In September 1941 S/Ldr Thomas Pugh, the squadron's 21\\-year\\-old commander, suggested that the bombing capability should be investigated, however the idea was initially rejected.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2505127 \\|title\\=No 263 Squadron: Operations Record Book (ref AIR27/1548\\) \\|work\\=\\[\\[The National Archives (United Kingdom)\\|National Archives UK]] \\|year\\=2015 \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2015}} Finally, in August 1942 the squadron moved to [RAF Colerne](/wiki/RAF_Colerne \"RAF Colerne\") in [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire \"Wiltshire\") and bomb\\-racks were fitted to eight aircraft; initially two {{convert\\|250\\|lb\\|kg\\|adj\\=on}} bombs could be carried, and later this was increased to two {{convert\\|500\\|lb\\|kg\\|adj\\=on}} bombs.",
"No. 263 Squadron flew Whirlwinds until the end of 1943, with the three years operating the type being spent in the west of the country: two years in airfields around [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire \"Wiltshire\"), [Dorset](/wiki/Dorset \"Dorset\") and [Gloucestershire](/wiki/Gloucestershire \"Gloucestershire\"), six months in south [Wales](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\"), and six months in [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\") and [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall \"Cornwall\"). Apart from periods of training and \"rest and recuperation,\" the squadron's operations involved: air\\-ground attacks on airfields, railways and roads in northern France; air\\-sea attacks on enemy shipping ([E\\-boats](/wiki/E-boat \"E-boat\") and [armed trawlers](/wiki/Naval_trawler \"Naval trawler\")); sea convoy escort; and bomber escort.",
"#### Hawker Typhoon",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Hawker Typhoon](/wiki/File:Typhoon.jpg \"Typhoon.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Pilots of No.263 Squadron pose in front of their Typhoon. Pilot Officer Thyagarajan, an Indian pilot is seated on the engine cowling](/wiki/File:Pilots_of_No.263_Squadron_RAF.jpg \"Pilots of No.263 Squadron RAF.jpg\")\nLike the Whirlwind, the [Hawker Typhoon 1B](/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon \"Hawker Typhoon\") was a fighter bomber or [strike fighter](/wiki/Strike_fighter \"Strike fighter\"). Although only powered by a single engine, the [Napier Sabre](/wiki/Napier_Sabre \"Napier Sabre\"), it was more powerful (2,260 [hp](/wiki/Horsepower \"Horsepower\")) than the two [Peregrine](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Peregrine \"Rolls-Royce Peregrine\") (885 hp each) Whirlwind engines. As well as four cannon it could be armed with two (later four) 500 lb (227 kg) bombs or eight [\"60lb\" rockets](/wiki/RP-3 \"RP-3\"). Like the Whirlwind it performed at its best at lower altitudes.",
"In December 1943, 263 Squadron became non\\-operational while aircrew and ground staff became familiar with the new plane. By the end of the month flying on the Whirlwind had shrunk to 22 hours and over 309 hours had been flown on the Typhoon. After two weeks Armament Practice Camp at [RAF Fairwood Common](/wiki/RAF_Fairwood_Common \"RAF Fairwood Common\"), the squadron became operational again on 1 February 1944 and attacked for the first time on 3 February when three divebombing operations took place.",
"On 27 August 1944 the squadron and [No. 266 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._266_Squadron_RAF \"No. 266 Squadron RAF\") Typhoons with Spitfire escort was mistakenly ordered to attack the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") 1st Minesweeping Flotilla off [Cap d'Antifer](/wiki/La_Poterie-Cap-d%27Antifer \"La Poterie-Cap-d'Antifer\"), [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre \"Le Havre\"), with the result that {{HMS\\|Britomart\\|J22\\|6}} and {{HMS\\|Hussar\\|J82\\|2}} were sunk and {{HMS\\|Salamander\\|J86\\|2}} was irreparably damaged, killing 117 sailors and wounding 153 more.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.halcyon\\-class.co.uk/FriendlyFire/friendly\\_fire.htm \\|title\\=Sinking of HMS Britomart and HMS Hussar by friendly fire \\|publisher\\=Halcyon Class \\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2014}}",
"#### Cap Arcona",
"On 3 May 1945, three ships, the *[Cap Arcona](/wiki/Cap_Arcona \"Cap Arcona\")*, the *[Thielbek](/wiki/Thielbek \"Thielbek\")* and the *[Deutschland](/wiki/Deutschland_IV \"Deutschland IV\")*, were sunk as a result of four attacks by [Hawker Typhoons](/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon \"Hawker Typhoon\") of [No. 83 Group RAF](/wiki/No._83_Expeditionary_Air_Group_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group (United Kingdom)\"). After [No. 184 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._184_Squadron_RAF \"No. 184 Squadron RAF\") and [No. 198 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._198_Squadron_RAF \"No. 198 Squadron RAF\") it was 263 Squadron's, by then based in [RAF Ahlhorn](/wiki/RAF_Ahlhorn \"RAF Ahlhorn\") ([Großenkneten](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fenkneten \"Großenkneten\")) who were led by [Squadron Leader](/wiki/Squadron_Leader \"Squadron Leader\") [Marten T. S. Rumbold](/wiki/Marten_T._S._Rumbold \"Marten T. S. Rumbold\").",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Frank attended master classes of [János Starker](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Starker "János Starker") and [Mstislav Rostropovich](/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich "Mstislav Rostropovich") and received a [B.M.](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music "Bachelor of Music") from the [New England Conservatory of Music](/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music "New England Conservatory of Music") in Boston and a [M.Mus.](/wiki/Master_of_Music "Master of Music") from [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University"). Dodge was founding member of the Portsmouth Chamber Ensemble, winners in 1981 of the Artists International Competition in New York.
He lived in New York from 1978\-1982 as member of the [Opera Orchestra of New York](/wiki/Opera_Orchestra_of_New_York "Opera Orchestra of New York"), the [St. Lukes Chamber Ensemble](/wiki/Orchestra_of_St._Luke%27s "Orchestra of St. Luke's"), the Orchestra of our Time and as principal cellist of the Stamford Symphony, before moving to Berlin in 1982\. From 1983\-1993 he performed regularly with the [Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra](/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic_Orchestra "Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra") and in 1984, [Jesús López\-Cobos](/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_L%C3%B3pez-Cobos "Jesús López-Cobos") invited him to become a member of the [Spanish National Orchestra](/wiki/Spanish_National_Orchestra "Spanish National Orchestra"). A Highlands tour as principal cellist of the [Scottish Chamber Orchestra](/wiki/Scottish_Chamber_Orchestra "Scottish Chamber Orchestra") under the direction of [Jaime Laredo](/wiki/Jaime_Laredo "Jaime Laredo") followed in the spring of 1985\. He has lived in Berlin since.
Fellowships from the [National Endowment for the Arts](/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts "National Endowment for the Arts"), the New Hampshire Commission on the Arts, the Martha Baird Rockefeller Fund for Music, and the Greater Piscataqua Community Foundation supported his USA based endeavors. A two\-year fellowship from the Frank Huntington Beebe Fund for Musicians in Boston and two Individual Artists Fellowships from the New Hampshire State Council on the Arts assisted him with study abroad.
Seeing a gap in the cultural life of this famously musical city, Frank founded Spectrum Concerts Berlin in 1988 in what was still West Berlin.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.atlantic\-times.com/archive\_detail.php?recordID\=1507\|title\=The Atlantic Times :: Archive\|work\=atlantic\-times.com\|access\-date\=2015\-06\-08\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610030716/http://www.atlantic\-times.com/archive\_detail.php?recordID\=1507\|archive\-date\=2015\-06\-10\|url\-status\=dead}} The concerts were recorded by [Sender Freies Berlin](/wiki/Sender_Freies_Berlin "Sender Freies Berlin") for [National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio "National Public Radio").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\=131048732\|title\=The Art of Listening; 'Spectrum Concerts' Begins 23rd Season In Berlin\|date\=5 November 2010\|work\=NPR.org}} His work in Berlin has been supported by committed private individuals, companies and foundations, including the Ernst von Siemens Foundation in Munich, the Aaron Copland Fund for Music, the Robert Helps Music Trust, the Körber Foundation and the Koussevitzky Music Foundation. Former president of Germany [Richard von Weizsäcker](/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker "Richard von Weizsäcker") became honorary chairman in 2002 of the support\-circle for Spectrum Concerts Berlin, and he spoke of Frank Dodge as one of those ″great artistic personalities″ that are needed to promote cultural cities.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/spectrum\-concerts\-berlin\-droht\-das\-aus\-musik\-in\-der\-kleinsten\-kammer/8364678\.html\|title\=Spectrum Concerts Berlin droht das Aus: Musik in der kleinsten Kammer \- Kultur \- Tagesspiegel\|work\=tagesspiegel.de}}
Both concerts{{cite web\|url\=http://www.spectrumconcerts.com/index.php?id\=78\&L\=1\|title\=Spectrum: Reviews 1988\-2006\|work\=spectrumconcerts.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/kultur/article141323261/Kammermusiker\-schlagen\-Bruecken\-in\-die\-Moderne.html\|title\=Klassik\-Kritik: Kammermusiker schlagen Brücken in die Moderne \- Printarchiv \- Kultur \- Berliner Morgenpost\|author\=Matthias Nöther\|date\=22 May 2015\|work\=Berliner Morgenpost \- Berlin}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/spectrum\-concerts\-im\-kammermusiksaal\-biss\-in\-den\-butterkuchen/11810524\.html\|title\=Spectrum Concerts im Kammermusiksaal: Biss in den Butterkuchen \- Kultur \- Tagesspiegel\|work\=tagesspiegel.de}} and recordings{{cite web\|url\=http://www.classical.net/music/recs/reviews/n/nxs59324a.php\|title\=Classical Net Review \- Toch \- Chamber Music\|work\=Classical Net}}[present (Wurth group magazine), February 2006 \- ″chamber music in Berlin of such breath\-taking brilliance″](http://www.wuerth-haus-berlin.de/en/haus-berlin/files/present-022006e.pdf#page=23){{cite web\|url\=https://hundert11\.wordpress.com/tag/frank\-dodge/\|title\=Frank Dodge\|work\=wordpress.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/blog/piano\-notes/robert\-helps\-the\-musicians\-musician\|title\=Robert Helps \- the musician's musician\|work\=gramophone.co.uk}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.musik\-heute.de/6568/sehnsucht\-musik\-spectrum\-concerts\-berlin\-im\-kosovo/\|title\=Sehnsucht Musik \- Spectrum Concerts Berlin im Kosovo \- MUSIK HEUTE\|work\=MUSIK HEUTE\|date\=15 October 2013 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.naxos.com/reviews/reviewslist.asp?catalogueid\=8\.559696\-97\&languageid\=EN\|title\=Naxos Classical Music \- Naxos Album Reviews\|work\=naxos.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.naxos.com/reviews/reviewslist.asp?catalogueid\=8\.572213\&languageid\=EN\|title\=Naxos Classical Music \- Naxos Album Reviews\|work\=naxos.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.naxos.com/reviews/reviewslist.asp?catalogueid\=8\.557153\&languageid\=EN\#23140\|title\=Naxos Classical Music \- Naxos Album Reviews\|work\=naxos.com}} of the ensemble under Dodge's leadership have been highly praised.
In February 2013 Dodge went with three fellow musicians to [Prizren](/wiki/Prizren "Prizren"), [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo"), to the music school Lorenc Antoni, to provide encouragement and inspiration where everything is missing (rooms, instruments, notes, books), but where young people from different religions and cultures have an opportunity for a peaceful coexistence; a 45\-minute documentary film for [rbb Radio Brandenburg](/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg "Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg") called ″Sehsucht Musik \- Forgotten Voices″ covered the visit. The musicians returned in May 2014, a visit documented by photographer Adil Razali.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.adilrazali.com/musickosovo.html \|title\=Music Kosovo: A Spectrum Concerts Berlin Journey (photo gallery) \|access\-date\=2015\-06\-07 \|archive\-date\=2015\-06\-10 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610030455/http://www.adilrazali.com/musickosovo.html \|url\-status\=dead }} The connection is continuing with a campaign to help rebuild music schools in Kosovo.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/ArsKosovaMusicCompetition\|title\=Ars Kosova Music Competition\|work\=Facebook}}
Frank Dodge performs on a cello by Antonio Casini dated 1676 from Modena, Italy, and on a cello by Jebran Yakoub dated 2010 from Cremona, Italy.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Frank attended master classes of [János Starker](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Starker \"János Starker\") and [Mstislav Rostropovich](/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich \"Mstislav Rostropovich\") and received a [B.M.](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music \"Bachelor of Music\") from the [New England Conservatory of Music](/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music \"New England Conservatory of Music\") in Boston and a [M.Mus.](/wiki/Master_of_Music \"Master of Music\") from [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University \"Yale University\"). Dodge was founding member of the Portsmouth Chamber Ensemble, winners in 1981 of the Artists International Competition in New York.",
"He lived in New York from 1978\\-1982 as member of the [Opera Orchestra of New York](/wiki/Opera_Orchestra_of_New_York \"Opera Orchestra of New York\"), the [St. Lukes Chamber Ensemble](/wiki/Orchestra_of_St._Luke%27s \"Orchestra of St. Luke's\"), the Orchestra of our Time and as principal cellist of the Stamford Symphony, before moving to Berlin in 1982\\. From 1983\\-1993 he performed regularly with the [Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra](/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic_Orchestra \"Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra\") and in 1984, [Jesús López\\-Cobos](/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_L%C3%B3pez-Cobos \"Jesús López-Cobos\") invited him to become a member of the [Spanish National Orchestra](/wiki/Spanish_National_Orchestra \"Spanish National Orchestra\"). A Highlands tour as principal cellist of the [Scottish Chamber Orchestra](/wiki/Scottish_Chamber_Orchestra \"Scottish Chamber Orchestra\") under the direction of [Jaime Laredo](/wiki/Jaime_Laredo \"Jaime Laredo\") followed in the spring of 1985\\. He has lived in Berlin since.",
"Fellowships from the [National Endowment for the Arts](/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts \"National Endowment for the Arts\"), the New Hampshire Commission on the Arts, the Martha Baird Rockefeller Fund for Music, and the Greater Piscataqua Community Foundation supported his USA based endeavors. A two\\-year fellowship from the Frank Huntington Beebe Fund for Musicians in Boston and two Individual Artists Fellowships from the New Hampshire State Council on the Arts assisted him with study abroad.",
"Seeing a gap in the cultural life of this famously musical city, Frank founded Spectrum Concerts Berlin in 1988 in what was still West Berlin.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.atlantic\\-times.com/archive\\_detail.php?recordID\\=1507\\|title\\=The Atlantic Times :: Archive\\|work\\=atlantic\\-times.com\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-06\\-08\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610030716/http://www.atlantic\\-times.com/archive\\_detail.php?recordID\\=1507\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-06\\-10\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The concerts were recorded by [Sender Freies Berlin](/wiki/Sender_Freies_Berlin \"Sender Freies Berlin\") for [National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio \"National Public Radio\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\\=131048732\\|title\\=The Art of Listening; 'Spectrum Concerts' Begins 23rd Season In Berlin\\|date\\=5 November 2010\\|work\\=NPR.org}} His work in Berlin has been supported by committed private individuals, companies and foundations, including the Ernst von Siemens Foundation in Munich, the Aaron Copland Fund for Music, the Robert Helps Music Trust, the Körber Foundation and the Koussevitzky Music Foundation. Former president of Germany [Richard von Weizsäcker](/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker \"Richard von Weizsäcker\") became honorary chairman in 2002 of the support\\-circle for Spectrum Concerts Berlin, and he spoke of Frank Dodge as one of those ″great artistic personalities″ that are needed to promote cultural cities.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/spectrum\\-concerts\\-berlin\\-droht\\-das\\-aus\\-musik\\-in\\-der\\-kleinsten\\-kammer/8364678\\.html\\|title\\=Spectrum Concerts Berlin droht das Aus: Musik in der kleinsten Kammer \\- Kultur \\- Tagesspiegel\\|work\\=tagesspiegel.de}}",
"Both concerts{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spectrumconcerts.com/index.php?id\\=78\\&L\\=1\\|title\\=Spectrum: Reviews 1988\\-2006\\|work\\=spectrumconcerts.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/kultur/article141323261/Kammermusiker\\-schlagen\\-Bruecken\\-in\\-die\\-Moderne.html\\|title\\=Klassik\\-Kritik: Kammermusiker schlagen Brücken in die Moderne \\- Printarchiv \\- Kultur \\- Berliner Morgenpost\\|author\\=Matthias Nöther\\|date\\=22 May 2015\\|work\\=Berliner Morgenpost \\- Berlin}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/spectrum\\-concerts\\-im\\-kammermusiksaal\\-biss\\-in\\-den\\-butterkuchen/11810524\\.html\\|title\\=Spectrum Concerts im Kammermusiksaal: Biss in den Butterkuchen \\- Kultur \\- Tagesspiegel\\|work\\=tagesspiegel.de}} and recordings{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.classical.net/music/recs/reviews/n/nxs59324a.php\\|title\\=Classical Net Review \\- Toch \\- Chamber Music\\|work\\=Classical Net}}[present (Wurth group magazine), February 2006 \\- ″chamber music in Berlin of such breath\\-taking brilliance″](http://www.wuerth-haus-berlin.de/en/haus-berlin/files/present-022006e.pdf#page=23){{cite web\\|url\\=https://hundert11\\.wordpress.com/tag/frank\\-dodge/\\|title\\=Frank Dodge\\|work\\=wordpress.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/blog/piano\\-notes/robert\\-helps\\-the\\-musicians\\-musician\\|title\\=Robert Helps \\- the musician's musician\\|work\\=gramophone.co.uk}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.musik\\-heute.de/6568/sehnsucht\\-musik\\-spectrum\\-concerts\\-berlin\\-im\\-kosovo/\\|title\\=Sehnsucht Musik \\- Spectrum Concerts Berlin im Kosovo \\- MUSIK HEUTE\\|work\\=MUSIK HEUTE\\|date\\=15 October 2013 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.naxos.com/reviews/reviewslist.asp?catalogueid\\=8\\.559696\\-97\\&languageid\\=EN\\|title\\=Naxos Classical Music \\- Naxos Album Reviews\\|work\\=naxos.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.naxos.com/reviews/reviewslist.asp?catalogueid\\=8\\.572213\\&languageid\\=EN\\|title\\=Naxos Classical Music \\- Naxos Album Reviews\\|work\\=naxos.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.naxos.com/reviews/reviewslist.asp?catalogueid\\=8\\.557153\\&languageid\\=EN\\#23140\\|title\\=Naxos Classical Music \\- Naxos Album Reviews\\|work\\=naxos.com}} of the ensemble under Dodge's leadership have been highly praised.",
"In February 2013 Dodge went with three fellow musicians to [Prizren](/wiki/Prizren \"Prizren\"), [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo \"Kosovo\"), to the music school Lorenc Antoni, to provide encouragement and inspiration where everything is missing (rooms, instruments, notes, books), but where young people from different religions and cultures have an opportunity for a peaceful coexistence; a 45\\-minute documentary film for [rbb Radio Brandenburg](/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg \"Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg\") called ″Sehsucht Musik \\- Forgotten Voices″ covered the visit. The musicians returned in May 2014, a visit documented by photographer Adil Razali.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.adilrazali.com/musickosovo.html \\|title\\=Music Kosovo: A Spectrum Concerts Berlin Journey (photo gallery) \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-06\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-06\\-10 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610030455/http://www.adilrazali.com/musickosovo.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The connection is continuing with a campaign to help rebuild music schools in Kosovo.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/ArsKosovaMusicCompetition\\|title\\=Ars Kosova Music Competition\\|work\\=Facebook}}",
"Frank Dodge performs on a cello by Antonio Casini dated 1676 from Modena, Italy, and on a cello by Jebran Yakoub dated 2010 from Cremona, Italy.",
""
] |
Later history
-------------
In 1971, CIBA and Geigy merged to form CIBA\-GEIGY. The combined group retained a majority shareholding in the Clayton Aniline Company with Sandoz holding the remaining 25% of the equity. CAC was allowed to continue as a separate subsidiary under the chairmanship of [Sir Arthur Vere Harvey](/wiki/Arthur_Vere_Harvey%2C_Baron_Harvey_of_Prestbury "Arthur Vere Harvey, Baron Harvey of Prestbury").
At its peak in the 1970s, the site occupied over 57 acres and employed over 2,000 people. However, due to the gradual demise of the British textile industry, most textile production shifted to countries such as China and India with the textile dye industry following.
CIBA merged their life science businesses with Sandoz in 1997, forming [Novartis](/wiki/Novartis "Novartis") and [Syngenta](/wiki/Syngenta "Syngenta"), and spinning off their respective [industrial chemicals](/wiki/Chemical_industry "Chemical industry")' businesses separately to form [Ciba Speciality Chemicals](/wiki/Ciba_Specialty_Chemicals "Ciba Specialty Chemicals") and [Clariant](/wiki/Clariant "Clariant") respectively. This left Clayton as a manufacturing site for direct dyes for cotton, disperse dyes for polyester and metal complex dyes for wool and nylon; and pigments used for carbonless copying and thermal printer papers.
Initially the whole site was designated as part of the "Colors" business unit of Ciba Specialty Chemicals; but later the dyes manufacturing, logistics and site management became part of the Textile Effects division, while the carbonless copying paper business was made part of the Consumer Chemicals division and Clayton was designated the global centre for R\&D, marketing and sales this type of product.
Manufacturing was gradually transferred to China, India, Thailand and Mexico in response to sustained price competition from emerging competitors in China and India and the workforce was reduced accordingly. In 2004 the announcement was made that the site would be closing with the loss of over 300 remaining jobs. A small number of staff were retained to assist in the decommissioning of the plant. The last workers left the site in 2007 and the remainder of the buildings were demolished shortly afterwards.
Although initially expected to be re\-used for housing, the site remained undeveloped for a number of years afterwards. Then in 2012, [City Football Group](/wiki/City_Football_Group "City Football Group") (CFG) announced that they would be building a world\-class training and academy complex for all [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. "Manchester City F.C.") men's, [women's](/wiki/Manchester_City_W.F.C. "Manchester City W.F.C.") and [youth](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C._EDS_and_Academy "Manchester City F.C. EDS and Academy") football teams; a new 7,000 capacity [academy stadium](/wiki/Academy_Stadium "Academy Stadium"); an [institute of sport](/wiki/Nuffield_Health "Nuffield Health"); a [sixth form college](/wiki/Connell_Sixth_Form_College "Connell Sixth Form College") and their new global operational HQ on the site and its surrounding area, which would accompany the [City of Manchester Stadium](/wiki/City_of_Manchester_Stadium "City of Manchester Stadium") which opened opposite the site in 2002\. These new facilities opened in December 2014 after two years of land remediation and construction work.{{Cite web \|title\=Manchester City ready to begin building new academy and training ground \|url\=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11679/8076615/manchester\-city\-ready\-to\-begin\-building\-new\-academy\-and\-training\-ground \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-30 \|website\=Sky Sports \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Handler \|first\=Paul \|date\=2014\-12\-08 \|title\=Man City officially open City Football Academy \|url\=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/man\-city\-officially\-open\-city\-8244375 \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-30 \|website\=Manchester Evening News \|language\=en}}{{Citation \|title\=City Football Academy: Fly\-through \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=wabNqKx8FqA \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-30}}
|
[
"Later history\n-------------",
"In 1971, CIBA and Geigy merged to form CIBA\\-GEIGY. The combined group retained a majority shareholding in the Clayton Aniline Company with Sandoz holding the remaining 25% of the equity. CAC was allowed to continue as a separate subsidiary under the chairmanship of [Sir Arthur Vere Harvey](/wiki/Arthur_Vere_Harvey%2C_Baron_Harvey_of_Prestbury \"Arthur Vere Harvey, Baron Harvey of Prestbury\").",
"At its peak in the 1970s, the site occupied over 57 acres and employed over 2,000 people. However, due to the gradual demise of the British textile industry, most textile production shifted to countries such as China and India with the textile dye industry following.",
"CIBA merged their life science businesses with Sandoz in 1997, forming [Novartis](/wiki/Novartis \"Novartis\") and [Syngenta](/wiki/Syngenta \"Syngenta\"), and spinning off their respective [industrial chemicals](/wiki/Chemical_industry \"Chemical industry\")' businesses separately to form [Ciba Speciality Chemicals](/wiki/Ciba_Specialty_Chemicals \"Ciba Specialty Chemicals\") and [Clariant](/wiki/Clariant \"Clariant\") respectively. This left Clayton as a manufacturing site for direct dyes for cotton, disperse dyes for polyester and metal complex dyes for wool and nylon; and pigments used for carbonless copying and thermal printer papers.",
"Initially the whole site was designated as part of the \"Colors\" business unit of Ciba Specialty Chemicals; but later the dyes manufacturing, logistics and site management became part of the Textile Effects division, while the carbonless copying paper business was made part of the Consumer Chemicals division and Clayton was designated the global centre for R\\&D, marketing and sales this type of product.",
"Manufacturing was gradually transferred to China, India, Thailand and Mexico in response to sustained price competition from emerging competitors in China and India and the workforce was reduced accordingly. In 2004 the announcement was made that the site would be closing with the loss of over 300 remaining jobs. A small number of staff were retained to assist in the decommissioning of the plant. The last workers left the site in 2007 and the remainder of the buildings were demolished shortly afterwards.",
"Although initially expected to be re\\-used for housing, the site remained undeveloped for a number of years afterwards. Then in 2012, [City Football Group](/wiki/City_Football_Group \"City Football Group\") (CFG) announced that they would be building a world\\-class training and academy complex for all [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\") men's, [women's](/wiki/Manchester_City_W.F.C. \"Manchester City W.F.C.\") and [youth](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C._EDS_and_Academy \"Manchester City F.C. EDS and Academy\") football teams; a new 7,000 capacity [academy stadium](/wiki/Academy_Stadium \"Academy Stadium\"); an [institute of sport](/wiki/Nuffield_Health \"Nuffield Health\"); a [sixth form college](/wiki/Connell_Sixth_Form_College \"Connell Sixth Form College\") and their new global operational HQ on the site and its surrounding area, which would accompany the [City of Manchester Stadium](/wiki/City_of_Manchester_Stadium \"City of Manchester Stadium\") which opened opposite the site in 2002\\. These new facilities opened in December 2014 after two years of land remediation and construction work.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Manchester City ready to begin building new academy and training ground \\|url\\=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11679/8076615/manchester\\-city\\-ready\\-to\\-begin\\-building\\-new\\-academy\\-and\\-training\\-ground \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-30 \\|website\\=Sky Sports \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Handler \\|first\\=Paul \\|date\\=2014\\-12\\-08 \\|title\\=Man City officially open City Football Academy \\|url\\=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/man\\-city\\-officially\\-open\\-city\\-8244375 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-30 \\|website\\=Manchester Evening News \\|language\\=en}}{{Citation \\|title\\=City Football Academy: Fly\\-through \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=wabNqKx8FqA \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-30}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
[thumb\|left\|upright\=0\.8\|Lowe with NC State in 1983](/wiki/File:Sidney_Lowe_%28Duke_Chronicle_1983-03-14%29.jpg "Sidney Lowe (Duke Chronicle 1983-03-14).jpg")
Lowe began his career at [DeMatha Catholic High School](/wiki/DeMatha_Catholic_High_School "DeMatha Catholic High School") in [Hyattsville, Maryland](/wiki/Hyattsville%2C_Maryland "Hyattsville, Maryland"). He played collegiate basketball at [NC State](/wiki/NC_State_Wolfpack_men%27s_basketball "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball"). He was the [point guard](/wiki/Point_guard "Point guard") for the Wolfpack's [1983 NCAA National Championship](/wiki/1983_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament "1983 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament"). Lowe was selected by the [Chicago Bulls](/wiki/Chicago_Bulls "Chicago Bulls") with the 1st pick of the second round in the [1983 NBA draft](/wiki/1983_NBA_draft "1983 NBA draft"). He played a total of four seasons in the NBA, for five different teams.
After retiring from basketball in 1991, Lowe took a job as an assistant coach with the [Minnesota Timberwolves](/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves "Minnesota Timberwolves"). Halfway through the 1992–93 season he took over as head coach of the struggling Timberwolves and remained in that position until the end of the 1993–94 season. From 1994 to 1999, Lowe served as an assistant coach to [Mike Fratello](/wiki/Mike_Fratello "Mike Fratello") with the [Cleveland Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers "Cleveland Cavaliers"). Lowe returned to the Timberwolves organization in 1999 for one season as assistant coach.
The [2000–01 NBA season](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NBA_season "2000–01 NBA season") became Lowe's second stint as a head coach when he assumed the role for the [Vancouver Grizzlies](/wiki/Vancouver_Grizzlies "Vancouver Grizzlies"). He was the fifth head coach in the team's short history and led them to a franchise\-best record of 23–59 in his first season and again the following season in 2001–02, when the Grizzlies relocated to [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies "Memphis Grizzlies"). Sidney Lowe resigned from his coaching duties early in the 2002–03 season after starting 0–8, leaving his head coaching record at 79 wins against 228 losses (.257 winning percentage). In 2003, he returned to [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves "Minnesota Timberwolves") once again to take an assistant position under then head coach [Flip Saunders](/wiki/Flip_Saunders "Flip Saunders"). Lowe followed Saunders to the [Detroit Pistons](/wiki/Detroit_Pistons "Detroit Pistons") in 2005 and remained an assistant coach there through the 2006 season.
To become eligible for employment as an NCAA head coach, he completed the final nine hours of his [business administration](/wiki/Business_administration "Business administration") degree online via [St. Paul's College](/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_College%2C_Virginia "Saint Paul's College, Virginia") in [Lawrenceville](/wiki/Lawrenceville%2C_Virginia "Lawrenceville, Virginia"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia").{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/news/story?id\=2433439 \|work\=ESPN.com \|title\=Sources: Pistons' Lowe agrees to coach NC State \|date\=May 5, 2006 \|first\=Andy \|last\=Katz }} On May 6, 2006, Lowe was named the new head basketball coach of [North Carolina State University](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University "North Carolina State University"), replacing [Herb Sendek](/wiki/Herb_Sendek "Herb Sendek"). Lowe was the first African American named head coach of the Wolfpack.{{cite web \| url\=http://historicalstate.lib.ncsu.edu/catalog/2006\-2011\-03\-first\-african\-american\-head\-basketball\-coach \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514032610/http://historicalstate.lib.ncsu.edu/catalog/2006\-2011\-03\-first\-african\-american\-head\-basketball\-coach \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-date\=May 14, 2012 \| title\=First African American head basketball coach (2006 \- 3/2011\) \| work\=Historical State \| access\-date\=April 13, 2012 }} One of Lowe's trademarks as a coach was a red [blazer](/wiki/Blazer "Blazer") he wore to significant games in honor of his former NC State coach, Jim Valvano.
In his first season at the helm of the NC State program, Lowe became just the third Wolfpack coach, after [Everett Case](/wiki/Everett_Case "Everett Case") and [Press Maravich](/wiki/Press_Maravich "Press Maravich"), to win 20 games and defeat the other three North Carolina institutions in the [ACC](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference "Atlantic Coast Conference") ([Duke](/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball "Duke Blue Devils men's basketball"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball "North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball") and [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_men%27s_basketball "Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's basketball")). He is one of only four NC State coaches to have coached in the ACC Championship game in their first year.
In spite of the early success, Lowe failed to lead NC State to the [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship "NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship"), and his teams only made two appearances in the [NIT](/wiki/National_Invitation_Tournament "National Invitation Tournament"). He had an overall winning record (86–78\) after five years but only a 25–55 conference record. Lowe resigned as head coach of NC State, accepting a buyout of the last two years of his contract, on March 15, 2011\.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2011/03/15/2142962/sidney\-lowe\-resigns\-as\-nc\-state.html \| title\=Sidney Lowe resigns as N.C. State coach \| first\=J.P. \| last\=Giglio \| newspaper\=\[\[Charlotte Observer]] \| date\=March 15, 2011 \| access\-date\=March 15, 2011 }}{{dead link\|date\=March 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Later that year, he joined the [Utah Jazz](/wiki/Utah_Jazz "Utah Jazz") as an assistant.
At the beginning of the 2014–15 season, Lowe rejoined the Minnesota Timberwolves as an assistant coach.{{cite web \|title\=Wolves Name Sidney Lowe Assistant Coach \|url\=https://www.nba.com/timberwolves/news/wolves\-name\-sidney\-lowe\-assistant\-coach \|website\=NBA.com \|date\=June 13, 2014}} On July 5, 2016, the Washington Wizards announced that Lowe had been hired as an assistant coach.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/\_/id/16796942/sidney\-lowe\-tony\-brown\-join\-scott\-brooks\-washington\-wizards\-staff\|title\=Lowe, Brown join Wizards staff as assistants\|date\=5 July 2016}} Lowe was hired by the Detroit Pistons beginning the 2018–19 season.{{cite web \|title\=Detroit Pistons Name Sidney Lowe and Sean Sweeney Assistant Coaches \|url\=https://www.nba.com/pistons/news/detroit\-pistons\-name\-sidney\-lowe\-and\-sean\-sweeney\-assistant\-coaches \|website\=NBA.com \|date\=June 29, 2018}}
On August 26, 2021, Lowe was hired by the [Cleveland Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers "Cleveland Cavaliers") as an assistant coach.{{cite web \|title\=Cavaliers Hire Sidney Lowe as Assistant Coach \|url\=https://www.nba.com/cavaliers/releases/lowe\-hiring\-210826 \|website\=NBA.com \|date\=August 26, 2021}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=0\\.8\\|Lowe with NC State in 1983](/wiki/File:Sidney_Lowe_%28Duke_Chronicle_1983-03-14%29.jpg \"Sidney Lowe (Duke Chronicle 1983-03-14).jpg\")\nLowe began his career at [DeMatha Catholic High School](/wiki/DeMatha_Catholic_High_School \"DeMatha Catholic High School\") in [Hyattsville, Maryland](/wiki/Hyattsville%2C_Maryland \"Hyattsville, Maryland\"). He played collegiate basketball at [NC State](/wiki/NC_State_Wolfpack_men%27s_basketball \"NC State Wolfpack men's basketball\"). He was the [point guard](/wiki/Point_guard \"Point guard\") for the Wolfpack's [1983 NCAA National Championship](/wiki/1983_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament \"1983 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament\"). Lowe was selected by the [Chicago Bulls](/wiki/Chicago_Bulls \"Chicago Bulls\") with the 1st pick of the second round in the [1983 NBA draft](/wiki/1983_NBA_draft \"1983 NBA draft\"). He played a total of four seasons in the NBA, for five different teams.",
"After retiring from basketball in 1991, Lowe took a job as an assistant coach with the [Minnesota Timberwolves](/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves \"Minnesota Timberwolves\"). Halfway through the 1992–93 season he took over as head coach of the struggling Timberwolves and remained in that position until the end of the 1993–94 season. From 1994 to 1999, Lowe served as an assistant coach to [Mike Fratello](/wiki/Mike_Fratello \"Mike Fratello\") with the [Cleveland Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers \"Cleveland Cavaliers\"). Lowe returned to the Timberwolves organization in 1999 for one season as assistant coach.",
"The [2000–01 NBA season](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NBA_season \"2000–01 NBA season\") became Lowe's second stint as a head coach when he assumed the role for the [Vancouver Grizzlies](/wiki/Vancouver_Grizzlies \"Vancouver Grizzlies\"). He was the fifth head coach in the team's short history and led them to a franchise\\-best record of 23–59 in his first season and again the following season in 2001–02, when the Grizzlies relocated to [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies \"Memphis Grizzlies\"). Sidney Lowe resigned from his coaching duties early in the 2002–03 season after starting 0–8, leaving his head coaching record at 79 wins against 228 losses (.257 winning percentage). In 2003, he returned to [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves \"Minnesota Timberwolves\") once again to take an assistant position under then head coach [Flip Saunders](/wiki/Flip_Saunders \"Flip Saunders\"). Lowe followed Saunders to the [Detroit Pistons](/wiki/Detroit_Pistons \"Detroit Pistons\") in 2005 and remained an assistant coach there through the 2006 season.",
"To become eligible for employment as an NCAA head coach, he completed the final nine hours of his [business administration](/wiki/Business_administration \"Business administration\") degree online via [St. Paul's College](/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_College%2C_Virginia \"Saint Paul's College, Virginia\") in [Lawrenceville](/wiki/Lawrenceville%2C_Virginia \"Lawrenceville, Virginia\"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\").{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/news/story?id\\=2433439 \\|work\\=ESPN.com \\|title\\=Sources: Pistons' Lowe agrees to coach NC State \\|date\\=May 5, 2006 \\|first\\=Andy \\|last\\=Katz }} On May 6, 2006, Lowe was named the new head basketball coach of [North Carolina State University](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University \"North Carolina State University\"), replacing [Herb Sendek](/wiki/Herb_Sendek \"Herb Sendek\"). Lowe was the first African American named head coach of the Wolfpack.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://historicalstate.lib.ncsu.edu/catalog/2006\\-2011\\-03\\-first\\-african\\-american\\-head\\-basketball\\-coach \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514032610/http://historicalstate.lib.ncsu.edu/catalog/2006\\-2011\\-03\\-first\\-african\\-american\\-head\\-basketball\\-coach \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-date\\=May 14, 2012 \\| title\\=First African American head basketball coach (2006 \\- 3/2011\\) \\| work\\=Historical State \\| access\\-date\\=April 13, 2012 }} One of Lowe's trademarks as a coach was a red [blazer](/wiki/Blazer \"Blazer\") he wore to significant games in honor of his former NC State coach, Jim Valvano.",
"In his first season at the helm of the NC State program, Lowe became just the third Wolfpack coach, after [Everett Case](/wiki/Everett_Case \"Everett Case\") and [Press Maravich](/wiki/Press_Maravich \"Press Maravich\"), to win 20 games and defeat the other three North Carolina institutions in the [ACC](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference \"Atlantic Coast Conference\") ([Duke](/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball \"Duke Blue Devils men's basketball\"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball \"North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball\") and [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_men%27s_basketball \"Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's basketball\")). He is one of only four NC State coaches to have coached in the ACC Championship game in their first year.",
"In spite of the early success, Lowe failed to lead NC State to the [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship \"NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship\"), and his teams only made two appearances in the [NIT](/wiki/National_Invitation_Tournament \"National Invitation Tournament\"). He had an overall winning record (86–78\\) after five years but only a 25–55 conference record. Lowe resigned as head coach of NC State, accepting a buyout of the last two years of his contract, on March 15, 2011\\.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2011/03/15/2142962/sidney\\-lowe\\-resigns\\-as\\-nc\\-state.html \\| title\\=Sidney Lowe resigns as N.C. State coach \\| first\\=J.P. \\| last\\=Giglio \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Charlotte Observer]] \\| date\\=March 15, 2011 \\| access\\-date\\=March 15, 2011 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=March 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Later that year, he joined the [Utah Jazz](/wiki/Utah_Jazz \"Utah Jazz\") as an assistant.",
"At the beginning of the 2014–15 season, Lowe rejoined the Minnesota Timberwolves as an assistant coach.{{cite web \\|title\\=Wolves Name Sidney Lowe Assistant Coach \\|url\\=https://www.nba.com/timberwolves/news/wolves\\-name\\-sidney\\-lowe\\-assistant\\-coach \\|website\\=NBA.com \\|date\\=June 13, 2014}} On July 5, 2016, the Washington Wizards announced that Lowe had been hired as an assistant coach.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/\\_/id/16796942/sidney\\-lowe\\-tony\\-brown\\-join\\-scott\\-brooks\\-washington\\-wizards\\-staff\\|title\\=Lowe, Brown join Wizards staff as assistants\\|date\\=5 July 2016}} Lowe was hired by the Detroit Pistons beginning the 2018–19 season.{{cite web \\|title\\=Detroit Pistons Name Sidney Lowe and Sean Sweeney Assistant Coaches \\|url\\=https://www.nba.com/pistons/news/detroit\\-pistons\\-name\\-sidney\\-lowe\\-and\\-sean\\-sweeney\\-assistant\\-coaches \\|website\\=NBA.com \\|date\\=June 29, 2018}}",
"On August 26, 2021, Lowe was hired by the [Cleveland Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers \"Cleveland Cavaliers\") as an assistant coach.{{cite web \\|title\\=Cavaliers Hire Sidney Lowe as Assistant Coach \\|url\\=https://www.nba.com/cavaliers/releases/lowe\\-hiring\\-210826 \\|website\\=NBA.com \\|date\\=August 26, 2021}}",
""
] |
Career
------
In 1998, Lee who attended the Haksan Girls' High School won the girls' singles, doubles, and mixed doubles events at the German Junior tournament. She was competed at the [World](/wiki/1998_IBF_World_Junior_Championships "1998 IBF World Junior Championships") and [Asian Junior Championships](/wiki/1998_Asian_Junior_Badminton_Championships "1998 Asian Junior Badminton Championships"). At the World Junior, she partnered with Jun Woul\-sik in the girls' doubles and Choi Min\-ho in the mixed doubles, captured the bronze and silver medals respectively.{{cite news\|script\-title\=ko:\[세계주니어배드민턴]최민호\-이효정 혼복 준우승 \|url\=http://gangnam.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?total\_id\=3710327≻\=\&mc\= \|publisher\=\[\[JoongAng Ilbo]] \|access\-date\=18 January 2018\|language\=ko}} She and Jun also won the silver medal at the Asian Junior.{{cite news\|title\=Asian Juniors: Taiwan's Chien a Golden Surprise\|url\=http://www.worldbadminton.com/shuttlenws/19980622a.htm \|publisher\=worldbadminton.com\|access\-date\=18 January 2018}} Lee junior competed in some international senior (level 4\) tournament, and won double titles at the Korea and Sri Lanka International, also women's doubles title at the Hungarian, Australian and Norwegian International tournaments.
In 2000, Lee won the [Asian Championships](/wiki/2000_Asian_Badminton_Championships "2000 Asian Badminton Championships") in the women's doubles event with her partner Yim Kyung\-jin.{{cite news\|script\-title\=ko:女복식 임경진\-이효정組 아시아배드민턴 정상에 \|url\=http://news.joins.com/article/3992721 \|publisher\=\[\[JoongAng Ilbo]] \|access\-date\=18 January 2018\|language\=ko}} At the age of 19, Lee competed at the [Sydney Olympics](/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Badminton at the 2000 Summer Olympics") in the women's doubles with Yim and in the mixed doubles with [Lee Dong\-soo](/wiki/Lee_Dong-soo "Lee Dong-soo"). She and Yim defeated in the second round, while with Lee Dong\-soo defeated in the first round.{{cite news\|script\-title\=ko:이효정, 시드니·아테네 고배 황금복식조로 ´2전 3기´ \|url\=http://www.daejonilbo.com/news/newsitem.asp?pk\_no\=772635 \|publisher\=Daejon Ilbo \|access\-date\=18 January 2018\|language\=ko}}{{cite news\|script\-title\=ko:개막 사흘째 시드니 올림픽소식\-이현기, 이장균\|url\=http://www.rfa.org/korean/in\_focus/40896\-20000915\.html \|publisher\=\[\[Radio Free Asia]] \|access\-date\=18 January 2018\|language\=ko}}
In 2002, she finished as the runners\-up at the [Chinese Taipei](/wiki/Taipei_Open_%28badminton%29 "Taipei Open (badminton)") and [Singapore Open](/wiki/Singapore_Open_%28badminton%29 "Singapore Open (badminton)") in the women's doubles event with [Hwang Yu\-mi](/wiki/Hwang_Yu-mi "Hwang Yu-mi"). In 2003, she and Hwang also the runner\-up at the [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand_Open_%28badminton%29 "Thailand Open (badminton)") and Chinese Taipei Open. In the mixed doubles event, Lee who was teamed\-up with [Kim Yong\-hyun](/wiki/Kim_Yong-hyun "Kim Yong-hyun") achieved their best result by winning the bronze medal at the [Asian Championships](/wiki/2003_Asian_Badminton_Championships "2003 Asian Badminton Championships"). In 2004, Lee competed for Korea at the [Summer Olympics](/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics") in women's and mixed doubles with partner [Hwang Yu\-mi](/wiki/Hwang_Yu-mi "Hwang Yu-mi") and [Kim Yong\-hyun](/wiki/Kim_Yong-hyun "Kim Yong-hyun").{{cite news\|title\=15 Qualified for Athens in Badminton\|url\=http://www.badmintonplanet.com/cgi\-bin/news/0504/0490504\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102233524/http://www.badmintonplanet.com/cgi\-bin/news/0504/0490504\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2 November 2006\|publisher\=Badmintonplanet.com\|access\-date\=21 January 2007}} Lee and Hwang had a bye in the first round and defeated [Cheng Wen\-Hsing](/wiki/Cheng_Wen-Hsing "Cheng Wen-Hsing") and [Chien Yu Chin](/wiki/Chien_Yu_Chin "Chien Yu Chin") of Chinese Taipei in the second. In the quarterfinals, Lee and Hwang lost to [Zhao Tingting](/wiki/Zhao_Tingting "Zhao Tingting") and [Wei Yili](/wiki/Wei_Yili "Wei Yili") of [China](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China "People's Republic of China") 8–15, 15–6, 15–13\. In the mixed doubles event, Lee and Kim were seeded three, but the pairs defeat by the Danish pair in the second round in the rubber game.
In 2008, Lee won her first [All England Open Championship](/wiki/2008_All_England_Super_Series "2008 All England Super Series") title in women's doubles with partner [Lee Kyung\-won](/wiki/Lee_Kyung-won "Lee Kyung-won"), beating [Yang Wei](/wiki/Yang_Wei_%28badminton%29 "Yang Wei (badminton)") and [Zhang Jiewen](/wiki/Zhang_Jiewen "Zhang Jiewen") in the semifinals and [Du Jing](/wiki/Du_Jing "Du Jing") and [Yu Yang](/wiki/Yu_Yang_%28badminton%29 "Yu Yang (badminton)") in the final. In August, she and [Lee Yong\-dae](/wiki/Lee_Yong-dae "Lee Yong-dae") won mixed doubles gold medals in [Beijing Olympics](/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Badminton at the 2008 Summer Olympics"), beating [Lilyana Natsir](/wiki/Lilyana_Natsir "Lilyana Natsir") and [Nova Widianto](/wiki/Nova_Widianto "Nova Widianto") of [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") and also with Lee Kyung\-won grabbed the silver medal in the women's doubles event. In 2009, Lee and Lee Yong\-dae became world number one. They won three titles: Korea Open Super Series, Asian Badminton Championship, and China Open Super Series. They also played for Korea in Sudirman Cup in May. In the final, [Korea](/wiki/Korea "Korea") lost to [China](/wiki/China "China") 0\-3\. Lee and Lee were defeated by the Chinese pair, [Zheng Bo](/wiki/Zheng_Bo "Zheng Bo") and [Yu Yang](/wiki/Yu_Yang_%28badminton%29 "Yu Yang (badminton)").
In 2010, Lee competed in the [2010 Uber Cup](/wiki/2010_Thomas_%26_Uber_Cup "2010 Thomas & Uber Cup") as a member of the South Korean women's national team. There she led her team to its first Uber Cup trophy, winning all 4 doubles matches she competed in through the tourney. In the finals, she and her partner [Kim Min\-jung won](/wiki/Kim_Min-jung_%28badminton%29 "Kim Min-jung (badminton)") against WR \#1 [Ma Jin](/wiki/Ma_Jin "Ma Jin") and [Wang Xiaoli](/wiki/Wang_Xiaoli "Wang Xiaoli"), beating them 18–21, 21–12, 21–15\. Although Lee and Kim were not regular partners and Lee Hyo\-Jung stopped playing WD regularly in international games, Lee played exceptionally well, proving why she was the most successful player in the 2008 Olympics, winning both gold and silver medals. In June, Lee continued on playing women's doubles with Kim Min\-jung, winning the Indonesia Open and the Chinese Taipei Grand Prix Gold, and finishing as a runner\-up in the Singapore Open. While waiting for Lee Yong\-dae to recover from his injury, she played mixed doubles with [Shin Baek\-cheol](/wiki/Shin_Baek-cheol "Shin Baek-cheol").
In August, Lee partnered again with Lee Yong\-dae in the Kumpoo Macau Open Badminton Championships, Chinese Taipei Grand Prix Gold, and World Championship, but their best finish was reaching the quarterfinals in the Chinese Taipei Grand Prix. They were hit with Lee Hyo Jung's back injury and Lee Yong\-dae getting used to playing again after rehab and possibly not fully recovering from the previous injury. Due to these reasons, the head coach of the Korea Badminton Team was quoted as saying that Lee Hyo\-jung and Lee Yong\-dae had not had sufficient time to practice together. Lee Yong\-dae decided to stop playing mixed doubles altogether, possibly due to the strain on his injured elbow from playing both men's and mixed doubles. In November, Lee Hyo\-jung entered Asian Games in three games total: women's, mixed, and team event. In the women's doubles and team event, she won bronze medals. However, in mixed doubles, she partnered with Shin Baek\-cheol, with whom she had previously played only two tournaments, but they still managed to win against two Chinese pairs (Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei, He Han Bin and Ma Jin) at their home court, becoming the first woman in Korean history to win both Olympic and Asian Game gold medals.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In 1998, Lee who attended the Haksan Girls' High School won the girls' singles, doubles, and mixed doubles events at the German Junior tournament. She was competed at the [World](/wiki/1998_IBF_World_Junior_Championships \"1998 IBF World Junior Championships\") and [Asian Junior Championships](/wiki/1998_Asian_Junior_Badminton_Championships \"1998 Asian Junior Badminton Championships\"). At the World Junior, she partnered with Jun Woul\\-sik in the girls' doubles and Choi Min\\-ho in the mixed doubles, captured the bronze and silver medals respectively.{{cite news\\|script\\-title\\=ko:\\[세계주니어배드민턴]최민호\\-이효정 혼복 준우승 \\|url\\=http://gangnam.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?total\\_id\\=3710327≻\\=\\&mc\\= \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[JoongAng Ilbo]] \\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2018\\|language\\=ko}} She and Jun also won the silver medal at the Asian Junior.{{cite news\\|title\\=Asian Juniors: Taiwan's Chien a Golden Surprise\\|url\\=http://www.worldbadminton.com/shuttlenws/19980622a.htm \\|publisher\\=worldbadminton.com\\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2018}} Lee junior competed in some international senior (level 4\\) tournament, and won double titles at the Korea and Sri Lanka International, also women's doubles title at the Hungarian, Australian and Norwegian International tournaments.",
"In 2000, Lee won the [Asian Championships](/wiki/2000_Asian_Badminton_Championships \"2000 Asian Badminton Championships\") in the women's doubles event with her partner Yim Kyung\\-jin.{{cite news\\|script\\-title\\=ko:女복식 임경진\\-이효정組 아시아배드민턴 정상에 \\|url\\=http://news.joins.com/article/3992721 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[JoongAng Ilbo]] \\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2018\\|language\\=ko}} At the age of 19, Lee competed at the [Sydney Olympics](/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics \"Badminton at the 2000 Summer Olympics\") in the women's doubles with Yim and in the mixed doubles with [Lee Dong\\-soo](/wiki/Lee_Dong-soo \"Lee Dong-soo\"). She and Yim defeated in the second round, while with Lee Dong\\-soo defeated in the first round.{{cite news\\|script\\-title\\=ko:이효정, 시드니·아테네 고배 황금복식조로 ´2전 3기´ \\|url\\=http://www.daejonilbo.com/news/newsitem.asp?pk\\_no\\=772635 \\|publisher\\=Daejon Ilbo \\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2018\\|language\\=ko}}{{cite news\\|script\\-title\\=ko:개막 사흘째 시드니 올림픽소식\\-이현기, 이장균\\|url\\=http://www.rfa.org/korean/in\\_focus/40896\\-20000915\\.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Radio Free Asia]] \\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2018\\|language\\=ko}}",
"In 2002, she finished as the runners\\-up at the [Chinese Taipei](/wiki/Taipei_Open_%28badminton%29 \"Taipei Open (badminton)\") and [Singapore Open](/wiki/Singapore_Open_%28badminton%29 \"Singapore Open (badminton)\") in the women's doubles event with [Hwang Yu\\-mi](/wiki/Hwang_Yu-mi \"Hwang Yu-mi\"). In 2003, she and Hwang also the runner\\-up at the [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand_Open_%28badminton%29 \"Thailand Open (badminton)\") and Chinese Taipei Open. In the mixed doubles event, Lee who was teamed\\-up with [Kim Yong\\-hyun](/wiki/Kim_Yong-hyun \"Kim Yong-hyun\") achieved their best result by winning the bronze medal at the [Asian Championships](/wiki/2003_Asian_Badminton_Championships \"2003 Asian Badminton Championships\"). In 2004, Lee competed for Korea at the [Summer Olympics](/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics \"Badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics\") in women's and mixed doubles with partner [Hwang Yu\\-mi](/wiki/Hwang_Yu-mi \"Hwang Yu-mi\") and [Kim Yong\\-hyun](/wiki/Kim_Yong-hyun \"Kim Yong-hyun\").{{cite news\\|title\\=15 Qualified for Athens in Badminton\\|url\\=http://www.badmintonplanet.com/cgi\\-bin/news/0504/0490504\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102233524/http://www.badmintonplanet.com/cgi\\-bin/news/0504/0490504\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2 November 2006\\|publisher\\=Badmintonplanet.com\\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2007}} Lee and Hwang had a bye in the first round and defeated [Cheng Wen\\-Hsing](/wiki/Cheng_Wen-Hsing \"Cheng Wen-Hsing\") and [Chien Yu Chin](/wiki/Chien_Yu_Chin \"Chien Yu Chin\") of Chinese Taipei in the second. In the quarterfinals, Lee and Hwang lost to [Zhao Tingting](/wiki/Zhao_Tingting \"Zhao Tingting\") and [Wei Yili](/wiki/Wei_Yili \"Wei Yili\") of [China](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China \"People's Republic of China\") 8–15, 15–6, 15–13\\. In the mixed doubles event, Lee and Kim were seeded three, but the pairs defeat by the Danish pair in the second round in the rubber game.",
"In 2008, Lee won her first [All England Open Championship](/wiki/2008_All_England_Super_Series \"2008 All England Super Series\") title in women's doubles with partner [Lee Kyung\\-won](/wiki/Lee_Kyung-won \"Lee Kyung-won\"), beating [Yang Wei](/wiki/Yang_Wei_%28badminton%29 \"Yang Wei (badminton)\") and [Zhang Jiewen](/wiki/Zhang_Jiewen \"Zhang Jiewen\") in the semifinals and [Du Jing](/wiki/Du_Jing \"Du Jing\") and [Yu Yang](/wiki/Yu_Yang_%28badminton%29 \"Yu Yang (badminton)\") in the final. In August, she and [Lee Yong\\-dae](/wiki/Lee_Yong-dae \"Lee Yong-dae\") won mixed doubles gold medals in [Beijing Olympics](/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics \"Badminton at the 2008 Summer Olympics\"), beating [Lilyana Natsir](/wiki/Lilyana_Natsir \"Lilyana Natsir\") and [Nova Widianto](/wiki/Nova_Widianto \"Nova Widianto\") of [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\") and also with Lee Kyung\\-won grabbed the silver medal in the women's doubles event. In 2009, Lee and Lee Yong\\-dae became world number one. They won three titles: Korea Open Super Series, Asian Badminton Championship, and China Open Super Series. They also played for Korea in Sudirman Cup in May. In the final, [Korea](/wiki/Korea \"Korea\") lost to [China](/wiki/China \"China\") 0\\-3\\. Lee and Lee were defeated by the Chinese pair, [Zheng Bo](/wiki/Zheng_Bo \"Zheng Bo\") and [Yu Yang](/wiki/Yu_Yang_%28badminton%29 \"Yu Yang (badminton)\").",
"In 2010, Lee competed in the [2010 Uber Cup](/wiki/2010_Thomas_%26_Uber_Cup \"2010 Thomas & Uber Cup\") as a member of the South Korean women's national team. There she led her team to its first Uber Cup trophy, winning all 4 doubles matches she competed in through the tourney. In the finals, she and her partner [Kim Min\\-jung won](/wiki/Kim_Min-jung_%28badminton%29 \"Kim Min-jung (badminton)\") against WR \\#1 [Ma Jin](/wiki/Ma_Jin \"Ma Jin\") and [Wang Xiaoli](/wiki/Wang_Xiaoli \"Wang Xiaoli\"), beating them 18–21, 21–12, 21–15\\. Although Lee and Kim were not regular partners and Lee Hyo\\-Jung stopped playing WD regularly in international games, Lee played exceptionally well, proving why she was the most successful player in the 2008 Olympics, winning both gold and silver medals. In June, Lee continued on playing women's doubles with Kim Min\\-jung, winning the Indonesia Open and the Chinese Taipei Grand Prix Gold, and finishing as a runner\\-up in the Singapore Open. While waiting for Lee Yong\\-dae to recover from his injury, she played mixed doubles with [Shin Baek\\-cheol](/wiki/Shin_Baek-cheol \"Shin Baek-cheol\").",
"In August, Lee partnered again with Lee Yong\\-dae in the Kumpoo Macau Open Badminton Championships, Chinese Taipei Grand Prix Gold, and World Championship, but their best finish was reaching the quarterfinals in the Chinese Taipei Grand Prix. They were hit with Lee Hyo Jung's back injury and Lee Yong\\-dae getting used to playing again after rehab and possibly not fully recovering from the previous injury. Due to these reasons, the head coach of the Korea Badminton Team was quoted as saying that Lee Hyo\\-jung and Lee Yong\\-dae had not had sufficient time to practice together. Lee Yong\\-dae decided to stop playing mixed doubles altogether, possibly due to the strain on his injured elbow from playing both men's and mixed doubles. In November, Lee Hyo\\-jung entered Asian Games in three games total: women's, mixed, and team event. In the women's doubles and team event, she won bronze medals. However, in mixed doubles, she partnered with Shin Baek\\-cheol, with whom she had previously played only two tournaments, but they still managed to win against two Chinese pairs (Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei, He Han Bin and Ma Jin) at their home court, becoming the first woman in Korean history to win both Olympic and Asian Game gold medals.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Beyer was born in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"), the youngest of three boys. He studied Sport Science at Wollongong University from 1985\-1987\.
Beyer's first major success as club, state, national and junior world champion in the Cherub class in 1983\. He has been honoured as lifelong member with Woollahra Sailing Club on Sydney Harbour. Since 2000 he has been thrice nominated as "Yachtman of the year". In 2007, he was nominated as Master Athlete of the year. In 2014, he won his ninth World Championship. In 2015, he was nominated and won Sports NSW 'Master Athlete of 2014' amongst all sports in NSW.
His knowledge and commitment to the physical and mental requirements of elite competitive sports have held him in good stead for his own racing and ultimately, passing on those skills and knowledge to those aspiring for Olympic medals.
Beyer is known for a high standard of sportsmanship and athleticism, putting in many hours in practice sailing sessions and running innovative coaching programs. Beyer has achieved much success in the World Laser Masters Championship with ten gold medals, two silver and one bronze in the Apprentice and Master divisions since 2001\. Brett Beyer has produced and lectured Level 2 and 3 coaching courses with an emphasis on the physiology involved in competitive sailing as well as the complex tactical strategies required for success. Brett has also contributed to ISAF Olympic Solidarity Courses around the world designed to assist developing nations to have sailing exposure.
Brett is currently working with Acquatic apparel brand, Vaikobi. News release:
"One of the world's most awarded Laser sailors Brett Beyer has just claimed another victory, winning the Laser Masters World Championship in Mexico for a record 14th time! There is no one on the planet who has accumulated as many Laser Cubes as Brett Beyer (Last count was 78 Laser Cubes!)
But that’s not the only thing Brett is celebrating this month; Vaikobi is thrilled to finally announce a top secret design collaboration with Beyer, as the fast growing Australia sailing brand extends its range of dinghy sailing gear and hiking\-specific products.
Not just by namesake; this partnership is an authentic collaboration that has sought Beyer’s professional laser sailing and Olympic coaching expertise, using his feedback to develop hikers that will undoubtedly help sailors of all ages and experience reach maximum performance across a range of conditions. There are also future product developments in the works through this partnership with Beyer."
From 2000 he has spent a considerable part of his time internationally coaching the Olympic elite.
Beyer has been working with Singapore Olympic Laser team since 2003 and helped them secure Olympic representation in the Laser
and Laser Radial classes for the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games. He is now working freelance with several top sailors with the
mission of achieving a medal in 2016 and 2020 Olympics.
These days, Brett is running his independent elite Laser group that is committed to qualifying for the Olympic Games in RIO. (Update.....this has been achieved in 2014\). He limits the group to 3 elite sailors that are invited to be full\-time participants in his training and racing program. This consists of a 6\-month European racing circuit and several months for the Australian and New Zealand circuits. Each sailor bring his own strength and talent to the team. Brett has now competed himself or coached in 36 different countries and all States and Territories around Australia. His wealth of experience and successful coaching background has held him in high demand for high performance sailing across all classes.
Beyer now has an industry reputation of commitment, productivity and success.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Beyer was born in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"), the youngest of three boys. He studied Sport Science at Wollongong University from 1985\\-1987\\.",
"Beyer's first major success as club, state, national and junior world champion in the Cherub class in 1983\\. He has been honoured as lifelong member with Woollahra Sailing Club on Sydney Harbour. Since 2000 he has been thrice nominated as \"Yachtman of the year\". In 2007, he was nominated as Master Athlete of the year. In 2014, he won his ninth World Championship. In 2015, he was nominated and won Sports NSW 'Master Athlete of 2014' amongst all sports in NSW.",
"His knowledge and commitment to the physical and mental requirements of elite competitive sports have held him in good stead for his own racing and ultimately, passing on those skills and knowledge to those aspiring for Olympic medals.",
"Beyer is known for a high standard of sportsmanship and athleticism, putting in many hours in practice sailing sessions and running innovative coaching programs. Beyer has achieved much success in the World Laser Masters Championship with ten gold medals, two silver and one bronze in the Apprentice and Master divisions since 2001\\. Brett Beyer has produced and lectured Level 2 and 3 coaching courses with an emphasis on the physiology involved in competitive sailing as well as the complex tactical strategies required for success. Brett has also contributed to ISAF Olympic Solidarity Courses around the world designed to assist developing nations to have sailing exposure.",
"Brett is currently working with Acquatic apparel brand, Vaikobi. News release: \n\"One of the world's most awarded Laser sailors Brett Beyer has just claimed another victory, winning the Laser Masters World Championship in Mexico for a record 14th time! There is no one on the planet who has accumulated as many Laser Cubes as Brett Beyer (Last count was 78 Laser Cubes!)\nBut that’s not the only thing Brett is celebrating this month; Vaikobi is thrilled to finally announce a top secret design collaboration with Beyer, as the fast growing Australia sailing brand extends its range of dinghy sailing gear and hiking\\-specific products.\nNot just by namesake; this partnership is an authentic collaboration that has sought Beyer’s professional laser sailing and Olympic coaching expertise, using his feedback to develop hikers that will undoubtedly help sailors of all ages and experience reach maximum performance across a range of conditions. There are also future product developments in the works through this partnership with Beyer.\"",
"From 2000 he has spent a considerable part of his time internationally coaching the Olympic elite.\nBeyer has been working with Singapore Olympic Laser team since 2003 and helped them secure Olympic representation in the Laser \nand Laser Radial classes for the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games. He is now working freelance with several top sailors with the\nmission of achieving a medal in 2016 and 2020 Olympics.",
"These days, Brett is running his independent elite Laser group that is committed to qualifying for the Olympic Games in RIO. (Update.....this has been achieved in 2014\\). He limits the group to 3 elite sailors that are invited to be full\\-time participants in his training and racing program. This consists of a 6\\-month European racing circuit and several months for the Australian and New Zealand circuits. Each sailor bring his own strength and talent to the team. Brett has now competed himself or coached in 36 different countries and all States and Territories around Australia. His wealth of experience and successful coaching background has held him in high demand for high performance sailing across all classes.",
"Beyer now has an industry reputation of commitment, productivity and success.",
""
] |
Magic
-----
The world of the "Elemental Masters" is home to two main types of [magic](/wiki/Magic_%28paranormal%29 "Magic (paranormal)"): the elemental magic that plays an important part in the series and [ESP](/wiki/Extra-sensory_perception "Extra-sensory perception") that is largely explored in *[The Wizard of London](/wiki/The_Wizard_of_London "The Wizard of London")*. There have been mentions of different types and degrees of magical ability in the series.
### Elemental magic
Elemental magic is the most commonly seen form of magic in the series, with every book having at least a couple of elemental masters as major characters, with one serving as the antagonist. The masters' abilities are tied with their ability to see and control [spirits](/wiki/Elemental "Elemental") of a particular elemental affinity. Different regions of the world have different Elementals. Elemental magicians are classed by their affinity (Earth, Air, Fire, and/or Water) and by their mastery of their magic; one can be an Elemental Magician or an Elemental Master. It is mentioned in *Blood Red* that there is a fifth kind of magic, Spirit, which has no Masters, as the Masters of this element would be able to control the very angels of heaven, and as such no master can be born of this element. This is later proven to not be the case in "A Study In Sable", which features a Master of Spirit who uses a violin to summon spirits and communicate with them.
#### The Power of Ice and Necromancy
The power of Ice can be seen as a partial exception of the normal abilities of an Elemental mage. Ice can be controlled by a skilled master of Fire, with cold being the inverse of heat. As seen in *[The Wizard of London](/wiki/The_Wizard_of_London "The Wizard of London")*, the power of ice is seen as a perversion and innately destructive, as it calls for a basic twisting of a master's nature as well as the world around them.
Similarly, Necromancy, the power of death, in *[Unnatural Issue](/wiki/Unnatural_Issue "Unnatural Issue")* is a destructive perversion of the power of Earth.
### The Talented
Most of the details given about the talented (those who have some degree of psychic abilities) are seen in *[The Wizard of London](/wiki/The_Wizard_of_London "The Wizard of London")*. While the talented in most part fit the descriptions and abilities given psychics in the modern world, there are two main differences. First, certain psychics are able to gain [familiars](/wiki/Familiar_spirit "Familiar spirit"); the second difference is that powerful talents or the talented have psychic [Avatars](/wiki/Avatar "Avatar") that represent their duties as champions of the light. These avatars tend to draw imagery from fiction and the past.
### Sensitives
Details are given in *[Reserved for the Cat](/wiki/Reserved_for_the_Cat "Reserved for the Cat")*. Sensitives are those who do not have direct magical talents but are able to see and feel to a degree, magic cast by the Elemental Wizards. Some are capable of seeing and sometimes communicating with elemental spirits. Some sensitives may also cast small magics that are often based on emotions. A powerful Sensitive can use their powers to influence people. Sensitives often form the bulk of an Elemental Wizards's household.
### Other forms of magic
While psychics, wizards and elemental masters are portrayed as the more common magic users in the western world, the series also focuses on other forms of power such as the Hindu sorcerers of India and the various spirits of the world (such as the [fey](/wiki/Fairy "Fairy") of England and avatars of the [Hindu gods](/wiki/Hindu_deities "Hindu deities")).[Lackey, Mercedes. The serpents's shadow \- Young Adult Review \- Book Review \| Kliatt \| Find Articles at BNET.com](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PBX/is_4_36/ai_111165666)
### Variation on fairy tale models
Each book in the series is loosely based on a famous [fairy tale](/wiki/Fairy_tale "Fairy tale"). However, female protagonists in the books are noticeably stronger and more assertive than the fairy tale characters on which they are modeled. *[The Serpent's Shadow](/wiki/The_Serpent%27s_Shadow_%28Lackey_novel%29 "The Serpent's Shadow (Lackey novel)")*, *The Gates of Sleep* and *[Phoenix and Ashes](/wiki/Phoenix_and_Ashes "Phoenix and Ashes")* are each based on fairy tales (*[Snow White](/wiki/Snow_White "Snow White")*, *[Sleeping Beauty](/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty "Sleeping Beauty")* and *[Cinderella](/wiki/Cinderella "Cinderella")*, respectively) in which a girl faces the malevolence of an older and far more powerful woman, before being saved by the intervention of a [Prince](/wiki/Prince_Charming "Prince Charming"). In Lackey's novels, the equivalent character does not merely wait passively to be saved, and rather takes an active role in fighting for herself, on equal terms with the male character. Much of this fierce fighting takes place in astral form, when the original fairy tale female was completely passive in deep sleep or coma.
|
[
"Magic\n-----",
"The world of the \"Elemental Masters\" is home to two main types of [magic](/wiki/Magic_%28paranormal%29 \"Magic (paranormal)\"): the elemental magic that plays an important part in the series and [ESP](/wiki/Extra-sensory_perception \"Extra-sensory perception\") that is largely explored in *[The Wizard of London](/wiki/The_Wizard_of_London \"The Wizard of London\")*. There have been mentions of different types and degrees of magical ability in the series.",
"### Elemental magic",
"Elemental magic is the most commonly seen form of magic in the series, with every book having at least a couple of elemental masters as major characters, with one serving as the antagonist. The masters' abilities are tied with their ability to see and control [spirits](/wiki/Elemental \"Elemental\") of a particular elemental affinity. Different regions of the world have different Elementals. Elemental magicians are classed by their affinity (Earth, Air, Fire, and/or Water) and by their mastery of their magic; one can be an Elemental Magician or an Elemental Master. It is mentioned in *Blood Red* that there is a fifth kind of magic, Spirit, which has no Masters, as the Masters of this element would be able to control the very angels of heaven, and as such no master can be born of this element. This is later proven to not be the case in \"A Study In Sable\", which features a Master of Spirit who uses a violin to summon spirits and communicate with them.",
"#### The Power of Ice and Necromancy",
"The power of Ice can be seen as a partial exception of the normal abilities of an Elemental mage. Ice can be controlled by a skilled master of Fire, with cold being the inverse of heat. As seen in *[The Wizard of London](/wiki/The_Wizard_of_London \"The Wizard of London\")*, the power of ice is seen as a perversion and innately destructive, as it calls for a basic twisting of a master's nature as well as the world around them.",
"Similarly, Necromancy, the power of death, in *[Unnatural Issue](/wiki/Unnatural_Issue \"Unnatural Issue\")* is a destructive perversion of the power of Earth.",
"### The Talented",
"Most of the details given about the talented (those who have some degree of psychic abilities) are seen in *[The Wizard of London](/wiki/The_Wizard_of_London \"The Wizard of London\")*. While the talented in most part fit the descriptions and abilities given psychics in the modern world, there are two main differences. First, certain psychics are able to gain [familiars](/wiki/Familiar_spirit \"Familiar spirit\"); the second difference is that powerful talents or the talented have psychic [Avatars](/wiki/Avatar \"Avatar\") that represent their duties as champions of the light. These avatars tend to draw imagery from fiction and the past.",
"### Sensitives",
"Details are given in *[Reserved for the Cat](/wiki/Reserved_for_the_Cat \"Reserved for the Cat\")*. Sensitives are those who do not have direct magical talents but are able to see and feel to a degree, magic cast by the Elemental Wizards. Some are capable of seeing and sometimes communicating with elemental spirits. Some sensitives may also cast small magics that are often based on emotions. A powerful Sensitive can use their powers to influence people. Sensitives often form the bulk of an Elemental Wizards's household.",
"### Other forms of magic",
"While psychics, wizards and elemental masters are portrayed as the more common magic users in the western world, the series also focuses on other forms of power such as the Hindu sorcerers of India and the various spirits of the world (such as the [fey](/wiki/Fairy \"Fairy\") of England and avatars of the [Hindu gods](/wiki/Hindu_deities \"Hindu deities\")).[Lackey, Mercedes. The serpents's shadow \\- Young Adult Review \\- Book Review \\| Kliatt \\| Find Articles at BNET.com](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PBX/is_4_36/ai_111165666)",
"### Variation on fairy tale models",
"Each book in the series is loosely based on a famous [fairy tale](/wiki/Fairy_tale \"Fairy tale\"). However, female protagonists in the books are noticeably stronger and more assertive than the fairy tale characters on which they are modeled. *[The Serpent's Shadow](/wiki/The_Serpent%27s_Shadow_%28Lackey_novel%29 \"The Serpent's Shadow (Lackey novel)\")*, *The Gates of Sleep* and *[Phoenix and Ashes](/wiki/Phoenix_and_Ashes \"Phoenix and Ashes\")* are each based on fairy tales (*[Snow White](/wiki/Snow_White \"Snow White\")*, *[Sleeping Beauty](/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty \"Sleeping Beauty\")* and *[Cinderella](/wiki/Cinderella \"Cinderella\")*, respectively) in which a girl faces the malevolence of an older and far more powerful woman, before being saved by the intervention of a [Prince](/wiki/Prince_Charming \"Prince Charming\"). In Lackey's novels, the equivalent character does not merely wait passively to be saved, and rather takes an active role in fighting for herself, on equal terms with the male character. Much of this fierce fighting takes place in astral form, when the original fairy tale female was completely passive in deep sleep or coma.",
""
] |
Industrial Awards and the Fair Work Act
---------------------------------------
Unlike [awards](/wiki/Award_%28Australian_industrial_relations%29 "Award (Australian industrial relations)"), which provide similar standards for all workers in the entire [industry](/wiki/Industry_%28economics%29 "Industry (economics)") covered by a specific award, collective agreements usually apply only to workers for one employer. However, a short\-term collaborative agreement (for example, on a building\-site) occasionally yields a multi\-employer/employee agreement.
Parties endorse proposed enterprise agreements between themselves (in the case of employees the matter goes to a vote). The [Fair Work Commission](/wiki/Fair_Work_Commission "Fair Work Commission") then assess them for approval. (Under the *[Fair Work Act 2009](/wiki/Fair_Work_Act_2009 "Fair Work Act 2009")*, agreements {{as of\|2010\|alt\=now}} renamed "[enterprise agreements](/wiki/Enterprise_agreement "Enterprise agreement")" and are lodged with the Fair Work Commission to assess entitlements against the modern award and be checked for breaches of the Act.){{cite web\|title\=Enterprise Bargaining Fact Sheet\|url\=http://www.fairwork.gov.au/resources/fact\-sheets/workplace\-rights/pages/enterprise\-bargaining\-fact\-sheet.aspx\|work\=FairWork\|publisher\=Australian Government\|access\-date\=2013\-09\-26}}
### History
Enterprise Bargaining Agreements were first introduced in Australia under the [Prices and Incomes Accord](/wiki/Prices_and_Incomes_Accord "Prices and Incomes Accord") in 1991 (Mark VII). They later became the centrepiece of the Australian industrial relations system when the Accord was next revised in 1993 (Mark VIII). This ended nearly a century of centralised wage\-fixing based industrial relations.
### How an enterprise agreement is made
The Fair Work Act 2009 provides a simple, flexible and fair framework that assists employers and employees to bargain in good faith to make an enterprise agreement.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www8\.austlii.edu.au/cgi\-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol\_act/fwa2009114/s171\.html\|title\=FAIR WORK ACT 2009 \- SECT 171 Objects of this Part}}
Employers, employees and their bargaining representatives are involved in the process of bargaining for a proposed enterprise agreement. An employer must notify their employees of the right to be represented by a bargaining representative during the bargaining of an enterprise agreement (other than a greenfields agreement) as soon as possible, and not later than 14 days after the notification time for the agreement (usually the start of bargaining). The notification should be given to each current employee who will be covered by the enterprise agreement.
### Use of enterprise agreements
A standard enterprise agreement would last for three years.
EAs had one unique feature in Australia: whilst negotiating a federal enterprise bargaining agreement, a group of employees or a trade union could, without legal penalties, undertake [industrial action](/wiki/Industrial_action "Industrial action") (including [strikes](/wiki/Strike_action "Strike action")) in pursuit of their claims .
### Issues regarding enterprise agreements
A major legal question associated with enterprise agreements stemmed from the [High Court of Australia](/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia "High Court of Australia")'s decision in the case of *[Electrolux v The Australian Workers' Union](/wiki/Electrolux_v_AWU "Electrolux v AWU")*. The question revolved around what these industrial instruments could cover. The [Australian Industrial Relations Commission](/wiki/Australian_Industrial_Relations_Commission "Australian Industrial Relations Commission") determined the matter in 2005 in the [three certified agreements case](/wiki/Three_certified_agreements_case "Three certified agreements case").
### The future of EAs in Australian industrial law
In the context of [Australian labour law](/wiki/Australian_labour_law "Australian labour law"), the industrial reform of 2005–2006, known as "[WorkChoices](/wiki/WorkChoices "WorkChoices")"{{cite journal\|last\=Hall\|first\=Richard\|title\=Australian Industrial Relations in 2005 – The WorkChoices Revolution\|journal\=Journal of Industrial Relations\|date\=June 2006\|volume\=48\|issue\=3\|pages\=291–303\|doi\=10\.1177/0022185606064786}} (with its corresponding amendments to the [Workplace Relations Act (1996\)](/wiki/Workplace_Relations_Act_1996 "Workplace Relations Act 1996")) changed the name of such agreement documents to "Collective Agreement". [State](/wiki/States_of_Australia "States of Australia") industrial legislation can also prescribe collective agreements, but the enactment of the WorkChoices reform will make such agreements less likely to occur.
Since the Fair Work Act was enacted, parties to Australian federal collective agreements {{as of\|2006\|alt\=now}} lodge their agreements with Fair Work Australia for approval. Before an enterprise agreement will be approved a member of the tribunal must be satisfied that employees employed under the agreement will be 'Better Off Overall' than if they were employed under the relevant modern award.
|
[
"Industrial Awards and the Fair Work Act\n---------------------------------------",
"Unlike [awards](/wiki/Award_%28Australian_industrial_relations%29 \"Award (Australian industrial relations)\"), which provide similar standards for all workers in the entire [industry](/wiki/Industry_%28economics%29 \"Industry (economics)\") covered by a specific award, collective agreements usually apply only to workers for one employer. However, a short\\-term collaborative agreement (for example, on a building\\-site) occasionally yields a multi\\-employer/employee agreement.",
"Parties endorse proposed enterprise agreements between themselves (in the case of employees the matter goes to a vote). The [Fair Work Commission](/wiki/Fair_Work_Commission \"Fair Work Commission\") then assess them for approval. (Under the *[Fair Work Act 2009](/wiki/Fair_Work_Act_2009 \"Fair Work Act 2009\")*, agreements {{as of\\|2010\\|alt\\=now}} renamed \"[enterprise agreements](/wiki/Enterprise_agreement \"Enterprise agreement\")\" and are lodged with the Fair Work Commission to assess entitlements against the modern award and be checked for breaches of the Act.){{cite web\\|title\\=Enterprise Bargaining Fact Sheet\\|url\\=http://www.fairwork.gov.au/resources/fact\\-sheets/workplace\\-rights/pages/enterprise\\-bargaining\\-fact\\-sheet.aspx\\|work\\=FairWork\\|publisher\\=Australian Government\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-26}}",
"### History",
"Enterprise Bargaining Agreements were first introduced in Australia under the [Prices and Incomes Accord](/wiki/Prices_and_Incomes_Accord \"Prices and Incomes Accord\") in 1991 (Mark VII). They later became the centrepiece of the Australian industrial relations system when the Accord was next revised in 1993 (Mark VIII). This ended nearly a century of centralised wage\\-fixing based industrial relations.",
"### How an enterprise agreement is made",
"The Fair Work Act 2009 provides a simple, flexible and fair framework that assists employers and employees to bargain in good faith to make an enterprise agreement.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www8\\.austlii.edu.au/cgi\\-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol\\_act/fwa2009114/s171\\.html\\|title\\=FAIR WORK ACT 2009 \\- SECT 171 Objects of this Part}}",
"Employers, employees and their bargaining representatives are involved in the process of bargaining for a proposed enterprise agreement. An employer must notify their employees of the right to be represented by a bargaining representative during the bargaining of an enterprise agreement (other than a greenfields agreement) as soon as possible, and not later than 14 days after the notification time for the agreement (usually the start of bargaining). The notification should be given to each current employee who will be covered by the enterprise agreement.",
"### Use of enterprise agreements",
"A standard enterprise agreement would last for three years.",
"EAs had one unique feature in Australia: whilst negotiating a federal enterprise bargaining agreement, a group of employees or a trade union could, without legal penalties, undertake [industrial action](/wiki/Industrial_action \"Industrial action\") (including [strikes](/wiki/Strike_action \"Strike action\")) in pursuit of their claims .",
"### Issues regarding enterprise agreements",
"A major legal question associated with enterprise agreements stemmed from the [High Court of Australia](/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia \"High Court of Australia\")'s decision in the case of *[Electrolux v The Australian Workers' Union](/wiki/Electrolux_v_AWU \"Electrolux v AWU\")*. The question revolved around what these industrial instruments could cover. The [Australian Industrial Relations Commission](/wiki/Australian_Industrial_Relations_Commission \"Australian Industrial Relations Commission\") determined the matter in 2005 in the [three certified agreements case](/wiki/Three_certified_agreements_case \"Three certified agreements case\").",
"### The future of EAs in Australian industrial law",
"In the context of [Australian labour law](/wiki/Australian_labour_law \"Australian labour law\"), the industrial reform of 2005–2006, known as \"[WorkChoices](/wiki/WorkChoices \"WorkChoices\")\"{{cite journal\\|last\\=Hall\\|first\\=Richard\\|title\\=Australian Industrial Relations in 2005 – The WorkChoices Revolution\\|journal\\=Journal of Industrial Relations\\|date\\=June 2006\\|volume\\=48\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=291–303\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0022185606064786}} (with its corresponding amendments to the [Workplace Relations Act (1996\\)](/wiki/Workplace_Relations_Act_1996 \"Workplace Relations Act 1996\")) changed the name of such agreement documents to \"Collective Agreement\". [State](/wiki/States_of_Australia \"States of Australia\") industrial legislation can also prescribe collective agreements, but the enactment of the WorkChoices reform will make such agreements less likely to occur.",
"Since the Fair Work Act was enacted, parties to Australian federal collective agreements {{as of\\|2006\\|alt\\=now}} lodge their agreements with Fair Work Australia for approval. Before an enterprise agreement will be approved a member of the tribunal must be satisfied that employees employed under the agreement will be 'Better Off Overall' than if they were employed under the relevant modern award.",
""
] |
College activity
----------------
### Academic
OLMC offers courses in the general, [VET](/wiki/National_Training_System_%28Australia%29 "National Training System (Australia)"), and [ATAR](/wiki/Australian_Tertiary_Admission_Rank "Australian Tertiary Admission Rank") frameworks, allowing students to achieve a [WACE](/wiki/Western_Australian_Certificate_of_Education "Western Australian Certificate of Education"). In 2020 the school was ranked 27th in Western Australia with a median ATAR of 85\.20, the highest of any regional school.{{Cite web\|last\=Hiatt\|first\=Bethany\|date\=2021\-01\-10\|title\=WA's top 50 schools in ATAR ranking revealed\|url\=https://thewest.com.au/news/education/atar\-school\-rankings\-2020\-the\-top\-50\-wa\-schools\-in\-terms\-of\-median\-atar\-results\-ng\-b881765045z\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-14\|website\=\[\[The West Australian]]\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|last\=Pilat\|first\=Lauren\|date\=2021\-01\-11\|title\=WA's top\-performing high schools revealed as students don't let pandemic hold them back\|url\=https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western\-australia/wa\-s\-top\-performing\-high\-schools\-revealed\-as\-students\-don\-t\-let\-pandemic\-hold\-them\-back\-20210111\-p56t80\.html\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-14\|website\=WAtoday\|language\=en}}
### Arts
OLMC has notably performed several biannual musical productions in conjunction with BCC. Productions are performed at the Bunbury Regional Entertainment Centre.
| Year | Production |
| --- | --- |
| 2016 | *[The Addams Family](/wiki/The_Addams_Family_%28musical%29 "The Addams Family (musical)")*{{Cite web\|title\=Addams Family Musical\|url\=https://www.bunburycatholic.wa.edu.au/addams\-family\-musical/\|last\=Granger\|first\=Jacqui\|date\=2016\-08\-11\|website\=Bunbury Catholic College\|language\=en\-AU\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318200958/https://www.bunburycatholic.wa.edu.au/addams\-family\-musical/\|archive\-date\=18 March 2020\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-07}} |
| 2018 | *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28musical%29 "Beauty and the Beast (musical)")* |
| 2021 | *[Matilda](/wiki/Matilda_the_Musical "Matilda the Musical")* |
### Sports
OLMC holds an annual [cross country](/wiki/Cross_country_running "Cross country running") event and [school sports carnival](/wiki/Sports_carnival "Sports carnival").
The school is a member of [Associated \& Catholic Colleges of Western Australia](/wiki/Associated_and_Catholic_Colleges_of_Western_Australia "Associated and Catholic Colleges of Western Australia").
#### Pedal Prix
As BCC Mercy, OLMC entered several [Australian HPV Super Series](/wiki/Australian_HPV_Super_Series "Australian HPV Super Series") teams with Bunbury Catholic College the in 2016\-2019 [City of Busselton 6 Hours](/wiki/Australian_HPV_Super_Series%23Busselton%2C_Western_Australia "Australian HPV Super Series#Busselton, Western Australia") events. The teams were composed of students from both the Mercy and Marist campus. The entries were initiated by Mercy students in 2016,{{Cite web\|title\=Design and Technology\|url\=https://www.bunburycatholic.wa.edu.au/design\-and\-technology/\|last\=Granger\|first\=Jacqui\|date\=2016\-08\-11\|website\=Bunbury Catholic College\|language\=en\-AU\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318201412/https://www.bunburycatholic.wa.edu.au/design\-and\-technology/\|archive\-date\=18 March 2020\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-11}} and the vehicles were prepared at the OLMC campus prior to each event.
| \+{{flagicon\|Western Australia}} [City of Busselton 6 Hours](/wiki/Australian_HPV_Super_Series%23Busselton%2C_Western_Australia "Australian HPV Super Series#Busselton, Western Australia") results | Year | Team | Vehicle | {{Tooltip\|No.\|Car number}} | Class | Laps | {{Tooltip\|Pos.\|Overall position}} | {{Tooltip\|ClassPos.\|Class position}} |Cite
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | {{flagicon\|Western Australia}} Bunbury Catholic College | Bunbury Catholic College | 335 | **{{Tooltip\|2\|Class 2, for up to 14 riders under the age of 16}}** | 104 | 27th | 6th | {{Cite web\|title\=2016 RAC Pedal Prix, Busselton WA \- Race 5, Australian HPV Super Series \- Official Event Results\|url\=https://speedhive.mylaps.com/Sessions/4102813\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2016\-08\-20\|website\=Speedhive\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-11}} |
| 2017 | {{flagicon\|Western Australia}} Bunbury Catholic College | BCC | 306 | **{{Tooltip\|2\|Class 2, for up to 14 riders under the age of 16}}** | 162 | 20th | 6th | {{Cite web\|title\=2017 RAC Pedal Prix, Busselton WA \- Race 5, Australian HPV Super Series \- Official Event Results\|url\=https://speedhive.mylaps.com/Sessions/4557994\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2017\-08\-19\|website\=Speedhive\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-11}} |
| 2018 | {{flagicon\|Western Australia}} Bunbury Catholic College | Bunbury CC1 | 354 | **{{Tooltip\|S2\|Class S2, for up to 14 riders under the age of 17 and in Year 10 or below}}** | 173 | 16th | 5th | {{Cite web\|title\=2018 RAC Pedal Prix, Busselton WA \- Race 5, Australian HPV Super Series \- Official Event Results\|url\=https://speedhive.mylaps.com/Sessions/5039187\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2018\-08\-18\|website\=Speedhive\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-11}} |
| Bunbury CC2 | 353 | **{{Tooltip\|S3\|Class S3, for up to 12 riders under the age of 20 and in Year 12 or below}}** | 94 | 48th | 7th |
| {{flagicon\|Western Australia}} Bunbury CC | BCC 3 | 12 | **{{Tooltip\|S2\|Class S2, for up to 14 riders under the age of 17 and in Year 10 or below}}** | 87 | 49th | 21st |
| 2019 | {{flagicon\|Western Australia}} Bunbury Catholic College | BCC1 | 346 | **{{Tooltip\|S2\|Class S2, for up to 14 riders under the age of 17 and in Year 10 or below}}** | 92 | 47th | 23rd | {{Cite web\|title\=2019 RAC Pedal Prix, Busselton WA \- Race 5, Australian HPV Super Series \- Official Event Results\|url\=https://speedhive.mylaps.com/Sessions/5537309\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2019\-08\-17\|website\=Speedhive\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-11}} |
| BCC2 | 347 | 64 | 48th | 24th |
### Extracurricular activities
The College participates in the annual Western Australian Debating League regional competition, and were 2016 Junior Champions and 2018 and 2019 Junior Runner\-ups.
OLMC is the equal most\-successful school in the [South West Philosothon](/wiki/Philosothon%23South_West_Western_Australia "Philosothon#South West Western Australia"), with three consecutive team wins.
|
[
"College activity\n----------------",
"### Academic",
"OLMC offers courses in the general, [VET](/wiki/National_Training_System_%28Australia%29 \"National Training System (Australia)\"), and [ATAR](/wiki/Australian_Tertiary_Admission_Rank \"Australian Tertiary Admission Rank\") frameworks, allowing students to achieve a [WACE](/wiki/Western_Australian_Certificate_of_Education \"Western Australian Certificate of Education\"). In 2020 the school was ranked 27th in Western Australia with a median ATAR of 85\\.20, the highest of any regional school.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Hiatt\\|first\\=Bethany\\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-10\\|title\\=WA's top 50 schools in ATAR ranking revealed\\|url\\=https://thewest.com.au/news/education/atar\\-school\\-rankings\\-2020\\-the\\-top\\-50\\-wa\\-schools\\-in\\-terms\\-of\\-median\\-atar\\-results\\-ng\\-b881765045z\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-14\\|website\\=\\[\\[The West Australian]]\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Pilat\\|first\\=Lauren\\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\|title\\=WA's top\\-performing high schools revealed as students don't let pandemic hold them back\\|url\\=https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western\\-australia/wa\\-s\\-top\\-performing\\-high\\-schools\\-revealed\\-as\\-students\\-don\\-t\\-let\\-pandemic\\-hold\\-them\\-back\\-20210111\\-p56t80\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-14\\|website\\=WAtoday\\|language\\=en}}",
"### Arts",
"OLMC has notably performed several biannual musical productions in conjunction with BCC. Productions are performed at the Bunbury Regional Entertainment Centre.",
"",
"| Year | Production |\n| --- | --- |\n| 2016 | *[The Addams Family](/wiki/The_Addams_Family_%28musical%29 \"The Addams Family (musical)\")*{{Cite web\\|title\\=Addams Family Musical\\|url\\=https://www.bunburycatholic.wa.edu.au/addams\\-family\\-musical/\\|last\\=Granger\\|first\\=Jacqui\\|date\\=2016\\-08\\-11\\|website\\=Bunbury Catholic College\\|language\\=en\\-AU\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318200958/https://www.bunburycatholic.wa.edu.au/addams\\-family\\-musical/\\|archive\\-date\\=18 March 2020\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-07}} |\n| 2018 | *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28musical%29 \"Beauty and the Beast (musical)\")* |\n| 2021 | *[Matilda](/wiki/Matilda_the_Musical \"Matilda the Musical\")* |",
"### Sports",
"OLMC holds an annual [cross country](/wiki/Cross_country_running \"Cross country running\") event and [school sports carnival](/wiki/Sports_carnival \"Sports carnival\").",
"The school is a member of [Associated \\& Catholic Colleges of Western Australia](/wiki/Associated_and_Catholic_Colleges_of_Western_Australia \"Associated and Catholic Colleges of Western Australia\").",
"#### Pedal Prix",
"As BCC Mercy, OLMC entered several [Australian HPV Super Series](/wiki/Australian_HPV_Super_Series \"Australian HPV Super Series\") teams with Bunbury Catholic College the in 2016\\-2019 [City of Busselton 6 Hours](/wiki/Australian_HPV_Super_Series%23Busselton%2C_Western_Australia \"Australian HPV Super Series#Busselton, Western Australia\") events. The teams were composed of students from both the Mercy and Marist campus. The entries were initiated by Mercy students in 2016,{{Cite web\\|title\\=Design and Technology\\|url\\=https://www.bunburycatholic.wa.edu.au/design\\-and\\-technology/\\|last\\=Granger\\|first\\=Jacqui\\|date\\=2016\\-08\\-11\\|website\\=Bunbury Catholic College\\|language\\=en\\-AU\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318201412/https://www.bunburycatholic.wa.edu.au/design\\-and\\-technology/\\|archive\\-date\\=18 March 2020\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-11}} and the vehicles were prepared at the OLMC campus prior to each event.",
"",
"| \\+{{flagicon\\|Western Australia}} [City of Busselton 6 Hours](/wiki/Australian_HPV_Super_Series%23Busselton%2C_Western_Australia \"Australian HPV Super Series#Busselton, Western Australia\") results | Year | Team | Vehicle | {{Tooltip\\|No.\\|Car number}} | Class | Laps | {{Tooltip\\|Pos.\\|Overall position}} | {{Tooltip\\|ClassPos.\\|Class position}} |Cite",
"| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2016 | {{flagicon\\|Western Australia}} Bunbury Catholic College | Bunbury Catholic College | 335 | **{{Tooltip\\|2\\|Class 2, for up to 14 riders under the age of 16}}** | 104 | 27th | 6th | {{Cite web\\|title\\=2016 RAC Pedal Prix, Busselton WA \\- Race 5, Australian HPV Super Series \\- Official Event Results\\|url\\=https://speedhive.mylaps.com/Sessions/4102813\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2016\\-08\\-20\\|website\\=Speedhive\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-11}} |\n| 2017 | {{flagicon\\|Western Australia}} Bunbury Catholic College | BCC | 306 | **{{Tooltip\\|2\\|Class 2, for up to 14 riders under the age of 16}}** | 162 | 20th | 6th | {{Cite web\\|title\\=2017 RAC Pedal Prix, Busselton WA \\- Race 5, Australian HPV Super Series \\- Official Event Results\\|url\\=https://speedhive.mylaps.com/Sessions/4557994\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-19\\|website\\=Speedhive\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-11}} |\n| 2018 | {{flagicon\\|Western Australia}} Bunbury Catholic College | Bunbury CC1 | 354 | **{{Tooltip\\|S2\\|Class S2, for up to 14 riders under the age of 17 and in Year 10 or below}}** | 173 | 16th | 5th | {{Cite web\\|title\\=2018 RAC Pedal Prix, Busselton WA \\- Race 5, Australian HPV Super Series \\- Official Event Results\\|url\\=https://speedhive.mylaps.com/Sessions/5039187\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2018\\-08\\-18\\|website\\=Speedhive\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-11}} |\n| Bunbury CC2 | 353 | **{{Tooltip\\|S3\\|Class S3, for up to 12 riders under the age of 20 and in Year 12 or below}}** | 94 | 48th | 7th |\n| {{flagicon\\|Western Australia}} Bunbury CC | BCC 3 | 12 | **{{Tooltip\\|S2\\|Class S2, for up to 14 riders under the age of 17 and in Year 10 or below}}** | 87 | 49th | 21st |\n| 2019 | {{flagicon\\|Western Australia}} Bunbury Catholic College | BCC1 | 346 | **{{Tooltip\\|S2\\|Class S2, for up to 14 riders under the age of 17 and in Year 10 or below}}** | 92 | 47th | 23rd | {{Cite web\\|title\\=2019 RAC Pedal Prix, Busselton WA \\- Race 5, Australian HPV Super Series \\- Official Event Results\\|url\\=https://speedhive.mylaps.com/Sessions/5537309\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-17\\|website\\=Speedhive\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-11}} |\n| BCC2 | 347 | 64 | 48th | 24th |",
"### Extracurricular activities",
"The College participates in the annual Western Australian Debating League regional competition, and were 2016 Junior Champions and 2018 and 2019 Junior Runner\\-ups.",
"OLMC is the equal most\\-successful school in the [South West Philosothon](/wiki/Philosothon%23South_West_Western_Australia \"Philosothon#South West Western Australia\"), with three consecutive team wins.",
""
] |
Life and career
---------------
### 1966–1985: Early life and career beginnings
[180px\|thumb\|left\|upright\|Jackson (*bottom row*) in a 1977 CBS photo on the set of *[The Jacksons](/wiki/The_Jacksons_%28TV_series%29 "The Jacksons (TV series)")*](/wiki/File:Jacksonstvshow.jpg "Jacksonstvshow.jpg")
Janet Damita Jo Jackson was born on May 16, 1966, in [Gary, Indiana](/wiki/Gary%2C_Indiana "Gary, Indiana").{{harvnb\|Cornwell\|2002\|pages\=2, 10, 24}} She was the youngest of ten children in the [Jackson family](/wiki/Jackson_family "Jackson family"), a working\-class [African\-American](/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans") family living in a two\-bedroom house on Jackson Street.{{sfn\|Jackson\|2009\|p\=26}} Her mother, [Katherine Esther Jackson](/wiki/Katherine_Jackson "Katherine Jackson") (*née* Scruse), played clarinet and piano, had aspired to be a [country\-and\-western](/wiki/Country_music "Country music") performer, and worked part\-time at [Sears](/wiki/Sears "Sears").{{sfn\|Young\|2009\|pp\=17, 19}} Her father, [Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson](/wiki/Joe_Jackson_%28manager%29 "Joe Jackson (manager)"), a former boxer, was a crane operator at [U.S. Steel](/wiki/U.S._Steel "U.S. Steel") and played guitar with a local [rhythm and blues](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues "Rhythm and blues") band, the Falcons, to supplement the family's income.{{cite news \|last\=Sweeting \|first\=Adam \|date\=June 27, 2018 \|title\=Joe Jackson obituary \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe\-jackson\-obituary \|access\-date\=April 14, 2019 \|archive\-date\=December 8, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208194246/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe\-jackson\-obituary \|url\-status\=live }}{{sfn\|Young\|2009\|pp\=18–19}} Janet's great\-great\-grandfather, July "Jack" Gale, was a US Army [scout](/wiki/Cavalry_scout "Cavalry scout"). Family lore held that he was also a Native American [medicine man](/wiki/Medicine_man "Medicine man").{{sfn\|Knopper\|2016\|p\=6\. Note: No tribal affiliation named in source}} Janet grew up with two sisters ([Rebbie](/wiki/Rebbie_Jackson "Rebbie Jackson") and [La Toya](/wiki/La_Toya_Jackson "La Toya Jackson")) and six brothers ([Jackie](/wiki/Jackie_Jackson "Jackie Jackson"), [Tito](/wiki/Tito_Jackson "Tito Jackson"), [Jermaine](/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson "Jermaine Jackson"), [Marlon](/wiki/Marlon_Jackson "Marlon Jackson"), [Michael](/wiki/Michael_Jackson "Michael Jackson") and [Randy](/wiki/Randy_Jackson_%28The_Jacksons%29 "Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)")). Another brother, Marlon's twin Brandon, died shortly after birth.{{cite web \|last\=Morris \|first\=Chris \|date\=June 27, 2018 \|title\=Joe Jackson, Jackson Family Patriarch, Dies at 89 \|url\=https://variety.com/2018/music/news/joe\-jackson\-dead\-dies\-89\-1202859242/ \|access\-date\=April 27, 2019 \|magazine\=Variety \|archive\-date\=November 8, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108051352/https://variety.com/2018/music/news/joe\-jackson\-dead\-dies\-89\-1202859242/ \|url\-status\=live }} The Jacksons were devout [Jehovah's Witnesses](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses "Jehovah's Witnesses"), although Janet would later refrain from organized religion.{{cite news\|last\=Norment\|first\=Lynn\|title\=Janet: On her sexuality, spirituality, failed marriages, and lessons learned\|newspaper\=\[\[Jet (magazine)\|Jet]]\|volume\=57\|issue\=1\|page\=104\|date\=November 2001\|issn\=0012\-9011}}
At a young age, Jackson's brothers began performing as [the Jackson 5](/wiki/The_Jackson_5 "The Jackson 5") in the Chicago\-Gary area.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thejacksons.com/history/the\-jacksons\-5\-60\-68/\|title\=History 60\-68 {{!}} The Jacksons {{!}} The Official Website\|access\-date\=October 7, 2022\|archive\-date\=September 20, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920143141/https://www.thejacksons.com/history/the\-jacksons\-5\-60\-68/\|url\-status\=dead}} In March 1969, they signed a record deal with [Motown](/wiki/Motown "Motown"), and soon had their first number\-one hit. The family then moved to the [Encino](/wiki/Encino%2C_Los_Angeles "Encino, Los Angeles") neighborhood of Los Angeles. Jackson had initially desired to become a horse racing jockey or entertainment lawyer, with plans to support herself through acting. Despite this, she was anticipated to pursue a career in entertainment and considered the idea after recording herself in the studio.
At age seven, Jackson and her sisters [performed](/wiki/The_Jackson_5_World_Tour "The Jackson 5 World Tour") at the MGM Casino on the [Las Vegas Strip](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip "Las Vegas Strip"). A biography revealed her father, Joseph, was emotionally withdrawn and told her to address him solely by his first name as a child. She began acting in the variety show *[The Jacksons](/wiki/The_Jacksons_%28TV_series%29 "The Jacksons (TV series)")* in 1976\.
In 1977, She was selected to have a starring role as [Penny Gordon Woods](/wiki/Good_Times "Good Times") in the sitcom *Good Times*. She later starred in *[A New Kind of Family](/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Family "A New Kind of Family")* and later got a recurring role on *[Diff'rent Strokes](/wiki/Diff%27rent_Strokes "Diff'rent Strokes")*, portraying Charlene Duprey from seasons three to six. Jackson also played the role of Cleo Hewitt during the fourth season of *[Fame](/wiki/Fame_%281982_TV_series%29 "Fame (1982 TV series)")*, but expressed indifference towards the series, largely due to the emotional stress of her secret marriage to R\&B singer [James DeBarge](/wiki/James_DeBarge "James DeBarge"). Jackson later elaborated on her time on the show in an interview with [Anderson Cooper](/wiki/Anderson_Cooper "Anderson Cooper"), revealing that the cast would occasionally play pranks on her, but she spoke fondly of them.{{Cite web \| last \= Fox \| first \= Norman \| title \= Indian Summer \| work \= \[\[TV.com]] \| publisher \= \[\[CBS Interactive]] \| url \= http://www.tv.com/fame/indian\-summer/episode/77620/summary.html \| access\-date \= September 3, 2010 \| archive\-date \= November 8, 2012 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20121108042131/http://www.tv.com/fame/indian\-summer/episode/77620/summary.html \| url\-status \= dead }}{{Cite news\|last\= Saunders \|first\= Michael \| title\=The 3 Divas Janet Jackson turns her focus inward \| newspaper\=\[\[The Boston Globe]] \| page\=D13 \| date\=October 3, 1996}}
When Jackson was fifteen, her father and manager Joseph Jackson arranged a contract for her with [A\&M Records](/wiki/A%26M_Records "A&M Records").{{cite magazine\|title\=Pro Equipment \& Services\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|volume\=94\|issue\=19\|page\=47\|date\=May 15, 1982}} Her debut album, *[Janet Jackson](/wiki/Janet_Jackson_%28album%29 "Janet Jackson (album)")*, was released in 1982\. It was produced by [Angela Winbush](/wiki/Angela_Winbush "Angela Winbush"), [René Moore](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Moore "René Moore"), Bobby Watson of [Rufus](/wiki/Rufus_%28band%29 "Rufus (band)") and [Leon Sylvers III](/wiki/Leon_Sylvers_III "Leon Sylvers III"), and overseen by her father Joseph. It peaked at No. 63 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200"), and No. 6 on the publication's R\&B albums chart, receiving little promotion.{{Cite web \| title \= Janet Jackson \| work \= \[\[AllMusic]] \| url \= https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4572 \| access\-date \= July 21, 2010 \| archive\-date \= February 17, 2011 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110217221037/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4572 \| url\-status \= live }}{{cite magazine \| url\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/janet\-jackson/chart\-history/billboard\-200 \| title\=Janet Jackson – Chart History: ''Billboard'' 200 \| magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \| access\-date\=October 29, 2012 \| archive\-date\=November 21, 2021 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121090821/https://www.billboard.com/artist/janet\-jackson/chart\-history/billboard\-200/ \| url\-status\=live }}{{cite magazine \| url\={{BillboardURLbyName\|artist\=Janet Jackson\|chart\=R\&B/Hip\-Hop Albums B}} \| title\=Janet Jackson – Chart History: R\&B/Hip\-Hop Albums \| magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|access\-date\=October 29, 2012}} The album appeared on the *Billboard* Top Black Albums of 1983, while Jackson herself was the highest\-ranking female vocalist on the *Billboard* Year\-End Black Album Artists.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive\-Billboard/80s/1983/BB\-1983\-12\-24\.pdf\|title\=A ''Billboard'' Spotlight: ''Billboard'' Talent Almanac — 1984 Year\-End Charts\|magazine\=Billboard\|pages\=TA–14, TA–15, TA–20, TA–23\|issue\=Special Double\|date\=December 24, 1983\|publisher\=Billboard Publication\|access\-date\=October 29, 2012}}
Jackson's second album, *[Dream Street](/wiki/Dream_Street_%28Janet_Jackson_album%29 "Dream Street (Janet Jackson album)")*, was released two years later. *Dream Street* reached No. 147 on the *Billboard* 200, and No. 19 on the R\&B albums chart. The lead single "[Don't Stand Another Chance](/wiki/Don%27t_Stand_Another_Chance "Don't Stand Another Chance")" peaked at No. 9 on *Billboard*{{'}}s R\&B singles chart.{{cite magazine \| url\={{BillboardURLbyName\|artist\=Janet Jackson\|chart\=R\&B/Hip\-Hop Songs}} \| title\=Janet Jackson – Chart History: R\&B/Hip\-Hop Songs \| magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\| access\-date\=April 8, 2012}} Both albums consisted primarily of [bubblegum pop](/wiki/Bubblegum_pop "Bubblegum pop") music.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/r10041\|title\=Dream Street – Janet Jackson\|work\=AllMusic\|access\-date\=July 21, 2010\|archive\-date\=March 1, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301093425/https://www.allmusic.com/album/dream\-street\-mw0000190415\|url\-status\=live}}
### 1986–1988: *Control*
[thumb\|Janet Jackson in 1986\.](/wiki/File:Janet_Jackson_1986_%28A%26M_Publicity_photo%29.jpg "Janet Jackson 1986 (A&M Publicity photo).jpg")
After her second album, Jackson terminated business affairs with her family, commenting "I just wanted to get out of the house, get out from under my father, which was one of the most difficult things that I had to do." Attempting a third album, Jackson teamed with producers [Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis](/wiki/Jimmy_Jam_and_Terry_Lewis "Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis"). They set out to achieve crossover pop appeal, while also creating a strong foundation within the [urban](/wiki/Urban_contemporary "Urban contemporary") market.{{harvnb\|Gaar\|2002\|pp\=323–325}} Within six weeks, Jackson and the duo crafted her third studio album, *[Control](/wiki/Control_%28Janet_Jackson_album%29 "Control (Janet Jackson album)")*, released in February 1986\.{{Cite web\|title\=Janet Jackson Thanks Fans After 1986 Album Control Tops Charts Again: 'Really Appreciate You'\|url\=https://people.com/music/janet\-jackson\-thanks\-fans\-after\-1986\-album\-control\-tops\-charts\-again/\|access\-date\=May 4, 2021\|website\=PEOPLE.com\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=April 18, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418161022/https://people.com/music/janet\-jackson\-thanks\-fans\-after\-1986\-album\-control\-tops\-charts\-again/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite magazine\|last\=Cohen \|first\=Jonathan \|title\=Billboard Feature: Janet Jackson: Still In Control \|url\=http://www.allbusiness.com/retail\-trade/miscellaneous\-retail\-retail\-stores\-not/4614593\-1\.html \|magazine\=Billboard \|date\=December 15, 1999 \|access\-date\=September 6, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110093834/http://www.allbusiness.com/retail\-trade/miscellaneous\-retail\-retail\-stores\-not/4614593\-1\.html \|archive\-date\=January 10, 2011 }} The album shot to No. 1 on the *Billboard* 200, and was certified fivefold Platinum by the [Recording Industry Association of America](/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America "Recording Industry Association of America") (RIAA), selling over ten million copies worldwide.{{cite certification\|region\=United States\|artist\=Janet Jackson\|type\=album\|access\-date\=August 21, 2009}}{{cite news\|last\=Norment\|first\=Lynn\|title\=Don't Call It A Come Back – 'I'm Not Ready to Retire!'\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=PNMDAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PAPA74\|date\=April 2008\|work\=\[\[Ebony (magazine)\|Ebony]]\|pages\=74–\|issn\=0012\-9011\|volume\=63\|access\-date\=December 2, 2018\|archive\-date\=March 5, 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305125514/https://books.google.com/books?id\=PNMDAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PAPA74\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}}
*Control* was declared "remarkably nervy and mature" for a teenage act, also considered "an alternative to the sentimental balladry" which permeated radio, likening Jackson to [Donna Summer](/wiki/Donna_Summer "Donna Summer")'s position of "unwilling to accept novelty status and taking her own steps to rise above it."{{cite news\|last\=Johnson\|first\=Connie\|title\=Jackson Jive\|newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|page\=78\|date\=February 23, 1986\|issn\=0458\-3035}}{{Cite news\| title \= Singer Janet Jackson \| volume\= 108 \| issue \= 3 \| page \= 61 \| newspaper\=\[\[Newsweek]]\| date \= July 21, 1986\| issn \= 0028\-9604}}{{Cite magazine \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/321531/review/5944692/control \| title \= Janet Jackson: Control: Music Reviews: Rolling Stone \| last\=Hoerburger \| first\=Rob \|magazine\=Rolling Stone \| date \= April 24, 1986 \| access\-date \= September 6, 2010 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080430054634/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/321531/review/5944692/control \| archive\-date \= April 30, 2008}} The album spawned five top five singles, "[What Have You Done for Me Lately](/wiki/What_Have_You_Done_for_Me_Lately "What Have You Done for Me Lately")", "[Nasty](/wiki/Nasty_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "Nasty (Janet Jackson song)")", "[When I Think of You](/wiki/When_I_Think_of_You "When I Think of You")", "[Control](/wiki/Control_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "Control (Janet Jackson song)")", and "[Let's Wait Awhile](/wiki/Let%27s_Wait_Awhile "Let's Wait Awhile")", and a top 15 hit with "[The Pleasure Principle](/wiki/The_Pleasure_Principle_%28song%29 "The Pleasure Principle (song)")". "When I Think of You" became her first No. 1 hit on the Hot 100\. *Control* received six [*Billboard* Awards](/wiki/Billboard_Awards "Billboard Awards"), including "Top Pop Singles Artist", and three [Grammy](/wiki/Grammy_Award "Grammy Award") nominations, such as [Album of the Year](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year "Grammy Award for Album of the Year").{{cite magazine\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=tiQEAAAAMBAJ\|title\=In Praise of Small Numbers\|magazine\=Billboard\|volume\=98\|number\=52\|date\=December 27, 1986\|access\-date\=April 18, 2014\|pages\=10, Y–17, Y–19, Y–20, Y–21, Y–22, Y–23, Y–24, Y–26\|archive\-date\=March 5, 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305125457/https://books.google.com/books?id\=tiQEAAAAMBAJ\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|title\=Veterans top Grammy nominations\|date\=January 8, 1987\|work\=\[\[The Herald (Rock Hill)\|The Herald]]\|publisher\=The McClatchy Company}} It also won four [American Music Awards](/wiki/American_Music_Award "American Music Award") from twelve nominations, an unbroken record.{{cite news\|last\=Smith\|first\=Kathleen\|title\=American Music Awards tonight to honor Presley posthumously\|newspaper\=\[\[St. Petersburg Times]]\|page\=7\.D\|date\=January 26, 1987}}{{cite news\|title\=Travis tops music award winners\|newspaper\=\[\[Houston Chronicle]]\|date\=January 26, 1988\|page\=1\|issn\=1074\-7109}}{{Cite news\| last1 \= Hamlin \| first1 \= Jesse \| title \= Graced With a Grammy / Paul Simon wins award for top album \| page \= 48 \| newspaper\=\[\[San Francisco Chronicle]] \| date \= February 25, 1987 }}
At this point, Jackson was successfully "shaking off the experience of being a shadow Jackson child", becoming "an artist in her own right".{{Cite news\|last\=Hilburn\|first\=Robert\|title\=British Critics Turn All Ears To America\|page\=65\|newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|date\=January 11, 1987\|issn\=0458\-3035}} The album's lyrical content included several themes of empowerment, inspired by an incident of sexual harassment, with Jackson recalling "the danger hit home when a couple of guys started stalking me on the street and instead of running to Jimmy or Terry for protection, I took a stand. I backed them down. That's how songs like 'Nasty' and 'What Have You Done for Me Lately' were born, out of a sense of self\-defense."{{Cite news \| last1 \= Ritz \| first1 \= David \| title \= Sexual healing \| issue \= 665 \| page \= 38 \| newspaper\=Rolling Stone \| date \= September 16, 1993 \| issn \= 0035\-791X}}
Its innovative fusion of [dance\-pop](/wiki/Dance-pop "Dance-pop") and [industrial music](/wiki/Industrial_music "Industrial music") with [hip\-hop](/wiki/Hip_hop "Hip hop") and [R\&B](/wiki/R%26B "R&B") undertones influenced the development of the [new jack swing](/wiki/New_jack_swing "New jack swing") genre by bridging the gap between the latter two styles.{{harvnb\|Ripani\|2006\|pp\=130–153}} The accompanying music videos shot for the album's singles became popular on [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV"), and obtained a then\-unknown [Paula Abdul](/wiki/Paula_Abdul "Paula Abdul") a recording contract for her choreography work with Jackson. *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)")* stated "\[Jackson's] accessible sound and spectacularly choreographed videos were irresistible to MTV, and helped the channel evolve from rock programming to a broader, beat\-driven musical mix."
In retrospect of her influence on the channel, Kyle Anderson of *[Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly "Entertainment Weekly")* commented: "The videos from Control were all over MTV, and Janet established herself as an instantly dominant pop figure talked about in the same sentences as [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna "Madonna") and her older brother Michael."{{cite magazine\|url\=http://music\-mix.ew.com/2014/09/19/janet\-jackson\-rhythm\-nation\-1814\-25th\-anniversary/\|title\=Janet Jackson's 'Rhythm Nation 1814': Still dancing and dreaming 25 years later\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]]\|publisher\=Anderson, Kyle\|date\=September 19, 2014\|access\-date\=September 19, 2014\|archive\-date\=September 21, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921015643/http://music\-mix.ew.com/2014/09/19/janet\-jackson\-rhythm\-nation\-1814\-25th\-anniversary/\|url\-status\=live}} MTV's Meaghan Garvey asserted "it's hard to overstate the significance of Control, whether in terms of the pop landscape, the evolution of the music video as a vessel for promotion and expression, or Top 40 feminist anthems." She also argued "it's important to note that *Control*’s self\-actualization anthems were expressions of black female pride. *Control* spawned a whopping six videos—great ones, at that—which played an immeasurable role in the shift toward visible black pop."{{cite news\|author\=Meaghan Garvey\|title\=On 30 Years of Janet Jackson's Control\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/2735889/on\-30\-years\-of\-janet\-jackson\-control/\|publisher\=MTV\|date\=February 4, 2016\|access\-date\=November 5, 2017\|archive\-date\=November 7, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013056/http://www.mtv.com/news/2735889/on\-30\-years\-of\-janet\-jackson\-control/\|url\-status\=dead}}
### 1989–1992: *Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814*
Jackson released her fourth album, *[Rhythm Nation 1814](/wiki/Janet_Jackson%27s_Rhythm_Nation_1814 "Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814")*, in September 1989\. Although her record label desired a direct sequel to *Control*, Jackson chose to include a socially conscious theme among various musical styles.{{Cite news \| last1 \= Cocks \| first1 \= Jay \| title \= Dancing on the charts \| volume \= 135 \| issue \= 22 \| page \= 87 \| newspaper\=Time \| date \= May 28, 1990 \| issn \= 0040\-781X}} She stated, "I know an album or a song can't change the world. I just want my music and my dance to catch the audience's attention, and to hold it long enough for them to listen to the lyrics."{{Cite news \|last1 \=Graham \| first1 \= Jefferson \| title \= Janet in command; Jackson rules her own 'Nation'; Highlights of a rhythmic life \| page \= 01\.D \| newspaper\=\[\[USA Today]] \| date \= December 15, 1989 }} The album's central theme of unity was developed in response to various crimes and tragedies reported in the media.{{Cite news\| last1 \= Morse \| first1 \= Steve \| title \= Changing Her Tune Janet Jackson's New Conscience \| page \= 30 \| newspaper\=The Boston Globe \| date \= November 20, 1989 }}
Peaking at No. 1 on the *Billboard* 200, the album was certified sixfold Platinum by the RIAA and sold over 12 million copies worldwide. *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")* observed Jackson's artistic growth shifted from "personal freedom to more universal concerns—injustice, illiteracy, crime, drugs—without missing a beat."{{Cite magazine\| last \= Aletti \| first \= Vince \| title \= Rhythm Nation 1814: Janet Jackson: Review: Rolling Stone \|magazine\=Rolling Stone \| date \= October 19, 1998 \| url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/182747/review/5943659/rhythm\_nation\_1814 \| access\-date \= September 6, 2010 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080430054629/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/182747/review/5943659/rhythm\_nation\_1814 \| archive\-date \= April 30, 2008}} The album was also considered "the exclamation point on her career", consisting of a "diverse collection of songs flowing with the natural talent Jackson possesses", which effectively "expanded Janet's range in every conceivable direction", being "more credibly feminine, more crucially masculine, more viably adult, more believably childlike."{{cite web\|last\=Henderson \|first\=Eric \| title\=Janet Jackson: Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814: Music Review \|url\=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music\_review.asp?ID\=1839 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913052948/http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music\_review.asp?ID\=1839 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=September 13, 2009 \|work\=\[\[Slant Magazine]] \|date\=September 7, 2009 \|access\-date\=November 11, 2009}} With singles "[Miss You Much](/wiki/Miss_You_Much "Miss You Much")", "[Rhythm Nation](/wiki/Rhythm_Nation "Rhythm Nation")", "[Escapade](/wiki/Escapade_%28song%29 "Escapade (song)")", "[Alright](/wiki/Alright_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "Alright (Janet Jackson song)")", "[Come Back to Me](/wiki/Come_Back_to_Me_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "Come Back to Me (Janet Jackson song)")", "[Black Cat](/wiki/Black_Cat_%28song%29 "Black Cat (song)")" and "[Love Will Never Do (Without You)](/wiki/Love_Will_Never_Do_%28Without_You%29 "Love Will Never Do (Without You)")", it became the first album in history to produce number one hits in three separate calendar years, as well as the only album to achieve seven top five singles on the Hot 100\.{{cite news\|title\=Cover Story: 'Design of a Decade' Features Ten Years of Hits\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=fzkDAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PAPA57\|work\=\[\[Jet (magazine)\|Jet]]\|access\-date\=June 9, 2011\|date\=November 6, 1995\|pages\=54–58\|publisher\=Johnson Publication\|archive\-date\=March 5, 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305125446/https://books.google.com/books?id\=fzkDAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PAPA57\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite magazine \|last1\=Trust \|first1\=Gary \|title\=The Weeknd \& Ariana Grande's 'Save Your Tears' Soars to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9566597/the\-weeknd\-ariana\-grande\-save\-your\-tears\-number\-one\-hot\-100 \|magazine\=Billboard \|publisher\=Billboard Media, LLC \|access\-date\=May 4, 2021 \|archive\-date\=May 9, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509073403/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9566597/the\-weeknd\-ariana\-grande\-save\-your\-tears\-number\-one\-hot\-100 \|url\-status\=live }}
Famous for its choreography and warehouse setting, the "[Rhythm Nation](/wiki/Rhythm_Nation_%28music_video%29 "Rhythm Nation (music video)")" music video is considered one of the most iconic and popular in history, with Jackson's military ensemble also making her a fashion icon.{{citation\|title\=The Biggest Brother\-Sister Stars in Show Business History\|newspaper\=\[\[Ebony (magazine)\|Ebony]]\|volume\=46\|issue\=10\|page\=40\|issn\=0012\-9011}} The video for "Love Will Never Do (Without You)" is notable for being the first instance of Jackson's transition into sexual imagery and midriff\-baring style, becoming her trademark. *Rhythm Nation 1814* became the highest selling album of 1990, winning a record fifteen *Billboard* Awards.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.tvguide.com/News/Billboard\-Music\-Awards\-Winners\-1047815\.aspx \|title\=Adele, LMFAO Top Billboard Music Awards – Today's News: Our Take \|work\=TV Guide \|date\=May 21, 2012 \|access\-date\=December 13, 2012 \|first\=Joyce \|last\=Eng \|archive\-date\=January 27, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127034339/http://www.tvguide.com/News/Billboard\-Music\-Awards\-Winners\-1047815\.aspx \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|last\=Macdonald \|first\=Patrick \|title \= Ringing In 1991: Northwest Top 10 Video Count\-Down \| page \= 8 \| newspaper\=\[\[The Seattle Times]] \| date \= December 28, 1990 }}{{Cite news \| last1 \= Anderson \| first1 \= Susan \| title \= Chronicle \| page \= 7 \| newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \| date \= November 28, 1990 \| isbn \= 0\-8118\-6207\-0 \| issn \= 0362\-4331}} The full *[Rhythm Nation 1814](/wiki/Rhythm_Nation_1814_%28film%29 "Rhythm Nation 1814 (film)")* short film won a [Grammy Award](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Long_Form_Music_Video "Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video").{{Cite web \| title \= Artist: Janet Jackson \| publisher \= \[\[The Recording Academy]] \| url \= https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/janet\-jackson \| access\-date \= March 18, 2015 \| archive\-date \= May 26, 2020 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20200526205338/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/janet\-jackson \| url\-status \= live }}
Jackson's [Rhythm Nation World Tour 1990](/wiki/Rhythm_Nation_World_Tour_1990 "Rhythm Nation World Tour 1990") became the most successful debut tour in history and set a record for the fastest sell\-out of Japan's [Tokyo Dome](/wiki/Tokyo_Dome "Tokyo Dome").{{harvnb\|Jaynes\|2005\|p\=565}} She established the "Rhythm Nation Scholarship", donating funds from the tour to various educational programs.{{Cite news \|title \= Janet Jackson Ends 'Rhythm Nation' Tour, Donates over $1/2 Million to Fund Education Projects \| page \= 56 \| newspaper\=\[\[Jet (magazine)\|Jet]] \|volume\=79\|issue\=13\| date \= January 14, 1991\|issn\=0021\-5996}}{{Cite news \|title \= Janet Combines Talent and Appeal for UNCF \| page \= B–3 \| newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Sentinel]] \| date \= March 3, 1994\|issn\=0890\-4340}} As Jackson began her tour, she was acknowledged for the cultural impact of her music. Joel Selvin of the *[San Francisco Chronicle](/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle "San Francisco Chronicle")* wrote "the 23\-year\-old has been making smash hit records for four years, becoming a fixture on MTV and a major role model to teenage girls across the country", and William Allen, then\-executive vice president of the [United Negro College Fund](/wiki/UNCO "UNCO"), told the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*, "Jackson is a role model for all young people to emulate and the message she has gotten to the young people of this country through the lyrics of 'Rhythm Nation 1814' is having positive effects."{{Cite news \|last\=Selvin \|first\=Joel \|title \= Just Wholesome Glitz From Janet \| page \= F1 \| newspaper \= \[\[San Francisco Chronicle]] \| date \= April 30, 1990 }}{{Cite news \|title \= Names In The News Janet Jackson Benefit Concert \| page \= 9 \| newspaper \= \[\[Los Angeles Times]] \| date \= February 5, 1990 \|issn\=0458\-3035}}
She also received a star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame "Hollywood Walk of Fame") in recognition of her impact on the recording industry and philanthropic endeavors.{{cite news\|title\=Janet Jackson Gets Star On Hollywood Walk Of Fame\|newspaper\=Jet\|date\=May 7, 1990\|volume\=78\|issue\=4\|pages\=60–61\|issn\=0021\-5996}} The massive success experienced by Jackson placed her in league with her brother Michael, Madonna, and [Tina Turner](/wiki/Tina_Turner "Tina Turner") for her achievements and influence.{{harvnb\|Kramarae\|Spender\|2000\|p\=1408}} *[Ebony](/wiki/Ebony_%28magazine%29 "Ebony (magazine)")* magazine remarked: "No individual or group has impacted the world of entertainment as have Michael and Janet Jackson," arguing that despite many imitators, few could surpass Jackson's "stunning style and dexterity".
With her recording contract under A\&M Records fulfilled in 1991, she signed a multimillion\-dollar deal with [Virgin Records](/wiki/Virgin_Records "Virgin Records")—estimated between thirty\-two to fifty million dollars—making her the highest paid recording artist at the time.{{cite news\|title\=The Biggest Brother\-Sister Stars in Show Business History\|newspaper\=\[\[Ebony (magazine)\|Ebony]]\|volume\=46\|issue\=10\|year\=1991\|page\=40\|issn\=0012\-9011}}{{Cite news \| last1 \= Goldberg \| first1 \= M. \| title \= The Jacksons score big \| page \= 32 \| newspaper\=Rolling Stone \| date \= May 2, 1991 \| issn \= 0035\-791X}} The recording contract also established her reputation as the "[Queen of Pop](/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music "Honorific nicknames in popular music")". In 1992, Jackson provided guest vocals on [Luther Vandross](/wiki/Luther_Vandross "Luther Vandross")'s "[The Best Things in Life Are Free](/wiki/The_Best_Things_in_Life_Are_Free "The Best Things in Life Are Free")", becoming a top ten *Billboard* hit and reaching the top ten internationally.{{Cite magazine \| title \= Janet Jackson: Biography: Rolling Stone \| magazine \= Rolling Stone \| url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/janet\-jackson \| access\-date \= April 9, 2008 \| archive\-date \= June 20, 2010 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20100620092732/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/janet\-jackson \| url\-status \= live }}
### 1993–1996: *Janet*, *Poetic Justice*, and *Design of a Decade*
Jackson's fifth studio album *[Janet](/wiki/Janet_%28album%29 "Janet (album)")*, was released in May 1993\. The record opened at number one on the *Billboard* 200, making Jackson the first female artist in the [Nielsen SoundScan](/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan "Nielsen SoundScan") era to do so.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xwsEAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PAPA3\|title\=Between The Bullets\|first\=Geoff\|last\=Mayfield\|magazine\=Billboard\|access\-date\=July 28, 2010\|issue\=31\|date\=August 5, 1995\|page\=106\|volume\=107\|issn\=0006\-2510\|archive\-date\=March 5, 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305125508/https://books.google.com/books?id\=xwsEAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PAPA3\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}} Certified sixfold Platinum by the RIAA, it sold over 14 million copies worldwide.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/attheshore/headliners/boardwalk\-hall\-looks\-to\-get\-nasty\-with\-janet\-jackson/article\_913deab6\-c2f7\-11e7\-b2d1\-97e19954370d.html\|title\=Boardwalk hall looks to get 'nasty' with janet jackson\|work\=\[\[The Press of Atlantic City]]\|first\=Sean\|last\=Loughlin\|date\=November 6, 2017\|access\-date\=November 10, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 30, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030031213/https://pressofatlanticcity.com/attheshore/headliners/boardwalk\-hall\-looks\-to\-get\-nasty\-with\-janet\-jackson/article\_913deab6\-c2f7\-11e7\-b2d1\-97e19954370d.html\|url\-status\=live}}
*Janet* spawned five singles and four promotional singles, receiving various certifications worldwide. The lead single "[That's the Way Love Goes](/wiki/That%27s_the_Way_Love_Goes_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "That's the Way Love Goes (Janet Jackson song)")" won the [Grammy Award for Best R\&B Song](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_R%26B_Song "Grammy Award for Best R&B Song") and topped the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100") for eight consecutive weeks.{{harvnb\|Halstead\|Cadman\|2003}}{{rp\|118}} "[Again](/wiki/Again_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "Again (Janet Jackson song)")" reached number one for two weeks, while "[If](/wiki/If_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "If (Janet Jackson song)")" and "[Any Time, Any Place](/wiki/Any_Time%2C_Any_Place "Any Time, Any Place")" peaked in the top four. "[Because of Love](/wiki/Because_of_Love "Because of Love")" and "[You Want This](/wiki/You_Want_This "You Want This")" charted within the top ten.{{cite magazine \| url\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/janet\-jackson/chart\-history/hot\-100 \| title\=Janet Jackson – Chart History: Hot 100 \| magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \| access\-date\=October 29, 2012 \| archive\-date\=November 21, 2021 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121090830/https://www.billboard.com/artist/janet\-jackson/chart\-history/hot\-100/ \| url\-status\=live }}
The album experimented with a diverse number of genres, including [contemporary R\&B](/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B "Contemporary R&B"), [deep house](/wiki/Deep_house "Deep house"), [swing jazz](/wiki/Swing_music "Swing music"), [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop_music "Hip hop music"), [rock](/wiki/Rock_music "Rock music"), and [pop](/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music"), with *Billboard* describing each as being "delivered with consummate skill and passion".{{cite news\|first1\=Paul\|last1\=Verna \|first2\=Edward \|last2\=Morris \|title\=Pop/Spotlight\|newspaper\=Billboard\|date\=May 23, 1993\|page\=91}} Jackson took a larger role in songwriting and production than she did on her previous albums, explaining she found it necessary "to write all the lyrics and half of the melodies" while also speaking candidly about incorporating her sexuality into the album's content. *Rolling Stone* wrote "\[a]s princess of America's black royal family, everything Janet Jackson does is important. Whether proclaiming herself in charge of her life, as she did on *Control* (1986\), or commander in chief of a rhythm army dancing to fight society's problems (*Rhythm Nation 1814*, from 1989\), she's influential. And when she announces her sexual maturity, as she does on her new album, *Janet.*, it's a cultural moment."{{cite magazine\|volume\=659\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/182126/review/6067467/janet \|title\=Janet Jackson: Janet: Music Reviews \|magazine\=Rolling Stone \|access\-date\=September 9, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502093343/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/182126/review/6067467/janet \|archive\-date\=May 2, 2008\|date\=June 24, 1993}}
In July 1993, Jackson made her film debut in *[Poetic Justice](/wiki/Poetic_Justice_%28film%29 "Poetic Justice (film)")*. While the film received mixed reviews, her performance was described as "beguiling" and "believably eccentric".{{cite magazine \| volume\=663\|title \= Poetic Justice \|magazine\=Rolling Stone \| date \= December 8, 2000 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409203949/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947325/review/5947326/poetic\_justice\|archive\-date\=April 9, 2010\|url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947325/review/5947326/poetic\_justice \| access\-date \= June 13, 2008\|publication\-date\=August 19, 1993}}{{cite news \| last \= Howe \| first \= Desson \| title \= Poetic Justice \| newspaper \= The Washington Post \| date \= July 23, 1993 \| url \= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/poeticjusticerhowe\_a0afdf.htm \| access\-date \= June 13, 2008 \| archive\-date \= June 29, 2011 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629020612/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/poeticjusticerhowe\_a0afdf.htm \| url\-status \= live }} Jackson's ballad "Again", which was written for the film, received [Golden Globe](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song") and [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Academy Award for Best Original Song") nominations for "Best Original Song".{{Cite news \| last\= Biddle \| first\= Frederic M. \| title\= Fashion and fame team on Oscar night \| newspaper\=The Boston Globe \| page\=61 \| date\= March 22, 1994}}{{cite web\|title\=HFPA – Awards Search: Janet Jackson \|url\=http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/member/30554 \|publisher\=\[\[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] \|access\-date\=September 18, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713152201/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/member/30554 \|archive\-date\=July 13, 2010}}{{harvnb\|Halstead\|Cadman\|2003\|p\=85}}
In September 1993, Jackson appeared topless on the cover of *Rolling Stone*, with her breasts covered anonymously by her then\-husband, René Elizondo, Jr. The photograph is the original version of the cropped image used on the *Janet* album cover, shot by [Patrick Demarchelier](/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier "Patrick Demarchelier").{{cite magazine\| title \= Janet Jackson \|magazine\=Rolling Stone \| date \= September 30, 2004 \| url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6478137/janet\_jackson \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223223513/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6478137/janet\_jackson\|archive\-date\=December 23, 2007\|access\-date \= July 23, 2008}} *[The Vancouver Sun](/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun "The Vancouver Sun")* reported, "Jackson, 27, remains clearly established as both role model and sex symbol; the *Rolling Stone* photo of Jackson ... became one of the most recognizable, and most lampooned, magazine covers."{{Cite news\| last1 \= Murray \| first1 \= Sonia \| title \= Janet: The Queen of Pop: Michael could lose his crown to his hot little sister \| page \= C1 \| newspaper\=\[\[The Vancouver Sun]]\| date \= February 3, 1994\| issn \= 0832\-1299}}
The [Janet World Tour](/wiki/Janet_World_Tour "Janet World Tour") launched in support of the studio album garnered criticism for Jackson's lack of vocal proficiency and spontaneity,{{cite news\| last\= Graham \| first\=Renee \| title\=Janet Jackson: looks good, sounds bad \| newspaper\=\[\[The Boston Globe]] \| pages\=34 \| date\=June 20, 1994}} but earned critical acclaim for her showmanship. It was described as erasing the line between "stadium\-size pop music concerts and full\-scale theatrical extravaganzas".{{Cite news \| last\=Snyder \| first\=Michael \| title\=Janet Jackson Makes All The Right Moves / Singer brings extravaganza to San Jose \| newspaper\=San Francisco Chronicle \| page\=C1 \| date\=February 18, 1994}}{{cite news\|author\=Jon Pareles\|title\=Wrapped in Song and Spectacle, Janet Jackson Plays the Garden\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=December 20, 1993\|page\=C.11\|issn\=0362\-4331}}
[thumb\|left\|Jackson performing on one of the dates of her 1993–95 [Janet World Tour](/wiki/Janet_World_Tour "Janet World Tour")](/wiki/File:Janet_Tour_01.jpg "Janet Tour 01.jpg")
During this time, Janet was set to sign a multimillion\-dollar deal with [Coca\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola "Coca-Cola") when her brother Michael was immersed in a [child sex abuse scandal](/wiki/1993_child_sexual_abuse_accusations_against_Michael_Jackson "1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson"), of which he denied any wrongdoing.{{Cite news \|last1\=Corliss \|first1\=Richard \|last2\=Sachs \|first2\=Andrea \|title\=Society: Who's Bad? An age of innocence may be at an end as Michael Jackson, the Peter Pan of pop, confronts accusations that he sexually abused one of his young friends \| newspaper\=Time\| page\=54 \| date\=September 6, 1993}} She provided moral support, defending her brother, and denied abuse allegations regarding her parents made by her sister La Toya.{{Cite news \| last\= Hilburn \| first\= Robert \| title\= I Think I've Finally Grown Up \| newspaper\=\[\[Newsday]] \| page\=10 \| date\=June 27, 1994}}
She collaborated with Michael on "[Scream](/wiki/Scream_%28Michael_Jackson_and_Janet_Jackson_song%29 "Scream (Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song)")", the lead single from his album *[HIStory](/wiki/HIStory:Past%2C_Present_and_Future%2C_Book_I "Past, Present and Future, Book I")*, released 1995\. The song was written by both siblings as a response to media scrutiny.{{Cite news \|last\=Boepple \|first\= Leanne \|title \= Scream: space odyssey Jackson\-style.(video production; Michael and Janet Jackson video) \| page \= 52 \|volume\=29 \| newspaper\=Theatre Crafts International \| date \= November 1, 1995 \|issn\=1063\-9497}} It debuted at number five on the Hot 100 singles chart, becoming the first song ever to debut within the top five.{{cite book\|last\=George\|first\=Nelson\|year\=2004\|title\=Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection\|publisher\=\[\[Sony BMG]]\|type\=booklet\|title\-link\=Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection}} Its music video, directed by [Mark Romanek](/wiki/Mark_Romanek "Mark Romanek"), was listed in *[Guinness World Records](/wiki/Guinness_World_Records "Guinness World Records")* as the "Most Expensive Music Video Ever Made", costing $7 million.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/search/applicationrecordsearch\|title\=Record Application Search\|publisher\=\[\[Guinness World Records]]\|access\-date\=May 22, 2014\|url\-access\=registration\|quote\=Directed by Mark Romanek (USA), the video for Michael and Janet Jackson's hit single Scream (1995\) cost $7 million (£4\.4 million) to make.\|archive\-date\=March 5, 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305125447/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/Account/Login?ReturnUrl\=%2fsearch%2fapplicationrecordsearch\|url\-status\=live}} *Enter* Expensive Music Video *in the search field and then press Enter*{{cite web\|url\=http://www.goliath.com/music/15\-of\-the\-most\-expensive\-music\-videos\-ever\-made/\|title\=15 Of The Most Expensive Music Videos Ever Made\|work\=Goliath\|first\=Wes\|last\=Walcott\|date\=April 5, 2016\|access\-date\=April 5, 2016\|archive\-date\=February 16, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216060159/https://www.goliath.com/music/15\-of\-the\-most\-expensive\-music\-videos\-ever\-made/\|url\-status\=live}} The clip won the [1996 Grammy Award](/wiki/38th_Annual_Grammy_Awards "38th Annual Grammy Awards") for [Best Short Form Music Video](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Short_Form_Music_Video "Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video").
Jackson's first compilation album, *[Design of a Decade: 1986–1996](/wiki/Design_of_a_Decade:1986%E2%80%931996 "1986–1996")*, was released in 1995\. It peaked at number three on the *Billboard* 200\.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/30/arts/the\-pop\-life\-073440\.html \| work\=The New York Times \| title\=The Pop Life \| first\=Neil \| last\=Strauss \| date\=November 20, 1995 \| access\-date\=May 22, 2014 \| archive\-date\=September 22, 2017 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922195503/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/30/arts/the\-pop\-life\-073440\.html \| url\-status\=live }} The lead single, "[Runaway](/wiki/Runaway_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "Runaway (Janet Jackson song)")", became the first song by a female artist to debut within the top ten of the Hot 100, reaching number three.{{cite magazine\|first\=Bronson \|last\=Fred \|title\=Janet Jackson Has Done It Again \|url\={{Google books\|6Q0EAAAAMBAJ\|page\=\|keywords\=\|text\=\|plainurl\=yes}} \|magazine\=Billboard \|page\=96 \|date\=September 16, 1995\|issue\=37 \|access\-date\=April 17, 2010\|volume\=107\|issn\= 0006\-2510}} *Design of a Decade 1986–1996* was certified double Platinum by the RIAA.
Jackson's influence in pop music continued to garner acclaim, as *[The Boston Globe](/wiki/The_Boston_Globe "The Boston Globe")* remarked "If you're talking about the female power elite in pop, you can't get much higher than Janet Jackson, [Bonnie Raitt](/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt "Bonnie Raitt"), Madonna and [Yoko Ono](/wiki/Yoko_Ono "Yoko Ono"). Their collective influence ... is beyond measure. And who could dispute that Janet Jackson now has more credibility than brother Michael?"{{cite news\|last\=Morse\|first\=Steve\|title\=Pure pop for power women Janet Jackson, Bonnie Raitt, Yoko Ono and Madonna flex their musical muscle\|newspaper\=The Boston Globe\|page\=51\|date\=November 3, 1995\|issn\=0743\-1791}}
Jackson renewed her contract with Virgin Records for a reported $80 million the following year.{{Cite news\| title\=Janet Jackson Hits Big; $80 Million Record Deal \| newspaper\=Newsday \| page\=A02 \| date\=January 13, 1996}} The contract established her as the then highest\-paid recording artist in history, surpassing the recording industry's then\-unparalleled $60 million contracts earned by Michael Jackson and Madonna.{{cite news\|quote\=They don't call it jackpot for nothing. After much speculation, Janet Jackson, 29, clinched a reported four\-album, $80 million deal with Virgin Records, making her the music industry's highest\-paid performer (over brother Michael and Madonna, who each got $60 million deals in the early '90s)\|last1\=Davidson \|first1\=Casey \| title\=News \& Notes \| newspaper\=Entertainment Weekly \| page\=15 \| date\=January 26, 1996}}{{Cite news\|last1\= Farley \|first1\=Christopher John \|last2\= Thigpen \|first2\=David E. \|last3\= Ressner \|first3\=Jeffrey \| title\=Business: Are they worth all that cash? Janet Jackson's record\-breaking $80 million contract could set off a new wave of pop\-music megadeals \| newspaper\=Time\| page\=54 \| date\=January 29, 1996}}{{cite news\|quote\=Rock band \[\[R.E.M.]] later signed an $80 million recording contract with \[\[Warner Bros. Records]] in August 1996; sources compared the group's record deal with Jackson's contract, but quoted her earning $70 million\| title\=R.E.M. Signs $80M Deal \| newspaper\=Newsday \| date\=August 26, 1996}}
### 1997–1999: *The Velvet Rope*
[thumb\|Jackson in 1998\|252x252px](/wiki/File:Janet_Jackson%2C_1998.jpg "Janet Jackson, 1998.jpg")
Jackson began suffering from severe [depression](/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder") and [anxiety](/wiki/Anxiety_disorder "Anxiety disorder"), leading her to chronicle the experience in her sixth album, *[The Velvet Rope](/wiki/The_Velvet_Rope "The Velvet Rope"),* released October 1997\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/1430426/janet\-discusses\-depression\-with\-newsweek/\|title\=Janet Discusses Depression With 'Newsweek'\|publisher\=\[\[MTV]]\|date\=November 11, 1997\|access\-date\=April 20, 2014\|archive\-date\=July 25, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725195139/http://www.mtv.com/news/1430426/janet\-discusses\-depression\-with\-newsweek/\|url\-status\=dead}} Jackson returned with a dramatic change in image, boasting vibrant red hair, nasal piercings, and tattoos.{{cite web\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=WzsDAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PAPA61\|title\=Cover Story: Janet Jackson Returns With Hit Album, New Look\|work\=\[\[Jet (magazine)\|Jet]]\|access\-date\=April 20, 2014\|pages\=60–63\|volume\=92\|number\=26\|issn\=0021\-5996\|date\=November 1997\|archive\-date\=March 5, 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305125458/https://books.google.com/books?id\=WzsDAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PAPA61\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}} The album is primarily centered on the idea that everyone has an intrinsic need to belong. Aside from encompassing lyrics relating to social issues such as [same\-sex relationships](/wiki/Same-sex_relationships "Same-sex relationships"), [homophobia](/wiki/Homophobia "Homophobia") and [domestic violence](/wiki/Domestic_violence "Domestic violence"), it also contains themes of [sadomasochism](/wiki/Sadomasochism "Sadomasochism") and is considered far more sexually explicit in nature than her previous release, *Janet*.
The record was hailed as "her most daring, elaborate and accomplished album" by *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, while *Billboard* called it "the best American album of the year and the most empowering of her last five."{{cite news\|last\=Pareles\|first\=Jon\|title\=Critic's Choice/Pop CD's; Love Can Get Complicated (Ouch!)\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/07/arts/critic\-s\-choice\-pop\-cd\-s\-love\-can\-get\-complicated\-ouch.html\|access\-date\=January 16, 2014\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=October 7, 1997\|archive\-date\=December 19, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219190554/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/07/arts/critic\-s\-choice\-pop\-cd\-s\-love\-can\-get\-complicated\-ouch.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|last\=Flick\|first\=Larry\|title\=The Year in Music\|newspaper\=Billboard\|volume\=109\|issue\=52\|page\=16\|date\=December 3, 1998\|issn\=0006\-2510}} The album debuted at number one on the *Billboard* 200 and was certified triple Platinum by the RIAA. It has sold over eight million copies worldwide.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bet.com/article/3qkq82/janet\-jackson\-the\-velvet\-rope\-25th\-anniversary\-tribute\|title\='The Velvet Rope' Turns 25: Janet Jackson's Most Personal Album Reshaped R\&B Forever\|first\=Jaelani\|last\=Turner\-Williams\|date\=October 3, 2022\|publisher\=\[\[BET]]\|access\-date\=June 9, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004004722/https://www.bet.com/article/3qkq82/janet\-jackson\-the\-velvet\-rope\-25th\-anniversary\-tribute\|archive\-date\=October 4, 2022}}
The lead single "[Got 'til It's Gone](/wiki/Got_%27til_It%27s_Gone "Got 'til It's Gone")" was released in August 1997, featuring guest vocals from folk singer [Joni Mitchell](/wiki/Joni_Mitchell "Joni Mitchell") and rapper [Q\-Tip](/wiki/Q-Tip_%28musician%29 "Q-Tip (musician)"). The song's music video, depicting a pre\-[Apartheid](/wiki/Apartheid "Apartheid") celebration, won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://ew.com/gallery/mark\-romanek\-inside\-stories\-8\-classic\-videos/janet\-jackson\-got\-til\-its\-gone\-1997\|title\=Mark Romanek: Inside Stories on 8 Classic Videos — Janet Jackson, 'Got 'Til It's Gone' (1997\)\|last\=Anderson\|first\=Kyle\|magazine\=Entertainment Weekly\|date\=August 7, 2013\|access\-date\=May 13, 2016\|archive\-date\=September 27, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927111844/http://ew.com/gallery/mark\-romanek\-inside\-stories\-8\-classic\-videos/janet\-jackson\-got\-til\-its\-gone\-1997/\|url\-status\=dead}} "[Together Again](/wiki/Together_Again_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "Together Again (Janet Jackson song)")" became Jackson's eighth number\-one hit on the *Billboard* Hot 100, placing her on par with [Elton John](/wiki/Elton_John "Elton John"), Diana Ross, and [the Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones "The Rolling Stones").{{rp\|28, 120}} It spent a record forty\-six weeks on the Hot 100 and nineteen weeks on the United Kingdom's singles chart. It sold six million copies worldwide, becoming one of the [best\-selling singles](/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles "List of best-selling singles") of all time.{{cite book \|chapter\= FYI \> Together Again \|title\= UNAIDS Outlook Report \|publisher\= Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS \|date\= July 2010 \|page\= 30 \|chapter\-url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=E1jwF1bK1tQC\&pg\=PA30 \|isbn\= 9789291738595 \|access\-date\= August 19, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 1, 2023 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20230301095645/https://books.google.com/books?id\=E1jwF1bK1tQC\&pg\=PA30 \|url\-status\= live }} "[I Get Lonely](/wiki/I_Get_Lonely "I Get Lonely")" peaked at number three on the Hot 100, and received a Grammy nomination for [Best Female R\&B Vocal Performance](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Female_R%26B_Vocal_Performance "Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance"). It was Jackson's eighteenth consecutive top ten hit, making her the only female artist to garner that achievement; and surpassed only by [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley "Elvis Presley") and [the Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles").{{cite web\|title\=Causing a Commotion\|url\=http://rockhall.com/education/resources/commotion/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613020642/http://rockhall.com/education/resources/commotion/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=June 13, 2011\|publisher\=\[\[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]\|access\-date\=January 13, 2012}}
Several other singles were released, including "[Go Deep](/wiki/Go_Deep "Go Deep")" and the ballad "[Every Time](/wiki/Every_Time_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "Every Time (Janet Jackson song)")", which was controversial for the nudity displayed in its music video.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vibe.com/article/naked\-music\-videos\-pg\-2\|title\=Naked Music Videos (Pg. 2\)\|work\=Vibe\|date\=March 25, 2010\|access\-date\=February 19, 2014\|archive\-date\=March 5, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305010239/http://www.vibe.com/article/naked\-music\-videos\-pg\-2\|url\-status\=live}} The album fully established Jackson as a [gay icon](/wiki/Janet_Jackson_as_a_gay_icon "Janet Jackson as a gay icon") for its themes regarding homosexuality and protesting homophobia. "Together Again", a "post\-Aids pop song", and "Free Xone", considered "a paean to homosexuality" and an "anti\-homophobia track", were praised for their lyrical context, in addition to Jackson's lesbian reinterpretation of [Rod Stewart](/wiki/Rod_Stewart "Rod Stewart")'s "[Tonight's the Night](/wiki/Tonight%27s_the_Night_%28Gonna_Be_Alright%29 "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)")".{{Cite news\|last\=McCormick \|first\=Neil \| title\=The Arts: Give her enough rope ... Reviews Rock CDs \| newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]] \| page\=11\| date\=October 18, 1997}}{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/116269/review/5942564/the\_velvet\_rope \|title\=Janet Jackson: The Velvet Rope: Music Reviews : Rolling Stone \|magazine\=Rolling Stone \|access\-date\=September 9, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503081338/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/116269/review/5942564/the\_velvet\_rope \|archive\-date\=May 3, 2008\|date\=December 18, 1997\|issue\=776/777}}
*The Velvet Rope* received an award for "Outstanding Music Album" at the 9th Annual [GLAAD Media Awards](/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Awards "GLAAD Media Awards") and was honored by the National Black Lesbian and Gay Leadership Forum.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.glaad.org/media/release\_detail.php?id\=4308 \|title\=Janet Jackson to be Honored at 19th Annual GLAAD Media Awards in Los Angeles \|access\-date\=June 10, 2008 \|last\=McCarthy \|first\=Marc \|publisher\=\[\[GLAAD]] \|date\=April 1, 2008\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080608152724/http://www.glaad.org/media/release\_detail.php?id\=4308 \|archive\-date \= June 8, 2008\|url\-status\=dead\|type\=Press release}} A portion of the proceeds from "Together Again" were donated to the [American Foundation for AIDS Research](/wiki/AmfAR%2C_The_Foundation_for_AIDS_Research "AmfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research").
Jackson embarked on [The Velvet Rope Tour](/wiki/The_Velvet_Rope_Tour "The Velvet Rope Tour"), traveling to Europe, North America, Asia, Africa, New Zealand, and Australia. The tour received praise for its theatrics, choreography, and Jackson's vocal performance. It was likened to "the ambition and glamour of a Broadway musical", and exclaimed as "only fitting that the concert program credits her as the show's 'creator and director{{' "}}.{{Cite news \|last\=Hilburn \|first\=Robert \| title\=Janet Jackson Learns The Ropes\\ Singer Learns To Like Herself On The Way To Creating The Lavishly Staged Velvet Rope Tour \| newspaper\=Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette\| page\=G3\| date\=September 20, 1998\|issn\=1068\-624X}}
The tour's [HBO](/wiki/HBO "HBO") special, *The Velvet Rope: Live in Madison Square Garden*, garnered more than fifteen million viewers. It surpassed the ratings of all four major networks among viewers subscribed to the channel.{{Cite news\|title\=HBO's Exclusive Live Concert Event Janet: The Velvet Rope \|date\=October 14, 1998 \|url\=http://www.timewarner.com/corp/newsroom/pr/0,20812,666900,00\.html \|access\-date\=March 9, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011205/http://www.timewarner.com/corp/newsroom/pr/0,20812,666900,00\.html \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2007 \|type\=Press release}} The concert won an [Emmy Award](/wiki/Emmy_Award "Emmy Award") from four nominations.{{cite news\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Fz0DAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PAPA57\|title\=Don Cheadle, Janet Jackson, Chris Rock, Cicely Tyson Among Primetime Emmy Nominees\|publisher\=Johnson Publishing Company\|work\=Jet\|access\-date\=June 29, 2010\|volume\=96\|number\=11\|date\=August 16, 1999\|pages\=57–58\|archive\-date\=March 5, 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305125449/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Fz0DAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PAPA57\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}} Jackson donated a portion of the tour's sales to [America's Promise](/wiki/America%27s_Promise "America's Promise"), an organization founded by [Colin Powell](/wiki/Colin_Powell "Colin Powell") to assist disenfranchised youth.{{cite news\|author\=Kim McAvoy\|title\=HBO makes the most of music\|newspaper\=Broadcasting \& Cable\|volume\=128\|issue\=36\|page\=30}}
As the tour concluded, Jackson lent guest vocals to several collaborations, including [Shaggy's](/wiki/Shaggy_%28musician%29 "Shaggy (musician)") "[Luv Me, Luv Me](/wiki/Luv_Me%2C_Luv_Me "Luv Me, Luv Me")",{{cite magazine \| url\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/shaggy/chart\-history/hot\-100 \| title\=Shaggy – Chart History: Hot 100 \| magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \| access\-date\=October 29, 2012 \| archive\-date\=November 21, 2021 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121090949/https://www.billboard.com/artist/shaggy/chart\-history/hot\-100/ \| url\-status\=live }} used for the film *[How Stella Got Her Groove Back](/wiki/How_Stella_Got_Her_Groove_Back_%28soundtrack%29 "How Stella Got Her Groove Back (soundtrack)")*, as well as "[Girlfriend/Boyfriend](/wiki/Girlfriend/Boyfriend "Girlfriend/Boyfriend")" with [Teddy Riley](/wiki/Teddy_Riley "Teddy Riley")'s group [Blackstreet](/wiki/Blackstreet "Blackstreet"),{{cite magazine \| url\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/blackstreet/chart\-history/hot\-100 \| title\=Blackstreet – Chart History: Hot 100 \| magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \| access\-date\=October 29, 2012 \| archive\-date\=November 21, 2021 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121091748/https://www.billboard.com/artist/blackstreet/chart\-history/hot\-100/ \| url\-status\=live }} and "[What's It Gonna Be?!](/wiki/What%27s_It_Gonna_Be%3F%21 "What's It Gonna Be?!")" with [Busta Rhymes](/wiki/Busta_Rhymes "Busta Rhymes").{{cite magazine \| url\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/busta\-rhymes/chart\-history/hot\-100 \| title\=Busta Rhymes – Chart History: Hot 100 \| magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \| access\-date\=October 29, 2012 \| archive\-date\=November 21, 2021 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121091049/https://www.billboard.com/artist/busta\-rhymes/chart\-history/hot\-100/ \| url\-status\=live }} The latter two music videos are both among the [most expensive music videos](/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_music_videos "List of most expensive music videos") ever produced, with "What's It Gonna Be?!" becoming a number\-one hit on the *Billboard* [Hip\-Hop Singles](/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs") and [Hot Rap Tracks](/wiki/Hot_Rap_Songs "Hot Rap Songs") charts, reaching the top three of the Hot 100\.
Jackson also contributed the ballad "God's Stepchild" to the *[Down in the Delta](/wiki/Down_in_the_Delta "Down in the Delta")* soundtrack. Jackson recorded a duet with Elton John titled "I Know the Truth", included on the soundtrack to *[Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida](/wiki/Elton_John_and_Tim_Rice%27s_Aida "Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida")*. At the 1999 [World Music Awards](/wiki/World_Music_Awards "World Music Awards"), Jackson received the Legend Award for "outstanding contribution to the pop industry".{{Cite magazine \|title\=Global Pulse: Smith, Hill Top World Awards \|magazine\=Billboard \|date\=May 6, 1999 \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article\_display.jsp?vnu\_content\_id\=947178 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129195419/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article\_display.jsp?vnu\_content\_id\=947178 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=November 29, 2010 \|access\-date\=September 16, 2008}} *Billboard* ranked Jackson as the second most successful artist of the decade, behind [Mariah Carey](/wiki/Mariah_Carey "Mariah Carey").{{Cite news\| last1 \= Mayfield \| first1 \= Geoff \| title \= Totally '90s: Diary of a decade \| volume \= 111 \| issue \= 112 \| newspaper\=Billboard \| date \= December 25, 1999 \| issn \= 0006\-2510}}
### 2000–2003: *Nutty Professor II: The Klumps* and *All for You*
In July 2000, Jackson appeared in her second film, *[Nutty Professor II: The Klumps](/wiki/Nutty_Professor_II:The_Klumps "The Klumps")*, as the role of Professor Denise Gaines, opposite [Eddie Murphy](/wiki/Eddie_Murphy "Eddie Murphy"). Director [Peter Segal](/wiki/Peter_Segal "Peter Segal") stated "Janet Jackson was a natural fit, and an obvious choice."{{cite web\|url\=http://archive.thedailycougar.com/vol65/163/shobiz/shobiz3\.html\|title\=The Klumps has its moments but collapses under own weight\|work\=The Daily Cougar\|author\=Singleton, Keenan\|year\=2000\|access\-date\=February 19, 2014\|archive\-date\=February 27, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227012249/http://archive.thedailycougar.com/vol65/163/shobiz/shobiz3\.html\|url\-status\=live}} The film became her second to open at number one, grossing an estimated $170 million worldwide.{{Citation \| last\= LaSalle \| first\=Mick \| title\='Professor' Moves Out Smartly / Hollywood's summer better than expected\| newspaper\=San Francisco Chronicle \| page\=D1 \| date\= July 31, 2000}}{{Citation \| title\=Box Office; Home Edition\| newspaper\=Los Angeles Times \| page\=F–28 \| date\= August 3, 2000}} Jackson's single "[Doesn't Really Matter](/wiki/Doesn%27t_Really_Matter "Doesn't Really Matter")", used for the film's soundtrack, became her ninth number\-one single on the Hot 100\.
Preceding the release of her seventh album, MTV honored Jackson with the network's inaugural "[MTV Icon](/wiki/MTV_Icon "MTV Icon")" ceremony, honoring her "significant contributions to music, music video and pop culture while tremendously impacting the [MTV Generation](/wiki/MTV_Generation "MTV Generation")." The event paid tribute to Jackson's career and influence, including commentary from [Britney Spears](/wiki/Britney_Spears "Britney Spears"), [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez "Jennifer Lopez"), [Aaliyah](/wiki/Aaliyah "Aaliyah"), and [Jessica Simpson](/wiki/Jessica_Simpson "Jessica Simpson"), and performances by ['N Sync](/wiki/NSYNC "NSYNC"), [Pink](/wiki/Pink_%28singer%29 "Pink (singer)"), [Destiny's Child](/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child "Destiny's Child"), [Usher](/wiki/Usher_%28entertainer%29 "Usher (entertainer)"), [Buckcherry](/wiki/Buckcherry "Buckcherry"), [Mýa](/wiki/M%C3%BDa "Mýa"), [Macy Gray](/wiki/Macy_Gray "Macy Gray"), and [Outkast](/wiki/Outkast "Outkast").{{Citation \| last \= Jeckell \| first \= Barry \| title \= MTV To Honor Janet Jackson \| magazine \= Billboard \| date \= January 10, 2001 \| url \= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/80773/mtv\-to\-honor\-janet\-jackson \| access\-date \= March 16, 2008 \| archive\-date \= June 3, 2013 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130603002533/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/80773/mtv\-to\-honor\-janet\-jackson \| url\-status \= live }} The American Music Awards also honored Jackson with the [Award of Merit](/wiki/American_Music_Award_of_Merit "American Music Award of Merit") for "her finely crafted, critically acclaimed and socially conscious, multi\-platinum albums".{{Citation \| title \= Billboard Bits: AMAs, They Might Be Giants, Ricky Scaggs \| magazine \= Billboard \| date \= January 4, 2001 \| url \= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/80796/billboard\-bits\-amas\-they\-might\-be\-giants\-ricky\-scaggs \| access\-date \= May 3, 2008 \| archive\-date \= June 6, 2013 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130606172756/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/80796/billboard\-bits\-amas\-they\-might\-be\-giants\-ricky\-scaggs \| url\-status \= live }}
Jackson's seventh album, *[All for You](/wiki/All_for_You_%28Janet_Jackson_album%29 "All for You (Janet Jackson album)")*, was released in April 2001\. It opened at number one on the *Billboard* 200 with 605,000 copies sold, the highest first\-week sales of her career, and among the highest first\-week sales by a female artist in history.{{Citation \| last \= Martens \| first \= Todd \| title \= Janet Reigns Supreme On Billboard Charts \| magazine \= Billboard \| date \= May 3, 2001 \| url \= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/79869/janet\-reigns\-supreme\-on\-billboard\-charts \| access\-date \= April 17, 2008 \| archive\-date \= June 6, 2013 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130606023654/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/79869/janet\-reigns\-supreme\-on\-billboard\-charts \| url\-status \= live }} The album was a return to an upbeat dance style, receiving generally positive reception. Jackson received praise for indulging in "textures as dizzying as a new infatuation", in contrast to other artists attempting to "match the angularity of hip\-hop" and following trends.{{Citation \| last \= Pareles \| first \= Jon \| title \= Album of the Week \| newspaper \= The New York Times \| date \= May 4, 2001 \| url \= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/04/movies/album\-of\-the\-week.html \| access\-date \= July 20, 2008 \| archive\-date \= July 27, 2018 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20180727115121/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/04/movies/album\-of\-the\-week.html \| url\-status \= live }} *All for You* was certified double Platinum by the RIAA.
The album's lead single, "[All for You](/wiki/All_for_You_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "All for You (Janet Jackson song)")", debuted on the Hot 100 at number fourteen, setting a record for the highest debut by a single that was not commercially available.{{Citation \| last \= vanHorn \| first \= Teri \| title \= Janet Jackson Single Breaks Radio, Chart Records \| publisher \= MTV \| date \= March 9, 2001 \| url \= http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1441454/20010309/jackson\_janet.jhtml \| access\-date \= May 23, 2008 \| archive\-date \= July 24, 2009 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090724155428/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1441454/20010309/jackson\_janet.jhtml \| url\-status \= dead }} Jackson was titled "Queen of Radio" by MTV as the single made airplay history, being "added to every pop, rhythmic and urban radio station" within its first week. The song broke the overall airplay debut record with a first week audience of seventy million, debuting at number nine on the [Radio Songs](/wiki/Radio_Songs_%28chart%29 "Radio Songs (chart)") chart.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Trust \|first\=Gary \|title\=Lady Gaga Claims 1,000th Hot 100 No. 1 with 'Born This Way' \|magazine\=Billboard \|date\=February 16, 2011 \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/473025/lady\-gaga\-claims\-1000th\-hot\-100\-no\-1\-with\-born\-this\-way \|access\-date\=February 16, 2011 \|archive\-date\=March 25, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325075536/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/473025/lady\-gaga\-claims\-1000th\-hot\-100\-no\-1\-with\-born\-this\-way \|url\-status\=live }} It topped the Hot 100 for seven weeks, also reaching the top ten in eleven countries.{{Citation \| last \= Martens \| first \= Todd \| title \= Seven And Counting For Janet At No. 1 \| magazine \= Billboard \| date \= May 17, 2001 \| url \= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/79721/seven\-and\-counting\-for\-janet\-at\-no\-1 \| access\-date \= April 17, 2008 \| archive\-date \= June 6, 2013 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130606013610/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/79721/seven\-and\-counting\-for\-janet\-at\-no\-1 \| url\-status \= live }} The song received a Grammy Award for [Best Dance Recording](/wiki/Best_Dance_Recording "Best Dance Recording"). "[Someone to Call My Lover](/wiki/Someone_to_Call_My_Lover "Someone to Call My Lover")" peaked at number three on the Hot 100\.{{Citation \| last \= Caulfield \| first \= Keith \| title \= Ask Billboard \| magazine \= Billboard \| date \= December 24, 2006 \| url \= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/56367/ask\-billboard \| access\-date \= April 17, 2008 \| archive\-date \= June 6, 2013 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130606023735/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/56367/ask\-billboard \| url\-status \= live }} Built around a sample of the iconic 1972 hit "[You're So Vain](/wiki/You%27re_So_Vain "You're So Vain")" by [Carly Simon](/wiki/Carly_Simon "Carly Simon"), "[Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)](/wiki/Son_of_a_Gun_%28I_Betcha_Think_This_Song_Is_About_You%29 "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)")" featured Simon herself, along with [Missy Elliott](/wiki/Missy_Elliott "Missy Elliott") on remixes of the single.{{cn\|date\=September 2024}}
In July 2001, Jackson embarked on the [All for You Tour](/wiki/All_for_You_Tour "All for You Tour"), which was also broadcast on a concert special for HBO watched by twelve million viewers.{{cite web\|url\=http://blogcritics.org/music\-dvd\-review\-janet\-jackson\-live/comment\-page\-1/\|title\=Music DVD Review: Janet Jackson – Live in Hawaii (Re\-Release)\|work\=Blog Critics\|date\=March 31, 2008\|access\-date\=January 29, 2014\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231450/http://blogcritics.org/music\-dvd\-review\-janet\-jackson\-live/comment\-page\-1/\|archive\-date\=February 1, 2014}} The tour traveled throughout the United States and Japan, although European and Asian dates were required to be canceled following the [September 11 terrorist attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"). The *Los Angeles Times* complimented Jackson's showmanship.{{Citation\| url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2001\-oct\-06\-ca\-53988\-story.html\| last1\=Esparza\| first1\=Rafael\| last2\=Massey\| first2\=David\| last3\=Scalese\| first3\=Rudy\| title\=Let Jackson's Energetic Beat Go On\| newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\| page\=F–4\| date\=October 6, 2001\| access\-date\=February 20, 2020\| archive\-date\=September 16, 2018\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916050703/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/oct/06/entertainment/ca\-53988\| url\-status\=live}} Richard Harrington of *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* said Jackson's performance surpassed her contemporaries,{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\-471830\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114205524/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\-471830\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=November 14, 2014 \|title\=Janet Jackson, Diva Dynamo\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\|last\=Harrington \|first\=Richard\|date\=August 18, 2001\|access\-date\=September 28, 2010}} but Bob Massy of *[Spin](/wiki/Spin_%28magazine%29 "Spin (magazine)")* thought her dancers "threw crisper moves" and her supporting singers were mixed nearly as high, though declared "Janet cast herself as the real entertainment."{{cite magazine \|url\={{Google books\|m\-qexhnZaukC\|page\=PA54\|keywords\=\|text\=\|plainurl\=yes}} \|page\=54 \|last\=Massy \|first\=Bob \|title\=Janet Jackson, August 17, 2001, MCI Center, Washington, D.C. \|magazine\=Spin\|date\=November 2001 \|volume\=17 \|number\=11 \|issn\=0886\-3032}} Jackson donated a portion of the tour's proceeds to the [Boys \& Girls Clubs of America](/wiki/Boys_%26_Girls_Clubs_of_America "Boys & Girls Clubs of America").{{Citation \| title\=Janet Jackson Announces 'All for You Tour 2001'; Alliance to Support Boys \& Girls Clubs of America; Ticket Proceeds To Be Donated As Part Of Nationwide Campaign\| publisher\=Business Wire \| date\= May 30, 2001}}
The following year, Jackson began receiving media attention for her rumored relationships with [Justin Timberlake](/wiki/Justin_Timberlake "Justin Timberlake"), actor [Matthew McConaughey](/wiki/Matthew_McConaughey "Matthew McConaughey"), and record producer [Jermaine Dupri](/wiki/Jermaine_Dupri "Jermaine Dupri").{{cite web\|url\=http://popdirt.com/miss\-jackson\-gettin\-it\-on\-with\-grammy\-co\-presenter/3242/\|title\=Miss Jackson Gettin' It On With Grammy Co\-Presenter\|work\=Popdirt\|date\=March 21, 2002\|access\-date\=January 4, 2014\|archive\-date\=February 20, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220175301/http://popdirt.com/miss\-jackson\-gettin\-it\-on\-with\-grammy\-co\-presenter/3242/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2002/07/13/justin\-timberlake\-lets\-music\-ease\-toll\-on\-his\-heart/\|title\=Justin Timberlake Lets Music Ease Toll On His Heart\|work\=Orlando Sentinel\|publisher\=Abott, Jim\|date\=July 13, 2002\|access\-date\=January 4, 2014\|archive\-date\=December 24, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224175108/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2002\-07\-13/news/0207120443\_1\_justin\-timberlake\-warren\-sapp\-scavenger\-hunt\|url\-status\=live}}{{Citation \| last\= Norment \| first\=Lynn \| title\=Janet \& Jermaine\| newspaper\=\[\[Ebony (magazine)\|Ebony]] \|volume\=63 \|issue\= 4\| page\=82 \| date\= February 2008 \|issn\=0012\-9011}} Upon the release of Timberlake's debut solo album *[Justified](/wiki/Justified_%28album%29 "Justified (album)"),* Jackson provided vocals on "(And She Said) Take Me Now" per Timberlake's request, with the song initially planned as a single. Jackson collaborated with [reggae](/wiki/Reggae "Reggae") artist [Beenie Man](/wiki/Beenie_Man "Beenie Man") for the song "[Feel It Boy](/wiki/Feel_It_Boy "Feel It Boy")", produced by [the Neptunes](/wiki/The_Neptunes "The Neptunes").{{cn\|date\=September 2024}}
### 2004–2005: Super Bowl XXXVIII controversy and *Damita Jo*
{{Main\|Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy}}
Jackson was chosen by the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") and MTV to perform at the [Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show "Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show") in February 2004\. She performed a medley of "All for You", "Rhythm Nation", and an excerpt of "The Knowledge" before performing "[Rock Your Body](/wiki/Rock_Your_Body "Rock Your Body")" alongside surprise guest Justin Timberlake. As Timberlake sang the lyric "I'm gonna have you naked by the end of this song", he tore open her costume, exposing her right breast to 140 million viewers. The incident was referred to as "nipple gate" by the media.{{Cite magazine\|last1\=Sheffield\|first1\=Rob\|date\=February 11, 2020\|title\=How Nipplegate Created YouTube\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture\-features/youtube\-origin\-nipplegate\-janet\-jackson\-justin\-timberlake\-949019/\|access\-date\=April 3, 2021\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=May 15, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515081548/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture\-features/youtube\-origin\-nipplegate\-janet\-jackson\-justin\-timberlake\-949019/\|url\-status\=live}}
Jackson issued an apology after the performance, saying that the incident was accidental and unintended, explaining that Timberlake was only meant to pull away a [bustier](/wiki/Bustier "Bustier") and leave the red\-lace bra intact.{{Citation \| title \= Apologetic Jackson says 'costume reveal' went awry \| publisher \= \[\[CNN]] \| date \= February 3, 2004 \| url \= http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/02/02/superbowl.jackson/ \| access\-date \= May 20, 2006 \| archive\-date \= February 18, 2010 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20100218110403/http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/02/02/superbowl.jackson/ \| url\-status \= live }} She commented, "I am really sorry if I offended anyone. That was truly not my intention ... MTV, CBS, the NFL had no knowledge of this whatsoever, and unfortunately, the whole thing went wrong in the end."{{Citation \| title \= Jackson's apology can't stem mass anger \| publisher \= \[\[ESPN]] \| url \= https://www.espn.com/nfl/playoffs03/news/story?id\=1724968\&partnersite\=espn \| access\-date \= March 9, 2008 \| date \= February 4, 2004 \| archive\-date \= June 10, 2008 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080610061754/http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/playoffs03/news/story?id\=1724968\&partnersite\=espn \| url\-status \= live }} Timberlake also issued an apology, calling the accident a "[wardrobe malfunction](/wiki/Wardrobe_malfunction "Wardrobe malfunction")". CBS, the NFL, and MTVCBS's sister network, which produced the halftime show denied any knowledge of the incident and all responsibility for it. The [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission "Federal Communications Commission") heavily fined all companies involved and continued an investigation for eight years, ultimately losing its appeal for a $550,000 fine against CBS.{{Citation \|last\=Davidson \|first\=Paul \| title\=FCC loses appeal of 'wardrobe malfunction' fine \| newspaper\=USA Today \| page\=2b\| date\=July 22, 2008\|issn\=0734\-7456}}
Following the incident, CBS permitted Timberlake to appear at the [46th Grammy Awards](/wiki/2004_Grammy_Awards "2004 Grammy Awards") ceremony but did not allow Jackson to attend, forcing her to withdraw after being scheduled as a presenter.{{cite web\| title \= Jackson banned from Grammys for Super Bowl stunt\| work \= The Telegraph\| date \= May 4, 2004\| url \= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1453527/Jackson\-banned\-from\-Grammys\-for\-Super\-Bowl\-stunt.html\| access\-date \= June 18, 2013\| archive\-date \= March 23, 2013\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130323035518/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1453527/Jackson\-banned\-from\-Grammys\-for\-Super\-Bowl\-stunt.html\| url\-status \= live}} The controversy halted plans for Jackson to star in the biographical film of singer and activist [Lena Horne](/wiki/Lena_Horne "Lena Horne"), which was to be produced by [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). Horne was reportedly displeased by the incident, but Jackson's representatives stated that she withdrew from the project willingly.{{cite news \| title \= Horne: Janet Jackson, don't play me \|agency\=Associated Press \| publisher\=CNN \| date \= February 4, 2004 \| url \= http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/TV/02/24/tv.janetjackson.ap/ \| access\-date \= April 3, 2008 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20050220135401/http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/TV/02/24/tv.janetjackson.ap/ \|archive\-date \= February 20, 2005}} A [Mickey Mouse](/wiki/Mickey_Mouse "Mickey Mouse") statue wearing Jackson's iconic "Rhythm Nation" outfit was mantled at [Walt Disney World](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World "Walt Disney World") theme park the previous year to honor her legacy, but it was removed following her controversial performance.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://ew.com/article/2004/03/03/disney\-world\-removes\-janet\-jackson\-inspired\-statue/\|title\=Bust Stop\|magazine\=Entertainment Weekly\|publisher\=Susman, Gary\|date\=March 3, 2004\|access\-date\=January 4, 2014\|archive\-date\=September 16, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916050610/https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,597274,00\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
Jackson's eighth studio album *[Damita Jo](/wiki/Damita_Jo_%28album%29 "Damita Jo (album)")* was released in March 2004, titled after her middle name. It debuted at number two on the *Billboard* 200\.{{Citation \| title \= No. 1 Usher Holds Janet To No. 2 Debut \| magazine \= Billboard \| url \= https://www.billboard.com/\#/news/no\-1\-usher\-holds\-janet\-to\-no\-2\-debut\-1000481059\.story \| access\-date \= October 21, 2009 \| archive\-date \= September 13, 2010 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20100913150859/http://www.billboard.com/\#/news/no\-1\-usher\-holds\-janet\-to\-no\-2\-debut\-1000481059\.story \| url\-status \= live }} The album received mixed to positive reviews, praising the sonic innovation of selected songs and Jackson's vocal harmonies, while others criticized its frequent themes of carnality.{{cite web\|url\=http://www2\.citypaper.com/story.asp?id\=7545\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20131210205427/http://www2\.citypaper.com/story.asp?id\=7545\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=December 10, 2013\|title\=Burned: Usher's Confessions of Sexual Prowess Hovers Near The Charts' Tops, but the Naughty Janet Jackson Offers More Sexual Intimacy on Damita Jo – Baltimore City Paper\|work\=City Paper\|publisher\=Wood, Mikael\|date\=June 9, 2004\|access\-date\=January 4, 2014}} However, several critics' reviews focused on the Super Bowl incident, rather than critiquing the album itself.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.laweekly.com/2004\-05\-06/music/fear\-of\-a\-black\-titty/\|title\=Fear of a Black Titty – Page 1 – Music – Los Angeles\|work\=LA Weekly\|publisher\=Hardy, Ernest\|date\=May 6, 2004\|access\-date\=April 11, 2014\|archive\-date\=May 4, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504022131/http://www.laweekly.com/music/fear\-of\-a\-black\-titty\-2138203\|url\-status\=dead}} It was certified Platinum by the RIAA within a month, and sold over three million copies worldwide.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.people.com/people/janet\_jackson/biography/0,,20004356\_10,00\.html \|title\=Janet Jackson Biography \|work\=\[\[People (magazine)\|People]] \|access\-date\=August 16, 2010 \|archive\-date\=March 7, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307093553/http://www.people.com/people/janet\_jackson/biography/0%2C%2C20004356\_10%2C00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}
The album's performance was affected by [blacklisting](/wiki/Blacklist "Blacklist") from radio and music channels, in part at the behest of CBS CEO [Les Moonves](/wiki/Les_Moonves "Les Moonves").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/les\-moonves\-janet\-jackson\-career\_us\_5b919b8ce4b0511db3e0a269\|title\=Les Moonves Was Obsessed With Ruining Janet Jackson's Career, Sources Say\|date\=September 7, 2018\|website\=HuffPost UK\|access\-date\=December 15, 2018\|archive\-date\=December 15, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215045117/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/les\-moonves\-janet\-jackson\-career\_us\_5b919b8ce4b0511db3e0a269\|url\-status\=live}} Conglomerates involved in the boycott included [Viacom](/wiki/Viacom_%282005%E2%80%93present%29 "Viacom (2005–present)") and CBS, subsidiaries MTV, [Clear Channel Communications](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications "Clear Channel Communications"), and [Infinity Broadcasting](/wiki/Infinity_Broadcasting "Infinity Broadcasting"), the latter two among the largest radio broadcasters.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/nipple\-ripples\-10\-years\-of\-fallout\-from\-janet\-jacksons\-halftime\-show\-20140130\|title\=Nipple Ripples: 10 Years of Fallout From Janet Jackson's Halftime Show\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|publisher\=Kreps, Daniel\|access\-date\=January 30, 2014\|date\=January 30, 2014\|archive\-date\=January 31, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131071220/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/nipple\-ripples\-10\-years\-of\-fallout\-from\-janet\-jacksons\-halftime\-show\-20140130\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Citation \| title \= Blackballed – Panache Report \| publisher \= Panach Report \| year \= 2004 \| url \= http://panachereport.com/channels/old\_school\_update/Blackballed.htm \| access\-date \= June 18, 2013 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130916215013/http://panachereport.com/channels/old\_school\_update/Blackballed.htm \| archive\-date \= September 16, 2013 \| url\-status\=dead}} The blacklist was placed into effect preceding the release of *Damita Jo* and continued throughout the course of Jackson's following two albums. Entertainment conglomerate Viacom owns MTV, VH1, and many radio formats, and a senior executive commented that they were "absolutely bailing on the record. The pressure is so great, they can't align with anything related to Janet. The high\-ups are still pissed at her, and this is a punitive measure."{{cite book \|last\=Tannenbaum \|first\=Robert \|year\=2004 \|title\=America's Most Wanted \| publisher \= \[\[Blender Magazine]]\| page\=128}}
Prior to the incident, *Damita Jo* was expected to outsell prior release *All for You*.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=/20040329/LIFE/303299955 \|title\=Awaiting 'Damita Jo': SouthCoastToday.com \|work\=South Coast Today \|access\-date\=October 15, 2013 \|date\=March 29, 2004 \|archive\-date\=October 16, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083551/http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=/20040329/LIFE/303299955 \|url\-status\=dead }} Its three singles received positive reviews but failed to achieve high chart positions, although each was predicted to perform extremely well under different circumstances.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ \|title\=A "Sexploration": Janet Jackson's "Damita Jo" album gets lost in the lust \|date\=March 29, 2004 \|access\-date\=February 7, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122060228/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music \|archive\-date\=January 22, 2014 }} *Billboard* reported that *Damita Jo* "was largely overshadowed by the Super Bowl fiasco.... The three singles it spawned were blacklisted by pop radio—they were also the album's biggest highlights".{{Citation \| last \= Hope \| first \= Clover \| title \= Together Again: Janet Jackson \| magazine \= Billboard \| date \= February 4, 2008 \| url \= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046632/together\-again\-janet\-jackson \| access\-date \= March 23, 2008 \| archive\-date \= June 6, 2013 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130606013557/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046632/together\-again\-janet\-jackson \| url\-status \= live }}
For the album's promotion, Jackson appeared as a host on *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live "Saturday Night Live")* performing two songs, and she was also a guest star on the sitcom *[Will \& Grace](/wiki/Will_%26_Grace "Will & Grace")* portraying herself.{{Citation \|last1\=Hay \|first1\=Carla \| title\=The Billboard Backbeat \| newspaper\=Billboard \|volume\=116 \|issue\=35 \| pages\=60–61 \| date\=August 28, 2004}} Jackson received several career accolades upon the album's release, including the "Legend Award" at the [Radio Music Awards](/wiki/Radio_Music_Awards "Radio Music Awards"), "Inspiration Award" from the [Japan Video Music Awards](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards_Japan "MTV Video Music Awards Japan"), "Lifetime Achievement Award" at the [Soul Train Music Awards](/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Awards "Soul Train Music Awards"), and a [Teen Choice Awards](/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards "Teen Choice Awards") nomination for "Favorite Female".
In November 2004, she was honored as a role model by [100 Black Men of America](/wiki/100_Black_Men_of_America "100 Black Men of America"), Inc. and presented with the organization's Artistic Achievement Award saluting "a career that has gone from success to greater success".{{Citation \| title\=New York Chapter Of 100 Black Men Honors Janet Jackson, Hank Aaron, Johnnetta Cole, Willie Gary \| newspaper\=Jet \|volume\=106 \|issue\=23 \| page\=28 \| date\=December 6, 2004\|issn\=0021\-5996}} The organization responded to criticism for honoring Jackson in light of the Super Bowl incident by saying that "an individual's worth can't be judged by a single moment in that person's life."{{Citation \|last1\=Browne \|first1\= J. Zamgba \| title\=Janet Jackson stirs up controversy at annual gala of 100 Black Men \| newspaper\=\[\[New York Amsterdam News]] \|volume\=95 \|issue\=47 \| page\=8 \| date\=November 18, 2004\|issn\=0028\-7121}}{{Citation \|last1\= Berry \|first1\= Steve \| title\=Janet Jackson stirs up controversy at annual gala of 100 Black Men \| newspaper\=\[\[The Columbus Dispatch]] \|volume\=95 \|issue\=47 \| page\=12\.D\| date\=November 11, 2004\|issn\=1074\-097X}} In June 2005, she was honored with a Humanitarian Award by the [Human Rights Campaign](/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign "Human Rights Campaign") and [AIDS Project Los Angeles](/wiki/AIDS_Project_Los_Angeles "AIDS Project Los Angeles") as recognition for her involvement in raising money for AIDS charities.{{Citation \| title \= Janet Jackson Receives HRC Award – Towleroad \| publisher \= Towleroad.com \| date \= June 20, 2005 \| url \= http://www.towleroad.com/2005/06/janet\_jackson\_r.html \| access\-date \= September 9, 2010 \| archive\-date \= April 5, 2015 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150405140133/http://www.towleroad.com/2005/06/janet\_jackson\_r.html \| url\-status \= live }}
#### Impact on the Internet
The Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show is considered to be one of the most controversial televised events in history, and Jackson was later listed in *Guinness World Records* as the "Most Searched in Internet History" and the "Most Searched for News Item".{{Citation\|title\=Star\-studded 2007 edition of Guinness World Records released\|date\=September 29, 2006\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/star\-studded\-2007\-edition\-of\-guinness\-world\-records\-released\-1\.572138\|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]]\|access\-date\=March 19, 2012\|archive\-date\=November 8, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108122510/http://www.cbc.ca/m/touch/arts/story/2006/09/29/guinness\-record\-book.html\|url\-status\=live}} The incident became the most recorded and replayed moment in [TiVo](/wiki/TiVo "TiVo") history, enticing an estimated 35,000 new subscribers.{{Citation\|title\=Numbers\|date\=February 16, 2004\|newspaper\=Time\|volume\=163\|issue\=7\|page\=19\|issn\=0040\-781X}}{{Citation\|last\=Burke\|first\=Monte\|title\=The Ripple Effect\|date\=March 1, 2004\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/0301/046a.html\|newspaper\=Time\|volume\=173\|issue\=4\|page\=46\|issn\=0015\-6914\|access\-date\=September 1, 2017\|archive\-date\=September 9, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909011539/https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/0301/046a.html\|url\-status\=live}} [Jawed Karim](/wiki/Jawed_Karim "Jawed Karim") has stated that the incident inspired the creation of [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube"), as he noted that it was difficult for him to find videos of the incident online.{{cite web\|last\=Hopkins\|first\=Jim\|date\=October 11, 2006\|title\=Surprise! There's a third YouTube co\-founder\|url\=http://usatoday30\.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006\-10\-11\-youtube\-karim\_x.htm\|access\-date\=March 26, 2017\|website\=\[\[USA Today]]\|archive\-date\=August 5, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805161152/http://usatoday30\.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006\-10\-11\-youtube\-karim\_x.htm\|url\-status\=live}}
### 2006–2007: *20 Y.O.* and *Why Did I Get Married?*
[thumb\|180px\|right\|Jackson promoting her 2006 studio album, *[20 Y.O.](/wiki/20_Y.O. "20 Y.O.")*](/wiki/File:Janet_Jackson.jpg "Janet Jackson.jpg")
Jackson began recording her ninth studio album, *[20 Y.O.](/wiki/20_Y.O. "20 Y.O.")*, in 2005\. She recorded with producers Dupri, Jam and Lewis for several months during the following year. The album's title was a reference to the two decades since the release of her breakthrough album *Control*, representing the album's "celebration of the joyful liberation and history\-making musical style".{{Citation \|url \= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/57333/janets\-juggernaut \|title \= Janet's Juggernaut \|last \= Coveney \|first \= Janine \|newspaper \= Billboard \|date \= September 5, 2006 \|access\-date \= September 13, 2010 \|archive\-date \= September 29, 2014 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140929190849/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/57333/janets\-juggernaut \|url\-status \= live }}
To promote the album, Jackson appeared in various magazines, and performed on the *[Today Show](/wiki/Today_%28U.S._TV_program%29 "Today (U.S. TV program)")* and at the Billboard Awards. Jackson's *[Us Weekly](/wiki/Us_Weekly "Us Weekly")* cover, revealing her slim figure after heavy media focus was placed on her fluctuations in weight, became the magazine's best\-selling issue in history.The best\-selling issue in *Us Weekly* history was the Janet Jackson mag, which sold a record 1\.4 million the week of May 26\. {{Citation\|last\=Kelly \|first\=Keith\| title \= MLad Mag's Coverup – Fhm Wraps Racy Glossy After Hudson News Complaint\| newspaper\=New York Post \| date\=June 23, 2006 \| page \= 36}} *20 Y.O.* was released in September 2006 and debuted at number two on the *Billboard* 200\. The album received mixed reviews, with multiple critics chastising the production and involvement of Jermaine Dupri. *Rolling Stone* disagreed with the album's reference to *Control*, saying "If we were her, we wouldn't make the comparison."{{Citation \|last\=Serpick \|first\=Evan \|title\=Janet Jackson: 20 Y.O. : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone \|date\=October 3, 2006 \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/11571388/review/11942285/20\_yo \|access\-date\=July 19, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503060722/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/11571388/review/11942285/20\_yo \|archive\-date\=May 3, 2008}}
Jackson's airplay and music channel blacklist remained persistent, massively affecting her chart performance and exposure.{{Citation \| title \= Janet Blacklist? \| publisher \= TMZ \| date \= July 28, 2006 \| url \= https://www.tmz.com/2006/07/28/janet\-blacklist/ \| access\-date \= June 18, 2013 \| archive\-date \= November 14, 2014 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20141114085516/http://www.tmz.com/2006/07/28/janet\-blacklist/ \| url\-status \= live }} However, lead single "[Call on Me](/wiki/Call_on_Me_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "Call on Me (Janet Jackson song)")", which featured rapper [Nelly](/wiki/Nelly "Nelly"), peaked at number twenty\-five on the Hot 100, number one on the Hot R\&B/Hip\-Hop Songs chart, and number six in the United Kingdom. The video for the album's second single, "[So Excited](/wiki/So_Excited_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "So Excited (Janet Jackson song)")", was directed by [Joseph Kahn](/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_%28director%29 "Joseph Kahn (director)") and portrayed Jackson's clothes disappearing through a complex dance routine.
*20 Y.O.* was certified Platinum by the RIAA and sold 1\.5 million worldwide, also receiving a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary R\&B Album.{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046834/ask\-billboard \|title\=Ask Billboard \|magazine\=Billboard \|date\=January 6, 2007 \|access\-date\=July 14, 2010 \|archive\-date\=June 6, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606023719/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046834/ask\-billboard \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.msn.com/en\-us/music/celebrity/janet\-jacksons\-life\-in\-photos/ss\-AAAj0QE\#image\=26 \|title\=Janet Jackson's life in photos \|last\=Turner \|first\=Mariel \|date\=July 19, 2018 \|publisher\=\[\[MSN]] \|access\-date\=January 17, 2019 \|quote\=The 2006 project was certified Platinum, with 1\.5 million copies sold, but never really found its footing. \|archive\-date\=January 17, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117174417/https://www.msn.com/en\-us/music/celebrity/janet\-jacksons\-life\-in\-photos/ss\-AAAj0QE\#image\=26 \|url\-status\=live }}
After the album's release, Dupri was condemned for his production and misguidance of the album, and subsequently was removed from his position at Virgin Records.{{Citation \|last1\=Mitchell \|first1\=Gail \|last2\=Garrity \|first2\=Brian\| title\=Dupri Exit Fuels Rumors \| newspaper\=Billboard \|volume\=118 \|issue\=44 \| page\=10 \| date\=November 4, 2006\|issn\=0006\-2510}} *[Slant Magazine](/wiki/Slant_Magazine "Slant Magazine")* stated, "After promising a return to Janet's dance\-pop origins, \[Dupri] opted to aim for urban audiences, a colossal mistake that cost Dupri his job and, probably, Janet her deal with Virgin."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2006/11/postkatrina\-musicand\-an\-american\-idol\-dropout\|title\=Post\-Katrina Music...and an American Idol Dropout\|work\=Slant Magazine\|publisher\=Cinquemani, Sal\|access\-date\=December 4, 2014\|date\=September 11, 2006\|archive\-date\=November 14, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114102329/http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2006/11/postkatrina\-musicand\-an\-american\-idol\-dropout\|url\-status\=live}}
Jackson was ranked the seventh richest woman in the entertainment industry by *Forbes*, having amassed a fortune of over $150 million.{{Citation \| last \= Goldman \| first \= Lea \| author2 \= Kiri Blakeley \| title \= The 20 Richest Women In Entertainment \| work \= Forbes \| date \= January 18, 2007 \| url \= https://www.forbes.com/2007/01/17/richest\-women\-entertainment\-tech\-media\-cz\_lg\_richwomen07\_0118womenstars\_lander.html \| access\-date \= September 3, 2008 \| archive\-date \= November 24, 2017 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20171124092119/https://www.forbes.com/2007/01/17/richest\-women\-entertainment\-tech\-media\-cz\_lg\_richwomen07\_0118womenstars\_lander.html \| url\-status \= live }} In 2007, she starred opposite [Tyler Perry](/wiki/Tyler_Perry "Tyler Perry") as a psychotherapist in the film *[Why Did I Get Married?](/wiki/Why_Did_I_Get_Married%3F "Why Did I Get Married?")*. It became her third consecutive film to open at number one at the box office, grossing $60 million.{{Citation\| last \= Ryan \| first \= Joal \| title \= Just Call It Tyler Perry's Box Office \|work\=\[\[E! News]] \| date \= October 15, 2007\| url \= http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b56440\_Just\_Call\_It\_Tyler\_Perrys\_Box\_Office.html \| access\-date \= September 17, 2010 }} Jackson's performance was praised for its "soft authority", though also described as "charming, yet bland".{{Citation\| last \= Scheib\| first \= Ronnie \| title \= Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married? \| newspaper\=Variety \| date \= October 2007\| page\=32\|volume\=408\|issue\=10\|issn\=0042\-2738}}{{cite news \| last \= Morris \| first \= Wesley \| title \= 'Married' is involving, if not blissful \| work \= \[\[The Boston Globe]] \| date \= October 13, 2007 \| url \= https://www.boston.com/movies/display?display\=movie\&id\=10489 \| access\-date \= July 29, 2008 \| archive\-date \= December 23, 2008 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20081223014618/http://www.boston.com/movies/display?display\=movie\&id\=10489 \| url\-status \= live }}
### 2008–2009: *Discipline* and *Number Ones*
[left\|thumb\|180px\|Jackson performing during the 2008 [Rock Witchu Tour](/wiki/Rock_Witchu_Tour "Rock Witchu Tour")](/wiki/File:Janet_Jackson_19.jpg "Janet Jackson 19.jpg")
Jackson signed with [Island Records](/wiki/Island_Records "Island Records") after her contract with Virgin was fulfilled. She interrupted plans for touring and began recording with various producers, including [Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins](/wiki/Rodney_%22Darkchild%22_Jerkins "Rodney "), [Tricky Stewart](/wiki/Tricky_Stewart "Tricky Stewart"), and [Stargate](/wiki/Stargate_%28production_team%29 "Stargate (production team)").{{Citation \| title \= Janet Jackson Sets Sights On Fall Tour, Book \| magazine \= Billboard \| date \= July 3, 2008 \| url \= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046327/janet\-jackson\-sets\-sights\-on\-fall\-tour\-book \| access\-date \= February 7, 2014 \| archive\-date \= September 13, 2014 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140913101446/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046327/janet\-jackson\-sets\-sights\-on\-fall\-tour\-book \| url\-status \= live }} Her tenth studio album, *[Discipline](/wiki/Discipline_%28Janet_Jackson_album%29 "Discipline (Janet Jackson album)")*, was released in February 2008, opening at number one. Despite radio blacklisting, the album's first single "[Feedback](/wiki/Feedback_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "Feedback (Janet Jackson song)")" peaked at number nineteen on the Hot 100 and nine on [Pop Songs](/wiki/Pop_Songs "Pop Songs"), her highest\-charting single since "Someone to Call My Lover".{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/1496802/janet/chart?sort\=position\&f\=362\|title\=Janet – Chart history\|magazine\=Billboard\|access\-date\=March 24, 2013\|archive\-date\=June 30, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630070923/http://www.billboard.com/artist/1496802/janet/chart?sort\=position\&f\=362\|url\-status\=live}}
Also in February 2008, Jackson won an [Image Award](/wiki/Image_Award "Image Award") for "Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture" for the role.{{Citation \|last1\= Christian \|first1\=Margena A \| title\=NAACP Honors Showbiz Veterans, Newcomers At Image Awards \| newspaper\=\[\[Jet (magazine)\|Jet]] \|volume\=113 \|issue\=8 \| page\=52 \| date\=March 3, 2008}} Jackson was also approached to record the lead single for the film *[Rush Hour 3](/wiki/Rush_Hour_3 "Rush Hour 3")*.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1559084/jermaine\-dupri\-janet\-will\-switch\-labels.jhtml\|title\=Jermaine Dupri Says Janet Will Switch Labels, Be On 'Rush Hour 3' LP\|publisher\=MTV News\|date\=May 9, 2007\|access\-date\=February 14, 2014\|archive\-date\=March 2, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302051803/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1559084/jermaine\-dupri\-janet\-will\-switch\-labels.jhtml\|url\-status\=dead}} Jackson was awarded the Vanguard Award at the 19th annual GLAAD Media Awards, honoring her contributions in promoting equal rights among the gay community. The organization's president commented, "Ms. Jackson has a tremendous following inside the LGBT community and out, and having her stand with us against the defamation that LGBT people still face in our country is extremely significant."
Jackson's fifth concert tour, the [Rock Witchu Tour](/wiki/Rock_Witchu_Tour "Rock Witchu Tour"), began in September 2008\.{{Citation \| last \= Harrington \| first \= Jim \| title \= Review: The hits kept coming at Janet Jackson's Oakland show \| newspaper\=\[\[Oakland Tribune]] \| date \= September 14, 2008\| issn \= 1068\-5936}} Jackson parted with Island Records through mutual agreement. *Billboard* disclosed Jackson was dissatisfied with [L.A. Reid](/wiki/L.A._Reid "L.A. Reid")'s handling of the album and its promotion, saying "the label agreed to dissolve their relationship with the artist at her request."{{Citation \|first\=Mariel \|last\=Concepcion \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1044010/janet\-jackson\-parts\-ways\-with\-island\-def\-jam \|title\=Janet Jackson Parts Ways With Island Def Jam \|magazine\=Billboard \|date\=September 22, 2008 \|access\-date\=September 22, 2008 \|archive\-date\=June 6, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606015129/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1044010/janet\-jackson\-parts\-ways\-with\-island\-def\-jam \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web\|url\=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart\_watch/51507/week\-ending\-april\-11\-2010\-bieber\-bounces\-back/ \|title\=Week Ending April 11, 2010: Bieber Bounces Back \|publisher\=Yahoo! \|date\=April 14, 2010 \|access\-date\=May 16, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417002609/http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart\_watch/51507/week\-ending\-april\-11\-2010\-bieber\-bounces\-back/ \|archive\-date\=April 17, 2010}} Producer [Rodney Jerkins](/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins "Rodney Jerkins") expressed "I felt like it wasn't pushed correctly.... She just didn't get her just due as an artist of that magnitude."{{citation\|title\=Janet Jackson splits with record label\|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/janet\-jackson/39889\|newspaper\=\[\[NME]]\|date\=September 20, 2008\|access\-date\=October 8, 2009\|archive\-date\=September 1, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901190252/http://www.nme.com/news/janet\-jackson/39889\|url\-status\=live}}
In June 2009, Jackson's [brother Michael died](/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Jackson "Death of Michael Jackson") at age fifty. She spoke publicly concerning his death at the 2009 [BET Awards](/wiki/BET_Awards "BET Awards"), stating "I'd just like to say, to you, Michael is an icon, to us, Michael is family. And he will forever live in all of our hearts. On behalf of my family and myself, thank you for all of your love, thank you for all of your support. We miss him so much."{{citation\|last\=Carter\|first\=Kelley\|title\=An emotional Janet Jackson thanks fans at BET Awards\|newspaper\=USA Today\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009\-06\-29\-bet\-awards\-jackson\_N.htm\|date\=June 28, 2009\|access\-date\=June 28, 2009\|archive\-date\=July 1, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701063711/http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009\-06\-29\-bet\-awards\-jackson\_N.htm\|url\-status\=live}} In an interview, she revealed she had first learned of his death while filming *[Why Did I Get Married Too?](/wiki/Why_Did_I_Get_Married_Too%3F "Why Did I Get Married Too?")*.
Amidst mourning with her family, she focused on work to deal with the grief, avoiding any news coverage of her sibling's death. She commented, "it's still important to face reality, and not that I'm running, but sometimes you just need to get away for a second."{{citation\|last\=Brown\|first\=Laura\|title\=Janet Jackson Takes Control\|newspaper\=\[\[Harper's Bazaar]]\|page\=244\|date\=October 2009\|issn\=0017\-7873}} During this time, she ended her seven\-year relationship with Jermaine Dupri.
Several months later, Jackson performed a tribute to Michael at the [2009 MTV Video Music Awards](/wiki/2009_MTV_Video_Music_Awards "2009 MTV Video Music Awards"), performing their duet "Scream".{{citation\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621392/20090913/madonna.jhtml\|title\=VMAs Kick Off with Madonna and Janet's Tribute to Michael Jackson\|last\=Kaufman\|first\=Gil\|date\=September 13, 2009\|publisher\=MTV News\|access\-date\=September 14, 2009\|archive\-date\=September 22, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922190441/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621392/20090913/madonna.jhtml\|url\-status\=dead}} MTV stated "there was no one better than Janet to anchor it and send a really powerful message."{{citation\|last\=Kinon\|first\=Cristina\|title\=Janet Jackson to do dance tribute for Michael to kick off VMAs\|newspaper\=Daily News\|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2009/09/11/2009\-09\-11\_janet\_jackson\_to\_do\_dance\_tribute\_for\_michael\_to\_kick\_off\_vmas.html\|date\=September 11, 2009\|access\-date\=September 19, 2009\|location\=New York\|archive\-date\=September 15, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915003205/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2009/09/11/2009\-09\-11\_janet\_jackson\_to\_do\_dance\_tribute\_for\_michael\_to\_kick\_off\_vmas.html\|url\-status\=dead}} The performance was lauded by critics, with *Entertainment Weekly* affirming the rendition "as energetic as it was heartfelt".{{citation\|last\=Slezak\|first\=Michael\|title\=Janet Jackson single\-handedly saves MTV VMA tribute to Michael Jackson\|url\=http://music\-mix.ew.com/2009/09/14/janet\-jackson\-michael\-jackson\-vmas\-2009\|date\=September 13, 2009\|newspaper\=Entertainment Weekly\|access\-date\=September 16, 2009\|archive\-date\=September 25, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925023531/http://music\-mix.ew.com/2009/09/14/janet\-jackson\-michael\-jackson\-vmas\-2009/\|url\-status\=dead}}
Jackson's second hits compilation, *[Number Ones](/wiki/Number_Ones_%28Janet_Jackson_album%29 "Number Ones (Janet Jackson album)")* (retitled *The Best* for international releases), was released in November 2009\. For promotion, she performed a medley of hits at the [American Music Awards](/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2009 "American Music Awards of 2009"), [Capital FM](/wiki/95.8_Capital_FM "95.8 Capital FM")'s [Jingle Bell Ball](/wiki/Jingle_Bell_Ball "Jingle Bell Ball") at London's [O2 arena](/wiki/The_O2_Arena "The O2 Arena"), and *[The X\-Factor](/wiki/The_X-Factor "The X-Factor")*.{{citation\|last\=Kaufman\|first\=Gil\|title\=Janet Jackson Kicks Off American Music Awards With Energetic Medley/Singer performed her new single, 'Make Me.'\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1626828/20091122/jackson\_janet.jhtml\|publisher\=MTV\|date\=November 22, 2009\|access\-date\=November 22, 2009\|archive\-date\=November 26, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126125636/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1626828/20091122/jackson\_janet.jhtml\|url\-status\=dead}}{{citation\|title\=Janet Jackson – Capital FM\|url\=http://www.capitalfm.com/jingle\-bell\-ball/2009/sunday/janet\-jackson/\|publisher\=\[\[95\.8 Capital FM]]\|date\=October 20, 2009\|access\-date\=October 20, 2009\|archive\-date\=April 2, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402174828/http://www.capitalfm.com/jingle\-bell\-ball/2009/sunday/janet\-jackson/\|url\-status\=live}} The album's promotional single "[Make Me](/wiki/Make_Me_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "Make Me (Janet Jackson song)")", produced with Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins, debuted in September.{{citation\|last\=Kaufman\|first\=Gil\|title\=Janet Jackson Releases New Single Following VMA Performance\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621430/20090914/jackson\_janet.jhtml\|publisher\=MTV\|date\=September 14, 2009\|access\-date\=September 14, 2009\|archive\-date\=September 22, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922205956/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621430/20090914/jackson\_janet.jhtml\|url\-status\=dead}} It became Jackson's nineteenth number one on the [Hot Dance Club Songs](/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Songs "Hot Dance Club Songs") chart, making her the first artist to have number\-one singles in four separate decades.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/\#/column/chartbeat/chart\-highlights\-country\-dance\-club\-play\-1004054789\.story\|title\=Chart Highlights: Adult Contemporary, Pop, Jazz \& More\|date\=December 21, 2009\|magazine\=Billboard\|access\-date\=December 21, 2009\|archive\-date\=September 13, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913150859/http://www.billboard.com/\#/column/chartbeat/chart\-highlights\-country\-dance\-club\-play\-1004054789\.story\|url\-status\=live}}
Later that month, Jackson chaired the inaugural benefit of amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research, held in [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") in conjunction with [fashion week](/wiki/Fashion_week "Fashion week"). The foundation's CEO stated "We are profoundly grateful to Janet Jackson for joining amfAR as a chair of its first event in Milan... She brings incomparable grace and a history of dedication to the fight against AIDS."{{citation\|title\=Janet Jackson to Chair amfAR's Inaugural Milan Fashion Week Event\|publisher\=amfAR\|url\=http://www.amfar.org/spotlight/article.aspx?id\=7847\&terms\=janet\+jackson\|date\=August 24, 2009\|access\-date\=September 28, 2009\|archive\-date\=March 6, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306215317/http://www.amfar.org/spotlight/article.aspx?id\=7847\&terms\=janet\+jackson\|url\-status\=live}} The event raised $1\.1 million for the nonprofit organization.
### 2010–2014: Film projects and *True You*
In April 2010, Jackson reprised her role in the sequel to *Why Did I Get Married?* titled *Why Did I Get Married Too?*. The film opened at number two, grossing sixty million.{{citation\|last\=Flint\|first\=Joe\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la\-et\-box\-officeside5\-2010apr05,0,7889804\.story\|title\=Tyler Perry's impressive weekend\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=April 5, 2010\|access\-date\=April 6, 2010\|archive\-date\=March 5, 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305130027/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2010\-apr\-05\-la\-et\-box\-officeside5\-2010apr05\-story.html\|url\-status\=live}} Jackson's performance was hailed as "invigorating and oddly funny", and praised for her "willingness to be seen at her most disheveled".{{citation\|last\=Hale\|first\=Mike\|title\=Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010\): At Couples' Reunion, Laughs, Then Grief\|url\=https://movies.nytimes.com/2010/04/03/movies/03tyler.html\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=April 7, 2010\|access\-date\=April 7, 2010\|archive\-date\=April 6, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406001041/http://movies.nytimes.com/2010/04/03/movies/03tyler.html?\|url\-status\=live}}{{citation\|last\=Cooper\|first\=Jackie\|title\=''"Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married Too?": Why Did He Make a Two?''\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jackie\-k\-cooper/tyler\-perrys\-why\-did\-i\-ge\_b\_525126\.html\|date\=April 5, 2010\|access\-date\=April 6, 2010\|work\=The Huffington Post\|archive\-date\=April 9, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409152302/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jackie\-k\-cooper/tyler\-perrys\-why\-did\-i\-ge\_b\_525126\.html\|url\-status\=live}} Her performance earned her an Image Award for "Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture".["The 42nd NAACP Image Awards – Motion Picture"](http://www.naacpimageawards.net/42/nominees-and-honorees/motion-picture/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112080712/http://www.naacpimageawards.net/42/nominees\-and\-honorees/motion\-picture/ \|date\=January 12, 2011 }}, [NAACP Image Awards](/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards "NAACP Image Awards"), January 12, 2011\. Retrieved January 12, 2011\. Jackson recorded the film's theme, "[Nothing](/wiki/Nothing_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "Nothing (Janet Jackson song)")", released as a promotional single.Rodriguez, Jayson (February 18, 2010\),["Jermaine Dupri Says New Janet Jackson Song Is 'A Good Record'"](http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1632205/20100218/dupri_jermaine.jhtml) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222220143/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1632205/20100218/dupri\_jermaine.jhtml \|date\=February 22, 2010 }}, MTV. Retrieved April 7, 2010\. The song was performed on the [ninth season](/wiki/American_Idol_%28season_9%29 "American Idol (season 9)") finale of *[American Idol](/wiki/American_Idol "American Idol")* along with "Again" and "Nasty".{{cite web\|last\=Downey\|first\=Ryan J.\|date\=May 27, 2010\|title\='American Idol' Finale Ratings the Lowest Since Season One\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1640212/20100527/story.jhtml\|publisher\=MTV News\|access\-date\=May 27, 2010\|archive\-date\=May 31, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531174121/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1640212/20100527/story.jhtml\|url\-status\=dead}}
In July, Jackson modeled for the [Blackglama](/wiki/Blackglama "Blackglama") clothing line featuring [mink](/wiki/Mink "Mink") fur,{{citation\|author\=Ella Ngo\|title\=Poll: Are You Fur or Against Janet Jackson's New Ad\|url\=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b192769\_poll\_are\_you\_fur\_against\_janet\_jacksons.html\|publisher\=\[\[E! Online\|E!]]\|date\=July 29, 2010\|access\-date\=July 29, 2010\|archive\-date\=August 1, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801150229/http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b192769\_poll\_are\_you\_fur\_against\_janet\_jacksons.html\|url\-status\=live}} then helped design a signature line of clothing and accessories for Blackglama, to be sold at [Saks Fifth Avenue](/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue "Saks Fifth Avenue") and [Bloomingdales](/wiki/Bloomingdales "Bloomingdales").{{cite web \|url\=http://fashionetc.com/news/celebrity/3848\-janet\-jackson\-blackglama\-collection \|title\=Janet Jackson's Blackglama Collection \|last\=Donnelly \|first\=Erin \|date\=November 21, 2011 \|work\=Fashion Etc \|access\-date\=May 7, 2014 \|archive\-date\=May 8, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508025140/http://fashionetc.com/news/celebrity/3848\-janet\-jackson\-blackglama\-collection \|url\-status\=live }} Universal Music released the hits compilation *[Icon: Number Ones](/wiki/Icon:Number_Ones "Number Ones")* as the debut of the *[Icon](/wiki/Icon_%28album_series%29 "Icon (album series)")* compilation series.
In November 2010, Jackson starred as Joanna in the drama *[For Colored Girls](/wiki/For_Colored_Girls "For Colored Girls")*, the film adaptation of [Ntozake Shange](/wiki/Ntozake_Shange "Ntozake Shange")'s 1975 play *[For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf](/wiki/For_Colored_Girls_Who_Have_Considered_Suicide_/_When_the_Rainbow_Is_Enuf "For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf")*. *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* stated Jackson "recites verses written by Ntozake Shange, the author of the play that inspired the film ... But instead of offering up a mannered coffeehouse reading of the lines, Jackson makes the words sound like ordinary—though very eloquent—speech."{{citation\|author\=Christopher John Farley\|title\=Janet Jackson Tackles Poetry in 'For Colored Girls'\|url\=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/11/02/janet\-jackson\-tackles\-poetry\-in\-for\-colored\-girls\|newspaper\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]\|date\=November 2, 2010\|access\-date\=November 2, 2010\|archive\-date\=November 5, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105024858/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/11/02/janet\-jackson\-tackles\-poetry\-in\-for\-colored\-girls/\|url\-status\=live}} Jackson's portrayal in the film was likened to [Meryl Streep](/wiki/Meryl_Streep "Meryl Streep") as [Miranda Priestly](/wiki/Miranda_Priestly "Miranda Priestly") in *[The Devil Wears Prada](/wiki/The_Devil_Wears_Prada_%28film%29 "The Devil Wears Prada (film)")*.{{citation\|author\=Manohla Dargis\|title\=A Powerful Chorus Harmonizing 'Dark Phrases of Womanhood'\|url\=https://movies.nytimes.com/2010/11/05/movies/05for.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=November 4, 2010\|access\-date\=November 4, 2010\|archive\-date\=November 6, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106081613/http://movies.nytimes.com/2010/11/05/movies/05for.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{citation\|author\=Randy Myers\|title\=Review: Cast elevates 'For Colored Girls' from soap opera territory\|url\=http://www.mercurynews.com/movies\-dvd/ci\_16493615\|newspaper\=\[\[San Jose Mercury News]]\|date\=November 4, 2010\|access\-date\=November 4, 2010\|archive\-date\=February 6, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206165245/http://www.mercurynews.com/movies\-dvd/ci\_16493615\|url\-status\=live}} Her performance earned [Black Reel Awards](/wiki/Black_Reel_Awards "Black Reel Awards") nominations in the categories of [Outstanding Supporting Actress](/wiki/Black_Reel_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress "Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actress") and [Outstanding Ensemble](/wiki/Black_Reel_Award_for_Best_Ensemble "Black Reel Award for Best Ensemble").{{citation\|title\=2011 Black Reel Awards Nominations \|url\=http://blackreelawards.wordpress.com/2010/12/15/2011\-black\-reel\-awards\-nominations/ \|publisher\=\[\[Black Reel Awards]] \|date\=December 15, 2010 \|access\-date\=December 17, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221000645/http://blackreelawards.wordpress.com/2010/12/15/2011\-black\-reel\-awards\-nominations/ \|archive\-date\=December 21, 2010 }}
[thumb\|right\|Jackson performing during the 2011 [Number Ones, Up Close and Personal](/wiki/Number_Ones%2C_Up_Close_and_Personal "Number Ones, Up Close and Personal") tour](/wiki/File:Janet_Number_Ones.jpg "Janet Number Ones.jpg")
Jackson announced plans to embark on her largest world tour in support of her second hits collection, *Number Ones*.{{citation \|url\=http://www.theboombox.com/2010/11/19/janet\-jackson\-announces\-2011\-plans/ \|title\=Janet Jackson Announces 2011 Plans, Asks Fans for Questions \|work\=The Boombox \|publisher\=\[\[AOL]] \|date\=November 19, 2010 \|access\-date\=November 19, 2010 \|archive\-date\=November 21, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121034752/http://www.theboombox.com/2010/11/19/janet\-jackson\-announces\-2011\-plans/ \|url\-status\=live }} The tour, entitled [Number Ones, Up Close and Personal](/wiki/Number_Ones%2C_Up_Close_and_Personal "Number Ones, Up Close and Personal"), held concerts in thirty\-five global cities, selected by fans who submitted suggestions on her official website. During the tour, Jackson performed thirty\-five number one hits and dedicated a song to each city. [Mattel](/wiki/Mattel "Mattel") released a limited\-edition [Barbie](/wiki/Barbie "Barbie") of Jackson titled "Divinely Janet", auctioned for over $15,000, with proceeds donated to [Project Angel Food](/wiki/Project_Angel_Food "Project Angel Food").{{citation\|author\=Amber Katz\|title\=This Janet Jackson Barbie Doll Is All We Want For Christmas!\|url\=http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2010/12/10/janet\-jackson\-barbie\-doll/\|publisher\=MTV\|date\=December 10, 2010\|access\-date\=April 8, 2011\|archive\-date\=December 17, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217011008/http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2010/12/10/janet\-jackson\-barbie\-doll\|url\-status\=dead}}
Jackson released the [self\-help](/wiki/Self-help "Self-help") book *[True You: A Journey to Finding and Loving Yourself](/wiki/True_You:A_Journey_to_Finding_and_Loving_Yourself "A Journey to Finding and Loving Yourself")* in February 2011, co\-written with David Ritz. It chronicled her struggle with weight and confidence, also publishing letters from fans. It topped [*The New York Times{{'}}* Best Seller list](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list "The New York Times Best Seller list") the following month.{{citation\|title\=Best Sellers – The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/best\-sellers\-books/2011\-03\-06/hardcover\-advice/list.html\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=February 28, 2011\|access\-date\=February 28, 2011\|first\=Jennifer\|last\=Schuessler\|archive\-date\=February 28, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228085646/http://www.nytimes.com/best\-sellers\-books/2011\-03\-06/hardcover\-advice/list.html\|url\-status\=live}} Additionally, she signed a film production contract with [Lions Gate Entertainment](/wiki/Lions_Gate_Entertainment "Lions Gate Entertainment") to "select, develop and produce a feature film for the independent studio."{{citation\|author\=Pamela McClintock\|title\=Janet Jackson Signs Film Production Deal with Lionsgate (Exclusive)\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/janet\-jackson\-signs\-film\-production\-167872\|newspaper\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]]\|date\=March 15, 2011\|access\-date\=March 17, 2011\|archive\-date\=March 18, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318085223/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/janet\-jackson\-signs\-film\-production\-167872\|url\-status\=live}}
Jackson became the first female pop singer to perform at the [I. M. Pei](/wiki/I._M._Pei "I. M. Pei") glass pyramid at the [Louvre Museum](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre "Musée du Louvre"), raising contributions for the restoration of iconic artwork.{{citation\|title\=Janet Jackson to Perform at Paris' Louvre Museum\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/janet\-jackson\-perform\-at\-paris\-175694\|newspaper\=The Hollywood Reporter\|date\=April 6, 2011\|access\-date\=April 8, 2011\|archive\-date\=April 13, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413062912/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/janet\-jackson\-perform\-at\-paris\-175694\|url\-status\=live}}{{citation\|author\=Sonya E\|title\=Janet Jackson To Make History In Paris\|url\=http://www.s2smagazine.com/stories/2011/04/janet\-jackson\-make\-history\-paris\|newspaper\=\[\[Sister 2 Sister]]\|date\=April 8, 2011\|access\-date\=April 9, 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411082009/http://www.s2smagazine.com/stories/2011/04/janet\-jackson\-make\-history\-paris\|archive\-date\=April 11, 2011}} Jackson was selected to endorse fashion line *Blackglama* for a second year, being the first celebrity in the line's history chosen to do so.["Janet Jackson Featured In New Blackglama Ad Campaign"](http://www.rttnews.com/Content/EntertainmentNews.aspx?Section=2&Id=1700517&SM=1) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212163112/http://www.rttnews.com/Content/EntertainmentNews.aspx?Section\=2\&Id\=1700517\&SM\=1 \|date\=December 12, 2011 }}, RTTNews, August 25, 2011\. Retrieved August 26, 2011\. She partnered with the label to release a fifteen\-piece collection of luxury products.{{citation\|author\=Coleen Nika\|title\=News Roundup: Lady Gaga's Barney's Workshop, Rihanna's Collection, Janet Jackson's New Line And More\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/blogs/thread\-count/news\-roundup\-lady\-gagas\-barneys\-workshop\-rihannas\-collection\-janet\-jacksons\-new\-line\-and\-more\-20111123\|newspaper\=\[\[Rolling Stone]]\|date\=November 23, 2011\|access\-date\=November 29, 2011\|archive\-date\=November 26, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126045215/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/blogs/thread\-count/news\-roundup\-lady\-gagas\-barneys\-workshop\-rihannas\-collection\-janet\-jacksons\-new\-line\-and\-more\-20111123\|url\-status\=dead}}
In 2012, Jackson endorsed [Nutrisystem](/wiki/Nutrisystem "Nutrisystem"), sponsoring their weight\-loss program after struggling with weight fluctuations in the past.{{citation\|author\=Elizabeth Olson\|title\=Weight Loss, With Divas and Public Service\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/15/business/media/weight\-loss\-with\-divas\-and\-public\-service\-angles.html\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=December 14, 2011\|access\-date\=January 3, 2012\|archive\-date\=January 5, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105151029/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/15/business/media/weight\-loss\-with\-divas\-and\-public\-service\-angles.html\|url\-status\=live}} With the program, she donated ten million dollars in meals to the hungry. She was honored by amfAR for her contributions to AIDS research when chairing the Cinema Against AIDS gala during the [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival "Cannes Film Festival").{{citation\|author\=Michelle Salemi\|title\=Janet Jackson's AmfAR Advocacy Goes Beyond Galas\|url\=https://variety.com/2013/music/features/amfar\-1200484249/\#!1/janet\-jackson/\|work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date\=May 23, 2013\|access\-date\=November 12, 2013\|archive\-date\=August 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821020344/https://variety.com/2013/music/features/amfar\-1200484249/\#!1/janet\-jackson/\|url\-status\=live}} She also participated in a public service announcement for [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF "UNICEF") to help starving children.{{citation\|title\=Janet Jackson Teams Up with UNICEF to Fight Hunger\|url\=http://www.etonline.com/music/134692\_Janet\_Jackson\_Teams\_Up\_with\_UNICEF\_to\_Fight\_Hunger/\|publisher\=\[\[ETonline]]\|date\=February 25, 2013\|access\-date\=December 11, 2013\|archive\-date\=December 11, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211213517/http://www.etonline.com/music/134692\_Janet\_Jackson\_Teams\_Up\_with\_UNICEF\_to\_Fight\_Hunger/\|url\-status\=live}}
### 2015–2019: *Unbreakable*, touring and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
On May 16, 2015, Jackson announced plans to release a new album and to embark on a world concert tour.{{cite web\|author1\=Billboard Staff\|title\=Janet Jackson Announces New Album, Tour \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6568528/janet\-jackson\-announces\-new\-album\-tour \|access\-date\=May 16, 2015\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|agency\=\[\[Prometheus Global Media]]\|date\=May 16, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516215713/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6568528/janet\-jackson\-announces\-new\-album\-tour\|archive\-date\=May 16, 2015\|url\-status\=live\|location\=United States}}{{cite news\|last1\=McLaughlin \|first1\=Eliott C.\|last2\=Sutton \|first2\=Joe \|title\='From my lips,' Janet Jackson announces new album, world tour \|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/17/entertainment/janet\-jackson\-new\-album\-tour/ \|access\-date\=May 17, 2015 \|publisher\=CNN \|agency\=\[\[Turner Broadcasting System]] (\[\[Time Warner]]) \|date\=May 17, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520033947/http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/17/entertainment/janet\-jackson\-new\-album\-tour \|archive\-date\=May 20, 2015 \|url\-status\=live \|location\=United States}} She outlined her intention to release her new album in the fall of 2015 under her own record label, Rhythm Nation, distributed by [BMG Rights Management](/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management "BMG Rights Management").{{cite magazine\|author\=Andrew Hampp\|title\=Janet Jackson to Release New Album This Fall Via Rhythm Nation/BMG\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the\-juice/6583268/janet\-jackson\-new\-album\-fall\-rhythm\-nation\-bmg\|access\-date\=June 3, 2015\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|agency\=\[\[Prometheus Global Media]]\|date\=June 3, 2015\|archive\-date\=June 4, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604144404/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the\-juice/6583268/janet\-jackson\-new\-album\-fall\-rhythm\-nation\-bmg\|url\-status\=live}} The launch of Rhythm Nation established Jackson as one of the few African\-American female musicians to own a record label.{{citation\|title\=Janet Jackson back with new album – and record\-breaking new deal with BMG\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jun/03/janet\-jackson\-new\-album\-record\-breaking\-deal\-bmg\-rhythm\-nation\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=June 3, 2015\|access\-date\=June 5, 2015\|last1\=Music\|first1\=Guardian\|archive\-date\=June 5, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605095725/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jun/03/janet\-jackson\-new\-album\-record\-breaking\-deal\-bmg\-rhythm\-nation\|url\-status\=live}}
On June 15, 2015, Jackson announced the first set of dates for the North American leg of her [Unbreakable World Tour](/wiki/Unbreakable_World_Tour_%28Janet_Jackson_tour%29 "Unbreakable World Tour (Janet Jackson tour)").{{cite magazine\|last1\=Hampp\|first1\=Andrew\|title\=Janet Jackson Announces Unbreakable World Tour \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the\-juice/6598120/janet\-jackson\-announces\-unbreakable\-world\-tour\|access\-date\=June 15, 2015\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|agency\=\[\[Prometheus Global Media]]\|date\=June 15, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617003819/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the\-juice/6598120/janet\-jackson\-announces\-unbreakable\-world\-tour\|archive\-date\=June 17, 2015\|url\-status\=live\|location\=United States}} On June 22, the lead single "[No Sleeep](/wiki/No_Sleeep "No Sleeep")" was released from the album.{{cite magazine\|author\=Erika Ramirez \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the\-juice/6605590/janet\-jackson\-releases\-new\-song\-no\-sleep\-listen \|title\=Janet Jackson Releases New Song, 'No Sleep': Listen\|magazine\=Billboard \|date\=June 22, 2015 \|access\-date\=June 22, 2015}} Jackson's solo version of the single debuted on the Hot 100 at number 67, marking her 40th entry on the chart.{{cite magazine\|author\=Gary Trust\|title\=Wiz Khalifa No. 1 on Hot 100 'Again,' Selena Gomez Debuts at No. 9\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\-beat/6613247/wiz\-khalifa\-no\-1\-hot\-100\-selena\-gomez\-debuts\|magazine\=Billboard\|date\=July 1, 2015\|access\-date\=July 1, 2015\|archive\-date\=January 7, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107223910/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\-beat/6613247/wiz\-khalifa\-no\-1\-hot\-100\-selena\-gomez\-debuts\|url\-status\=live}} The song went to number 1 on the Billboard \+ Twitter Trending 140 immediately following the release.{{cite magazine\|title \= Janet Jackson Leads Trending 140, Pentatonix's Michael Jackson Medley Hits Top Five\|magazine \= \[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|url \= https://www.billboard.com/articles/chart\-beat/real\-time\-charts/6605670/janet\-michael\-jackson\-pentatonix\-trending\-140\|access\-date \= September 24, 2015\|date \= June 22, 2015\|archive\-date \= September 24, 2015\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044444/http://www.billboard.com/articles/chart\-beat/real\-time\-charts/6605670/janet\-michael\-jackson\-pentatonix\-trending\-140\|url\-status \= live}} The album version featuring [J. Cole](/wiki/J._Cole "J. Cole") enabled it to re\-enter the Hot 100 with a new peak position at number 63, while also topping the [Adult R\&B Songs](/wiki/Adult_R%26B_Songs "Adult R&B Songs") chart.{{cite magazine\|author\=Gary Trust\|title\=Hot 100 Chart Moves: Charlie Puth \& Meghan Trainor's 'Marvin Gaye' Hits Top 40\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\-beat/6656636/charlie\-puth\-meghan\-trainor\-marvin\-gaye\-hot\-100\-top\-40\|magazine\=Billboard\|date\=August 6, 2015\|access\-date\=August 10, 2015\|archive\-date\=August 9, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809215023/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\-beat/6656636/charlie\-puth\-meghan\-trainor\-marvin\-gaye\-hot\-100\-top\-40\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite magazine\|author\=Amaya Mendizabal\|title\=Janet Jackson's 'No Sleeep' Becomes Her Longest\-Running No. 1 on Adult R\&B Songs\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\-beat/6714515/janet\-jackson\-no\-sleeep\-longest\-running\-number\-1\-hot\-rb\-songs\|magazine\=Billboard\|date\=September 29, 2015\|access\-date\=September 30, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003014259/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\-beat/6714515/janet\-jackson\-no\-sleeep\-longest\-running\-number\-1\-hot\-rb\-songs\|url\-status\=live}}
[thumb\|left\|Jackson performing during the 2015–16 [Unbreakable Tour](/wiki/Unbreakable_World_Tour_%28Janet_Jackson_tour%29 "Unbreakable World Tour (Janet Jackson tour)")](/wiki/File:JanetJacksonUnbreak_1792_%2822850172070%29.jpg "JanetJacksonUnbreak 1792 (22850172070).jpg")
[BET](/wiki/BET "BET") presented Jackson with their inaugural Ultimate Icon: Music Dance Visual award at the [BET Awards 2015](/wiki/BET_Awards_2015 "BET Awards 2015"), which also featured a dance tribute to her performed by [Ciara](/wiki/Ciara "Ciara"), [Jason Derulo](/wiki/Jason_Derulo "Jason Derulo") and [Tinashe](/wiki/Tinashe "Tinashe").{{citation\|author\=Gerrick D. Kennedy\|title\=BET to honor Janet Jackson with new 'Icon' award\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la\-et\-ms\-bet\-to\-honor\-janet\-jackson\-with\-icon\-award\-20150623\-story.html\|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|date\=June 23, 2015\|access\-date\=June 26, 2015\|archive\-date\=June 25, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625054107/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la\-et\-ms\-bet\-to\-honor\-janet\-jackson\-with\-icon\-award\-20150623\-story.html\|url\-status\=live}} It was announced she would launch a luxury jewelry line called the "Janet Jackson Unbreakable Diamonds collection," a joint venture between herself and Paul Raps New York.{{cite web \|author\=Antoinette Bueno \|url\=http://www.etonline.com/news/167091\_janet\_jackson\_announces\_unbreakable\_diamond\_collection/ \|title\=EXCLUSIVE: Janet Jackson Announces a Surprising New Venture \|publisher\=\[\[Entertainment Tonight]] \|date\=June 30, 2015 \|access\-date\=July 1, 2015 \|archive\-date\=July 2, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702011017/http://www.etonline.com/news/167091\_janet\_jackson\_announces\_unbreakable\_diamond\_collection/ \|url\-status\=live }} On August 20, she released a preview of a new song "The Great Forever", while also confirming the title of her eleventh studio album as *[Unbreakable](/wiki/Unbreakable_%28Janet_Jackson_album%29 "Unbreakable (Janet Jackson album)")*.{{cite web\|author\=Jeremy Gordon\|title\=Janet Jackson Titles New Album, Previews "The Great Forever"\|website\=\[\[Pitchfork (website)\|Pitchfork]]\|url\=https://pitchfork.com/news/60867\-janet\-jackson\-titles\-new\-album\-previews\-the\-great\-forever/\|date\=August 20, 2015\|access\-date\=August 20, 2015\|archive\-date\=August 22, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822181329/http://pitchfork.com/news/60867\-janet\-jackson\-titles\-new\-album\-previews\-the\-great\-forever/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite magazine\|author\=Joe Lynch\|title\=Janet Jackson Teases Upbeat New Song 'The Great Forever,' Confirms Album Title\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6670966/janet\-jackson\-great\-forever\-unbreakable\-new\-album\|magazine\=Billboard\|date\=August 20, 2015\|access\-date\=August 20, 2015\|archive\-date\=August 22, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822180038/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6670966/janet\-jackson\-great\-forever\-unbreakable\-new\-album\|url\-status\=live}}
Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis stated that Jackson's concept for the album was developed simultaneously with the accompanying tour's production and that its composition will differ from the majority of her catalog. They also stated that the album's theme reflects "being able to be vulnerable and to be able to withstand what comes to you," drawing on Jackson's experiences over the past several years.{{cite magazine\|author\=Kyle Anderson\|title\=6 things we now know about Janet Jackson's new album, thanks to Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis\|url\=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/08/28/janet\-jackson\-unbreakable\-jimmy\-jam\-terry\-lewis\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]]\|date\=August 28, 2015\|access\-date\=August 28, 2015\|archive\-date\=August 30, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830235720/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/08/28/janet\-jackson\-unbreakable\-jimmy\-jam\-terry\-lewis\|url\-status\=live}} The album's title track "[Unbreakable](/wiki/Unbreakable_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 "Unbreakable (Janet Jackson song)")" was released on September 3, 2015, debuting on [Apple Music](/wiki/Apple_Music "Apple Music")'s Beats 1 radio station, hosted by [Ebro Darden](/wiki/Ebro_Darden "Ebro Darden"). The album was also made available for pre\-order on [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes "ITunes") the same day.{{cite magazine\|author\=Will Robinson\|title\=Janet Jackson shares powerful new single, 'Unbreakable'\|url\=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/09/03/janet\-jackson\-new\-song\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]]\|date\=September 3, 2015\|access\-date\=September 4, 2015\|archive\-date\=September 4, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904114817/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/09/03/janet\-jackson\-new\-song\|url\-status\=live}} "[Burnitup!](/wiki/Burnitup%21 "Burnitup!")" featuring Missy Elliott debuted on [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1") on September 24, 2015\.{{Cite news\|last\=Jacobs\|first\=Matthew\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/janet\-jackson\-missy\-elliott\-burnitup\_56053f7ce4b0af3706dbd1f7\|title\=Janet Jackson And Missy Elliott 'BURNITUP!' With Their New Song\|work\=\[\[The Huffington Post]]\|date\=September 25, 2015\|access\-date\=September 26, 2015\|archive\-date\=September 27, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927043950/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/janet\-jackson\-missy\-elliott\-burnitup\_56053f7ce4b0af3706dbd1f7\|url\-status\=live}} *Unbreakable* was released on October 2, 2015\. It received largely positive reviews, including those by *The Wall Street Journal*,{{cite news\|author\=Jim Fusilli\|title\='Unbreakable' by Janet Jackson Review\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/unbreakable\-by\-janet\-jackson\-review\-1443563988\|work\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]\|date\=September 29, 2015\|access\-date\=September 29, 2015\|archive\-date\=September 30, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930214922/http://www.wsj.com/articles/unbreakable\-by\-janet\-jackson\-review\-1443563988\|url\-status\=live}} *The New York Times*,{{cite news\|author\=\[\[Jon Pareles]]\|title\=Review: Janet Jackson's 'Unbreakable' Focuses on Love Outside the Bedroom\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/arts/music/review\-janet\-jacksons\-unbreakable\-focuses\-on\-love\-outside\-the\-bedroom.html\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=September 30, 2015\|access\-date\=September 30, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 4, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004040431/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/arts/music/review\-janet\-jacksons\-unbreakable\-focuses\-on\-love\-outside\-the\-bedroom.html?\|url\-status\=live}} *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*,{{cite news\|author\=Elysa Gardner\|title\=Album of the week: Janet Jackson turns reflective on 'Unbreakable'\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/10/01/album\-of\-the\-week\-janet\-jackson\-unbreakable/73025824/\|work\=\[\[USA Today]]\|date\=October 1, 2015\|access\-date\=October 1, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 4, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004014700/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/10/01/album\-of\-the\-week\-janet\-jackson\-unbreakable/73025824/\|url\-status\=live}} *Los Angeles Times*,{{cite news\|author\=Mikael Wood\|title\=Review Janet Jackson's new 'Unbreakable' includes a tender tribute to Michael\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la\-et\-ms\-janet\-jackson\-unbreakable\-album\-review\-20150930\-story.html\|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|date\=October 1, 2015\|access\-date\=October 1, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003021534/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la\-et\-ms\-janet\-jackson\-unbreakable\-album\-review\-20150930\-story.html\|url\-status\=live}} and *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*.{{cite news\|author\=Alex Macpherson\|title\=Janet Jackson: Unbreakable review – sunny serenity on reflective 11th album\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/oct/01/janet\-jackson\-unbreakable\-review\-sunny\-serenity\-on\-reflective\-11th\-album\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=October 1, 2015\|access\-date\=October 1, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003125052/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/oct/01/janet\-jackson\-unbreakable\-review\-sunny\-serenity\-on\-reflective\-11th\-album\|url\-status\=live}} The following week, Jackson received her first nomination to be inducted into the [Rock and Roll Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame").{{cite news\|author\=Lisa Respers France\|title\=Janet Jackson, N.W.A., Los Lobos among Rock and Roll Hall of Fame nominees\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/08/entertainment/rock\-roll\-hall\-of\-fame\-nominees\-feat/\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=October 8, 2015\|access\-date\=October 8, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 11, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011012624/http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/08/entertainment/rock\-roll\-hall\-of\-fame\-nominees\-feat\|url\-status\=live}} Her album debuted at number one on the *Billboard* 200, becoming her seventh album to top the chart in the United States.{{cite magazine\|author\=Keith Caulfield\|title\=Janet Jackson Earns Historic Seventh No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\-beat/6722962/janet\-jackson\-earns\-historic\-seventh\-no\-1\-album\-on\-billboard\-200\-chart\-unbreakable\|magazine\=Billboard\|date\=October 11, 2015\|access\-date\=October 11, 2015\|archive\-date\=February 20, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220194201/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\-beat/6722962/janet\-jackson\-earns\-historic\-seventh\-no\-1\-album\-on\-billboard\-200\-chart\-unbreakable\|url\-status\=live}}
On April 6, 2016, Jackson announced that she was "planning her family" with husband Wissam Al Mana, resulting in her postponing her tour.{{cite news\|title\=Janet Jackson Delays Tour; Planning Family, Ordered to Rest\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/janet\-jackson\-delays\-tour\-planning\-family\-ordered\-rest\-38187068\|publisher\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]]\|date\=April 6, 2016\|access\-date\=April 6, 2016\|archive\-date\=April 7, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407131630/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/janet\-jackson\-delays\-tour\-planning\-family\-ordered\-rest\-38187068\|url\-status\=live}} On May 1, 2017, Jackson announced she would resume her Unbreakable World Tour, now known as the [State of the World Tour](/wiki/State_of_the_World_Tour "State of the World Tour"). The revamped tour launched on September 7, 2017\.{{cite news\|last1\=Vulpo\|first1\=Mike\|title\=Watch Janet Jackson Confirm Separation From Wissam Al Mana\|url\=http://www.eonline.com/news/847407/janet\-jackson\-confirms\-separation\-from\-wissam\-al\-mana\-while\-announcing\-new\-tour\-dates\|access\-date\=May 1, 2017\|work\=\[\[E! Online]]\|publisher\=\[\[NBCUniversal]]\|date\=May 1, 2017\|location\=United States\|archive\-date\=May 2, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502060926/http://www.eonline.com/news/847407/janet\-jackson\-confirms\-separation\-from\-wissam\-al\-mana\-while\-announcing\-new\-tour\-dates\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last1\=Yoo\|first1\=Noah\|last2\=Sodomsky\|first2\=Sam\|title\=Janet Jackson Sets Date for Rescheduled Tour {{!}} Pitchfork\|url\=https://pitchfork.com/news/73209\-janet\-jackson\-sets\-date\-for\-rescheduled\-tour/\|website\=\[\[Pitchfork (website)\|Pitchfork]]\|publisher\=\[\[Condé Nast]]\|access\-date\=May 1, 2017\|location\=United States\|language\=en\|date\=May 1, 2017\|archive\-date\=May 2, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502041235/http://pitchfork.com/news/73209\-janet\-jackson\-sets\-date\-for\-rescheduled\-tour/\|url\-status\=live}} Refocusing the tour's theme to reflect socially conscious messages from Jackson's entire music catalog, many songs selected for the concert set list along with corresponding imagery depicted on stage address [racism](/wiki/Racism "Racism"), [white supremacy](/wiki/White_supremacy "White supremacy"), [fascism](/wiki/Fascism "Fascism"), [xenophobia](/wiki/Xenophobia "Xenophobia") and [police brutality](/wiki/Police_brutality "Police brutality").{{cite web\|author\=Danielle Kwateng\-Clark\|title\=Janet Jackson 'Snatched Wigs' At First State Of The World Tour\|url\=http://www.essence.com/entertainment/janet\-jackson\-snatched\-wigs\-first\-state\-world\-tour\|newspaper\=\[\[Essence (magazine)\|Essence]]\|date\=September 8, 2017\|access\-date\=September 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=September 11, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204707/http://www.essence.com/entertainment/janet\-jackson\-snatched\-wigs\-first\-state\-world\-tour\|url\-status\=live}} The tour opened to positive critical reception, with several commentators praising Jackson's post\-pregnancy physical fitness, showmanship and socially conscious messages.{{cite web\|author\=Desire Thompson\|title\=Janet Jackson Returns With Political Message On "State Of The World" Tour\|url\=https://www.vibe.com/2017/09/janet\-jackson\-returns\-with\-political\-message\-state\-of\-the\-world\-tour/\|newspaper\=\[\[Vibe (magazine)\|Vibe]]\|date\=September 8, 2017\|access\-date\=September 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=September 11, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911205153/https://www.vibe.com/2017/09/janet\-jackson\-returns\-with\-political\-message\-state\-of\-the\-world\-tour/\|url\-status\=live}}
Her emotional rendition of "What About", a song about domestic violence originally recorded for *The Velvet Rope*, drew media attention highlighting her recent separation from her husband; Jackson's brother Randy alleges she suffered verbal abuse by Al Mana which contributed to the breakdown of their marriage.{{cite web\|last1\=Wilson\|first1\=Jeff\|title\=Randy Jackson, Michael's Brother, Gets Jail for Wife Beating\|url\=https://apnews.com/717b6ab83eabf219dd3dcf9623466f42\|website\=apnewsarchive.com\|access\-date\=November 27, 2017\|archive\-date\=June 15, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190733/https://apnews.com/717b6ab83eabf219dd3dcf9623466f42\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|author\=Gil Kaufman\|title\=Janet Jackson Gets Emotional While Performing Song About Abuse For the First Time in 18 Years\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip\-hop/7957928/janet\-jackson\-emotional\-singing\-what\-about\-houston\|newspaper\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|date\=September 11, 2017\|access\-date\=September 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=September 11, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911163843/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip\-hop/7957928/janet\-jackson\-emotional\-singing\-what\-about\-houston\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|author\=Janine Rubenstien\|title\=Janet Jackson Was 'Verbally Abused' by Ex, Randy Claims\|url\=http://people.com/music/janet\-jackson\-verbally\-abused\-during\-by\-wissam\-al\-mana\-randy\-claims/amp/\|newspaper\=\[\[People (magazine)\|People]]\|date\=September 12, 2017\|access\-date\=September 12, 2017\|archive\-date\=September 13, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913044558/http://people.com/music/janet\-jackson\-verbally\-abused\-during\-by\-wissam\-al\-mana\-randy\-claims/amp/\|url\-status\=live}} Proceeds from the concert of September 9, 2017, at the [Toyota Center](/wiki/Toyota_Center "Toyota Center") in [Houston, Texas](/wiki/Houston%2C_Texas "Houston, Texas") were donated to relief efforts supporting evacuees of [Hurricane Harvey](/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey "Hurricane Harvey"). Jackson met with Houston mayor [Sylvester Turner](/wiki/Sylvester_Turner "Sylvester Turner") and evacuees at the [George R. Brown Convention Center](/wiki/George_R._Brown_Convention_Center "George R. Brown Convention Center") prior to the performance.{{cite web\|author\=Joi\-Marie McKenzie\|title\=Janet Jackson breaks down in tears at Houston tour stop\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/janet\-jackson\-breaks\-tears\-houston\-tour\-stop\-performing/story?id\=49740536\|publisher\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]]\|date\=September 10, 2017\|access\-date\=September 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=September 24, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924163927/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/janet\-jackson\-breaks\-tears\-houston\-tour\-stop\-performing/story?id\=49740536\|url\-status\=live}} In May 2018, it was announced that Jackson would receive the [Billboard Icon Award](/wiki/Billboard_Icon_Award "Billboard Icon Award") at the [2018 *Billboard* Music Awards](/wiki/2018_Billboard_Music_Awards "2018 Billboard Music Awards").{{cite magazine\|author\=Abby Jones\|title\=Janet Jackson to Receive Icon Award at 2018 Billboard Music Awards\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8454737/janet\-jackson\-receiving\-icon\-award\-bbmas\-2018\|magazine\=Billboard\|date\=May 7, 2018\|access\-date\=May 17, 2018\|archive\-date\=September 22, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922190204/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8454737/janet\-jackson\-receiving\-icon\-award\-bbmas\-2018\|url\-status\=live}} In an interview for *Billboard* magazine, Jackson revealed that she was then working on new music.{{cite magazine\|author\=David Ritz\|title\=Janet Jackson Goes Deep on Her Early Challenges, Upcoming Music \& the Joy of Motherhood\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/magazine\-feature/8456316/janet\-jackson\-interview\-billboard\-cover\-story\-bbmas\-icon\-award\-2018\|magazine\=Billboard\|date\=May 17, 2018\|access\-date\=May 17, 2018\|archive\-date\=May 17, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517183842/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/magazine\-feature/8456316/janet\-jackson\-interview\-billboard\-cover\-story\-bbmas\-icon\-award\-2018\|url\-status\=live}} On August 16, 2018, it was announced that Jackson and Rhythm Nation had entered into a partnership with [Cinq Music Group](/wiki/Cinq_Music_Group "Cinq Music Group").{{cite magazine \|last\=Cobo \|first\=Leila \|title\=Janet Jackson \& Her Rhythm Nation Records Partner With Cinq Music For New Indie Release: Exclusive \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8470483/janet\-jackson\-cinq\-music\-recording\-label\-deal\-daddy\-yankee \|access\-date\=August 16, 2018 \|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|date\=August 16, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816144202/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8470483/janet\-jackson\-cinq\-music\-recording\-label\-deal\-daddy\-yankee \|archive\-date\=August 16, 2018 \|location\=United States \|url\-status\=live}} The next day, Jackson released the single "[Made for Now](/wiki/Made_for_Now "Made for Now")", a collaboration with [Daddy Yankee](/wiki/Daddy_Yankee "Daddy Yankee").{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8467554/janet\-jackson\-daddy\-yankee\-song\-made\-for\-now\-video\|title\=Janet Jackson and Daddy Yankee Will Release a Single and Video Together\|magazine\=Billboard\|last\=Cobo\|first\=Leila\|date\=July 29, 2018\|access\-date\=July 31, 2018\|archive\-date\=August 15, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815231534/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8467554/janet\-jackson\-daddy\-yankee\-song\-made\-for\-now\-video\|url\-status\=live}}
In October 2018, she received her third nomination for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.{{cite magazine\|author\=Andrew Unterberger\|title\=The 2019 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Nominees: Who Will Actually Get In?\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8478882/rock\-and\-roll\-hall\-of\-fame\-2019\-nominations\-odds\|access\-date\=October 9, 2018\|magazine\=Billboard\|date\=October 9, 2018\|archive\-date\=October 9, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009221439/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8478882/rock\-and\-roll\-hall\-of\-fame\-2019\-nominations\-odds\|url\-status\=live}} On December 13, 2018, Jackson was announced as one of the seven inductees of the 2019 class of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.{{Cite news\|author\=Ben Sisario\|title\=Janet Jackson and Radiohead Lead Rock \& Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2019\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/arts/music/rock\-roll\-hall\-fame\-inductees\-janet\-jackson.html\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=December 13, 2018\|access\-date\=December 13, 2018\|archive\-date\=December 13, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213173235/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/arts/music/rock\-roll\-hall\-fame\-inductees\-janet\-jackson.html\|url\-status\=live}}
On February 26, 2019, Jackson announced a four\-month Las Vegas residency entitled *[Metamorphosis](/wiki/Janet_Jackson:Metamorphosis "Metamorphosis")*. The initial schedule comprised fourteen shows at the Park Theater at [Park MGM](/wiki/Park_MGM "Park MGM") resort; three additional shows were announced in May.{{cite web\|title\=Janet Jackson Launching Las Vegas Residency in May\|url\=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/janet\-jackson\-launching\-las\-vegas\-residency\-1203149714\|work\=Variety\|date\=February 26, 2019\|access\-date\=February 26, 2019\|archive\-date\=February 27, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227003227/https://variety.com/2019/music/news/janet\-jackson\-launching\-las\-vegas\-residency\-1203149714/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite magazine\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8511094/janet\-jackson\-adds\-dates\-las\-vegas\-residency\|title\=Janet Jackson Adds Three Dates to 'Metamorphosis' Las Vegas Residency\|magazine\=Billboard\|access\-date\=May 14, 2019\|archive\-date\=May 13, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513195953/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8511094/janet\-jackson\-adds\-dates\-las\-vegas\-residency\|url\-status\=live}} In September and November 2019 Jackson performed a series of concerts in support of the 30th anniversary of the *Rhythm Nation* album in Welch [Treasure Island Resort \& Casino](/wiki/Treasure_Island_Resort_%26_Casino "Treasure Island Resort & Casino"), San Francisco and Hawaii.{{cite web\|title\=Janet Jackson Upcoming Shows\|url\=https://www.livenation.com/artists/81357/janet\-jackson\|work\=Live Nation\|access\-date\=August 21, 2019\|archive\-date\=May 27, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527204724/https://www.livenation.com/artists/81357/janet\-jackson\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2019, Jackson played a variety of festivals in the US and abroad, including [The Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/The_Glastonbury_Festival "The Glastonbury Festival").{{cite magazine\|author\=Emily Zemler\|title\=The Cure, The Killers, Janet Jackson Added to Glastonbury Lineup\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/the\-cure\-the\-killers\-janet\-jackson\-glastonbury\-808567\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|date\=March 15, 2019\|access\-date\=March 16, 2019\|archive\-date\=March 30, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330125821/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/the\-cure\-the\-killers\-janet\-jackson\-glastonbury\-808567/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Janet Jackson Sunday 30 June\|url\=https://www.montreuxjazzfestival.com/en/artist/janet\-jackson\|work\=Montreux Jazz Festival Switzerland\|access\-date\=June 6, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 23, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423060408/https://www.montreuxjazzfestival.com/en/artist/janet\-jackson\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|title\=RNB Fridays Reveals Massive Line\-up For 2019 festival\|url\=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/music\-festivals/rnb\-fridays\-reveals\-massive\-lineup\-for\-2019\-festival/news\-story/096ea2a8068a62fd2adb830e8b43abdc\|work\=News.com.au\|date\=August 8, 2019\|access\-date\=August 9, 2019\|archive\-date\=August 9, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809012309/https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/music\-festivals/rnb\-fridays\-reveals\-massive\-lineup\-for\-2019\-festival/news\-story/096ea2a8068a62fd2adb830e8b43abdc\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Janet Jackson, 50 Cent, Black Eyed Peas Announced As Headline Acts for Friday Jams Live 2019\|url\=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/114845228/janet\-jackson\-50\-cent\-black\-eyed\-peas\-announced\-as\-headline\-acts\-for\-friday\-jams\-live\-2019\|work\=Stuff\|date\=August 8, 2019\|access\-date\=August 9, 2019\|archive\-date\=February 12, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200212051120/https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/114845228/janet\-jackson\-50\-cent\-black\-eyed\-peas\-announced\-as\-headline\-acts\-for\-friday\-jams\-live\-2019\|url\-status\=live}}
### 2020–present: Documentaries and Together Again Tour
A two\-part documentary titled *[Janet Jackson](/wiki/Janet_Jackson_%28TV_series%29 "Janet Jackson (TV series)")* for [Lifetime](/wiki/Lifetime_%28TV_network%29 "Lifetime (TV network)") and [A\&E](/wiki/A%26E_%28TV_network%29 "A&E (TV network)") premiered on January 28 and 29, 2022, respectively.{{cite web \|title\=Janet Jackson Two\-part Documentary Set to Air on A\&E and Lifetime \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/04/entertainment/janet\-jackson\-documentary\-premiere\-trnd/index.html \|work\=CNN \|date\=March 4, 2021 \|access\-date\=March 25, 2021 \|archive\-date\=March 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325181613/https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/04/entertainment/janet\-jackson\-documentary\-premiere\-trnd/index.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite magazine\|last\=Iasimone\|first\=Ashley\|title\=Janet Jackson Documentary Sets Release Date, Drops New Trailer: Watch\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/music/music\-news/janet\-jackson\-doc\-release\-date\-trailer\-1235015140/\|date\=January 2, 2022\|access\-date\=January 2, 2022\|magazine\=Billboard\|archive\-date\=January 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103003039/https://www.billboard.com/music/music\-news/janet\-jackson\-doc\-release\-date\-trailer\-1235015140/\|url\-status\=live}} Jackson previewed a clip of a new song, "Luv I Luv", during the end credits of the last episode of her documentary.{{Cite magazine\|last\=Iasimone\|first\=Ashley\|title\=Janet Jackson Debuts New Song 'Luv I Luv' on 'Janet' Documentary\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/music/music\-news/janet\-jackson\-luv\-i\-luv\-1235025007/\|date\=January 29, 2022\|access\-date\=January 30, 2022\|magazine\=Billboard\|archive\-date\=January 30, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130031831/https://www.billboard.com/music/music\-news/janet\-jackson\-luv\-i\-luv\-1235025007/\|url\-status\=live}} Jackson was set to embark on the Black Diamond World Tour in 2020\.{{cite magazine\|title\=Janet Jackson Announces New Black Diamond Album and World Tour\|url\=https://ew.com/music/2020/02/10/janet\-jackson\-black\-diamond\-album\-tour/\|magazine\=Entertainment Weekly\|access\-date\=February 10, 2020\|archive\-date\=February 10, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210183603/https://ew.com/music/2020/02/10/janet\-jackson\-black\-diamond\-album\-tour/\|url\-status\=live}} Later that year, the tour was postponed indefinitely due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.post\-gazette.com/ae/music/2020/05/21/Janet\-Jackson\-show\-at\-PPG\-Paints\-Arena\-is\-postponed\-tickets/stories/202005210141\|title\=Janet Jackson show at PPG Paints Arena is postponed\|first\=Scott\|last\=Mervis\|date\=May 21, 2020\|website\=Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette\|access\-date\=January 22, 2022\|archive\-date\=January 22, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122120404/https://www.post\-gazette.com/ae/music/2020/05/21/Janet\-Jackson\-show\-at\-PPG\-Paints\-Arena\-is\-postponed\-tickets/stories/202005210141\|url\-status\=live}} She also announced her upcoming twelfth studio album *Black Diamond*, which was scheduled for a 2020 release.
On March 3, 2022, Jackson was announced as a headliner of the 2022 [Essence Music Festival](/wiki/Essence_Music_Festival "Essence Music Festival") in New Orleans.{{Cite magazine\|last\=Mitchell\|first\=Gail\|title\=Essence Festival of Culture Makes In\-Person Return With Janet Jackson, Nick Minaj, Summer Walker \& More\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/culture/events/essence\-fest\-2022\-lineup\-1235039425/\|date\=March 3, 2022\|access\-date\=March 3, 2022\|magazine\=Billboard\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304025127/https://www.billboard.com/culture/events/essence\-fest\-2022\-lineup\-1235039425/\|url\-status\=live}}
On December 12, 2022, Jackson announced she was going on tour again starting April 14, 2023, with her [Together Again Tour](/wiki/Janet_Jackson:Together_Again "Together Again") and teased new music.{{Cite web\|title\=Janet Jackson Announces 'Together Again' 2023 Tour Dates\|url\=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/janet\-jackson\-together\-again\-2023\-tour\-dates\-1235457748/\|work\=Variety\|date\=December 12, 2022\|access\-date\=December 12, 2022\|archive\-date\=September 5, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905075149/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/janet\-jackson\-together\-again\-2023\-tour\-dates\-1235457748/\|url\-status\=live}} On March 8, 2023, Lifetime and A\&E announced that it had greenlighted a follow\-up documentary series, *Janet Jackson: Family First*. The series will follow Jackson as she prepares for her Together Again Tour as well as her and brother Randy's attempts to reunite the family band.{{Cite magazine\|last\=Bell\|first\=BreAnna\|title\=Lifetime, A\+E Networks Greenlights 'Janet Jackson: Family First,' Announces Simulcast Premiere Date for 'TLC Forever' Documentary\|url\=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/lifetime\-ae\-networks\-janet\-jackson\-family\-first\-tlc\-forever\-documentary\-1235546514/\|website\=Variety\|date\=March 8, 2023\|access\-date\=March 9, 2023\|archive\-date\=March 8, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308173152/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/lifetime\-ae\-networks\-janet\-jackson\-family\-first\-tlc\-forever\-documentary\-1235546514/\|url\-status\=live}}
On August 21, 2024, Jackson announced a new Las Vegas concert residency, [Janet Jackson: Las Vegas](/wiki/Janet_Jackson:Las_Vegas "Las Vegas"). The residency will begin December 30, 2024 and run for a total of 10 dates.{{Cite magazine\|last\=Mamo\|first\=Heran\|title\=Janet Jackson Announces Las Vegas Residency: 'This Is Going to Be a Lot of Fun'\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/music/music\-news/janet\-jackson\-las\-vegas\-residency\-show\-dates\-1235757816/\|magazine\=Billboard\|date\=August 22, 2024\|access\-date\=August 21, 2024}}
|
[
"Life and career\n---------------",
"### 1966–1985: Early life and career beginnings",
"[180px\\|thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Jackson (*bottom row*) in a 1977 CBS photo on the set of *[The Jacksons](/wiki/The_Jacksons_%28TV_series%29 \"The Jacksons (TV series)\")*](/wiki/File:Jacksonstvshow.jpg \"Jacksonstvshow.jpg\")\nJanet Damita Jo Jackson was born on May 16, 1966, in [Gary, Indiana](/wiki/Gary%2C_Indiana \"Gary, Indiana\").{{harvnb\\|Cornwell\\|2002\\|pages\\=2, 10, 24}} She was the youngest of ten children in the [Jackson family](/wiki/Jackson_family \"Jackson family\"), a working\\-class [African\\-American](/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\") family living in a two\\-bedroom house on Jackson Street.{{sfn\\|Jackson\\|2009\\|p\\=26}} Her mother, [Katherine Esther Jackson](/wiki/Katherine_Jackson \"Katherine Jackson\") (*née* Scruse), played clarinet and piano, had aspired to be a [country\\-and\\-western](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\") performer, and worked part\\-time at [Sears](/wiki/Sears \"Sears\").{{sfn\\|Young\\|2009\\|pp\\=17, 19}} Her father, [Joseph Walter \"Joe\" Jackson](/wiki/Joe_Jackson_%28manager%29 \"Joe Jackson (manager)\"), a former boxer, was a crane operator at [U.S. Steel](/wiki/U.S._Steel \"U.S. Steel\") and played guitar with a local [rhythm and blues](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues \"Rhythm and blues\") band, the Falcons, to supplement the family's income.{{cite news \\|last\\=Sweeting \\|first\\=Adam \\|date\\=June 27, 2018 \\|title\\=Joe Jackson obituary \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe\\-jackson\\-obituary \\|access\\-date\\=April 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 8, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208194246/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe\\-jackson\\-obituary \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{sfn\\|Young\\|2009\\|pp\\=18–19}} Janet's great\\-great\\-grandfather, July \"Jack\" Gale, was a US Army [scout](/wiki/Cavalry_scout \"Cavalry scout\"). Family lore held that he was also a Native American [medicine man](/wiki/Medicine_man \"Medicine man\").{{sfn\\|Knopper\\|2016\\|p\\=6\\. Note: No tribal affiliation named in source}} Janet grew up with two sisters ([Rebbie](/wiki/Rebbie_Jackson \"Rebbie Jackson\") and [La Toya](/wiki/La_Toya_Jackson \"La Toya Jackson\")) and six brothers ([Jackie](/wiki/Jackie_Jackson \"Jackie Jackson\"), [Tito](/wiki/Tito_Jackson \"Tito Jackson\"), [Jermaine](/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson \"Jermaine Jackson\"), [Marlon](/wiki/Marlon_Jackson \"Marlon Jackson\"), [Michael](/wiki/Michael_Jackson \"Michael Jackson\") and [Randy](/wiki/Randy_Jackson_%28The_Jacksons%29 \"Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)\")). Another brother, Marlon's twin Brandon, died shortly after birth.{{cite web \\|last\\=Morris \\|first\\=Chris \\|date\\=June 27, 2018 \\|title\\=Joe Jackson, Jackson Family Patriarch, Dies at 89 \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2018/music/news/joe\\-jackson\\-dead\\-dies\\-89\\-1202859242/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 27, 2019 \\|magazine\\=Variety \\|archive\\-date\\=November 8, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108051352/https://variety.com/2018/music/news/joe\\-jackson\\-dead\\-dies\\-89\\-1202859242/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Jacksons were devout [Jehovah's Witnesses](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses \"Jehovah's Witnesses\"), although Janet would later refrain from organized religion.{{cite news\\|last\\=Norment\\|first\\=Lynn\\|title\\=Janet: On her sexuality, spirituality, failed marriages, and lessons learned\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Jet (magazine)\\|Jet]]\\|volume\\=57\\|issue\\=1\\|page\\=104\\|date\\=November 2001\\|issn\\=0012\\-9011}}",
"At a young age, Jackson's brothers began performing as [the Jackson 5](/wiki/The_Jackson_5 \"The Jackson 5\") in the Chicago\\-Gary area.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thejacksons.com/history/the\\-jacksons\\-5\\-60\\-68/\\|title\\=History 60\\-68 {{!}} The Jacksons {{!}} The Official Website\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920143141/https://www.thejacksons.com/history/the\\-jacksons\\-5\\-60\\-68/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In March 1969, they signed a record deal with [Motown](/wiki/Motown \"Motown\"), and soon had their first number\\-one hit. The family then moved to the [Encino](/wiki/Encino%2C_Los_Angeles \"Encino, Los Angeles\") neighborhood of Los Angeles. Jackson had initially desired to become a horse racing jockey or entertainment lawyer, with plans to support herself through acting. Despite this, she was anticipated to pursue a career in entertainment and considered the idea after recording herself in the studio.",
"At age seven, Jackson and her sisters [performed](/wiki/The_Jackson_5_World_Tour \"The Jackson 5 World Tour\") at the MGM Casino on the [Las Vegas Strip](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip \"Las Vegas Strip\"). A biography revealed her father, Joseph, was emotionally withdrawn and told her to address him solely by his first name as a child. She began acting in the variety show *[The Jacksons](/wiki/The_Jacksons_%28TV_series%29 \"The Jacksons (TV series)\")* in 1976\\.",
"In 1977, She was selected to have a starring role as [Penny Gordon Woods](/wiki/Good_Times \"Good Times\") in the sitcom *Good Times*. She later starred in *[A New Kind of Family](/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Family \"A New Kind of Family\")* and later got a recurring role on *[Diff'rent Strokes](/wiki/Diff%27rent_Strokes \"Diff'rent Strokes\")*, portraying Charlene Duprey from seasons three to six. Jackson also played the role of Cleo Hewitt during the fourth season of *[Fame](/wiki/Fame_%281982_TV_series%29 \"Fame (1982 TV series)\")*, but expressed indifference towards the series, largely due to the emotional stress of her secret marriage to R\\&B singer [James DeBarge](/wiki/James_DeBarge \"James DeBarge\"). Jackson later elaborated on her time on the show in an interview with [Anderson Cooper](/wiki/Anderson_Cooper \"Anderson Cooper\"), revealing that the cast would occasionally play pranks on her, but she spoke fondly of them.{{Cite web \\| last \\= Fox \\| first \\= Norman \\| title \\= Indian Summer \\| work \\= \\[\\[TV.com]] \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[CBS Interactive]] \\| url \\= http://www.tv.com/fame/indian\\-summer/episode/77620/summary.html \\| access\\-date \\= September 3, 2010 \\| archive\\-date \\= November 8, 2012 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121108042131/http://www.tv.com/fame/indian\\-summer/episode/77620/summary.html \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}{{Cite news\\|last\\= Saunders \\|first\\= Michael \\| title\\=The 3 Divas Janet Jackson turns her focus inward \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Boston Globe]] \\| page\\=D13 \\| date\\=October 3, 1996}}",
"When Jackson was fifteen, her father and manager Joseph Jackson arranged a contract for her with [A\\&M Records](/wiki/A%26M_Records \"A&M Records\").{{cite magazine\\|title\\=Pro Equipment \\& Services\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|volume\\=94\\|issue\\=19\\|page\\=47\\|date\\=May 15, 1982}} Her debut album, *[Janet Jackson](/wiki/Janet_Jackson_%28album%29 \"Janet Jackson (album)\")*, was released in 1982\\. It was produced by [Angela Winbush](/wiki/Angela_Winbush \"Angela Winbush\"), [René Moore](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Moore \"René Moore\"), Bobby Watson of [Rufus](/wiki/Rufus_%28band%29 \"Rufus (band)\") and [Leon Sylvers III](/wiki/Leon_Sylvers_III \"Leon Sylvers III\"), and overseen by her father Joseph. It peaked at No. 63 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\"), and No. 6 on the publication's R\\&B albums chart, receiving little promotion.{{Cite web \\| title \\= Janet Jackson \\| work \\= \\[\\[AllMusic]] \\| url \\= https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4572 \\| access\\-date \\= July 21, 2010 \\| archive\\-date \\= February 17, 2011 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110217221037/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4572 \\| url\\-status \\= live }}{{cite magazine \\| url\\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/janet\\-jackson/chart\\-history/billboard\\-200 \\| title\\=Janet Jackson – Chart History: ''Billboard'' 200 \\| magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\| access\\-date\\=October 29, 2012 \\| archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2021 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121090821/https://www.billboard.com/artist/janet\\-jackson/chart\\-history/billboard\\-200/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite magazine \\| url\\={{BillboardURLbyName\\|artist\\=Janet Jackson\\|chart\\=R\\&B/Hip\\-Hop Albums B}} \\| title\\=Janet Jackson – Chart History: R\\&B/Hip\\-Hop Albums \\| magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2012}} The album appeared on the *Billboard* Top Black Albums of 1983, while Jackson herself was the highest\\-ranking female vocalist on the *Billboard* Year\\-End Black Album Artists.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive\\-Billboard/80s/1983/BB\\-1983\\-12\\-24\\.pdf\\|title\\=A ''Billboard'' Spotlight: ''Billboard'' Talent Almanac — 1984 Year\\-End Charts\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|pages\\=TA–14, TA–15, TA–20, TA–23\\|issue\\=Special Double\\|date\\=December 24, 1983\\|publisher\\=Billboard Publication\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2012}}",
"Jackson's second album, *[Dream Street](/wiki/Dream_Street_%28Janet_Jackson_album%29 \"Dream Street (Janet Jackson album)\")*, was released two years later. *Dream Street* reached No. 147 on the *Billboard* 200, and No. 19 on the R\\&B albums chart. The lead single \"[Don't Stand Another Chance](/wiki/Don%27t_Stand_Another_Chance \"Don't Stand Another Chance\")\" peaked at No. 9 on *Billboard*{{'}}s R\\&B singles chart.{{cite magazine \\| url\\={{BillboardURLbyName\\|artist\\=Janet Jackson\\|chart\\=R\\&B/Hip\\-Hop Songs}} \\| title\\=Janet Jackson – Chart History: R\\&B/Hip\\-Hop Songs \\| magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\| access\\-date\\=April 8, 2012}} Both albums consisted primarily of [bubblegum pop](/wiki/Bubblegum_pop \"Bubblegum pop\") music.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/r10041\\|title\\=Dream Street – Janet Jackson\\|work\\=AllMusic\\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=March 1, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301093425/https://www.allmusic.com/album/dream\\-street\\-mw0000190415\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 1986–1988: *Control*",
"[thumb\\|Janet Jackson in 1986\\.](/wiki/File:Janet_Jackson_1986_%28A%26M_Publicity_photo%29.jpg \"Janet Jackson 1986 (A&M Publicity photo).jpg\")\nAfter her second album, Jackson terminated business affairs with her family, commenting \"I just wanted to get out of the house, get out from under my father, which was one of the most difficult things that I had to do.\" Attempting a third album, Jackson teamed with producers [Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis](/wiki/Jimmy_Jam_and_Terry_Lewis \"Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis\"). They set out to achieve crossover pop appeal, while also creating a strong foundation within the [urban](/wiki/Urban_contemporary \"Urban contemporary\") market.{{harvnb\\|Gaar\\|2002\\|pp\\=323–325}} Within six weeks, Jackson and the duo crafted her third studio album, *[Control](/wiki/Control_%28Janet_Jackson_album%29 \"Control (Janet Jackson album)\")*, released in February 1986\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Thanks Fans After 1986 Album Control Tops Charts Again: 'Really Appreciate You'\\|url\\=https://people.com/music/janet\\-jackson\\-thanks\\-fans\\-after\\-1986\\-album\\-control\\-tops\\-charts\\-again/\\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2021\\|website\\=PEOPLE.com\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=April 18, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418161022/https://people.com/music/janet\\-jackson\\-thanks\\-fans\\-after\\-1986\\-album\\-control\\-tops\\-charts\\-again/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite magazine\\|last\\=Cohen \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|title\\=Billboard Feature: Janet Jackson: Still In Control \\|url\\=http://www.allbusiness.com/retail\\-trade/miscellaneous\\-retail\\-retail\\-stores\\-not/4614593\\-1\\.html \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|date\\=December 15, 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=September 6, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110093834/http://www.allbusiness.com/retail\\-trade/miscellaneous\\-retail\\-retail\\-stores\\-not/4614593\\-1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 10, 2011 }} The album shot to No. 1 on the *Billboard* 200, and was certified fivefold Platinum by the [Recording Industry Association of America](/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America \"Recording Industry Association of America\") (RIAA), selling over ten million copies worldwide.{{cite certification\\|region\\=United States\\|artist\\=Janet Jackson\\|type\\=album\\|access\\-date\\=August 21, 2009}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Norment\\|first\\=Lynn\\|title\\=Don't Call It A Come Back – 'I'm Not Ready to Retire!'\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PNMDAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PAPA74\\|date\\=April 2008\\|work\\=\\[\\[Ebony (magazine)\\|Ebony]]\\|pages\\=74–\\|issn\\=0012\\-9011\\|volume\\=63\\|access\\-date\\=December 2, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305125514/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PNMDAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PAPA74\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"*Control* was declared \"remarkably nervy and mature\" for a teenage act, also considered \"an alternative to the sentimental balladry\" which permeated radio, likening Jackson to [Donna Summer](/wiki/Donna_Summer \"Donna Summer\")'s position of \"unwilling to accept novelty status and taking her own steps to rise above it.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Johnson\\|first\\=Connie\\|title\\=Jackson Jive\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|page\\=78\\|date\\=February 23, 1986\\|issn\\=0458\\-3035}}{{Cite news\\| title \\= Singer Janet Jackson \\| volume\\= 108 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| page \\= 61 \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Newsweek]]\\| date \\= July 21, 1986\\| issn \\= 0028\\-9604}}{{Cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/321531/review/5944692/control \\| title \\= Janet Jackson: Control: Music Reviews: Rolling Stone \\| last\\=Hoerburger \\| first\\=Rob \\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\| date \\= April 24, 1986 \\| access\\-date \\= September 6, 2010 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080430054634/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/321531/review/5944692/control \\| archive\\-date \\= April 30, 2008}} The album spawned five top five singles, \"[What Have You Done for Me Lately](/wiki/What_Have_You_Done_for_Me_Lately \"What Have You Done for Me Lately\")\", \"[Nasty](/wiki/Nasty_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"Nasty (Janet Jackson song)\")\", \"[When I Think of You](/wiki/When_I_Think_of_You \"When I Think of You\")\", \"[Control](/wiki/Control_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"Control (Janet Jackson song)\")\", and \"[Let's Wait Awhile](/wiki/Let%27s_Wait_Awhile \"Let's Wait Awhile\")\", and a top 15 hit with \"[The Pleasure Principle](/wiki/The_Pleasure_Principle_%28song%29 \"The Pleasure Principle (song)\")\". \"When I Think of You\" became her first No. 1 hit on the Hot 100\\. *Control* received six [*Billboard* Awards](/wiki/Billboard_Awards \"Billboard Awards\"), including \"Top Pop Singles Artist\", and three [Grammy](/wiki/Grammy_Award \"Grammy Award\") nominations, such as [Album of the Year](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year \"Grammy Award for Album of the Year\").{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=tiQEAAAAMBAJ\\|title\\=In Praise of Small Numbers\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|volume\\=98\\|number\\=52\\|date\\=December 27, 1986\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2014\\|pages\\=10, Y–17, Y–19, Y–20, Y–21, Y–22, Y–23, Y–24, Y–26\\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305125457/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=tiQEAAAAMBAJ\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Veterans top Grammy nominations\\|date\\=January 8, 1987\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Herald (Rock Hill)\\|The Herald]]\\|publisher\\=The McClatchy Company}} It also won four [American Music Awards](/wiki/American_Music_Award \"American Music Award\") from twelve nominations, an unbroken record.{{cite news\\|last\\=Smith\\|first\\=Kathleen\\|title\\=American Music Awards tonight to honor Presley posthumously\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[St. Petersburg Times]]\\|page\\=7\\.D\\|date\\=January 26, 1987}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Travis tops music award winners\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Houston Chronicle]]\\|date\\=January 26, 1988\\|page\\=1\\|issn\\=1074\\-7109}}{{Cite news\\| last1 \\= Hamlin \\| first1 \\= Jesse \\| title \\= Graced With a Grammy / Paul Simon wins award for top album \\| page \\= 48 \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[San Francisco Chronicle]] \\| date \\= February 25, 1987 }}",
"At this point, Jackson was successfully \"shaking off the experience of being a shadow Jackson child\", becoming \"an artist in her own right\".{{Cite news\\|last\\=Hilburn\\|first\\=Robert\\|title\\=British Critics Turn All Ears To America\\|page\\=65\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|date\\=January 11, 1987\\|issn\\=0458\\-3035}} The album's lyrical content included several themes of empowerment, inspired by an incident of sexual harassment, with Jackson recalling \"the danger hit home when a couple of guys started stalking me on the street and instead of running to Jimmy or Terry for protection, I took a stand. I backed them down. That's how songs like 'Nasty' and 'What Have You Done for Me Lately' were born, out of a sense of self\\-defense.\"{{Cite news \\| last1 \\= Ritz \\| first1 \\= David \\| title \\= Sexual healing \\| issue \\= 665 \\| page \\= 38 \\| newspaper\\=Rolling Stone \\| date \\= September 16, 1993 \\| issn \\= 0035\\-791X}}",
"Its innovative fusion of [dance\\-pop](/wiki/Dance-pop \"Dance-pop\") and [industrial music](/wiki/Industrial_music \"Industrial music\") with [hip\\-hop](/wiki/Hip_hop \"Hip hop\") and [R\\&B](/wiki/R%26B \"R&B\") undertones influenced the development of the [new jack swing](/wiki/New_jack_swing \"New jack swing\") genre by bridging the gap between the latter two styles.{{harvnb\\|Ripani\\|2006\\|pp\\=130–153}} The accompanying music videos shot for the album's singles became popular on [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\"), and obtained a then\\-unknown [Paula Abdul](/wiki/Paula_Abdul \"Paula Abdul\") a recording contract for her choreography work with Jackson. *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* stated \"\\[Jackson's] accessible sound and spectacularly choreographed videos were irresistible to MTV, and helped the channel evolve from rock programming to a broader, beat\\-driven musical mix.\"",
"In retrospect of her influence on the channel, Kyle Anderson of *[Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly \"Entertainment Weekly\")* commented: \"The videos from Control were all over MTV, and Janet established herself as an instantly dominant pop figure talked about in the same sentences as [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna \"Madonna\") and her older brother Michael.\"{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://music\\-mix.ew.com/2014/09/19/janet\\-jackson\\-rhythm\\-nation\\-1814\\-25th\\-anniversary/\\|title\\=Janet Jackson's 'Rhythm Nation 1814': Still dancing and dreaming 25 years later\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]]\\|publisher\\=Anderson, Kyle\\|date\\=September 19, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=September 19, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=September 21, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921015643/http://music\\-mix.ew.com/2014/09/19/janet\\-jackson\\-rhythm\\-nation\\-1814\\-25th\\-anniversary/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} MTV's Meaghan Garvey asserted \"it's hard to overstate the significance of Control, whether in terms of the pop landscape, the evolution of the music video as a vessel for promotion and expression, or Top 40 feminist anthems.\" She also argued \"it's important to note that *Control*’s self\\-actualization anthems were expressions of black female pride. *Control* spawned a whopping six videos—great ones, at that—which played an immeasurable role in the shift toward visible black pop.\"{{cite news\\|author\\=Meaghan Garvey\\|title\\=On 30 Years of Janet Jackson's Control\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/2735889/on\\-30\\-years\\-of\\-janet\\-jackson\\-control/\\|publisher\\=MTV\\|date\\=February 4, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=November 5, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=November 7, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013056/http://www.mtv.com/news/2735889/on\\-30\\-years\\-of\\-janet\\-jackson\\-control/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### 1989–1992: *Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814*",
"Jackson released her fourth album, *[Rhythm Nation 1814](/wiki/Janet_Jackson%27s_Rhythm_Nation_1814 \"Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814\")*, in September 1989\\. Although her record label desired a direct sequel to *Control*, Jackson chose to include a socially conscious theme among various musical styles.{{Cite news \\| last1 \\= Cocks \\| first1 \\= Jay \\| title \\= Dancing on the charts \\| volume \\= 135 \\| issue \\= 22 \\| page \\= 87 \\| newspaper\\=Time \\| date \\= May 28, 1990 \\| issn \\= 0040\\-781X}} She stated, \"I know an album or a song can't change the world. I just want my music and my dance to catch the audience's attention, and to hold it long enough for them to listen to the lyrics.\"{{Cite news \\|last1 \\=Graham \\| first1 \\= Jefferson \\| title \\= Janet in command; Jackson rules her own 'Nation'; Highlights of a rhythmic life \\| page \\= 01\\.D \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[USA Today]] \\| date \\= December 15, 1989 }} The album's central theme of unity was developed in response to various crimes and tragedies reported in the media.{{Cite news\\| last1 \\= Morse \\| first1 \\= Steve \\| title \\= Changing Her Tune Janet Jackson's New Conscience \\| page \\= 30 \\| newspaper\\=The Boston Globe \\| date \\= November 20, 1989 }}",
"Peaking at No. 1 on the *Billboard* 200, the album was certified sixfold Platinum by the RIAA and sold over 12 million copies worldwide. *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")* observed Jackson's artistic growth shifted from \"personal freedom to more universal concerns—injustice, illiteracy, crime, drugs—without missing a beat.\"{{Cite magazine\\| last \\= Aletti \\| first \\= Vince \\| title \\= Rhythm Nation 1814: Janet Jackson: Review: Rolling Stone \\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\| date \\= October 19, 1998 \\| url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/182747/review/5943659/rhythm\\_nation\\_1814 \\| access\\-date \\= September 6, 2010 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080430054629/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/182747/review/5943659/rhythm\\_nation\\_1814 \\| archive\\-date \\= April 30, 2008}} The album was also considered \"the exclamation point on her career\", consisting of a \"diverse collection of songs flowing with the natural talent Jackson possesses\", which effectively \"expanded Janet's range in every conceivable direction\", being \"more credibly feminine, more crucially masculine, more viably adult, more believably childlike.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Henderson \\|first\\=Eric \\| title\\=Janet Jackson: Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814: Music Review \\|url\\=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music\\_review.asp?ID\\=1839 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913052948/http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music\\_review.asp?ID\\=1839 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=September 13, 2009 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Slant Magazine]] \\|date\\=September 7, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2009}} With singles \"[Miss You Much](/wiki/Miss_You_Much \"Miss You Much\")\", \"[Rhythm Nation](/wiki/Rhythm_Nation \"Rhythm Nation\")\", \"[Escapade](/wiki/Escapade_%28song%29 \"Escapade (song)\")\", \"[Alright](/wiki/Alright_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"Alright (Janet Jackson song)\")\", \"[Come Back to Me](/wiki/Come_Back_to_Me_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"Come Back to Me (Janet Jackson song)\")\", \"[Black Cat](/wiki/Black_Cat_%28song%29 \"Black Cat (song)\")\" and \"[Love Will Never Do (Without You)](/wiki/Love_Will_Never_Do_%28Without_You%29 \"Love Will Never Do (Without You)\")\", it became the first album in history to produce number one hits in three separate calendar years, as well as the only album to achieve seven top five singles on the Hot 100\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Cover Story: 'Design of a Decade' Features Ten Years of Hits\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fzkDAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PAPA57\\|work\\=\\[\\[Jet (magazine)\\|Jet]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2011\\|date\\=November 6, 1995\\|pages\\=54–58\\|publisher\\=Johnson Publication\\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305125446/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fzkDAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PAPA57\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite magazine \\|last1\\=Trust \\|first1\\=Gary \\|title\\=The Weeknd \\& Ariana Grande's 'Save Your Tears' Soars to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9566597/the\\-weeknd\\-ariana\\-grande\\-save\\-your\\-tears\\-number\\-one\\-hot\\-100 \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|publisher\\=Billboard Media, LLC \\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 9, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509073403/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9566597/the\\-weeknd\\-ariana\\-grande\\-save\\-your\\-tears\\-number\\-one\\-hot\\-100 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Famous for its choreography and warehouse setting, the \"[Rhythm Nation](/wiki/Rhythm_Nation_%28music_video%29 \"Rhythm Nation (music video)\")\" music video is considered one of the most iconic and popular in history, with Jackson's military ensemble also making her a fashion icon.{{citation\\|title\\=The Biggest Brother\\-Sister Stars in Show Business History\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Ebony (magazine)\\|Ebony]]\\|volume\\=46\\|issue\\=10\\|page\\=40\\|issn\\=0012\\-9011}} The video for \"Love Will Never Do (Without You)\" is notable for being the first instance of Jackson's transition into sexual imagery and midriff\\-baring style, becoming her trademark. *Rhythm Nation 1814* became the highest selling album of 1990, winning a record fifteen *Billboard* Awards.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.tvguide.com/News/Billboard\\-Music\\-Awards\\-Winners\\-1047815\\.aspx \\|title\\=Adele, LMFAO Top Billboard Music Awards – Today's News: Our Take \\|work\\=TV Guide \\|date\\=May 21, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=December 13, 2012 \\|first\\=Joyce \\|last\\=Eng \\|archive\\-date\\=January 27, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127034339/http://www.tvguide.com/News/Billboard\\-Music\\-Awards\\-Winners\\-1047815\\.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Macdonald \\|first\\=Patrick \\|title \\= Ringing In 1991: Northwest Top 10 Video Count\\-Down \\| page \\= 8 \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Seattle Times]] \\| date \\= December 28, 1990 }}{{Cite news \\| last1 \\= Anderson \\| first1 \\= Susan \\| title \\= Chronicle \\| page \\= 7 \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\| date \\= November 28, 1990 \\| isbn \\= 0\\-8118\\-6207\\-0 \\| issn \\= 0362\\-4331}} The full *[Rhythm Nation 1814](/wiki/Rhythm_Nation_1814_%28film%29 \"Rhythm Nation 1814 (film)\")* short film won a [Grammy Award](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Long_Form_Music_Video \"Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video\").{{Cite web \\| title \\= Artist: Janet Jackson \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[The Recording Academy]] \\| url \\= https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/janet\\-jackson \\| access\\-date \\= March 18, 2015 \\| archive\\-date \\= May 26, 2020 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200526205338/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/janet\\-jackson \\| url\\-status \\= live }}",
"Jackson's [Rhythm Nation World Tour 1990](/wiki/Rhythm_Nation_World_Tour_1990 \"Rhythm Nation World Tour 1990\") became the most successful debut tour in history and set a record for the fastest sell\\-out of Japan's [Tokyo Dome](/wiki/Tokyo_Dome \"Tokyo Dome\").{{harvnb\\|Jaynes\\|2005\\|p\\=565}} She established the \"Rhythm Nation Scholarship\", donating funds from the tour to various educational programs.{{Cite news \\|title \\= Janet Jackson Ends 'Rhythm Nation' Tour, Donates over $1/2 Million to Fund Education Projects \\| page \\= 56 \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Jet (magazine)\\|Jet]] \\|volume\\=79\\|issue\\=13\\| date \\= January 14, 1991\\|issn\\=0021\\-5996}}{{Cite news \\|title \\= Janet Combines Talent and Appeal for UNCF \\| page \\= B–3 \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Sentinel]] \\| date \\= March 3, 1994\\|issn\\=0890\\-4340}} As Jackson began her tour, she was acknowledged for the cultural impact of her music. Joel Selvin of the *[San Francisco Chronicle](/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle \"San Francisco Chronicle\")* wrote \"the 23\\-year\\-old has been making smash hit records for four years, becoming a fixture on MTV and a major role model to teenage girls across the country\", and William Allen, then\\-executive vice president of the [United Negro College Fund](/wiki/UNCO \"UNCO\"), told the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*, \"Jackson is a role model for all young people to emulate and the message she has gotten to the young people of this country through the lyrics of 'Rhythm Nation 1814' is having positive effects.\"{{Cite news \\|last\\=Selvin \\|first\\=Joel \\|title \\= Just Wholesome Glitz From Janet \\| page \\= F1 \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[San Francisco Chronicle]] \\| date \\= April 30, 1990 }}{{Cite news \\|title \\= Names In The News Janet Jackson Benefit Concert \\| page \\= 9 \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\| date \\= February 5, 1990 \\|issn\\=0458\\-3035}}",
"She also received a star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame \"Hollywood Walk of Fame\") in recognition of her impact on the recording industry and philanthropic endeavors.{{cite news\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Gets Star On Hollywood Walk Of Fame\\|newspaper\\=Jet\\|date\\=May 7, 1990\\|volume\\=78\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=60–61\\|issn\\=0021\\-5996}} The massive success experienced by Jackson placed her in league with her brother Michael, Madonna, and [Tina Turner](/wiki/Tina_Turner \"Tina Turner\") for her achievements and influence.{{harvnb\\|Kramarae\\|Spender\\|2000\\|p\\=1408}} *[Ebony](/wiki/Ebony_%28magazine%29 \"Ebony (magazine)\")* magazine remarked: \"No individual or group has impacted the world of entertainment as have Michael and Janet Jackson,\" arguing that despite many imitators, few could surpass Jackson's \"stunning style and dexterity\".",
"With her recording contract under A\\&M Records fulfilled in 1991, she signed a multimillion\\-dollar deal with [Virgin Records](/wiki/Virgin_Records \"Virgin Records\")—estimated between thirty\\-two to fifty million dollars—making her the highest paid recording artist at the time.{{cite news\\|title\\=The Biggest Brother\\-Sister Stars in Show Business History\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Ebony (magazine)\\|Ebony]]\\|volume\\=46\\|issue\\=10\\|year\\=1991\\|page\\=40\\|issn\\=0012\\-9011}}{{Cite news \\| last1 \\= Goldberg \\| first1 \\= M. \\| title \\= The Jacksons score big \\| page \\= 32 \\| newspaper\\=Rolling Stone \\| date \\= May 2, 1991 \\| issn \\= 0035\\-791X}} The recording contract also established her reputation as the \"[Queen of Pop](/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music \"Honorific nicknames in popular music\")\". In 1992, Jackson provided guest vocals on [Luther Vandross](/wiki/Luther_Vandross \"Luther Vandross\")'s \"[The Best Things in Life Are Free](/wiki/The_Best_Things_in_Life_Are_Free \"The Best Things in Life Are Free\")\", becoming a top ten *Billboard* hit and reaching the top ten internationally.{{Cite magazine \\| title \\= Janet Jackson: Biography: Rolling Stone \\| magazine \\= Rolling Stone \\| url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/janet\\-jackson \\| access\\-date \\= April 9, 2008 \\| archive\\-date \\= June 20, 2010 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100620092732/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/janet\\-jackson \\| url\\-status \\= live }}",
"### 1993–1996: *Janet*, *Poetic Justice*, and *Design of a Decade*",
"Jackson's fifth studio album *[Janet](/wiki/Janet_%28album%29 \"Janet (album)\")*, was released in May 1993\\. The record opened at number one on the *Billboard* 200, making Jackson the first female artist in the [Nielsen SoundScan](/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan \"Nielsen SoundScan\") era to do so.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xwsEAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PAPA3\\|title\\=Between The Bullets\\|first\\=Geoff\\|last\\=Mayfield\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|access\\-date\\=July 28, 2010\\|issue\\=31\\|date\\=August 5, 1995\\|page\\=106\\|volume\\=107\\|issn\\=0006\\-2510\\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305125508/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xwsEAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PAPA3\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Certified sixfold Platinum by the RIAA, it sold over 14 million copies worldwide.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/attheshore/headliners/boardwalk\\-hall\\-looks\\-to\\-get\\-nasty\\-with\\-janet\\-jackson/article\\_913deab6\\-c2f7\\-11e7\\-b2d1\\-97e19954370d.html\\|title\\=Boardwalk hall looks to get 'nasty' with janet jackson\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Press of Atlantic City]]\\|first\\=Sean\\|last\\=Loughlin\\|date\\=November 6, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 30, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030031213/https://pressofatlanticcity.com/attheshore/headliners/boardwalk\\-hall\\-looks\\-to\\-get\\-nasty\\-with\\-janet\\-jackson/article\\_913deab6\\-c2f7\\-11e7\\-b2d1\\-97e19954370d.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"*Janet* spawned five singles and four promotional singles, receiving various certifications worldwide. The lead single \"[That's the Way Love Goes](/wiki/That%27s_the_Way_Love_Goes_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"That's the Way Love Goes (Janet Jackson song)\")\" won the [Grammy Award for Best R\\&B Song](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_R%26B_Song \"Grammy Award for Best R&B Song\") and topped the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") for eight consecutive weeks.{{harvnb\\|Halstead\\|Cadman\\|2003}}{{rp\\|118}} \"[Again](/wiki/Again_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"Again (Janet Jackson song)\")\" reached number one for two weeks, while \"[If](/wiki/If_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"If (Janet Jackson song)\")\" and \"[Any Time, Any Place](/wiki/Any_Time%2C_Any_Place \"Any Time, Any Place\")\" peaked in the top four. \"[Because of Love](/wiki/Because_of_Love \"Because of Love\")\" and \"[You Want This](/wiki/You_Want_This \"You Want This\")\" charted within the top ten.{{cite magazine \\| url\\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/janet\\-jackson/chart\\-history/hot\\-100 \\| title\\=Janet Jackson – Chart History: Hot 100 \\| magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\| access\\-date\\=October 29, 2012 \\| archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2021 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121090830/https://www.billboard.com/artist/janet\\-jackson/chart\\-history/hot\\-100/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The album experimented with a diverse number of genres, including [contemporary R\\&B](/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B \"Contemporary R&B\"), [deep house](/wiki/Deep_house \"Deep house\"), [swing jazz](/wiki/Swing_music \"Swing music\"), [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop_music \"Hip hop music\"), [rock](/wiki/Rock_music \"Rock music\"), and [pop](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\"), with *Billboard* describing each as being \"delivered with consummate skill and passion\".{{cite news\\|first1\\=Paul\\|last1\\=Verna \\|first2\\=Edward \\|last2\\=Morris \\|title\\=Pop/Spotlight\\|newspaper\\=Billboard\\|date\\=May 23, 1993\\|page\\=91}} Jackson took a larger role in songwriting and production than she did on her previous albums, explaining she found it necessary \"to write all the lyrics and half of the melodies\" while also speaking candidly about incorporating her sexuality into the album's content. *Rolling Stone* wrote \"\\[a]s princess of America's black royal family, everything Janet Jackson does is important. Whether proclaiming herself in charge of her life, as she did on *Control* (1986\\), or commander in chief of a rhythm army dancing to fight society's problems (*Rhythm Nation 1814*, from 1989\\), she's influential. And when she announces her sexual maturity, as she does on her new album, *Janet.*, it's a cultural moment.\"{{cite magazine\\|volume\\=659\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/182126/review/6067467/janet \\|title\\=Janet Jackson: Janet: Music Reviews \\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502093343/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/182126/review/6067467/janet \\|archive\\-date\\=May 2, 2008\\|date\\=June 24, 1993}}",
"In July 1993, Jackson made her film debut in *[Poetic Justice](/wiki/Poetic_Justice_%28film%29 \"Poetic Justice (film)\")*. While the film received mixed reviews, her performance was described as \"beguiling\" and \"believably eccentric\".{{cite magazine \\| volume\\=663\\|title \\= Poetic Justice \\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\| date \\= December 8, 2000 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409203949/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947325/review/5947326/poetic\\_justice\\|archive\\-date\\=April 9, 2010\\|url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947325/review/5947326/poetic\\_justice \\| access\\-date \\= June 13, 2008\\|publication\\-date\\=August 19, 1993}}{{cite news \\| last \\= Howe \\| first \\= Desson \\| title \\= Poetic Justice \\| newspaper \\= The Washington Post \\| date \\= July 23, 1993 \\| url \\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/poeticjusticerhowe\\_a0afdf.htm \\| access\\-date \\= June 13, 2008 \\| archive\\-date \\= June 29, 2011 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629020612/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/poeticjusticerhowe\\_a0afdf.htm \\| url\\-status \\= live }} Jackson's ballad \"Again\", which was written for the film, received [Golden Globe](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song\") and [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Academy Award for Best Original Song\") nominations for \"Best Original Song\".{{Cite news \\| last\\= Biddle \\| first\\= Frederic M. \\| title\\= Fashion and fame team on Oscar night \\| newspaper\\=The Boston Globe \\| page\\=61 \\| date\\= March 22, 1994}}{{cite web\\|title\\=HFPA – Awards Search: Janet Jackson \\|url\\=http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/member/30554 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] \\|access\\-date\\=September 18, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713152201/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/member/30554 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2010}}{{harvnb\\|Halstead\\|Cadman\\|2003\\|p\\=85}}",
"In September 1993, Jackson appeared topless on the cover of *Rolling Stone*, with her breasts covered anonymously by her then\\-husband, René Elizondo, Jr. The photograph is the original version of the cropped image used on the *Janet* album cover, shot by [Patrick Demarchelier](/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier \"Patrick Demarchelier\").{{cite magazine\\| title \\= Janet Jackson \\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\| date \\= September 30, 2004 \\| url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6478137/janet\\_jackson \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223223513/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6478137/janet\\_jackson\\|archive\\-date\\=December 23, 2007\\|access\\-date \\= July 23, 2008}} *[The Vancouver Sun](/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun \"The Vancouver Sun\")* reported, \"Jackson, 27, remains clearly established as both role model and sex symbol; the *Rolling Stone* photo of Jackson ... became one of the most recognizable, and most lampooned, magazine covers.\"{{Cite news\\| last1 \\= Murray \\| first1 \\= Sonia \\| title \\= Janet: The Queen of Pop: Michael could lose his crown to his hot little sister \\| page \\= C1 \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Vancouver Sun]]\\| date \\= February 3, 1994\\| issn \\= 0832\\-1299}}",
"The [Janet World Tour](/wiki/Janet_World_Tour \"Janet World Tour\") launched in support of the studio album garnered criticism for Jackson's lack of vocal proficiency and spontaneity,{{cite news\\| last\\= Graham \\| first\\=Renee \\| title\\=Janet Jackson: looks good, sounds bad \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Boston Globe]] \\| pages\\=34 \\| date\\=June 20, 1994}} but earned critical acclaim for her showmanship. It was described as erasing the line between \"stadium\\-size pop music concerts and full\\-scale theatrical extravaganzas\".{{Cite news \\| last\\=Snyder \\| first\\=Michael \\| title\\=Janet Jackson Makes All The Right Moves / Singer brings extravaganza to San Jose \\| newspaper\\=San Francisco Chronicle \\| page\\=C1 \\| date\\=February 18, 1994}}{{cite news\\|author\\=Jon Pareles\\|title\\=Wrapped in Song and Spectacle, Janet Jackson Plays the Garden\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=December 20, 1993\\|page\\=C.11\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Jackson performing on one of the dates of her 1993–95 [Janet World Tour](/wiki/Janet_World_Tour \"Janet World Tour\")](/wiki/File:Janet_Tour_01.jpg \"Janet Tour 01.jpg\")",
"During this time, Janet was set to sign a multimillion\\-dollar deal with [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola \"Coca-Cola\") when her brother Michael was immersed in a [child sex abuse scandal](/wiki/1993_child_sexual_abuse_accusations_against_Michael_Jackson \"1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson\"), of which he denied any wrongdoing.{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Corliss \\|first1\\=Richard \\|last2\\=Sachs \\|first2\\=Andrea \\|title\\=Society: Who's Bad? An age of innocence may be at an end as Michael Jackson, the Peter Pan of pop, confronts accusations that he sexually abused one of his young friends \\| newspaper\\=Time\\| page\\=54 \\| date\\=September 6, 1993}} She provided moral support, defending her brother, and denied abuse allegations regarding her parents made by her sister La Toya.{{Cite news \\| last\\= Hilburn \\| first\\= Robert \\| title\\= I Think I've Finally Grown Up \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Newsday]] \\| page\\=10 \\| date\\=June 27, 1994}}",
"She collaborated with Michael on \"[Scream](/wiki/Scream_%28Michael_Jackson_and_Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"Scream (Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song)\")\", the lead single from his album *[HIStory](/wiki/HIStory:Past%2C_Present_and_Future%2C_Book_I \"Past, Present and Future, Book I\")*, released 1995\\. The song was written by both siblings as a response to media scrutiny.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Boepple \\|first\\= Leanne \\|title \\= Scream: space odyssey Jackson\\-style.(video production; Michael and Janet Jackson video) \\| page \\= 52 \\|volume\\=29 \\| newspaper\\=Theatre Crafts International \\| date \\= November 1, 1995 \\|issn\\=1063\\-9497}} It debuted at number five on the Hot 100 singles chart, becoming the first song ever to debut within the top five.{{cite book\\|last\\=George\\|first\\=Nelson\\|year\\=2004\\|title\\=Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sony BMG]]\\|type\\=booklet\\|title\\-link\\=Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection}} Its music video, directed by [Mark Romanek](/wiki/Mark_Romanek \"Mark Romanek\"), was listed in *[Guinness World Records](/wiki/Guinness_World_Records \"Guinness World Records\")* as the \"Most Expensive Music Video Ever Made\", costing $7 million.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/search/applicationrecordsearch\\|title\\=Record Application Search\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Guinness World Records]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2014\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|quote\\=Directed by Mark Romanek (USA), the video for Michael and Janet Jackson's hit single Scream (1995\\) cost $7 million (£4\\.4 million) to make.\\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305125447/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/Account/Login?ReturnUrl\\=%2fsearch%2fapplicationrecordsearch\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *Enter* Expensive Music Video *in the search field and then press Enter*{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.goliath.com/music/15\\-of\\-the\\-most\\-expensive\\-music\\-videos\\-ever\\-made/\\|title\\=15 Of The Most Expensive Music Videos Ever Made\\|work\\=Goliath\\|first\\=Wes\\|last\\=Walcott\\|date\\=April 5, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=April 5, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=February 16, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216060159/https://www.goliath.com/music/15\\-of\\-the\\-most\\-expensive\\-music\\-videos\\-ever\\-made/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The clip won the [1996 Grammy Award](/wiki/38th_Annual_Grammy_Awards \"38th Annual Grammy Awards\") for [Best Short Form Music Video](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Short_Form_Music_Video \"Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video\").",
"Jackson's first compilation album, *[Design of a Decade: 1986–1996](/wiki/Design_of_a_Decade:1986%E2%80%931996 \"1986–1996\")*, was released in 1995\\. It peaked at number three on the *Billboard* 200\\.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/30/arts/the\\-pop\\-life\\-073440\\.html \\| work\\=The New York Times \\| title\\=The Pop Life \\| first\\=Neil \\| last\\=Strauss \\| date\\=November 20, 1995 \\| access\\-date\\=May 22, 2014 \\| archive\\-date\\=September 22, 2017 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922195503/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/30/arts/the\\-pop\\-life\\-073440\\.html \\| url\\-status\\=live }} The lead single, \"[Runaway](/wiki/Runaway_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"Runaway (Janet Jackson song)\")\", became the first song by a female artist to debut within the top ten of the Hot 100, reaching number three.{{cite magazine\\|first\\=Bronson \\|last\\=Fred \\|title\\=Janet Jackson Has Done It Again \\|url\\={{Google books\\|6Q0EAAAAMBAJ\\|page\\=\\|keywords\\=\\|text\\=\\|plainurl\\=yes}} \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|page\\=96 \\|date\\=September 16, 1995\\|issue\\=37 \\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2010\\|volume\\=107\\|issn\\= 0006\\-2510}} *Design of a Decade 1986–1996* was certified double Platinum by the RIAA.",
"Jackson's influence in pop music continued to garner acclaim, as *[The Boston Globe](/wiki/The_Boston_Globe \"The Boston Globe\")* remarked \"If you're talking about the female power elite in pop, you can't get much higher than Janet Jackson, [Bonnie Raitt](/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt \"Bonnie Raitt\"), Madonna and [Yoko Ono](/wiki/Yoko_Ono \"Yoko Ono\"). Their collective influence ... is beyond measure. And who could dispute that Janet Jackson now has more credibility than brother Michael?\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Morse\\|first\\=Steve\\|title\\=Pure pop for power women Janet Jackson, Bonnie Raitt, Yoko Ono and Madonna flex their musical muscle\\|newspaper\\=The Boston Globe\\|page\\=51\\|date\\=November 3, 1995\\|issn\\=0743\\-1791}}",
"Jackson renewed her contract with Virgin Records for a reported $80 million the following year.{{Cite news\\| title\\=Janet Jackson Hits Big; $80 Million Record Deal \\| newspaper\\=Newsday \\| page\\=A02 \\| date\\=January 13, 1996}} The contract established her as the then highest\\-paid recording artist in history, surpassing the recording industry's then\\-unparalleled $60 million contracts earned by Michael Jackson and Madonna.{{cite news\\|quote\\=They don't call it jackpot for nothing. After much speculation, Janet Jackson, 29, clinched a reported four\\-album, $80 million deal with Virgin Records, making her the music industry's highest\\-paid performer (over brother Michael and Madonna, who each got $60 million deals in the early '90s)\\|last1\\=Davidson \\|first1\\=Casey \\| title\\=News \\& Notes \\| newspaper\\=Entertainment Weekly \\| page\\=15 \\| date\\=January 26, 1996}}{{Cite news\\|last1\\= Farley \\|first1\\=Christopher John \\|last2\\= Thigpen \\|first2\\=David E. \\|last3\\= Ressner \\|first3\\=Jeffrey \\| title\\=Business: Are they worth all that cash? Janet Jackson's record\\-breaking $80 million contract could set off a new wave of pop\\-music megadeals \\| newspaper\\=Time\\| page\\=54 \\| date\\=January 29, 1996}}{{cite news\\|quote\\=Rock band \\[\\[R.E.M.]] later signed an $80 million recording contract with \\[\\[Warner Bros. Records]] in August 1996; sources compared the group's record deal with Jackson's contract, but quoted her earning $70 million\\| title\\=R.E.M. Signs $80M Deal \\| newspaper\\=Newsday \\| date\\=August 26, 1996}}",
"### 1997–1999: *The Velvet Rope*",
"[thumb\\|Jackson in 1998\\|252x252px](/wiki/File:Janet_Jackson%2C_1998.jpg \"Janet Jackson, 1998.jpg\")\nJackson began suffering from severe [depression](/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder \"Major depressive disorder\") and [anxiety](/wiki/Anxiety_disorder \"Anxiety disorder\"), leading her to chronicle the experience in her sixth album, *[The Velvet Rope](/wiki/The_Velvet_Rope \"The Velvet Rope\"),* released October 1997\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/1430426/janet\\-discusses\\-depression\\-with\\-newsweek/\\|title\\=Janet Discusses Depression With 'Newsweek'\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[MTV]]\\|date\\=November 11, 1997\\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=July 25, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725195139/http://www.mtv.com/news/1430426/janet\\-discusses\\-depression\\-with\\-newsweek/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Jackson returned with a dramatic change in image, boasting vibrant red hair, nasal piercings, and tattoos.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=WzsDAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PAPA61\\|title\\=Cover Story: Janet Jackson Returns With Hit Album, New Look\\|work\\=\\[\\[Jet (magazine)\\|Jet]]\\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2014\\|pages\\=60–63\\|volume\\=92\\|number\\=26\\|issn\\=0021\\-5996\\|date\\=November 1997\\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305125458/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=WzsDAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PAPA61\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The album is primarily centered on the idea that everyone has an intrinsic need to belong. Aside from encompassing lyrics relating to social issues such as [same\\-sex relationships](/wiki/Same-sex_relationships \"Same-sex relationships\"), [homophobia](/wiki/Homophobia \"Homophobia\") and [domestic violence](/wiki/Domestic_violence \"Domestic violence\"), it also contains themes of [sadomasochism](/wiki/Sadomasochism \"Sadomasochism\") and is considered far more sexually explicit in nature than her previous release, *Janet*.",
"The record was hailed as \"her most daring, elaborate and accomplished album\" by *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, while *Billboard* called it \"the best American album of the year and the most empowering of her last five.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Pareles\\|first\\=Jon\\|title\\=Critic's Choice/Pop CD's; Love Can Get Complicated (Ouch!)\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/07/arts/critic\\-s\\-choice\\-pop\\-cd\\-s\\-love\\-can\\-get\\-complicated\\-ouch.html\\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2014\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=October 7, 1997\\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219190554/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/07/arts/critic\\-s\\-choice\\-pop\\-cd\\-s\\-love\\-can\\-get\\-complicated\\-ouch.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Flick\\|first\\=Larry\\|title\\=The Year in Music\\|newspaper\\=Billboard\\|volume\\=109\\|issue\\=52\\|page\\=16\\|date\\=December 3, 1998\\|issn\\=0006\\-2510}} The album debuted at number one on the *Billboard* 200 and was certified triple Platinum by the RIAA. It has sold over eight million copies worldwide.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bet.com/article/3qkq82/janet\\-jackson\\-the\\-velvet\\-rope\\-25th\\-anniversary\\-tribute\\|title\\='The Velvet Rope' Turns 25: Janet Jackson's Most Personal Album Reshaped R\\&B Forever\\|first\\=Jaelani\\|last\\=Turner\\-Williams\\|date\\=October 3, 2022\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BET]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004004722/https://www.bet.com/article/3qkq82/janet\\-jackson\\-the\\-velvet\\-rope\\-25th\\-anniversary\\-tribute\\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2022}}",
"The lead single \"[Got 'til It's Gone](/wiki/Got_%27til_It%27s_Gone \"Got 'til It's Gone\")\" was released in August 1997, featuring guest vocals from folk singer [Joni Mitchell](/wiki/Joni_Mitchell \"Joni Mitchell\") and rapper [Q\\-Tip](/wiki/Q-Tip_%28musician%29 \"Q-Tip (musician)\"). The song's music video, depicting a pre\\-[Apartheid](/wiki/Apartheid \"Apartheid\") celebration, won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://ew.com/gallery/mark\\-romanek\\-inside\\-stories\\-8\\-classic\\-videos/janet\\-jackson\\-got\\-til\\-its\\-gone\\-1997\\|title\\=Mark Romanek: Inside Stories on 8 Classic Videos — Janet Jackson, 'Got 'Til It's Gone' (1997\\)\\|last\\=Anderson\\|first\\=Kyle\\|magazine\\=Entertainment Weekly\\|date\\=August 7, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=May 13, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927111844/http://ew.com/gallery/mark\\-romanek\\-inside\\-stories\\-8\\-classic\\-videos/janet\\-jackson\\-got\\-til\\-its\\-gone\\-1997/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \"[Together Again](/wiki/Together_Again_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"Together Again (Janet Jackson song)\")\" became Jackson's eighth number\\-one hit on the *Billboard* Hot 100, placing her on par with [Elton John](/wiki/Elton_John \"Elton John\"), Diana Ross, and [the Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones \"The Rolling Stones\").{{rp\\|28, 120}} It spent a record forty\\-six weeks on the Hot 100 and nineteen weeks on the United Kingdom's singles chart. It sold six million copies worldwide, becoming one of the [best\\-selling singles](/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles \"List of best-selling singles\") of all time.{{cite book \\|chapter\\= FYI \\> Together Again \\|title\\= UNAIDS Outlook Report \\|publisher\\= Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS \\|date\\= July 2010 \\|page\\= 30 \\|chapter\\-url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=E1jwF1bK1tQC\\&pg\\=PA30 \\|isbn\\= 9789291738595 \\|access\\-date\\= August 19, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 1, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20230301095645/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=E1jwF1bK1tQC\\&pg\\=PA30 \\|url\\-status\\= live }} \"[I Get Lonely](/wiki/I_Get_Lonely \"I Get Lonely\")\" peaked at number three on the Hot 100, and received a Grammy nomination for [Best Female R\\&B Vocal Performance](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Female_R%26B_Vocal_Performance \"Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance\"). It was Jackson's eighteenth consecutive top ten hit, making her the only female artist to garner that achievement; and surpassed only by [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley \"Elvis Presley\") and [the Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Causing a Commotion\\|url\\=http://rockhall.com/education/resources/commotion/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613020642/http://rockhall.com/education/resources/commotion/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=June 13, 2011\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2012}}",
"Several other singles were released, including \"[Go Deep](/wiki/Go_Deep \"Go Deep\")\" and the ballad \"[Every Time](/wiki/Every_Time_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"Every Time (Janet Jackson song)\")\", which was controversial for the nudity displayed in its music video.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vibe.com/article/naked\\-music\\-videos\\-pg\\-2\\|title\\=Naked Music Videos (Pg. 2\\)\\|work\\=Vibe\\|date\\=March 25, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305010239/http://www.vibe.com/article/naked\\-music\\-videos\\-pg\\-2\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The album fully established Jackson as a [gay icon](/wiki/Janet_Jackson_as_a_gay_icon \"Janet Jackson as a gay icon\") for its themes regarding homosexuality and protesting homophobia. \"Together Again\", a \"post\\-Aids pop song\", and \"Free Xone\", considered \"a paean to homosexuality\" and an \"anti\\-homophobia track\", were praised for their lyrical context, in addition to Jackson's lesbian reinterpretation of [Rod Stewart](/wiki/Rod_Stewart \"Rod Stewart\")'s \"[Tonight's the Night](/wiki/Tonight%27s_the_Night_%28Gonna_Be_Alright%29 \"Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)\")\".{{Cite news\\|last\\=McCormick \\|first\\=Neil \\| title\\=The Arts: Give her enough rope ... Reviews Rock CDs \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]] \\| page\\=11\\| date\\=October 18, 1997}}{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/116269/review/5942564/the\\_velvet\\_rope \\|title\\=Janet Jackson: The Velvet Rope: Music Reviews : Rolling Stone \\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503081338/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/116269/review/5942564/the\\_velvet\\_rope \\|archive\\-date\\=May 3, 2008\\|date\\=December 18, 1997\\|issue\\=776/777}}",
"*The Velvet Rope* received an award for \"Outstanding Music Album\" at the 9th Annual [GLAAD Media Awards](/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Awards \"GLAAD Media Awards\") and was honored by the National Black Lesbian and Gay Leadership Forum.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.glaad.org/media/release\\_detail.php?id\\=4308 \\|title\\=Janet Jackson to be Honored at 19th Annual GLAAD Media Awards in Los Angeles \\|access\\-date\\=June 10, 2008 \\|last\\=McCarthy \\|first\\=Marc \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[GLAAD]] \\|date\\=April 1, 2008\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080608152724/http://www.glaad.org/media/release\\_detail.php?id\\=4308 \\|archive\\-date \\= June 8, 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|type\\=Press release}} A portion of the proceeds from \"Together Again\" were donated to the [American Foundation for AIDS Research](/wiki/AmfAR%2C_The_Foundation_for_AIDS_Research \"AmfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research\").",
"Jackson embarked on [The Velvet Rope Tour](/wiki/The_Velvet_Rope_Tour \"The Velvet Rope Tour\"), traveling to Europe, North America, Asia, Africa, New Zealand, and Australia. The tour received praise for its theatrics, choreography, and Jackson's vocal performance. It was likened to \"the ambition and glamour of a Broadway musical\", and exclaimed as \"only fitting that the concert program credits her as the show's 'creator and director{{' \"}}.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Hilburn \\|first\\=Robert \\| title\\=Janet Jackson Learns The Ropes\\\\ Singer Learns To Like Herself On The Way To Creating The Lavishly Staged Velvet Rope Tour \\| newspaper\\=Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette\\| page\\=G3\\| date\\=September 20, 1998\\|issn\\=1068\\-624X}}",
"The tour's [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\") special, *The Velvet Rope: Live in Madison Square Garden*, garnered more than fifteen million viewers. It surpassed the ratings of all four major networks among viewers subscribed to the channel.{{Cite news\\|title\\=HBO's Exclusive Live Concert Event Janet: The Velvet Rope \\|date\\=October 14, 1998 \\|url\\=http://www.timewarner.com/corp/newsroom/pr/0,20812,666900,00\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 9, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011205/http://www.timewarner.com/corp/newsroom/pr/0,20812,666900,00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2007 \\|type\\=Press release}} The concert won an [Emmy Award](/wiki/Emmy_Award \"Emmy Award\") from four nominations.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Fz0DAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PAPA57\\|title\\=Don Cheadle, Janet Jackson, Chris Rock, Cicely Tyson Among Primetime Emmy Nominees\\|publisher\\=Johnson Publishing Company\\|work\\=Jet\\|access\\-date\\=June 29, 2010\\|volume\\=96\\|number\\=11\\|date\\=August 16, 1999\\|pages\\=57–58\\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305125449/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Fz0DAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PAPA57\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Jackson donated a portion of the tour's sales to [America's Promise](/wiki/America%27s_Promise \"America's Promise\"), an organization founded by [Colin Powell](/wiki/Colin_Powell \"Colin Powell\") to assist disenfranchised youth.{{cite news\\|author\\=Kim McAvoy\\|title\\=HBO makes the most of music\\|newspaper\\=Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|volume\\=128\\|issue\\=36\\|page\\=30}}",
"As the tour concluded, Jackson lent guest vocals to several collaborations, including [Shaggy's](/wiki/Shaggy_%28musician%29 \"Shaggy (musician)\") \"[Luv Me, Luv Me](/wiki/Luv_Me%2C_Luv_Me \"Luv Me, Luv Me\")\",{{cite magazine \\| url\\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/shaggy/chart\\-history/hot\\-100 \\| title\\=Shaggy – Chart History: Hot 100 \\| magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\| access\\-date\\=October 29, 2012 \\| archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2021 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121090949/https://www.billboard.com/artist/shaggy/chart\\-history/hot\\-100/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }} used for the film *[How Stella Got Her Groove Back](/wiki/How_Stella_Got_Her_Groove_Back_%28soundtrack%29 \"How Stella Got Her Groove Back (soundtrack)\")*, as well as \"[Girlfriend/Boyfriend](/wiki/Girlfriend/Boyfriend \"Girlfriend/Boyfriend\")\" with [Teddy Riley](/wiki/Teddy_Riley \"Teddy Riley\")'s group [Blackstreet](/wiki/Blackstreet \"Blackstreet\"),{{cite magazine \\| url\\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/blackstreet/chart\\-history/hot\\-100 \\| title\\=Blackstreet – Chart History: Hot 100 \\| magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\| access\\-date\\=October 29, 2012 \\| archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2021 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121091748/https://www.billboard.com/artist/blackstreet/chart\\-history/hot\\-100/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }} and \"[What's It Gonna Be?!](/wiki/What%27s_It_Gonna_Be%3F%21 \"What's It Gonna Be?!\")\" with [Busta Rhymes](/wiki/Busta_Rhymes \"Busta Rhymes\").{{cite magazine \\| url\\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/busta\\-rhymes/chart\\-history/hot\\-100 \\| title\\=Busta Rhymes – Chart History: Hot 100 \\| magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\| access\\-date\\=October 29, 2012 \\| archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2021 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121091049/https://www.billboard.com/artist/busta\\-rhymes/chart\\-history/hot\\-100/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }} The latter two music videos are both among the [most expensive music videos](/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_music_videos \"List of most expensive music videos\") ever produced, with \"What's It Gonna Be?!\" becoming a number\\-one hit on the *Billboard* [Hip\\-Hop Singles](/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs \"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\") and [Hot Rap Tracks](/wiki/Hot_Rap_Songs \"Hot Rap Songs\") charts, reaching the top three of the Hot 100\\.",
"Jackson also contributed the ballad \"God's Stepchild\" to the *[Down in the Delta](/wiki/Down_in_the_Delta \"Down in the Delta\")* soundtrack. Jackson recorded a duet with Elton John titled \"I Know the Truth\", included on the soundtrack to *[Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida](/wiki/Elton_John_and_Tim_Rice%27s_Aida \"Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida\")*. At the 1999 [World Music Awards](/wiki/World_Music_Awards \"World Music Awards\"), Jackson received the Legend Award for \"outstanding contribution to the pop industry\".{{Cite magazine \\|title\\=Global Pulse: Smith, Hill Top World Awards \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|date\\=May 6, 1999 \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article\\_display.jsp?vnu\\_content\\_id\\=947178 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129195419/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article\\_display.jsp?vnu\\_content\\_id\\=947178 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=November 29, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=September 16, 2008}} *Billboard* ranked Jackson as the second most successful artist of the decade, behind [Mariah Carey](/wiki/Mariah_Carey \"Mariah Carey\").{{Cite news\\| last1 \\= Mayfield \\| first1 \\= Geoff \\| title \\= Totally '90s: Diary of a decade \\| volume \\= 111 \\| issue \\= 112 \\| newspaper\\=Billboard \\| date \\= December 25, 1999 \\| issn \\= 0006\\-2510}}",
"### 2000–2003: *Nutty Professor II: The Klumps* and *All for You*",
"In July 2000, Jackson appeared in her second film, *[Nutty Professor II: The Klumps](/wiki/Nutty_Professor_II:The_Klumps \"The Klumps\")*, as the role of Professor Denise Gaines, opposite [Eddie Murphy](/wiki/Eddie_Murphy \"Eddie Murphy\"). Director [Peter Segal](/wiki/Peter_Segal \"Peter Segal\") stated \"Janet Jackson was a natural fit, and an obvious choice.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://archive.thedailycougar.com/vol65/163/shobiz/shobiz3\\.html\\|title\\=The Klumps has its moments but collapses under own weight\\|work\\=The Daily Cougar\\|author\\=Singleton, Keenan\\|year\\=2000\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=February 27, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227012249/http://archive.thedailycougar.com/vol65/163/shobiz/shobiz3\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The film became her second to open at number one, grossing an estimated $170 million worldwide.{{Citation \\| last\\= LaSalle \\| first\\=Mick \\| title\\='Professor' Moves Out Smartly / Hollywood's summer better than expected\\| newspaper\\=San Francisco Chronicle \\| page\\=D1 \\| date\\= July 31, 2000}}{{Citation \\| title\\=Box Office; Home Edition\\| newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times \\| page\\=F–28 \\| date\\= August 3, 2000}} Jackson's single \"[Doesn't Really Matter](/wiki/Doesn%27t_Really_Matter \"Doesn't Really Matter\")\", used for the film's soundtrack, became her ninth number\\-one single on the Hot 100\\.",
"Preceding the release of her seventh album, MTV honored Jackson with the network's inaugural \"[MTV Icon](/wiki/MTV_Icon \"MTV Icon\")\" ceremony, honoring her \"significant contributions to music, music video and pop culture while tremendously impacting the [MTV Generation](/wiki/MTV_Generation \"MTV Generation\").\" The event paid tribute to Jackson's career and influence, including commentary from [Britney Spears](/wiki/Britney_Spears \"Britney Spears\"), [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez \"Jennifer Lopez\"), [Aaliyah](/wiki/Aaliyah \"Aaliyah\"), and [Jessica Simpson](/wiki/Jessica_Simpson \"Jessica Simpson\"), and performances by ['N Sync](/wiki/NSYNC \"NSYNC\"), [Pink](/wiki/Pink_%28singer%29 \"Pink (singer)\"), [Destiny's Child](/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child \"Destiny's Child\"), [Usher](/wiki/Usher_%28entertainer%29 \"Usher (entertainer)\"), [Buckcherry](/wiki/Buckcherry \"Buckcherry\"), [Mýa](/wiki/M%C3%BDa \"Mýa\"), [Macy Gray](/wiki/Macy_Gray \"Macy Gray\"), and [Outkast](/wiki/Outkast \"Outkast\").{{Citation \\| last \\= Jeckell \\| first \\= Barry \\| title \\= MTV To Honor Janet Jackson \\| magazine \\= Billboard \\| date \\= January 10, 2001 \\| url \\= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/80773/mtv\\-to\\-honor\\-janet\\-jackson \\| access\\-date \\= March 16, 2008 \\| archive\\-date \\= June 3, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130603002533/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/80773/mtv\\-to\\-honor\\-janet\\-jackson \\| url\\-status \\= live }} The American Music Awards also honored Jackson with the [Award of Merit](/wiki/American_Music_Award_of_Merit \"American Music Award of Merit\") for \"her finely crafted, critically acclaimed and socially conscious, multi\\-platinum albums\".{{Citation \\| title \\= Billboard Bits: AMAs, They Might Be Giants, Ricky Scaggs \\| magazine \\= Billboard \\| date \\= January 4, 2001 \\| url \\= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/80796/billboard\\-bits\\-amas\\-they\\-might\\-be\\-giants\\-ricky\\-scaggs \\| access\\-date \\= May 3, 2008 \\| archive\\-date \\= June 6, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130606172756/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/80796/billboard\\-bits\\-amas\\-they\\-might\\-be\\-giants\\-ricky\\-scaggs \\| url\\-status \\= live }}",
"Jackson's seventh album, *[All for You](/wiki/All_for_You_%28Janet_Jackson_album%29 \"All for You (Janet Jackson album)\")*, was released in April 2001\\. It opened at number one on the *Billboard* 200 with 605,000 copies sold, the highest first\\-week sales of her career, and among the highest first\\-week sales by a female artist in history.{{Citation \\| last \\= Martens \\| first \\= Todd \\| title \\= Janet Reigns Supreme On Billboard Charts \\| magazine \\= Billboard \\| date \\= May 3, 2001 \\| url \\= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/79869/janet\\-reigns\\-supreme\\-on\\-billboard\\-charts \\| access\\-date \\= April 17, 2008 \\| archive\\-date \\= June 6, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130606023654/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/79869/janet\\-reigns\\-supreme\\-on\\-billboard\\-charts \\| url\\-status \\= live }} The album was a return to an upbeat dance style, receiving generally positive reception. Jackson received praise for indulging in \"textures as dizzying as a new infatuation\", in contrast to other artists attempting to \"match the angularity of hip\\-hop\" and following trends.{{Citation \\| last \\= Pareles \\| first \\= Jon \\| title \\= Album of the Week \\| newspaper \\= The New York Times \\| date \\= May 4, 2001 \\| url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/04/movies/album\\-of\\-the\\-week.html \\| access\\-date \\= July 20, 2008 \\| archive\\-date \\= July 27, 2018 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180727115121/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/04/movies/album\\-of\\-the\\-week.html \\| url\\-status \\= live }} *All for You* was certified double Platinum by the RIAA.",
"The album's lead single, \"[All for You](/wiki/All_for_You_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"All for You (Janet Jackson song)\")\", debuted on the Hot 100 at number fourteen, setting a record for the highest debut by a single that was not commercially available.{{Citation \\| last \\= vanHorn \\| first \\= Teri \\| title \\= Janet Jackson Single Breaks Radio, Chart Records \\| publisher \\= MTV \\| date \\= March 9, 2001 \\| url \\= http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1441454/20010309/jackson\\_janet.jhtml \\| access\\-date \\= May 23, 2008 \\| archive\\-date \\= July 24, 2009 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090724155428/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1441454/20010309/jackson\\_janet.jhtml \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} Jackson was titled \"Queen of Radio\" by MTV as the single made airplay history, being \"added to every pop, rhythmic and urban radio station\" within its first week. The song broke the overall airplay debut record with a first week audience of seventy million, debuting at number nine on the [Radio Songs](/wiki/Radio_Songs_%28chart%29 \"Radio Songs (chart)\") chart.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Trust \\|first\\=Gary \\|title\\=Lady Gaga Claims 1,000th Hot 100 No. 1 with 'Born This Way' \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|date\\=February 16, 2011 \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/473025/lady\\-gaga\\-claims\\-1000th\\-hot\\-100\\-no\\-1\\-with\\-born\\-this\\-way \\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 25, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325075536/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/473025/lady\\-gaga\\-claims\\-1000th\\-hot\\-100\\-no\\-1\\-with\\-born\\-this\\-way \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It topped the Hot 100 for seven weeks, also reaching the top ten in eleven countries.{{Citation \\| last \\= Martens \\| first \\= Todd \\| title \\= Seven And Counting For Janet At No. 1 \\| magazine \\= Billboard \\| date \\= May 17, 2001 \\| url \\= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/79721/seven\\-and\\-counting\\-for\\-janet\\-at\\-no\\-1 \\| access\\-date \\= April 17, 2008 \\| archive\\-date \\= June 6, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130606013610/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/79721/seven\\-and\\-counting\\-for\\-janet\\-at\\-no\\-1 \\| url\\-status \\= live }} The song received a Grammy Award for [Best Dance Recording](/wiki/Best_Dance_Recording \"Best Dance Recording\"). \"[Someone to Call My Lover](/wiki/Someone_to_Call_My_Lover \"Someone to Call My Lover\")\" peaked at number three on the Hot 100\\.{{Citation \\| last \\= Caulfield \\| first \\= Keith \\| title \\= Ask Billboard \\| magazine \\= Billboard \\| date \\= December 24, 2006 \\| url \\= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/56367/ask\\-billboard \\| access\\-date \\= April 17, 2008 \\| archive\\-date \\= June 6, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130606023735/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/56367/ask\\-billboard \\| url\\-status \\= live }} Built around a sample of the iconic 1972 hit \"[You're So Vain](/wiki/You%27re_So_Vain \"You're So Vain\")\" by [Carly Simon](/wiki/Carly_Simon \"Carly Simon\"), \"[Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)](/wiki/Son_of_a_Gun_%28I_Betcha_Think_This_Song_Is_About_You%29 \"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)\")\" featured Simon herself, along with [Missy Elliott](/wiki/Missy_Elliott \"Missy Elliott\") on remixes of the single.{{cn\\|date\\=September 2024}}",
"In July 2001, Jackson embarked on the [All for You Tour](/wiki/All_for_You_Tour \"All for You Tour\"), which was also broadcast on a concert special for HBO watched by twelve million viewers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blogcritics.org/music\\-dvd\\-review\\-janet\\-jackson\\-live/comment\\-page\\-1/\\|title\\=Music DVD Review: Janet Jackson – Live in Hawaii (Re\\-Release)\\|work\\=Blog Critics\\|date\\=March 31, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231450/http://blogcritics.org/music\\-dvd\\-review\\-janet\\-jackson\\-live/comment\\-page\\-1/\\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2014}} The tour traveled throughout the United States and Japan, although European and Asian dates were required to be canceled following the [September 11 terrorist attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\"). The *Los Angeles Times* complimented Jackson's showmanship.{{Citation\\| url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2001\\-oct\\-06\\-ca\\-53988\\-story.html\\| last1\\=Esparza\\| first1\\=Rafael\\| last2\\=Massey\\| first2\\=David\\| last3\\=Scalese\\| first3\\=Rudy\\| title\\=Let Jackson's Energetic Beat Go On\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\| page\\=F–4\\| date\\=October 6, 2001\\| access\\-date\\=February 20, 2020\\| archive\\-date\\=September 16, 2018\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916050703/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/oct/06/entertainment/ca\\-53988\\| url\\-status\\=live}} Richard Harrington of *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* said Jackson's performance surpassed her contemporaries,{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\\-471830\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114205524/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\\-471830\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=November 14, 2014 \\|title\\=Janet Jackson, Diva Dynamo\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\|last\\=Harrington \\|first\\=Richard\\|date\\=August 18, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2010}} but Bob Massy of *[Spin](/wiki/Spin_%28magazine%29 \"Spin (magazine)\")* thought her dancers \"threw crisper moves\" and her supporting singers were mixed nearly as high, though declared \"Janet cast herself as the real entertainment.\"{{cite magazine \\|url\\={{Google books\\|m\\-qexhnZaukC\\|page\\=PA54\\|keywords\\=\\|text\\=\\|plainurl\\=yes}} \\|page\\=54 \\|last\\=Massy \\|first\\=Bob \\|title\\=Janet Jackson, August 17, 2001, MCI Center, Washington, D.C. \\|magazine\\=Spin\\|date\\=November 2001 \\|volume\\=17 \\|number\\=11 \\|issn\\=0886\\-3032}} Jackson donated a portion of the tour's proceeds to the [Boys \\& Girls Clubs of America](/wiki/Boys_%26_Girls_Clubs_of_America \"Boys & Girls Clubs of America\").{{Citation \\| title\\=Janet Jackson Announces 'All for You Tour 2001'; Alliance to Support Boys \\& Girls Clubs of America; Ticket Proceeds To Be Donated As Part Of Nationwide Campaign\\| publisher\\=Business Wire \\| date\\= May 30, 2001}}",
"The following year, Jackson began receiving media attention for her rumored relationships with [Justin Timberlake](/wiki/Justin_Timberlake \"Justin Timberlake\"), actor [Matthew McConaughey](/wiki/Matthew_McConaughey \"Matthew McConaughey\"), and record producer [Jermaine Dupri](/wiki/Jermaine_Dupri \"Jermaine Dupri\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://popdirt.com/miss\\-jackson\\-gettin\\-it\\-on\\-with\\-grammy\\-co\\-presenter/3242/\\|title\\=Miss Jackson Gettin' It On With Grammy Co\\-Presenter\\|work\\=Popdirt\\|date\\=March 21, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=February 20, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220175301/http://popdirt.com/miss\\-jackson\\-gettin\\-it\\-on\\-with\\-grammy\\-co\\-presenter/3242/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2002/07/13/justin\\-timberlake\\-lets\\-music\\-ease\\-toll\\-on\\-his\\-heart/\\|title\\=Justin Timberlake Lets Music Ease Toll On His Heart\\|work\\=Orlando Sentinel\\|publisher\\=Abott, Jim\\|date\\=July 13, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=December 24, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224175108/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2002\\-07\\-13/news/0207120443\\_1\\_justin\\-timberlake\\-warren\\-sapp\\-scavenger\\-hunt\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Citation \\| last\\= Norment \\| first\\=Lynn \\| title\\=Janet \\& Jermaine\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Ebony (magazine)\\|Ebony]] \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\= 4\\| page\\=82 \\| date\\= February 2008 \\|issn\\=0012\\-9011}} Upon the release of Timberlake's debut solo album *[Justified](/wiki/Justified_%28album%29 \"Justified (album)\"),* Jackson provided vocals on \"(And She Said) Take Me Now\" per Timberlake's request, with the song initially planned as a single. Jackson collaborated with [reggae](/wiki/Reggae \"Reggae\") artist [Beenie Man](/wiki/Beenie_Man \"Beenie Man\") for the song \"[Feel It Boy](/wiki/Feel_It_Boy \"Feel It Boy\")\", produced by [the Neptunes](/wiki/The_Neptunes \"The Neptunes\").{{cn\\|date\\=September 2024}}",
"### 2004–2005: Super Bowl XXXVIII controversy and *Damita Jo*",
"{{Main\\|Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy}}",
"Jackson was chosen by the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") and MTV to perform at the [Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show \"Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show\") in February 2004\\. She performed a medley of \"All for You\", \"Rhythm Nation\", and an excerpt of \"The Knowledge\" before performing \"[Rock Your Body](/wiki/Rock_Your_Body \"Rock Your Body\")\" alongside surprise guest Justin Timberlake. As Timberlake sang the lyric \"I'm gonna have you naked by the end of this song\", he tore open her costume, exposing her right breast to 140 million viewers. The incident was referred to as \"nipple gate\" by the media.{{Cite magazine\\|last1\\=Sheffield\\|first1\\=Rob\\|date\\=February 11, 2020\\|title\\=How Nipplegate Created YouTube\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture\\-features/youtube\\-origin\\-nipplegate\\-janet\\-jackson\\-justin\\-timberlake\\-949019/\\|access\\-date\\=April 3, 2021\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=May 15, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515081548/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture\\-features/youtube\\-origin\\-nipplegate\\-janet\\-jackson\\-justin\\-timberlake\\-949019/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Jackson issued an apology after the performance, saying that the incident was accidental and unintended, explaining that Timberlake was only meant to pull away a [bustier](/wiki/Bustier \"Bustier\") and leave the red\\-lace bra intact.{{Citation \\| title \\= Apologetic Jackson says 'costume reveal' went awry \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[CNN]] \\| date \\= February 3, 2004 \\| url \\= http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/02/02/superbowl.jackson/ \\| access\\-date \\= May 20, 2006 \\| archive\\-date \\= February 18, 2010 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100218110403/http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/02/02/superbowl.jackson/ \\| url\\-status \\= live }} She commented, \"I am really sorry if I offended anyone. That was truly not my intention ... MTV, CBS, the NFL had no knowledge of this whatsoever, and unfortunately, the whole thing went wrong in the end.\"{{Citation \\| title \\= Jackson's apology can't stem mass anger \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[ESPN]] \\| url \\= https://www.espn.com/nfl/playoffs03/news/story?id\\=1724968\\&partnersite\\=espn \\| access\\-date \\= March 9, 2008 \\| date \\= February 4, 2004 \\| archive\\-date \\= June 10, 2008 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080610061754/http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/playoffs03/news/story?id\\=1724968\\&partnersite\\=espn \\| url\\-status \\= live }} Timberlake also issued an apology, calling the accident a \"[wardrobe malfunction](/wiki/Wardrobe_malfunction \"Wardrobe malfunction\")\". CBS, the NFL, and MTVCBS's sister network, which produced the halftime show denied any knowledge of the incident and all responsibility for it. The [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission \"Federal Communications Commission\") heavily fined all companies involved and continued an investigation for eight years, ultimately losing its appeal for a $550,000 fine against CBS.{{Citation \\|last\\=Davidson \\|first\\=Paul \\| title\\=FCC loses appeal of 'wardrobe malfunction' fine \\| newspaper\\=USA Today \\| page\\=2b\\| date\\=July 22, 2008\\|issn\\=0734\\-7456}}",
"Following the incident, CBS permitted Timberlake to appear at the [46th Grammy Awards](/wiki/2004_Grammy_Awards \"2004 Grammy Awards\") ceremony but did not allow Jackson to attend, forcing her to withdraw after being scheduled as a presenter.{{cite web\\| title \\= Jackson banned from Grammys for Super Bowl stunt\\| work \\= The Telegraph\\| date \\= May 4, 2004\\| url \\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1453527/Jackson\\-banned\\-from\\-Grammys\\-for\\-Super\\-Bowl\\-stunt.html\\| access\\-date \\= June 18, 2013\\| archive\\-date \\= March 23, 2013\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130323035518/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1453527/Jackson\\-banned\\-from\\-Grammys\\-for\\-Super\\-Bowl\\-stunt.html\\| url\\-status \\= live}} The controversy halted plans for Jackson to star in the biographical film of singer and activist [Lena Horne](/wiki/Lena_Horne \"Lena Horne\"), which was to be produced by [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). Horne was reportedly displeased by the incident, but Jackson's representatives stated that she withdrew from the project willingly.{{cite news \\| title \\= Horne: Janet Jackson, don't play me \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\| publisher\\=CNN \\| date \\= February 4, 2004 \\| url \\= http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/TV/02/24/tv.janetjackson.ap/ \\| access\\-date \\= April 3, 2008 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20050220135401/http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/TV/02/24/tv.janetjackson.ap/ \\|archive\\-date \\= February 20, 2005}} A [Mickey Mouse](/wiki/Mickey_Mouse \"Mickey Mouse\") statue wearing Jackson's iconic \"Rhythm Nation\" outfit was mantled at [Walt Disney World](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World \"Walt Disney World\") theme park the previous year to honor her legacy, but it was removed following her controversial performance.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://ew.com/article/2004/03/03/disney\\-world\\-removes\\-janet\\-jackson\\-inspired\\-statue/\\|title\\=Bust Stop\\|magazine\\=Entertainment Weekly\\|publisher\\=Susman, Gary\\|date\\=March 3, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=September 16, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916050610/https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,597274,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Jackson's eighth studio album *[Damita Jo](/wiki/Damita_Jo_%28album%29 \"Damita Jo (album)\")* was released in March 2004, titled after her middle name. It debuted at number two on the *Billboard* 200\\.{{Citation \\| title \\= No. 1 Usher Holds Janet To No. 2 Debut \\| magazine \\= Billboard \\| url \\= https://www.billboard.com/\\#/news/no\\-1\\-usher\\-holds\\-janet\\-to\\-no\\-2\\-debut\\-1000481059\\.story \\| access\\-date \\= October 21, 2009 \\| archive\\-date \\= September 13, 2010 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100913150859/http://www.billboard.com/\\#/news/no\\-1\\-usher\\-holds\\-janet\\-to\\-no\\-2\\-debut\\-1000481059\\.story \\| url\\-status \\= live }} The album received mixed to positive reviews, praising the sonic innovation of selected songs and Jackson's vocal harmonies, while others criticized its frequent themes of carnality.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www2\\.citypaper.com/story.asp?id\\=7545\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20131210205427/http://www2\\.citypaper.com/story.asp?id\\=7545\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=December 10, 2013\\|title\\=Burned: Usher's Confessions of Sexual Prowess Hovers Near The Charts' Tops, but the Naughty Janet Jackson Offers More Sexual Intimacy on Damita Jo – Baltimore City Paper\\|work\\=City Paper\\|publisher\\=Wood, Mikael\\|date\\=June 9, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2014}} However, several critics' reviews focused on the Super Bowl incident, rather than critiquing the album itself.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.laweekly.com/2004\\-05\\-06/music/fear\\-of\\-a\\-black\\-titty/\\|title\\=Fear of a Black Titty – Page 1 – Music – Los Angeles\\|work\\=LA Weekly\\|publisher\\=Hardy, Ernest\\|date\\=May 6, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=April 11, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=May 4, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504022131/http://www.laweekly.com/music/fear\\-of\\-a\\-black\\-titty\\-2138203\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} It was certified Platinum by the RIAA within a month, and sold over three million copies worldwide.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.people.com/people/janet\\_jackson/biography/0,,20004356\\_10,00\\.html \\|title\\=Janet Jackson Biography \\|work\\=\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 16, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 7, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307093553/http://www.people.com/people/janet\\_jackson/biography/0%2C%2C20004356\\_10%2C00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"The album's performance was affected by [blacklisting](/wiki/Blacklist \"Blacklist\") from radio and music channels, in part at the behest of CBS CEO [Les Moonves](/wiki/Les_Moonves \"Les Moonves\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/les\\-moonves\\-janet\\-jackson\\-career\\_us\\_5b919b8ce4b0511db3e0a269\\|title\\=Les Moonves Was Obsessed With Ruining Janet Jackson's Career, Sources Say\\|date\\=September 7, 2018\\|website\\=HuffPost UK\\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=December 15, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215045117/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/les\\-moonves\\-janet\\-jackson\\-career\\_us\\_5b919b8ce4b0511db3e0a269\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Conglomerates involved in the boycott included [Viacom](/wiki/Viacom_%282005%E2%80%93present%29 \"Viacom (2005–present)\") and CBS, subsidiaries MTV, [Clear Channel Communications](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications \"Clear Channel Communications\"), and [Infinity Broadcasting](/wiki/Infinity_Broadcasting \"Infinity Broadcasting\"), the latter two among the largest radio broadcasters.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/nipple\\-ripples\\-10\\-years\\-of\\-fallout\\-from\\-janet\\-jacksons\\-halftime\\-show\\-20140130\\|title\\=Nipple Ripples: 10 Years of Fallout From Janet Jackson's Halftime Show\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|publisher\\=Kreps, Daniel\\|access\\-date\\=January 30, 2014\\|date\\=January 30, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=January 31, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131071220/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/nipple\\-ripples\\-10\\-years\\-of\\-fallout\\-from\\-janet\\-jacksons\\-halftime\\-show\\-20140130\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Citation \\| title \\= Blackballed – Panache Report \\| publisher \\= Panach Report \\| year \\= 2004 \\| url \\= http://panachereport.com/channels/old\\_school\\_update/Blackballed.htm \\| access\\-date \\= June 18, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130916215013/http://panachereport.com/channels/old\\_school\\_update/Blackballed.htm \\| archive\\-date \\= September 16, 2013 \\| url\\-status\\=dead}} The blacklist was placed into effect preceding the release of *Damita Jo* and continued throughout the course of Jackson's following two albums. Entertainment conglomerate Viacom owns MTV, VH1, and many radio formats, and a senior executive commented that they were \"absolutely bailing on the record. The pressure is so great, they can't align with anything related to Janet. The high\\-ups are still pissed at her, and this is a punitive measure.\"{{cite book \\|last\\=Tannenbaum \\|first\\=Robert \\|year\\=2004 \\|title\\=America's Most Wanted \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Blender Magazine]]\\| page\\=128}}",
"Prior to the incident, *Damita Jo* was expected to outsell prior release *All for You*.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=/20040329/LIFE/303299955 \\|title\\=Awaiting 'Damita Jo': SouthCoastToday.com \\|work\\=South Coast Today \\|access\\-date\\=October 15, 2013 \\|date\\=March 29, 2004 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 16, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083551/http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=/20040329/LIFE/303299955 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Its three singles received positive reviews but failed to achieve high chart positions, although each was predicted to perform extremely well under different circumstances.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ \\|title\\=A \"Sexploration\": Janet Jackson's \"Damita Jo\" album gets lost in the lust \\|date\\=March 29, 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122060228/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music \\|archive\\-date\\=January 22, 2014 }} *Billboard* reported that *Damita Jo* \"was largely overshadowed by the Super Bowl fiasco.... The three singles it spawned were blacklisted by pop radio—they were also the album's biggest highlights\".{{Citation \\| last \\= Hope \\| first \\= Clover \\| title \\= Together Again: Janet Jackson \\| magazine \\= Billboard \\| date \\= February 4, 2008 \\| url \\= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046632/together\\-again\\-janet\\-jackson \\| access\\-date \\= March 23, 2008 \\| archive\\-date \\= June 6, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130606013557/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046632/together\\-again\\-janet\\-jackson \\| url\\-status \\= live }}",
"For the album's promotion, Jackson appeared as a host on *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live \"Saturday Night Live\")* performing two songs, and she was also a guest star on the sitcom *[Will \\& Grace](/wiki/Will_%26_Grace \"Will & Grace\")* portraying herself.{{Citation \\|last1\\=Hay \\|first1\\=Carla \\| title\\=The Billboard Backbeat \\| newspaper\\=Billboard \\|volume\\=116 \\|issue\\=35 \\| pages\\=60–61 \\| date\\=August 28, 2004}} Jackson received several career accolades upon the album's release, including the \"Legend Award\" at the [Radio Music Awards](/wiki/Radio_Music_Awards \"Radio Music Awards\"), \"Inspiration Award\" from the [Japan Video Music Awards](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards_Japan \"MTV Video Music Awards Japan\"), \"Lifetime Achievement Award\" at the [Soul Train Music Awards](/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Awards \"Soul Train Music Awards\"), and a [Teen Choice Awards](/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards \"Teen Choice Awards\") nomination for \"Favorite Female\".",
"In November 2004, she was honored as a role model by [100 Black Men of America](/wiki/100_Black_Men_of_America \"100 Black Men of America\"), Inc. and presented with the organization's Artistic Achievement Award saluting \"a career that has gone from success to greater success\".{{Citation \\| title\\=New York Chapter Of 100 Black Men Honors Janet Jackson, Hank Aaron, Johnnetta Cole, Willie Gary \\| newspaper\\=Jet \\|volume\\=106 \\|issue\\=23 \\| page\\=28 \\| date\\=December 6, 2004\\|issn\\=0021\\-5996}} The organization responded to criticism for honoring Jackson in light of the Super Bowl incident by saying that \"an individual's worth can't be judged by a single moment in that person's life.\"{{Citation \\|last1\\=Browne \\|first1\\= J. Zamgba \\| title\\=Janet Jackson stirs up controversy at annual gala of 100 Black Men \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[New York Amsterdam News]] \\|volume\\=95 \\|issue\\=47 \\| page\\=8 \\| date\\=November 18, 2004\\|issn\\=0028\\-7121}}{{Citation \\|last1\\= Berry \\|first1\\= Steve \\| title\\=Janet Jackson stirs up controversy at annual gala of 100 Black Men \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Columbus Dispatch]] \\|volume\\=95 \\|issue\\=47 \\| page\\=12\\.D\\| date\\=November 11, 2004\\|issn\\=1074\\-097X}} In June 2005, she was honored with a Humanitarian Award by the [Human Rights Campaign](/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign \"Human Rights Campaign\") and [AIDS Project Los Angeles](/wiki/AIDS_Project_Los_Angeles \"AIDS Project Los Angeles\") as recognition for her involvement in raising money for AIDS charities.{{Citation \\| title \\= Janet Jackson Receives HRC Award – Towleroad \\| publisher \\= Towleroad.com \\| date \\= June 20, 2005 \\| url \\= http://www.towleroad.com/2005/06/janet\\_jackson\\_r.html \\| access\\-date \\= September 9, 2010 \\| archive\\-date \\= April 5, 2015 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150405140133/http://www.towleroad.com/2005/06/janet\\_jackson\\_r.html \\| url\\-status \\= live }}",
"#### Impact on the Internet",
"The Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show is considered to be one of the most controversial televised events in history, and Jackson was later listed in *Guinness World Records* as the \"Most Searched in Internet History\" and the \"Most Searched for News Item\".{{Citation\\|title\\=Star\\-studded 2007 edition of Guinness World Records released\\|date\\=September 29, 2006\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/star\\-studded\\-2007\\-edition\\-of\\-guinness\\-world\\-records\\-released\\-1\\.572138\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]]\\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=November 8, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108122510/http://www.cbc.ca/m/touch/arts/story/2006/09/29/guinness\\-record\\-book.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The incident became the most recorded and replayed moment in [TiVo](/wiki/TiVo \"TiVo\") history, enticing an estimated 35,000 new subscribers.{{Citation\\|title\\=Numbers\\|date\\=February 16, 2004\\|newspaper\\=Time\\|volume\\=163\\|issue\\=7\\|page\\=19\\|issn\\=0040\\-781X}}{{Citation\\|last\\=Burke\\|first\\=Monte\\|title\\=The Ripple Effect\\|date\\=March 1, 2004\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/0301/046a.html\\|newspaper\\=Time\\|volume\\=173\\|issue\\=4\\|page\\=46\\|issn\\=0015\\-6914\\|access\\-date\\=September 1, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=September 9, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909011539/https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/0301/046a.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Jawed Karim](/wiki/Jawed_Karim \"Jawed Karim\") has stated that the incident inspired the creation of [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\"), as he noted that it was difficult for him to find videos of the incident online.{{cite web\\|last\\=Hopkins\\|first\\=Jim\\|date\\=October 11, 2006\\|title\\=Surprise! There's a third YouTube co\\-founder\\|url\\=http://usatoday30\\.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006\\-10\\-11\\-youtube\\-karim\\_x.htm\\|access\\-date\\=March 26, 2017\\|website\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|archive\\-date\\=August 5, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805161152/http://usatoday30\\.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006\\-10\\-11\\-youtube\\-karim\\_x.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 2006–2007: *20 Y.O.* and *Why Did I Get Married?*",
"[thumb\\|180px\\|right\\|Jackson promoting her 2006 studio album, *[20 Y.O.](/wiki/20_Y.O. \"20 Y.O.\")*](/wiki/File:Janet_Jackson.jpg \"Janet Jackson.jpg\")\nJackson began recording her ninth studio album, *[20 Y.O.](/wiki/20_Y.O. \"20 Y.O.\")*, in 2005\\. She recorded with producers Dupri, Jam and Lewis for several months during the following year. The album's title was a reference to the two decades since the release of her breakthrough album *Control*, representing the album's \"celebration of the joyful liberation and history\\-making musical style\".{{Citation \\|url \\= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/57333/janets\\-juggernaut \\|title \\= Janet's Juggernaut \\|last \\= Coveney \\|first \\= Janine \\|newspaper \\= Billboard \\|date \\= September 5, 2006 \\|access\\-date \\= September 13, 2010 \\|archive\\-date \\= September 29, 2014 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140929190849/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/57333/janets\\-juggernaut \\|url\\-status \\= live }}",
"To promote the album, Jackson appeared in various magazines, and performed on the *[Today Show](/wiki/Today_%28U.S._TV_program%29 \"Today (U.S. TV program)\")* and at the Billboard Awards. Jackson's *[Us Weekly](/wiki/Us_Weekly \"Us Weekly\")* cover, revealing her slim figure after heavy media focus was placed on her fluctuations in weight, became the magazine's best\\-selling issue in history.The best\\-selling issue in *Us Weekly* history was the Janet Jackson mag, which sold a record 1\\.4 million the week of May 26\\. {{Citation\\|last\\=Kelly \\|first\\=Keith\\| title \\= MLad Mag's Coverup – Fhm Wraps Racy Glossy After Hudson News Complaint\\| newspaper\\=New York Post \\| date\\=June 23, 2006 \\| page \\= 36}} *20 Y.O.* was released in September 2006 and debuted at number two on the *Billboard* 200\\. The album received mixed reviews, with multiple critics chastising the production and involvement of Jermaine Dupri. *Rolling Stone* disagreed with the album's reference to *Control*, saying \"If we were her, we wouldn't make the comparison.\"{{Citation \\|last\\=Serpick \\|first\\=Evan \\|title\\=Janet Jackson: 20 Y.O. : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone \\|date\\=October 3, 2006 \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/11571388/review/11942285/20\\_yo \\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503060722/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/janetjackson/albums/album/11571388/review/11942285/20\\_yo \\|archive\\-date\\=May 3, 2008}}",
"Jackson's airplay and music channel blacklist remained persistent, massively affecting her chart performance and exposure.{{Citation \\| title \\= Janet Blacklist? \\| publisher \\= TMZ \\| date \\= July 28, 2006 \\| url \\= https://www.tmz.com/2006/07/28/janet\\-blacklist/ \\| access\\-date \\= June 18, 2013 \\| archive\\-date \\= November 14, 2014 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141114085516/http://www.tmz.com/2006/07/28/janet\\-blacklist/ \\| url\\-status \\= live }} However, lead single \"[Call on Me](/wiki/Call_on_Me_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"Call on Me (Janet Jackson song)\")\", which featured rapper [Nelly](/wiki/Nelly \"Nelly\"), peaked at number twenty\\-five on the Hot 100, number one on the Hot R\\&B/Hip\\-Hop Songs chart, and number six in the United Kingdom. The video for the album's second single, \"[So Excited](/wiki/So_Excited_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"So Excited (Janet Jackson song)\")\", was directed by [Joseph Kahn](/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_%28director%29 \"Joseph Kahn (director)\") and portrayed Jackson's clothes disappearing through a complex dance routine.",
"*20 Y.O.* was certified Platinum by the RIAA and sold 1\\.5 million worldwide, also receiving a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary R\\&B Album.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046834/ask\\-billboard \\|title\\=Ask Billboard \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|date\\=January 6, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=July 14, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 6, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606023719/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046834/ask\\-billboard \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.msn.com/en\\-us/music/celebrity/janet\\-jacksons\\-life\\-in\\-photos/ss\\-AAAj0QE\\#image\\=26 \\|title\\=Janet Jackson's life in photos \\|last\\=Turner \\|first\\=Mariel \\|date\\=July 19, 2018 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[MSN]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 17, 2019 \\|quote\\=The 2006 project was certified Platinum, with 1\\.5 million copies sold, but never really found its footing. \\|archive\\-date\\=January 17, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117174417/https://www.msn.com/en\\-us/music/celebrity/janet\\-jacksons\\-life\\-in\\-photos/ss\\-AAAj0QE\\#image\\=26 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nAfter the album's release, Dupri was condemned for his production and misguidance of the album, and subsequently was removed from his position at Virgin Records.{{Citation \\|last1\\=Mitchell \\|first1\\=Gail \\|last2\\=Garrity \\|first2\\=Brian\\| title\\=Dupri Exit Fuels Rumors \\| newspaper\\=Billboard \\|volume\\=118 \\|issue\\=44 \\| page\\=10 \\| date\\=November 4, 2006\\|issn\\=0006\\-2510}} *[Slant Magazine](/wiki/Slant_Magazine \"Slant Magazine\")* stated, \"After promising a return to Janet's dance\\-pop origins, \\[Dupri] opted to aim for urban audiences, a colossal mistake that cost Dupri his job and, probably, Janet her deal with Virgin.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2006/11/postkatrina\\-musicand\\-an\\-american\\-idol\\-dropout\\|title\\=Post\\-Katrina Music...and an American Idol Dropout\\|work\\=Slant Magazine\\|publisher\\=Cinquemani, Sal\\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2014\\|date\\=September 11, 2006\\|archive\\-date\\=November 14, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114102329/http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2006/11/postkatrina\\-musicand\\-an\\-american\\-idol\\-dropout\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Jackson was ranked the seventh richest woman in the entertainment industry by *Forbes*, having amassed a fortune of over $150 million.{{Citation \\| last \\= Goldman \\| first \\= Lea \\| author2 \\= Kiri Blakeley \\| title \\= The 20 Richest Women In Entertainment \\| work \\= Forbes \\| date \\= January 18, 2007 \\| url \\= https://www.forbes.com/2007/01/17/richest\\-women\\-entertainment\\-tech\\-media\\-cz\\_lg\\_richwomen07\\_0118womenstars\\_lander.html \\| access\\-date \\= September 3, 2008 \\| archive\\-date \\= November 24, 2017 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20171124092119/https://www.forbes.com/2007/01/17/richest\\-women\\-entertainment\\-tech\\-media\\-cz\\_lg\\_richwomen07\\_0118womenstars\\_lander.html \\| url\\-status \\= live }} In 2007, she starred opposite [Tyler Perry](/wiki/Tyler_Perry \"Tyler Perry\") as a psychotherapist in the film *[Why Did I Get Married?](/wiki/Why_Did_I_Get_Married%3F \"Why Did I Get Married?\")*. It became her third consecutive film to open at number one at the box office, grossing $60 million.{{Citation\\| last \\= Ryan \\| first \\= Joal \\| title \\= Just Call It Tyler Perry's Box Office \\|work\\=\\[\\[E! News]] \\| date \\= October 15, 2007\\| url \\= http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b56440\\_Just\\_Call\\_It\\_Tyler\\_Perrys\\_Box\\_Office.html \\| access\\-date \\= September 17, 2010 }} Jackson's performance was praised for its \"soft authority\", though also described as \"charming, yet bland\".{{Citation\\| last \\= Scheib\\| first \\= Ronnie \\| title \\= Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married? \\| newspaper\\=Variety \\| date \\= October 2007\\| page\\=32\\|volume\\=408\\|issue\\=10\\|issn\\=0042\\-2738}}{{cite news \\| last \\= Morris \\| first \\= Wesley \\| title \\= 'Married' is involving, if not blissful \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Boston Globe]] \\| date \\= October 13, 2007 \\| url \\= https://www.boston.com/movies/display?display\\=movie\\&id\\=10489 \\| access\\-date \\= July 29, 2008 \\| archive\\-date \\= December 23, 2008 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081223014618/http://www.boston.com/movies/display?display\\=movie\\&id\\=10489 \\| url\\-status \\= live }}",
"### 2008–2009: *Discipline* and *Number Ones*",
"[left\\|thumb\\|180px\\|Jackson performing during the 2008 [Rock Witchu Tour](/wiki/Rock_Witchu_Tour \"Rock Witchu Tour\")](/wiki/File:Janet_Jackson_19.jpg \"Janet Jackson 19.jpg\")",
"Jackson signed with [Island Records](/wiki/Island_Records \"Island Records\") after her contract with Virgin was fulfilled. She interrupted plans for touring and began recording with various producers, including [Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins](/wiki/Rodney_%22Darkchild%22_Jerkins \"Rodney \"), [Tricky Stewart](/wiki/Tricky_Stewart \"Tricky Stewart\"), and [Stargate](/wiki/Stargate_%28production_team%29 \"Stargate (production team)\").{{Citation \\| title \\= Janet Jackson Sets Sights On Fall Tour, Book \\| magazine \\= Billboard \\| date \\= July 3, 2008 \\| url \\= https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046327/janet\\-jackson\\-sets\\-sights\\-on\\-fall\\-tour\\-book \\| access\\-date \\= February 7, 2014 \\| archive\\-date \\= September 13, 2014 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140913101446/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046327/janet\\-jackson\\-sets\\-sights\\-on\\-fall\\-tour\\-book \\| url\\-status \\= live }} Her tenth studio album, *[Discipline](/wiki/Discipline_%28Janet_Jackson_album%29 \"Discipline (Janet Jackson album)\")*, was released in February 2008, opening at number one. Despite radio blacklisting, the album's first single \"[Feedback](/wiki/Feedback_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"Feedback (Janet Jackson song)\")\" peaked at number nineteen on the Hot 100 and nine on [Pop Songs](/wiki/Pop_Songs \"Pop Songs\"), her highest\\-charting single since \"Someone to Call My Lover\".{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/1496802/janet/chart?sort\\=position\\&f\\=362\\|title\\=Janet – Chart history\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|access\\-date\\=March 24, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=June 30, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630070923/http://www.billboard.com/artist/1496802/janet/chart?sort\\=position\\&f\\=362\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Also in February 2008, Jackson won an [Image Award](/wiki/Image_Award \"Image Award\") for \"Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture\" for the role.{{Citation \\|last1\\= Christian \\|first1\\=Margena A \\| title\\=NAACP Honors Showbiz Veterans, Newcomers At Image Awards \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Jet (magazine)\\|Jet]] \\|volume\\=113 \\|issue\\=8 \\| page\\=52 \\| date\\=March 3, 2008}} Jackson was also approached to record the lead single for the film *[Rush Hour 3](/wiki/Rush_Hour_3 \"Rush Hour 3\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1559084/jermaine\\-dupri\\-janet\\-will\\-switch\\-labels.jhtml\\|title\\=Jermaine Dupri Says Janet Will Switch Labels, Be On 'Rush Hour 3' LP\\|publisher\\=MTV News\\|date\\=May 9, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=February 14, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=March 2, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302051803/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1559084/jermaine\\-dupri\\-janet\\-will\\-switch\\-labels.jhtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Jackson was awarded the Vanguard Award at the 19th annual GLAAD Media Awards, honoring her contributions in promoting equal rights among the gay community. The organization's president commented, \"Ms. Jackson has a tremendous following inside the LGBT community and out, and having her stand with us against the defamation that LGBT people still face in our country is extremely significant.\"",
"Jackson's fifth concert tour, the [Rock Witchu Tour](/wiki/Rock_Witchu_Tour \"Rock Witchu Tour\"), began in September 2008\\.{{Citation \\| last \\= Harrington \\| first \\= Jim \\| title \\= Review: The hits kept coming at Janet Jackson's Oakland show \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Oakland Tribune]] \\| date \\= September 14, 2008\\| issn \\= 1068\\-5936}} Jackson parted with Island Records through mutual agreement. *Billboard* disclosed Jackson was dissatisfied with [L.A. Reid](/wiki/L.A._Reid \"L.A. Reid\")'s handling of the album and its promotion, saying \"the label agreed to dissolve their relationship with the artist at her request.\"{{Citation \\|first\\=Mariel \\|last\\=Concepcion \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1044010/janet\\-jackson\\-parts\\-ways\\-with\\-island\\-def\\-jam \\|title\\=Janet Jackson Parts Ways With Island Def Jam \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|date\\=September 22, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=September 22, 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 6, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606015129/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1044010/janet\\-jackson\\-parts\\-ways\\-with\\-island\\-def\\-jam \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart\\_watch/51507/week\\-ending\\-april\\-11\\-2010\\-bieber\\-bounces\\-back/ \\|title\\=Week Ending April 11, 2010: Bieber Bounces Back \\|publisher\\=Yahoo! \\|date\\=April 14, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=May 16, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417002609/http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart\\_watch/51507/week\\-ending\\-april\\-11\\-2010\\-bieber\\-bounces\\-back/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 17, 2010}} Producer [Rodney Jerkins](/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins \"Rodney Jerkins\") expressed \"I felt like it wasn't pushed correctly.... She just didn't get her just due as an artist of that magnitude.\"{{citation\\|title\\=Janet Jackson splits with record label\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/janet\\-jackson/39889\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[NME]]\\|date\\=September 20, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=October 8, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=September 1, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901190252/http://www.nme.com/news/janet\\-jackson/39889\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In June 2009, Jackson's [brother Michael died](/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Jackson \"Death of Michael Jackson\") at age fifty. She spoke publicly concerning his death at the 2009 [BET Awards](/wiki/BET_Awards \"BET Awards\"), stating \"I'd just like to say, to you, Michael is an icon, to us, Michael is family. And he will forever live in all of our hearts. On behalf of my family and myself, thank you for all of your love, thank you for all of your support. We miss him so much.\"{{citation\\|last\\=Carter\\|first\\=Kelley\\|title\\=An emotional Janet Jackson thanks fans at BET Awards\\|newspaper\\=USA Today\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009\\-06\\-29\\-bet\\-awards\\-jackson\\_N.htm\\|date\\=June 28, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=July 1, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701063711/http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009\\-06\\-29\\-bet\\-awards\\-jackson\\_N.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In an interview, she revealed she had first learned of his death while filming *[Why Did I Get Married Too?](/wiki/Why_Did_I_Get_Married_Too%3F \"Why Did I Get Married Too?\")*.",
"Amidst mourning with her family, she focused on work to deal with the grief, avoiding any news coverage of her sibling's death. She commented, \"it's still important to face reality, and not that I'm running, but sometimes you just need to get away for a second.\"{{citation\\|last\\=Brown\\|first\\=Laura\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Takes Control\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Harper's Bazaar]]\\|page\\=244\\|date\\=October 2009\\|issn\\=0017\\-7873}} During this time, she ended her seven\\-year relationship with Jermaine Dupri.",
"Several months later, Jackson performed a tribute to Michael at the [2009 MTV Video Music Awards](/wiki/2009_MTV_Video_Music_Awards \"2009 MTV Video Music Awards\"), performing their duet \"Scream\".{{citation\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621392/20090913/madonna.jhtml\\|title\\=VMAs Kick Off with Madonna and Janet's Tribute to Michael Jackson\\|last\\=Kaufman\\|first\\=Gil\\|date\\=September 13, 2009\\|publisher\\=MTV News\\|access\\-date\\=September 14, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=September 22, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922190441/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621392/20090913/madonna.jhtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} MTV stated \"there was no one better than Janet to anchor it and send a really powerful message.\"{{citation\\|last\\=Kinon\\|first\\=Cristina\\|title\\=Janet Jackson to do dance tribute for Michael to kick off VMAs\\|newspaper\\=Daily News\\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2009/09/11/2009\\-09\\-11\\_janet\\_jackson\\_to\\_do\\_dance\\_tribute\\_for\\_michael\\_to\\_kick\\_off\\_vmas.html\\|date\\=September 11, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=September 19, 2009\\|location\\=New York\\|archive\\-date\\=September 15, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915003205/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2009/09/11/2009\\-09\\-11\\_janet\\_jackson\\_to\\_do\\_dance\\_tribute\\_for\\_michael\\_to\\_kick\\_off\\_vmas.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The performance was lauded by critics, with *Entertainment Weekly* affirming the rendition \"as energetic as it was heartfelt\".{{citation\\|last\\=Slezak\\|first\\=Michael\\|title\\=Janet Jackson single\\-handedly saves MTV VMA tribute to Michael Jackson\\|url\\=http://music\\-mix.ew.com/2009/09/14/janet\\-jackson\\-michael\\-jackson\\-vmas\\-2009\\|date\\=September 13, 2009\\|newspaper\\=Entertainment Weekly\\|access\\-date\\=September 16, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925023531/http://music\\-mix.ew.com/2009/09/14/janet\\-jackson\\-michael\\-jackson\\-vmas\\-2009/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Jackson's second hits compilation, *[Number Ones](/wiki/Number_Ones_%28Janet_Jackson_album%29 \"Number Ones (Janet Jackson album)\")* (retitled *The Best* for international releases), was released in November 2009\\. For promotion, she performed a medley of hits at the [American Music Awards](/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2009 \"American Music Awards of 2009\"), [Capital FM](/wiki/95.8_Capital_FM \"95.8 Capital FM\")'s [Jingle Bell Ball](/wiki/Jingle_Bell_Ball \"Jingle Bell Ball\") at London's [O2 arena](/wiki/The_O2_Arena \"The O2 Arena\"), and *[The X\\-Factor](/wiki/The_X-Factor \"The X-Factor\")*.{{citation\\|last\\=Kaufman\\|first\\=Gil\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Kicks Off American Music Awards With Energetic Medley/Singer performed her new single, 'Make Me.'\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1626828/20091122/jackson\\_janet.jhtml\\|publisher\\=MTV\\|date\\=November 22, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=November 22, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=November 26, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126125636/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1626828/20091122/jackson\\_janet.jhtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{citation\\|title\\=Janet Jackson – Capital FM\\|url\\=http://www.capitalfm.com/jingle\\-bell\\-ball/2009/sunday/janet\\-jackson/\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[95\\.8 Capital FM]]\\|date\\=October 20, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=October 20, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=April 2, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402174828/http://www.capitalfm.com/jingle\\-bell\\-ball/2009/sunday/janet\\-jackson/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The album's promotional single \"[Make Me](/wiki/Make_Me_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"Make Me (Janet Jackson song)\")\", produced with Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins, debuted in September.{{citation\\|last\\=Kaufman\\|first\\=Gil\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Releases New Single Following VMA Performance\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621430/20090914/jackson\\_janet.jhtml\\|publisher\\=MTV\\|date\\=September 14, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=September 14, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=September 22, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922205956/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621430/20090914/jackson\\_janet.jhtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} It became Jackson's nineteenth number one on the [Hot Dance Club Songs](/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Songs \"Hot Dance Club Songs\") chart, making her the first artist to have number\\-one singles in four separate decades.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/\\#/column/chartbeat/chart\\-highlights\\-country\\-dance\\-club\\-play\\-1004054789\\.story\\|title\\=Chart Highlights: Adult Contemporary, Pop, Jazz \\& More\\|date\\=December 21, 2009\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|access\\-date\\=December 21, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=September 13, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913150859/http://www.billboard.com/\\#/column/chartbeat/chart\\-highlights\\-country\\-dance\\-club\\-play\\-1004054789\\.story\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Later that month, Jackson chaired the inaugural benefit of amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research, held in [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\") in conjunction with [fashion week](/wiki/Fashion_week \"Fashion week\"). The foundation's CEO stated \"We are profoundly grateful to Janet Jackson for joining amfAR as a chair of its first event in Milan... She brings incomparable grace and a history of dedication to the fight against AIDS.\"{{citation\\|title\\=Janet Jackson to Chair amfAR's Inaugural Milan Fashion Week Event\\|publisher\\=amfAR\\|url\\=http://www.amfar.org/spotlight/article.aspx?id\\=7847\\&terms\\=janet\\+jackson\\|date\\=August 24, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=March 6, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306215317/http://www.amfar.org/spotlight/article.aspx?id\\=7847\\&terms\\=janet\\+jackson\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The event raised $1\\.1 million for the nonprofit organization.",
"### 2010–2014: Film projects and *True You*",
"In April 2010, Jackson reprised her role in the sequel to *Why Did I Get Married?* titled *Why Did I Get Married Too?*. The film opened at number two, grossing sixty million.{{citation\\|last\\=Flint\\|first\\=Joe\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la\\-et\\-box\\-officeside5\\-2010apr05,0,7889804\\.story\\|title\\=Tyler Perry's impressive weekend\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=April 5, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305130027/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2010\\-apr\\-05\\-la\\-et\\-box\\-officeside5\\-2010apr05\\-story.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Jackson's performance was hailed as \"invigorating and oddly funny\", and praised for her \"willingness to be seen at her most disheveled\".{{citation\\|last\\=Hale\\|first\\=Mike\\|title\\=Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010\\): At Couples' Reunion, Laughs, Then Grief\\|url\\=https://movies.nytimes.com/2010/04/03/movies/03tyler.html\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=April 7, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=April 7, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=April 6, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406001041/http://movies.nytimes.com/2010/04/03/movies/03tyler.html?\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{citation\\|last\\=Cooper\\|first\\=Jackie\\|title\\=''\"Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married Too?\": Why Did He Make a Two?''\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jackie\\-k\\-cooper/tyler\\-perrys\\-why\\-did\\-i\\-ge\\_b\\_525126\\.html\\|date\\=April 5, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2010\\|work\\=The Huffington Post\\|archive\\-date\\=April 9, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409152302/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jackie\\-k\\-cooper/tyler\\-perrys\\-why\\-did\\-i\\-ge\\_b\\_525126\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Her performance earned her an Image Award for \"Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture\".[\"The 42nd NAACP Image Awards – Motion Picture\"](http://www.naacpimageawards.net/42/nominees-and-honorees/motion-picture/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112080712/http://www.naacpimageawards.net/42/nominees\\-and\\-honorees/motion\\-picture/ \\|date\\=January 12, 2011 }}, [NAACP Image Awards](/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards \"NAACP Image Awards\"), January 12, 2011\\. Retrieved January 12, 2011\\. Jackson recorded the film's theme, \"[Nothing](/wiki/Nothing_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"Nothing (Janet Jackson song)\")\", released as a promotional single.Rodriguez, Jayson (February 18, 2010\\),[\"Jermaine Dupri Says New Janet Jackson Song Is 'A Good Record'\"](http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1632205/20100218/dupri_jermaine.jhtml) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222220143/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1632205/20100218/dupri\\_jermaine.jhtml \\|date\\=February 22, 2010 }}, MTV. Retrieved April 7, 2010\\. The song was performed on the [ninth season](/wiki/American_Idol_%28season_9%29 \"American Idol (season 9)\") finale of *[American Idol](/wiki/American_Idol \"American Idol\")* along with \"Again\" and \"Nasty\".{{cite web\\|last\\=Downey\\|first\\=Ryan J.\\|date\\=May 27, 2010\\|title\\='American Idol' Finale Ratings the Lowest Since Season One\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1640212/20100527/story.jhtml\\|publisher\\=MTV News\\|access\\-date\\=May 27, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=May 31, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531174121/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1640212/20100527/story.jhtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In July, Jackson modeled for the [Blackglama](/wiki/Blackglama \"Blackglama\") clothing line featuring [mink](/wiki/Mink \"Mink\") fur,{{citation\\|author\\=Ella Ngo\\|title\\=Poll: Are You Fur or Against Janet Jackson's New Ad\\|url\\=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b192769\\_poll\\_are\\_you\\_fur\\_against\\_janet\\_jacksons.html\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[E! Online\\|E!]]\\|date\\=July 29, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=July 29, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=August 1, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801150229/http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b192769\\_poll\\_are\\_you\\_fur\\_against\\_janet\\_jacksons.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} then helped design a signature line of clothing and accessories for Blackglama, to be sold at [Saks Fifth Avenue](/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue \"Saks Fifth Avenue\") and [Bloomingdales](/wiki/Bloomingdales \"Bloomingdales\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://fashionetc.com/news/celebrity/3848\\-janet\\-jackson\\-blackglama\\-collection \\|title\\=Janet Jackson's Blackglama Collection \\|last\\=Donnelly \\|first\\=Erin \\|date\\=November 21, 2011 \\|work\\=Fashion Etc \\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 8, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508025140/http://fashionetc.com/news/celebrity/3848\\-janet\\-jackson\\-blackglama\\-collection \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Universal Music released the hits compilation *[Icon: Number Ones](/wiki/Icon:Number_Ones \"Number Ones\")* as the debut of the *[Icon](/wiki/Icon_%28album_series%29 \"Icon (album series)\")* compilation series.",
"In November 2010, Jackson starred as Joanna in the drama *[For Colored Girls](/wiki/For_Colored_Girls \"For Colored Girls\")*, the film adaptation of [Ntozake Shange](/wiki/Ntozake_Shange \"Ntozake Shange\")'s 1975 play *[For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf](/wiki/For_Colored_Girls_Who_Have_Considered_Suicide_/_When_the_Rainbow_Is_Enuf \"For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf\")*. *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* stated Jackson \"recites verses written by Ntozake Shange, the author of the play that inspired the film ... But instead of offering up a mannered coffeehouse reading of the lines, Jackson makes the words sound like ordinary—though very eloquent—speech.\"{{citation\\|author\\=Christopher John Farley\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Tackles Poetry in 'For Colored Girls'\\|url\\=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/11/02/janet\\-jackson\\-tackles\\-poetry\\-in\\-for\\-colored\\-girls\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\|date\\=November 2, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=November 5, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105024858/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/11/02/janet\\-jackson\\-tackles\\-poetry\\-in\\-for\\-colored\\-girls/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Jackson's portrayal in the film was likened to [Meryl Streep](/wiki/Meryl_Streep \"Meryl Streep\") as [Miranda Priestly](/wiki/Miranda_Priestly \"Miranda Priestly\") in *[The Devil Wears Prada](/wiki/The_Devil_Wears_Prada_%28film%29 \"The Devil Wears Prada (film)\")*.{{citation\\|author\\=Manohla Dargis\\|title\\=A Powerful Chorus Harmonizing 'Dark Phrases of Womanhood'\\|url\\=https://movies.nytimes.com/2010/11/05/movies/05for.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=November 4, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=November 4, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=November 6, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106081613/http://movies.nytimes.com/2010/11/05/movies/05for.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{citation\\|author\\=Randy Myers\\|title\\=Review: Cast elevates 'For Colored Girls' from soap opera territory\\|url\\=http://www.mercurynews.com/movies\\-dvd/ci\\_16493615\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[San Jose Mercury News]]\\|date\\=November 4, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=November 4, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=February 6, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206165245/http://www.mercurynews.com/movies\\-dvd/ci\\_16493615\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Her performance earned [Black Reel Awards](/wiki/Black_Reel_Awards \"Black Reel Awards\") nominations in the categories of [Outstanding Supporting Actress](/wiki/Black_Reel_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress \"Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actress\") and [Outstanding Ensemble](/wiki/Black_Reel_Award_for_Best_Ensemble \"Black Reel Award for Best Ensemble\").{{citation\\|title\\=2011 Black Reel Awards Nominations \\|url\\=http://blackreelawards.wordpress.com/2010/12/15/2011\\-black\\-reel\\-awards\\-nominations/ \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Black Reel Awards]] \\|date\\=December 15, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221000645/http://blackreelawards.wordpress.com/2010/12/15/2011\\-black\\-reel\\-awards\\-nominations/ \\|archive\\-date\\=December 21, 2010 }}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Jackson performing during the 2011 [Number Ones, Up Close and Personal](/wiki/Number_Ones%2C_Up_Close_and_Personal \"Number Ones, Up Close and Personal\") tour](/wiki/File:Janet_Number_Ones.jpg \"Janet Number Ones.jpg\")\nJackson announced plans to embark on her largest world tour in support of her second hits collection, *Number Ones*.{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.theboombox.com/2010/11/19/janet\\-jackson\\-announces\\-2011\\-plans/ \\|title\\=Janet Jackson Announces 2011 Plans, Asks Fans for Questions \\|work\\=The Boombox \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[AOL]] \\|date\\=November 19, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=November 19, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121034752/http://www.theboombox.com/2010/11/19/janet\\-jackson\\-announces\\-2011\\-plans/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The tour, entitled [Number Ones, Up Close and Personal](/wiki/Number_Ones%2C_Up_Close_and_Personal \"Number Ones, Up Close and Personal\"), held concerts in thirty\\-five global cities, selected by fans who submitted suggestions on her official website. During the tour, Jackson performed thirty\\-five number one hits and dedicated a song to each city. [Mattel](/wiki/Mattel \"Mattel\") released a limited\\-edition [Barbie](/wiki/Barbie \"Barbie\") of Jackson titled \"Divinely Janet\", auctioned for over $15,000, with proceeds donated to [Project Angel Food](/wiki/Project_Angel_Food \"Project Angel Food\").{{citation\\|author\\=Amber Katz\\|title\\=This Janet Jackson Barbie Doll Is All We Want For Christmas!\\|url\\=http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2010/12/10/janet\\-jackson\\-barbie\\-doll/\\|publisher\\=MTV\\|date\\=December 10, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=April 8, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=December 17, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217011008/http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2010/12/10/janet\\-jackson\\-barbie\\-doll\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Jackson released the [self\\-help](/wiki/Self-help \"Self-help\") book *[True You: A Journey to Finding and Loving Yourself](/wiki/True_You:A_Journey_to_Finding_and_Loving_Yourself \"A Journey to Finding and Loving Yourself\")* in February 2011, co\\-written with David Ritz. It chronicled her struggle with weight and confidence, also publishing letters from fans. It topped [*The New York Times{{'}}* Best Seller list](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list \"The New York Times Best Seller list\") the following month.{{citation\\|title\\=Best Sellers – The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/best\\-sellers\\-books/2011\\-03\\-06/hardcover\\-advice/list.html\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=February 28, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=February 28, 2011\\|first\\=Jennifer\\|last\\=Schuessler\\|archive\\-date\\=February 28, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228085646/http://www.nytimes.com/best\\-sellers\\-books/2011\\-03\\-06/hardcover\\-advice/list.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Additionally, she signed a film production contract with [Lions Gate Entertainment](/wiki/Lions_Gate_Entertainment \"Lions Gate Entertainment\") to \"select, develop and produce a feature film for the independent studio.\"{{citation\\|author\\=Pamela McClintock\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Signs Film Production Deal with Lionsgate (Exclusive)\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/janet\\-jackson\\-signs\\-film\\-production\\-167872\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]]\\|date\\=March 15, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=March 18, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318085223/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/janet\\-jackson\\-signs\\-film\\-production\\-167872\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Jackson became the first female pop singer to perform at the [I. M. Pei](/wiki/I._M._Pei \"I. M. Pei\") glass pyramid at the [Louvre Museum](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre \"Musée du Louvre\"), raising contributions for the restoration of iconic artwork.{{citation\\|title\\=Janet Jackson to Perform at Paris' Louvre Museum\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/janet\\-jackson\\-perform\\-at\\-paris\\-175694\\|newspaper\\=The Hollywood Reporter\\|date\\=April 6, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=April 8, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=April 13, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413062912/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/janet\\-jackson\\-perform\\-at\\-paris\\-175694\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{citation\\|author\\=Sonya E\\|title\\=Janet Jackson To Make History In Paris\\|url\\=http://www.s2smagazine.com/stories/2011/04/janet\\-jackson\\-make\\-history\\-paris\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Sister 2 Sister]]\\|date\\=April 8, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411082009/http://www.s2smagazine.com/stories/2011/04/janet\\-jackson\\-make\\-history\\-paris\\|archive\\-date\\=April 11, 2011}} Jackson was selected to endorse fashion line *Blackglama* for a second year, being the first celebrity in the line's history chosen to do so.[\"Janet Jackson Featured In New Blackglama Ad Campaign\"](http://www.rttnews.com/Content/EntertainmentNews.aspx?Section=2&Id=1700517&SM=1) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212163112/http://www.rttnews.com/Content/EntertainmentNews.aspx?Section\\=2\\&Id\\=1700517\\&SM\\=1 \\|date\\=December 12, 2011 }}, RTTNews, August 25, 2011\\. Retrieved August 26, 2011\\. She partnered with the label to release a fifteen\\-piece collection of luxury products.{{citation\\|author\\=Coleen Nika\\|title\\=News Roundup: Lady Gaga's Barney's Workshop, Rihanna's Collection, Janet Jackson's New Line And More\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/blogs/thread\\-count/news\\-roundup\\-lady\\-gagas\\-barneys\\-workshop\\-rihannas\\-collection\\-janet\\-jacksons\\-new\\-line\\-and\\-more\\-20111123\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]]\\|date\\=November 23, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=November 26, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126045215/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/blogs/thread\\-count/news\\-roundup\\-lady\\-gagas\\-barneys\\-workshop\\-rihannas\\-collection\\-janet\\-jacksons\\-new\\-line\\-and\\-more\\-20111123\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In 2012, Jackson endorsed [Nutrisystem](/wiki/Nutrisystem \"Nutrisystem\"), sponsoring their weight\\-loss program after struggling with weight fluctuations in the past.{{citation\\|author\\=Elizabeth Olson\\|title\\=Weight Loss, With Divas and Public Service\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/15/business/media/weight\\-loss\\-with\\-divas\\-and\\-public\\-service\\-angles.html\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=December 14, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=January 3, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=January 5, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105151029/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/15/business/media/weight\\-loss\\-with\\-divas\\-and\\-public\\-service\\-angles.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} With the program, she donated ten million dollars in meals to the hungry. She was honored by amfAR for her contributions to AIDS research when chairing the Cinema Against AIDS gala during the [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival \"Cannes Film Festival\").{{citation\\|author\\=Michelle Salemi\\|title\\=Janet Jackson's AmfAR Advocacy Goes Beyond Galas\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2013/music/features/amfar\\-1200484249/\\#!1/janet\\-jackson/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]\\|date\\=May 23, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=November 12, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=August 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821020344/https://variety.com/2013/music/features/amfar\\-1200484249/\\#!1/janet\\-jackson/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She also participated in a public service announcement for [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF \"UNICEF\") to help starving children.{{citation\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Teams Up with UNICEF to Fight Hunger\\|url\\=http://www.etonline.com/music/134692\\_Janet\\_Jackson\\_Teams\\_Up\\_with\\_UNICEF\\_to\\_Fight\\_Hunger/\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ETonline]]\\|date\\=February 25, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=December 11, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=December 11, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211213517/http://www.etonline.com/music/134692\\_Janet\\_Jackson\\_Teams\\_Up\\_with\\_UNICEF\\_to\\_Fight\\_Hunger/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 2015–2019: *Unbreakable*, touring and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"On May 16, 2015, Jackson announced plans to release a new album and to embark on a world concert tour.{{cite web\\|author1\\=Billboard Staff\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Announces New Album, Tour \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6568528/janet\\-jackson\\-announces\\-new\\-album\\-tour \\|access\\-date\\=May 16, 2015\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Prometheus Global Media]]\\|date\\=May 16, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516215713/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6568528/janet\\-jackson\\-announces\\-new\\-album\\-tour\\|archive\\-date\\=May 16, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=United States}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=McLaughlin \\|first1\\=Eliott C.\\|last2\\=Sutton \\|first2\\=Joe \\|title\\='From my lips,' Janet Jackson announces new album, world tour \\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/17/entertainment/janet\\-jackson\\-new\\-album\\-tour/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2015 \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Turner Broadcasting System]] (\\[\\[Time Warner]]) \\|date\\=May 17, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520033947/http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/17/entertainment/janet\\-jackson\\-new\\-album\\-tour \\|archive\\-date\\=May 20, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|location\\=United States}} She outlined her intention to release her new album in the fall of 2015 under her own record label, Rhythm Nation, distributed by [BMG Rights Management](/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management \"BMG Rights Management\").{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Andrew Hampp\\|title\\=Janet Jackson to Release New Album This Fall Via Rhythm Nation/BMG\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the\\-juice/6583268/janet\\-jackson\\-new\\-album\\-fall\\-rhythm\\-nation\\-bmg\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2015\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Prometheus Global Media]]\\|date\\=June 3, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=June 4, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604144404/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the\\-juice/6583268/janet\\-jackson\\-new\\-album\\-fall\\-rhythm\\-nation\\-bmg\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The launch of Rhythm Nation established Jackson as one of the few African\\-American female musicians to own a record label.{{citation\\|title\\=Janet Jackson back with new album – and record\\-breaking new deal with BMG\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jun/03/janet\\-jackson\\-new\\-album\\-record\\-breaking\\-deal\\-bmg\\-rhythm\\-nation\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=June 3, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2015\\|last1\\=Music\\|first1\\=Guardian\\|archive\\-date\\=June 5, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605095725/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jun/03/janet\\-jackson\\-new\\-album\\-record\\-breaking\\-deal\\-bmg\\-rhythm\\-nation\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On June 15, 2015, Jackson announced the first set of dates for the North American leg of her [Unbreakable World Tour](/wiki/Unbreakable_World_Tour_%28Janet_Jackson_tour%29 \"Unbreakable World Tour (Janet Jackson tour)\").{{cite magazine\\|last1\\=Hampp\\|first1\\=Andrew\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Announces Unbreakable World Tour \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the\\-juice/6598120/janet\\-jackson\\-announces\\-unbreakable\\-world\\-tour\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2015\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Prometheus Global Media]]\\|date\\=June 15, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617003819/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the\\-juice/6598120/janet\\-jackson\\-announces\\-unbreakable\\-world\\-tour\\|archive\\-date\\=June 17, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=United States}} On June 22, the lead single \"[No Sleeep](/wiki/No_Sleeep \"No Sleeep\")\" was released from the album.{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Erika Ramirez \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the\\-juice/6605590/janet\\-jackson\\-releases\\-new\\-song\\-no\\-sleep\\-listen \\|title\\=Janet Jackson Releases New Song, 'No Sleep': Listen\\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|date\\=June 22, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2015}} Jackson's solo version of the single debuted on the Hot 100 at number 67, marking her 40th entry on the chart.{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Gary Trust\\|title\\=Wiz Khalifa No. 1 on Hot 100 'Again,' Selena Gomez Debuts at No. 9\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\\-beat/6613247/wiz\\-khalifa\\-no\\-1\\-hot\\-100\\-selena\\-gomez\\-debuts\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|date\\=July 1, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=January 7, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107223910/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\\-beat/6613247/wiz\\-khalifa\\-no\\-1\\-hot\\-100\\-selena\\-gomez\\-debuts\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The song went to number 1 on the Billboard \\+ Twitter Trending 140 immediately following the release.{{cite magazine\\|title \\= Janet Jackson Leads Trending 140, Pentatonix's Michael Jackson Medley Hits Top Five\\|magazine \\= \\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|url \\= https://www.billboard.com/articles/chart\\-beat/real\\-time\\-charts/6605670/janet\\-michael\\-jackson\\-pentatonix\\-trending\\-140\\|access\\-date \\= September 24, 2015\\|date \\= June 22, 2015\\|archive\\-date \\= September 24, 2015\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044444/http://www.billboard.com/articles/chart\\-beat/real\\-time\\-charts/6605670/janet\\-michael\\-jackson\\-pentatonix\\-trending\\-140\\|url\\-status \\= live}} The album version featuring [J. Cole](/wiki/J._Cole \"J. Cole\") enabled it to re\\-enter the Hot 100 with a new peak position at number 63, while also topping the [Adult R\\&B Songs](/wiki/Adult_R%26B_Songs \"Adult R&B Songs\") chart.{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Gary Trust\\|title\\=Hot 100 Chart Moves: Charlie Puth \\& Meghan Trainor's 'Marvin Gaye' Hits Top 40\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\\-beat/6656636/charlie\\-puth\\-meghan\\-trainor\\-marvin\\-gaye\\-hot\\-100\\-top\\-40\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|date\\=August 6, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809215023/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\\-beat/6656636/charlie\\-puth\\-meghan\\-trainor\\-marvin\\-gaye\\-hot\\-100\\-top\\-40\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Amaya Mendizabal\\|title\\=Janet Jackson's 'No Sleeep' Becomes Her Longest\\-Running No. 1 on Adult R\\&B Songs\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\\-beat/6714515/janet\\-jackson\\-no\\-sleeep\\-longest\\-running\\-number\\-1\\-hot\\-rb\\-songs\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|date\\=September 29, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003014259/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\\-beat/6714515/janet\\-jackson\\-no\\-sleeep\\-longest\\-running\\-number\\-1\\-hot\\-rb\\-songs\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Jackson performing during the 2015–16 [Unbreakable Tour](/wiki/Unbreakable_World_Tour_%28Janet_Jackson_tour%29 \"Unbreakable World Tour (Janet Jackson tour)\")](/wiki/File:JanetJacksonUnbreak_1792_%2822850172070%29.jpg \"JanetJacksonUnbreak 1792 (22850172070).jpg\")\n[BET](/wiki/BET \"BET\") presented Jackson with their inaugural Ultimate Icon: Music Dance Visual award at the [BET Awards 2015](/wiki/BET_Awards_2015 \"BET Awards 2015\"), which also featured a dance tribute to her performed by [Ciara](/wiki/Ciara \"Ciara\"), [Jason Derulo](/wiki/Jason_Derulo \"Jason Derulo\") and [Tinashe](/wiki/Tinashe \"Tinashe\").{{citation\\|author\\=Gerrick D. Kennedy\\|title\\=BET to honor Janet Jackson with new 'Icon' award\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la\\-et\\-ms\\-bet\\-to\\-honor\\-janet\\-jackson\\-with\\-icon\\-award\\-20150623\\-story.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|date\\=June 23, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=June 25, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625054107/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la\\-et\\-ms\\-bet\\-to\\-honor\\-janet\\-jackson\\-with\\-icon\\-award\\-20150623\\-story.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It was announced she would launch a luxury jewelry line called the \"Janet Jackson Unbreakable Diamonds collection,\" a joint venture between herself and Paul Raps New York.{{cite web \\|author\\=Antoinette Bueno \\|url\\=http://www.etonline.com/news/167091\\_janet\\_jackson\\_announces\\_unbreakable\\_diamond\\_collection/ \\|title\\=EXCLUSIVE: Janet Jackson Announces a Surprising New Venture \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Tonight]] \\|date\\=June 30, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702011017/http://www.etonline.com/news/167091\\_janet\\_jackson\\_announces\\_unbreakable\\_diamond\\_collection/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On August 20, she released a preview of a new song \"The Great Forever\", while also confirming the title of her eleventh studio album as *[Unbreakable](/wiki/Unbreakable_%28Janet_Jackson_album%29 \"Unbreakable (Janet Jackson album)\")*.{{cite web\\|author\\=Jeremy Gordon\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Titles New Album, Previews \"The Great Forever\"\\|website\\=\\[\\[Pitchfork (website)\\|Pitchfork]]\\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/news/60867\\-janet\\-jackson\\-titles\\-new\\-album\\-previews\\-the\\-great\\-forever/\\|date\\=August 20, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=August 20, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822181329/http://pitchfork.com/news/60867\\-janet\\-jackson\\-titles\\-new\\-album\\-previews\\-the\\-great\\-forever/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Joe Lynch\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Teases Upbeat New Song 'The Great Forever,' Confirms Album Title\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6670966/janet\\-jackson\\-great\\-forever\\-unbreakable\\-new\\-album\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|date\\=August 20, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=August 20, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822180038/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6670966/janet\\-jackson\\-great\\-forever\\-unbreakable\\-new\\-album\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis stated that Jackson's concept for the album was developed simultaneously with the accompanying tour's production and that its composition will differ from the majority of her catalog. They also stated that the album's theme reflects \"being able to be vulnerable and to be able to withstand what comes to you,\" drawing on Jackson's experiences over the past several years.{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Kyle Anderson\\|title\\=6 things we now know about Janet Jackson's new album, thanks to Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis\\|url\\=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/08/28/janet\\-jackson\\-unbreakable\\-jimmy\\-jam\\-terry\\-lewis\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]]\\|date\\=August 28, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=August 30, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830235720/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/08/28/janet\\-jackson\\-unbreakable\\-jimmy\\-jam\\-terry\\-lewis\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The album's title track \"[Unbreakable](/wiki/Unbreakable_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"Unbreakable (Janet Jackson song)\")\" was released on September 3, 2015, debuting on [Apple Music](/wiki/Apple_Music \"Apple Music\")'s Beats 1 radio station, hosted by [Ebro Darden](/wiki/Ebro_Darden \"Ebro Darden\"). The album was also made available for pre\\-order on [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes \"ITunes\") the same day.{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Will Robinson\\|title\\=Janet Jackson shares powerful new single, 'Unbreakable'\\|url\\=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/09/03/janet\\-jackson\\-new\\-song\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]]\\|date\\=September 3, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 4, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=September 4, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904114817/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/09/03/janet\\-jackson\\-new\\-song\\|url\\-status\\=live}} \"[Burnitup!](/wiki/Burnitup%21 \"Burnitup!\")\" featuring Missy Elliott debuted on [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\") on September 24, 2015\\.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Jacobs\\|first\\=Matthew\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/janet\\-jackson\\-missy\\-elliott\\-burnitup\\_56053f7ce4b0af3706dbd1f7\\|title\\=Janet Jackson And Missy Elliott 'BURNITUP!' With Their New Song\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Huffington Post]]\\|date\\=September 25, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927043950/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/janet\\-jackson\\-missy\\-elliott\\-burnitup\\_56053f7ce4b0af3706dbd1f7\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *Unbreakable* was released on October 2, 2015\\. It received largely positive reviews, including those by *The Wall Street Journal*,{{cite news\\|author\\=Jim Fusilli\\|title\\='Unbreakable' by Janet Jackson Review\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/unbreakable\\-by\\-janet\\-jackson\\-review\\-1443563988\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\|date\\=September 29, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930214922/http://www.wsj.com/articles/unbreakable\\-by\\-janet\\-jackson\\-review\\-1443563988\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *The New York Times*,{{cite news\\|author\\=\\[\\[Jon Pareles]]\\|title\\=Review: Janet Jackson's 'Unbreakable' Focuses on Love Outside the Bedroom\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/arts/music/review\\-janet\\-jacksons\\-unbreakable\\-focuses\\-on\\-love\\-outside\\-the\\-bedroom.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=September 30, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004040431/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/arts/music/review\\-janet\\-jacksons\\-unbreakable\\-focuses\\-on\\-love\\-outside\\-the\\-bedroom.html?\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")*,{{cite news\\|author\\=Elysa Gardner\\|title\\=Album of the week: Janet Jackson turns reflective on 'Unbreakable'\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/10/01/album\\-of\\-the\\-week\\-janet\\-jackson\\-unbreakable/73025824/\\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|date\\=October 1, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004014700/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/10/01/album\\-of\\-the\\-week\\-janet\\-jackson\\-unbreakable/73025824/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *Los Angeles Times*,{{cite news\\|author\\=Mikael Wood\\|title\\=Review Janet Jackson's new 'Unbreakable' includes a tender tribute to Michael\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la\\-et\\-ms\\-janet\\-jackson\\-unbreakable\\-album\\-review\\-20150930\\-story.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|date\\=October 1, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003021534/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la\\-et\\-ms\\-janet\\-jackson\\-unbreakable\\-album\\-review\\-20150930\\-story.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*.{{cite news\\|author\\=Alex Macpherson\\|title\\=Janet Jackson: Unbreakable review – sunny serenity on reflective 11th album\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/oct/01/janet\\-jackson\\-unbreakable\\-review\\-sunny\\-serenity\\-on\\-reflective\\-11th\\-album\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=October 1, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003125052/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/oct/01/janet\\-jackson\\-unbreakable\\-review\\-sunny\\-serenity\\-on\\-reflective\\-11th\\-album\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The following week, Jackson received her first nomination to be inducted into the [Rock and Roll Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\").{{cite news\\|author\\=Lisa Respers France\\|title\\=Janet Jackson, N.W.A., Los Lobos among Rock and Roll Hall of Fame nominees\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/08/entertainment/rock\\-roll\\-hall\\-of\\-fame\\-nominees\\-feat/\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=October 8, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=October 8, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 11, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011012624/http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/08/entertainment/rock\\-roll\\-hall\\-of\\-fame\\-nominees\\-feat\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Her album debuted at number one on the *Billboard* 200, becoming her seventh album to top the chart in the United States.{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Keith Caulfield\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Earns Historic Seventh No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\\-beat/6722962/janet\\-jackson\\-earns\\-historic\\-seventh\\-no\\-1\\-album\\-on\\-billboard\\-200\\-chart\\-unbreakable\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|date\\=October 11, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=October 11, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=February 20, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220194201/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\\-beat/6722962/janet\\-jackson\\-earns\\-historic\\-seventh\\-no\\-1\\-album\\-on\\-billboard\\-200\\-chart\\-unbreakable\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On April 6, 2016, Jackson announced that she was \"planning her family\" with husband Wissam Al Mana, resulting in her postponing her tour.{{cite news\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Delays Tour; Planning Family, Ordered to Rest\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/janet\\-jackson\\-delays\\-tour\\-planning\\-family\\-ordered\\-rest\\-38187068\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]]\\|date\\=April 6, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=April 7, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407131630/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/janet\\-jackson\\-delays\\-tour\\-planning\\-family\\-ordered\\-rest\\-38187068\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On May 1, 2017, Jackson announced she would resume her Unbreakable World Tour, now known as the [State of the World Tour](/wiki/State_of_the_World_Tour \"State of the World Tour\"). The revamped tour launched on September 7, 2017\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Vulpo\\|first1\\=Mike\\|title\\=Watch Janet Jackson Confirm Separation From Wissam Al Mana\\|url\\=http://www.eonline.com/news/847407/janet\\-jackson\\-confirms\\-separation\\-from\\-wissam\\-al\\-mana\\-while\\-announcing\\-new\\-tour\\-dates\\|access\\-date\\=May 1, 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[E! Online]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NBCUniversal]]\\|date\\=May 1, 2017\\|location\\=United States\\|archive\\-date\\=May 2, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502060926/http://www.eonline.com/news/847407/janet\\-jackson\\-confirms\\-separation\\-from\\-wissam\\-al\\-mana\\-while\\-announcing\\-new\\-tour\\-dates\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Yoo\\|first1\\=Noah\\|last2\\=Sodomsky\\|first2\\=Sam\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Sets Date for Rescheduled Tour {{!}} Pitchfork\\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/news/73209\\-janet\\-jackson\\-sets\\-date\\-for\\-rescheduled\\-tour/\\|website\\=\\[\\[Pitchfork (website)\\|Pitchfork]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Condé Nast]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 1, 2017\\|location\\=United States\\|language\\=en\\|date\\=May 1, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=May 2, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502041235/http://pitchfork.com/news/73209\\-janet\\-jackson\\-sets\\-date\\-for\\-rescheduled\\-tour/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Refocusing the tour's theme to reflect socially conscious messages from Jackson's entire music catalog, many songs selected for the concert set list along with corresponding imagery depicted on stage address [racism](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\"), [white supremacy](/wiki/White_supremacy \"White supremacy\"), [fascism](/wiki/Fascism \"Fascism\"), [xenophobia](/wiki/Xenophobia \"Xenophobia\") and [police brutality](/wiki/Police_brutality \"Police brutality\").{{cite web\\|author\\=Danielle Kwateng\\-Clark\\|title\\=Janet Jackson 'Snatched Wigs' At First State Of The World Tour\\|url\\=http://www.essence.com/entertainment/janet\\-jackson\\-snatched\\-wigs\\-first\\-state\\-world\\-tour\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Essence (magazine)\\|Essence]]\\|date\\=September 8, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=September 11, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204707/http://www.essence.com/entertainment/janet\\-jackson\\-snatched\\-wigs\\-first\\-state\\-world\\-tour\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The tour opened to positive critical reception, with several commentators praising Jackson's post\\-pregnancy physical fitness, showmanship and socially conscious messages.{{cite web\\|author\\=Desire Thompson\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Returns With Political Message On \"State Of The World\" Tour\\|url\\=https://www.vibe.com/2017/09/janet\\-jackson\\-returns\\-with\\-political\\-message\\-state\\-of\\-the\\-world\\-tour/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Vibe (magazine)\\|Vibe]]\\|date\\=September 8, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=September 11, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911205153/https://www.vibe.com/2017/09/janet\\-jackson\\-returns\\-with\\-political\\-message\\-state\\-of\\-the\\-world\\-tour/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Her emotional rendition of \"What About\", a song about domestic violence originally recorded for *The Velvet Rope*, drew media attention highlighting her recent separation from her husband; Jackson's brother Randy alleges she suffered verbal abuse by Al Mana which contributed to the breakdown of their marriage.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Wilson\\|first1\\=Jeff\\|title\\=Randy Jackson, Michael's Brother, Gets Jail for Wife Beating\\|url\\=https://apnews.com/717b6ab83eabf219dd3dcf9623466f42\\|website\\=apnewsarchive.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 27, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=June 15, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190733/https://apnews.com/717b6ab83eabf219dd3dcf9623466f42\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|author\\=Gil Kaufman\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Gets Emotional While Performing Song About Abuse For the First Time in 18 Years\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip\\-hop/7957928/janet\\-jackson\\-emotional\\-singing\\-what\\-about\\-houston\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|date\\=September 11, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=September 11, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911163843/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip\\-hop/7957928/janet\\-jackson\\-emotional\\-singing\\-what\\-about\\-houston\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|author\\=Janine Rubenstien\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Was 'Verbally Abused' by Ex, Randy Claims\\|url\\=http://people.com/music/janet\\-jackson\\-verbally\\-abused\\-during\\-by\\-wissam\\-al\\-mana\\-randy\\-claims/amp/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]]\\|date\\=September 12, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=September 13, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913044558/http://people.com/music/janet\\-jackson\\-verbally\\-abused\\-during\\-by\\-wissam\\-al\\-mana\\-randy\\-claims/amp/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Proceeds from the concert of September 9, 2017, at the [Toyota Center](/wiki/Toyota_Center \"Toyota Center\") in [Houston, Texas](/wiki/Houston%2C_Texas \"Houston, Texas\") were donated to relief efforts supporting evacuees of [Hurricane Harvey](/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey \"Hurricane Harvey\"). Jackson met with Houston mayor [Sylvester Turner](/wiki/Sylvester_Turner \"Sylvester Turner\") and evacuees at the [George R. Brown Convention Center](/wiki/George_R._Brown_Convention_Center \"George R. Brown Convention Center\") prior to the performance.{{cite web\\|author\\=Joi\\-Marie McKenzie\\|title\\=Janet Jackson breaks down in tears at Houston tour stop\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/janet\\-jackson\\-breaks\\-tears\\-houston\\-tour\\-stop\\-performing/story?id\\=49740536\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]]\\|date\\=September 10, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924163927/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/janet\\-jackson\\-breaks\\-tears\\-houston\\-tour\\-stop\\-performing/story?id\\=49740536\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In May 2018, it was announced that Jackson would receive the [Billboard Icon Award](/wiki/Billboard_Icon_Award \"Billboard Icon Award\") at the [2018 *Billboard* Music Awards](/wiki/2018_Billboard_Music_Awards \"2018 Billboard Music Awards\").{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Abby Jones\\|title\\=Janet Jackson to Receive Icon Award at 2018 Billboard Music Awards\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8454737/janet\\-jackson\\-receiving\\-icon\\-award\\-bbmas\\-2018\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|date\\=May 7, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=September 22, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922190204/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8454737/janet\\-jackson\\-receiving\\-icon\\-award\\-bbmas\\-2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In an interview for *Billboard* magazine, Jackson revealed that she was then working on new music.{{cite magazine\\|author\\=David Ritz\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Goes Deep on Her Early Challenges, Upcoming Music \\& the Joy of Motherhood\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/magazine\\-feature/8456316/janet\\-jackson\\-interview\\-billboard\\-cover\\-story\\-bbmas\\-icon\\-award\\-2018\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|date\\=May 17, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=May 17, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517183842/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/magazine\\-feature/8456316/janet\\-jackson\\-interview\\-billboard\\-cover\\-story\\-bbmas\\-icon\\-award\\-2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On August 16, 2018, it was announced that Jackson and Rhythm Nation had entered into a partnership with [Cinq Music Group](/wiki/Cinq_Music_Group \"Cinq Music Group\").{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Cobo \\|first\\=Leila \\|title\\=Janet Jackson \\& Her Rhythm Nation Records Partner With Cinq Music For New Indie Release: Exclusive \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8470483/janet\\-jackson\\-cinq\\-music\\-recording\\-label\\-deal\\-daddy\\-yankee \\|access\\-date\\=August 16, 2018 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\|date\\=August 16, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816144202/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8470483/janet\\-jackson\\-cinq\\-music\\-recording\\-label\\-deal\\-daddy\\-yankee \\|archive\\-date\\=August 16, 2018 \\|location\\=United States \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The next day, Jackson released the single \"[Made for Now](/wiki/Made_for_Now \"Made for Now\")\", a collaboration with [Daddy Yankee](/wiki/Daddy_Yankee \"Daddy Yankee\").{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8467554/janet\\-jackson\\-daddy\\-yankee\\-song\\-made\\-for\\-now\\-video\\|title\\=Janet Jackson and Daddy Yankee Will Release a Single and Video Together\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|last\\=Cobo\\|first\\=Leila\\|date\\=July 29, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=July 31, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=August 15, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815231534/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8467554/janet\\-jackson\\-daddy\\-yankee\\-song\\-made\\-for\\-now\\-video\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In October 2018, she received her third nomination for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Andrew Unterberger\\|title\\=The 2019 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Nominees: Who Will Actually Get In?\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8478882/rock\\-and\\-roll\\-hall\\-of\\-fame\\-2019\\-nominations\\-odds\\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2018\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|date\\=October 9, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=October 9, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009221439/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8478882/rock\\-and\\-roll\\-hall\\-of\\-fame\\-2019\\-nominations\\-odds\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On December 13, 2018, Jackson was announced as one of the seven inductees of the 2019 class of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.{{Cite news\\|author\\=Ben Sisario\\|title\\=Janet Jackson and Radiohead Lead Rock \\& Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2019\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/arts/music/rock\\-roll\\-hall\\-fame\\-inductees\\-janet\\-jackson.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=December 13, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=December 13, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=December 13, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213173235/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/arts/music/rock\\-roll\\-hall\\-fame\\-inductees\\-janet\\-jackson.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On February 26, 2019, Jackson announced a four\\-month Las Vegas residency entitled *[Metamorphosis](/wiki/Janet_Jackson:Metamorphosis \"Metamorphosis\")*. The initial schedule comprised fourteen shows at the Park Theater at [Park MGM](/wiki/Park_MGM \"Park MGM\") resort; three additional shows were announced in May.{{cite web\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Launching Las Vegas Residency in May\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/janet\\-jackson\\-launching\\-las\\-vegas\\-residency\\-1203149714\\|work\\=Variety\\|date\\=February 26, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=February 27, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227003227/https://variety.com/2019/music/news/janet\\-jackson\\-launching\\-las\\-vegas\\-residency\\-1203149714/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8511094/janet\\-jackson\\-adds\\-dates\\-las\\-vegas\\-residency\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Adds Three Dates to 'Metamorphosis' Las Vegas Residency\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=May 13, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513195953/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8511094/janet\\-jackson\\-adds\\-dates\\-las\\-vegas\\-residency\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In September and November 2019 Jackson performed a series of concerts in support of the 30th anniversary of the *Rhythm Nation* album in Welch [Treasure Island Resort \\& Casino](/wiki/Treasure_Island_Resort_%26_Casino \"Treasure Island Resort & Casino\"), San Francisco and Hawaii.{{cite web\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Upcoming Shows\\|url\\=https://www.livenation.com/artists/81357/janet\\-jackson\\|work\\=Live Nation\\|access\\-date\\=August 21, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=May 27, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527204724/https://www.livenation.com/artists/81357/janet\\-jackson\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 2019, Jackson played a variety of festivals in the US and abroad, including [The Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/The_Glastonbury_Festival \"The Glastonbury Festival\").{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Emily Zemler\\|title\\=The Cure, The Killers, Janet Jackson Added to Glastonbury Lineup\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/the\\-cure\\-the\\-killers\\-janet\\-jackson\\-glastonbury\\-808567\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|date\\=March 15, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=March 16, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=March 30, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330125821/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/the\\-cure\\-the\\-killers\\-janet\\-jackson\\-glastonbury\\-808567/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Sunday 30 June\\|url\\=https://www.montreuxjazzfestival.com/en/artist/janet\\-jackson\\|work\\=Montreux Jazz Festival Switzerland\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 23, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423060408/https://www.montreuxjazzfestival.com/en/artist/janet\\-jackson\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|title\\=RNB Fridays Reveals Massive Line\\-up For 2019 festival\\|url\\=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/music\\-festivals/rnb\\-fridays\\-reveals\\-massive\\-lineup\\-for\\-2019\\-festival/news\\-story/096ea2a8068a62fd2adb830e8b43abdc\\|work\\=News.com.au\\|date\\=August 8, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809012309/https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/music\\-festivals/rnb\\-fridays\\-reveals\\-massive\\-lineup\\-for\\-2019\\-festival/news\\-story/096ea2a8068a62fd2adb830e8b43abdc\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Janet Jackson, 50 Cent, Black Eyed Peas Announced As Headline Acts for Friday Jams Live 2019\\|url\\=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/114845228/janet\\-jackson\\-50\\-cent\\-black\\-eyed\\-peas\\-announced\\-as\\-headline\\-acts\\-for\\-friday\\-jams\\-live\\-2019\\|work\\=Stuff\\|date\\=August 8, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=February 12, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200212051120/https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/114845228/janet\\-jackson\\-50\\-cent\\-black\\-eyed\\-peas\\-announced\\-as\\-headline\\-acts\\-for\\-friday\\-jams\\-live\\-2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 2020–present: Documentaries and Together Again Tour",
"A two\\-part documentary titled *[Janet Jackson](/wiki/Janet_Jackson_%28TV_series%29 \"Janet Jackson (TV series)\")* for [Lifetime](/wiki/Lifetime_%28TV_network%29 \"Lifetime (TV network)\") and [A\\&E](/wiki/A%26E_%28TV_network%29 \"A&E (TV network)\") premiered on January 28 and 29, 2022, respectively.{{cite web \\|title\\=Janet Jackson Two\\-part Documentary Set to Air on A\\&E and Lifetime \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/04/entertainment/janet\\-jackson\\-documentary\\-premiere\\-trnd/index.html \\|work\\=CNN \\|date\\=March 4, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=March 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325181613/https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/04/entertainment/janet\\-jackson\\-documentary\\-premiere\\-trnd/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite magazine\\|last\\=Iasimone\\|first\\=Ashley\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Documentary Sets Release Date, Drops New Trailer: Watch\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/music/music\\-news/janet\\-jackson\\-doc\\-release\\-date\\-trailer\\-1235015140/\\|date\\=January 2, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=January 2, 2022\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|archive\\-date\\=January 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103003039/https://www.billboard.com/music/music\\-news/janet\\-jackson\\-doc\\-release\\-date\\-trailer\\-1235015140/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Jackson previewed a clip of a new song, \"Luv I Luv\", during the end credits of the last episode of her documentary.{{Cite magazine\\|last\\=Iasimone\\|first\\=Ashley\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Debuts New Song 'Luv I Luv' on 'Janet' Documentary\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/music/music\\-news/janet\\-jackson\\-luv\\-i\\-luv\\-1235025007/\\|date\\=January 29, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=January 30, 2022\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|archive\\-date\\=January 30, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130031831/https://www.billboard.com/music/music\\-news/janet\\-jackson\\-luv\\-i\\-luv\\-1235025007/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Jackson was set to embark on the Black Diamond World Tour in 2020\\.{{cite magazine\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Announces New Black Diamond Album and World Tour\\|url\\=https://ew.com/music/2020/02/10/janet\\-jackson\\-black\\-diamond\\-album\\-tour/\\|magazine\\=Entertainment Weekly\\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=February 10, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210183603/https://ew.com/music/2020/02/10/janet\\-jackson\\-black\\-diamond\\-album\\-tour/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Later that year, the tour was postponed indefinitely due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.post\\-gazette.com/ae/music/2020/05/21/Janet\\-Jackson\\-show\\-at\\-PPG\\-Paints\\-Arena\\-is\\-postponed\\-tickets/stories/202005210141\\|title\\=Janet Jackson show at PPG Paints Arena is postponed\\|first\\=Scott\\|last\\=Mervis\\|date\\=May 21, 2020\\|website\\=Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=January 22, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122120404/https://www.post\\-gazette.com/ae/music/2020/05/21/Janet\\-Jackson\\-show\\-at\\-PPG\\-Paints\\-Arena\\-is\\-postponed\\-tickets/stories/202005210141\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She also announced her upcoming twelfth studio album *Black Diamond*, which was scheduled for a 2020 release.",
"On March 3, 2022, Jackson was announced as a headliner of the 2022 [Essence Music Festival](/wiki/Essence_Music_Festival \"Essence Music Festival\") in New Orleans.{{Cite magazine\\|last\\=Mitchell\\|first\\=Gail\\|title\\=Essence Festival of Culture Makes In\\-Person Return With Janet Jackson, Nick Minaj, Summer Walker \\& More\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/culture/events/essence\\-fest\\-2022\\-lineup\\-1235039425/\\|date\\=March 3, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=March 3, 2022\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304025127/https://www.billboard.com/culture/events/essence\\-fest\\-2022\\-lineup\\-1235039425/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On December 12, 2022, Jackson announced she was going on tour again starting April 14, 2023, with her [Together Again Tour](/wiki/Janet_Jackson:Together_Again \"Together Again\") and teased new music.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Announces 'Together Again' 2023 Tour Dates\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/janet\\-jackson\\-together\\-again\\-2023\\-tour\\-dates\\-1235457748/\\|work\\=Variety\\|date\\=December 12, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 12, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=September 5, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905075149/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/janet\\-jackson\\-together\\-again\\-2023\\-tour\\-dates\\-1235457748/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On March 8, 2023, Lifetime and A\\&E announced that it had greenlighted a follow\\-up documentary series, *Janet Jackson: Family First*. The series will follow Jackson as she prepares for her Together Again Tour as well as her and brother Randy's attempts to reunite the family band.{{Cite magazine\\|last\\=Bell\\|first\\=BreAnna\\|title\\=Lifetime, A\\+E Networks Greenlights 'Janet Jackson: Family First,' Announces Simulcast Premiere Date for 'TLC Forever' Documentary\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/lifetime\\-ae\\-networks\\-janet\\-jackson\\-family\\-first\\-tlc\\-forever\\-documentary\\-1235546514/\\|website\\=Variety\\|date\\=March 8, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=March 9, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=March 8, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308173152/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/lifetime\\-ae\\-networks\\-janet\\-jackson\\-family\\-first\\-tlc\\-forever\\-documentary\\-1235546514/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On August 21, 2024, Jackson announced a new Las Vegas concert residency, [Janet Jackson: Las Vegas](/wiki/Janet_Jackson:Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\"). The residency will begin December 30, 2024 and run for a total of 10 dates.{{Cite magazine\\|last\\=Mamo\\|first\\=Heran\\|title\\=Janet Jackson Announces Las Vegas Residency: 'This Is Going to Be a Lot of Fun'\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/music/music\\-news/janet\\-jackson\\-las\\-vegas\\-residency\\-show\\-dates\\-1235757816/\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|date\\=August 22, 2024\\|access\\-date\\=August 21, 2024}}",
""
] |
Taxonomy and systematics
------------------------
Australian ornithologist [Alfred John North](/wiki/Alfred_John_North "Alfred John North") described the purple\-backed fairywren in 1901, proposing it be called the purple\-backed superb warbler. He added that [Edward Pierson Ramsay](/wiki/Edward_Pierson_Ramsay "Edward Pierson Ramsay") had noted that inland specimens differed from coastal specimens of the [variegated fairywren](/wiki/Variegated_fairywren "Variegated fairywren") around 25 years previously.{{cite journal \| title\=Description of a new species of the genus ''Malurus'' \| vauthors\= North AJ \| journal\= The Victorian Naturalist \| volume\=18\| year\= 1901 \|pages\= 29–30 \| url\=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9727316}} However, Australian amateur ornithologist [Gregory Mathews](/wiki/Gregory_Mathews "Gregory Mathews") considered it a [subspecies](/wiki/Subspecies "Subspecies") of the variegated fairywren.{{cite journal\|vauthors\=Mathews GM \|title\=A Reference List to the Birds of Australia\|date\=1912\|volume\=18\| issue\=3 \|journal\=Novitates Zoologicae\|pages\=171–446 \[360–61] \|doi\=10\.5962/bhl.part.1694 \|url\=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3109589\|doi\-access\=free}}
Mathews went on to name subspecies *mastersi* from the Northern Territory on the basis of a paler blue colouring of the adult male's ear coverts, subspecies *occidentalis* from Western Australia on the basis of a blue rather than purplish crown, and subspecies *mungi* from northwestern Australia on the basis of the male's darker ear coverts and female's buff coloration. None are recognised as distinct.
He also described subspecies *dulcis* and subspecies *rogersi* as subspecies of the lovely fairywren.
It was long considered a subspecies of the variegated fairywren until its genetic distinctness led to it once again becoming a separate species in 2018\.
Within the genus it belongs to a group of five very similar species known collectively as chestnut\-shouldered fairywrens. The other four species are the [lovely fairywren](/wiki/Lovely_fairywren "Lovely fairywren"), [variegated fairywren](/wiki/Variegated_fairywren "Variegated fairywren"), [red\-winged fairywren](/wiki/Red-winged_fairywren "Red-winged fairywren"), and the [blue\-breasted fairywren](/wiki/Blue-breasted_fairywren "Blue-breasted fairywren").{{sfn\|Rowley \& Russell\|1997\|p\=159}} Mathews erected the genus *Leggeornis* for the group,{{cite book\|vauthors\=Mathews GM \|title\=The Birds of Australia\|date\=1923\|volume\=Supplement 2\|publisher\=Witherby \& Co.\|location\=London \|page\=94\|url\=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53497470}} now reclassified as a subgenus within *Malurus*.{{cite web\|url\=https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/d00dab1e\-6232\-4f87\-be22\-e2d592a774d9\|title\=Subgenus ''Malurus'' (''Leggeornis'') Mathews, 1912\|author\=Australian Biological Resources Study\|date\=28 February 2013\|work\=Australian Faunal Directory\|publisher\=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government\|accessdate\=8 February 2018\|location\=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory}}{{Dead link\|date\=May 2020 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
A 2011 analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA found that the purple\-backed fairywren was nested within the variegated fairywren complex, and is the sister taxon of the [lovely fairywren](/wiki/Lovely_fairywren "Lovely fairywren").{{cite journal\|vauthors\=Driskell AC, Norman JA, Pruett\-Jones S, Mangall E, Sonsthagen S, Christidis L \|journal\=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution\|year\=2011\|volume\=60\|pages\=480–85\|title\=A multigene phylogeny examining evolutionary and ecological relationships in the Australo\-papuan wrens of the subfamily Malurinae (Aves)\| doi\=10\.1016/j.ympev.2011\.03\.030\| issue\=3\| pmid\=21466855\|bibcode\=2011MolPE..60\..480D }}
Like other [fairywrens](/wiki/Fairywren "Fairywren"), the purple\-backed fairywren is unrelated to the true [wrens](/wiki/Wren "Wren"). Initially, fairywrens were thought to be a member of the [Old World flycatcher](/wiki/Old_World_flycatcher "Old World flycatcher") family, Muscicapidae, or the warbler family, [Sylviidae](/wiki/Sylviidae "Sylviidae"), before being placed in the newly recognised [Maluridae](/wiki/Maluridae "Maluridae") in 1975\.{{Cite report \| vauthors \= Schodde R \| title \= Interim List of Australian Songbirds \| year \= 1975 \| publisher \= \[\[Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union\|RAOU]]\|location \= Melbourne }} More recently, [DNA](/wiki/DNA "DNA") analysis has shown the family to be related to the [honeyeaters](/wiki/Honeyeater "Honeyeater") (Meliphagidae) and the [pardalotes](/wiki/Pardalote "Pardalote") (Pardalotidae) in a large superfamily [Meliphagoidea](/wiki/Meliphagoidea "Meliphagoidea").{{cite journal \|last\=Barker \|first\=FK \|author2\=Barrowclough GF \|author3\=Groth JG \|year\=2002 \|title\=A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data \|journal\=Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B \|volume\=269 \|pages\=295–308 \|doi\=10\.1098/rspb.2001\.1883 \|pmid\=11839199 \|pmc\=1690884 \|issue\=1488}}{{cite journal \|last\=Barker \|first\=FK \|author2\=Cibois A \|author3\=Schikler P \|author4\=Feinstein J \|author5\=Cracraft J \|year\=2004 \|title\=Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation \|journal\=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \|volume\=101 \|issue\=30 \|pmid\=15263073 \|pages\=11040–11045 \|pmc\=503738 \|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.0401892101 \|bibcode\=2004PNAS..10111040B \|doi\-access\=free }}
"Purple\-backed fairywren" has been designated the official name by the [International Ornithologists' Union](/wiki/International_Ornithologists%27_Union "International Ornithologists' Union") (IOC).{{cite web\| editor1\-last\=Gill \| editor1\-first\=Frank \| editor1\-link\=Frank Gill (ornithologist) \| editor2\-last\=Donsker \| editor2\-first\=David \| year\=2017 \| title\= Lyrebirds, scrubbirds, bowerbirds, Australasian wrens \| work\=World Bird List Version 7\.1 \| url\=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/lyrebirds/ \| publisher\=International Ornithologists' Union \| accessdate\=27 January 2018 }}
### Subspecies
Four subspecies are currently recognised. There are zones with intermediate forms between the ranges of each subspecies.
* *M. a. assimilis* \- [North](/wiki/Alfred_John_North "Alfred John North"), 1901: Occurs across central Australia, from Queensland and western New South Wales to coastal Western Australia. There is a broad area where intermediate forms between this and the [variegated fairywren](/wiki/Variegated_fairywren "Variegated fairywren") live that is bordered by [Goondiwindi](/wiki/Goondiwindi "Goondiwindi"), [Wide Bay](/wiki/Division_of_Wide_Bay "Division of Wide Bay"), [Rockhampton](/wiki/Rockhampton%2C_Queensland "Rockhampton, Queensland") and [Emerald](/wiki/Emerald%2C_Queensland "Emerald, Queensland") in southern Queensland.{{cite book \|last\=Schodde \|first\=R. \|year\=1982 \|title\=The fairywrens: a monograph of the Maluridae \|publisher\=Lansdowne Editions \|location\=Melbourne \|isbn\=0\-7018\-1051\-3 }}
* **Lavender\-flanked fairywren** (*M. a. dulcis*) \- [Mathews](/wiki/Gregory_Mathews "Gregory Mathews"), 1908: Originally described as a separate species{{cite journal \|last\=Mathews \|first\=GM \|authorlink\=Gregory Mathews \|year\=1908 \|title\=''Malurus dulcis'' sp.n \|journal\=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club \|volume\=27 \|pages\=48}} though this and *M. a. rogersi* were long considered forms of the lovely fairywren until intergrades were noted over a wide area of northern Australia with subspecies *assimilis*. Alternatively named the **lavender\-flanked wren**. Like subspecies *rogersi*, females are predominantly blue\-grey rather than grey\-brown and have white lores and eye rings rather than the rufous coloration of the other subspecies.{{sfn\|Rowley \& Russell\|1997\|pp\=160–61}} It also has a longer bill and wing than subspecies *assimilis*.{{sfn\|Higgins\|2001\|p\=324}} It is found in [Arnhem Land](/wiki/Arnhem_Land "Arnhem Land") in north\-central Australia.{{cite book\|vauthors\=Simpson K, Day N, Trusler P \| title \= Field Guide to the Birds of Australia \| publisher \= Viking O'Neil \| year \= 1993 \| location \= Ringwood, Victoria \| isbn \= 0\-670\-90478\-3 \| page \= 392}}
* **Rogers's fairywren** (*M. a. rogersi)* \- Mathews, 1912: Formerly considered as a separate species and also as the same taxon as the lavender\-flanked fairywren. Though the males are similar to the widely occurring inland subspecies *assimilis*, the females are predominantly blue\-grey rather than grey\-brown. It also has a longer bill and shorter tail than subspecies *assimilis*.{{sfn\|Higgins\|2001\|p\=324}} It is found in [the Kimberleys](/wiki/The_Kimberleys "The Kimberleys") in north\-western Australia.{{cite journal\|last\=Mathews\|first\=GM\|authorlink\=Gregory Mathews\|year\=1912\|title\=A reference list to the birds of Australia\|journal\=Novitates Zoologicae\|volume\=18\|pages\=171–656\|doi\=10\.5962/bhl.part.1694\|url\=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/1694\|doi\-access\=free}} A broad hybrid zone with females of both subspecies has been recorded from northeastern Western Australia and the northwestern Northern Territory.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Ford JR, Johnstone RE \|year\= 1991 \|title\=Hybridisation Between ''Malurus lamberti rogersi'' and ''Malurus lamberti assimilis'' in North\-western Australia \|journal\=Emu \|volume\=91 \|pages\=251–54 \|doi\=10\.1071/MU9910251 \|url\= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act\=view\_file\&file\_id\=MU9910251\.pdf \|accessdate\= 2007\-09\-18 \|issue\= 3\|bibcode\= 1991EmuAO..91\..251F }}
* *M. a. bernieri* \- [Ogilvie\-Grant](/wiki/William_Robert_Ogilvie-Grant "William Robert Ogilvie-Grant"), 1909: Found on [Bernier Island](/wiki/Bernier_Island "Bernier Island") and [Dorre Island](/wiki/Dorre_Island "Dorre Island") off the coast of Western Australia. Populations from the latter island intergrade with the neighbouring subspecies *assimilis*. The male breeding plumage is much darker than that of subspecies *assimilis* from Western Australia, more closely resembling that of eastern Australian populations. The ear coverts are dark blue and the tail more bluish than those of *assimilis*, which it otherwise resembles. Females and immatures are poorly known but thought to resemble those of subspecies *assimilis*.{{sfn\|Higgins\|2001\|p\=324}}
### Evolutionary history
In his 1982 monograph, ornithologist [Richard Schodde](/wiki/Richard_Schodde "Richard Schodde") proposed a northern origin for the chestnut\-shouldered fairywren group due to the variety of forms in north and their absence in the southeast of the continent. Ancestral birds spread south and colonised the southwest during a warm wetter period around 2 million years ago at the end of the [Pliocene](/wiki/Pliocene "Pliocene") or beginning of the [Pleistocene](/wiki/Pleistocene "Pleistocene"). Subsequent cooler and drier conditions resulted in loss of habitat and fragmentation of populations. South\-western birds gave rise to what is now the red\-winged fairywren, while those in the northwest of the continent became the variegated fairywren and yet another isolated in the northeast became the lovely fairywren. Further warmer, humid conditions again allowed birds to spread southwards, this group occupying central southern Australia east to the Eyre Peninsula became the blue\-breasted fairywren. Cooler climate after this resulted in this being isolated as well and evolving into a separate species. Finally, after the end of the [last glacial period](/wiki/Last_glacial_period "Last glacial period") 12,000–13,000 years ago, the northern variegated forms have again spread southwards, resulting in the purple\-backed fairywren. This has resulted in the variegated fairywren's range to overlap with all four other species. Schodde also proposed that the blue\-grey coloured females of the lavender\-flanked subspecies were ancestral, while the browner coloration of females of southern forms was an adaptation to dry climates. Further molecular studies may result in this hypothesis being modified.
A 2017 molecular analysis by Alison J. McLean and colleagues of the various subspecies across Australia largely supported Schodde's hypothesis. The [Great Dividing Range](/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range "Great Dividing Range") was a major barrier and there is a deep genetic split between subspecies *lamberti* to its east, and subspecies *assimilis* and the others to the west. McLean proposed resurrecting the separate species status of the purple\-backed fairywren as *M. assimilis* and the other subspecies to the north and west as reallocated to this species. A genetic split was also found across the Eyrean barrier, suggesting splitting those east and west (as *M. assimilis mastersi* Mathews) into separate subspecies would reflect the divergence.{{cite journal\|vauthors\=McLean AJ, Toon A, Schmidt DJ, Hughes JM, Joseph L \|date\=2017\|title\=Phylogeography and geno\-phenotypic discordance in a widespread Australian bird, the Variegated Fairy\-wren, ''Malurus lamberti'' (Aves: Maluridae). \|journal\=Biol J Linn Soc \|volume\=121\|issue\=3\|pages\=655–669\|doi\=10\.1093/biolinnean/blx004 }}
|
[
"Taxonomy and systematics\n------------------------",
"Australian ornithologist [Alfred John North](/wiki/Alfred_John_North \"Alfred John North\") described the purple\\-backed fairywren in 1901, proposing it be called the purple\\-backed superb warbler. He added that [Edward Pierson Ramsay](/wiki/Edward_Pierson_Ramsay \"Edward Pierson Ramsay\") had noted that inland specimens differed from coastal specimens of the [variegated fairywren](/wiki/Variegated_fairywren \"Variegated fairywren\") around 25 years previously.{{cite journal \\| title\\=Description of a new species of the genus ''Malurus'' \\| vauthors\\= North AJ \\| journal\\= The Victorian Naturalist \\| volume\\=18\\| year\\= 1901 \\|pages\\= 29–30 \\| url\\=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9727316}} However, Australian amateur ornithologist [Gregory Mathews](/wiki/Gregory_Mathews \"Gregory Mathews\") considered it a [subspecies](/wiki/Subspecies \"Subspecies\") of the variegated fairywren.{{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Mathews GM \\|title\\=A Reference List to the Birds of Australia\\|date\\=1912\\|volume\\=18\\| issue\\=3 \\|journal\\=Novitates Zoologicae\\|pages\\=171–446 \\[360–61] \\|doi\\=10\\.5962/bhl.part.1694 \\|url\\=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3109589\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"Mathews went on to name subspecies *mastersi* from the Northern Territory on the basis of a paler blue colouring of the adult male's ear coverts, subspecies *occidentalis* from Western Australia on the basis of a blue rather than purplish crown, and subspecies *mungi* from northwestern Australia on the basis of the male's darker ear coverts and female's buff coloration. None are recognised as distinct.",
"He also described subspecies *dulcis* and subspecies *rogersi* as subspecies of the lovely fairywren.",
"It was long considered a subspecies of the variegated fairywren until its genetic distinctness led to it once again becoming a separate species in 2018\\.",
"Within the genus it belongs to a group of five very similar species known collectively as chestnut\\-shouldered fairywrens. The other four species are the [lovely fairywren](/wiki/Lovely_fairywren \"Lovely fairywren\"), [variegated fairywren](/wiki/Variegated_fairywren \"Variegated fairywren\"), [red\\-winged fairywren](/wiki/Red-winged_fairywren \"Red-winged fairywren\"), and the [blue\\-breasted fairywren](/wiki/Blue-breasted_fairywren \"Blue-breasted fairywren\").{{sfn\\|Rowley \\& Russell\\|1997\\|p\\=159}} Mathews erected the genus *Leggeornis* for the group,{{cite book\\|vauthors\\=Mathews GM \\|title\\=The Birds of Australia\\|date\\=1923\\|volume\\=Supplement 2\\|publisher\\=Witherby \\& Co.\\|location\\=London \\|page\\=94\\|url\\=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53497470}} now reclassified as a subgenus within *Malurus*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/d00dab1e\\-6232\\-4f87\\-be22\\-e2d592a774d9\\|title\\=Subgenus ''Malurus'' (''Leggeornis'') Mathews, 1912\\|author\\=Australian Biological Resources Study\\|date\\=28 February 2013\\|work\\=Australian Faunal Directory\\|publisher\\=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government\\|accessdate\\=8 February 2018\\|location\\=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=May 2020 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"A 2011 analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA found that the purple\\-backed fairywren was nested within the variegated fairywren complex, and is the sister taxon of the [lovely fairywren](/wiki/Lovely_fairywren \"Lovely fairywren\").{{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Driskell AC, Norman JA, Pruett\\-Jones S, Mangall E, Sonsthagen S, Christidis L \\|journal\\=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution\\|year\\=2011\\|volume\\=60\\|pages\\=480–85\\|title\\=A multigene phylogeny examining evolutionary and ecological relationships in the Australo\\-papuan wrens of the subfamily Malurinae (Aves)\\| doi\\=10\\.1016/j.ympev.2011\\.03\\.030\\| issue\\=3\\| pmid\\=21466855\\|bibcode\\=2011MolPE..60\\..480D }}",
"Like other [fairywrens](/wiki/Fairywren \"Fairywren\"), the purple\\-backed fairywren is unrelated to the true [wrens](/wiki/Wren \"Wren\"). Initially, fairywrens were thought to be a member of the [Old World flycatcher](/wiki/Old_World_flycatcher \"Old World flycatcher\") family, Muscicapidae, or the warbler family, [Sylviidae](/wiki/Sylviidae \"Sylviidae\"), before being placed in the newly recognised [Maluridae](/wiki/Maluridae \"Maluridae\") in 1975\\.{{Cite report \\| vauthors \\= Schodde R \\| title \\= Interim List of Australian Songbirds \\| year \\= 1975 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union\\|RAOU]]\\|location \\= Melbourne }} More recently, [DNA](/wiki/DNA \"DNA\") analysis has shown the family to be related to the [honeyeaters](/wiki/Honeyeater \"Honeyeater\") (Meliphagidae) and the [pardalotes](/wiki/Pardalote \"Pardalote\") (Pardalotidae) in a large superfamily [Meliphagoidea](/wiki/Meliphagoidea \"Meliphagoidea\").{{cite journal \\|last\\=Barker \\|first\\=FK \\|author2\\=Barrowclough GF \\|author3\\=Groth JG \\|year\\=2002 \\|title\\=A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data \\|journal\\=Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B \\|volume\\=269 \\|pages\\=295–308 \\|doi\\=10\\.1098/rspb.2001\\.1883 \\|pmid\\=11839199 \\|pmc\\=1690884 \\|issue\\=1488}}{{cite journal \\|last\\=Barker \\|first\\=FK \\|author2\\=Cibois A \\|author3\\=Schikler P \\|author4\\=Feinstein J \\|author5\\=Cracraft J \\|year\\=2004 \\|title\\=Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation \\|journal\\=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \\|volume\\=101 \\|issue\\=30 \\|pmid\\=15263073 \\|pages\\=11040–11045 \\|pmc\\=503738 \\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.0401892101 \\|bibcode\\=2004PNAS..10111040B \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"\"Purple\\-backed fairywren\" has been designated the official name by the [International Ornithologists' Union](/wiki/International_Ornithologists%27_Union \"International Ornithologists' Union\") (IOC).{{cite web\\| editor1\\-last\\=Gill \\| editor1\\-first\\=Frank \\| editor1\\-link\\=Frank Gill (ornithologist) \\| editor2\\-last\\=Donsker \\| editor2\\-first\\=David \\| year\\=2017 \\| title\\= Lyrebirds, scrubbirds, bowerbirds, Australasian wrens \\| work\\=World Bird List Version 7\\.1 \\| url\\=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/lyrebirds/ \\| publisher\\=International Ornithologists' Union \\| accessdate\\=27 January 2018 }}",
"### Subspecies",
"Four subspecies are currently recognised. There are zones with intermediate forms between the ranges of each subspecies.",
"* *M. a. assimilis* \\- [North](/wiki/Alfred_John_North \"Alfred John North\"), 1901: Occurs across central Australia, from Queensland and western New South Wales to coastal Western Australia. There is a broad area where intermediate forms between this and the [variegated fairywren](/wiki/Variegated_fairywren \"Variegated fairywren\") live that is bordered by [Goondiwindi](/wiki/Goondiwindi \"Goondiwindi\"), [Wide Bay](/wiki/Division_of_Wide_Bay \"Division of Wide Bay\"), [Rockhampton](/wiki/Rockhampton%2C_Queensland \"Rockhampton, Queensland\") and [Emerald](/wiki/Emerald%2C_Queensland \"Emerald, Queensland\") in southern Queensland.{{cite book \\|last\\=Schodde \\|first\\=R. \\|year\\=1982 \\|title\\=The fairywrens: a monograph of the Maluridae \\|publisher\\=Lansdowne Editions \\|location\\=Melbourne \\|isbn\\=0\\-7018\\-1051\\-3 }}\n* **Lavender\\-flanked fairywren** (*M. a. dulcis*) \\- [Mathews](/wiki/Gregory_Mathews \"Gregory Mathews\"), 1908: Originally described as a separate species{{cite journal \\|last\\=Mathews \\|first\\=GM \\|authorlink\\=Gregory Mathews \\|year\\=1908 \\|title\\=''Malurus dulcis'' sp.n \\|journal\\=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club \\|volume\\=27 \\|pages\\=48}} though this and *M. a. rogersi* were long considered forms of the lovely fairywren until intergrades were noted over a wide area of northern Australia with subspecies *assimilis*. Alternatively named the **lavender\\-flanked wren**. Like subspecies *rogersi*, females are predominantly blue\\-grey rather than grey\\-brown and have white lores and eye rings rather than the rufous coloration of the other subspecies.{{sfn\\|Rowley \\& Russell\\|1997\\|pp\\=160–61}} It also has a longer bill and wing than subspecies *assimilis*.{{sfn\\|Higgins\\|2001\\|p\\=324}} It is found in [Arnhem Land](/wiki/Arnhem_Land \"Arnhem Land\") in north\\-central Australia.{{cite book\\|vauthors\\=Simpson K, Day N, Trusler P \\| title \\= Field Guide to the Birds of Australia \\| publisher \\= Viking O'Neil \\| year \\= 1993 \\| location \\= Ringwood, Victoria \\| isbn \\= 0\\-670\\-90478\\-3 \\| page \\= 392}}\n* **Rogers's fairywren** (*M. a. rogersi)* \\- Mathews, 1912: Formerly considered as a separate species and also as the same taxon as the lavender\\-flanked fairywren. Though the males are similar to the widely occurring inland subspecies *assimilis*, the females are predominantly blue\\-grey rather than grey\\-brown. It also has a longer bill and shorter tail than subspecies *assimilis*.{{sfn\\|Higgins\\|2001\\|p\\=324}} It is found in [the Kimberleys](/wiki/The_Kimberleys \"The Kimberleys\") in north\\-western Australia.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Mathews\\|first\\=GM\\|authorlink\\=Gregory Mathews\\|year\\=1912\\|title\\=A reference list to the birds of Australia\\|journal\\=Novitates Zoologicae\\|volume\\=18\\|pages\\=171–656\\|doi\\=10\\.5962/bhl.part.1694\\|url\\=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/1694\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} A broad hybrid zone with females of both subspecies has been recorded from northeastern Western Australia and the northwestern Northern Territory.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Ford JR, Johnstone RE \\|year\\= 1991 \\|title\\=Hybridisation Between ''Malurus lamberti rogersi'' and ''Malurus lamberti assimilis'' in North\\-western Australia \\|journal\\=Emu \\|volume\\=91 \\|pages\\=251–54 \\|doi\\=10\\.1071/MU9910251 \\|url\\= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act\\=view\\_file\\&file\\_id\\=MU9910251\\.pdf \\|accessdate\\= 2007\\-09\\-18 \\|issue\\= 3\\|bibcode\\= 1991EmuAO..91\\..251F }}\n* *M. a. bernieri* \\- [Ogilvie\\-Grant](/wiki/William_Robert_Ogilvie-Grant \"William Robert Ogilvie-Grant\"), 1909: Found on [Bernier Island](/wiki/Bernier_Island \"Bernier Island\") and [Dorre Island](/wiki/Dorre_Island \"Dorre Island\") off the coast of Western Australia. Populations from the latter island intergrade with the neighbouring subspecies *assimilis*. The male breeding plumage is much darker than that of subspecies *assimilis* from Western Australia, more closely resembling that of eastern Australian populations. The ear coverts are dark blue and the tail more bluish than those of *assimilis*, which it otherwise resembles. Females and immatures are poorly known but thought to resemble those of subspecies *assimilis*.{{sfn\\|Higgins\\|2001\\|p\\=324}}",
"### Evolutionary history",
"In his 1982 monograph, ornithologist [Richard Schodde](/wiki/Richard_Schodde \"Richard Schodde\") proposed a northern origin for the chestnut\\-shouldered fairywren group due to the variety of forms in north and their absence in the southeast of the continent. Ancestral birds spread south and colonised the southwest during a warm wetter period around 2 million years ago at the end of the [Pliocene](/wiki/Pliocene \"Pliocene\") or beginning of the [Pleistocene](/wiki/Pleistocene \"Pleistocene\"). Subsequent cooler and drier conditions resulted in loss of habitat and fragmentation of populations. South\\-western birds gave rise to what is now the red\\-winged fairywren, while those in the northwest of the continent became the variegated fairywren and yet another isolated in the northeast became the lovely fairywren. Further warmer, humid conditions again allowed birds to spread southwards, this group occupying central southern Australia east to the Eyre Peninsula became the blue\\-breasted fairywren. Cooler climate after this resulted in this being isolated as well and evolving into a separate species. Finally, after the end of the [last glacial period](/wiki/Last_glacial_period \"Last glacial period\") 12,000–13,000 years ago, the northern variegated forms have again spread southwards, resulting in the purple\\-backed fairywren. This has resulted in the variegated fairywren's range to overlap with all four other species. Schodde also proposed that the blue\\-grey coloured females of the lavender\\-flanked subspecies were ancestral, while the browner coloration of females of southern forms was an adaptation to dry climates. Further molecular studies may result in this hypothesis being modified.",
"A 2017 molecular analysis by Alison J. McLean and colleagues of the various subspecies across Australia largely supported Schodde's hypothesis. The [Great Dividing Range](/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range \"Great Dividing Range\") was a major barrier and there is a deep genetic split between subspecies *lamberti* to its east, and subspecies *assimilis* and the others to the west. McLean proposed resurrecting the separate species status of the purple\\-backed fairywren as *M. assimilis* and the other subspecies to the north and west as reallocated to this species. A genetic split was also found across the Eyrean barrier, suggesting splitting those east and west (as *M. assimilis mastersi* Mathews) into separate subspecies would reflect the divergence.{{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=McLean AJ, Toon A, Schmidt DJ, Hughes JM, Joseph L \\|date\\=2017\\|title\\=Phylogeography and geno\\-phenotypic discordance in a widespread Australian bird, the Variegated Fairy\\-wren, ''Malurus lamberti'' (Aves: Maluridae). \\|journal\\=Biol J Linn Soc \\|volume\\=121\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=655–669\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/biolinnean/blx004 }}",
""
] |
Syntax
------
{{Expand section\|date\=April 2014}}
Visual Basic uses [statements](/wiki/Statement_%28computer_science%29 "Statement (computer science)") to specify actions. The most common statement is an expression statement, consisting of an [expression](/wiki/Expression_%28computer_science%29 "Expression (computer science)") to be evaluated, on a single line. As part of that evaluation, [functions or subroutines](/wiki/Subroutine "Subroutine") may be [called](/wiki/System_call "System call") and [variables](/wiki/Variable_%28programming%29 "Variable (programming)") may be [assigned](/wiki/Assignment_%28computer_science%29 "Assignment (computer science)") new values. To modify the normal sequential execution of statements, Visual Basic provides several control\-flow statements identified by reserved keywords. [Structured programming](/wiki/Structured_programming "Structured programming") is supported by several constructs including two conditional execution constructs (`If` ... `Then` ... `Else` ... `End If` and `Select Case` ... `Case` ... `End Select` ) and four iterative execution (loop) constructs (`Do` ... `Loop`, `For` ... `To`, `For Each`, and `While` ... `End While`) . The `For` ... `To` statement has separate initialisation and testing sections, both of which must be present. (See examples below.) The `For Each` statement steps through each value in a list.
In addition, in Visual Basic:
* There is no unified way of defining blocks of statements. Instead, certain keywords, such as "If … Then" or "Sub" are interpreted as starters of sub\-blocks of code and have matching termination keywords such as "End If" or "End Sub".
* Statements are terminated either with a [colon](/wiki/Colon_%28punctuation%29 "Colon (punctuation)") (":") or with the [end of line](/wiki/End_of_line "End of line"). Multiple\-line statements in Visual Basic are enabled with " \_" at the end of each such line. The need for the underscore continuation character was largely removed in version 10 and later versions.{{cite web \|url\=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/ff637436\.aspx \|title\=New Features in Visual Basic 10 \|date\=June 3, 2010 \|access\-date\=September 5, 2015 \|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231731/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/ff637436\.aspx \|url\-status\=live }}
* The [equals sign](/wiki/Equals_sign "Equals sign") ("\=") is used in both assigning values to variables and in comparison.
* [Round brackets](/wiki/Parentheses "Parentheses") (parentheses) are used with [arrays](/wiki/Array_data_structure "Array data structure"), both to declare them and to get a value at a given index in one of them. Visual Basic uses round brackets to define the parameters of subroutines or functions.
* A [single quotation mark](/wiki/Single_quotation_mark "Single quotation mark") (') or the keyword `REM`, placed at the beginning of a line or after any number of [space](/wiki/Space_character "Space character") or [tab](/wiki/Tab_character "Tab character") characters at the beginning of a line, or after other code on a line, indicates that the (remainder of the) line is a [comment](/wiki/Comment_%28computer_programming%29 "Comment (computer programming)").
### Simple example
The following is a very simple Visual Basic program, a version of the classic "[Hello, World!](/wiki/Hello%2C_World%21 "Hello, World!")" example created as a console application:
Module Module1
```
Sub Main()
' The classic "Hello, World!" demonstration program
Console.WriteLine("Hello, World!")
End Sub
```
End Module
It prints "*Hello, World!*" on a [command\-line window](/wiki/Command-line_interface "Command-line interface"). Each line serves a specific purpose, as follows:
Module Module1
This is a module definition. Modules are a division of code, which can contain any kind of object, like constants or variables, functions or methods, or classes, but can not be instantiated as objects like classes and cannot inherit from other modules. Modules serve as containers of code that can be referenced from other parts of a program.{{cite web \|url\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/aaxss7da(VS.80\).aspx \|title\=Module Statement \|publisher\=MSDN – Developer Center \|access\-date\=January 20, 2010 \|archive\-date\=January 9, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092122/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/aaxss7da(VS.80\).aspx \|url\-status\=live }}
It is common practice for a module and the code file which contains it to have the same name. However, this is not required, as a single code file may contain more than one module or class.
Sub Main()
This line defines a subroutine called "Main". "Main" is the entry point, where the program begins execution.{{cite web \|url\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/ms235406(VS.80\).aspx \|title\=Main Procedure in Visual Basic \|publisher\=MSDN – Developer Center \|access\-date\=January 20, 2010 \|archive\-date\=January 28, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128090733/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/ms235406(VS.80\).aspx \|url\-status\=live }}
Console.WriteLine("Hello, world!")
This line performs the actual task of writing the output. *Console* is a system object, representing a command\-line interface (also known as a "console") and granting programmatic access to the operating system's [standard streams](/wiki/Standard_streams "Standard streams"). The program calls the *Console* method *WriteLine,* which causes the string passed to it to be displayed on the console.
Instead of Console.WriteLine, one could use MsgBox, which prints the message in a dialog box instead of a command\-line window.{{cite web \|url\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/3cf7t4xt(VS.80\).aspx \|title\=Visual Basic Version of Hello, World \|publisher\=MSDN – Developer Center \|access\-date\=January 20, 2010 \|archive\-date\=January 11, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111152427/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/3cf7t4xt(VS.80\).aspx \|url\-status\=live }}
### Complex example
This piece of code outputs [Floyd's Triangle](/wiki/Floyd%27s_Triangle "Floyd's Triangle") to the console:
Imports System.Console
Module Program
```
Sub Main()
Dim rows As Integer
```
```
' Input validation.
Do Until Integer.TryParse(ReadLine("Enter a value for how many rows to be displayed: " & vbcrlf), rows) AndAlso rows >= 1
WriteLine("Allowed range is 1 and {0}", Integer.MaxValue)
Loop
' Output of Floyd's Triangle
Dim current As Integer = 1
Dim row As Integer
Dim column As Integer
For row = 1 To rows
For column = 1 To row
Write("{0,-2} ", current)
current += 1
Next
```
```
WriteLine()
Next
End Sub
```
```
''' <summary>
''' Like Console.ReadLine but takes a prompt string.
''' </summary>
Function ReadLine(Optional prompt As String = Nothing) As String
If prompt IsNot Nothing Then
Write(prompt)
End If
```
```
Return Console.ReadLine()
End Function
```
End Module
### Comparison with the classic Visual Basic
{{Main\|Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET}}
Whether Visual Basic .NET should be considered as just another version of Visual Basic or a completely different language is a topic of debate. There are new additions to support new features, such as [structured exception handling](/wiki/Exception_handling "Exception handling") and short\-circuited expressions. Also, two important data\-type changes occurred with the move to VB.NET: compared to Visual Basic 6, the `Integer` [data type](/wiki/Data_type "Data type") has been doubled in length from 16 bits to 32 bits, and the `Long` [data type](/wiki/Data_type "Data type") has been doubled in length from 32 bits to 64 bits. This is true for all versions of VB.NET. A 16\-bit integer in all versions of VB.NET is now known as a `Short`. Similarly, the [Windows Forms](/wiki/Windows_Forms "Windows Forms") editor is very similar in style and function to the Visual Basic form editor.
The things that *have* changed significantly are the semantics—from those of an object\-based programming language running on a [deterministic](/wiki/Deterministic "Deterministic"), [reference\-counted](/wiki/Reference_counting "Reference counting") engine based on [COM](/wiki/Component_Object_Model "Component Object Model") to a fully [object\-oriented](/wiki/Object-oriented "Object-oriented") language backed by the [.NET Framework](/wiki/.NET_Framework ".NET Framework"), which consists of a combination of the [Common Language Runtime](/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime "Common Language Runtime") (a [virtual machine](/wiki/Virtual_machine "Virtual machine") using [generational garbage collection](/wiki/Garbage_collection_%28computer_science%29%23Generational_GC_%28aka_Ephemeral_GC%29 "Garbage collection (computer science)#Generational GC (aka Ephemeral GC)") and a [just\-in\-time compilation](/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation "Just-in-time compilation") engine) and a far larger [class library](/wiki/Class_library "Class library"). The increased breadth of the latter is also a problem that VB developers have to deal with when coming to the language, although this is somewhat addressed by the *My* feature in Visual Studio 2005\.
The changes have altered many underlying assumptions about the "right" thing to do with respect to performance and maintainability. Some functions and libraries no longer exist; others are available, but not as efficient as the "native" .NET alternatives. Even if they compile, most converted Visual Basic 6 applications will require some level of [refactoring](/wiki/Refactoring "Refactoring") to take full advantage of the new language. Documentation is available to cover changes in the syntax, debugging applications, deployment and terminology.{{cite web\|url \= http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/vstudio/ms788233\|title \= Microsoft Visual Basic 6\.0 Migration Resource Center\|access\-date \= November 9, 2014\|website \= \[\[MSDN]]\|publisher \= \[\[Microsoft]]\|archive\-date \= November 9, 2014\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20141109140433/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/vstudio/ms788233\|url\-status \= live}}
#### Comparative examples
The following simple examples compare VB and VB.NET syntax. They assume that the developer has created a form, placed a button on it and has associated the subroutines demonstrated in each example with the click [event handler](/wiki/Event_handler "Event handler") of the mentioned button. Each example creates a "Hello, World" message box after the button on the form is clicked.
Visual Basic 6:
Private Sub Command1\_Click()
```
MsgBox "Hello, World"
```
End Sub
VB.NET (MsgBox or MessageBox class can be used):
Private Sub Button1\_Click(sender As object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1\.Click
```
MsgBox("Hello, World")
```
End Sub
* Both Visual Basic 6 and Visual Basic .NET automatically generate the `Sub` and `End Sub` statements when the corresponding button is double\-clicked in design view. Visual Basic .NET will also generate the necessary `Class` and `End Class` statements. The developer need only add the statement to display the "Hello, World" message box.
* All procedure calls must be made with parentheses in VB.NET, whereas in Visual Basic 6 there were different conventions for functions (parentheses required) and subs (no parentheses allowed, unless called using the keyword `Call`).
* The names `Command1` and `Button1` are not obligatory. However, these are default names for a command button in Visual Basic 6 and VB.NET respectively.
* In VB.NET, the `Handles` keyword is used to make the sub `Button1_Click` a handler for the `Click` event of the object `Button1`. In Visual Basic 6, event handler subs must have a specific name consisting of the object's name ({{code\|Command1}}), an underscore ({{code\|\_}}), and the event's name ({{code\|Click}}, hence {{code\|Command1\_Click}}).
* There is a function called `MessageBox.Show` in the `Microsoft.VisualBasic` namespace which can be used (instead of `MsgBox`) similarly to the corresponding function in Visual Basic 6\. There is a controversy{{cite web\|url\=https://www.microsoft.com/en\-us/download/details.aspx?id\=55979\|title\=Visual Studio 2003 Retired Technical documentation\|website\=Microsoft Download Center\|access\-date\=July 24, 2018\|archive\-date\=December 30, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230014657/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/aa291820(VS.71\).aspx\|url\-status\=live}} about which function to use as a best practice (not only restricted to showing message boxes but also regarding other features of the `Microsoft.VisualBasic` namespace). Some programmers prefer to do things "the .NET way", since the Framework classes have more features and are less language\-specific. Others argue that using language\-specific features makes code more readable (for example, using `int` (C\#) or `Integer` (VB.NET) instead of `System.Int32`).
* In Visual Basic 2008, the inclusion of {{code\|2\=vbnet\|ByVal sender as Object}}, {{code\|2\=vbnet\|ByVal e as EventArgs}} has become optional.
The following example demonstrates a difference between Visual Basic 6 and VB.NET. Both examples close the [active window](/wiki/Active_window "Active window").
Visual Basic 6:
Sub cmdClose\_Click()
```
Unload Me
```
End Sub
VB.NET:
Sub btnClose\_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles btnClose.Click
```
Close()
```
End Sub
The 'cmd' prefix is replaced by the 'btn' prefix, conforming to the new convention previously mentioned.{{Which\|date\=November 2014}}
Visual Basic 6 did not provide common operator shortcuts. The following are equivalent:
Visual Basic 6:
Sub Timer1\_Timer()
```
'Reduces Form Height by one pixel per tick
Me.Height = Me.Height - 1
```
End Sub
VB.NET:
Sub Timer1\_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Timer1\.Tick
```
Me.Height -= 1
```
End Sub
### Comparison with C\#
{{Main\|Comparison of C Sharp and Visual Basic .NET}}
C\# and Visual Basic are Microsoft's first languages made to program on the .NET Framework (later adding [F\#](/wiki/F_Sharp_%28programming_language%29 "F Sharp (programming language)") and more; others have also added languages). Though C\# and Visual Basic are syntactically different, that is where the differences mostly end. Microsoft developed both of these languages to be part of the same .NET Framework development platform. They are both developed, managed, and supported by the same language development team at Microsoft.{{cite web \|last\=Krill \|first\=Paul \|url\=http://www.infoworld.com/article/09/02/27/Microsoft\_converging\_programming\_languages\_1\.html?R\=printThis\&A\=/article/09/02/27/Microsoft\_converging\_programming\_languages\_1\.html \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130126074556/http://www.infoworld.com/article/09/02/27/Microsoft\_converging\_programming\_languages\_1\.html?R\=printThis\&A\=/article/09/02/27/Microsoft\_converging\_programming\_languages\_1\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=January 26, 2013 \|title\=Microsoft converging programming languages \| Developer World \|publisher\=InfoWorld \|date\=February 27, 2009 \|access\-date\=August 18, 2013 }} They compile to the same intermediate language (IL), which runs against the same .NET Framework runtime libraries.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.dotnet\-guide.com/msintermediate.html \|title\=Microsoft Intermediate Language \|publisher\=Dotnet\-guide.com \|access\-date\=August 18, 2013 \|archive\-date\=June 2, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602151947/http://www.dotnet\-guide.com/msintermediate.html \|url\-status\=live }} Although there are some differences in the programming constructs, their differences are primarily syntactic and, assuming one avoids the Visual Basic "Compatibility" libraries provided by Microsoft to aid conversion from Visual Basic 6, almost every feature in VB has an equivalent feature in C\# and vice versa. Lastly, both languages reference the same Base Classes of the .NET Framework to extend their functionality. As a result, with few exceptions, a program written in either language can be run through a simple syntax converter to translate to the other. There are many open source and commercially available products for this task.
|
[
"Syntax\n------",
"{{Expand section\\|date\\=April 2014}}\nVisual Basic uses [statements](/wiki/Statement_%28computer_science%29 \"Statement (computer science)\") to specify actions. The most common statement is an expression statement, consisting of an [expression](/wiki/Expression_%28computer_science%29 \"Expression (computer science)\") to be evaluated, on a single line. As part of that evaluation, [functions or subroutines](/wiki/Subroutine \"Subroutine\") may be [called](/wiki/System_call \"System call\") and [variables](/wiki/Variable_%28programming%29 \"Variable (programming)\") may be [assigned](/wiki/Assignment_%28computer_science%29 \"Assignment (computer science)\") new values. To modify the normal sequential execution of statements, Visual Basic provides several control\\-flow statements identified by reserved keywords. [Structured programming](/wiki/Structured_programming \"Structured programming\") is supported by several constructs including two conditional execution constructs (`If` ... `Then` ... `Else` ... `End If` and `Select Case` ... `Case` ... `End Select` ) and four iterative execution (loop) constructs (`Do` ... `Loop`, `For` ... `To`, `For Each`, and `While` ... `End While`) . The `For` ... `To` statement has separate initialisation and testing sections, both of which must be present. (See examples below.) The `For Each` statement steps through each value in a list.",
"In addition, in Visual Basic:\n* There is no unified way of defining blocks of statements. Instead, certain keywords, such as \"If … Then\" or \"Sub\" are interpreted as starters of sub\\-blocks of code and have matching termination keywords such as \"End If\" or \"End Sub\".\n* Statements are terminated either with a [colon](/wiki/Colon_%28punctuation%29 \"Colon (punctuation)\") (\":\") or with the [end of line](/wiki/End_of_line \"End of line\"). Multiple\\-line statements in Visual Basic are enabled with \" \\_\" at the end of each such line. The need for the underscore continuation character was largely removed in version 10 and later versions.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/ff637436\\.aspx \\|title\\=New Features in Visual Basic 10 \\|date\\=June 3, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=September 5, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231731/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/ff637436\\.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n* The [equals sign](/wiki/Equals_sign \"Equals sign\") (\"\\=\") is used in both assigning values to variables and in comparison.\n* [Round brackets](/wiki/Parentheses \"Parentheses\") (parentheses) are used with [arrays](/wiki/Array_data_structure \"Array data structure\"), both to declare them and to get a value at a given index in one of them. Visual Basic uses round brackets to define the parameters of subroutines or functions.\n* A [single quotation mark](/wiki/Single_quotation_mark \"Single quotation mark\") (') or the keyword `REM`, placed at the beginning of a line or after any number of [space](/wiki/Space_character \"Space character\") or [tab](/wiki/Tab_character \"Tab character\") characters at the beginning of a line, or after other code on a line, indicates that the (remainder of the) line is a [comment](/wiki/Comment_%28computer_programming%29 \"Comment (computer programming)\").",
"### Simple example",
"The following is a very simple Visual Basic program, a version of the classic \"[Hello, World!](/wiki/Hello%2C_World%21 \"Hello, World!\")\" example created as a console application:",
"",
"Module Module1",
"",
"```\n Sub Main()\n ' The classic \"Hello, World!\" demonstration program\n Console.WriteLine(\"Hello, World!\")\n End Sub",
"```",
"End Module",
"It prints \"*Hello, World!*\" on a [command\\-line window](/wiki/Command-line_interface \"Command-line interface\"). Each line serves a specific purpose, as follows:",
"",
"Module Module1",
"",
"This is a module definition. Modules are a division of code, which can contain any kind of object, like constants or variables, functions or methods, or classes, but can not be instantiated as objects like classes and cannot inherit from other modules. Modules serve as containers of code that can be referenced from other parts of a program.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/aaxss7da(VS.80\\).aspx \\|title\\=Module Statement \\|publisher\\=MSDN – Developer Center \\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 9, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092122/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/aaxss7da(VS.80\\).aspx \\|url\\-status\\=live }} \nIt is common practice for a module and the code file which contains it to have the same name. However, this is not required, as a single code file may contain more than one module or class.",
"Sub Main()",
"",
"This line defines a subroutine called \"Main\". \"Main\" is the entry point, where the program begins execution.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/ms235406(VS.80\\).aspx \\|title\\=Main Procedure in Visual Basic \\|publisher\\=MSDN – Developer Center \\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 28, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128090733/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/ms235406(VS.80\\).aspx \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"",
"Console.WriteLine(\"Hello, world!\")",
"",
"This line performs the actual task of writing the output. *Console* is a system object, representing a command\\-line interface (also known as a \"console\") and granting programmatic access to the operating system's [standard streams](/wiki/Standard_streams \"Standard streams\"). The program calls the *Console* method *WriteLine,* which causes the string passed to it to be displayed on the console.",
"Instead of Console.WriteLine, one could use MsgBox, which prints the message in a dialog box instead of a command\\-line window.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/3cf7t4xt(VS.80\\).aspx \\|title\\=Visual Basic Version of Hello, World \\|publisher\\=MSDN – Developer Center \\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 11, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111152427/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/3cf7t4xt(VS.80\\).aspx \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Complex example",
"This piece of code outputs [Floyd's Triangle](/wiki/Floyd%27s_Triangle \"Floyd's Triangle\") to the console:",
"Imports System.Console",
"Module Program",
"```\n Sub Main()\n Dim rows As Integer",
"```",
"```\n ' Input validation.\n Do Until Integer.TryParse(ReadLine(\"Enter a value for how many rows to be displayed: \" & vbcrlf), rows) AndAlso rows >= 1\n WriteLine(\"Allowed range is 1 and {0}\", Integer.MaxValue)\n Loop\n \n ' Output of Floyd's Triangle\n Dim current As Integer = 1\n Dim row As Integer \n Dim column As Integer\n For row = 1 To rows\n For column = 1 To row\n Write(\"{0,-2} \", current)\n current += 1\n Next",
"```",
"```\n WriteLine()\n Next\n End Sub",
"```",
"```\n ''' <summary>\n ''' Like Console.ReadLine but takes a prompt string.\n ''' </summary>\n Function ReadLine(Optional prompt As String = Nothing) As String\n If prompt IsNot Nothing Then\n Write(prompt)\n End If",
"```",
"```\n Return Console.ReadLine()\n End Function",
"```",
"End Module",
"### Comparison with the classic Visual Basic",
"{{Main\\|Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET}}\nWhether Visual Basic .NET should be considered as just another version of Visual Basic or a completely different language is a topic of debate. There are new additions to support new features, such as [structured exception handling](/wiki/Exception_handling \"Exception handling\") and short\\-circuited expressions. Also, two important data\\-type changes occurred with the move to VB.NET: compared to Visual Basic 6, the `Integer` [data type](/wiki/Data_type \"Data type\") has been doubled in length from 16 bits to 32 bits, and the `Long` [data type](/wiki/Data_type \"Data type\") has been doubled in length from 32 bits to 64 bits. This is true for all versions of VB.NET. A 16\\-bit integer in all versions of VB.NET is now known as a `Short`. Similarly, the [Windows Forms](/wiki/Windows_Forms \"Windows Forms\") editor is very similar in style and function to the Visual Basic form editor.",
"The things that *have* changed significantly are the semantics—from those of an object\\-based programming language running on a [deterministic](/wiki/Deterministic \"Deterministic\"), [reference\\-counted](/wiki/Reference_counting \"Reference counting\") engine based on [COM](/wiki/Component_Object_Model \"Component Object Model\") to a fully [object\\-oriented](/wiki/Object-oriented \"Object-oriented\") language backed by the [.NET Framework](/wiki/.NET_Framework \".NET Framework\"), which consists of a combination of the [Common Language Runtime](/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime \"Common Language Runtime\") (a [virtual machine](/wiki/Virtual_machine \"Virtual machine\") using [generational garbage collection](/wiki/Garbage_collection_%28computer_science%29%23Generational_GC_%28aka_Ephemeral_GC%29 \"Garbage collection (computer science)#Generational GC (aka Ephemeral GC)\") and a [just\\-in\\-time compilation](/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation \"Just-in-time compilation\") engine) and a far larger [class library](/wiki/Class_library \"Class library\"). The increased breadth of the latter is also a problem that VB developers have to deal with when coming to the language, although this is somewhat addressed by the *My* feature in Visual Studio 2005\\.",
"The changes have altered many underlying assumptions about the \"right\" thing to do with respect to performance and maintainability. Some functions and libraries no longer exist; others are available, but not as efficient as the \"native\" .NET alternatives. Even if they compile, most converted Visual Basic 6 applications will require some level of [refactoring](/wiki/Refactoring \"Refactoring\") to take full advantage of the new language. Documentation is available to cover changes in the syntax, debugging applications, deployment and terminology.{{cite web\\|url \\= http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/vstudio/ms788233\\|title \\= Microsoft Visual Basic 6\\.0 Migration Resource Center\\|access\\-date \\= November 9, 2014\\|website \\= \\[\\[MSDN]]\\|publisher \\= \\[\\[Microsoft]]\\|archive\\-date \\= November 9, 2014\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141109140433/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/vstudio/ms788233\\|url\\-status \\= live}}",
"#### Comparative examples",
"The following simple examples compare VB and VB.NET syntax. They assume that the developer has created a form, placed a button on it and has associated the subroutines demonstrated in each example with the click [event handler](/wiki/Event_handler \"Event handler\") of the mentioned button. Each example creates a \"Hello, World\" message box after the button on the form is clicked.",
"Visual Basic 6:",
"",
"Private Sub Command1\\_Click()",
"```\n MsgBox \"Hello, World\"",
"```\nEnd Sub",
"",
"VB.NET (MsgBox or MessageBox class can be used):",
"",
"Private Sub Button1\\_Click(sender As object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1\\.Click",
"```\n MsgBox(\"Hello, World\")",
"```\nEnd Sub",
"* Both Visual Basic 6 and Visual Basic .NET automatically generate the `Sub` and `End Sub` statements when the corresponding button is double\\-clicked in design view. Visual Basic .NET will also generate the necessary `Class` and `End Class` statements. The developer need only add the statement to display the \"Hello, World\" message box.\n* All procedure calls must be made with parentheses in VB.NET, whereas in Visual Basic 6 there were different conventions for functions (parentheses required) and subs (no parentheses allowed, unless called using the keyword `Call`).\n* The names `Command1` and `Button1` are not obligatory. However, these are default names for a command button in Visual Basic 6 and VB.NET respectively.\n* In VB.NET, the `Handles` keyword is used to make the sub `Button1_Click` a handler for the `Click` event of the object `Button1`. In Visual Basic 6, event handler subs must have a specific name consisting of the object's name ({{code\\|Command1}}), an underscore ({{code\\|\\_}}), and the event's name ({{code\\|Click}}, hence {{code\\|Command1\\_Click}}).\n* There is a function called `MessageBox.Show` in the `Microsoft.VisualBasic` namespace which can be used (instead of `MsgBox`) similarly to the corresponding function in Visual Basic 6\\. There is a controversy{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.microsoft.com/en\\-us/download/details.aspx?id\\=55979\\|title\\=Visual Studio 2003 Retired Technical documentation\\|website\\=Microsoft Download Center\\|access\\-date\\=July 24, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=December 30, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230014657/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/aa291820(VS.71\\).aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}} about which function to use as a best practice (not only restricted to showing message boxes but also regarding other features of the `Microsoft.VisualBasic` namespace). Some programmers prefer to do things \"the .NET way\", since the Framework classes have more features and are less language\\-specific. Others argue that using language\\-specific features makes code more readable (for example, using `int` (C\\#) or `Integer` (VB.NET) instead of `System.Int32`).\n* In Visual Basic 2008, the inclusion of {{code\\|2\\=vbnet\\|ByVal sender as Object}}, {{code\\|2\\=vbnet\\|ByVal e as EventArgs}} has become optional.",
"The following example demonstrates a difference between Visual Basic 6 and VB.NET. Both examples close the [active window](/wiki/Active_window \"Active window\").",
"Visual Basic 6:",
"",
"Sub cmdClose\\_Click()",
"```\n Unload Me",
"```\nEnd Sub",
"",
"VB.NET:",
"",
"Sub btnClose\\_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles btnClose.Click",
"```\n Close()",
"```\nEnd Sub",
"",
"The 'cmd' prefix is replaced by the 'btn' prefix, conforming to the new convention previously mentioned.{{Which\\|date\\=November 2014}}\nVisual Basic 6 did not provide common operator shortcuts. The following are equivalent:",
"",
"Visual Basic 6:",
"",
"Sub Timer1\\_Timer()",
"```\n 'Reduces Form Height by one pixel per tick\n Me.Height = Me.Height - 1",
"```\nEnd Sub",
"",
"VB.NET:",
"Sub Timer1\\_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Timer1\\.Tick",
"```\n Me.Height -= 1",
"```\nEnd Sub",
"",
"### Comparison with C\\#",
"{{Main\\|Comparison of C Sharp and Visual Basic .NET}}",
"C\\# and Visual Basic are Microsoft's first languages made to program on the .NET Framework (later adding [F\\#](/wiki/F_Sharp_%28programming_language%29 \"F Sharp (programming language)\") and more; others have also added languages). Though C\\# and Visual Basic are syntactically different, that is where the differences mostly end. Microsoft developed both of these languages to be part of the same .NET Framework development platform. They are both developed, managed, and supported by the same language development team at Microsoft.{{cite web \\|last\\=Krill \\|first\\=Paul \\|url\\=http://www.infoworld.com/article/09/02/27/Microsoft\\_converging\\_programming\\_languages\\_1\\.html?R\\=printThis\\&A\\=/article/09/02/27/Microsoft\\_converging\\_programming\\_languages\\_1\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130126074556/http://www.infoworld.com/article/09/02/27/Microsoft\\_converging\\_programming\\_languages\\_1\\.html?R\\=printThis\\&A\\=/article/09/02/27/Microsoft\\_converging\\_programming\\_languages\\_1\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=January 26, 2013 \\|title\\=Microsoft converging programming languages \\| Developer World \\|publisher\\=InfoWorld \\|date\\=February 27, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2013 }} They compile to the same intermediate language (IL), which runs against the same .NET Framework runtime libraries.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dotnet\\-guide.com/msintermediate.html \\|title\\=Microsoft Intermediate Language \\|publisher\\=Dotnet\\-guide.com \\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 2, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602151947/http://www.dotnet\\-guide.com/msintermediate.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Although there are some differences in the programming constructs, their differences are primarily syntactic and, assuming one avoids the Visual Basic \"Compatibility\" libraries provided by Microsoft to aid conversion from Visual Basic 6, almost every feature in VB has an equivalent feature in C\\# and vice versa. Lastly, both languages reference the same Base Classes of the .NET Framework to extend their functionality. As a result, with few exceptions, a program written in either language can be run through a simple syntax converter to translate to the other. There are many open source and commercially available products for this task.",
""
] |
Hydrology
---------
### Chemical hydrology
At the [United States Geographical Survey](/wiki/United_States_Geographical_Survey "United States Geographical Survey") stream gauge downstream of the Alvin R. Bush Dam, the load of [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron") in Kettle Creek is {{convert\|265\.3\|lb\|kg}} per day. The daily load of iron is {{convert\|234\.2\|lb\|kg}} at the mouth of the tributary Twomile Run. The load of iron is {{convert\|4\.5\|lb\|kg}} per day at the mouth of the tributary Butler Hollow. At the mouth of Kettle Creek, the load is {{convert\|278\.5\|lb\|kg}} per day. The daily load of [manganese](/wiki/Manganese "Manganese") at the mouth of the creek is {{convert\|130\.0\|lb\|kg}} and at the mouth of Butler Hollow it is {{convert\|45\.1\|lb\|kg}} per day. At the mouth of Twomile Run, the daily manganese load is {{convert\|296\|lb\|kg}} and at the USGS stream gauge on Kettle Creek, the load is {{convert\|70\.8\|lb\|kg}} per day.
At the USGS gauge on Kettle Creek, the daily load of [aluminum](/wiki/Aluminum "Aluminum") is {{convert\|247\.6\|lb\|kg}} and at the mouth of Twomile Run it is {{convert\|394\.2\|lb\|kg}} per day. At the mouth of Butler Hollow, the aluminum load is {{convert\|40\.2\|lb\|kg}} per day. At the mouth of Kettle Creek itself, it is {{convert\|278\.5\|lb\|kg}} per day. The daily load of acidity at the creek's mouth is {{convert\|3063\.9\|lb\|kg}} per day and at the mouth of Butler Hollow it is {{convert\|323\.7\|lb\|kg}} per day. The acidity load at the mouth of Twomile Run is {{convert\|4162\.7\|lb\|kg}} per day and at the USGS gauge the load is {{convert\|1132\.1\|lb\|kg}} per day.
At the USGS gauging station on Kettle Creek, the concentration of iron is 0\.15 milligrams per liter, the concentration of manganese is 0\.04 milligrams per liter, and the concentration of aluminum is 0\.14 milligrams per liter. The acidity concentration is 0\.64 milligrams per liter and the concentration of [alkalinity](/wiki/Alkalinity "Alkalinity") is 11\.36 milligrams per liter. At the mouth of Twomile Run, the concentration of iron is 5\.09 milligrams per liter, the concentration of manganese is 6\.44 milligrams per liter, and the aluminum concentration is 8\.57 milligrams per liter. The concentration of acidity is 90\.5 milligrams per liter and there is no alkalinity.
The iron, manganese, and aluminum concentrations at the mouth of Butler Hollow are 1\.68, 16\.9, and 15\.05 milligrams per liter, respectively. The concentration of acidity is 121\.28 milligrams per liter and the alkalinity concentration is 0\. At the mouth of Kettle Creek, the iron concentration is 0\.15 milligrams per liter and the manganese concentration is 0\.07 milligrams per liter. Aluminum occurs in concentrations of 0\.15 milligrams per liter at the mouth of the creek. The concentration of acidity and alkalinity are 1\.65 and 11\.17 milligrams per liter, respectively.
In 2006, the concentration of sulfates at several points on Kettle Creek was measured. Upstream of Slide Hollow, it was seven milligrams per liter and in Slide Hollow, it was 910 milligrams per liter. The sulfate concentration of Kettle Creek upstream of Short Bend Run was 8 milligrams per liter. In Short Bend Run it was 431 milligrams per liter. Above Twomile Run on Kettle Creek, the sulfate concentration was 16 milligrams per liter and at the mouth it was 11 milligrams per liter. Upstream of the acid mine drainage, the sulfate concentration ranges from under 10 to 17 parts per million. In areas affected by acid mine drainage, the sulfate concentration ranges from 37 to 1375 parts per million.
The [chloride](/wiki/Chloride "Chloride") concentration in the waters of Kettle Creek and its tributaries is very low, ranging from under one to three parts per million. There are high [nitrate](/wiki/Nitrate "Nitrate") levels in parts of Little Kettle Creek and Kettle Creek. The [phosphorus](/wiki/Phosphorus "Phosphorus") levels in the waters range from under 0\.02 to 0\.06 parts per million. Upstream of the Alvin R. Bush Dam, the concentration is less than or equal to 0\.03 parts per million. The concentration of [total suspended solids](/wiki/Total_suspended_solids "Total suspended solids") ranges from 18 to 44 parts per million above the Alvin R. Bush Dam. The concentrations of [chromium](/wiki/Chromium "Chromium"), [nickel](/wiki/Nickel "Nickel"), [copper](/wiki/Copper "Copper"), [zinc](/wiki/Zinc "Zinc"), [arsenic](/wiki/Arsenic "Arsenic"), [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium "Cadmium"), and [lead](/wiki/Lead "Lead") in Kettle Creek and its tributaries are so small as to be undetectable.{{Citation\|author \= Pennsylvania State University\|url \= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/5waterquality\_compa.pdf\|title \= The Quality of Our Waters\|date \= Spring 2001\|access\-date \= March 7, 2014}} The waters of the Kettle Creek watershed are relatively [soft waters](/wiki/Soft_water "Soft water"), with a hardness level of 6 to 145 parts per million. The [dissolved oxygen](/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen "Dissolved oxygen") concentration ranges from 6\.5 to 18\.2 parts per million.
The [discharge](/wiki/Discharge_%28hydrology%29 "Discharge (hydrology)") of Kettle Creek at the USGS gauge at [Westport](/wiki/Westport%2C_Pennsylvania "Westport, Pennsylvania") ranged from 4 to 6280 cubic feet per second between 1970 and 2006\. The median discharge was 208 cubic feet per second and the mean was 396 cubic feet per second. The [pH](/wiki/PH "PH") of the creek at this point was measured in 1980 and 1983 to by 6\.4\. The tributaries Twomile Run, Huling Branch, and Middle Branch above the acid mine drainage have had their pH levels measured at 5\.9, 5\.7, and 5\.5, respectively. The pH of the watershed ranges from 5\.5 to 8\.6\. The [alkalinity](/wiki/Alkalinity "Alkalinity") concentration of the waters of the creek ranged from 20 to 25 milligrams per liter in the 1950s and 1960s, but decreased to 11 to 15 milligrams per liter by 1993\. Kettle Creek's level of specific conductivity ranges from 50 to 1500 [micro\-siemens](/wiki/Siemens_%28unit%29 "Siemens (unit)").
On the western side of the lower reaches of the Kettle Creek watershed, there is an [underground mine](/wiki/Underground_mine "Underground mine") complex with 26 sources of acid mine drainage. The acid mine drainage enters Kettle Creek, among other streams in the area and the sources of it have an average [discharge](/wiki/Discharge_%28hydrology%29 "Discharge (hydrology)") of 479 gallons per minute. They also have 304 milligrams per liter of acidity, 44 milligrams per liter of iron, 21 milligrams per liter of aluminum, 8 milligrams per liter of manganese, and 930 milligrams per liter of [sulfates](/wiki/Sulfate "Sulfate"). The alkalinity load from the Alvin R. Bush Dam is about 15 times greater than the acidity load from these acid mine discharges.
Kettle Creek has been known to have an abnormally high water temperature since 1942\. On warm, cloudless days, the temperature can be close to {{convert\|80\|F\|C}}. On June 25, 2003, the water temperature of Kettle Creek was measured to be {{convert\|67\.5\|F\|C}}.{{Citation\|author \= Jaimie E. Frey, Lisa B. Wertz, Suzanne R. Hoehne, and Jonathan R. Klotz Larson Design Group, Inc.\|url \= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/kettle\_creek\_tributaries\_addendum\_final\_report.pdf\|title \= Upper Kettle Creek Fish Habitat Conservation Plan Tributaries Addendum\|date \= March 2005\|access\-date \= March 4, 2014\|publisher\=Kettle Creek Watershed Association}} The average precipitation by month between 1960 and 2000 ranged from {{convert\|2\.2\|in\|cm}} in January and February to {{convert\|3\.9\|in\|cm}} in June. The lower {{convert\|12\|mi\|km}} of Kettle Creek are affected by [acid mine drainage](/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage "Acid mine drainage"). Most of the pollution in the watershed is [nonpoint source pollution](/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution "Nonpoint source pollution").
### Dams
There are four impoundments on Kettle Creek. Three of them are state park impoundments, designed for recreation. They are known as the Ole Bull Dam, the Kettle Creek Dam, and Kettle Creek Lake. The Ole Bull Dam and the Kettle Creek Dam are between {{convert\|12\|ft\|m}} and {{convert\|15\|ft\|m}} in height. The Alvin R. Bush Dam, which is also on the creek, is {{convert\|165\|ft\|m}} tall.{{Citation\|author \= Pennsylvania State University\|url \= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/4fisheries\_compa.pdf\|title \= Wildlife \& Fisheries\|date \= Spring 2001\|access\-date \= March 7, 2014}}
|
[
"Hydrology\n---------",
"### Chemical hydrology",
"At the [United States Geographical Survey](/wiki/United_States_Geographical_Survey \"United States Geographical Survey\") stream gauge downstream of the Alvin R. Bush Dam, the load of [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") in Kettle Creek is {{convert\\|265\\.3\\|lb\\|kg}} per day. The daily load of iron is {{convert\\|234\\.2\\|lb\\|kg}} at the mouth of the tributary Twomile Run. The load of iron is {{convert\\|4\\.5\\|lb\\|kg}} per day at the mouth of the tributary Butler Hollow. At the mouth of Kettle Creek, the load is {{convert\\|278\\.5\\|lb\\|kg}} per day. The daily load of [manganese](/wiki/Manganese \"Manganese\") at the mouth of the creek is {{convert\\|130\\.0\\|lb\\|kg}} and at the mouth of Butler Hollow it is {{convert\\|45\\.1\\|lb\\|kg}} per day. At the mouth of Twomile Run, the daily manganese load is {{convert\\|296\\|lb\\|kg}} and at the USGS stream gauge on Kettle Creek, the load is {{convert\\|70\\.8\\|lb\\|kg}} per day.",
"At the USGS gauge on Kettle Creek, the daily load of [aluminum](/wiki/Aluminum \"Aluminum\") is {{convert\\|247\\.6\\|lb\\|kg}} and at the mouth of Twomile Run it is {{convert\\|394\\.2\\|lb\\|kg}} per day. At the mouth of Butler Hollow, the aluminum load is {{convert\\|40\\.2\\|lb\\|kg}} per day. At the mouth of Kettle Creek itself, it is {{convert\\|278\\.5\\|lb\\|kg}} per day. The daily load of acidity at the creek's mouth is {{convert\\|3063\\.9\\|lb\\|kg}} per day and at the mouth of Butler Hollow it is {{convert\\|323\\.7\\|lb\\|kg}} per day. The acidity load at the mouth of Twomile Run is {{convert\\|4162\\.7\\|lb\\|kg}} per day and at the USGS gauge the load is {{convert\\|1132\\.1\\|lb\\|kg}} per day.",
"At the USGS gauging station on Kettle Creek, the concentration of iron is 0\\.15 milligrams per liter, the concentration of manganese is 0\\.04 milligrams per liter, and the concentration of aluminum is 0\\.14 milligrams per liter. The acidity concentration is 0\\.64 milligrams per liter and the concentration of [alkalinity](/wiki/Alkalinity \"Alkalinity\") is 11\\.36 milligrams per liter. At the mouth of Twomile Run, the concentration of iron is 5\\.09 milligrams per liter, the concentration of manganese is 6\\.44 milligrams per liter, and the aluminum concentration is 8\\.57 milligrams per liter. The concentration of acidity is 90\\.5 milligrams per liter and there is no alkalinity.",
"The iron, manganese, and aluminum concentrations at the mouth of Butler Hollow are 1\\.68, 16\\.9, and 15\\.05 milligrams per liter, respectively. The concentration of acidity is 121\\.28 milligrams per liter and the alkalinity concentration is 0\\. At the mouth of Kettle Creek, the iron concentration is 0\\.15 milligrams per liter and the manganese concentration is 0\\.07 milligrams per liter. Aluminum occurs in concentrations of 0\\.15 milligrams per liter at the mouth of the creek. The concentration of acidity and alkalinity are 1\\.65 and 11\\.17 milligrams per liter, respectively.",
"In 2006, the concentration of sulfates at several points on Kettle Creek was measured. Upstream of Slide Hollow, it was seven milligrams per liter and in Slide Hollow, it was 910 milligrams per liter. The sulfate concentration of Kettle Creek upstream of Short Bend Run was 8 milligrams per liter. In Short Bend Run it was 431 milligrams per liter. Above Twomile Run on Kettle Creek, the sulfate concentration was 16 milligrams per liter and at the mouth it was 11 milligrams per liter. Upstream of the acid mine drainage, the sulfate concentration ranges from under 10 to 17 parts per million. In areas affected by acid mine drainage, the sulfate concentration ranges from 37 to 1375 parts per million.",
"The [chloride](/wiki/Chloride \"Chloride\") concentration in the waters of Kettle Creek and its tributaries is very low, ranging from under one to three parts per million. There are high [nitrate](/wiki/Nitrate \"Nitrate\") levels in parts of Little Kettle Creek and Kettle Creek. The [phosphorus](/wiki/Phosphorus \"Phosphorus\") levels in the waters range from under 0\\.02 to 0\\.06 parts per million. Upstream of the Alvin R. Bush Dam, the concentration is less than or equal to 0\\.03 parts per million. The concentration of [total suspended solids](/wiki/Total_suspended_solids \"Total suspended solids\") ranges from 18 to 44 parts per million above the Alvin R. Bush Dam. The concentrations of [chromium](/wiki/Chromium \"Chromium\"), [nickel](/wiki/Nickel \"Nickel\"), [copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\"), [zinc](/wiki/Zinc \"Zinc\"), [arsenic](/wiki/Arsenic \"Arsenic\"), [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium \"Cadmium\"), and [lead](/wiki/Lead \"Lead\") in Kettle Creek and its tributaries are so small as to be undetectable.{{Citation\\|author \\= Pennsylvania State University\\|url \\= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/5waterquality\\_compa.pdf\\|title \\= The Quality of Our Waters\\|date \\= Spring 2001\\|access\\-date \\= March 7, 2014}} The waters of the Kettle Creek watershed are relatively [soft waters](/wiki/Soft_water \"Soft water\"), with a hardness level of 6 to 145 parts per million. The [dissolved oxygen](/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen \"Dissolved oxygen\") concentration ranges from 6\\.5 to 18\\.2 parts per million.",
"The [discharge](/wiki/Discharge_%28hydrology%29 \"Discharge (hydrology)\") of Kettle Creek at the USGS gauge at [Westport](/wiki/Westport%2C_Pennsylvania \"Westport, Pennsylvania\") ranged from 4 to 6280 cubic feet per second between 1970 and 2006\\. The median discharge was 208 cubic feet per second and the mean was 396 cubic feet per second. The [pH](/wiki/PH \"PH\") of the creek at this point was measured in 1980 and 1983 to by 6\\.4\\. The tributaries Twomile Run, Huling Branch, and Middle Branch above the acid mine drainage have had their pH levels measured at 5\\.9, 5\\.7, and 5\\.5, respectively. The pH of the watershed ranges from 5\\.5 to 8\\.6\\. The [alkalinity](/wiki/Alkalinity \"Alkalinity\") concentration of the waters of the creek ranged from 20 to 25 milligrams per liter in the 1950s and 1960s, but decreased to 11 to 15 milligrams per liter by 1993\\. Kettle Creek's level of specific conductivity ranges from 50 to 1500 [micro\\-siemens](/wiki/Siemens_%28unit%29 \"Siemens (unit)\").",
"On the western side of the lower reaches of the Kettle Creek watershed, there is an [underground mine](/wiki/Underground_mine \"Underground mine\") complex with 26 sources of acid mine drainage. The acid mine drainage enters Kettle Creek, among other streams in the area and the sources of it have an average [discharge](/wiki/Discharge_%28hydrology%29 \"Discharge (hydrology)\") of 479 gallons per minute. They also have 304 milligrams per liter of acidity, 44 milligrams per liter of iron, 21 milligrams per liter of aluminum, 8 milligrams per liter of manganese, and 930 milligrams per liter of [sulfates](/wiki/Sulfate \"Sulfate\"). The alkalinity load from the Alvin R. Bush Dam is about 15 times greater than the acidity load from these acid mine discharges.",
"Kettle Creek has been known to have an abnormally high water temperature since 1942\\. On warm, cloudless days, the temperature can be close to {{convert\\|80\\|F\\|C}}. On June 25, 2003, the water temperature of Kettle Creek was measured to be {{convert\\|67\\.5\\|F\\|C}}.{{Citation\\|author \\= Jaimie E. Frey, Lisa B. Wertz, Suzanne R. Hoehne, and Jonathan R. Klotz Larson Design Group, Inc.\\|url \\= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/kettle\\_creek\\_tributaries\\_addendum\\_final\\_report.pdf\\|title \\= Upper Kettle Creek Fish Habitat Conservation Plan Tributaries Addendum\\|date \\= March 2005\\|access\\-date \\= March 4, 2014\\|publisher\\=Kettle Creek Watershed Association}} The average precipitation by month between 1960 and 2000 ranged from {{convert\\|2\\.2\\|in\\|cm}} in January and February to {{convert\\|3\\.9\\|in\\|cm}} in June. The lower {{convert\\|12\\|mi\\|km}} of Kettle Creek are affected by [acid mine drainage](/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage \"Acid mine drainage\"). Most of the pollution in the watershed is [nonpoint source pollution](/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution \"Nonpoint source pollution\").",
"### Dams",
"There are four impoundments on Kettle Creek. Three of them are state park impoundments, designed for recreation. They are known as the Ole Bull Dam, the Kettle Creek Dam, and Kettle Creek Lake. The Ole Bull Dam and the Kettle Creek Dam are between {{convert\\|12\\|ft\\|m}} and {{convert\\|15\\|ft\\|m}} in height. The Alvin R. Bush Dam, which is also on the creek, is {{convert\\|165\\|ft\\|m}} tall.{{Citation\\|author \\= Pennsylvania State University\\|url \\= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/4fisheries\\_compa.pdf\\|title \\= Wildlife \\& Fisheries\\|date \\= Spring 2001\\|access\\-date \\= March 7, 2014}}",
""
] |
### Chemical hydrology
At the [United States Geographical Survey](/wiki/United_States_Geographical_Survey "United States Geographical Survey") stream gauge downstream of the Alvin R. Bush Dam, the load of [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron") in Kettle Creek is {{convert\|265\.3\|lb\|kg}} per day. The daily load of iron is {{convert\|234\.2\|lb\|kg}} at the mouth of the tributary Twomile Run. The load of iron is {{convert\|4\.5\|lb\|kg}} per day at the mouth of the tributary Butler Hollow. At the mouth of Kettle Creek, the load is {{convert\|278\.5\|lb\|kg}} per day. The daily load of [manganese](/wiki/Manganese "Manganese") at the mouth of the creek is {{convert\|130\.0\|lb\|kg}} and at the mouth of Butler Hollow it is {{convert\|45\.1\|lb\|kg}} per day. At the mouth of Twomile Run, the daily manganese load is {{convert\|296\|lb\|kg}} and at the USGS stream gauge on Kettle Creek, the load is {{convert\|70\.8\|lb\|kg}} per day.
At the USGS gauge on Kettle Creek, the daily load of [aluminum](/wiki/Aluminum "Aluminum") is {{convert\|247\.6\|lb\|kg}} and at the mouth of Twomile Run it is {{convert\|394\.2\|lb\|kg}} per day. At the mouth of Butler Hollow, the aluminum load is {{convert\|40\.2\|lb\|kg}} per day. At the mouth of Kettle Creek itself, it is {{convert\|278\.5\|lb\|kg}} per day. The daily load of acidity at the creek's mouth is {{convert\|3063\.9\|lb\|kg}} per day and at the mouth of Butler Hollow it is {{convert\|323\.7\|lb\|kg}} per day. The acidity load at the mouth of Twomile Run is {{convert\|4162\.7\|lb\|kg}} per day and at the USGS gauge the load is {{convert\|1132\.1\|lb\|kg}} per day.
At the USGS gauging station on Kettle Creek, the concentration of iron is 0\.15 milligrams per liter, the concentration of manganese is 0\.04 milligrams per liter, and the concentration of aluminum is 0\.14 milligrams per liter. The acidity concentration is 0\.64 milligrams per liter and the concentration of [alkalinity](/wiki/Alkalinity "Alkalinity") is 11\.36 milligrams per liter. At the mouth of Twomile Run, the concentration of iron is 5\.09 milligrams per liter, the concentration of manganese is 6\.44 milligrams per liter, and the aluminum concentration is 8\.57 milligrams per liter. The concentration of acidity is 90\.5 milligrams per liter and there is no alkalinity.
The iron, manganese, and aluminum concentrations at the mouth of Butler Hollow are 1\.68, 16\.9, and 15\.05 milligrams per liter, respectively. The concentration of acidity is 121\.28 milligrams per liter and the alkalinity concentration is 0\. At the mouth of Kettle Creek, the iron concentration is 0\.15 milligrams per liter and the manganese concentration is 0\.07 milligrams per liter. Aluminum occurs in concentrations of 0\.15 milligrams per liter at the mouth of the creek. The concentration of acidity and alkalinity are 1\.65 and 11\.17 milligrams per liter, respectively.
In 2006, the concentration of sulfates at several points on Kettle Creek was measured. Upstream of Slide Hollow, it was seven milligrams per liter and in Slide Hollow, it was 910 milligrams per liter. The sulfate concentration of Kettle Creek upstream of Short Bend Run was 8 milligrams per liter. In Short Bend Run it was 431 milligrams per liter. Above Twomile Run on Kettle Creek, the sulfate concentration was 16 milligrams per liter and at the mouth it was 11 milligrams per liter. Upstream of the acid mine drainage, the sulfate concentration ranges from under 10 to 17 parts per million. In areas affected by acid mine drainage, the sulfate concentration ranges from 37 to 1375 parts per million.
The [chloride](/wiki/Chloride "Chloride") concentration in the waters of Kettle Creek and its tributaries is very low, ranging from under one to three parts per million. There are high [nitrate](/wiki/Nitrate "Nitrate") levels in parts of Little Kettle Creek and Kettle Creek. The [phosphorus](/wiki/Phosphorus "Phosphorus") levels in the waters range from under 0\.02 to 0\.06 parts per million. Upstream of the Alvin R. Bush Dam, the concentration is less than or equal to 0\.03 parts per million. The concentration of [total suspended solids](/wiki/Total_suspended_solids "Total suspended solids") ranges from 18 to 44 parts per million above the Alvin R. Bush Dam. The concentrations of [chromium](/wiki/Chromium "Chromium"), [nickel](/wiki/Nickel "Nickel"), [copper](/wiki/Copper "Copper"), [zinc](/wiki/Zinc "Zinc"), [arsenic](/wiki/Arsenic "Arsenic"), [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium "Cadmium"), and [lead](/wiki/Lead "Lead") in Kettle Creek and its tributaries are so small as to be undetectable.{{Citation\|author \= Pennsylvania State University\|url \= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/5waterquality\_compa.pdf\|title \= The Quality of Our Waters\|date \= Spring 2001\|access\-date \= March 7, 2014}} The waters of the Kettle Creek watershed are relatively [soft waters](/wiki/Soft_water "Soft water"), with a hardness level of 6 to 145 parts per million. The [dissolved oxygen](/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen "Dissolved oxygen") concentration ranges from 6\.5 to 18\.2 parts per million.
The [discharge](/wiki/Discharge_%28hydrology%29 "Discharge (hydrology)") of Kettle Creek at the USGS gauge at [Westport](/wiki/Westport%2C_Pennsylvania "Westport, Pennsylvania") ranged from 4 to 6280 cubic feet per second between 1970 and 2006\. The median discharge was 208 cubic feet per second and the mean was 396 cubic feet per second. The [pH](/wiki/PH "PH") of the creek at this point was measured in 1980 and 1983 to by 6\.4\. The tributaries Twomile Run, Huling Branch, and Middle Branch above the acid mine drainage have had their pH levels measured at 5\.9, 5\.7, and 5\.5, respectively. The pH of the watershed ranges from 5\.5 to 8\.6\. The [alkalinity](/wiki/Alkalinity "Alkalinity") concentration of the waters of the creek ranged from 20 to 25 milligrams per liter in the 1950s and 1960s, but decreased to 11 to 15 milligrams per liter by 1993\. Kettle Creek's level of specific conductivity ranges from 50 to 1500 [micro\-siemens](/wiki/Siemens_%28unit%29 "Siemens (unit)").
On the western side of the lower reaches of the Kettle Creek watershed, there is an [underground mine](/wiki/Underground_mine "Underground mine") complex with 26 sources of acid mine drainage. The acid mine drainage enters Kettle Creek, among other streams in the area and the sources of it have an average [discharge](/wiki/Discharge_%28hydrology%29 "Discharge (hydrology)") of 479 gallons per minute. They also have 304 milligrams per liter of acidity, 44 milligrams per liter of iron, 21 milligrams per liter of aluminum, 8 milligrams per liter of manganese, and 930 milligrams per liter of [sulfates](/wiki/Sulfate "Sulfate"). The alkalinity load from the Alvin R. Bush Dam is about 15 times greater than the acidity load from these acid mine discharges.
Kettle Creek has been known to have an abnormally high water temperature since 1942\. On warm, cloudless days, the temperature can be close to {{convert\|80\|F\|C}}. On June 25, 2003, the water temperature of Kettle Creek was measured to be {{convert\|67\.5\|F\|C}}.{{Citation\|author \= Jaimie E. Frey, Lisa B. Wertz, Suzanne R. Hoehne, and Jonathan R. Klotz Larson Design Group, Inc.\|url \= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/kettle\_creek\_tributaries\_addendum\_final\_report.pdf\|title \= Upper Kettle Creek Fish Habitat Conservation Plan Tributaries Addendum\|date \= March 2005\|access\-date \= March 4, 2014\|publisher\=Kettle Creek Watershed Association}} The average precipitation by month between 1960 and 2000 ranged from {{convert\|2\.2\|in\|cm}} in January and February to {{convert\|3\.9\|in\|cm}} in June. The lower {{convert\|12\|mi\|km}} of Kettle Creek are affected by [acid mine drainage](/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage "Acid mine drainage"). Most of the pollution in the watershed is [nonpoint source pollution](/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution "Nonpoint source pollution").
|
[
"### Chemical hydrology",
"At the [United States Geographical Survey](/wiki/United_States_Geographical_Survey \"United States Geographical Survey\") stream gauge downstream of the Alvin R. Bush Dam, the load of [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") in Kettle Creek is {{convert\\|265\\.3\\|lb\\|kg}} per day. The daily load of iron is {{convert\\|234\\.2\\|lb\\|kg}} at the mouth of the tributary Twomile Run. The load of iron is {{convert\\|4\\.5\\|lb\\|kg}} per day at the mouth of the tributary Butler Hollow. At the mouth of Kettle Creek, the load is {{convert\\|278\\.5\\|lb\\|kg}} per day. The daily load of [manganese](/wiki/Manganese \"Manganese\") at the mouth of the creek is {{convert\\|130\\.0\\|lb\\|kg}} and at the mouth of Butler Hollow it is {{convert\\|45\\.1\\|lb\\|kg}} per day. At the mouth of Twomile Run, the daily manganese load is {{convert\\|296\\|lb\\|kg}} and at the USGS stream gauge on Kettle Creek, the load is {{convert\\|70\\.8\\|lb\\|kg}} per day.",
"At the USGS gauge on Kettle Creek, the daily load of [aluminum](/wiki/Aluminum \"Aluminum\") is {{convert\\|247\\.6\\|lb\\|kg}} and at the mouth of Twomile Run it is {{convert\\|394\\.2\\|lb\\|kg}} per day. At the mouth of Butler Hollow, the aluminum load is {{convert\\|40\\.2\\|lb\\|kg}} per day. At the mouth of Kettle Creek itself, it is {{convert\\|278\\.5\\|lb\\|kg}} per day. The daily load of acidity at the creek's mouth is {{convert\\|3063\\.9\\|lb\\|kg}} per day and at the mouth of Butler Hollow it is {{convert\\|323\\.7\\|lb\\|kg}} per day. The acidity load at the mouth of Twomile Run is {{convert\\|4162\\.7\\|lb\\|kg}} per day and at the USGS gauge the load is {{convert\\|1132\\.1\\|lb\\|kg}} per day.",
"At the USGS gauging station on Kettle Creek, the concentration of iron is 0\\.15 milligrams per liter, the concentration of manganese is 0\\.04 milligrams per liter, and the concentration of aluminum is 0\\.14 milligrams per liter. The acidity concentration is 0\\.64 milligrams per liter and the concentration of [alkalinity](/wiki/Alkalinity \"Alkalinity\") is 11\\.36 milligrams per liter. At the mouth of Twomile Run, the concentration of iron is 5\\.09 milligrams per liter, the concentration of manganese is 6\\.44 milligrams per liter, and the aluminum concentration is 8\\.57 milligrams per liter. The concentration of acidity is 90\\.5 milligrams per liter and there is no alkalinity.",
"The iron, manganese, and aluminum concentrations at the mouth of Butler Hollow are 1\\.68, 16\\.9, and 15\\.05 milligrams per liter, respectively. The concentration of acidity is 121\\.28 milligrams per liter and the alkalinity concentration is 0\\. At the mouth of Kettle Creek, the iron concentration is 0\\.15 milligrams per liter and the manganese concentration is 0\\.07 milligrams per liter. Aluminum occurs in concentrations of 0\\.15 milligrams per liter at the mouth of the creek. The concentration of acidity and alkalinity are 1\\.65 and 11\\.17 milligrams per liter, respectively.",
"In 2006, the concentration of sulfates at several points on Kettle Creek was measured. Upstream of Slide Hollow, it was seven milligrams per liter and in Slide Hollow, it was 910 milligrams per liter. The sulfate concentration of Kettle Creek upstream of Short Bend Run was 8 milligrams per liter. In Short Bend Run it was 431 milligrams per liter. Above Twomile Run on Kettle Creek, the sulfate concentration was 16 milligrams per liter and at the mouth it was 11 milligrams per liter. Upstream of the acid mine drainage, the sulfate concentration ranges from under 10 to 17 parts per million. In areas affected by acid mine drainage, the sulfate concentration ranges from 37 to 1375 parts per million.",
"The [chloride](/wiki/Chloride \"Chloride\") concentration in the waters of Kettle Creek and its tributaries is very low, ranging from under one to three parts per million. There are high [nitrate](/wiki/Nitrate \"Nitrate\") levels in parts of Little Kettle Creek and Kettle Creek. The [phosphorus](/wiki/Phosphorus \"Phosphorus\") levels in the waters range from under 0\\.02 to 0\\.06 parts per million. Upstream of the Alvin R. Bush Dam, the concentration is less than or equal to 0\\.03 parts per million. The concentration of [total suspended solids](/wiki/Total_suspended_solids \"Total suspended solids\") ranges from 18 to 44 parts per million above the Alvin R. Bush Dam. The concentrations of [chromium](/wiki/Chromium \"Chromium\"), [nickel](/wiki/Nickel \"Nickel\"), [copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\"), [zinc](/wiki/Zinc \"Zinc\"), [arsenic](/wiki/Arsenic \"Arsenic\"), [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium \"Cadmium\"), and [lead](/wiki/Lead \"Lead\") in Kettle Creek and its tributaries are so small as to be undetectable.{{Citation\\|author \\= Pennsylvania State University\\|url \\= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/5waterquality\\_compa.pdf\\|title \\= The Quality of Our Waters\\|date \\= Spring 2001\\|access\\-date \\= March 7, 2014}} The waters of the Kettle Creek watershed are relatively [soft waters](/wiki/Soft_water \"Soft water\"), with a hardness level of 6 to 145 parts per million. The [dissolved oxygen](/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen \"Dissolved oxygen\") concentration ranges from 6\\.5 to 18\\.2 parts per million.",
"The [discharge](/wiki/Discharge_%28hydrology%29 \"Discharge (hydrology)\") of Kettle Creek at the USGS gauge at [Westport](/wiki/Westport%2C_Pennsylvania \"Westport, Pennsylvania\") ranged from 4 to 6280 cubic feet per second between 1970 and 2006\\. The median discharge was 208 cubic feet per second and the mean was 396 cubic feet per second. The [pH](/wiki/PH \"PH\") of the creek at this point was measured in 1980 and 1983 to by 6\\.4\\. The tributaries Twomile Run, Huling Branch, and Middle Branch above the acid mine drainage have had their pH levels measured at 5\\.9, 5\\.7, and 5\\.5, respectively. The pH of the watershed ranges from 5\\.5 to 8\\.6\\. The [alkalinity](/wiki/Alkalinity \"Alkalinity\") concentration of the waters of the creek ranged from 20 to 25 milligrams per liter in the 1950s and 1960s, but decreased to 11 to 15 milligrams per liter by 1993\\. Kettle Creek's level of specific conductivity ranges from 50 to 1500 [micro\\-siemens](/wiki/Siemens_%28unit%29 \"Siemens (unit)\").",
"On the western side of the lower reaches of the Kettle Creek watershed, there is an [underground mine](/wiki/Underground_mine \"Underground mine\") complex with 26 sources of acid mine drainage. The acid mine drainage enters Kettle Creek, among other streams in the area and the sources of it have an average [discharge](/wiki/Discharge_%28hydrology%29 \"Discharge (hydrology)\") of 479 gallons per minute. They also have 304 milligrams per liter of acidity, 44 milligrams per liter of iron, 21 milligrams per liter of aluminum, 8 milligrams per liter of manganese, and 930 milligrams per liter of [sulfates](/wiki/Sulfate \"Sulfate\"). The alkalinity load from the Alvin R. Bush Dam is about 15 times greater than the acidity load from these acid mine discharges.",
"Kettle Creek has been known to have an abnormally high water temperature since 1942\\. On warm, cloudless days, the temperature can be close to {{convert\\|80\\|F\\|C}}. On June 25, 2003, the water temperature of Kettle Creek was measured to be {{convert\\|67\\.5\\|F\\|C}}.{{Citation\\|author \\= Jaimie E. Frey, Lisa B. Wertz, Suzanne R. Hoehne, and Jonathan R. Klotz Larson Design Group, Inc.\\|url \\= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/kettle\\_creek\\_tributaries\\_addendum\\_final\\_report.pdf\\|title \\= Upper Kettle Creek Fish Habitat Conservation Plan Tributaries Addendum\\|date \\= March 2005\\|access\\-date \\= March 4, 2014\\|publisher\\=Kettle Creek Watershed Association}} The average precipitation by month between 1960 and 2000 ranged from {{convert\\|2\\.2\\|in\\|cm}} in January and February to {{convert\\|3\\.9\\|in\\|cm}} in June. The lower {{convert\\|12\\|mi\\|km}} of Kettle Creek are affected by [acid mine drainage](/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage \"Acid mine drainage\"). Most of the pollution in the watershed is [nonpoint source pollution](/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution \"Nonpoint source pollution\").",
""
] |
Geology and geography
---------------------
The lower reaches of the Kettle Creek watershed are in the [Appalachian Plateau](/wiki/Appalachian_Plateau "Appalachian Plateau") geographical region. The northern part of the watershed is in the Mountainous High Plateau Section, while the southern part is in the Pittsburgh Low Plateau Section. The highest elevation in the Kettle Creek watershed is {{convert\|2512\|ft\|m}} above sea level, in the Cross Fork sub\-watershed. Kettle Creek is a freestone stream, meaning that there is little [limestone](/wiki/Limestone "Limestone") and alkalinity in it.
The soils in the lower part of the Kettle Creek watershed are highly acidic, deep, and well\-drained. A total of 22 percent of the surface rock in this area is [interbedded](/wiki/Interbedding "Interbedding") [sedimentary](/wiki/Sedimentary "Sedimentary") rock, while [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") makes up 78 percent. The Lower Kittanning coal seam is found in the Kettle Creek watershed. Rock formations in the Kettle Creek watershed include the [Huntley Mountain Formation](/wiki/Huntley_Mountain_Formation "Huntley Mountain Formation"), the [Burgoon Sandstone](/wiki/Burgoon_Sandstone "Burgoon Sandstone"), the [Pottsville Group](/wiki/Pottsville_Formation "Pottsville Formation"), and the [Allegheny Group](/wiki/Allegheny_Formation "Allegheny Formation"). The Huntley Mountain Formation is from the [Devonian](/wiki/Devonian "Devonian") period and the [Mississippian](/wiki/Mississippian_age "Mississippian age") epoch. The Burgoon Sandstone is from the Mississippian epoch and the Allegheny and Pottsville Groups are from the [Pennsylvanian](/wiki/Pennsylvanian_%28geology%29 "Pennsylvanian (geology)") epoch. The Allegheny Group is the only rock formation in the watershed to contain coal that is economically worth mining.
The Kittanning Coals are found in high\-elevation areas of the lower reaches of the Kettle Creek watershed. The Upper Kittanning coal is a [bituminous](/wiki/Bituminous_coal "Bituminous coal") coal vein that is found in the highest\-elevation parts of the lower reaches of the watershed. It is typically {{convert\|3\|ft\|m}} thick. The Lower Kittanning Coal is found about {{convert\|80\|ft\|m}} to {{convert\|150\|ft\|m}} under the Upper Kittanning Coal. It forms outcrops in the western part of the lower Kettle Creek watershed at {{convert\|1400\|ft\|m}} to {{convert\|1500\|ft\|m}} above sea level, where the creek is at {{convert\|760\|ft\|m}} above sea level. The Columbiana Shale is located above the Lower Kittanning coal. It is acidic due to a presence of [pyrite](/wiki/Pyrite "Pyrite") and has a [sulfur](/wiki/Sulfur "Sulfur") concentration of 1 to 5 percent.
The Clearfield\-McIntyre [Syncline](/wiki/Syncline "Syncline") runs through the western lower part of the Kettle Creek watershed in a southwest\-to\-northeast direction. North of this syncline lies the Wellsboro [Anticline](/wiki/Anticline "Anticline"). South of it lies the Hyner Dome. A set of [fractures](/wiki/Fracture_%28geology%29 "Fracture (geology)") in the watershed causes the tributary Huling Branch to have a straight and narrow valley and for Kettle Creek itself to make a sharp 90\-degree turn near the mouth of the tributary Twomile Run. Lateral bars that are nearly or completely devoid of vegetation can be found throughout the main stem of Kettle Creek. In the southern reaches of the watershed, where Pennsylvanian\-epoch sandstones are located, the creek flows through steep valleys with narrow floodplains. In the central and northern reaches of the watershed, the main rocks are Mississippian and Devonian rocks. This part of the watershed is characterized by wider floodplains, less steep valleys, and some plateaus, enabling agricultural and residential development to a limited extent.{{Citation\|author \= Pennsylvania State University\|url \= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/1physical\_compa.pdf\|title \= The Physical Landscape\|date \= Spring 2001\|access\-date \= March 6, 2014\|author\-link \= Pennsylvania State University}} Several miles upstream of the Alvin R. Bush Dam, the creek makes two 180\-degree turns. This may eventually cause an [oxbow lake](/wiki/Oxbow_lake "Oxbow lake") to form.
The soil in the floodplains of the Kettle Creek watershed belong to the Barbour Series and the Craigsville Series. The soil in the valley slopes is Ungers and Meckesville soil. The soil on top of the watershed's ridges is Hazleton and Laidig soil. Lordstown Soil is found at the creek's headwaters.
There are several areas of significant streambank [erosion](/wiki/Erosion "Erosion") on Kettle Creek. A quarter of a mile upstream of Germania Branch's confluence with the creek, there is an area of erosion that is {{convert\|3\.5\|m\|ft}} high for a {{convert\|16\|m\|ft}} stretch. Near this point, there is another area where erosion extends {{convert\|2\.7\|m\|ft}} for an {{convert\|18\|m\|ft}} stretch. Downstream of Germania Run, there is a stretch of bank erosion that measures {{convert\|2\.5\|m\|ft}} high and {{convert\|22\|m\|ft}} long, with another one measuring {{convert\|9\|m\|ft}} high and {{convert\|28\|m\|ft}} long. On parts of Germania Branch, the height of the erosion ranges from {{convert\|1\|m\|ft}} to {{convert\|3\|m\|ft}} with some parts reaching as high as {{convert\|5\|m\|ft}}.
Downstream of Germania Branch's confluence with Kettle Creek, the latter creek's banks have a tendency to be high on one side and low on the other side. Kettle Creek doubles in size after picking up Little Kettle Creek. The channel size of the creek has historically not been widely studied, but in 1942 Watts *et al.* measured it to be {{convert\|100\|ft\|m}} wide between Hammersley Fork and Leidy. By 2000, it had increased to {{convert\|154\|ft\|m}} wide.
The water level at the Alvin R. Bush Dam typically maintains an elevation of approximately {{convert\|841\|ft\|m}} above sea level. The steepest basin in the Kettle Creek watershed is in the Alvin Bush Lake sub\-watershed, with an average slope of 19\.12 degrees. Other sub\-watersheds with steep slopes include Spicewood Run (18\.54 degrees), Walters Run (17\.32 degrees), middle Kettle Creek (16\.78 degrees), and Hammersley Fork (16\.24 degrees). The least steep basin in the watershed is Twomile Run, with an average slope of 8\.32 degrees.
|
[
"Geology and geography\n---------------------",
"The lower reaches of the Kettle Creek watershed are in the [Appalachian Plateau](/wiki/Appalachian_Plateau \"Appalachian Plateau\") geographical region. The northern part of the watershed is in the Mountainous High Plateau Section, while the southern part is in the Pittsburgh Low Plateau Section. The highest elevation in the Kettle Creek watershed is {{convert\\|2512\\|ft\\|m}} above sea level, in the Cross Fork sub\\-watershed. Kettle Creek is a freestone stream, meaning that there is little [limestone](/wiki/Limestone \"Limestone\") and alkalinity in it.",
"The soils in the lower part of the Kettle Creek watershed are highly acidic, deep, and well\\-drained. A total of 22 percent of the surface rock in this area is [interbedded](/wiki/Interbedding \"Interbedding\") [sedimentary](/wiki/Sedimentary \"Sedimentary\") rock, while [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone \"Sandstone\") makes up 78 percent. The Lower Kittanning coal seam is found in the Kettle Creek watershed. Rock formations in the Kettle Creek watershed include the [Huntley Mountain Formation](/wiki/Huntley_Mountain_Formation \"Huntley Mountain Formation\"), the [Burgoon Sandstone](/wiki/Burgoon_Sandstone \"Burgoon Sandstone\"), the [Pottsville Group](/wiki/Pottsville_Formation \"Pottsville Formation\"), and the [Allegheny Group](/wiki/Allegheny_Formation \"Allegheny Formation\"). The Huntley Mountain Formation is from the [Devonian](/wiki/Devonian \"Devonian\") period and the [Mississippian](/wiki/Mississippian_age \"Mississippian age\") epoch. The Burgoon Sandstone is from the Mississippian epoch and the Allegheny and Pottsville Groups are from the [Pennsylvanian](/wiki/Pennsylvanian_%28geology%29 \"Pennsylvanian (geology)\") epoch. The Allegheny Group is the only rock formation in the watershed to contain coal that is economically worth mining.",
"The Kittanning Coals are found in high\\-elevation areas of the lower reaches of the Kettle Creek watershed. The Upper Kittanning coal is a [bituminous](/wiki/Bituminous_coal \"Bituminous coal\") coal vein that is found in the highest\\-elevation parts of the lower reaches of the watershed. It is typically {{convert\\|3\\|ft\\|m}} thick. The Lower Kittanning Coal is found about {{convert\\|80\\|ft\\|m}} to {{convert\\|150\\|ft\\|m}} under the Upper Kittanning Coal. It forms outcrops in the western part of the lower Kettle Creek watershed at {{convert\\|1400\\|ft\\|m}} to {{convert\\|1500\\|ft\\|m}} above sea level, where the creek is at {{convert\\|760\\|ft\\|m}} above sea level. The Columbiana Shale is located above the Lower Kittanning coal. It is acidic due to a presence of [pyrite](/wiki/Pyrite \"Pyrite\") and has a [sulfur](/wiki/Sulfur \"Sulfur\") concentration of 1 to 5 percent.",
"The Clearfield\\-McIntyre [Syncline](/wiki/Syncline \"Syncline\") runs through the western lower part of the Kettle Creek watershed in a southwest\\-to\\-northeast direction. North of this syncline lies the Wellsboro [Anticline](/wiki/Anticline \"Anticline\"). South of it lies the Hyner Dome. A set of [fractures](/wiki/Fracture_%28geology%29 \"Fracture (geology)\") in the watershed causes the tributary Huling Branch to have a straight and narrow valley and for Kettle Creek itself to make a sharp 90\\-degree turn near the mouth of the tributary Twomile Run. Lateral bars that are nearly or completely devoid of vegetation can be found throughout the main stem of Kettle Creek. In the southern reaches of the watershed, where Pennsylvanian\\-epoch sandstones are located, the creek flows through steep valleys with narrow floodplains. In the central and northern reaches of the watershed, the main rocks are Mississippian and Devonian rocks. This part of the watershed is characterized by wider floodplains, less steep valleys, and some plateaus, enabling agricultural and residential development to a limited extent.{{Citation\\|author \\= Pennsylvania State University\\|url \\= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/1physical\\_compa.pdf\\|title \\= The Physical Landscape\\|date \\= Spring 2001\\|access\\-date \\= March 6, 2014\\|author\\-link \\= Pennsylvania State University}} Several miles upstream of the Alvin R. Bush Dam, the creek makes two 180\\-degree turns. This may eventually cause an [oxbow lake](/wiki/Oxbow_lake \"Oxbow lake\") to form.",
"The soil in the floodplains of the Kettle Creek watershed belong to the Barbour Series and the Craigsville Series. The soil in the valley slopes is Ungers and Meckesville soil. The soil on top of the watershed's ridges is Hazleton and Laidig soil. Lordstown Soil is found at the creek's headwaters.",
"There are several areas of significant streambank [erosion](/wiki/Erosion \"Erosion\") on Kettle Creek. A quarter of a mile upstream of Germania Branch's confluence with the creek, there is an area of erosion that is {{convert\\|3\\.5\\|m\\|ft}} high for a {{convert\\|16\\|m\\|ft}} stretch. Near this point, there is another area where erosion extends {{convert\\|2\\.7\\|m\\|ft}} for an {{convert\\|18\\|m\\|ft}} stretch. Downstream of Germania Run, there is a stretch of bank erosion that measures {{convert\\|2\\.5\\|m\\|ft}} high and {{convert\\|22\\|m\\|ft}} long, with another one measuring {{convert\\|9\\|m\\|ft}} high and {{convert\\|28\\|m\\|ft}} long. On parts of Germania Branch, the height of the erosion ranges from {{convert\\|1\\|m\\|ft}} to {{convert\\|3\\|m\\|ft}} with some parts reaching as high as {{convert\\|5\\|m\\|ft}}.",
"Downstream of Germania Branch's confluence with Kettle Creek, the latter creek's banks have a tendency to be high on one side and low on the other side. Kettle Creek doubles in size after picking up Little Kettle Creek. The channel size of the creek has historically not been widely studied, but in 1942 Watts *et al.* measured it to be {{convert\\|100\\|ft\\|m}} wide between Hammersley Fork and Leidy. By 2000, it had increased to {{convert\\|154\\|ft\\|m}} wide.",
"The water level at the Alvin R. Bush Dam typically maintains an elevation of approximately {{convert\\|841\\|ft\\|m}} above sea level. The steepest basin in the Kettle Creek watershed is in the Alvin Bush Lake sub\\-watershed, with an average slope of 19\\.12 degrees. Other sub\\-watersheds with steep slopes include Spicewood Run (18\\.54 degrees), Walters Run (17\\.32 degrees), middle Kettle Creek (16\\.78 degrees), and Hammersley Fork (16\\.24 degrees). The least steep basin in the watershed is Twomile Run, with an average slope of 8\\.32 degrees.",
""
] |
History and industries
----------------------
[thumb\|left\|Ole Bull, founder of a failed colony in the Kettle Creek watershed](/wiki/File:Ole_Bull_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13955.jpg "Ole Bull - Project Gutenberg eText 13955.jpg")
The Kettle Creek was inhabited by the [Iroquois](/wiki/Iroquois "Iroquois") and the [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware_People "Delaware People") prior to European settlement. European explorers reached the watershed in the mid\-1700s and the first settlers arrived in 1794\. Most of the early settlers were farmers. A number of settlers of German descent formed a settlement in the northern part of the watershed, which came to be known as Germania. Overseen by [William Radde](/wiki/William_Radde "William Radde") and Charles Maine, Germania developed quickly between the 1850s and the 1870s. [Slovaks](/wiki/Slovaks "Slovaks") began moving into the watershed in the early 1900s.{{Citation\|author \= Pennsylvania State University\|url \= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/introduction\_compa.pdf\|title \= Kettle Creek Watershed Center for Watershed Stewardship Keystone Project, Spring 2001\|date \= Spring 2001\|access\-date \= March 6, 2014\|author\-link \= Pennsylvania State University}}
The Kettle Creek Path used by the Native Americans historically linked the [Cowanesque River](/wiki/Cowanesque_River "Cowanesque River") with the West Branch Susquehanna River via Kettle Creek. It is possible that Native Americans camped on the creek while hunting and fishing in the area. An Indian village existed at the mouth of the creek until it was destroyed by the military in 1763\. In 1784, at the Treaty at Fort Stanwick, much of Pennsylvania's [Northern Tier](/wiki/Northern_Tier_%28Pennsylvania%29 "Northern Tier (Pennsylvania)"), including the Kettle Creek watershed, was purchased from the Iroquois, Delaware, and [Wyandott](/wiki/Wyandotte_people "Wyandotte people") for $7000\. The Indians retained hunting rights in the area until 1804\.
Richard Gilmore was the first person of European descent to lay claim to a plot of land on Kettle Creek. He settled there on July 21, 1794\. James Caldwell was the second European to arrive, reaching the area by 1807\. Simeon Pfoutz, a former resident of [Perry County](/wiki/Perry_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Perry County, Pennsylvania") arrived in the watershed in 1813\. Pfoutz also built a [sawmill](/wiki/Sawmill "Sawmill") and [gristmill](/wiki/Gristmill "Gristmill") on the creek. Other early settlers included John Calhoun and David Summerson, who arrived in 1822 and 1823, respectively. The population of the watershed increased fairly slowly in the early 1800s, with only a few families inhabiting the watershed by 1834\.
Early roads in the Kettle Creek watershed include Boone Road, which was built in 1779 to aid in combat against the [Six Nations](/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy "Iroquois Confederacy") and the Jersey Shore Road, which was built some time before 1833\. The Jersey Shore Road was later renamed the [Cloudersport](/wiki/Coudersport%2C_Pennsylvania "Coudersport, Pennsylvania") and [Jersey Shore](/wiki/Jersey_Shore%2C_Pennsylvania "Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania") Turnpike. Another road was built in 1834 in the watershed, followed by another road several years later that ran between the West Branch Susquehanna River and Cross Fork. Butler Road was built on the western side of the watershed in 1850\. The first [post office](/wiki/Post_office "Post office") in the watershed was established at Westport in 1847\. The first bridge to cross the creek was built in 1852 at Westport.
The Norwegian violinist [Ole Bull](/wiki/Ole_Bull "Ole Bull") attempted unsuccessfully to start a colony in the Kettle Creek watershed in 1852\. A village was built by John Gartsee in 1853 at the confluence of Trout Run with the creek. The first schoolhouse in the watershed was built in 1858 on Yochum Hill. A railroad bridge was built at the mouth of the creek in 1859\.
Several mills powered by Kettle Creek had been built by 1852\. Logging, including cutting down hemlock trees, was historically done in the upper Kettle Creek watershed. The main companies doing logging in the area included the Lackawanna Lumber Company, and Emporium and Goodyear Companies. The lumbering industry in the watershed began in the mid\-1800s. With the arrival of railroads in the area in the late 1800s, the industry became more prevalent. The Lackawanna Lumber Company began working in the area in 1893\. By 1900, there were two railroads along the creek used for hauling logs to a [sawmill](/wiki/Sawmill "Sawmill") near [Cross Fork](/wiki/Cross_Fork%2C_Pennsylvania "Cross Fork, Pennsylvania"). However, the lumbering industry collapsed after 1910\. The population had peaked around 1900 and numerous residents of the watershed left shortly after the collapse of the area's lumbering industry. Timber production was done to a limited extent in the northern part of the watershed, as of 2001\. The population has remained relatively stable since the 1930s.
In the 1800s, settlement of the upper reaches of the Kettle Creek watershed centered on Germania, while the settlement of the lower reaches centered on the community of Leidy. A community near Trout Run began to attract people in the 1870s and 1880s.
[Cheese](/wiki/Cheese "Cheese") was produced in the communities of Germania and Carter Camp in 1902\. Mining of [coal](/wiki/Coal "Coal") in the Kettle Creek watershed began in 1874\. The coal was discovered by Joseph Russell and David Bly. The Kettle Creek Coal Company created the community of Bitumen in this year. The company also ran six [underground mines](/wiki/Underground_mining "Underground mining") in the area until 1929\. Sixteen coal mines have been operated in the lower Kettle Creek watershed. A number of mines were sealed by the [Works Progress Administration](/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration "Works Progress Administration") in the 1930s and the last underground mines were closed in the 1930s. Most of these mines were dip\-up mines mining the Lower Kittanning coal. [Strip mining](/wiki/Strip_mining "Strip mining") was done in the watershed from the 1930s to 1977\. The D. G. Wertz Coal Company and the Kettle Creek Corporation were two companies that strip\-mined coal in the area during this period. The Lower Kittanning Coal was mined down to a depth of {{convert\|60\|ft\|m}}.
[Natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas "Natural gas") was discovered in the Kettle Creek watershed near Indian Camp in 1902\. Two gas wells were built ten miles from Hammersley Fork in 1907\. In 1920, two more gas wells were dug south of Cross Fork. They were approximately {{convert\|3500\|ft\|m}} and {{convert\|2500\|ft\|m}} deep. The Clinton Natural Gas Company began extracting the gas. Drilling continued until 1958, when many of the wells ran dry.
In 1966, a [sludge](/wiki/Sludge "Sludge") pond discharged a large amount of toxic waste into Kettle Creek. Over 185,000 fish were killed by this. Kettle Creek and other streams in its watershed had been [channelized](/wiki/Stream_channelization "Stream channelization") commonly between 1895 and 1913\. The watershed experienced severe flooding in the early 1900s.{{Citation\|url \= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/upper\_kettle\_creek\_fish\_habitat\_plan.pdf\|title \= Upper Kettle Creek Fish Habitat and Conservation Plan Clinton and Potter Counties, Pennsylvania\|date \= April 2002 \|access\-date \= March 6, 2014}}
Hard surfacing of roads in part of the Kettle Creek watershed began in 1930 to 1938\. The Alvin R. Bush Dam was built on the creek in the late 1950s to protect against flooding. The creek was the subject of an [Operation Scarlift](/wiki/Operation_Scarlift "Operation Scarlift") study from 1970 to 1972\. A USGS gauge was installed on the stream in 1972\. The Kettle Creek Watershed Association (also known as the KWCA) was founded in the late 1990s.{{Citation\|author \= Kettle Creek Watershed Association\|url \= http://www.kettlecreek.org/history.html\|title \= History of KCWA\|access\-date \= March 4, 2014}} The creek became the third Home Rivers initiative of [Trout Unlimited](/wiki/Trout_Unlimited "Trout Unlimited") in 1998\. The main industries in the Kettle Creek watershed in the 21st century are tourism, agriculture, and lumbering.
There are two exposed [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum "Petroleum") pipelines on Kettle Creek between the Rauch Road Bridge and the mouth of the tributary Long Run. According to the Kettle Creek Watershed Association, it is possible that if they burst, Kettle Creek would be severely impacted.
### Naming
It has been suggested that Kettle Creek is named for [kettles](/wiki/Kettle "Kettle") used by the Native Americans on the West Branch Susquehanna River.{{Citation\|author \= Pennsylvania State University\|url \= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/2culture\_compa.pdf\|title \= Kettle Creek Culture\|date \= Spring 2001\|access\-date \= March 6, 2014}}
|
[
"History and industries\n----------------------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Ole Bull, founder of a failed colony in the Kettle Creek watershed](/wiki/File:Ole_Bull_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13955.jpg \"Ole Bull - Project Gutenberg eText 13955.jpg\")\nThe Kettle Creek was inhabited by the [Iroquois](/wiki/Iroquois \"Iroquois\") and the [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware_People \"Delaware People\") prior to European settlement. European explorers reached the watershed in the mid\\-1700s and the first settlers arrived in 1794\\. Most of the early settlers were farmers. A number of settlers of German descent formed a settlement in the northern part of the watershed, which came to be known as Germania. Overseen by [William Radde](/wiki/William_Radde \"William Radde\") and Charles Maine, Germania developed quickly between the 1850s and the 1870s. [Slovaks](/wiki/Slovaks \"Slovaks\") began moving into the watershed in the early 1900s.{{Citation\\|author \\= Pennsylvania State University\\|url \\= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/introduction\\_compa.pdf\\|title \\= Kettle Creek Watershed Center for Watershed Stewardship Keystone Project, Spring 2001\\|date \\= Spring 2001\\|access\\-date \\= March 6, 2014\\|author\\-link \\= Pennsylvania State University}}",
"The Kettle Creek Path used by the Native Americans historically linked the [Cowanesque River](/wiki/Cowanesque_River \"Cowanesque River\") with the West Branch Susquehanna River via Kettle Creek. It is possible that Native Americans camped on the creek while hunting and fishing in the area. An Indian village existed at the mouth of the creek until it was destroyed by the military in 1763\\. In 1784, at the Treaty at Fort Stanwick, much of Pennsylvania's [Northern Tier](/wiki/Northern_Tier_%28Pennsylvania%29 \"Northern Tier (Pennsylvania)\"), including the Kettle Creek watershed, was purchased from the Iroquois, Delaware, and [Wyandott](/wiki/Wyandotte_people \"Wyandotte people\") for $7000\\. The Indians retained hunting rights in the area until 1804\\.",
"Richard Gilmore was the first person of European descent to lay claim to a plot of land on Kettle Creek. He settled there on July 21, 1794\\. James Caldwell was the second European to arrive, reaching the area by 1807\\. Simeon Pfoutz, a former resident of [Perry County](/wiki/Perry_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Perry County, Pennsylvania\") arrived in the watershed in 1813\\. Pfoutz also built a [sawmill](/wiki/Sawmill \"Sawmill\") and [gristmill](/wiki/Gristmill \"Gristmill\") on the creek. Other early settlers included John Calhoun and David Summerson, who arrived in 1822 and 1823, respectively. The population of the watershed increased fairly slowly in the early 1800s, with only a few families inhabiting the watershed by 1834\\.",
"Early roads in the Kettle Creek watershed include Boone Road, which was built in 1779 to aid in combat against the [Six Nations](/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy \"Iroquois Confederacy\") and the Jersey Shore Road, which was built some time before 1833\\. The Jersey Shore Road was later renamed the [Cloudersport](/wiki/Coudersport%2C_Pennsylvania \"Coudersport, Pennsylvania\") and [Jersey Shore](/wiki/Jersey_Shore%2C_Pennsylvania \"Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania\") Turnpike. Another road was built in 1834 in the watershed, followed by another road several years later that ran between the West Branch Susquehanna River and Cross Fork. Butler Road was built on the western side of the watershed in 1850\\. The first [post office](/wiki/Post_office \"Post office\") in the watershed was established at Westport in 1847\\. The first bridge to cross the creek was built in 1852 at Westport.",
"The Norwegian violinist [Ole Bull](/wiki/Ole_Bull \"Ole Bull\") attempted unsuccessfully to start a colony in the Kettle Creek watershed in 1852\\. A village was built by John Gartsee in 1853 at the confluence of Trout Run with the creek. The first schoolhouse in the watershed was built in 1858 on Yochum Hill. A railroad bridge was built at the mouth of the creek in 1859\\.",
"Several mills powered by Kettle Creek had been built by 1852\\. Logging, including cutting down hemlock trees, was historically done in the upper Kettle Creek watershed. The main companies doing logging in the area included the Lackawanna Lumber Company, and Emporium and Goodyear Companies. The lumbering industry in the watershed began in the mid\\-1800s. With the arrival of railroads in the area in the late 1800s, the industry became more prevalent. The Lackawanna Lumber Company began working in the area in 1893\\. By 1900, there were two railroads along the creek used for hauling logs to a [sawmill](/wiki/Sawmill \"Sawmill\") near [Cross Fork](/wiki/Cross_Fork%2C_Pennsylvania \"Cross Fork, Pennsylvania\"). However, the lumbering industry collapsed after 1910\\. The population had peaked around 1900 and numerous residents of the watershed left shortly after the collapse of the area's lumbering industry. Timber production was done to a limited extent in the northern part of the watershed, as of 2001\\. The population has remained relatively stable since the 1930s.",
"In the 1800s, settlement of the upper reaches of the Kettle Creek watershed centered on Germania, while the settlement of the lower reaches centered on the community of Leidy. A community near Trout Run began to attract people in the 1870s and 1880s.",
"[Cheese](/wiki/Cheese \"Cheese\") was produced in the communities of Germania and Carter Camp in 1902\\. Mining of [coal](/wiki/Coal \"Coal\") in the Kettle Creek watershed began in 1874\\. The coal was discovered by Joseph Russell and David Bly. The Kettle Creek Coal Company created the community of Bitumen in this year. The company also ran six [underground mines](/wiki/Underground_mining \"Underground mining\") in the area until 1929\\. Sixteen coal mines have been operated in the lower Kettle Creek watershed. A number of mines were sealed by the [Works Progress Administration](/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration \"Works Progress Administration\") in the 1930s and the last underground mines were closed in the 1930s. Most of these mines were dip\\-up mines mining the Lower Kittanning coal. [Strip mining](/wiki/Strip_mining \"Strip mining\") was done in the watershed from the 1930s to 1977\\. The D. G. Wertz Coal Company and the Kettle Creek Corporation were two companies that strip\\-mined coal in the area during this period. The Lower Kittanning Coal was mined down to a depth of {{convert\\|60\\|ft\\|m}}.",
"[Natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas \"Natural gas\") was discovered in the Kettle Creek watershed near Indian Camp in 1902\\. Two gas wells were built ten miles from Hammersley Fork in 1907\\. In 1920, two more gas wells were dug south of Cross Fork. They were approximately {{convert\\|3500\\|ft\\|m}} and {{convert\\|2500\\|ft\\|m}} deep. The Clinton Natural Gas Company began extracting the gas. Drilling continued until 1958, when many of the wells ran dry.",
"In 1966, a [sludge](/wiki/Sludge \"Sludge\") pond discharged a large amount of toxic waste into Kettle Creek. Over 185,000 fish were killed by this. Kettle Creek and other streams in its watershed had been [channelized](/wiki/Stream_channelization \"Stream channelization\") commonly between 1895 and 1913\\. The watershed experienced severe flooding in the early 1900s.{{Citation\\|url \\= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/upper\\_kettle\\_creek\\_fish\\_habitat\\_plan.pdf\\|title \\= Upper Kettle Creek Fish Habitat and Conservation Plan Clinton and Potter Counties, Pennsylvania\\|date \\= April 2002 \\|access\\-date \\= March 6, 2014}}",
"Hard surfacing of roads in part of the Kettle Creek watershed began in 1930 to 1938\\. The Alvin R. Bush Dam was built on the creek in the late 1950s to protect against flooding. The creek was the subject of an [Operation Scarlift](/wiki/Operation_Scarlift \"Operation Scarlift\") study from 1970 to 1972\\. A USGS gauge was installed on the stream in 1972\\. The Kettle Creek Watershed Association (also known as the KWCA) was founded in the late 1990s.{{Citation\\|author \\= Kettle Creek Watershed Association\\|url \\= http://www.kettlecreek.org/history.html\\|title \\= History of KCWA\\|access\\-date \\= March 4, 2014}} The creek became the third Home Rivers initiative of [Trout Unlimited](/wiki/Trout_Unlimited \"Trout Unlimited\") in 1998\\. The main industries in the Kettle Creek watershed in the 21st century are tourism, agriculture, and lumbering.",
"There are two exposed [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum \"Petroleum\") pipelines on Kettle Creek between the Rauch Road Bridge and the mouth of the tributary Long Run. According to the Kettle Creek Watershed Association, it is possible that if they burst, Kettle Creek would be severely impacted.",
"### Naming",
"It has been suggested that Kettle Creek is named for [kettles](/wiki/Kettle \"Kettle\") used by the Native Americans on the West Branch Susquehanna River.{{Citation\\|author \\= Pennsylvania State University\\|url \\= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/2culture\\_compa.pdf\\|title \\= Kettle Creek Culture\\|date \\= Spring 2001\\|access\\-date \\= March 6, 2014}}",
""
] |
Biology
-------
There are {{convert\|67\|mi\|km}} of streams classified as "Class\-A" trout streams in the Kettle Creek watershed. However, the trout population was in decline in the 1990s.{{Citation\|author \= Kettle Creek Watershed Association\|url \= http://www.kettlecreek.org/fish\-habitat.html\|title \= Fish Habitat Improvements\|access\-date \= March 4, 2014}} In the 1880s, large [brook trout](/wiki/Brook_trout "Brook trout") were common in Kettle Creek, but due to [overfishing](/wiki/Overfishing "Overfishing"), such large trout were no longer found in the creek after 1918 to 1920\. The Kettle Creek watershed contains eight percent of the Class A Wild Trout Streams in Pennsylvania.{{Citation\|publisher \= Kettle Creek Watershed Association\|author \= Hedin Environmental\|url \= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/west\_side\_kettle\_creek\_final\_report.pdf\|title \= West Side of Lower Kettle Creek AMD Remediation Master Plan \|date \= February 2007\|access\-date \= March 5, 2014}} The levels of trout biomass at the headwaters can be as high as {{convert\|243\|kg\|lb}} per hectare. [Brown trout](/wiki/Brown_trout "Brown trout") were first introduced to the watershed in the late 1800s. They became common in the watershed in the 1940s. [Rainbow trout](/wiki/Rainbow_trout "Rainbow trout") began to be stocked in the creek in Clinton County in 1936 and Potter County in 1946\. [Yellow perch](/wiki/Yellow_perch "Yellow perch") began to be stocked in the lower reaches of Kettle Creek between the mid\-1930s and early 1940s. A total of 35 species of fish are found in the watershed, of which 21 are native species and 14 are not.
A herd of [elk](/wiki/Elk "Elk") was introduced to the watershed shortly before November 2000\. [Black bears](/wiki/American_black_bear "American black bear") have also been observed in the watershed. [Coyotes](/wiki/Coyote "Coyote") live in the watershed, and have been hunted and [trapped](/wiki/Animal_trapping "Animal trapping"). Other mammals living in the watershed include [gray squirrels](/wiki/Gray_squirrel "Gray squirrel"), [beavers](/wiki/Beaver "Beaver"), [minks](/wiki/Mink "Mink"), [bobcats](/wiki/Bobcat "Bobcat"), [raccoons](/wiki/Raccoon "Raccoon"), and [red](/wiki/Red_fox "Red fox") and [gray](/wiki/Gray_fox "Gray fox") foxes. The Allegheny Wood Rat has the potential to inhabit much of the watershed except for the northwestern part.
[Wolves](/wiki/Wolf "Wolf") and elk lived in the watershed prior to European settlement. [Bald eagles](/wiki/Bald_eagle "Bald eagle"), [ospreys](/wiki/Osprey "Osprey"), [kingfishers](/wiki/Kingfisher "Kingfisher"), [brook trout](/wiki/Brook_trout "Brook trout"), and [freshwater molluscs](/wiki/Freshwater_mollusc "Freshwater mollusc") have all been observed on the tributaries Hammersley Fork and Trout Run. Bald eagles, ospreys, [Canada geese](/wiki/Canada_goose "Canada goose"), [herons](/wiki/Heron "Heron"), and [mallard ducks](/wiki/Mallard_duck "Mallard duck") have visited Kettle Creek Lake. Various [birds of prey](/wiki/Bird_of_prey "Bird of prey") have also temporarily visited the watershed. [Ring\-necked pheasants](/wiki/Ring-necked_pheasant "Ring-necked pheasant") and [ruffed grouse](/wiki/Ruffed_grouse "Ruffed grouse") live in the watershed.
On Twomile Run above the acid mine drainage, a total of 19 [macroinvertebrate](/wiki/Macroinvertebrate "Macroinvertebrate") taxa including 5 members of the orders [Ephemeroptera](/wiki/Ephemeroptera "Ephemeroptera") and [Plecoptera](/wiki/Plecoptera "Plecoptera") were observed in 1998\. Below the acid mine drainage, there were only two taxa, neither of which belonged to Ephemeroptera or Plecoptera. Above the acid mine drainage on Middle Branch, ten macroinvertebrate taxa were observed, of which five belonged to Ephemeroptera or Plecoptera. Below the acid mine drainage, there were two taxa, neither of which belonged to Ephemeroptera or Plecoptera. In 1999, the macroinvertebrate density ranged from 197 to 1916 individuals per square meter. The concentration of [fecal coliform](/wiki/Fecal_coliform "Fecal coliform") in the water at Cross Fork is 2000 individuals per liter and the concentration of fecal [streptococcus](/wiki/Streptococcus "Streptococcus") is 2400 individuals per liter.
[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index](/wiki/Hilsenhoff_Biotic_Index "Hilsenhoff Biotic Index") values for Kettle Creek have been measured. The Hilsenhoff Biotic Index is a method of determining water quality based on the presence of macroinvertebrate families and their tolerance to pollution. It ranges from 0 to 10, with 0 being the least polluted. Kettle Creek ranges from 4\.61 to 2\.54 with an average of 3\.32\. The EPT Index ([Ephemeroptera](/wiki/Ephemeroptera "Ephemeroptera"), [Plecoptera](/wiki/Plecoptera "Plecoptera"), and [Trichoptera](/wiki/Trichoptera "Trichoptera") Index) has also been measured for the creek. It ranges from 10 to 25 with an average of 17\. There are 285 vertebrate species that have the potential to inhabit the Kettle Creek watershed.
A quarter of a mile downstream of a wooden bridge built across Kettle Creek in 2000, the [canopy](/wiki/Canopy_%28biology%29 "Canopy (biology)") coverage is 30%. However, half a mile downstream of the bridge, the coverage is closer to 90%. In an area upstream of the confluence of Germania Branch with the creek, there is 20% canopy coverage. Downstream of Germania Branch, the canopy coverage is 78%. The creek has a [riparian zone](/wiki/Riparian_zone "Riparian zone"). It mostly consists of [hemlock](/wiki/Tsuga "Tsuga"), [cherry](/wiki/Cherry_tree "Cherry tree"), [river birch](/wiki/River_birch "River birch"), and eastern hop hornbeam. [Riparian buffers](/wiki/Riparian_buffer "Riparian buffer") are deficient or completely absent on more than {{convert\|40\|mi\|km}} of streams in the watershed. Although there are riparian buffers in some places, the creek is often too wide to be completely shaded by these.
On Germania Run, some parts of the stream have 30% to 50% canopy coverage, while others have 80% to 100% canopy coverage. Canopy cover levels are 65% on most of Little Kettle Creek. Trees growing along this creek include hemlock, river birch, [beech](/wiki/Beech "Beech"), [red maple](/wiki/Red_maple "Red maple"), [striped maple](/wiki/Striped_maple "Striped maple"), and [willows](/wiki/Willow "Willow") infested by [beetles](/wiki/Beetle "Beetle"). [Yellow birch](/wiki/Yellow_birch "Yellow birch"), [sugar maple](/wiki/Sugar_maple "Sugar maple"), and hemlock trees grow on the tributary Bearfield Run.
Mammal and bird [diversity](/wiki/Biodiversity "Biodiversity") is high throughout the stream corridors in the Kettle Creek watershed. Reptile and amphibian diversity is the highest in the southern part of the stream corridors. Fish diversity is highest in the Twomile Run sub\-watershed. Two wetlands can be found in the sub\-watershed of John Summerson Branch Trout Run. One is a mixed [graminoid](/wiki/Graminoid "Graminoid") swamp and the other is a broadleaf conifer swamp.
Half of the trees in the Kettle Creek watershed are [northern hardwood](/wiki/Northern_hardwood "Northern hardwood") trees. The remainder includes [oak](/wiki/Oak "Oak") trees, which make up 29 percent of the watershed's trees, red maple (4 percent), [aspen](/wiki/Aspen "Aspen") and [gray birch](/wiki/Gray_birch "Gray birch") (3 percent), [Virginia pine](/wiki/Virginia_pine "Virginia pine"), [white pine](/wiki/Eastern_white_pine "Eastern white pine"), and hemlock (1 percent each).
|
[
"Biology\n-------",
"There are {{convert\\|67\\|mi\\|km}} of streams classified as \"Class\\-A\" trout streams in the Kettle Creek watershed. However, the trout population was in decline in the 1990s.{{Citation\\|author \\= Kettle Creek Watershed Association\\|url \\= http://www.kettlecreek.org/fish\\-habitat.html\\|title \\= Fish Habitat Improvements\\|access\\-date \\= March 4, 2014}} In the 1880s, large [brook trout](/wiki/Brook_trout \"Brook trout\") were common in Kettle Creek, but due to [overfishing](/wiki/Overfishing \"Overfishing\"), such large trout were no longer found in the creek after 1918 to 1920\\. The Kettle Creek watershed contains eight percent of the Class A Wild Trout Streams in Pennsylvania.{{Citation\\|publisher \\= Kettle Creek Watershed Association\\|author \\= Hedin Environmental\\|url \\= http://www.kettlecreek.org/uploads/2/5/6/0/25607137/west\\_side\\_kettle\\_creek\\_final\\_report.pdf\\|title \\= West Side of Lower Kettle Creek AMD Remediation Master Plan \\|date \\= February 2007\\|access\\-date \\= March 5, 2014}} The levels of trout biomass at the headwaters can be as high as {{convert\\|243\\|kg\\|lb}} per hectare. [Brown trout](/wiki/Brown_trout \"Brown trout\") were first introduced to the watershed in the late 1800s. They became common in the watershed in the 1940s. [Rainbow trout](/wiki/Rainbow_trout \"Rainbow trout\") began to be stocked in the creek in Clinton County in 1936 and Potter County in 1946\\. [Yellow perch](/wiki/Yellow_perch \"Yellow perch\") began to be stocked in the lower reaches of Kettle Creek between the mid\\-1930s and early 1940s. A total of 35 species of fish are found in the watershed, of which 21 are native species and 14 are not.",
"A herd of [elk](/wiki/Elk \"Elk\") was introduced to the watershed shortly before November 2000\\. [Black bears](/wiki/American_black_bear \"American black bear\") have also been observed in the watershed. [Coyotes](/wiki/Coyote \"Coyote\") live in the watershed, and have been hunted and [trapped](/wiki/Animal_trapping \"Animal trapping\"). Other mammals living in the watershed include [gray squirrels](/wiki/Gray_squirrel \"Gray squirrel\"), [beavers](/wiki/Beaver \"Beaver\"), [minks](/wiki/Mink \"Mink\"), [bobcats](/wiki/Bobcat \"Bobcat\"), [raccoons](/wiki/Raccoon \"Raccoon\"), and [red](/wiki/Red_fox \"Red fox\") and [gray](/wiki/Gray_fox \"Gray fox\") foxes. The Allegheny Wood Rat has the potential to inhabit much of the watershed except for the northwestern part.",
"[Wolves](/wiki/Wolf \"Wolf\") and elk lived in the watershed prior to European settlement. [Bald eagles](/wiki/Bald_eagle \"Bald eagle\"), [ospreys](/wiki/Osprey \"Osprey\"), [kingfishers](/wiki/Kingfisher \"Kingfisher\"), [brook trout](/wiki/Brook_trout \"Brook trout\"), and [freshwater molluscs](/wiki/Freshwater_mollusc \"Freshwater mollusc\") have all been observed on the tributaries Hammersley Fork and Trout Run. Bald eagles, ospreys, [Canada geese](/wiki/Canada_goose \"Canada goose\"), [herons](/wiki/Heron \"Heron\"), and [mallard ducks](/wiki/Mallard_duck \"Mallard duck\") have visited Kettle Creek Lake. Various [birds of prey](/wiki/Bird_of_prey \"Bird of prey\") have also temporarily visited the watershed. [Ring\\-necked pheasants](/wiki/Ring-necked_pheasant \"Ring-necked pheasant\") and [ruffed grouse](/wiki/Ruffed_grouse \"Ruffed grouse\") live in the watershed.",
"On Twomile Run above the acid mine drainage, a total of 19 [macroinvertebrate](/wiki/Macroinvertebrate \"Macroinvertebrate\") taxa including 5 members of the orders [Ephemeroptera](/wiki/Ephemeroptera \"Ephemeroptera\") and [Plecoptera](/wiki/Plecoptera \"Plecoptera\") were observed in 1998\\. Below the acid mine drainage, there were only two taxa, neither of which belonged to Ephemeroptera or Plecoptera. Above the acid mine drainage on Middle Branch, ten macroinvertebrate taxa were observed, of which five belonged to Ephemeroptera or Plecoptera. Below the acid mine drainage, there were two taxa, neither of which belonged to Ephemeroptera or Plecoptera. In 1999, the macroinvertebrate density ranged from 197 to 1916 individuals per square meter. The concentration of [fecal coliform](/wiki/Fecal_coliform \"Fecal coliform\") in the water at Cross Fork is 2000 individuals per liter and the concentration of fecal [streptococcus](/wiki/Streptococcus \"Streptococcus\") is 2400 individuals per liter.",
"[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index](/wiki/Hilsenhoff_Biotic_Index \"Hilsenhoff Biotic Index\") values for Kettle Creek have been measured. The Hilsenhoff Biotic Index is a method of determining water quality based on the presence of macroinvertebrate families and their tolerance to pollution. It ranges from 0 to 10, with 0 being the least polluted. Kettle Creek ranges from 4\\.61 to 2\\.54 with an average of 3\\.32\\. The EPT Index ([Ephemeroptera](/wiki/Ephemeroptera \"Ephemeroptera\"), [Plecoptera](/wiki/Plecoptera \"Plecoptera\"), and [Trichoptera](/wiki/Trichoptera \"Trichoptera\") Index) has also been measured for the creek. It ranges from 10 to 25 with an average of 17\\. There are 285 vertebrate species that have the potential to inhabit the Kettle Creek watershed.",
"A quarter of a mile downstream of a wooden bridge built across Kettle Creek in 2000, the [canopy](/wiki/Canopy_%28biology%29 \"Canopy (biology)\") coverage is 30%. However, half a mile downstream of the bridge, the coverage is closer to 90%. In an area upstream of the confluence of Germania Branch with the creek, there is 20% canopy coverage. Downstream of Germania Branch, the canopy coverage is 78%. The creek has a [riparian zone](/wiki/Riparian_zone \"Riparian zone\"). It mostly consists of [hemlock](/wiki/Tsuga \"Tsuga\"), [cherry](/wiki/Cherry_tree \"Cherry tree\"), [river birch](/wiki/River_birch \"River birch\"), and eastern hop hornbeam. [Riparian buffers](/wiki/Riparian_buffer \"Riparian buffer\") are deficient or completely absent on more than {{convert\\|40\\|mi\\|km}} of streams in the watershed. Although there are riparian buffers in some places, the creek is often too wide to be completely shaded by these.",
"On Germania Run, some parts of the stream have 30% to 50% canopy coverage, while others have 80% to 100% canopy coverage. Canopy cover levels are 65% on most of Little Kettle Creek. Trees growing along this creek include hemlock, river birch, [beech](/wiki/Beech \"Beech\"), [red maple](/wiki/Red_maple \"Red maple\"), [striped maple](/wiki/Striped_maple \"Striped maple\"), and [willows](/wiki/Willow \"Willow\") infested by [beetles](/wiki/Beetle \"Beetle\"). [Yellow birch](/wiki/Yellow_birch \"Yellow birch\"), [sugar maple](/wiki/Sugar_maple \"Sugar maple\"), and hemlock trees grow on the tributary Bearfield Run.",
"Mammal and bird [diversity](/wiki/Biodiversity \"Biodiversity\") is high throughout the stream corridors in the Kettle Creek watershed. Reptile and amphibian diversity is the highest in the southern part of the stream corridors. Fish diversity is highest in the Twomile Run sub\\-watershed. Two wetlands can be found in the sub\\-watershed of John Summerson Branch Trout Run. One is a mixed [graminoid](/wiki/Graminoid \"Graminoid\") swamp and the other is a broadleaf conifer swamp.",
"Half of the trees in the Kettle Creek watershed are [northern hardwood](/wiki/Northern_hardwood \"Northern hardwood\") trees. The remainder includes [oak](/wiki/Oak \"Oak\") trees, which make up 29 percent of the watershed's trees, red maple (4 percent), [aspen](/wiki/Aspen \"Aspen\") and [gray birch](/wiki/Gray_birch \"Gray birch\") (3 percent), [Virginia pine](/wiki/Virginia_pine \"Virginia pine\"), [white pine](/wiki/Eastern_white_pine \"Eastern white pine\"), and hemlock (1 percent each).",
""
] |
Theoretical joint points
------------------------
### Quantum gravity
{{main\|Quantum gravity}}
Quantum gravity refers to the imagined merger between the twin pillars of physical science which are [quantum mechanics](/wiki/Quantum_mechanics "Quantum mechanics"), the study of the microscopic (e.g., electrons), and [general relativity](/wiki/General_relativity "General relativity"), the science of the macroscopic (e.g., [galaxies](/wiki/Galaxy "Galaxy")). Currently, these two great domains of science cannot be effectively interwoven into a single, physical [Theory of Everything](/wiki/Theory_of_Everything "Theory of Everything"), yet progress is being made, most notably through [string theory](/wiki/String_theory "String theory"), [loop quantum gravity](/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity "Loop quantum gravity"), [black hole thermodynamics](/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics "Black hole thermodynamics") and the study of the early universe. Some of the difficulties combining these two pillars of physical science are philosophical in nature and it is possible that the macro view of knowledge offered by the ToK may eventually aid in the construction of a coherent theory of quantum gravity. The reason the ToK might help is that it locates scientific knowledge in relationship to the physical universe.
### The modern synthesis
{{main\|Modern synthesis (20th century)\|l1 \= The Modern Synthesis}}
The modern synthesis refers to the merger of genetics with [natural selection](/wiki/Natural_selection "Natural selection") which occurred in the 1930s and 1940s and offers a reasonably complete framework for understanding the emergence of biological complexity. Although there remain significant gaps in biological knowledge surrounding questions such as the origin of life and the emergence of sexual reproduction, the modern synthesis represents the most complete and well\-substantiated joint point.
### Behavioral investment theory
Behavioral investment theory (BIT) is a metatheoretical formulation for the mind, brain and animal behavioral sciences. Henriques proposes that it enables the merger of the selection science of [behaviorism](/wiki/Behaviorism "Behaviorism") with the information science of [cognitive neuroscience](/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience "Cognitive neuroscience") that has conceptual parallels with the modern synthesis. BIT posits that the nervous system evolved as an increasingly flexible computational control system that coordinates the behavioral expenditure of energy of the animal as a whole. Expenditure of behavioral energy is theorized to be computed on an investment value system built evolutionarily through natural selection operating on genetic combinations and [ontogenetically](/wiki/Ontogeny "Ontogeny") through behavioral selection operating on neural combinations. As such, the current behavioral investments of the animal are conceptualized as the joint product of the two vectors of [phylogeny](/wiki/Phylogeny "Phylogeny") and [ontogeny](/wiki/Ontogeny "Ontogeny"). A unique element of BIT is that it finds a core of agreement and builds bridges between five brain\-behavior paradigms: (1\) [cognitive science](/wiki/Cognitive_science "Cognitive science"); (2\) [behavioral science](/wiki/Behavioral_science "Behavioral science"); (3\) evolutionary theory and genetics; (4\) neuroscience; and (5\) [cybernetics](/wiki/Cybernetics "Cybernetics")/[systems theory](/wiki/Systems_theory "Systems theory").
[David C. Geary](/wiki/David_C._Geary "David C. Geary") noted the similarities between his "motive\-to\-control" hypothesis and Henriques' Behavioral Investment Theory, which were developed independently of each other. Furthermore, Geary suggested that his model "seem\[ed] to fill in many of the [proximate mechanisms](/wiki/Proximate_causation "Proximate causation") and evolutionary pressures that define the life\-mind joint point, and provided a framework for further development of the mind\-culture joint point."Geary, D. C. (2005\). [The motivation to control and the origin of mind: Exploring the life\-mind joint point in the tree of knowledge.](http://web.missouri.edu/~psycorie/JCP05%5Bfinal%5D05.pdf) *Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61,* 21–46\.
### Justification systems theory
The justification systems theory (JUST; formerly known as the justification hypothesis) posits that the evolution of language reached a tipping point with emergence of propositional claims. Specifically, propositional claims can be questioned, which generates the "question\-answer" dynamic. This creates the problem of justification, which Henriques argues drives both the design of the human self\-consciousness system as a mental organ of justification and gives rise to the evolution of the Culture\-Person plane of existence. JUST is a novel proposal that allows for both the understanding of the evolution of culture and for identifying what makes humans distinct animals. A basic initial claim of JUST is that the process of justification is a crucial component of human mental behavior at both the individual and societal level. Unlike all other animals, humans everywhere ask for and give explanations for their actions. Arguments, debates, moral dictates, rationalizations, and excuses all involve the process of explaining why one's claims, thoughts or actions are warranted. In virtually every form of social exchange, from warfare to politics to family struggles to science, humans are constantly justifying their behavioral investments to themselves and others.
JUST consists of three key postulates:
* The first is that the evolution of propositional language must have created the problem of justification, which involves three interlocking problems of deciphering what is (1\) analytically true and what is (2\) good for the group and (3\) good for the individual.
* The second postulate is that the structure and functional design of human consciousness can be understood as a solution to the problem of justification. Specifically, the three domains of human consciousness that Henriques identifies in the Updated Tripartite Model of the (1\) experiential; (2\) private narrator; and (3\) public narrator are directly consistent with adaptive pressures that arise from the logic of the problem of justification. This analysis deepens when one considers the dynamic relationships and filtering that takes place between these three domains.
* The third postulate is that culture can be understood as large scale justification systems that coordinate the behavior of human populations. Cultural systems are seen to evolve much in the same way as organisms do in biological evolution: there is a process of variation, selection and retention of belief systems.
|
[
"Theoretical joint points\n------------------------",
"### Quantum gravity",
"{{main\\|Quantum gravity}}",
"Quantum gravity refers to the imagined merger between the twin pillars of physical science which are [quantum mechanics](/wiki/Quantum_mechanics \"Quantum mechanics\"), the study of the microscopic (e.g., electrons), and [general relativity](/wiki/General_relativity \"General relativity\"), the science of the macroscopic (e.g., [galaxies](/wiki/Galaxy \"Galaxy\")). Currently, these two great domains of science cannot be effectively interwoven into a single, physical [Theory of Everything](/wiki/Theory_of_Everything \"Theory of Everything\"), yet progress is being made, most notably through [string theory](/wiki/String_theory \"String theory\"), [loop quantum gravity](/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity \"Loop quantum gravity\"), [black hole thermodynamics](/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics \"Black hole thermodynamics\") and the study of the early universe. Some of the difficulties combining these two pillars of physical science are philosophical in nature and it is possible that the macro view of knowledge offered by the ToK may eventually aid in the construction of a coherent theory of quantum gravity. The reason the ToK might help is that it locates scientific knowledge in relationship to the physical universe.",
"### The modern synthesis",
"{{main\\|Modern synthesis (20th century)\\|l1 \\= The Modern Synthesis}}",
"The modern synthesis refers to the merger of genetics with [natural selection](/wiki/Natural_selection \"Natural selection\") which occurred in the 1930s and 1940s and offers a reasonably complete framework for understanding the emergence of biological complexity. Although there remain significant gaps in biological knowledge surrounding questions such as the origin of life and the emergence of sexual reproduction, the modern synthesis represents the most complete and well\\-substantiated joint point.",
"### Behavioral investment theory",
"Behavioral investment theory (BIT) is a metatheoretical formulation for the mind, brain and animal behavioral sciences. Henriques proposes that it enables the merger of the selection science of [behaviorism](/wiki/Behaviorism \"Behaviorism\") with the information science of [cognitive neuroscience](/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience \"Cognitive neuroscience\") that has conceptual parallels with the modern synthesis. BIT posits that the nervous system evolved as an increasingly flexible computational control system that coordinates the behavioral expenditure of energy of the animal as a whole. Expenditure of behavioral energy is theorized to be computed on an investment value system built evolutionarily through natural selection operating on genetic combinations and [ontogenetically](/wiki/Ontogeny \"Ontogeny\") through behavioral selection operating on neural combinations. As such, the current behavioral investments of the animal are conceptualized as the joint product of the two vectors of [phylogeny](/wiki/Phylogeny \"Phylogeny\") and [ontogeny](/wiki/Ontogeny \"Ontogeny\"). A unique element of BIT is that it finds a core of agreement and builds bridges between five brain\\-behavior paradigms: (1\\) [cognitive science](/wiki/Cognitive_science \"Cognitive science\"); (2\\) [behavioral science](/wiki/Behavioral_science \"Behavioral science\"); (3\\) evolutionary theory and genetics; (4\\) neuroscience; and (5\\) [cybernetics](/wiki/Cybernetics \"Cybernetics\")/[systems theory](/wiki/Systems_theory \"Systems theory\").",
"[David C. Geary](/wiki/David_C._Geary \"David C. Geary\") noted the similarities between his \"motive\\-to\\-control\" hypothesis and Henriques' Behavioral Investment Theory, which were developed independently of each other. Furthermore, Geary suggested that his model \"seem\\[ed] to fill in many of the [proximate mechanisms](/wiki/Proximate_causation \"Proximate causation\") and evolutionary pressures that define the life\\-mind joint point, and provided a framework for further development of the mind\\-culture joint point.\"Geary, D. C. (2005\\). [The motivation to control and the origin of mind: Exploring the life\\-mind joint point in the tree of knowledge.](http://web.missouri.edu/~psycorie/JCP05%5Bfinal%5D05.pdf) *Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61,* 21–46\\.",
"### Justification systems theory",
"The justification systems theory (JUST; formerly known as the justification hypothesis) posits that the evolution of language reached a tipping point with emergence of propositional claims. Specifically, propositional claims can be questioned, which generates the \"question\\-answer\" dynamic. This creates the problem of justification, which Henriques argues drives both the design of the human self\\-consciousness system as a mental organ of justification and gives rise to the evolution of the Culture\\-Person plane of existence. JUST is a novel proposal that allows for both the understanding of the evolution of culture and for identifying what makes humans distinct animals. A basic initial claim of JUST is that the process of justification is a crucial component of human mental behavior at both the individual and societal level. Unlike all other animals, humans everywhere ask for and give explanations for their actions. Arguments, debates, moral dictates, rationalizations, and excuses all involve the process of explaining why one's claims, thoughts or actions are warranted. In virtually every form of social exchange, from warfare to politics to family struggles to science, humans are constantly justifying their behavioral investments to themselves and others.",
"JUST consists of three key postulates: \n* The first is that the evolution of propositional language must have created the problem of justification, which involves three interlocking problems of deciphering what is (1\\) analytically true and what is (2\\) good for the group and (3\\) good for the individual.\n* The second postulate is that the structure and functional design of human consciousness can be understood as a solution to the problem of justification. Specifically, the three domains of human consciousness that Henriques identifies in the Updated Tripartite Model of the (1\\) experiential; (2\\) private narrator; and (3\\) public narrator are directly consistent with adaptive pressures that arise from the logic of the problem of justification. This analysis deepens when one considers the dynamic relationships and filtering that takes place between these three domains.\n* The third postulate is that culture can be understood as large scale justification systems that coordinate the behavior of human populations. Cultural systems are seen to evolve much in the same way as organisms do in biological evolution: there is a process of variation, selection and retention of belief systems.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In [Dorchester, Boston](/wiki/Dorchester%2C_Boston "Dorchester, Boston"), [P.I.](/wiki/Private_investigator "Private investigator") Patrick Kenzie and his partner and girlfriend Angie Gennaro witness a televised plea by Helene McCready for the return of her abducted four\-year\-old daughter Amanda, whose favorite doll is Mirabelle. Amid the media frenzy, Amanda's aunt Bea and uncle Lionel hire the detectives to find her.
Patrick and Angie meet with [police](/wiki/Boston_Police_Department "Boston Police Department") [detectives](/wiki/Detectives "Detectives") Remy Bressant and Nick Poole who tell them about Corwin Earle, a known [child molester](/wiki/Child_molester "Child molester") who they consider a suspect. Patrick asks a criminal associate, Bubba, to look for him and also discovers that Helene and her boyfriend Ray are addicts and [drug mules](/wiki/Mule_%28smuggling%29 "Mule (smuggling)") for local [Haitian](/wiki/Haitians "Haitians") [drug lord](/wiki/Drug_lord "Drug lord") Cheese, and had recently stolen $130,000 from him. After finding Ray has been murdered by Cheese's men, Patrick and Angie join Remy and Nick to find Amanda, whom they now believe has been taken by Cheese. Helene reveals she buried the money in Ray’s backyard and tearfully makes Patrick promise he will bring Amanda home alive.
Patrick meets with Cheese and tries to negotiate returning the stolen money in exchange for Amanda, but he denies any involvement in the girl's disappearance. The following day, Captain Jack Doyle reads Patrick a telephone transcript of Cheese calling the station to set up an exchange for the girl.
The exchange at a nearby [quarry](/wiki/Quincy_Quarries_Reservation "Quincy Quarries Reservation") is botched after a gunfight breaks out, and Cheese is killed. It is believed that Amanda fell into the quarry's pond and drowned; Angie retrieves her doll and returns it to Helene. Doyle, whose own daughter was killed years before, goes into early retirement soon afterwards.
Two months later, a seven\-year\-old boy is abducted in [Everett](/wiki/Everett%2C_Massachusetts "Everett, Massachusetts"), and Patrick receives information from Bubba that Corwin Earle is living with two married [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") addicts. The two visit the house and Patrick observes evidence of the abducted boy, so returns with Remy and Nick late at night to rescue him.
Before they can enter the house, the woman starts shooting and fatally wounds Nick before chasing Patrick into Corwin's room. He discovers the dead child, executes Corwin as Remy arrives and then kills the woman. The following evening, an intoxicated Remy tries to alleviate Patrick's guilt, confiding that he once planted evidence on an abusive husband to help the man's family escape with Ray's help. Patrick recalls that previously Remy had told him he didn't know Ray.
Following Nick's funeral, Patrick speaks to police officer Devin, telling him that Remy lied to him about knowing Ray. Devin tells him Remy and Doyle knew about Cheese's stolen money before Cheese did. Patrick goads Lionel into meeting him in a bar and pieces together that he and Remy had staged a fake kidnapping to keep the drug money for themselves and to teach Helene a lesson, which Lionel finally admits.
Remy enters the bar wearing a mask, staging a robbery to interrupt their conversation. Patrick realizes that he plans to kill them so he yells loudly that Remy kidnapped Amanda. The bartender shoots him, he flees, pursued by Patrick, but succumbs to his wounds.
Patrick is questioned by the police and realizes Doyle is involved when he learns that the police don't use phone transcripts. Arriving at Doyle's, Patrick and Angie find Amanda alive and well. He admits he was part of the kidnapping and helped set up the fake exchange to frame Cheese. When Patrick threatens to call the authorities, Doyle tries to convince him that Amanda will have a better life with him than with her neglectful mother.
Patrick discusses the choice with Angie, who says she will hate him if he returns Amanda to her mother, making the case that the girl will grow up much more safely and happily if they leave her to be raised by Doyle. However, he calls the police regardless, as he'd promised Helene and believes she belongs with her, regardless of her bad parenting. Doyle and Lionel are arrested, and Patrick and Angie break up.
Patrick later visits Helene as she is preparing for a date. Learning she has not arranged for a babysitter, he volunteers. After she leaves, Patrick sits down and asks Amanda about her doll, Mirabelle, but she says its name is Anabelle. They then sit in silence watching TV, with Patrick realizing Helene didn't even know her daughter's favorite doll's name, wondering if he had made a mistake bringing her back to this toxic household.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In [Dorchester, Boston](/wiki/Dorchester%2C_Boston \"Dorchester, Boston\"), [P.I.](/wiki/Private_investigator \"Private investigator\") Patrick Kenzie and his partner and girlfriend Angie Gennaro witness a televised plea by Helene McCready for the return of her abducted four\\-year\\-old daughter Amanda, whose favorite doll is Mirabelle. Amid the media frenzy, Amanda's aunt Bea and uncle Lionel hire the detectives to find her.",
"Patrick and Angie meet with [police](/wiki/Boston_Police_Department \"Boston Police Department\") [detectives](/wiki/Detectives \"Detectives\") Remy Bressant and Nick Poole who tell them about Corwin Earle, a known [child molester](/wiki/Child_molester \"Child molester\") who they consider a suspect. Patrick asks a criminal associate, Bubba, to look for him and also discovers that Helene and her boyfriend Ray are addicts and [drug mules](/wiki/Mule_%28smuggling%29 \"Mule (smuggling)\") for local [Haitian](/wiki/Haitians \"Haitians\") [drug lord](/wiki/Drug_lord \"Drug lord\") Cheese, and had recently stolen $130,000 from him. After finding Ray has been murdered by Cheese's men, Patrick and Angie join Remy and Nick to find Amanda, whom they now believe has been taken by Cheese. Helene reveals she buried the money in Ray’s backyard and tearfully makes Patrick promise he will bring Amanda home alive.",
"Patrick meets with Cheese and tries to negotiate returning the stolen money in exchange for Amanda, but he denies any involvement in the girl's disappearance. The following day, Captain Jack Doyle reads Patrick a telephone transcript of Cheese calling the station to set up an exchange for the girl.",
"The exchange at a nearby [quarry](/wiki/Quincy_Quarries_Reservation \"Quincy Quarries Reservation\") is botched after a gunfight breaks out, and Cheese is killed. It is believed that Amanda fell into the quarry's pond and drowned; Angie retrieves her doll and returns it to Helene. Doyle, whose own daughter was killed years before, goes into early retirement soon afterwards.",
"Two months later, a seven\\-year\\-old boy is abducted in [Everett](/wiki/Everett%2C_Massachusetts \"Everett, Massachusetts\"), and Patrick receives information from Bubba that Corwin Earle is living with two married [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine \"Cocaine\") addicts. The two visit the house and Patrick observes evidence of the abducted boy, so returns with Remy and Nick late at night to rescue him.",
"Before they can enter the house, the woman starts shooting and fatally wounds Nick before chasing Patrick into Corwin's room. He discovers the dead child, executes Corwin as Remy arrives and then kills the woman. The following evening, an intoxicated Remy tries to alleviate Patrick's guilt, confiding that he once planted evidence on an abusive husband to help the man's family escape with Ray's help. Patrick recalls that previously Remy had told him he didn't know Ray.",
"Following Nick's funeral, Patrick speaks to police officer Devin, telling him that Remy lied to him about knowing Ray. Devin tells him Remy and Doyle knew about Cheese's stolen money before Cheese did. Patrick goads Lionel into meeting him in a bar and pieces together that he and Remy had staged a fake kidnapping to keep the drug money for themselves and to teach Helene a lesson, which Lionel finally admits.",
"Remy enters the bar wearing a mask, staging a robbery to interrupt their conversation. Patrick realizes that he plans to kill them so he yells loudly that Remy kidnapped Amanda. The bartender shoots him, he flees, pursued by Patrick, but succumbs to his wounds.",
"Patrick is questioned by the police and realizes Doyle is involved when he learns that the police don't use phone transcripts. Arriving at Doyle's, Patrick and Angie find Amanda alive and well. He admits he was part of the kidnapping and helped set up the fake exchange to frame Cheese. When Patrick threatens to call the authorities, Doyle tries to convince him that Amanda will have a better life with him than with her neglectful mother.",
"Patrick discusses the choice with Angie, who says she will hate him if he returns Amanda to her mother, making the case that the girl will grow up much more safely and happily if they leave her to be raised by Doyle. However, he calls the police regardless, as he'd promised Helene and believes she belongs with her, regardless of her bad parenting. Doyle and Lionel are arrested, and Patrick and Angie break up.",
"Patrick later visits Helene as she is preparing for a date. Learning she has not arranged for a babysitter, he volunteers. After she leaves, Patrick sits down and asks Amanda about her doll, Mirabelle, but she says its name is Anabelle. They then sit in silence watching TV, with Patrick realizing Helene didn't even know her daughter's favorite doll's name, wondering if he had made a mistake bringing her back to this toxic household.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Matt Masters ([John Wayne](/wiki/John_Wayne "John Wayne")), a Wild West circus star in the mold of [Buffalo Bill Cody](/wiki/Bill_Cody "Bill Cody"), bought a bankrupt circus in 1885 and successfully rebuilt it into a combination three ring and Wild West extravaganza, mixing Wild West Show acts with conventional circus acts in a winning combination. He has successfully toured the United States for more than a decade. Now that the century is about to turn, he wants to take his show to Europe.
His Circus Boss, Cap Carson ([Lloyd Nolan](/wiki/Lloyd_Nolan "Lloyd Nolan")), is against taking the show across the Atlantic. He maintains that Europe is bad luck for American circuses. He also calls Matt on his reason for making a European tour: Masters wants to find the lost great love of his life, Lili Alfredo ([Rita Hayworth](/wiki/Rita_Hayworth "Rita Hayworth")), and figures that this tour will smoke her out if for no other reason than to see her child, Toni Alfredo ([Claudia Cardinale](/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale "Claudia Cardinale")), Masters' adopted daughter. One of his Western stars and wannabe\-partner, Steve McCabe ([John Smith](/wiki/John_Smith_%28actor%29 "John Smith (actor)")), also attempts to dissuade Masters, but to no avail. Masters buys a freighter, renames her the *Circus Maximus*, and the show sails for Europe.
At Barcelona, the first port of call, the *Circus Maximus* capsizes at the pier and puts the show out of action. Masters has to release most of his performers, board out his animals, and go back to performing an act for the Ed Purdy Wild West Show, a staple on the European circus circuit. Down but not out, Masters doesn't waste the disaster. "While touring Europe at Ed Purdy's expense," as Masters puts it, he, Cap, Steve and Toni scout acts that will enable Masters to relaunch the Matt Masters Circus bigger and better than ever.
His first new hire is Tojo the Clown and the Wire\-Dancing Ballerina ([Richard Conte](/wiki/Richard_Conte "Richard Conte") and Katharyna respectively). They have a unique act; Tojo is dressed as a clown but walks the high wire over a cage full of lions while coaching the Ballerina (his niece Giovanna) as she dances on a wire on the ground. Backstage, Masters discovers that Tojo is an old acquaintance — Aldo Alfredo, brother\-in\-law of his lost love Lili Alfredo. Despite his reservations at hiring a possible enemy Masters takes the act on and neither he nor Aldo admit to Toni, who is Aldo's niece, that they have met before; or that Tojo the Clown is her uncle. Aldo assures Matt that the vendetta is over, and Giovanna begins training for the ballerina act she will perform on the high wire.
His second new act is Emile Schumann, a French animal trainer who has a spectacular act involving lions who lie down on him in the ring. Masters offers to take him on if he will switch from lions to tigers (Masters has many tigers but few lions). The trainer is adamant that he does not want to change to working with tigers; his wife persuades him to do so. By the time the circus is ready to re\-launch, Emile has so adapted to working with a different variety of big cat that when a couple become ill, he demands that Masters hire a doctor for "HIS tigers."
The third addition to the performers' roster is Margo Angeli, an artist of the high trapeze, coincidentally where Toni wants to work instead of in the Wild West show or as part of Clown Alley, where Matt has her working. In reality, Margo is the vanished Lili Alfredo, haunted by the guilt of having been caught up in a love triangle, blaming herself for the death of her flyer husband who had fallen — or did he miss Aldo's catch on purpose after learning he was part of a love triangle? She had run away from the world of the circus and kept on running, finding solace first in the Church and then in the bottle.
As Masters had hoped it would, the lure of her daughter brings Lili out of hiding. She speaks to her daughter during a performance of Ed Purdy's Wild West Show without identifying herself, and Masters spots her. The two have an intense confrontation in a bar, ending with Masters slamming a full bottle of brandy down in front of Lili and telling her that she needs to decide whether the booze or her child is more important to her; but that if she doesn't pull herself together, as far as he's concerned she is dead to him. Lili quits drinking and goes into training to seek a position in the new Matt Masters Circus, then in winter quarters near Madrid.
Meanwhile, Toni has fallen for Steve and he for her, despite a difference in their ages of at least a decade. Matt has to come to terms with the fact that his adopted little girl is a grown woman, with a mind of her own. "Margo's" reappearance helps, and she is secretly amused by Toni's attempts to pair her off with Matt. Matt's doing pretty well on his own, as Toni observes with pleasure. She loves her adopted father and wants him to be happy.
Inevitably, the truth comes out. On the afternoon of the rehearsal for the first show of the circus season in Vienna — with Masters demanding of his performers the same show they will put on that evening — Toni finds a poster of The Flying Alfredos in her wagon living quarters with "Suicide" daubed on it in red. She also finds a newspaper clipping of the Flying Alfredos that allows her to identify "Margo" as her mother. There is a stormy confrontation with many passionate, hateful words on Toni's part between her, Lili and Matt; and Matt has to tell her that he was the second man in the love triangle. Toni curses both of them and runs out, just before a bugle call summons the show to Dress Rehearsal.
The rehearsal opens to empty seats with Grand Parade, with the performers marching in behind the flags of the nations whose citizens are in the show: the United States, Great Britain, France, Imperial Germany, Switzerland, Iceland, Sweden, Italy, and many more. Partway through Grand Parade, a fire breaks out in Wardrobe and spreads to the Big Top. Fast action by Lili, Matt, Steve, Toni, Cap and Aldo prevents injury to the circus performers and manages to save about half of the tent from the flames. The one positive thing to come out of the fire is a rapprochement between Toni and Lili.
Matt somehow obtains permission from the Emperor to set up the circus in the grounds of the Imperial Palace. The show is a smash success, with a new act headlining: Lili and Toni Alfredo performing a swing\-over routine fifty feet in the air. Ultimately Matt, Lili, Toni, and Matt's new partner and Toni's new fiancé, Steve, are shown taking bows to the applause of the people and the Crown.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Matt Masters ([John Wayne](/wiki/John_Wayne \"John Wayne\")), a Wild West circus star in the mold of [Buffalo Bill Cody](/wiki/Bill_Cody \"Bill Cody\"), bought a bankrupt circus in 1885 and successfully rebuilt it into a combination three ring and Wild West extravaganza, mixing Wild West Show acts with conventional circus acts in a winning combination. He has successfully toured the United States for more than a decade. Now that the century is about to turn, he wants to take his show to Europe.",
"His Circus Boss, Cap Carson ([Lloyd Nolan](/wiki/Lloyd_Nolan \"Lloyd Nolan\")), is against taking the show across the Atlantic. He maintains that Europe is bad luck for American circuses. He also calls Matt on his reason for making a European tour: Masters wants to find the lost great love of his life, Lili Alfredo ([Rita Hayworth](/wiki/Rita_Hayworth \"Rita Hayworth\")), and figures that this tour will smoke her out if for no other reason than to see her child, Toni Alfredo ([Claudia Cardinale](/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale \"Claudia Cardinale\")), Masters' adopted daughter. One of his Western stars and wannabe\\-partner, Steve McCabe ([John Smith](/wiki/John_Smith_%28actor%29 \"John Smith (actor)\")), also attempts to dissuade Masters, but to no avail. Masters buys a freighter, renames her the *Circus Maximus*, and the show sails for Europe.",
"At Barcelona, the first port of call, the *Circus Maximus* capsizes at the pier and puts the show out of action. Masters has to release most of his performers, board out his animals, and go back to performing an act for the Ed Purdy Wild West Show, a staple on the European circus circuit. Down but not out, Masters doesn't waste the disaster. \"While touring Europe at Ed Purdy's expense,\" as Masters puts it, he, Cap, Steve and Toni scout acts that will enable Masters to relaunch the Matt Masters Circus bigger and better than ever.",
"His first new hire is Tojo the Clown and the Wire\\-Dancing Ballerina ([Richard Conte](/wiki/Richard_Conte \"Richard Conte\") and Katharyna respectively). They have a unique act; Tojo is dressed as a clown but walks the high wire over a cage full of lions while coaching the Ballerina (his niece Giovanna) as she dances on a wire on the ground. Backstage, Masters discovers that Tojo is an old acquaintance — Aldo Alfredo, brother\\-in\\-law of his lost love Lili Alfredo. Despite his reservations at hiring a possible enemy Masters takes the act on and neither he nor Aldo admit to Toni, who is Aldo's niece, that they have met before; or that Tojo the Clown is her uncle. Aldo assures Matt that the vendetta is over, and Giovanna begins training for the ballerina act she will perform on the high wire.",
"His second new act is Emile Schumann, a French animal trainer who has a spectacular act involving lions who lie down on him in the ring. Masters offers to take him on if he will switch from lions to tigers (Masters has many tigers but few lions). The trainer is adamant that he does not want to change to working with tigers; his wife persuades him to do so. By the time the circus is ready to re\\-launch, Emile has so adapted to working with a different variety of big cat that when a couple become ill, he demands that Masters hire a doctor for \"HIS tigers.\"",
"The third addition to the performers' roster is Margo Angeli, an artist of the high trapeze, coincidentally where Toni wants to work instead of in the Wild West show or as part of Clown Alley, where Matt has her working. In reality, Margo is the vanished Lili Alfredo, haunted by the guilt of having been caught up in a love triangle, blaming herself for the death of her flyer husband who had fallen — or did he miss Aldo's catch on purpose after learning he was part of a love triangle? She had run away from the world of the circus and kept on running, finding solace first in the Church and then in the bottle.",
"As Masters had hoped it would, the lure of her daughter brings Lili out of hiding. She speaks to her daughter during a performance of Ed Purdy's Wild West Show without identifying herself, and Masters spots her. The two have an intense confrontation in a bar, ending with Masters slamming a full bottle of brandy down in front of Lili and telling her that she needs to decide whether the booze or her child is more important to her; but that if she doesn't pull herself together, as far as he's concerned she is dead to him. Lili quits drinking and goes into training to seek a position in the new Matt Masters Circus, then in winter quarters near Madrid.",
"Meanwhile, Toni has fallen for Steve and he for her, despite a difference in their ages of at least a decade. Matt has to come to terms with the fact that his adopted little girl is a grown woman, with a mind of her own. \"Margo's\" reappearance helps, and she is secretly amused by Toni's attempts to pair her off with Matt. Matt's doing pretty well on his own, as Toni observes with pleasure. She loves her adopted father and wants him to be happy.",
"Inevitably, the truth comes out. On the afternoon of the rehearsal for the first show of the circus season in Vienna — with Masters demanding of his performers the same show they will put on that evening — Toni finds a poster of The Flying Alfredos in her wagon living quarters with \"Suicide\" daubed on it in red. She also finds a newspaper clipping of the Flying Alfredos that allows her to identify \"Margo\" as her mother. There is a stormy confrontation with many passionate, hateful words on Toni's part between her, Lili and Matt; and Matt has to tell her that he was the second man in the love triangle. Toni curses both of them and runs out, just before a bugle call summons the show to Dress Rehearsal.",
"The rehearsal opens to empty seats with Grand Parade, with the performers marching in behind the flags of the nations whose citizens are in the show: the United States, Great Britain, France, Imperial Germany, Switzerland, Iceland, Sweden, Italy, and many more. Partway through Grand Parade, a fire breaks out in Wardrobe and spreads to the Big Top. Fast action by Lili, Matt, Steve, Toni, Cap and Aldo prevents injury to the circus performers and manages to save about half of the tent from the flames. The one positive thing to come out of the fire is a rapprochement between Toni and Lili.",
"Matt somehow obtains permission from the Emperor to set up the circus in the grounds of the Imperial Palace. The show is a smash success, with a new act headlining: Lili and Toni Alfredo performing a swing\\-over routine fifty feet in the air. Ultimately Matt, Lili, Toni, and Matt's new partner and Toni's new fiancé, Steve, are shown taking bows to the applause of the people and the Crown.",
""
] |
Prelude to NATO exercise
------------------------
### Operation RYAN
{{Main article\|Operation RYAN}}
[thumb\|right\|A KGB report from 1981 reporting that the KGB had "implemented measures to strengthen intelligence work in order to prevent a possible sudden outbreak of war by the enemy." To do this, the KGB "actively obtained information on military and strategic issues, and the aggressive military and political plans of imperialism \[the United States] and its accomplices", and "enhanced the relevance and effectiveness of its active intelligence abilities".From the [National Security Archive](http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB426).](/wiki/File:KGB_Report_on_1981.jpg "KGB Report on 1981.jpg")
The greatest catalyst to the Able Archer war scare occurred more than two years earlier. In a May 1981 closed\-session meeting of senior [KGB](/wiki/KGB "KGB") officers and Soviet leaders, [General Secretary](/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union") [Leonid Brezhnev](/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev "Leonid Brezhnev") and KGB chairman [Yuri Andropov](/wiki/Yuri_Andropov "Yuri Andropov") bluntly announced that the United States was preparing a secret nuclear attack on the [USSR](/wiki/USSR "USSR").
To combat this threat, Andropov announced, the KGB and [GRU military foreign intelligence arm](/wiki/Glavnoye_Razvedyvatel%27noye_Upravleniye "Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye") would begin *Operation RYaN*. RYaN ({{langx\|ru\|link\=no\|РЯН}}) was a Russian acronym for 'nuclear missile attack' ({{lang\|ru\|Ракетно Ядерное Нападение}}, {{lang\|ru\-Latn\|Raketno Yadernoe Napadenie}}); Operation RYaN was the largest, most comprehensive peacetime intelligence\-gathering operation in Soviet history. Agents abroad were charged with monitoring the figures who would decide to launch a nuclear attack, the service and technical personnel who would implement the attack, and the facilities from which the attack would originate. It is possible that the goal of Operation RYaN was to discover the first *intent* of a nuclear attack and then preempt it.Fischer, Benjamin B. (1997\). [*A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare – Phase II: A New Sense of Urgency*](https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-08) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center\-for\-the\-study\-of\-intelligence/csi\-publications/books\-and\-monographs/a\-cold\-war\-conundrum/source.htm\#HEADING1\-08 \|date\=January 14, 2009 }}. CIA.Andrew and Gordievsky, *Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions*, 74–76, 86\.
The exact impetus for the implementation of Operation RYaN is not known for sure. [Oleg Gordievsky](/wiki/Oleg_Gordievsky "Oleg Gordievsky"), the highest\-ranking KGB official ever to defect, attributed it to "a potentially lethal combination of Reaganite rhetoric and Soviet paranoia". Gordievsky conjectured that Brezhnev and Andropov, who "were very, very old\-fashioned and easily influenced ... by Communist dogmas", truly believed that an antagonistic [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") would push the [nuclear button](/wiki/Nuclear_button "Nuclear button") and relegate the Soviet Union to the literal "[ash heap of history](/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history "Ash heap of history")".Fischer, "A Cold War Conundrum": [Appendix A: RYAN and the Decline of the KGB](https://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/coldwar/source.htm#HEADING1-18) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060802003243/https://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/coldwar/source.htm\#HEADING1\-18 \|date\=August 2, 2006 }}.Testimony of Oleg Gordievsky to Congress.{{cite web \|first\=Ronald \|last\=Reagan \|author\-link\=Ronald Reagan \|title\=Address to Members of the British Parliament \|date\=June 8, 1982 \|publisher\=University of Texas archives \|url\=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/60882a.htm \|access\-date\=December 29, 2005 \|archive\-date\=March 5, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305202525/https://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/60882a.htm \|url\-status\=dead }} [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") historian [Benjamin B. Fischer](/wiki/Benjamin_Fischer_%28historian%29 "Benjamin Fischer (historian)") lists several concrete occurrences that likely led to the birth of RYaN. The first of these was the use of [psychological operations](/wiki/Psychological_operations "Psychological operations") (PSYOP) that began soon after Reagan took office.
In his report, Fischer also writes that another CIA source was, at least partially, corroborating Gordievsky's reporting. This [Czechoslovak intelligence](/wiki/StB "StB") officer—who worked closely with the KGB on RYaN—"noted that his counterparts were obsessed with the historical parallel between 1941 and 1983\. He believed this feeling was almost visceral, not intellectual, and deeply affected Soviet thinking."{{cite web\|url\=http://www2\.gwu.edu/\~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB426/docs/3\.The%201983%20War%20Scare%20in%20U.S.%20Soviet%20Relations\-circa%201996\.pdf\|title\=The 1983 War Scare in US\-Soviet Relations\|first\=Ben B.\|last\=Fischer\|publisher\=National Security Archive\|access\-date\=November 21, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328151950/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB426/docs/3\.The%201983%20War%20Scare%20in%20U.S.%20Soviet%20Relations\-circa%201996\.pdf\|archive\-date\=March 28, 2015 \|url\-status\=live}}
### Psychological operations
[thumb\|right\|The [Greenland–Iceland–United Kingdom (GIUK) gap](/wiki/GIUK_gap "GIUK gap") in the North Atlantic.](/wiki/File:GIUK_gap.png "GIUK gap.png")
Psychological operations by the United States began in mid\-February 1981 and continued intermittently until 1983\. These included a series of clandestine naval operations that stealthily accessed Soviet territorial waters in the [far north](/wiki/Far_North_%28Russia%29 "Far North (Russia)") and [far east](/wiki/Russian_Far_East "Russian Far East"), demonstrating how close NATO ships could get to critical Soviet military bases. In 1981 a group of 83 [American](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy"), [British](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy"), [Canadian](/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy "Royal Canadian Navy"), and [Norwegian](/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy "Royal Norwegian Navy") ships led by the {{USS\|Dwight D. Eisenhower}} sailed through the [Greenland–Iceland–United Kingdom (GIUK) gap](/wiki/GIUK_gap "GIUK gap") undetected by Soviet radar and spy satellites, reaching the [Kola Peninsula](/wiki/Kola_Peninsula "Kola Peninsula"). There were other operations routinely occurring in the [Barents](/wiki/Barents_Sea "Barents Sea"), [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_Sea "Norwegian Sea"), [Black](/wiki/Black_Sea "Black Sea"), and [Baltic](/wiki/Baltic_Sea "Baltic Sea") seas. US [intelligence ships](/wiki/Intelligence_ship "Intelligence ship") were regularly posted off the coast of the [Crimean Peninsula](/wiki/Crimea "Crimea").{{Cite web\|title\=1983 Revisited\|url\=https://blog.usni.org/posts/2013/05/31/1983\-revisited\|access\-date\=February 19, 2021\|website\=USNI Blog\|language\=en\-US}} American bombers also flew directly towards Soviet [airspace](/wiki/Airspace "Airspace"), peeling off at the last moment, sometimes several times per week. These near\-penetrations were designed to test Soviet radar vulnerability as well as demonstrate US capabilities in a nuclear war.Peter Schweizer, *Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union* (New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994\), p. 8, as quoted at Fischer, "A Cold War Conundrum" (CIA Centre for the Study of Intelligence, 2007\)[https://www.cia.gov/library/center\-for\-the\-study\-of\-intelligence/csi\-publications/books\-and\-monographs/a\-cold\-war\-conundrum/source.htm\#HEADING1\-07](https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-07) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center\-for\-the\-study\-of\-intelligence/csi\-publications/books\-and\-monographs/a\-cold\-war\-conundrum/source.htm\#HEADING1\-07\|date\=January 14, 2009}}. Retrieved on May 18, 2013\.
> "It really got to them," said Dr. [William Schneider](/wiki/William_Schneider%2C_Jr. "William Schneider, Jr."), \[former] [undersecretary of state](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State%23Organization "United States Department of State#Organization") for military assistance and technology, who saw classified "after\-action reports" that indicated U.S. flight activity. "They didn't know what it all meant. A squadron would fly straight at Soviet airspace, and other radars would light up and units would go on alert. Then at the last minute the squadron would peel off and return home."
### FleetEx '83
{{Main article\|FleetEx '83\-1}}
In April 1983, the [U.S. Pacific Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet "United States Pacific Fleet") conducted [FleetEx '83\-1](/wiki/FleetEx_%2783-1 "FleetEx '83-1"), the largest fleet exercise held to date in the [North Pacific](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean "Pacific Ocean").Johnson, p. 55Richelson, p. 385 The conglomeration of approximately 40 ships with 23,000 crewmembers and 300 aircraft was arguably one of the most powerful naval armadas ever assembled. US aircraft and ships moved counterclockwise from the [Aleutian Islands](/wiki/Aleutian_Islands "Aleutian Islands") towards the [Kamchatka Peninsula](/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula "Kamchatka Peninsula") to provoke the Soviets into reacting, allowing the US [Office of Naval Intelligence](/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence "Office of Naval Intelligence") to study Soviet radar characteristics, aircraft capabilities, and tactical maneuvers. The armada conducted operations in areas patrolled by Soviet [SSBN](/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine "Ballistic missile submarine")'s stationed in the strategic [Soviet Navy](/wiki/Soviet_Navy "Soviet Navy") base in [Petropavlovsk](/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky "Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky"). On April 4 at least six U.S. Navy [F\-14 Tomcat](/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat "Grumman F-14 Tomcat") fighters from the {{USS\|Enterprise\|CVN\-65\|6}} and the {{USS\|Midway\|CV\-41\|6}} flew over a Soviet military base in [Zeleny Island](/wiki/Zeleny_Island "Zeleny Island"), one of the [Kuril Islands](/wiki/Kuril_Islands "Kuril Islands"), in a simulated bombing raid.{{Cite web\|last\=Network\|first\=Warfare History\|date\=September 26, 2019\|title\=These Wargames Nearly Caused Nuclear War in 1983\|url\=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/these\-wargames\-nearly\-caused\-nuclear\-war\-1983\-83696\|access\-date\=February 21, 2021\|website\=The National Interest\|language\=en}} In retaliation the Soviets ordered an overflight of the Aleutian Islands. The Soviet Union also issued a formal diplomatic [démarche](/wiki/D%C3%A9marche "Démarche") of protest, which accused the United States of repeated penetrations of Soviet airspace.[*1983: The most dangerous year* by Andrew R. Garland, University of Nevada, Las Vegas](http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1902&context=thesesdissertations&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2F%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dfleetex%252083%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D6%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CE0QFjAF%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fdigitalscholarship.unlv.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1902%2526context%253Dthesesdissertations%26ei%3Dx09OUJfoFenh4QTYwICwBA%26usg%3DAFQjCNHfeF8YbXtuqsXkw755TiVP19BMXg%26cad%3Drjt#search=%22fleetex%2083%22)
In testimony to the [Senate Armed Services Committee](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services "United States Senate Committee on Armed Services"), Chief of Naval Operations [James D. Watkins](/wiki/James_D._Watkins "James D. Watkins") said that the Soviet Union was "as naked as a jaybird \[on the [Kamchatka Peninsula](/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula "Kamchatka Peninsula")], and they know it".
### Korean Air Lines Flight 007
{{Main article\|Korean Air Lines Flight 007}}
On September 1, 1983, [Korean Air Lines Flight 007](/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007 "Korean Air Lines Flight 007") (KAL 007\) was shot down by a Soviet [Su\-15](/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-15 "Sukhoi Su-15") [interceptor](/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft "Interceptor aircraft") over the [Sea of Japan](/wiki/Sea_of_Japan "Sea of Japan") near [Moneron Island](/wiki/Moneron_Island "Moneron Island") (just west of [Sakhalin](/wiki/Sakhalin "Sakhalin") island) while flying over prohibited Soviet airspace. All 269 passengers and crew aboard were killed, including [Larry McDonald](/wiki/Larry_McDonald "Larry McDonald"), a sitting member of the [United States House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") from [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 "Georgia (U.S. state)") and president of the [anti\-communist](/wiki/Anti-communism "Anti-communism") [John Birch Society](/wiki/John_Birch_Society "John Birch Society").
### Weapons buildup
From the start, the [Reagan administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan "Presidency of Ronald Reagan") adopted a bellicose stance toward the Soviet Union, one that favored seriously constraining Soviet strategic and global military capabilities. The administration's focus on this objective resulted in the largest peacetime military buildup in the history of the United States. It also ushered in the final major escalation in rhetoric of the Cold War. On June 8, 1982, Reagan, in a speech to the [British House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons "British House of Commons"), declared that "Freedom and democracy will leave [Marxism](/wiki/Marxism "Marxism") and [Leninism](/wiki/Leninism "Leninism") on the ash heap of history."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.reagansheritage.org/reagan/html/reagan\_panel\_pipes.shtml\|title\=Ash Heap of History: President Reagan's Westminster Address 20 Years Later – Remarks by Dr. Richard Pipes\|work\=reagansheritage.org\|date\=June 3, 2002\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111232733/http://www.reagansheritage.org/reagan/html/reagan\_panel\_pipes.shtml\|archive\-date\=January 11, 2012\|url\-status\=dead\|access\-date\=November 23, 2012}}
On March 23, 1983, Reagan announced one of the most ambitious and controversial components to this strategy, the [Strategic Defense Initiative](/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative "Strategic Defense Initiative") (labeled "Star Wars" by the media and critics). While Reagan portrayed the initiative as a safety net against nuclear war, leaders in the Soviet Union viewed it as a definitive departure from the relative weapons parity of [détente](/wiki/D%C3%A9tente "Détente") and an [escalation of the arms race into space](/wiki/Militarisation_of_space "Militarisation of space"). [Yuri Andropov](/wiki/Yuri_Andropov "Yuri Andropov"), who had become General Secretary following [Brezhnev's death](/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev "Death and funeral of Leonid Brezhnev") in November 1982, criticised Reagan for "inventing new plans on how to unleash a nuclear war in the best way, with the hope of winning it".Fischer, *A Cold War Conundrum*: ["Star Wars"](https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-11) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center\-for\-the\-study\-of\-intelligence/csi\-publications/books\-and\-monographs/a\-cold\-war\-conundrum/source.htm\#HEADING1\-11 \|date\=January 14, 2009 }}
[thumb\|upright\|The US [Pershing II](/wiki/Pershing_II "Pershing II") missile](/wiki/File:Pershing_II.jpg "Pershing II.jpg")
Despite the Soviet outcry over the Strategic Defense Initiative, the weapons plan that generated the most alarm among the Soviet Union's leadership during Able Archer 83 was NATO's planned deployment of intermediate\-range [Pershing II](/wiki/Pershing_II "Pershing II") missiles in Western Europe.{{Efn\|Although Able Archer 83 simulated the release of Pershing II missiles for the first time, the missiles themselves were not deployed until November 23, twelve days after the exercise completed.Pry, p. 34}} These missiles, deployed to counter Soviet [RSD\-10 Pioneer](/wiki/RSD-10_Pioneer "RSD-10 Pioneer") intermediate\-range missiles on the USSR's western border, represented a major threat to the Soviets. The Pershing II was capable of destroying Soviet "hard targets" such as underground [missile silos](/wiki/Missile_silo "Missile silo") and command and control [bunkers](/wiki/Bunker "Bunker").Andrew and Gordievsky, *Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions*, 74–76\.{{Cite book\|first\=Andrew \|last\=White \|title\=Symbols of War: Pershing II and Cruise Missiles in Europe \|location\=London \|publisher\=Merlin Press \|year\=1983 \|pages\=25–9}}
The missiles could be emplaced in and launched from any surveyed site in minutes, and because the [guidance system](/wiki/Guidance_system "Guidance system") was self\-correcting, the missile system possessed a genuine [first strike](/wiki/Pre-emptive_nuclear_strike "Pre-emptive nuclear strike") capability. Furthermore, it was estimated that the missiles (deployed in [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany")) could reach targets in the western Soviet Union within four to six minutes of their launch.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2014}} These capabilities led Soviet leaders to believe that the only way to survive a Pershing II strike was to [preempt](/wiki/Preemptive_war "Preemptive war") it. This fear of an undetected Pershing II attack, according to CIA historian [Benjamin B. Fischer](/wiki/Benjamin_Fischer_%28historian%29 "Benjamin Fischer (historian)"), was explicitly linked to the mandate of Operation RYaN: to detect a decision by the United States to launch a nuclear attack and to preempt it.
### False alarm from the Soviet missile early warning system
{{main article\|1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident}}
On the night of September 26, 1983, the Soviet orbital missile [early warning system](/wiki/Early_warning_system "Early warning system") (SPRN), code\-named [Oko](/wiki/Oko "Oko"), reported a single intercontinental ballistic missile launch from the territory of the United States.Schmalz, pp. 28–29 Lieutenant Colonel [Stanislav Petrov](/wiki/Stanislav_Petrov "Stanislav Petrov"), who was on duty during the incident, dismissed the warning as a computer error when ground early warning radars did not detect any launches. Part of his reasoning was that the system was new and known to have malfunctioned previously; also, a full\-scale nuclear attack from the United States would involve thousands of simultaneous launches, not a single missile.
Later, the system reported four more ICBM launches headed to the Soviet Union, but Petrov again dismissed the reports as false. The investigation that followed revealed that the system indeed malfunctioned and the false alarms were caused by a rare alignment of sunlight on high\-altitude clouds underneath the satellites' orbits.
|
[
"Prelude to NATO exercise\n------------------------",
"### Operation RYAN",
"{{Main article\\|Operation RYAN}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A KGB report from 1981 reporting that the KGB had \"implemented measures to strengthen intelligence work in order to prevent a possible sudden outbreak of war by the enemy.\" To do this, the KGB \"actively obtained information on military and strategic issues, and the aggressive military and political plans of imperialism \\[the United States] and its accomplices\", and \"enhanced the relevance and effectiveness of its active intelligence abilities\".From the [National Security Archive](http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB426).](/wiki/File:KGB_Report_on_1981.jpg \"KGB Report on 1981.jpg\")",
"The greatest catalyst to the Able Archer war scare occurred more than two years earlier. In a May 1981 closed\\-session meeting of senior [KGB](/wiki/KGB \"KGB\") officers and Soviet leaders, [General Secretary](/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\") [Leonid Brezhnev](/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev \"Leonid Brezhnev\") and KGB chairman [Yuri Andropov](/wiki/Yuri_Andropov \"Yuri Andropov\") bluntly announced that the United States was preparing a secret nuclear attack on the [USSR](/wiki/USSR \"USSR\").",
"To combat this threat, Andropov announced, the KGB and [GRU military foreign intelligence arm](/wiki/Glavnoye_Razvedyvatel%27noye_Upravleniye \"Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye\") would begin *Operation RYaN*. RYaN ({{langx\\|ru\\|link\\=no\\|РЯН}}) was a Russian acronym for 'nuclear missile attack' ({{lang\\|ru\\|Ракетно Ядерное Нападение}}, {{lang\\|ru\\-Latn\\|Raketno Yadernoe Napadenie}}); Operation RYaN was the largest, most comprehensive peacetime intelligence\\-gathering operation in Soviet history. Agents abroad were charged with monitoring the figures who would decide to launch a nuclear attack, the service and technical personnel who would implement the attack, and the facilities from which the attack would originate. It is possible that the goal of Operation RYaN was to discover the first *intent* of a nuclear attack and then preempt it.Fischer, Benjamin B. (1997\\). [*A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare – Phase II: A New Sense of Urgency*](https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-08) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center\\-for\\-the\\-study\\-of\\-intelligence/csi\\-publications/books\\-and\\-monographs/a\\-cold\\-war\\-conundrum/source.htm\\#HEADING1\\-08 \\|date\\=January 14, 2009 }}. CIA.Andrew and Gordievsky, *Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions*, 74–76, 86\\.",
"The exact impetus for the implementation of Operation RYaN is not known for sure. [Oleg Gordievsky](/wiki/Oleg_Gordievsky \"Oleg Gordievsky\"), the highest\\-ranking KGB official ever to defect, attributed it to \"a potentially lethal combination of Reaganite rhetoric and Soviet paranoia\". Gordievsky conjectured that Brezhnev and Andropov, who \"were very, very old\\-fashioned and easily influenced ... by Communist dogmas\", truly believed that an antagonistic [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") would push the [nuclear button](/wiki/Nuclear_button \"Nuclear button\") and relegate the Soviet Union to the literal \"[ash heap of history](/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history \"Ash heap of history\")\".Fischer, \"A Cold War Conundrum\": [Appendix A: RYAN and the Decline of the KGB](https://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/coldwar/source.htm#HEADING1-18) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060802003243/https://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/coldwar/source.htm\\#HEADING1\\-18 \\|date\\=August 2, 2006 }}.Testimony of Oleg Gordievsky to Congress.{{cite web \\|first\\=Ronald \\|last\\=Reagan \\|author\\-link\\=Ronald Reagan \\|title\\=Address to Members of the British Parliament \\|date\\=June 8, 1982 \\|publisher\\=University of Texas archives \\|url\\=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/60882a.htm \\|access\\-date\\=December 29, 2005 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305202525/https://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/60882a.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\") historian [Benjamin B. Fischer](/wiki/Benjamin_Fischer_%28historian%29 \"Benjamin Fischer (historian)\") lists several concrete occurrences that likely led to the birth of RYaN. The first of these was the use of [psychological operations](/wiki/Psychological_operations \"Psychological operations\") (PSYOP) that began soon after Reagan took office.",
"In his report, Fischer also writes that another CIA source was, at least partially, corroborating Gordievsky's reporting. This [Czechoslovak intelligence](/wiki/StB \"StB\") officer—who worked closely with the KGB on RYaN—\"noted that his counterparts were obsessed with the historical parallel between 1941 and 1983\\. He believed this feeling was almost visceral, not intellectual, and deeply affected Soviet thinking.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www2\\.gwu.edu/\\~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB426/docs/3\\.The%201983%20War%20Scare%20in%20U.S.%20Soviet%20Relations\\-circa%201996\\.pdf\\|title\\=The 1983 War Scare in US\\-Soviet Relations\\|first\\=Ben B.\\|last\\=Fischer\\|publisher\\=National Security Archive\\|access\\-date\\=November 21, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328151950/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB426/docs/3\\.The%201983%20War%20Scare%20in%20U.S.%20Soviet%20Relations\\-circa%201996\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=March 28, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Psychological operations",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The [Greenland–Iceland–United Kingdom (GIUK) gap](/wiki/GIUK_gap \"GIUK gap\") in the North Atlantic.](/wiki/File:GIUK_gap.png \"GIUK gap.png\")",
"Psychological operations by the United States began in mid\\-February 1981 and continued intermittently until 1983\\. These included a series of clandestine naval operations that stealthily accessed Soviet territorial waters in the [far north](/wiki/Far_North_%28Russia%29 \"Far North (Russia)\") and [far east](/wiki/Russian_Far_East \"Russian Far East\"), demonstrating how close NATO ships could get to critical Soviet military bases. In 1981 a group of 83 [American](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\"), [British](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\"), [Canadian](/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy \"Royal Canadian Navy\"), and [Norwegian](/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy \"Royal Norwegian Navy\") ships led by the {{USS\\|Dwight D. Eisenhower}} sailed through the [Greenland–Iceland–United Kingdom (GIUK) gap](/wiki/GIUK_gap \"GIUK gap\") undetected by Soviet radar and spy satellites, reaching the [Kola Peninsula](/wiki/Kola_Peninsula \"Kola Peninsula\"). There were other operations routinely occurring in the [Barents](/wiki/Barents_Sea \"Barents Sea\"), [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_Sea \"Norwegian Sea\"), [Black](/wiki/Black_Sea \"Black Sea\"), and [Baltic](/wiki/Baltic_Sea \"Baltic Sea\") seas. US [intelligence ships](/wiki/Intelligence_ship \"Intelligence ship\") were regularly posted off the coast of the [Crimean Peninsula](/wiki/Crimea \"Crimea\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=1983 Revisited\\|url\\=https://blog.usni.org/posts/2013/05/31/1983\\-revisited\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2021\\|website\\=USNI Blog\\|language\\=en\\-US}} American bombers also flew directly towards Soviet [airspace](/wiki/Airspace \"Airspace\"), peeling off at the last moment, sometimes several times per week. These near\\-penetrations were designed to test Soviet radar vulnerability as well as demonstrate US capabilities in a nuclear war.Peter Schweizer, *Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union* (New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994\\), p. 8, as quoted at Fischer, \"A Cold War Conundrum\" (CIA Centre for the Study of Intelligence, 2007\\)[https://www.cia.gov/library/center\\-for\\-the\\-study\\-of\\-intelligence/csi\\-publications/books\\-and\\-monographs/a\\-cold\\-war\\-conundrum/source.htm\\#HEADING1\\-07](https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-07) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center\\-for\\-the\\-study\\-of\\-intelligence/csi\\-publications/books\\-and\\-monographs/a\\-cold\\-war\\-conundrum/source.htm\\#HEADING1\\-07\\|date\\=January 14, 2009}}. Retrieved on May 18, 2013\\.",
"",
"> \"It really got to them,\" said Dr. [William Schneider](/wiki/William_Schneider%2C_Jr. \"William Schneider, Jr.\"), \\[former] [undersecretary of state](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State%23Organization \"United States Department of State#Organization\") for military assistance and technology, who saw classified \"after\\-action reports\" that indicated U.S. flight activity. \"They didn't know what it all meant. A squadron would fly straight at Soviet airspace, and other radars would light up and units would go on alert. Then at the last minute the squadron would peel off and return home.\"",
"### FleetEx '83",
"{{Main article\\|FleetEx '83\\-1}}\nIn April 1983, the [U.S. Pacific Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet \"United States Pacific Fleet\") conducted [FleetEx '83\\-1](/wiki/FleetEx_%2783-1 \"FleetEx '83-1\"), the largest fleet exercise held to date in the [North Pacific](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean \"Pacific Ocean\").Johnson, p. 55Richelson, p. 385 The conglomeration of approximately 40 ships with 23,000 crewmembers and 300 aircraft was arguably one of the most powerful naval armadas ever assembled. US aircraft and ships moved counterclockwise from the [Aleutian Islands](/wiki/Aleutian_Islands \"Aleutian Islands\") towards the [Kamchatka Peninsula](/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula \"Kamchatka Peninsula\") to provoke the Soviets into reacting, allowing the US [Office of Naval Intelligence](/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence \"Office of Naval Intelligence\") to study Soviet radar characteristics, aircraft capabilities, and tactical maneuvers. The armada conducted operations in areas patrolled by Soviet [SSBN](/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine \"Ballistic missile submarine\")'s stationed in the strategic [Soviet Navy](/wiki/Soviet_Navy \"Soviet Navy\") base in [Petropavlovsk](/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky \"Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky\"). On April 4 at least six U.S. Navy [F\\-14 Tomcat](/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat \"Grumman F-14 Tomcat\") fighters from the {{USS\\|Enterprise\\|CVN\\-65\\|6}} and the {{USS\\|Midway\\|CV\\-41\\|6}} flew over a Soviet military base in [Zeleny Island](/wiki/Zeleny_Island \"Zeleny Island\"), one of the [Kuril Islands](/wiki/Kuril_Islands \"Kuril Islands\"), in a simulated bombing raid.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Network\\|first\\=Warfare History\\|date\\=September 26, 2019\\|title\\=These Wargames Nearly Caused Nuclear War in 1983\\|url\\=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/these\\-wargames\\-nearly\\-caused\\-nuclear\\-war\\-1983\\-83696\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2021\\|website\\=The National Interest\\|language\\=en}} In retaliation the Soviets ordered an overflight of the Aleutian Islands. The Soviet Union also issued a formal diplomatic [démarche](/wiki/D%C3%A9marche \"Démarche\") of protest, which accused the United States of repeated penetrations of Soviet airspace.[*1983: The most dangerous year* by Andrew R. Garland, University of Nevada, Las Vegas](http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1902&context=thesesdissertations&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2F%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dfleetex%252083%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D6%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CE0QFjAF%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fdigitalscholarship.unlv.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1902%2526context%253Dthesesdissertations%26ei%3Dx09OUJfoFenh4QTYwICwBA%26usg%3DAFQjCNHfeF8YbXtuqsXkw755TiVP19BMXg%26cad%3Drjt#search=%22fleetex%2083%22)\n In testimony to the [Senate Armed Services Committee](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services \"United States Senate Committee on Armed Services\"), Chief of Naval Operations [James D. Watkins](/wiki/James_D._Watkins \"James D. Watkins\") said that the Soviet Union was \"as naked as a jaybird \\[on the [Kamchatka Peninsula](/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula \"Kamchatka Peninsula\")], and they know it\".",
"### Korean Air Lines Flight 007",
"{{Main article\\|Korean Air Lines Flight 007}}\nOn September 1, 1983, [Korean Air Lines Flight 007](/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007 \"Korean Air Lines Flight 007\") (KAL 007\\) was shot down by a Soviet [Su\\-15](/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-15 \"Sukhoi Su-15\") [interceptor](/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft \"Interceptor aircraft\") over the [Sea of Japan](/wiki/Sea_of_Japan \"Sea of Japan\") near [Moneron Island](/wiki/Moneron_Island \"Moneron Island\") (just west of [Sakhalin](/wiki/Sakhalin \"Sakhalin\") island) while flying over prohibited Soviet airspace. All 269 passengers and crew aboard were killed, including [Larry McDonald](/wiki/Larry_McDonald \"Larry McDonald\"), a sitting member of the [United States House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") from [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\") and president of the [anti\\-communist](/wiki/Anti-communism \"Anti-communism\") [John Birch Society](/wiki/John_Birch_Society \"John Birch Society\").",
"### Weapons buildup",
"From the start, the [Reagan administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan \"Presidency of Ronald Reagan\") adopted a bellicose stance toward the Soviet Union, one that favored seriously constraining Soviet strategic and global military capabilities. The administration's focus on this objective resulted in the largest peacetime military buildup in the history of the United States. It also ushered in the final major escalation in rhetoric of the Cold War. On June 8, 1982, Reagan, in a speech to the [British House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons \"British House of Commons\"), declared that \"Freedom and democracy will leave [Marxism](/wiki/Marxism \"Marxism\") and [Leninism](/wiki/Leninism \"Leninism\") on the ash heap of history.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.reagansheritage.org/reagan/html/reagan\\_panel\\_pipes.shtml\\|title\\=Ash Heap of History: President Reagan's Westminster Address 20 Years Later – Remarks by Dr. Richard Pipes\\|work\\=reagansheritage.org\\|date\\=June 3, 2002\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111232733/http://www.reagansheritage.org/reagan/html/reagan\\_panel\\_pipes.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=January 11, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2012}}",
"On March 23, 1983, Reagan announced one of the most ambitious and controversial components to this strategy, the [Strategic Defense Initiative](/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative \"Strategic Defense Initiative\") (labeled \"Star Wars\" by the media and critics). While Reagan portrayed the initiative as a safety net against nuclear war, leaders in the Soviet Union viewed it as a definitive departure from the relative weapons parity of [détente](/wiki/D%C3%A9tente \"Détente\") and an [escalation of the arms race into space](/wiki/Militarisation_of_space \"Militarisation of space\"). [Yuri Andropov](/wiki/Yuri_Andropov \"Yuri Andropov\"), who had become General Secretary following [Brezhnev's death](/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev \"Death and funeral of Leonid Brezhnev\") in November 1982, criticised Reagan for \"inventing new plans on how to unleash a nuclear war in the best way, with the hope of winning it\".Fischer, *A Cold War Conundrum*: [\"Star Wars\"](https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-11) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center\\-for\\-the\\-study\\-of\\-intelligence/csi\\-publications/books\\-and\\-monographs/a\\-cold\\-war\\-conundrum/source.htm\\#HEADING1\\-11 \\|date\\=January 14, 2009 }}",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|The US [Pershing II](/wiki/Pershing_II \"Pershing II\") missile](/wiki/File:Pershing_II.jpg \"Pershing II.jpg\")",
"Despite the Soviet outcry over the Strategic Defense Initiative, the weapons plan that generated the most alarm among the Soviet Union's leadership during Able Archer 83 was NATO's planned deployment of intermediate\\-range [Pershing II](/wiki/Pershing_II \"Pershing II\") missiles in Western Europe.{{Efn\\|Although Able Archer 83 simulated the release of Pershing II missiles for the first time, the missiles themselves were not deployed until November 23, twelve days after the exercise completed.Pry, p. 34}} These missiles, deployed to counter Soviet [RSD\\-10 Pioneer](/wiki/RSD-10_Pioneer \"RSD-10 Pioneer\") intermediate\\-range missiles on the USSR's western border, represented a major threat to the Soviets. The Pershing II was capable of destroying Soviet \"hard targets\" such as underground [missile silos](/wiki/Missile_silo \"Missile silo\") and command and control [bunkers](/wiki/Bunker \"Bunker\").Andrew and Gordievsky, *Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions*, 74–76\\.{{Cite book\\|first\\=Andrew \\|last\\=White \\|title\\=Symbols of War: Pershing II and Cruise Missiles in Europe \\|location\\=London \\|publisher\\=Merlin Press \\|year\\=1983 \\|pages\\=25–9}}",
"The missiles could be emplaced in and launched from any surveyed site in minutes, and because the [guidance system](/wiki/Guidance_system \"Guidance system\") was self\\-correcting, the missile system possessed a genuine [first strike](/wiki/Pre-emptive_nuclear_strike \"Pre-emptive nuclear strike\") capability. Furthermore, it was estimated that the missiles (deployed in [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\")) could reach targets in the western Soviet Union within four to six minutes of their launch.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2014}} These capabilities led Soviet leaders to believe that the only way to survive a Pershing II strike was to [preempt](/wiki/Preemptive_war \"Preemptive war\") it. This fear of an undetected Pershing II attack, according to CIA historian [Benjamin B. Fischer](/wiki/Benjamin_Fischer_%28historian%29 \"Benjamin Fischer (historian)\"), was explicitly linked to the mandate of Operation RYaN: to detect a decision by the United States to launch a nuclear attack and to preempt it.",
"### False alarm from the Soviet missile early warning system",
"{{main article\\|1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident}}\nOn the night of September 26, 1983, the Soviet orbital missile [early warning system](/wiki/Early_warning_system \"Early warning system\") (SPRN), code\\-named [Oko](/wiki/Oko \"Oko\"), reported a single intercontinental ballistic missile launch from the territory of the United States.Schmalz, pp. 28–29 Lieutenant Colonel [Stanislav Petrov](/wiki/Stanislav_Petrov \"Stanislav Petrov\"), who was on duty during the incident, dismissed the warning as a computer error when ground early warning radars did not detect any launches. Part of his reasoning was that the system was new and known to have malfunctioned previously; also, a full\\-scale nuclear attack from the United States would involve thousands of simultaneous launches, not a single missile.",
"Later, the system reported four more ICBM launches headed to the Soviet Union, but Petrov again dismissed the reports as false. The investigation that followed revealed that the system indeed malfunctioned and the false alarms were caused by a rare alignment of sunlight on high\\-altitude clouds underneath the satellites' orbits.",
""
] |
Exercise Able Archer 83
-----------------------
[thumb\|upright\| A US Air Force after\-action report describes three days of "low spectrum" conventional play followed by two days of "high spectrum nuclear warfare". From the National Security Archive.](/wiki/File:Able_Archer_83_After_Action_Report.jpg "Able Archer 83 After Action Report.jpg")
A [scenario](/wiki/Military_exercise "Military exercise") released by NATO details the hypothetical lead\-up to the Able Archer exercise, which was used by the [U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff](/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff "Joint Chiefs of Staff") in Washington, D.C., and the [British Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)") in London.{{cite web \|url\=http://www2\.gwu.edu/\~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB427/docs/6\.a.%20Exercise%20Able%20Archer%20SHAPE%20March%202013%20NATO.pdf\|title\=Exercise ABLE ARCHER 83: Information from SHAPE Historical Files\|date\=March 28, 2013\|publisher\=National Security Archive \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616095833/http://www.gwu.edu/\~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB427/docs/6\.a.%20Exercise%20Able%20Archer%20SHAPE%20March%202013%20NATO.pdf\|archive\-date\=June 16, 2013\|url\-status\=live}} The war game was intended to be "Blue" forces representing NATO and "Orange" forces representing the Warsaw Pact. The scenario envisioned [proxy conflicts](/wiki/Proxy_war "Proxy war") in Syria, [South Yemen](/wiki/South_Yemen "South Yemen"), and [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran") escalating after [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia") shifted to the Blue bloc with Orange forces invading [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), and [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany").{{Cite web\|title\=The 1983 War Scare: 'The Last Paroxysm' of the Cold War Part II\|url\=https://nsarchive2\.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB427/\|access\-date\=February 19, 2021\|website\=nsarchive2\.gwu.edu}} Dr. Gregory Pedlow, a [SHAPE](/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe "Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe") historian, explains the war game:
> The exercise scenario began with Orange (the hypothetical opponent) opening hostilities in all regions of ACE \[[Allied Command Europe](/wiki/Allied_Command_Europe "Allied Command Europe")] on 4 November (three days before the start of the exercise) and Blue (NATO) declaring a general alert. Orange initiated the use of chemical weapons on 6 November and by the end of that day had used such weapons throughout ACE. All of these events had taken place prior to the start of the exercise and were simply part of the written scenario. There had thus been three days of fighting and a deteriorating situation prior to the start of the exercise. This was desired because—as previously stated—the purpose of the exercise was to test procedures for transitioning from conventional to nuclear operations. As a result of Orange advance, its persistent use of chemical weapons, and its clear intentions to rapidly commit second echelon forces, [SACEUR](/wiki/SACEUR%23Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe_%28SACEUR%29 "SACEUR#Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)") requested political guidance on the use of nuclear weapons early on Day 1 of the exercise (7 November 1983\).{{cite web\|url\=http://www2\.gwu.edu/\~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB427/docs/6\.b.%20Exercise%20Able%20Archer%2083%20SHAPE%20March%202013%20NATO.pdf\|title\=Exercise Scenario\|publisher\=National Security Archive\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616055025/http://www.gwu.edu/\~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB427/docs/6\.b.%20Exercise%20Able%20Archer%2083%20SHAPE%20March%202013%20NATO.pdf\|archive\-date\=June 16, 2013\|url\-status\=live}}
Thus, on November 7, 1983, as Soviet intelligence services were attempting to detect the early signs of a nuclear attack, NATO began to simulate one. The exercise, codenamed Able Archer, involved numerous NATO allies and simulated NATO's [Command, Control, and Communications](/wiki/Command_and_control "Command and control") (C³) procedures during a nuclear war. Some Soviet leaders, because of the preceding world events and the exercise's particularly realistic nature, feared that the exercise was a cover for an actual attack.Fischer, *Reagan Reversal*, 123\.Fischer, "A Cold War Conundrum": [Able Archer 83](https://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/coldwar/source.htm#HEADING1-13) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060802003243/https://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/coldwar/source.htm\#HEADING1\-13 \|date\=August 2, 2006}}. A KGB telegram of February 17 described one likely scenario:
> In view of the fact that the measures involved in State Orange \[a nuclear attack within 36 hours] have to be carried out with the utmost secrecy (under the guise of maneuvers, training etc.) in the shortest possible time, without disclosing the content of operational plans, it is highly probable that the battle alarm system may be used to prepare a surprise RYaN \[nuclear attack] in peacetime.Andrew and Gordievsky, *Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions*, 78\.
Also on February 17, KGB Permanent Operational Assignment assigned its agents to monitor several possible indicators of a nuclear attack. These included actions by "A cadre of people associated with preparing and implementing decisions about RYaN, and also a group of people, including service and technical personnel ... those working in the operating services of installations connected with processing and implementing the decision about RYaN, and communication staff involved in the operation and interaction of these installations."Andrew and Gordievsky, *Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions*, 72\.
[thumb\|right\|A Soviet [RSD\-10](/wiki/RSD-10 "RSD-10") missile](/wiki/File:SS20_irbm.jpg "SS20 irbm.jpg")
Because Able Archer 83 simulated an actual release of nuclear weapons, it is likely that the service and technical personnel mentioned in the memo were active in the exercise. More conspicuously, British Prime Minister [Margaret Thatcher](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher "Margaret Thatcher") and West German Chancellor [Helmut Kohl](/wiki/Helmut_Kohl "Helmut Kohl") participated (though not concurrently) in the nuclear drill. United States President Reagan, Vice President [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush"), and Secretary of Defense [Caspar Weinberger](/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger "Caspar Weinberger") also intended to participate. [Robert McFarlane](/wiki/Robert_McFarlane_%28American_politician%29 "Robert McFarlane (American politician)"), who had assumed the position of [National Security Advisor](/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_%28United_States%29 "National Security Advisor (United States)") just two weeks earlier, realized the implications of such participation early in the exercise's planning and rejected it.Oberdorfer, *A New Era*, 65\.
Another illusory indicator likely noticed by Soviet analysts was a high rate of [ciphered](/wiki/Encryption "Encryption") communications between the United Kingdom and the United States. Soviet intelligence was informed that "so\-called nuclear consultations in NATO are probably one of the stages of immediate preparation by the adversary for RYaN".Andrew and Gordievsky, *Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions*, 76\. To the Soviet analysts, this burst of secret communications between the US and the UK one month before the beginning of Able Archer may have appeared to be this "consultation". In reality, the burst of communication was about the [US invasion of Grenada](/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada "United States invasion of Grenada") on October 25, 1983, which caused a great deal of diplomatic traffic as the sovereign of the island was [Elizabeth II](/wiki/Elizabeth_II "Elizabeth II").{{Cite book\|first\=Martin \|last\=Walker \|title\=The Cold War: A History \|url\=https://archive.org/details/coldwarhistory00walk \|url\-access\=registration \|location\=New York \|publisher\=Henry Holt and Company \|year\=1993 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/coldwarhistory00walk/page/276 276]\|isbn\=9780805031904 }}
A further startling aspect reported by KGB agents concerned the NATO communications used during the exercise. According to Moscow Centre's {{nowrap\|February 17}} memo,
> It \[is] of the highest importance to keep a watch on the functioning of communications networks and systems since through them information is passed about the adversary's intentions and, above all, about his plans to use nuclear weapons and practical implementation of these. In addition, changes in the method of operating communications systems and the level of manning may in themselves indicate the state of preparation for RYaN.Andrew and Gordievsky, *Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions*, 80–81\.
Soviet intelligence appeared to substantiate these suspicions by reporting that NATO was indeed using unique, never\-before\-seen procedures as well as message formats more sophisticated than previous exercises, which possibly indicated the proximity of nuclear attack.Andrew and Gordievsky, *KGB*, 599–600\.
Finally, during Able Archer 83, NATO forces simulated a move through all alert phases, from [DEFCON](/wiki/DEFCON "DEFCON") 5 to DEFCON 1\. While these phases were simulated, alarmist KGB agents mistakenly reported them as real. According to Soviet intelligence, NATO doctrine stated, "*Operational readiness No. 1* is declared when there are obvious indications of preparation to begin military operations. It is considered that war is inevitable and may start at any moment."Andrew and Gordievsky, *Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions*, 79\.
[thumb\|right\|The unclassified NATO summary of Able Archer 83, provided by SHAPE chief historian Gregory Pedlow, provides a narrative of how the Cold War could have turned nuclear. Image provided by the National Security Archive.](/wiki/File:Able_Archer_Summary.jpg "Able Archer Summary.jpg")
According to a 2013 analysis by the [National Security Archive](/wiki/National_Security_Archive "National Security Archive"):{{cite web\|url\=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB427/\|title\=The 1983 War Scare: "The Last Paroxysm" of the Cold War Part II\|website\=nsarchive.gwu.edu}}
> The Able Archer controversy has featured numerous descriptions of the exercise as so "routine" that it could not have alarmed the Soviet military and political leadership. Today's posting reveals multiple non\-routine elements, including: a 170\-flight, radio\-silent air lift of 19,000 US soldiers to Europe, the shifting of commands from "Permanent War Headquarters to the Alternate War Headquarters," the practice of "new nuclear weapons release procedures," including consultations with cells in Washington and London, and the "sensitive, political issue" of numerous "slips of the tongue" in which B\-52 sorties were referred to as nuclear "strikes." These variations, seen through "the fog of nuclear exercises," did in fact match official Soviet intelligence\-defined indicators for "possible operations by the US and its allies on British territory in preparation for RYaN"—the KGB code name for a feared Western nuclear missile attack.
Upon learning that US nuclear activity mirrored its hypothesized first strike activity, Moscow Centre sent its residencies a flash telegram on November 8 or 9 ([Oleg Gordievsky](/wiki/Oleg_Gordievsky "Oleg Gordievsky") cannot recall which), incorrectly reporting an alert on American bases and frantically asking for further information regarding an American first strike. The alert precisely coincided with the seven\- to ten\-day period estimated between NATO's preliminary decision and an actual strike.Andrew and Gordievsky, *KGB*, 600\.
The Soviet Union, believing its only chance of surviving a NATO strike was to preempt it, readied its nuclear arsenal. The CIA reported activity in the [Baltic Military District](/wiki/Baltic_Military_District "Baltic Military District") and in [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia "Czechoslovakia"), and it determined that nuclear\-capable aircraft in Poland and East Germany were placed "on high alert status with readying of nuclear strike forces".Gates, *From the Shadows*, 271, 272\. A 1989 US memorandum said that Soviet commanders ordered nuclear warheads to be placed on 4th Air Army bombers and for [Group of Soviet Forces in Germany](/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany "Group of Soviet Forces in Germany") [fighter\-bombers](/wiki/Fighter-bomber "Fighter-bomber") to placed on a {{nowrap\|30\-minute}} alert.{{Cite web\|date\=February 17, 2021\|title\=Able Archer War Scare "Potentially Disastrous"\|url\=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing\-book/aa83/2021\-02\-17/able\-archer\-war\-scare\-potentially\-disastrous\|access\-date\=February 19, 2021\|website\=National Security Archive\|language\=en}} Former CIA analyst Peter Vincent Pry goes further, saying he suspects that the aircraft were merely the tip of the iceberg. He hypothesizes that in accordance with Soviet military procedure and history, [ICBM](/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile "Intercontinental ballistic missile") silos, easily readied and difficult for the United States to detect the readiness status of, were also prepared for a launch.Pry, *War Scare*, 44\.
Lt. Gen. [Leonard H. Perroots](/wiki/Leonard_H._Perroots "Leonard H. Perroots"), the assistant chief of staff of the [U.S. Air Force in Europe](/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_in_Europe_%E2%80%93_Air_Forces_Africa "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"), is credited with the decision not to place NATO forces on increased alert despite increased Soviet readiness. He informed his superior, General [Billy M. Minter](/wiki/Billy_M._Minter "Billy M. Minter"), of "unusual activity" in the [Eastern Bloc](/wiki/Eastern_Bloc "Eastern Bloc") but suggested that they wait until the end of the exercise to see if the behavior was caused by it, thereby reducing the possibility of a nuclear exchange.{{cite web\|url\=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb533\-The\-Able\-Archer\-War\-Scare\-Declassified\-PFIAB\-Report\-Released/ \|title\=The 1983 War Scare Declassified and For Real \|website\=National Security Archive \|access\-date\=December 6, 2015}}{{Cite web\|last\=Kaplan\|first\=Fred\|date\=February 18, 2021\|title\=The World Came Much Closer to Nuclear War Than We Ever Realized\|url\=https://slate.com/news\-and\-politics/2021/02/able\-archer\-nuclear\-war\-reagan.html\|access\-date\=February 19, 2021\|website\=Slate Magazine\|language\=en}}
Soviet fears of the attack ended as the Able Archer exercise finished on November 11\. Upon learning of the Soviet reaction to Able Archer 83 by way of the [double agent](/wiki/Double_agent "Double agent") Oleg Gordievsky, a British [SIS](/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service "Secret Intelligence Service") asset, President Reagan commented, "I don't see how they could believe that—but it's something to think about."Oberdorfer, *A New Era*, 67\.
|
[
"Exercise Able Archer 83\n-----------------------",
"[thumb\\|upright\\| A US Air Force after\\-action report describes three days of \"low spectrum\" conventional play followed by two days of \"high spectrum nuclear warfare\". From the National Security Archive.](/wiki/File:Able_Archer_83_After_Action_Report.jpg \"Able Archer 83 After Action Report.jpg\")",
"A [scenario](/wiki/Military_exercise \"Military exercise\") released by NATO details the hypothetical lead\\-up to the Able Archer exercise, which was used by the [U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff](/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff \"Joint Chiefs of Staff\") in Washington, D.C., and the [British Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\") in London.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www2\\.gwu.edu/\\~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB427/docs/6\\.a.%20Exercise%20Able%20Archer%20SHAPE%20March%202013%20NATO.pdf\\|title\\=Exercise ABLE ARCHER 83: Information from SHAPE Historical Files\\|date\\=March 28, 2013\\|publisher\\=National Security Archive \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616095833/http://www.gwu.edu/\\~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB427/docs/6\\.a.%20Exercise%20Able%20Archer%20SHAPE%20March%202013%20NATO.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=June 16, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The war game was intended to be \"Blue\" forces representing NATO and \"Orange\" forces representing the Warsaw Pact. The scenario envisioned [proxy conflicts](/wiki/Proxy_war \"Proxy war\") in Syria, [South Yemen](/wiki/South_Yemen \"South Yemen\"), and [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\") escalating after [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia \"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\") shifted to the Blue bloc with Orange forces invading [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\"), and [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=The 1983 War Scare: 'The Last Paroxysm' of the Cold War Part II\\|url\\=https://nsarchive2\\.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB427/\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2021\\|website\\=nsarchive2\\.gwu.edu}} Dr. Gregory Pedlow, a [SHAPE](/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe \"Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe\") historian, explains the war game:",
"",
"> The exercise scenario began with Orange (the hypothetical opponent) opening hostilities in all regions of ACE \\[[Allied Command Europe](/wiki/Allied_Command_Europe \"Allied Command Europe\")] on 4 November (three days before the start of the exercise) and Blue (NATO) declaring a general alert. Orange initiated the use of chemical weapons on 6 November and by the end of that day had used such weapons throughout ACE. All of these events had taken place prior to the start of the exercise and were simply part of the written scenario. There had thus been three days of fighting and a deteriorating situation prior to the start of the exercise. This was desired because—as previously stated—the purpose of the exercise was to test procedures for transitioning from conventional to nuclear operations. As a result of Orange advance, its persistent use of chemical weapons, and its clear intentions to rapidly commit second echelon forces, [SACEUR](/wiki/SACEUR%23Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe_%28SACEUR%29 \"SACEUR#Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)\") requested political guidance on the use of nuclear weapons early on Day 1 of the exercise (7 November 1983\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www2\\.gwu.edu/\\~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB427/docs/6\\.b.%20Exercise%20Able%20Archer%2083%20SHAPE%20March%202013%20NATO.pdf\\|title\\=Exercise Scenario\\|publisher\\=National Security Archive\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616055025/http://www.gwu.edu/\\~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB427/docs/6\\.b.%20Exercise%20Able%20Archer%2083%20SHAPE%20March%202013%20NATO.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=June 16, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Thus, on November 7, 1983, as Soviet intelligence services were attempting to detect the early signs of a nuclear attack, NATO began to simulate one. The exercise, codenamed Able Archer, involved numerous NATO allies and simulated NATO's [Command, Control, and Communications](/wiki/Command_and_control \"Command and control\") (C³) procedures during a nuclear war. Some Soviet leaders, because of the preceding world events and the exercise's particularly realistic nature, feared that the exercise was a cover for an actual attack.Fischer, *Reagan Reversal*, 123\\.Fischer, \"A Cold War Conundrum\": [Able Archer 83](https://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/coldwar/source.htm#HEADING1-13) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060802003243/https://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/coldwar/source.htm\\#HEADING1\\-13 \\|date\\=August 2, 2006}}. A KGB telegram of February 17 described one likely scenario:",
"",
"> In view of the fact that the measures involved in State Orange \\[a nuclear attack within 36 hours] have to be carried out with the utmost secrecy (under the guise of maneuvers, training etc.) in the shortest possible time, without disclosing the content of operational plans, it is highly probable that the battle alarm system may be used to prepare a surprise RYaN \\[nuclear attack] in peacetime.Andrew and Gordievsky, *Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions*, 78\\.",
"Also on February 17, KGB Permanent Operational Assignment assigned its agents to monitor several possible indicators of a nuclear attack. These included actions by \"A cadre of people associated with preparing and implementing decisions about RYaN, and also a group of people, including service and technical personnel ... those working in the operating services of installations connected with processing and implementing the decision about RYaN, and communication staff involved in the operation and interaction of these installations.\"Andrew and Gordievsky, *Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions*, 72\\.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A Soviet [RSD\\-10](/wiki/RSD-10 \"RSD-10\") missile](/wiki/File:SS20_irbm.jpg \"SS20 irbm.jpg\")",
"Because Able Archer 83 simulated an actual release of nuclear weapons, it is likely that the service and technical personnel mentioned in the memo were active in the exercise. More conspicuously, British Prime Minister [Margaret Thatcher](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher \"Margaret Thatcher\") and West German Chancellor [Helmut Kohl](/wiki/Helmut_Kohl \"Helmut Kohl\") participated (though not concurrently) in the nuclear drill. United States President Reagan, Vice President [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\"), and Secretary of Defense [Caspar Weinberger](/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger \"Caspar Weinberger\") also intended to participate. [Robert McFarlane](/wiki/Robert_McFarlane_%28American_politician%29 \"Robert McFarlane (American politician)\"), who had assumed the position of [National Security Advisor](/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_%28United_States%29 \"National Security Advisor (United States)\") just two weeks earlier, realized the implications of such participation early in the exercise's planning and rejected it.Oberdorfer, *A New Era*, 65\\.",
"Another illusory indicator likely noticed by Soviet analysts was a high rate of [ciphered](/wiki/Encryption \"Encryption\") communications between the United Kingdom and the United States. Soviet intelligence was informed that \"so\\-called nuclear consultations in NATO are probably one of the stages of immediate preparation by the adversary for RYaN\".Andrew and Gordievsky, *Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions*, 76\\. To the Soviet analysts, this burst of secret communications between the US and the UK one month before the beginning of Able Archer may have appeared to be this \"consultation\". In reality, the burst of communication was about the [US invasion of Grenada](/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada \"United States invasion of Grenada\") on October 25, 1983, which caused a great deal of diplomatic traffic as the sovereign of the island was [Elizabeth II](/wiki/Elizabeth_II \"Elizabeth II\").{{Cite book\\|first\\=Martin \\|last\\=Walker \\|title\\=The Cold War: A History \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/coldwarhistory00walk \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|location\\=New York \\|publisher\\=Henry Holt and Company \\|year\\=1993 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/coldwarhistory00walk/page/276 276]\\|isbn\\=9780805031904 }}",
"A further startling aspect reported by KGB agents concerned the NATO communications used during the exercise. According to Moscow Centre's {{nowrap\\|February 17}} memo,",
"",
"> It \\[is] of the highest importance to keep a watch on the functioning of communications networks and systems since through them information is passed about the adversary's intentions and, above all, about his plans to use nuclear weapons and practical implementation of these. In addition, changes in the method of operating communications systems and the level of manning may in themselves indicate the state of preparation for RYaN.Andrew and Gordievsky, *Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions*, 80–81\\.",
"Soviet intelligence appeared to substantiate these suspicions by reporting that NATO was indeed using unique, never\\-before\\-seen procedures as well as message formats more sophisticated than previous exercises, which possibly indicated the proximity of nuclear attack.Andrew and Gordievsky, *KGB*, 599–600\\.",
"Finally, during Able Archer 83, NATO forces simulated a move through all alert phases, from [DEFCON](/wiki/DEFCON \"DEFCON\") 5 to DEFCON 1\\. While these phases were simulated, alarmist KGB agents mistakenly reported them as real. According to Soviet intelligence, NATO doctrine stated, \"*Operational readiness No. 1* is declared when there are obvious indications of preparation to begin military operations. It is considered that war is inevitable and may start at any moment.\"Andrew and Gordievsky, *Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions*, 79\\.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The unclassified NATO summary of Able Archer 83, provided by SHAPE chief historian Gregory Pedlow, provides a narrative of how the Cold War could have turned nuclear. Image provided by the National Security Archive.](/wiki/File:Able_Archer_Summary.jpg \"Able Archer Summary.jpg\")",
"According to a 2013 analysis by the [National Security Archive](/wiki/National_Security_Archive \"National Security Archive\"):{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB427/\\|title\\=The 1983 War Scare: \"The Last Paroxysm\" of the Cold War Part II\\|website\\=nsarchive.gwu.edu}}",
"> The Able Archer controversy has featured numerous descriptions of the exercise as so \"routine\" that it could not have alarmed the Soviet military and political leadership. Today's posting reveals multiple non\\-routine elements, including: a 170\\-flight, radio\\-silent air lift of 19,000 US soldiers to Europe, the shifting of commands from \"Permanent War Headquarters to the Alternate War Headquarters,\" the practice of \"new nuclear weapons release procedures,\" including consultations with cells in Washington and London, and the \"sensitive, political issue\" of numerous \"slips of the tongue\" in which B\\-52 sorties were referred to as nuclear \"strikes.\" These variations, seen through \"the fog of nuclear exercises,\" did in fact match official Soviet intelligence\\-defined indicators for \"possible operations by the US and its allies on British territory in preparation for RYaN\"—the KGB code name for a feared Western nuclear missile attack.",
"",
"Upon learning that US nuclear activity mirrored its hypothesized first strike activity, Moscow Centre sent its residencies a flash telegram on November 8 or 9 ([Oleg Gordievsky](/wiki/Oleg_Gordievsky \"Oleg Gordievsky\") cannot recall which), incorrectly reporting an alert on American bases and frantically asking for further information regarding an American first strike. The alert precisely coincided with the seven\\- to ten\\-day period estimated between NATO's preliminary decision and an actual strike.Andrew and Gordievsky, *KGB*, 600\\.",
"The Soviet Union, believing its only chance of surviving a NATO strike was to preempt it, readied its nuclear arsenal. The CIA reported activity in the [Baltic Military District](/wiki/Baltic_Military_District \"Baltic Military District\") and in [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia \"Czechoslovakia\"), and it determined that nuclear\\-capable aircraft in Poland and East Germany were placed \"on high alert status with readying of nuclear strike forces\".Gates, *From the Shadows*, 271, 272\\. A 1989 US memorandum said that Soviet commanders ordered nuclear warheads to be placed on 4th Air Army bombers and for [Group of Soviet Forces in Germany](/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany \"Group of Soviet Forces in Germany\") [fighter\\-bombers](/wiki/Fighter-bomber \"Fighter-bomber\") to placed on a {{nowrap\\|30\\-minute}} alert.{{Cite web\\|date\\=February 17, 2021\\|title\\=Able Archer War Scare \"Potentially Disastrous\"\\|url\\=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing\\-book/aa83/2021\\-02\\-17/able\\-archer\\-war\\-scare\\-potentially\\-disastrous\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2021\\|website\\=National Security Archive\\|language\\=en}} Former CIA analyst Peter Vincent Pry goes further, saying he suspects that the aircraft were merely the tip of the iceberg. He hypothesizes that in accordance with Soviet military procedure and history, [ICBM](/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile \"Intercontinental ballistic missile\") silos, easily readied and difficult for the United States to detect the readiness status of, were also prepared for a launch.Pry, *War Scare*, 44\\.",
"Lt. Gen. [Leonard H. Perroots](/wiki/Leonard_H._Perroots \"Leonard H. Perroots\"), the assistant chief of staff of the [U.S. Air Force in Europe](/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_in_Europe_%E2%80%93_Air_Forces_Africa \"United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa\"), is credited with the decision not to place NATO forces on increased alert despite increased Soviet readiness. He informed his superior, General [Billy M. Minter](/wiki/Billy_M._Minter \"Billy M. Minter\"), of \"unusual activity\" in the [Eastern Bloc](/wiki/Eastern_Bloc \"Eastern Bloc\") but suggested that they wait until the end of the exercise to see if the behavior was caused by it, thereby reducing the possibility of a nuclear exchange.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb533\\-The\\-Able\\-Archer\\-War\\-Scare\\-Declassified\\-PFIAB\\-Report\\-Released/ \\|title\\=The 1983 War Scare Declassified and For Real \\|website\\=National Security Archive \\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2015}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kaplan\\|first\\=Fred\\|date\\=February 18, 2021\\|title\\=The World Came Much Closer to Nuclear War Than We Ever Realized\\|url\\=https://slate.com/news\\-and\\-politics/2021/02/able\\-archer\\-nuclear\\-war\\-reagan.html\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2021\\|website\\=Slate Magazine\\|language\\=en}}",
"Soviet fears of the attack ended as the Able Archer exercise finished on November 11\\. Upon learning of the Soviet reaction to Able Archer 83 by way of the [double agent](/wiki/Double_agent \"Double agent\") Oleg Gordievsky, a British [SIS](/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service \"Secret Intelligence Service\") asset, President Reagan commented, \"I don't see how they could believe that—but it's something to think about.\"Oberdorfer, *A New Era*, 67\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Foundation
[thumb\|left\|upright\|Markus Meckel](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0215-307%2C_Markus_Meckel.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-0215-307, Markus Meckel.jpg")
What became East Germany was traditionally the heartland for the SPD in united Germany. In 1946, the Soviet occupation authorities [forced the eastern branch of the SPD to merge with the eastern branch](/wiki/Merger_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Germany_and_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Merger of the Communist Party of Germany and the Social Democratic Party of Germany") of the [Communist Party of Germany](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany "Communist Party of Germany") to form the [Socialist Unity Party of Germany](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany "Socialist Unity Party of Germany") (SED). Within a short time, however, the few independent\-minded members from the SPD side of the merger had been pushed out, and the SED became a full\-fledged Communist party–essentially the KPD under a new name.
A [Eastern Bureau of the SPD](/wiki/Ostb%C3%BCro_der_SPD "Ostbüro der SPD") continued to exist and was allowed to participate in the [1950 *Volkskammer* election](/wiki/1950_East_German_general_election "1950 East German general election"), winning 6 seats. However, it was prevented from participating in the elections from 1954 and onwards under accusations of "espionage" and "diversion" by DDR and SED authorities; it suffered increasing harassment and was eventually closed in 1981\.
Early in 1989, the [Protestant](/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism") [theologians](/wiki/Theology "Theology") [Markus Meckel](/wiki/Markus_Meckel "Markus Meckel") and Martin Gutzeit took the initiative to revive a Social Democratic Party in the GDR. The two made organisational preparations and in April 1989 produced the first draft of the foundation appeal. In August, the appeal was presented at the *Golgathagemeinde* parish in Berlin. The appeal was signed by Meckel, Gutzeit, director and human rights advocate [Ibrahim Böhme](/wiki/Ibrahim_B%C3%B6hme "Ibrahim Böhme") and theologian Arndt Noack.
Calling for the foundation of a political party outside of the system of the [National Front](/wiki/National_Front_%28East_Germany%29 "National Front (East Germany)") was a direct challenge to the political system of the GDR and especially to the SED, whose basis was undermined by the mere existence of a Social Democratic Party. The SED based its claim to power on being the sole representative of the [working class](/wiki/Working_class "Working class").
On 7 October 1989, forty or fifty people, mostly from Berlin and the southern parts of the country, assembled at the vicarage of Schwante, a town near [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), and founded the **Social Democratic Party in the GDR**. The party chose the abbreviation **SDP** to avoid associations with the SPD that had merged into the SED, and also to brand itself as independent of the West German SPD. Stephan Hilsberg, a programmer, was elected as the first party spokesman, while Ibrahim Böhme became manager.
### In opposition
Between October and December, local groups of the SDP were formed in different towns. From 7 December 1989, two representatives of the party participated in the *Round Table* talks between Prime Minister [Hans Modrow](/wiki/Hans_Modrow "Hans Modrow"), who had become the de facto leader of East Germany after the SED surrendered its monopoly of power a week earlier, and various opposition groups. The talks resulted in representatives of the opposition groups joining Modrow's cabinet as [ministers without portfolio](/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio "Minister without portfolio") until free elections to the [People's Chamber](/wiki/People%27s_Chamber "People's Chamber") could be held. On 29 January, [Walter Romberg](/wiki/Walter_Romberg "Walter Romberg") became the first Social Democrat appointed to the cabinet.
[thumb\|200px\|right\|Ibrahim Böhme after being elected party chairman in February 1990\.](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0222-016%2C_Leipzig%2C_SPD-Parteitag%2C_Ibrahim_B%C3%B6hme.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-0222-016, Leipzig, SPD-Parteitag, Ibrahim Böhme.jpg")
On 13 January 1990, the party's first *Conference of Delegates* assembled in Berlin and decided to change the short form of the party name to **SPD**, to conform with (and profit from association with) the West German SPD. At the same time, party organisation was created at the level of districts and regions.
Elections were scheduled for 18 March. Three weeks before that date, the SPD held its first party congress from 22 to 25 February 1990 in [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig "Leipzig"). The congress decided on a basic manifesto and a statute of the party and also elected an executive board, with Böhme serving as party chairman and Meckel as one of his deputies.
The election yielded disappointing results for the Social Democrats. Instead of gaining an absolute majority, as they had expected, they won 21\.9% of the vote, resulting in 88 seats and second place. The party fared best in the [districts](/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic "Administrative divisions of the German Democratic Republic") of Berlin (34\.9%), Potsdam (34\.4%) and Frankfurt (Oder) (31\.9%), and by far worst in the district of Dresden (9\.7%). When the new parliament constituted itself, Social Democrat [Reinhard Höppner](/wiki/Reinhard_H%C3%B6ppner "Reinhard Höppner") was elected vice\-president of the People's Chamber.
### In government
After internal debates the party members agreed to coalition talks with the winner of the election, the centre\-right *[Alliance for Germany](/wiki/Alliance_for_Germany "Alliance for Germany")*, consisting of the [CDU](/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_%28East_Germany%29 "Christian Democratic Union (East Germany)"), the [DSU](/wiki/German_Social_Union_%28East_Germany%29 "German Social Union (East Germany)") and [Democratic Awakening](/wiki/Democratic_Awakening "Democratic Awakening"), as well as with the *[Alliance of Free Democrats](/wiki/Alliance_of_Free_Democrats "Alliance of Free Democrats")*, an alliance of liberal parties. On 12 April, [Lothar de Maizière](/wiki/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re "Lothar de Maizière") of the CDU formed a [grand coalition](/wiki/Grand_coalition "Grand coalition") cabinet including six Social Democrats, among them Markus Meckel (foreign affairs), [Regine Hildebrandt](/wiki/Regine_Hildebrandt "Regine Hildebrandt") (social issues) and Walter Romberg (finance). The SPD initially supported de Maizière's policy of speedy reunification with West Germany, but left the cabinet on 20 August.
[thumb\|150px\|right\|Wolfgang Thierse](/wiki/File:Wolfgang_Thierse.jpg "Wolfgang Thierse.jpg")
Ibrahim Böhme was slated to have been a senior minister in the government. However, during the coalition talks he had been unmasked as a longtime [Stasi](/wiki/Stasi "Stasi") informer by the West German news magazine *[Der Spiegel](/wiki/Der_Spiegel "Der Spiegel")*. Though Böhme failed to acknowledge this, he agreed to suspend his party functions (he was later expelled from the party in 1992\). On 8 April 1990, Meckel was chosen as the interim chairman, until an extraordinary meeting in [Halle (Saale)](/wiki/Halle_%28Saale%29 "Halle (Saale)") on 9 June 1990 elected [Wolfgang Thierse](/wiki/Wolfgang_Thierse "Wolfgang Thierse") as the new party chairman. At the same time, [Willy Brandt](/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt"), former Chancellor of West Germany and honorary chairman of the West German SPD, was elected as honorary chairman of the East German SPD as well.
### Reunification
With [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification") approaching on 3 October 1990, the East German SPD held a final party congress on 26 September 1990, and decided to merge with the West German SPD. The following day, Wolfgang Thierse joined the unified party's executive board and was also appointed deputy chairman. He resigned from the latter position in 2005 but remained a member of the party executive until 2009\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Foundation",
"[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Markus Meckel](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0215-307%2C_Markus_Meckel.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-0215-307, Markus Meckel.jpg\")\nWhat became East Germany was traditionally the heartland for the SPD in united Germany. In 1946, the Soviet occupation authorities [forced the eastern branch of the SPD to merge with the eastern branch](/wiki/Merger_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Germany_and_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany \"Merger of the Communist Party of Germany and the Social Democratic Party of Germany\") of the [Communist Party of Germany](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany \"Communist Party of Germany\") to form the [Socialist Unity Party of Germany](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany \"Socialist Unity Party of Germany\") (SED). Within a short time, however, the few independent\\-minded members from the SPD side of the merger had been pushed out, and the SED became a full\\-fledged Communist party–essentially the KPD under a new name.",
"A [Eastern Bureau of the SPD](/wiki/Ostb%C3%BCro_der_SPD \"Ostbüro der SPD\") continued to exist and was allowed to participate in the [1950 *Volkskammer* election](/wiki/1950_East_German_general_election \"1950 East German general election\"), winning 6 seats. However, it was prevented from participating in the elections from 1954 and onwards under accusations of \"espionage\" and \"diversion\" by DDR and SED authorities; it suffered increasing harassment and was eventually closed in 1981\\.",
"Early in 1989, the [Protestant](/wiki/Protestantism \"Protestantism\") [theologians](/wiki/Theology \"Theology\") [Markus Meckel](/wiki/Markus_Meckel \"Markus Meckel\") and Martin Gutzeit took the initiative to revive a Social Democratic Party in the GDR. The two made organisational preparations and in April 1989 produced the first draft of the foundation appeal. In August, the appeal was presented at the *Golgathagemeinde* parish in Berlin. The appeal was signed by Meckel, Gutzeit, director and human rights advocate [Ibrahim Böhme](/wiki/Ibrahim_B%C3%B6hme \"Ibrahim Böhme\") and theologian Arndt Noack.",
"Calling for the foundation of a political party outside of the system of the [National Front](/wiki/National_Front_%28East_Germany%29 \"National Front (East Germany)\") was a direct challenge to the political system of the GDR and especially to the SED, whose basis was undermined by the mere existence of a Social Democratic Party. The SED based its claim to power on being the sole representative of the [working class](/wiki/Working_class \"Working class\").",
"On 7 October 1989, forty or fifty people, mostly from Berlin and the southern parts of the country, assembled at the vicarage of Schwante, a town near [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\"), and founded the **Social Democratic Party in the GDR**. The party chose the abbreviation **SDP** to avoid associations with the SPD that had merged into the SED, and also to brand itself as independent of the West German SPD. Stephan Hilsberg, a programmer, was elected as the first party spokesman, while Ibrahim Böhme became manager.",
"### In opposition",
"Between October and December, local groups of the SDP were formed in different towns. From 7 December 1989, two representatives of the party participated in the *Round Table* talks between Prime Minister [Hans Modrow](/wiki/Hans_Modrow \"Hans Modrow\"), who had become the de facto leader of East Germany after the SED surrendered its monopoly of power a week earlier, and various opposition groups. The talks resulted in representatives of the opposition groups joining Modrow's cabinet as [ministers without portfolio](/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio \"Minister without portfolio\") until free elections to the [People's Chamber](/wiki/People%27s_Chamber \"People's Chamber\") could be held. On 29 January, [Walter Romberg](/wiki/Walter_Romberg \"Walter Romberg\") became the first Social Democrat appointed to the cabinet.",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|right\\|Ibrahim Böhme after being elected party chairman in February 1990\\.](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0222-016%2C_Leipzig%2C_SPD-Parteitag%2C_Ibrahim_B%C3%B6hme.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-0222-016, Leipzig, SPD-Parteitag, Ibrahim Böhme.jpg\")\nOn 13 January 1990, the party's first *Conference of Delegates* assembled in Berlin and decided to change the short form of the party name to **SPD**, to conform with (and profit from association with) the West German SPD. At the same time, party organisation was created at the level of districts and regions.",
"Elections were scheduled for 18 March. Three weeks before that date, the SPD held its first party congress from 22 to 25 February 1990 in [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig \"Leipzig\"). The congress decided on a basic manifesto and a statute of the party and also elected an executive board, with Böhme serving as party chairman and Meckel as one of his deputies.",
"The election yielded disappointing results for the Social Democrats. Instead of gaining an absolute majority, as they had expected, they won 21\\.9% of the vote, resulting in 88 seats and second place. The party fared best in the [districts](/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic \"Administrative divisions of the German Democratic Republic\") of Berlin (34\\.9%), Potsdam (34\\.4%) and Frankfurt (Oder) (31\\.9%), and by far worst in the district of Dresden (9\\.7%). When the new parliament constituted itself, Social Democrat [Reinhard Höppner](/wiki/Reinhard_H%C3%B6ppner \"Reinhard Höppner\") was elected vice\\-president of the People's Chamber.",
"### In government",
"After internal debates the party members agreed to coalition talks with the winner of the election, the centre\\-right *[Alliance for Germany](/wiki/Alliance_for_Germany \"Alliance for Germany\")*, consisting of the [CDU](/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_%28East_Germany%29 \"Christian Democratic Union (East Germany)\"), the [DSU](/wiki/German_Social_Union_%28East_Germany%29 \"German Social Union (East Germany)\") and [Democratic Awakening](/wiki/Democratic_Awakening \"Democratic Awakening\"), as well as with the *[Alliance of Free Democrats](/wiki/Alliance_of_Free_Democrats \"Alliance of Free Democrats\")*, an alliance of liberal parties. On 12 April, [Lothar de Maizière](/wiki/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re \"Lothar de Maizière\") of the CDU formed a [grand coalition](/wiki/Grand_coalition \"Grand coalition\") cabinet including six Social Democrats, among them Markus Meckel (foreign affairs), [Regine Hildebrandt](/wiki/Regine_Hildebrandt \"Regine Hildebrandt\") (social issues) and Walter Romberg (finance). The SPD initially supported de Maizière's policy of speedy reunification with West Germany, but left the cabinet on 20 August.",
"[thumb\\|150px\\|right\\|Wolfgang Thierse](/wiki/File:Wolfgang_Thierse.jpg \"Wolfgang Thierse.jpg\")\nIbrahim Böhme was slated to have been a senior minister in the government. However, during the coalition talks he had been unmasked as a longtime [Stasi](/wiki/Stasi \"Stasi\") informer by the West German news magazine *[Der Spiegel](/wiki/Der_Spiegel \"Der Spiegel\")*. Though Böhme failed to acknowledge this, he agreed to suspend his party functions (he was later expelled from the party in 1992\\). On 8 April 1990, Meckel was chosen as the interim chairman, until an extraordinary meeting in [Halle (Saale)](/wiki/Halle_%28Saale%29 \"Halle (Saale)\") on 9 June 1990 elected [Wolfgang Thierse](/wiki/Wolfgang_Thierse \"Wolfgang Thierse\") as the new party chairman. At the same time, [Willy Brandt](/wiki/Willy_Brandt \"Willy Brandt\"), former Chancellor of West Germany and honorary chairman of the West German SPD, was elected as honorary chairman of the East German SPD as well.",
"### Reunification",
"With [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification \"German reunification\") approaching on 3 October 1990, the East German SPD held a final party congress on 26 September 1990, and decided to merge with the West German SPD. The following day, Wolfgang Thierse joined the unified party's executive board and was also appointed deputy chairman. He resigned from the latter position in 2005 but remained a member of the party executive until 2009\\.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
News spread about the return from France of Anawat Patcharapojanat, also known as Nueng, after completing his master's degree in diplomacy. Anawat is the son of a former diplomat, Vit Patcharapojanat. His return attracted much attention from young women, especially Sisuk and her friend Songsang. However, Hatairat Ratchapitak, who was orphaned and raised by Sut and Thip Duenpradap as their own daughter, did not share their excitement. She expressed a dislike for arrogant men. When Anawat returned to Thailand, he visited his relatives and the Duenpradap family but kept missing Hatairat. Anawat also tried to visit his old friend Pinij Panatpong but missed him as well. Pinij was staying at his brother Pinai's ranch, dealing with his feelings for Hatairat.
The next day, Anawat goes to the Duenpradap house, where he meets Sattha, Suda, and Hatairat. As soon as he meets Hatairat, he immediately forms a negative bias against her. Anawat is frustrated that Hatairat seems to be intentionally ignoring him, feeling dishonored by her behavior. He vows to make her pay for this perceived slight. Later, Sattha and Suda plan a birthday party for Sut at the Duenpradap house, hoping to reconcile Anawat and Hatairat. They invite more relatives and friends than usual to the event.
During Sut's birthday party, Songsang takes the opportunity to dance with Anawat. There are many young men who ask Hatairat to dance as well. Anawat and Hatairat keep an eye on each other throughout the evening, but the event eventually concludes without incident. Although Anawat claims he doesn't love Hatairat and even hates her, he constantly squabbles with her, disrupting her life almost daily. When Khun Chai moves to the United States for a while, Hatairat has to go and teach at Anawat's house.
Shortly after, Dr. Prasong announced that he would marry Ura, but Anawat mistakenly believed the bride was Hatairat. He felt disappointed upon hearing the news and was surprised that she seemed unaffected. When he learned that Hatairat was only a bridesmaid, Anawat became very angry and left without understanding the situation.
When Anawat was taking Hatairat home, he caressed her, which made her very angry. However, Anawat felt satisfied that he had gained the upper hand. Meanwhile, Pinij unwillingly agreed to marry Jampee because his mother insisted on it. Before the wedding, Pinij fell seriously ill and wanted to see Hatairat one last time. Anawat invited Hatairat to visit Pinij, but Pinij was sent to Bangkok before they arrived. On their way back, Anawat's car broke down, forcing them to stay overnight at the ranch. When they returned to Bangkok, they were scolded by Vit and Sut for spending the night together. To take responsibility, Anawat was told to get engaged to Hatairat. Hatairat agreed to the engagement, wanting to prove herself over Sisuk and Songsang.
Later, Anawat decided to confess his feelings to Hatairat and asked her to marry him. However, she rejected his proposal, leaving him regretting the confession. Shortly afterward, Vit received news that Anawat had been in a car accident in [Chiang Mai](/wiki/Chiang_Mai "Chiang Mai"). Shocked, Hatairat immediately flew to meet him. When they reunited, they declared their love for each other. Hatairat promised to love and take care of Anawat forever, and they happily got married.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"News spread about the return from France of Anawat Patcharapojanat, also known as Nueng, after completing his master's degree in diplomacy. Anawat is the son of a former diplomat, Vit Patcharapojanat. His return attracted much attention from young women, especially Sisuk and her friend Songsang. However, Hatairat Ratchapitak, who was orphaned and raised by Sut and Thip Duenpradap as their own daughter, did not share their excitement. She expressed a dislike for arrogant men. When Anawat returned to Thailand, he visited his relatives and the Duenpradap family but kept missing Hatairat. Anawat also tried to visit his old friend Pinij Panatpong but missed him as well. Pinij was staying at his brother Pinai's ranch, dealing with his feelings for Hatairat.",
"The next day, Anawat goes to the Duenpradap house, where he meets Sattha, Suda, and Hatairat. As soon as he meets Hatairat, he immediately forms a negative bias against her. Anawat is frustrated that Hatairat seems to be intentionally ignoring him, feeling dishonored by her behavior. He vows to make her pay for this perceived slight. Later, Sattha and Suda plan a birthday party for Sut at the Duenpradap house, hoping to reconcile Anawat and Hatairat. They invite more relatives and friends than usual to the event.",
"During Sut's birthday party, Songsang takes the opportunity to dance with Anawat. There are many young men who ask Hatairat to dance as well. Anawat and Hatairat keep an eye on each other throughout the evening, but the event eventually concludes without incident. Although Anawat claims he doesn't love Hatairat and even hates her, he constantly squabbles with her, disrupting her life almost daily. When Khun Chai moves to the United States for a while, Hatairat has to go and teach at Anawat's house.",
"Shortly after, Dr. Prasong announced that he would marry Ura, but Anawat mistakenly believed the bride was Hatairat. He felt disappointed upon hearing the news and was surprised that she seemed unaffected. When he learned that Hatairat was only a bridesmaid, Anawat became very angry and left without understanding the situation.",
"When Anawat was taking Hatairat home, he caressed her, which made her very angry. However, Anawat felt satisfied that he had gained the upper hand. Meanwhile, Pinij unwillingly agreed to marry Jampee because his mother insisted on it. Before the wedding, Pinij fell seriously ill and wanted to see Hatairat one last time. Anawat invited Hatairat to visit Pinij, but Pinij was sent to Bangkok before they arrived. On their way back, Anawat's car broke down, forcing them to stay overnight at the ranch. When they returned to Bangkok, they were scolded by Vit and Sut for spending the night together. To take responsibility, Anawat was told to get engaged to Hatairat. Hatairat agreed to the engagement, wanting to prove herself over Sisuk and Songsang.",
"Later, Anawat decided to confess his feelings to Hatairat and asked her to marry him. However, she rejected his proposal, leaving him regretting the confession. Shortly afterward, Vit received news that Anawat had been in a car accident in [Chiang Mai](/wiki/Chiang_Mai \"Chiang Mai\"). Shocked, Hatairat immediately flew to meet him. When they reunited, they declared their love for each other. Hatairat promised to love and take care of Anawat forever, and they happily got married.",
""
] |
Multiplication and division
---------------------------
{{main\|Ancient Egyptian multiplication}}
Egyptian multiplication was done by a repeated doubling of the number to be multiplied (the multiplicand), and choosing which of the doublings to add together (essentially a form of [binary](/wiki/Binary_numeral_system "Binary numeral system") arithmetic), a method that links to the Old Kingdom. The multiplicand was written next to figure 1; the multiplicand was then added to itself, and the result written next to the number 2\. The process was continued until the doublings gave a number greater than half of the [multiplier](/wiki/Multiplication "Multiplication"). Then the doubled numbers (1, 2, etc.) would be repeatedly subtracted from the multiplier to select which of the results of the existing calculations should be added together to create the answer.
As a shortcut for larger numbers, the multiplicand can also be immediately multiplied by 10, 100, 1000, 10000, etc.
For example, Problem 69 on the [Rhind Papyrus](/wiki/Rhind_Papyrus "Rhind Papyrus") (RMP) provides the following illustration, as if Hieroglyphic symbols were used (rather than the RMP's actual hieratic script).
|**To multiply 80 × 14**
| |
| Egyptian calculation
|
Modern calculation
| Result | Multiplier | | Result | Multiplier |
| V20\*V20\*V20\*V20:V20\*V20\*V20\*V20 | Z1 | | 80 | 1 |
| V1\*V1\*V1\*V1:V1\*V1\*V1\*V1 | V20 | [20px\|link\=](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg "Yes check.svg") | 800 | 10 |
| V20\*V20\*V20:V20\*V20\*V20\-V1 | Z1\*Z1 | | 160 | 2 |
| V20:V20\-V1\*V1:V1 | Z1\*Z1\*Z1\*Z1 | [20px\|link\=](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg "Yes check.svg") | 320 | 4 |
| V20:V20\-V1\-M12 | Z1\*Z1\*Z1\*Z1\*V20 | | 1120 | 14 |
The *[20px\|link\=](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg "Yes check.svg")* denotes the intermediate results that are added together to produce the final answer.
The table above can also be used to divide 1120 by 80\. We would solve this problem by finding the quotient (80\) as the sum of those multipliers of 80 that add up to 1120\. In this example that would yield a quotient of 10 \+ 4 \= 14\. A more complicated example of the division algorithm is provided by Problem 66\. A total of 3200 ro of fat are to be distributed evenly over 365 days.
| \+**Dividing 3200 by 365** | 1 | 365 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | 730 | |
| 4 | 1460 | |
| 8 | 2920 | [20px\|link\=](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg "Yes check.svg") |
| {{sfrac\|2\|3}} | {{sfrac\|243\|1\|3}} | [20px\|link\=](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg "Yes check.svg") |
| {{sfrac\|1\|10}} | {{sfrac\|36\|1\|2}} | [20px\|link\=](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg "Yes check.svg") |
| {{sfrac\|1\|2190}} | {{sfrac\|1\|6}} | [20px\|link\=](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg "Yes check.svg") |
First the scribe would double 365 repeatedly until the largest possible multiple of 365 is reached, which is smaller than 3200\. In this case 8 times 365 is 2920 and further addition of multiples of 365 would clearly give a value greater than 3200\. Next it is noted that {{sfrac\|2\|3}} \+ {{sfrac\|1\|10}} \+ {{sfrac\|1\|2190}} times 365 gives us the value of 280 we need. Hence we find that 3200 divided by 365 must equal 8 \+ {{sfrac\|2\|3}} \+ {{sfrac\|1\|10}} \+ {{sfrac\|1\|2190}}.
|
[
"Multiplication and division\n---------------------------",
"{{main\\|Ancient Egyptian multiplication}}\nEgyptian multiplication was done by a repeated doubling of the number to be multiplied (the multiplicand), and choosing which of the doublings to add together (essentially a form of [binary](/wiki/Binary_numeral_system \"Binary numeral system\") arithmetic), a method that links to the Old Kingdom. The multiplicand was written next to figure 1; the multiplicand was then added to itself, and the result written next to the number 2\\. The process was continued until the doublings gave a number greater than half of the [multiplier](/wiki/Multiplication \"Multiplication\"). Then the doubled numbers (1, 2, etc.) would be repeatedly subtracted from the multiplier to select which of the results of the existing calculations should be added together to create the answer.",
"As a shortcut for larger numbers, the multiplicand can also be immediately multiplied by 10, 100, 1000, 10000, etc.",
"For example, Problem 69 on the [Rhind Papyrus](/wiki/Rhind_Papyrus \"Rhind Papyrus\") (RMP) provides the following illustration, as if Hieroglyphic symbols were used (rather than the RMP's actual hieratic script).",
"",
"|**To multiply 80 × 14**",
"| |\n| Egyptian calculation",
"|\n Modern calculation",
"| Result | Multiplier | | Result | Multiplier |\n| V20\\*V20\\*V20\\*V20:V20\\*V20\\*V20\\*V20 | Z1 | | 80 | 1 |\n| V1\\*V1\\*V1\\*V1:V1\\*V1\\*V1\\*V1 | V20 | [20px\\|link\\=](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg \"Yes check.svg\") | 800 | 10 |\n| V20\\*V20\\*V20:V20\\*V20\\*V20\\-V1 | Z1\\*Z1 | | 160 | 2 |\n| V20:V20\\-V1\\*V1:V1 | Z1\\*Z1\\*Z1\\*Z1 | [20px\\|link\\=](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg \"Yes check.svg\") | 320 | 4 |\n| V20:V20\\-V1\\-M12 | Z1\\*Z1\\*Z1\\*Z1\\*V20 | | 1120 | 14 |",
"The *[20px\\|link\\=](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg \"Yes check.svg\")* denotes the intermediate results that are added together to produce the final answer.",
"The table above can also be used to divide 1120 by 80\\. We would solve this problem by finding the quotient (80\\) as the sum of those multipliers of 80 that add up to 1120\\. In this example that would yield a quotient of 10 \\+ 4 \\= 14\\. A more complicated example of the division algorithm is provided by Problem 66\\. A total of 3200 ro of fat are to be distributed evenly over 365 days.",
"",
"| \\+**Dividing 3200 by 365** | 1 | 365 | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2 | 730 | |\n| 4 | 1460 | |\n| 8 | 2920 | [20px\\|link\\=](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg \"Yes check.svg\") |\n| {{sfrac\\|2\\|3}} | {{sfrac\\|243\\|1\\|3}} | [20px\\|link\\=](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg \"Yes check.svg\") |\n| {{sfrac\\|1\\|10}} | {{sfrac\\|36\\|1\\|2}} | [20px\\|link\\=](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg \"Yes check.svg\") |\n| {{sfrac\\|1\\|2190}} | {{sfrac\\|1\\|6}} | [20px\\|link\\=](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg \"Yes check.svg\") |",
"First the scribe would double 365 repeatedly until the largest possible multiple of 365 is reached, which is smaller than 3200\\. In this case 8 times 365 is 2920 and further addition of multiples of 365 would clearly give a value greater than 3200\\. Next it is noted that {{sfrac\\|2\\|3}} \\+ {{sfrac\\|1\\|10}} \\+ {{sfrac\\|1\\|2190}} times 365 gives us the value of 280 we need. Hence we find that 3200 divided by 365 must equal 8 \\+ {{sfrac\\|2\\|3}} \\+ {{sfrac\\|1\\|10}} \\+ {{sfrac\\|1\\|2190}}.",
""
] |
Career
------
Dave Bickler's career began in 1968 as one of two lead singers and a musician in the early 1970s [American](/wiki/United_States "United States") [rock](/wiki/Rock_music "Rock music") group Jamestown Massacre. The group's single "Summer Sun" was a Billboard Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart entry in the summer of 1972\. Bickler met [Jim Peterik](/wiki/Jim_Peterik "Jim Peterik") while doing commercial jingles in the mid\-1970s, leading to their future partnership in the band [Survivor](/wiki/Survivor_%28band%29 "Survivor (band)").{{cite web\|url\=http://jamestownmassacre.homestead.com/history.html\|title\=History of Jamestown Massacre\|website\=Jamestownmassacre.homestead.com}}
### Survivor
{{main\|Survivor (band)}}
Bickler is best known as an original member of [Survivor](/wiki/Survivor_%28band%29 "Survivor (band)") from 1978 to 1983\. He rejoined with co\-founders Frankie Sullivan and Jim Peterik in 1993, staying until early 2000\. He was a part of the group for their first four albums: *[Survivor](/wiki/Survivor_%28Survivor_album%29 "Survivor (Survivor album)")*, *[Premonition](/wiki/Premonition_%28Survivor_album%29 "Premonition (Survivor album)")*, *[Eye of The Tiger](/wiki/Eye_of_the_Tiger_%28album%29 "Eye of the Tiger (album)")*, and *[Caught in the Game](/wiki/Caught_in_the_Game "Caught in the Game")*. Although primarily serving as the band's lead vocalist during this time, he is also credited with playing keyboards on Survivor's first two albums (including being the sole keyboardist on their debut album,[Survivor\- self\-titled debut album @Discogs.com](http://www.discogs.com/Survivor-Survivor/release/2983119) Retrieved October 21, 2012\. before rhythm guitarist Jim Peterik began to take over the role on *Premonition*, although future releases would see Peterik replaced in\-studio by session musicians).
Survivor experienced their big breakthrough in 1982, when they were asked by [Sylvester Stallone](/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone "Sylvester Stallone") to provide the theme song for his movie *[Rocky III](/wiki/Rocky_III "Rocky III")*. The song, "[Eye of the Tiger](/wiki/Eye_of_the_Tiger "Eye of the Tiger")", soon turned into the biggest hit of the band's career. It had an enormous impact on the [*Billboard* charts](/wiki/Billboard_charts "Billboard charts"), soaring to \#1 for six weeks. The song won the band a [Grammy Award](/wiki/Grammy_award "Grammy award") for [Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal "Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal"), was voted "Best New Song" by the [People's Choice Awards](/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards "People's Choice Awards") and received an [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award") nomination. The song remains popular today. It came in at \#18 on the Top 100 Singles chart in *Billboard*{{'}}s 100th Anniversary issue{{cite web\|url\=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100\-titles\-30\.shtml\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913205956/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100\-titles\-30\.shtml\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=September 13, 2008\|title\=The Billboard Hot 100 All\-Time Top Songs (30\-21\)\|website\=Billboard.com\|accessdate\=May 4, 2009}} and it is well over the 300,000 mark on the [iTunes Store](/wiki/ITunes_Store "ITunes Store"), where it once held \#9 on their "Top Soundtrack" chart.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2020}} Thanks to the song's success and another Top 20 single, "American Heartbeat", the album *Eye of the Tiger* peaked at \#2 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200") chart.
Bickler also can be heard on other Survivor singles including "Somewhere in America", "Rebel Girl", "Poor Man's Son", "Summer Nights", "The One That Really Matters", "American Heartbeat", "Caught in the Game" and "[Ever Since the World Began](/wiki/Ever_Since_the_World_Began "Ever Since the World Began")" (later re\-recorded by Bickler's successor in Survivor, [Jimi Jamison](/wiki/Jimi_Jamison "Jimi Jamison"), as a solo single for the *[Lock Up](/wiki/Lock_Up_%281989_film%29 "Lock Up (1989 film)")* film soundtrack).
Bickler left the band in late 1983 after he developed [polyps](/wiki/Polyp_%28medicine%29 "Polyp (medicine)") on his [vocal cords](/wiki/Vocal_cords "Vocal cords") and required surgery and voice rest, a condition that would take a year and a half to recuperate from.
He rejoined Survivor in early 1993 as lead vocalist for a *[Greatest Hits](/wiki/Greatest_Hits_%28Survivor_album%29 "Greatest Hits (Survivor album)")* album on [Scotti Bros.](/wiki/Scotti_Brothers_Records "Scotti Brothers Records") featuring two new songs "You Know Who You Are" and "Hungry Years" (the latter of which he co\-wrote). Bickler recorded new music with the band in hopes of a new album, but ongoing lawsuits and trademark ownership issues with his initial successor in the band, Jimi Jamison halted the release.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2009}}
Bickler was fired in early 2000 after a brief string of tour dates. On April 1, 2000, it was announced that for the second time Jimi Jamison was the new lead singer of Survivor.
Bickler is credited with co\-writing two songs on the Survivor album *[Reach](/wiki/Reach_%28Survivor_album%29 "Reach (Survivor album)")* with Frankie Sullivan: "I Don't" and "One More Chance".
In 2013, it was announced on Survivor's official media sources that guitarist Frankie Sullivan had reunited the current Survivor line\-up with Dave Bickler again, with the band planning to have their two most well\-known vocalists together for the next tour, Dave Bickler and Jimi Jamison.{{cite web \|url\=http://survivorband.com/frankie\-sullivan\-reunites\-four\-original\-survivor\-members\-with\-dave\-bickler\-and\-jimi\-jamison\-499 \|title\=Frankie Sullivan Reunites Four Original "Survivor" Members \|accessdate\=September 13, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901115959/http://survivorband.com/frankie\-sullivan\-reunites\-four\-original\-survivor\-members\-with\-dave\-bickler\-and\-jimi\-jamison\-499 \|archivedate\=September 1, 2013 }} Following a year of touring together with Bickler in this lineup, Jamison died of a [hemorrhagic brain stroke](/wiki/Stroke%23Hemorrhagic "Stroke#Hemorrhagic") on September 1, 2014\.
In March 2016, Bickler was again fired from Survivor.{{cite web\|url\=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/survivor\-dave\-bickler\-fired\-2016/\|title\=Exclusive: Survivor Part Ways With Singer Dave Bickler\|website\=Ultimate Classic Rock\|date\=March 3, 2016 }}
### Other ventures
After leaving Survivor in 1983, Bickler continued recording with other groups in the Chicago area and doing commercial jingles and ads.
Since 2000, Bickler has continued his venture in recording commercials and video [advertisements](/wiki/Advertisements "Advertisements"). His singing is featured in the successful Budweiser Light "Real American Heroes" and "[Real Men of Genius](/wiki/Real_Men_of_Genius "Real Men of Genius")" ad campaign (the decision to change the campaign from "Real American Heroes" to "Real Men of Genius" was made after [9/11](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks")) singing plaintively in counterpoint to the wry commentary of voice actor Peter Stacker. Over 100 of these commercials have been recorded and broadcast on sports radio stations and events for over ten years. A handful of CDs from the Bud Light ads have been released{{clarify\|date\=July 2023}} and one sold over 100,000 copies in its first three weeks of release. The release, according to a *Pop Culture Tonight: with Patrick Phillips* February 2016 interview with Dave Bickler, sold 400,000 copies.{{fact\|date\=July 2023}}
In 2009, Bickler posted several new songs he was writing and recording for a future solo project via his Twitter account and website.
On February 2, 2012, he appeared on *[The Colbert Report](/wiki/The_Colbert_Report "The Colbert Report")* singing a passage from *[Newt Gingrich's](/wiki/Newt_Gingrich "Newt Gingrich")* book *A Nation Like No Other* to the tune of "[Eye of the Tiger](/wiki/Eye_of_the_Tiger "Eye of the Tiger")".{{cite web\|url\=http://chicagoist.com/2012/02/03/survivor\_frontman\_sings\_gingrichs\_b.php\|title\=Former Survivor Frontman Sings Gingrich's Book On The Colbert Report\|work\=Chicagoist\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711171233/http://chicagoist.com/2012/02/03/survivor\_frontman\_sings\_gingrichs\_b.php\|archivedate\=July 11, 2015}}
In October 2017, Bickler appeared at Rockingham Festival at the Nottingham Trent University, UK. In 2018, he joined Jim Peterik on stage to perform "Caught in the Game", "Rebel Girl" and "Eye of the Tiger". On September 28, 2018, he released his debut solo album, *Darklight*.
On May 17, 2021, he performed on the [Late Show with Stephen Colbert](/wiki/Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert "Late Show with Stephen Colbert") singing about a fugitive tiger in Houston{{cite news \|last1\=Firozi \|first1\=Paulina \|title\=Tiger that was missing for almost a week has been found safe, police say \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2021/05/16/missing\-houston\-tiger\-found\-safe/ \|access\-date\=May 5, 2022 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|date\=May 16, 2021}} to the tune of "Eye of the Tiger".
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Dave Bickler's career began in 1968 as one of two lead singers and a musician in the early 1970s [American](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") [rock](/wiki/Rock_music \"Rock music\") group Jamestown Massacre. The group's single \"Summer Sun\" was a Billboard Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart entry in the summer of 1972\\. Bickler met [Jim Peterik](/wiki/Jim_Peterik \"Jim Peterik\") while doing commercial jingles in the mid\\-1970s, leading to their future partnership in the band [Survivor](/wiki/Survivor_%28band%29 \"Survivor (band)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://jamestownmassacre.homestead.com/history.html\\|title\\=History of Jamestown Massacre\\|website\\=Jamestownmassacre.homestead.com}}",
"### Survivor",
"{{main\\|Survivor (band)}}\nBickler is best known as an original member of [Survivor](/wiki/Survivor_%28band%29 \"Survivor (band)\") from 1978 to 1983\\. He rejoined with co\\-founders Frankie Sullivan and Jim Peterik in 1993, staying until early 2000\\. He was a part of the group for their first four albums: *[Survivor](/wiki/Survivor_%28Survivor_album%29 \"Survivor (Survivor album)\")*, *[Premonition](/wiki/Premonition_%28Survivor_album%29 \"Premonition (Survivor album)\")*, *[Eye of The Tiger](/wiki/Eye_of_the_Tiger_%28album%29 \"Eye of the Tiger (album)\")*, and *[Caught in the Game](/wiki/Caught_in_the_Game \"Caught in the Game\")*. Although primarily serving as the band's lead vocalist during this time, he is also credited with playing keyboards on Survivor's first two albums (including being the sole keyboardist on their debut album,[Survivor\\- self\\-titled debut album @Discogs.com](http://www.discogs.com/Survivor-Survivor/release/2983119) Retrieved October 21, 2012\\. before rhythm guitarist Jim Peterik began to take over the role on *Premonition*, although future releases would see Peterik replaced in\\-studio by session musicians).",
"Survivor experienced their big breakthrough in 1982, when they were asked by [Sylvester Stallone](/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone \"Sylvester Stallone\") to provide the theme song for his movie *[Rocky III](/wiki/Rocky_III \"Rocky III\")*. The song, \"[Eye of the Tiger](/wiki/Eye_of_the_Tiger \"Eye of the Tiger\")\", soon turned into the biggest hit of the band's career. It had an enormous impact on the [*Billboard* charts](/wiki/Billboard_charts \"Billboard charts\"), soaring to \\#1 for six weeks. The song won the band a [Grammy Award](/wiki/Grammy_award \"Grammy award\") for [Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal \"Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal\"), was voted \"Best New Song\" by the [People's Choice Awards](/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards \"People's Choice Awards\") and received an [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\") nomination. The song remains popular today. It came in at \\#18 on the Top 100 Singles chart in *Billboard*{{'}}s 100th Anniversary issue{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100\\-titles\\-30\\.shtml\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913205956/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100\\-titles\\-30\\.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=September 13, 2008\\|title\\=The Billboard Hot 100 All\\-Time Top Songs (30\\-21\\)\\|website\\=Billboard.com\\|accessdate\\=May 4, 2009}} and it is well over the 300,000 mark on the [iTunes Store](/wiki/ITunes_Store \"ITunes Store\"), where it once held \\#9 on their \"Top Soundtrack\" chart.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2020}} Thanks to the song's success and another Top 20 single, \"American Heartbeat\", the album *Eye of the Tiger* peaked at \\#2 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") chart.",
"Bickler also can be heard on other Survivor singles including \"Somewhere in America\", \"Rebel Girl\", \"Poor Man's Son\", \"Summer Nights\", \"The One That Really Matters\", \"American Heartbeat\", \"Caught in the Game\" and \"[Ever Since the World Began](/wiki/Ever_Since_the_World_Began \"Ever Since the World Began\")\" (later re\\-recorded by Bickler's successor in Survivor, [Jimi Jamison](/wiki/Jimi_Jamison \"Jimi Jamison\"), as a solo single for the *[Lock Up](/wiki/Lock_Up_%281989_film%29 \"Lock Up (1989 film)\")* film soundtrack).",
"Bickler left the band in late 1983 after he developed [polyps](/wiki/Polyp_%28medicine%29 \"Polyp (medicine)\") on his [vocal cords](/wiki/Vocal_cords \"Vocal cords\") and required surgery and voice rest, a condition that would take a year and a half to recuperate from.",
"He rejoined Survivor in early 1993 as lead vocalist for a *[Greatest Hits](/wiki/Greatest_Hits_%28Survivor_album%29 \"Greatest Hits (Survivor album)\")* album on [Scotti Bros.](/wiki/Scotti_Brothers_Records \"Scotti Brothers Records\") featuring two new songs \"You Know Who You Are\" and \"Hungry Years\" (the latter of which he co\\-wrote). Bickler recorded new music with the band in hopes of a new album, but ongoing lawsuits and trademark ownership issues with his initial successor in the band, Jimi Jamison halted the release.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2009}}",
"Bickler was fired in early 2000 after a brief string of tour dates. On April 1, 2000, it was announced that for the second time Jimi Jamison was the new lead singer of Survivor.",
"Bickler is credited with co\\-writing two songs on the Survivor album *[Reach](/wiki/Reach_%28Survivor_album%29 \"Reach (Survivor album)\")* with Frankie Sullivan: \"I Don't\" and \"One More Chance\".",
"In 2013, it was announced on Survivor's official media sources that guitarist Frankie Sullivan had reunited the current Survivor line\\-up with Dave Bickler again, with the band planning to have their two most well\\-known vocalists together for the next tour, Dave Bickler and Jimi Jamison.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://survivorband.com/frankie\\-sullivan\\-reunites\\-four\\-original\\-survivor\\-members\\-with\\-dave\\-bickler\\-and\\-jimi\\-jamison\\-499 \\|title\\=Frankie Sullivan Reunites Four Original \"Survivor\" Members \\|accessdate\\=September 13, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901115959/http://survivorband.com/frankie\\-sullivan\\-reunites\\-four\\-original\\-survivor\\-members\\-with\\-dave\\-bickler\\-and\\-jimi\\-jamison\\-499 \\|archivedate\\=September 1, 2013 }} Following a year of touring together with Bickler in this lineup, Jamison died of a [hemorrhagic brain stroke](/wiki/Stroke%23Hemorrhagic \"Stroke#Hemorrhagic\") on September 1, 2014\\.",
"In March 2016, Bickler was again fired from Survivor.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/survivor\\-dave\\-bickler\\-fired\\-2016/\\|title\\=Exclusive: Survivor Part Ways With Singer Dave Bickler\\|website\\=Ultimate Classic Rock\\|date\\=March 3, 2016 }}",
"### Other ventures",
"After leaving Survivor in 1983, Bickler continued recording with other groups in the Chicago area and doing commercial jingles and ads.",
"Since 2000, Bickler has continued his venture in recording commercials and video [advertisements](/wiki/Advertisements \"Advertisements\"). His singing is featured in the successful Budweiser Light \"Real American Heroes\" and \"[Real Men of Genius](/wiki/Real_Men_of_Genius \"Real Men of Genius\")\" ad campaign (the decision to change the campaign from \"Real American Heroes\" to \"Real Men of Genius\" was made after [9/11](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\")) singing plaintively in counterpoint to the wry commentary of voice actor Peter Stacker. Over 100 of these commercials have been recorded and broadcast on sports radio stations and events for over ten years. A handful of CDs from the Bud Light ads have been released{{clarify\\|date\\=July 2023}} and one sold over 100,000 copies in its first three weeks of release. The release, according to a *Pop Culture Tonight: with Patrick Phillips* February 2016 interview with Dave Bickler, sold 400,000 copies.{{fact\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"In 2009, Bickler posted several new songs he was writing and recording for a future solo project via his Twitter account and website.",
"On February 2, 2012, he appeared on *[The Colbert Report](/wiki/The_Colbert_Report \"The Colbert Report\")* singing a passage from *[Newt Gingrich's](/wiki/Newt_Gingrich \"Newt Gingrich\")* book *A Nation Like No Other* to the tune of \"[Eye of the Tiger](/wiki/Eye_of_the_Tiger \"Eye of the Tiger\")\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://chicagoist.com/2012/02/03/survivor\\_frontman\\_sings\\_gingrichs\\_b.php\\|title\\=Former Survivor Frontman Sings Gingrich's Book On The Colbert Report\\|work\\=Chicagoist\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711171233/http://chicagoist.com/2012/02/03/survivor\\_frontman\\_sings\\_gingrichs\\_b.php\\|archivedate\\=July 11, 2015}}",
"In October 2017, Bickler appeared at Rockingham Festival at the Nottingham Trent University, UK. In 2018, he joined Jim Peterik on stage to perform \"Caught in the Game\", \"Rebel Girl\" and \"Eye of the Tiger\". On September 28, 2018, he released his debut solo album, *Darklight*.",
"On May 17, 2021, he performed on the [Late Show with Stephen Colbert](/wiki/Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert \"Late Show with Stephen Colbert\") singing about a fugitive tiger in Houston{{cite news \\|last1\\=Firozi \\|first1\\=Paulina \\|title\\=Tiger that was missing for almost a week has been found safe, police say \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2021/05/16/missing\\-houston\\-tiger\\-found\\-safe/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 5, 2022 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|date\\=May 16, 2021}} to the tune of \"Eye of the Tiger\".",
""
] |
### Survivor
{{main\|Survivor (band)}}
Bickler is best known as an original member of [Survivor](/wiki/Survivor_%28band%29 "Survivor (band)") from 1978 to 1983\. He rejoined with co\-founders Frankie Sullivan and Jim Peterik in 1993, staying until early 2000\. He was a part of the group for their first four albums: *[Survivor](/wiki/Survivor_%28Survivor_album%29 "Survivor (Survivor album)")*, *[Premonition](/wiki/Premonition_%28Survivor_album%29 "Premonition (Survivor album)")*, *[Eye of The Tiger](/wiki/Eye_of_the_Tiger_%28album%29 "Eye of the Tiger (album)")*, and *[Caught in the Game](/wiki/Caught_in_the_Game "Caught in the Game")*. Although primarily serving as the band's lead vocalist during this time, he is also credited with playing keyboards on Survivor's first two albums (including being the sole keyboardist on their debut album,[Survivor\- self\-titled debut album @Discogs.com](http://www.discogs.com/Survivor-Survivor/release/2983119) Retrieved October 21, 2012\. before rhythm guitarist Jim Peterik began to take over the role on *Premonition*, although future releases would see Peterik replaced in\-studio by session musicians).
Survivor experienced their big breakthrough in 1982, when they were asked by [Sylvester Stallone](/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone "Sylvester Stallone") to provide the theme song for his movie *[Rocky III](/wiki/Rocky_III "Rocky III")*. The song, "[Eye of the Tiger](/wiki/Eye_of_the_Tiger "Eye of the Tiger")", soon turned into the biggest hit of the band's career. It had an enormous impact on the [*Billboard* charts](/wiki/Billboard_charts "Billboard charts"), soaring to \#1 for six weeks. The song won the band a [Grammy Award](/wiki/Grammy_award "Grammy award") for [Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal "Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal"), was voted "Best New Song" by the [People's Choice Awards](/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards "People's Choice Awards") and received an [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award") nomination. The song remains popular today. It came in at \#18 on the Top 100 Singles chart in *Billboard*{{'}}s 100th Anniversary issue{{cite web\|url\=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100\-titles\-30\.shtml\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913205956/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100\-titles\-30\.shtml\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=September 13, 2008\|title\=The Billboard Hot 100 All\-Time Top Songs (30\-21\)\|website\=Billboard.com\|accessdate\=May 4, 2009}} and it is well over the 300,000 mark on the [iTunes Store](/wiki/ITunes_Store "ITunes Store"), where it once held \#9 on their "Top Soundtrack" chart.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2020}} Thanks to the song's success and another Top 20 single, "American Heartbeat", the album *Eye of the Tiger* peaked at \#2 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200") chart.
Bickler also can be heard on other Survivor singles including "Somewhere in America", "Rebel Girl", "Poor Man's Son", "Summer Nights", "The One That Really Matters", "American Heartbeat", "Caught in the Game" and "[Ever Since the World Began](/wiki/Ever_Since_the_World_Began "Ever Since the World Began")" (later re\-recorded by Bickler's successor in Survivor, [Jimi Jamison](/wiki/Jimi_Jamison "Jimi Jamison"), as a solo single for the *[Lock Up](/wiki/Lock_Up_%281989_film%29 "Lock Up (1989 film)")* film soundtrack).
Bickler left the band in late 1983 after he developed [polyps](/wiki/Polyp_%28medicine%29 "Polyp (medicine)") on his [vocal cords](/wiki/Vocal_cords "Vocal cords") and required surgery and voice rest, a condition that would take a year and a half to recuperate from.
He rejoined Survivor in early 1993 as lead vocalist for a *[Greatest Hits](/wiki/Greatest_Hits_%28Survivor_album%29 "Greatest Hits (Survivor album)")* album on [Scotti Bros.](/wiki/Scotti_Brothers_Records "Scotti Brothers Records") featuring two new songs "You Know Who You Are" and "Hungry Years" (the latter of which he co\-wrote). Bickler recorded new music with the band in hopes of a new album, but ongoing lawsuits and trademark ownership issues with his initial successor in the band, Jimi Jamison halted the release.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2009}}
Bickler was fired in early 2000 after a brief string of tour dates. On April 1, 2000, it was announced that for the second time Jimi Jamison was the new lead singer of Survivor.
Bickler is credited with co\-writing two songs on the Survivor album *[Reach](/wiki/Reach_%28Survivor_album%29 "Reach (Survivor album)")* with Frankie Sullivan: "I Don't" and "One More Chance".
In 2013, it was announced on Survivor's official media sources that guitarist Frankie Sullivan had reunited the current Survivor line\-up with Dave Bickler again, with the band planning to have their two most well\-known vocalists together for the next tour, Dave Bickler and Jimi Jamison.{{cite web \|url\=http://survivorband.com/frankie\-sullivan\-reunites\-four\-original\-survivor\-members\-with\-dave\-bickler\-and\-jimi\-jamison\-499 \|title\=Frankie Sullivan Reunites Four Original "Survivor" Members \|accessdate\=September 13, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901115959/http://survivorband.com/frankie\-sullivan\-reunites\-four\-original\-survivor\-members\-with\-dave\-bickler\-and\-jimi\-jamison\-499 \|archivedate\=September 1, 2013 }} Following a year of touring together with Bickler in this lineup, Jamison died of a [hemorrhagic brain stroke](/wiki/Stroke%23Hemorrhagic "Stroke#Hemorrhagic") on September 1, 2014\.
In March 2016, Bickler was again fired from Survivor.{{cite web\|url\=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/survivor\-dave\-bickler\-fired\-2016/\|title\=Exclusive: Survivor Part Ways With Singer Dave Bickler\|website\=Ultimate Classic Rock\|date\=March 3, 2016 }}
|
[
"### Survivor",
"{{main\\|Survivor (band)}}\nBickler is best known as an original member of [Survivor](/wiki/Survivor_%28band%29 \"Survivor (band)\") from 1978 to 1983\\. He rejoined with co\\-founders Frankie Sullivan and Jim Peterik in 1993, staying until early 2000\\. He was a part of the group for their first four albums: *[Survivor](/wiki/Survivor_%28Survivor_album%29 \"Survivor (Survivor album)\")*, *[Premonition](/wiki/Premonition_%28Survivor_album%29 \"Premonition (Survivor album)\")*, *[Eye of The Tiger](/wiki/Eye_of_the_Tiger_%28album%29 \"Eye of the Tiger (album)\")*, and *[Caught in the Game](/wiki/Caught_in_the_Game \"Caught in the Game\")*. Although primarily serving as the band's lead vocalist during this time, he is also credited with playing keyboards on Survivor's first two albums (including being the sole keyboardist on their debut album,[Survivor\\- self\\-titled debut album @Discogs.com](http://www.discogs.com/Survivor-Survivor/release/2983119) Retrieved October 21, 2012\\. before rhythm guitarist Jim Peterik began to take over the role on *Premonition*, although future releases would see Peterik replaced in\\-studio by session musicians).",
"Survivor experienced their big breakthrough in 1982, when they were asked by [Sylvester Stallone](/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone \"Sylvester Stallone\") to provide the theme song for his movie *[Rocky III](/wiki/Rocky_III \"Rocky III\")*. The song, \"[Eye of the Tiger](/wiki/Eye_of_the_Tiger \"Eye of the Tiger\")\", soon turned into the biggest hit of the band's career. It had an enormous impact on the [*Billboard* charts](/wiki/Billboard_charts \"Billboard charts\"), soaring to \\#1 for six weeks. The song won the band a [Grammy Award](/wiki/Grammy_award \"Grammy award\") for [Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal \"Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal\"), was voted \"Best New Song\" by the [People's Choice Awards](/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards \"People's Choice Awards\") and received an [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\") nomination. The song remains popular today. It came in at \\#18 on the Top 100 Singles chart in *Billboard*{{'}}s 100th Anniversary issue{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100\\-titles\\-30\\.shtml\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913205956/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100\\-titles\\-30\\.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=September 13, 2008\\|title\\=The Billboard Hot 100 All\\-Time Top Songs (30\\-21\\)\\|website\\=Billboard.com\\|accessdate\\=May 4, 2009}} and it is well over the 300,000 mark on the [iTunes Store](/wiki/ITunes_Store \"ITunes Store\"), where it once held \\#9 on their \"Top Soundtrack\" chart.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2020}} Thanks to the song's success and another Top 20 single, \"American Heartbeat\", the album *Eye of the Tiger* peaked at \\#2 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") chart.",
"Bickler also can be heard on other Survivor singles including \"Somewhere in America\", \"Rebel Girl\", \"Poor Man's Son\", \"Summer Nights\", \"The One That Really Matters\", \"American Heartbeat\", \"Caught in the Game\" and \"[Ever Since the World Began](/wiki/Ever_Since_the_World_Began \"Ever Since the World Began\")\" (later re\\-recorded by Bickler's successor in Survivor, [Jimi Jamison](/wiki/Jimi_Jamison \"Jimi Jamison\"), as a solo single for the *[Lock Up](/wiki/Lock_Up_%281989_film%29 \"Lock Up (1989 film)\")* film soundtrack).",
"Bickler left the band in late 1983 after he developed [polyps](/wiki/Polyp_%28medicine%29 \"Polyp (medicine)\") on his [vocal cords](/wiki/Vocal_cords \"Vocal cords\") and required surgery and voice rest, a condition that would take a year and a half to recuperate from.",
"He rejoined Survivor in early 1993 as lead vocalist for a *[Greatest Hits](/wiki/Greatest_Hits_%28Survivor_album%29 \"Greatest Hits (Survivor album)\")* album on [Scotti Bros.](/wiki/Scotti_Brothers_Records \"Scotti Brothers Records\") featuring two new songs \"You Know Who You Are\" and \"Hungry Years\" (the latter of which he co\\-wrote). Bickler recorded new music with the band in hopes of a new album, but ongoing lawsuits and trademark ownership issues with his initial successor in the band, Jimi Jamison halted the release.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2009}}",
"Bickler was fired in early 2000 after a brief string of tour dates. On April 1, 2000, it was announced that for the second time Jimi Jamison was the new lead singer of Survivor.",
"Bickler is credited with co\\-writing two songs on the Survivor album *[Reach](/wiki/Reach_%28Survivor_album%29 \"Reach (Survivor album)\")* with Frankie Sullivan: \"I Don't\" and \"One More Chance\".",
"In 2013, it was announced on Survivor's official media sources that guitarist Frankie Sullivan had reunited the current Survivor line\\-up with Dave Bickler again, with the band planning to have their two most well\\-known vocalists together for the next tour, Dave Bickler and Jimi Jamison.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://survivorband.com/frankie\\-sullivan\\-reunites\\-four\\-original\\-survivor\\-members\\-with\\-dave\\-bickler\\-and\\-jimi\\-jamison\\-499 \\|title\\=Frankie Sullivan Reunites Four Original \"Survivor\" Members \\|accessdate\\=September 13, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901115959/http://survivorband.com/frankie\\-sullivan\\-reunites\\-four\\-original\\-survivor\\-members\\-with\\-dave\\-bickler\\-and\\-jimi\\-jamison\\-499 \\|archivedate\\=September 1, 2013 }} Following a year of touring together with Bickler in this lineup, Jamison died of a [hemorrhagic brain stroke](/wiki/Stroke%23Hemorrhagic \"Stroke#Hemorrhagic\") on September 1, 2014\\.",
"In March 2016, Bickler was again fired from Survivor.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/survivor\\-dave\\-bickler\\-fired\\-2016/\\|title\\=Exclusive: Survivor Part Ways With Singer Dave Bickler\\|website\\=Ultimate Classic Rock\\|date\\=March 3, 2016 }}",
""
] |
Site description
----------------
Although the [architecture](/wiki/Maya_architecture "Maya architecture") is predominantly Maya there are slight non\-Maya influences from the neighbouring non\-Maya area, such as long structures connected end\-to\-end. The architecture at El Puente also tends to lack the symmetry found in traditional Maya sites with a long occupational history, perhaps due to a lesser level of technical ability. For example, stairways on the main buildings are of different sizes on each of the four sides of the structures. Quality of workmanship in the working of stone for construction can differ markedly from one building to the next, or even within the same structure.
The principal materials for construction were [tufa](/wiki/Tufa "Tufa"), [schist](/wiki/Schist "Schist") and a hard [limestone](/wiki/Limestone "Limestone"), with tufa being the commonest stone used at the site. The tufa is very fragile and the cut tufa stones have frequently crumbled to dust.Nakamura \& Cruz Torres 1994, p.522 The infill used within the structures is quite inconsistent and consists of stone, earth and clay. The mortar used in construction was of low quality, with little [lime](/wiki/Lime_mortar "Lime mortar"), using only a hard clay that was particularly vulnerable to water damage, causing the [stucco](/wiki/Stucco "Stucco") facing to come away from the structures and resulting in their complete collapse.
The plazas had a well\-designed drainage system to channel runoff rainwater. These channels were carved from stone and at the base of Structure 5 one of the channels is still functional. Another has been excavated on the east side of Structure 3\.
Several burials have been excavated, some are accompanied by offerings of [jade](/wiki/Jade_use_in_Mesoamerica "Jade use in Mesoamerica") and ceramic vessels decorated with bands of [hieroglyphs](/wiki/Maya_script "Maya script"). One of these vessels contained an additional offering of 13 [obsidian](/wiki/Obsidian_use_in_Mesoamerica "Obsidian use in Mesoamerica") [prismatic blades](/wiki/Prismatic_blade "Prismatic blade"). Rough stones were placed in a circle around one burial, with a seashell placed beside the skull.
Green [obsidian](/wiki/Obsidian "Obsidian") from the [Pachuca](/wiki/Pachuca%2C_Hidalgo "Pachuca, Hidalgo") source in central [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") has been excavated at the site.
### Structures
El Puente has 210 structures and the site core contains 5 plazas. Nine structures at the site have been investigated and restored. Parts of the site have been severely damaged by looters and by agricultural activities.
**Structure 1** is the tallest building at El Puente, measuring {{convert\|12\|m\|ft}} tall. It appears to have been built in the 7th century AD, its earliest version bears a stylistic similarity to buildings from that period in Copán. It was a radial pyramid with six tiers and stairways on all four sides, with the east and west stairways being the best preserved. It was topped by a superstructure with three rooms and fallen remains indicated that it had a vaulted roof with channels to drain off rainwater. The wall was decorated with sculptures of three human figures. Archaeologists have tunnelled within the structure and have also excavated around it, revealing a large amount of ceramic fragments, burnt clay, and burnt [maize](/wiki/Maize "Maize") and [beans](/wiki/Common_bean "Common bean").Nakamura \& Cruz Torres 1994, pp.522, 524 The structure has been badly damaged by looters.
**Structure 3** has excellent quality stonework in the wall on the north side of its first\-level platform but the rest of the building features markedly poorer quality workmanship.
**Structure 4** is on the northwest side of Plaza 1, at the extreme northwest of the site core.
**Structure 5** is also on the northwest side of Plaza 1, at the extreme northwest of the site core. It has three Copán\-style rooms and traces of domestic activity were found during excavation. At only {{convert\|30\|cm\|in}} thick, the walls were not thick enough to have supported a vaulted roof.
**Structure 31** is a pyramid on the eastern side of the site core. Its eastern portion has been badly damaged by looters. The structure supported two rooms. The main room has the remains of a stone bench and an entrance that opens onto the main stairway that climbs the west side of the structure from Plaza C. The building had several construction phases, all dating to the Late Classic. Excavators found an increase in fragments of Copán\-style polychrome ceramics in the final construction phase. An altar and a stela were associated with the temple, the stela was not inscribed with any hieroglyphic text.
|
[
"Site description\n----------------",
"Although the [architecture](/wiki/Maya_architecture \"Maya architecture\") is predominantly Maya there are slight non\\-Maya influences from the neighbouring non\\-Maya area, such as long structures connected end\\-to\\-end. The architecture at El Puente also tends to lack the symmetry found in traditional Maya sites with a long occupational history, perhaps due to a lesser level of technical ability. For example, stairways on the main buildings are of different sizes on each of the four sides of the structures. Quality of workmanship in the working of stone for construction can differ markedly from one building to the next, or even within the same structure.",
"The principal materials for construction were [tufa](/wiki/Tufa \"Tufa\"), [schist](/wiki/Schist \"Schist\") and a hard [limestone](/wiki/Limestone \"Limestone\"), with tufa being the commonest stone used at the site. The tufa is very fragile and the cut tufa stones have frequently crumbled to dust.Nakamura \\& Cruz Torres 1994, p.522 The infill used within the structures is quite inconsistent and consists of stone, earth and clay. The mortar used in construction was of low quality, with little [lime](/wiki/Lime_mortar \"Lime mortar\"), using only a hard clay that was particularly vulnerable to water damage, causing the [stucco](/wiki/Stucco \"Stucco\") facing to come away from the structures and resulting in their complete collapse.",
"The plazas had a well\\-designed drainage system to channel runoff rainwater. These channels were carved from stone and at the base of Structure 5 one of the channels is still functional. Another has been excavated on the east side of Structure 3\\.",
"Several burials have been excavated, some are accompanied by offerings of [jade](/wiki/Jade_use_in_Mesoamerica \"Jade use in Mesoamerica\") and ceramic vessels decorated with bands of [hieroglyphs](/wiki/Maya_script \"Maya script\"). One of these vessels contained an additional offering of 13 [obsidian](/wiki/Obsidian_use_in_Mesoamerica \"Obsidian use in Mesoamerica\") [prismatic blades](/wiki/Prismatic_blade \"Prismatic blade\"). Rough stones were placed in a circle around one burial, with a seashell placed beside the skull.",
"Green [obsidian](/wiki/Obsidian \"Obsidian\") from the [Pachuca](/wiki/Pachuca%2C_Hidalgo \"Pachuca, Hidalgo\") source in central [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\") has been excavated at the site.",
"### Structures",
"El Puente has 210 structures and the site core contains 5 plazas. Nine structures at the site have been investigated and restored. Parts of the site have been severely damaged by looters and by agricultural activities.",
"**Structure 1** is the tallest building at El Puente, measuring {{convert\\|12\\|m\\|ft}} tall. It appears to have been built in the 7th century AD, its earliest version bears a stylistic similarity to buildings from that period in Copán. It was a radial pyramid with six tiers and stairways on all four sides, with the east and west stairways being the best preserved. It was topped by a superstructure with three rooms and fallen remains indicated that it had a vaulted roof with channels to drain off rainwater. The wall was decorated with sculptures of three human figures. Archaeologists have tunnelled within the structure and have also excavated around it, revealing a large amount of ceramic fragments, burnt clay, and burnt [maize](/wiki/Maize \"Maize\") and [beans](/wiki/Common_bean \"Common bean\").Nakamura \\& Cruz Torres 1994, pp.522, 524 The structure has been badly damaged by looters.",
"**Structure 3** has excellent quality stonework in the wall on the north side of its first\\-level platform but the rest of the building features markedly poorer quality workmanship.",
"**Structure 4** is on the northwest side of Plaza 1, at the extreme northwest of the site core.",
"**Structure 5** is also on the northwest side of Plaza 1, at the extreme northwest of the site core. It has three Copán\\-style rooms and traces of domestic activity were found during excavation. At only {{convert\\|30\\|cm\\|in}} thick, the walls were not thick enough to have supported a vaulted roof.",
"**Structure 31** is a pyramid on the eastern side of the site core. Its eastern portion has been badly damaged by looters. The structure supported two rooms. The main room has the remains of a stone bench and an entrance that opens onto the main stairway that climbs the west side of the structure from Plaza C. The building had several construction phases, all dating to the Late Classic. Excavators found an increase in fragments of Copán\\-style polychrome ceramics in the final construction phase. An altar and a stela were associated with the temple, the stela was not inscribed with any hieroglyphic text.",
""
] |
Career
------
In 1995, she returned to Paris where she practiced psychoanalysis (affiliate member of the Société de Psychanalyse Freudienne (SPF), and of Empreintes et Arts). At the SPF, she conducted a seminar and collaborated on several conferences related to art: *Passion amoureuse*, SPF 2012; *Les figures féminines de la Grèce ancienne*, SPF 2015 in Paris, 2017 in Athens; *Désir et création*, SPF 2018\.
Working with researchers (GRAAL) and architects (SFA) on the interaction between literature and architecture, she participated in several conferences with the SFA. She co\-directed, in [2009](/wiki/2009 "2009"), a [Cerisy conference](/wiki/Centre_culturel_international_de_Cerisy-la-Salle "Centre culturel international de Cerisy-la-Salle") on this subject: *Architecture and Literature: An Interaction in Question*, Presses de l’Université de Provence, 2014\. She also wrote texts on contemporary artists: 2004: Denis Pondruel, *Ways to Enter an Empty Room*, Galerie Duchamp. 2008, *The Don Juan Object*, « The Game of Desire », Friville edition. 2010: *Ivlita Moudjiri, Sillages,* « Masquerades », Klincksieck. 2012: Colette Deblé, « The Metamorphoses of Diana or the Gentle Passion of Colette Deblé, Campagne Première. 2014: "Architectural Fiction and Novelistic Fiction: Fernand Pouillon”, Europe. 2017:
« The Fierce Autonomy of the Arts: Interview with Paul Andreu », Europe.
From 2005 to 2015, she collaborated with Gallimard editions as an author of texts on painting by doing image readings for the “Folioplus Classique” collection (about fifty titles).
She is the author of numerous articles on literature, art, and psychoanalysis, several essays or critical works, as well as fiction (novel, theater, short stories).
She has collaborated with the *Magazine littéraire* and contributes to reviews including *Europe* and the *Letters of the SPF*.{{Cite web \|date\=2017\-11\-15 \|title\=Les Lettres de la SPF n° 38 \|url\=https://www.spf.asso.fr/les\-lettres\-de\-la\-spf\-n\-38/ \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-09 \|language\=fr\-FR}}{{Cite news \|title\=List of articles by Agnès Verlet in the journal ''Les Lettres de la SPF'' \|newspaper\=Cairn.info \|url\=https://www.cairn.info/publications\-de\-Agnès\-Verlet\-\-56212\.htm}}.
She is a member of the Maison des écrivains et de la littérature{{Cite web \|title\=Agnès Verlet \|url\=http://www.m\-e\-l.fr/,ec,679 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-11}}. and the [Société des gens de lettres](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_gens_de_lettres "Société des gens de lettres") (SDGL).
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In 1995, she returned to Paris where she practiced psychoanalysis (affiliate member of the Société de Psychanalyse Freudienne (SPF), and of Empreintes et Arts). At the SPF, she conducted a seminar and collaborated on several conferences related to art: *Passion amoureuse*, SPF 2012; *Les figures féminines de la Grèce ancienne*, SPF 2015 in Paris, 2017 in Athens; *Désir et création*, SPF 2018\\.",
"Working with researchers (GRAAL) and architects (SFA) on the interaction between literature and architecture, she participated in several conferences with the SFA. She co\\-directed, in [2009](/wiki/2009 \"2009\"), a [Cerisy conference](/wiki/Centre_culturel_international_de_Cerisy-la-Salle \"Centre culturel international de Cerisy-la-Salle\") on this subject: *Architecture and Literature: An Interaction in Question*, Presses de l’Université de Provence, 2014\\. She also wrote texts on contemporary artists: 2004: Denis Pondruel, *Ways to Enter an Empty Room*, Galerie Duchamp. 2008, *The Don Juan Object*, « The Game of Desire », Friville edition. 2010: *Ivlita Moudjiri, Sillages,* « Masquerades », Klincksieck. 2012: Colette Deblé, « The Metamorphoses of Diana or the Gentle Passion of Colette Deblé, Campagne Première. 2014: \"Architectural Fiction and Novelistic Fiction: Fernand Pouillon”, Europe. 2017: \n« The Fierce Autonomy of the Arts: Interview with Paul Andreu », Europe.",
"From 2005 to 2015, she collaborated with Gallimard editions as an author of texts on painting by doing image readings for the “Folioplus Classique” collection (about fifty titles).",
"She is the author of numerous articles on literature, art, and psychoanalysis, several essays or critical works, as well as fiction (novel, theater, short stories).\nShe has collaborated with the *Magazine littéraire* and contributes to reviews including *Europe* and the *Letters of the SPF*.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2017\\-11\\-15 \\|title\\=Les Lettres de la SPF n° 38 \\|url\\=https://www.spf.asso.fr/les\\-lettres\\-de\\-la\\-spf\\-n\\-38/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-09 \\|language\\=fr\\-FR}}{{Cite news \\|title\\=List of articles by Agnès Verlet in the journal ''Les Lettres de la SPF'' \\|newspaper\\=Cairn.info \\|url\\=https://www.cairn.info/publications\\-de\\-Agnès\\-Verlet\\-\\-56212\\.htm}}.",
"She is a member of the Maison des écrivains et de la littérature{{Cite web \\|title\\=Agnès Verlet \\|url\\=http://www.m\\-e\\-l.fr/,ec,679 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-11}}. and the [Société des gens de lettres](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_gens_de_lettres \"Société des gens de lettres\") (SDGL).",
""
] |
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