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### Settler history [left\|thumb\|Copper mine and smelting works, 1899\|222x222px](/wiki/File:CARNE%281899%29_p121_GIRILAMBONE_COPPER_MINE_AND_SMELTING_WORKS.jpg "CARNE(1899) p121 GIRILAMBONE COPPER MINE AND SMELTING WORKS.jpg") The presence of copper ore in the area was first noticed in 1875\.[thumb\|Copper mine, 1899\|left\|221x221px](/wiki/File:CARNE%281899%29_p127_GIRILAMBONE_COPPER_MINE.jpg "CARNE(1899) p127 GIRILAMBONE COPPER MINE.jpg") In early 1880, mining commenced on a small scale at the Girilambone Copper Mine—3 km west of Girilambone—and in 1881 a [reverberatory smelter](/wiki/Reverberatory_smelter "Reverberatory smelter") was built.{{Cite web\|last\=Kass\|first\=Terry\|date\=March 2012\|title\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \- Draft Report March\_2012\.pdf\|url\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|archive\-date\=27 May 2020\|access\-date\=\|website\=\|pages\=24, 25}} Giriambone was initially founded as a privately owned mining town.{{Cite web\|last\=Kass\|first\=Terry\|date\=March 2012\|title\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \- Draft Report March\_2012\.pdf\|url\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|archive\-date\=27 May 2020\|access\-date\=\|website\=\|pages\=37–40}} In late 1880, a 100\-acre block, east of the copper mine and adjacent to the planned railway line, was surveyed and the plan of a private subdivision of it was made. This land is on the western side of the railway line, and two of its streets are the modern\-day Sydney Road—then 'Great Northern Road'—and Railway Road. Girilambone originally developed on this land, which was also the site of the first school, which opened in 1882\.{{Cite web\|last\=Kass\|first\=Terry\|date\=March 2012\|title\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \- Draft Report March\_2012\.pdf\|url\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|archive\-date\=27 May 2020\|access\-date\=\|website\=\|pages\=62}}{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|title\=Girilambone Mine\|url\=https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\=3307\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011311/https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\=3307\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-20\|website\=nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au}} Other streets of the private town were, Girilambone, Louisa, Oxide, Carbonate, Malachite and Suphate Streets, Australia Parade, and the incongruously\-named Rue d'Enfer{{Cite web\|last\=Kass\|first\=Terry\|date\=March 2012\|title\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \- Draft Report March\_2012\.pdf\|url\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|archive\-date\=27 May 2020\|access\-date\=\|website\=\|pages\=39}} (named after [a former street of Paris](/wiki/Barri%C3%A8re_d%27Enfer "Barrière d'Enfer")). When the [Main Western railway line](/wiki/Main_Western_railway_line%2C_New_South_Wales "Main Western railway line, New South Wales") reached Girilambone in 1884, a government village was surveyed on the eastern side of the new railway line and the railway station was built on that eastern side. The railway station opened, in 1884, with the name 'Giralambone', The station's name was altered to its current form in 1889\.[Girilambone station](http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Girilambone&line=NSW:main_west:0) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730192915/http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name\=NSW:Girilambone\&line\=NSW:main\_west:0\|date\=30 July 2008}}. NSWrail.net, accessed 8 September 2009\. For some decades, there were two Girilambone settlements; the original privately owned mining town—thereafter called Girilambone Mine—and the newer government village of Girilambone vied with each other for dominance. The focus of the settlement gradually shifted to the government village; some businesses migrated to the newer village and others to [Nyngan](/wiki/Nyngan "Nyngan"). The town allotments of the older Girilambone, west of the railway line, are still visible on Google Maps{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|title\=Girilambone\|url\=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Girilambone\+NSW\+2831/@\-31\.2482875,146\.8989191,17z/data\=!4m5!3m4!1s0x6b03fdf112cadd49:0x40609b4904372a0!8m2!3d\-31\.1028991!4d147\.0803318\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011207/https://www.google.com/gen\_204?v\=3\&s\=tactile\&action\=vtworker\&srt\=366\&tbsrt\=429\&tran\=15\&conn\=onchange\&ei\=UjODYduPLvOf0PEPwqC\-yAY\&cad\=vws:17961\.224999977276,cr:wccf10,ct:2,jsv:20211101\.1,cz:17,w:1299,h:40760,sc:0,drv:m\&e\=10202786,10202788,10203448,10203487,10203489,10203509,10203568,10203575,10203988,10204020,10204034,10204112,10204121,10204174,10204226,10204258,10204417,10204423,10204434,10204493,10204507,10204517,10204520,10204567,10204684,10204732,10204736,10204743,10204762,10204786,1381033,1368782,1368785,4592408,1375050,4536287\&atyp\=csi\&rt\=noop.1\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-03\|website\=Google Maps\|language\=en}} but virtually nothing remains of the first Girilambone. This is probably the reason that the Mitchell Highway (Sydney Road) bypasses the village centre; it passes instead along one side of the site of the older private town.[thumb\|Smelting works, 1899\|leftAt](/wiki/File:CARNE%281899%29_p135_GIRILAMBONE_COPPER_MINE%2C_SMELTIMG_WORKS.jpg "CARNE(1899) p135 GIRILAMBONE COPPER MINE, SMELTIMG WORKS.jpg") the 1891 census, Girilambone had a population of 161 in 34 'habitations'. In 1897, a new public school was opened in the government village{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|title\=Girilambone (2\)\|url\=https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\=3305\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011148/https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\=3305\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-20\|website\=nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au}}—the older school became known as Girilambone Mine Public School, until it closed in 1904—and in 1894 a new post office opened—the older post office (opened in 1881\) became known as Girilambone Mine, until it closed in 1919—in the government village. In 1899, a new police station and lock\-up was opened.{{Cite web\|title\=Post Office Details \- PPA (Girilambone)\|url\=http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi\-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy\=NSW\&filter\=\*Girilambone\*\|website\=www.phoenixauctions.com.au\|access\-date\=27 January 2021\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011149/http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi\-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy\=NSW\&filter\=%2AGirilambone%2A\|url\-status\=live}} [thumb\|Former Catholic church, 2007](/wiki/File:Former_Catholic_Church%2C_Girilambone%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_2007.jpg "Former Catholic Church, Girilambone, New South Wales, 2007.jpg") In 1895, the Girilambone Copper Mine—a victim of low copper prices—was sold, as one lot, at auction, by its creditor, the [Australian Joint Stock Bank](/wiki/Australian_Joint_Stock_Bank "Australian Joint Stock Bank"). In 1896, the Girilambone Copper Mining Co. was formed and the main period of copper production began; it lasted until 1901\. During this period, the price of copper had increased. On 11 January 1901, buildings at the mine and in the village were extensively damaged—some totally destroyed—by violent winds, described as a 'hurricane.' From April 1901 onward, the copper price declined, reaching a level, by the end of 1901, at which mining became uneconomic. In 1902, the Girilambone Copper Mining Co.was wound up by its liquidator and its assets transferred into a new company Girilambone Mining Co. (No Liability). Mining restarted and continued until around 1910\.{{Cite news\|date\=1901\-12\-24\|title\=THE PRICE OF COPPER.\|pages\=6\|work\=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 \- 1954\)\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article14450565\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-04\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011233/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/14450565\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|date\=1901\-12\-27\|title\=MINING.\|pages\=2\|work\=Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser (Qld. : 1860 \- 1947\)\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article148155561\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-04\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011241/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/148155561\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|date\=1896\-10\-30\|title\=MEMORANDUM FOR REGISTRATION OF THE GIRILAMBONE COPPER\-MINING COMPANY (NoLIABILITY).\|pages\=7818\|work\=New South Wales Government Gazette (Sydney, NSW : 1832 \- 1900\)\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article222365369\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-04\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011154/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/222365369\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|date\=1895\-09\-21\|title\=Advertising\|pages\=15\|work\=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 \- 1954\)\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article14017739\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-04\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011156/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/14017739\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|date\=1901\-01\-16\|title\=HURRICANE AT GIRILAMBONE.\|pages\=6\|work\=Evening News (Sydney, NSW : 1869 \- 1931\)\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article114017866\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-04\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011154/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/114017866\|url\-status\=live}} There were other mines between Girilambone and Hermidale, some relatively close to Girilambone.{{Cite web\|title\=Girilambone Copper Mine (Murrawombie open pit; West Bogan Mine; West Bogan No.5 block), Girilambone, Canbelego Co., New South Wales, Australia\|url\=https://www.mindat.org/loc\-16762\.html\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-03\|website\=www.mindat.org\|archive\-date\=19 April 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419194509/https://www.mindat.org/loc\-16762\.html\|url\-status\=live}} [thumb\|Former St Paul's Anglican Church, 2007](/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Anglican_Church_%28former%29%2C_Myall_Street%2C_Girilambone%2C_2007.jpg "St Paul's Anglican Church (former), Myall Street, Girilambone, 2007.jpg") On Sunday 16 July 1898, Reverend Father Daly of the [Society of Jesus](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus "Society of Jesus") opened and blessed a Catholic church on the eastern corner of Sirius and Myall Streets ({{Coord\|\-31\.2459\|146\.9049\|type:landmark\_region:AU\-NSW\|name\=Catholic church (former)}}). It is now closed but still extant.{{cite news\|date\=15 July 1898\|title\=NYNGAN.\|volume\=XI\|page\=6\|newspaper\=\[\[Western Champion]]\|issue\=3\|location\=New South Wales, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article112289404\|via\=National Library of Australia\|accessdate\=4 November 2021}}{{cite news\|date\=19 February 1898\|title\=NYNGAN NOTES.\|volume\=XLIX\|page\=15\|newspaper\=\[\[The Freeman's Journal (Sydney)\|Freeman's Journal]]\|issue\=3085\|location\=New South Wales, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article115387957\|via\=National Library of Australia\|accessdate\=5 November 2021}}{{Cite web\|title\=Girilambone Catholic Church \- Former\|url\=https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\-of\-churches/denominations/catholic/directory/8702\-girilambone\-catholic\-church\-former\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-04\|website\=Churches Australia\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011240/https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\-of\-churches/denominations/catholic/directory/8702\-girilambone\-catholic\-church\-former}} On Friday 17 January 1913 a [Union Church](/wiki/Union_Church_%28Australia%29 "Union Church (Australia)") (intended for the use of all denominations) was opened by Mrs Elletson with around 300 people in attendance.{{cite news\|date\=25 January 1913\|title\=Girilambone.\|volume\=XLIX\|page\=5\|newspaper\=\[\[Western Herald (Bourke)\|Western Herald]]\|issue\=84\|location\=New South Wales, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article103972316\|via\=National Library of Australia\|accessdate\=5 November 2021}}{{cite news\|date\=30 January 1913\|title\=THE CHURCHES.\|page\=4\|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)\|The Daily Telegraph]]\|issue\=10,510\|location\=New South Wales, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article238626271\|via\=National Library of Australia\|accessdate\=5 November 2021}} In 1915, Girilambone's population was estimated at 400,{{Cite news\|date\=1915\-11\-05\|title\=GIRILAMBONE PATRIOTIC FUND.\|pages\=6\|work\=Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate (NSW : 1894 \- 1954\)\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article77601891\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-04\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011157/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/77601891\|url\-status\=live}} but, by 1931, was 317\.{{Cite news\|date\=1931\-03\-12\|title\=DUBBO HAS 12,862 POPULATION\|pages\=3\|work\=Dubbo Dispatch and Wellington Independent (NSW : 1887 \- 1932\)\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article230976598\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-05\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011313/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/230976598\|url\-status\=live}} At the 1933 census, the village's population was 156 with 136 others in the surrounding area. St Paul's Anglican Church in Myall Street ({{Coord\|\-31\.2468\|146\.9057\|type:landmark\_region:AU\-NSW\|name\=St Paul's Anglican Church (former)}}) held its first service on 30 August 1925\. The church building was a former shop relocated from Cobar, erected by Mr Howarth of Nyngan.{{cite news\|date\=7 November 1924\|title\=NYAGAN.\|volume\=15\|page\=2\|newspaper\=\[\[Western Age]]\|issue\=1226\|location\=New South Wales, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article137156091\|via\=National Library of Australia\|accessdate\=5 November 2021}} It is now closed but still extant in private ownership.{{Cite web\|title\=St Paul's Anglican Church \- Former\|url\=https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\-of\-churches/denominations/anglican/directory/8685\-st\-pauland\#39;s\-anglican\-church\-former\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-04\|website\=Churches Australia\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011155/https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\-of\-churches/denominations/anglican/directory/8685\-st\-pauland\#39;s\-anglican\-church\-former}} [thumb\|Former railway station buildings, 2007](/wiki/File:Girilambone_railway_station_buildings_%28former%29%2C_2007.jpg "Girilambone railway station buildings (former), 2007.jpg") The police station closed in 1975, and the railway station in 1986\. The village has two cemeteries, one established 1901 on Arcturus Street and an older one on Sydney Road (Mitchell Highway); the Old Girilambone Cemetery lies closer to the original mining settlement, west of the railway, and has not been used for many years.{{Cite web \|title\=Australian Cemeteries Index \- Cemetery 1469 \- Girilambone Old \|url\=https://austcemindex.com/cemetery.php?cemid\=1469 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-16 \|website\=austcemindex.com}}{{Cite web \|title\=Australian Cemeteries Index \- Cemetery 38 \- Girilambone \|url\=https://austcemindex.com/cemetery.php?cemid\=38 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-16 \|website\=austcemindex.com}} The newer Girilambone Cemetery is the resting place of Helena ('Ellen') Kerz, who was murdered by [Jimmy Governor](/wiki/Jimmy_Governor "Jimmy Governor"), on 20 July 1900, at [Breelong](/wiki/Breelong%2C_New_South_Wales "Breelong, New South Wales").{{Cite news \|date\=1900\-07\-25 \|title\=FUNERAL OF THE VICTIMS. \|pages\=8 \|work\=Sydney Morning Herald \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article14326257 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-16}}{{Cite news \|date\=1900\-12\-01 \|title\=Jimmy Governor. \|pages\=2 \|work\=Murrurundi Times and Liverpool Plains Gazette \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article130528070 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-16}} The old Girilambone Copper Mine deposit was the upper (oxide ore) levels of a larger deposit, now known as the Murrawombie deposit. This deposit was mined again, by open pit methods, from 1993 to 2002\. In 2008, a new underground mine to mine the deeper, sulphide ores was opened but mining was soon suspended due to economic conditions; mining operations restarted in late 2015\.{{Cite web\|last1\=Cox\|first1\=Brad\|last2\=Sheppard\|first2\=Ian\|date\=30 June 2019\|title\=MURRAWOMBIE DEPOSIT \- Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimate Statement\|url\=https://www.aerisresources.com.au/wp\-content/uploads/2019/12/Murrawombie\-Mineral\-Resources\-and\-Ore\-Reserve\-Estimate\-30\-June\-2019\.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228190551/https://www.aerisresources.com.au/wp\-content/uploads/2019/12/Murrawombie\-Mineral\-Resources\-and\-Ore\-Reserve\-Estimate\-30\-June\-2019\.pdf\|archive\-date\=28 February 2021\|access\-date\=\|website\=\|publisher\=AERIS RESOURCES LIMITED}} Although mining has resumed, that has had little direct benefit to Girilambone. In 2019, the N.S.W. government announced funding to repair the derelict railway station building and to repurpose it as a visitor centre with a museum and Indigenous art gallery.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-07\-19\|title\=NSW Government's Drought Stimulus Package providing $1 million for tourism in Bogan Shire {{!}} NSW Government\|url\=https://www.nsw.gov.au/media\-releases/nsw\-governments\-drought\-stimulus\-package\-providing\-1\-million\-for\-tourism\-bogan\-shire\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127205814/https://www.nsw.gov.au/media\-releases/nsw\-governments\-drought\-stimulus\-package\-providing\-1\-million\-for\-tourism\-bogan\-shire\|archive\-date\=27 January 2021\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-28\|website\=www.nsw.gov.au\|language\=en\-AU}}{{Cite web\|title\=Girilambone Railway revitalisation\|url\=https://www.nsw.gov.au/drought\-stimulus\-package/girilambone\-railway\-revitalisation\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-05\|website\=\[\[NSW Government]]\|language\=en\-AU}} Work on the restoration and renovation of the old building was well under way in September 2022\.{{Cite web \|last\=Times \|first\=The Coonamble \|date\=2022\-09\-09 \|title\=Reviving Girilambone's historic railway station \|url\=https://www.coonambletimes.com.au/reviving\-girilambones\-historic\-railway\-station/ \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-16 \|website\=The Coonamble Times \|language\=en\-AU}} Alfred "Tony" Lodge (1939 \- 2018\) was a successful farmer in the area until his departure to [Orange, New South Wales](/wiki/Orange%2C_New_South_Wales "Orange, New South Wales") with his family in 1977\.
[ "### Settler history", "[left\\|thumb\\|Copper mine and smelting works, 1899\\|222x222px](/wiki/File:CARNE%281899%29_p121_GIRILAMBONE_COPPER_MINE_AND_SMELTING_WORKS.jpg \"CARNE(1899) p121 GIRILAMBONE COPPER MINE AND SMELTING WORKS.jpg\")", "The presence of copper ore in the area was first noticed in 1875\\.[thumb\\|Copper mine, 1899\\|left\\|221x221px](/wiki/File:CARNE%281899%29_p127_GIRILAMBONE_COPPER_MINE.jpg \"CARNE(1899) p127 GIRILAMBONE COPPER MINE.jpg\")", "In early 1880, mining commenced on a small scale at the Girilambone Copper Mine—3 km west of Girilambone—and in 1881 a [reverberatory smelter](/wiki/Reverberatory_smelter \"Reverberatory smelter\") was built.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kass\\|first\\=Terry\\|date\\=March 2012\\|title\\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \\- Draft Report March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=27 May 2020\\|access\\-date\\=\\|website\\=\\|pages\\=24, 25}} Giriambone was initially founded as a privately owned mining town.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kass\\|first\\=Terry\\|date\\=March 2012\\|title\\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \\- Draft Report March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=27 May 2020\\|access\\-date\\=\\|website\\=\\|pages\\=37–40}} In late 1880, a 100\\-acre block, east of the copper mine and adjacent to the planned railway line, was surveyed and the plan of a private subdivision of it was made. This land is on the western side of the railway line, and two of its streets are the modern\\-day Sydney Road—then 'Great Northern Road'—and Railway Road. Girilambone originally developed on this land, which was also the site of the first school, which opened in 1882\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kass\\|first\\=Terry\\|date\\=March 2012\\|title\\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \\- Draft Report March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=27 May 2020\\|access\\-date\\=\\|website\\=\\|pages\\=62}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|title\\=Girilambone Mine\\|url\\=https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\\=3307\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011311/https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\\=3307\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-20\\|website\\=nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au}} Other streets of the private town were, Girilambone, Louisa, Oxide, Carbonate, Malachite and Suphate Streets, Australia Parade, and the incongruously\\-named Rue d'Enfer{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kass\\|first\\=Terry\\|date\\=March 2012\\|title\\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \\- Draft Report March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=27 May 2020\\|access\\-date\\=\\|website\\=\\|pages\\=39}} (named after [a former street of Paris](/wiki/Barri%C3%A8re_d%27Enfer \"Barrière d'Enfer\")).", "When the [Main Western railway line](/wiki/Main_Western_railway_line%2C_New_South_Wales \"Main Western railway line, New South Wales\") reached Girilambone in 1884, a government village was surveyed on the eastern side of the new railway line and the railway station was built on that eastern side. The railway station opened, in 1884, with the name 'Giralambone', The station's name was altered to its current form in 1889\\.[Girilambone station](http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Girilambone&line=NSW:main_west:0) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730192915/http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name\\=NSW:Girilambone\\&line\\=NSW:main\\_west:0\\|date\\=30 July 2008}}. NSWrail.net, accessed 8 September 2009\\.", "For some decades, there were two Girilambone settlements; the original privately owned mining town—thereafter called Girilambone Mine—and the newer government village of Girilambone vied with each other for dominance. The focus of the settlement gradually shifted to the government village; some businesses migrated to the newer village and others to [Nyngan](/wiki/Nyngan \"Nyngan\"). The town allotments of the older Girilambone, west of the railway line, are still visible on Google Maps{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|title\\=Girilambone\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Girilambone\\+NSW\\+2831/@\\-31\\.2482875,146\\.8989191,17z/data\\=!4m5!3m4!1s0x6b03fdf112cadd49:0x40609b4904372a0!8m2!3d\\-31\\.1028991!4d147\\.0803318\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011207/https://www.google.com/gen\\_204?v\\=3\\&s\\=tactile\\&action\\=vtworker\\&srt\\=366\\&tbsrt\\=429\\&tran\\=15\\&conn\\=onchange\\&ei\\=UjODYduPLvOf0PEPwqC\\-yAY\\&cad\\=vws:17961\\.224999977276,cr:wccf10,ct:2,jsv:20211101\\.1,cz:17,w:1299,h:40760,sc:0,drv:m\\&e\\=10202786,10202788,10203448,10203487,10203489,10203509,10203568,10203575,10203988,10204020,10204034,10204112,10204121,10204174,10204226,10204258,10204417,10204423,10204434,10204493,10204507,10204517,10204520,10204567,10204684,10204732,10204736,10204743,10204762,10204786,1381033,1368782,1368785,4592408,1375050,4536287\\&atyp\\=csi\\&rt\\=noop.1\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-03\\|website\\=Google Maps\\|language\\=en}} but virtually nothing remains of the first Girilambone. This is probably the reason that the Mitchell Highway (Sydney Road) bypasses the village centre; it passes instead along one side of the site of the older private town.[thumb\\|Smelting works, 1899\\|leftAt](/wiki/File:CARNE%281899%29_p135_GIRILAMBONE_COPPER_MINE%2C_SMELTIMG_WORKS.jpg \"CARNE(1899) p135 GIRILAMBONE COPPER MINE, SMELTIMG WORKS.jpg\") the 1891 census, Girilambone had a population of 161 in 34 'habitations'. In 1897, a new public school was opened in the government village{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|title\\=Girilambone (2\\)\\|url\\=https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\\=3305\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011148/https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\\=3305\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-20\\|website\\=nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au}}—the older school became known as Girilambone Mine Public School, until it closed in 1904—and in 1894 a new post office opened—the older post office (opened in 1881\\) became known as Girilambone Mine, until it closed in 1919—in the government village. In 1899, a new police station and lock\\-up was opened.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Post Office Details \\- PPA (Girilambone)\\|url\\=http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi\\-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy\\=NSW\\&filter\\=\\*Girilambone\\*\\|website\\=www.phoenixauctions.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011149/http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi\\-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy\\=NSW\\&filter\\=%2AGirilambone%2A\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n[thumb\\|Former Catholic church, 2007](/wiki/File:Former_Catholic_Church%2C_Girilambone%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_2007.jpg \"Former Catholic Church, Girilambone, New South Wales, 2007.jpg\")\nIn 1895, the Girilambone Copper Mine—a victim of low copper prices—was sold, as one lot, at auction, by its creditor, the [Australian Joint Stock Bank](/wiki/Australian_Joint_Stock_Bank \"Australian Joint Stock Bank\"). In 1896, the Girilambone Copper Mining Co. was formed and the main period of copper production began; it lasted until 1901\\. During this period, the price of copper had increased. On 11 January 1901, buildings at the mine and in the village were extensively damaged—some totally destroyed—by violent winds, described as a 'hurricane.'", "From April 1901 onward, the copper price declined, reaching a level, by the end of 1901, at which mining became uneconomic. In 1902, the Girilambone Copper Mining Co.was wound up by its liquidator and its assets transferred into a new company Girilambone Mining Co. (No Liability). Mining restarted and continued until around 1910\\.{{Cite news\\|date\\=1901\\-12\\-24\\|title\\=THE PRICE OF COPPER.\\|pages\\=6\\|work\\=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 \\- 1954\\)\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article14450565\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011233/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/14450565\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=1901\\-12\\-27\\|title\\=MINING.\\|pages\\=2\\|work\\=Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser (Qld. : 1860 \\- 1947\\)\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article148155561\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011241/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/148155561\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=1896\\-10\\-30\\|title\\=MEMORANDUM FOR REGISTRATION OF THE GIRILAMBONE COPPER\\-MINING COMPANY (NoLIABILITY).\\|pages\\=7818\\|work\\=New South Wales Government Gazette (Sydney, NSW : 1832 \\- 1900\\)\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article222365369\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011154/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/222365369\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=1895\\-09\\-21\\|title\\=Advertising\\|pages\\=15\\|work\\=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 \\- 1954\\)\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article14017739\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011156/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/14017739\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=1901\\-01\\-16\\|title\\=HURRICANE AT GIRILAMBONE.\\|pages\\=6\\|work\\=Evening News (Sydney, NSW : 1869 \\- 1931\\)\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article114017866\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011154/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/114017866\\|url\\-status\\=live}} There were other mines between Girilambone and Hermidale, some relatively close to Girilambone.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Girilambone Copper Mine (Murrawombie open pit; West Bogan Mine; West Bogan No.5 block), Girilambone, Canbelego Co., New South Wales, Australia\\|url\\=https://www.mindat.org/loc\\-16762\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-03\\|website\\=www.mindat.org\\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419194509/https://www.mindat.org/loc\\-16762\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n[thumb\\|Former St Paul's Anglican Church, 2007](/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Anglican_Church_%28former%29%2C_Myall_Street%2C_Girilambone%2C_2007.jpg \"St Paul's Anglican Church (former), Myall Street, Girilambone, 2007.jpg\")\nOn Sunday 16 July 1898, Reverend Father Daly of the [Society of Jesus](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus \"Society of Jesus\") opened and blessed a Catholic church on the eastern corner of Sirius and Myall Streets ({{Coord\\|\\-31\\.2459\\|146\\.9049\\|type:landmark\\_region:AU\\-NSW\\|name\\=Catholic church (former)}}). It is now closed but still extant.{{cite news\\|date\\=15 July 1898\\|title\\=NYNGAN.\\|volume\\=XI\\|page\\=6\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Western Champion]]\\|issue\\=3\\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article112289404\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|accessdate\\=4 November 2021}}{{cite news\\|date\\=19 February 1898\\|title\\=NYNGAN NOTES.\\|volume\\=XLIX\\|page\\=15\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Freeman's Journal (Sydney)\\|Freeman's Journal]]\\|issue\\=3085\\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article115387957\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|accessdate\\=5 November 2021}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Girilambone Catholic Church \\- Former\\|url\\=https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\\-of\\-churches/denominations/catholic/directory/8702\\-girilambone\\-catholic\\-church\\-former\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-04\\|website\\=Churches Australia\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011240/https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\\-of\\-churches/denominations/catholic/directory/8702\\-girilambone\\-catholic\\-church\\-former}}", "On Friday 17 January 1913 a [Union Church](/wiki/Union_Church_%28Australia%29 \"Union Church (Australia)\") (intended for the use of all denominations) was opened by Mrs Elletson with around 300 people in attendance.{{cite news\\|date\\=25 January 1913\\|title\\=Girilambone.\\|volume\\=XLIX\\|page\\=5\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Western Herald (Bourke)\\|Western Herald]]\\|issue\\=84\\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article103972316\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|accessdate\\=5 November 2021}}{{cite news\\|date\\=30 January 1913\\|title\\=THE CHURCHES.\\|page\\=4\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)\\|The Daily Telegraph]]\\|issue\\=10,510\\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article238626271\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|accessdate\\=5 November 2021}}", "In 1915, Girilambone's population was estimated at 400,{{Cite news\\|date\\=1915\\-11\\-05\\|title\\=GIRILAMBONE PATRIOTIC FUND.\\|pages\\=6\\|work\\=Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate (NSW : 1894 \\- 1954\\)\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article77601891\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011157/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/77601891\\|url\\-status\\=live}} but, by 1931, was 317\\.{{Cite news\\|date\\=1931\\-03\\-12\\|title\\=DUBBO HAS 12,862 POPULATION\\|pages\\=3\\|work\\=Dubbo Dispatch and Wellington Independent (NSW : 1887 \\- 1932\\)\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article230976598\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-05\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011313/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/230976598\\|url\\-status\\=live}} At the 1933 census, the village's population was 156 with 136 others in the surrounding area.", "St Paul's Anglican Church in Myall Street ({{Coord\\|\\-31\\.2468\\|146\\.9057\\|type:landmark\\_region:AU\\-NSW\\|name\\=St Paul's Anglican Church (former)}}) held its first service on 30 August 1925\\. The church building was a former shop relocated from Cobar, erected by Mr Howarth of Nyngan.{{cite news\\|date\\=7 November 1924\\|title\\=NYAGAN.\\|volume\\=15\\|page\\=2\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Western Age]]\\|issue\\=1226\\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article137156091\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|accessdate\\=5 November 2021}} It is now closed but still extant in private ownership.{{Cite web\\|title\\=St Paul's Anglican Church \\- Former\\|url\\=https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\\-of\\-churches/denominations/anglican/directory/8685\\-st\\-pauland\\#39;s\\-anglican\\-church\\-former\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-04\\|website\\=Churches Australia\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011155/https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\\-of\\-churches/denominations/anglican/directory/8685\\-st\\-pauland\\#39;s\\-anglican\\-church\\-former}}\n[thumb\\|Former railway station buildings, 2007](/wiki/File:Girilambone_railway_station_buildings_%28former%29%2C_2007.jpg \"Girilambone railway station buildings (former), 2007.jpg\")\nThe police station closed in 1975, and the railway station in 1986\\.", "The village has two cemeteries, one established 1901 on Arcturus Street and an older one on Sydney Road (Mitchell Highway); the Old Girilambone Cemetery lies closer to the original mining settlement, west of the railway, and has not been used for many years.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Australian Cemeteries Index \\- Cemetery 1469 \\- Girilambone Old \\|url\\=https://austcemindex.com/cemetery.php?cemid\\=1469 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-16 \\|website\\=austcemindex.com}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Australian Cemeteries Index \\- Cemetery 38 \\- Girilambone \\|url\\=https://austcemindex.com/cemetery.php?cemid\\=38 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-16 \\|website\\=austcemindex.com}} The newer Girilambone Cemetery is the resting place of Helena ('Ellen') Kerz, who was murdered by [Jimmy Governor](/wiki/Jimmy_Governor \"Jimmy Governor\"), on 20 July 1900, at [Breelong](/wiki/Breelong%2C_New_South_Wales \"Breelong, New South Wales\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=1900\\-07\\-25 \\|title\\=FUNERAL OF THE VICTIMS. \\|pages\\=8 \\|work\\=Sydney Morning Herald \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article14326257 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-16}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=1900\\-12\\-01 \\|title\\=Jimmy Governor. \\|pages\\=2 \\|work\\=Murrurundi Times and Liverpool Plains Gazette \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article130528070 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-16}}", "The old Girilambone Copper Mine deposit was the upper (oxide ore) levels of a larger deposit, now known as the Murrawombie deposit. This deposit was mined again, by open pit methods, from 1993 to 2002\\. In 2008, a new underground mine to mine the deeper, sulphide ores was opened but mining was soon suspended due to economic conditions; mining operations restarted in late 2015\\.{{Cite web\\|last1\\=Cox\\|first1\\=Brad\\|last2\\=Sheppard\\|first2\\=Ian\\|date\\=30 June 2019\\|title\\=MURRAWOMBIE DEPOSIT \\- Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimate Statement\\|url\\=https://www.aerisresources.com.au/wp\\-content/uploads/2019/12/Murrawombie\\-Mineral\\-Resources\\-and\\-Ore\\-Reserve\\-Estimate\\-30\\-June\\-2019\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228190551/https://www.aerisresources.com.au/wp\\-content/uploads/2019/12/Murrawombie\\-Mineral\\-Resources\\-and\\-Ore\\-Reserve\\-Estimate\\-30\\-June\\-2019\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=28 February 2021\\|access\\-date\\=\\|website\\=\\|publisher\\=AERIS RESOURCES LIMITED}} Although mining has resumed, that has had little direct benefit to Girilambone.", "In 2019, the N.S.W. government announced funding to repair the derelict railway station building and to repurpose it as a visitor centre with a museum and Indigenous art gallery.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-19\\|title\\=NSW Government's Drought Stimulus Package providing $1 million for tourism in Bogan Shire {{!}} NSW Government\\|url\\=https://www.nsw.gov.au/media\\-releases/nsw\\-governments\\-drought\\-stimulus\\-package\\-providing\\-1\\-million\\-for\\-tourism\\-bogan\\-shire\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127205814/https://www.nsw.gov.au/media\\-releases/nsw\\-governments\\-drought\\-stimulus\\-package\\-providing\\-1\\-million\\-for\\-tourism\\-bogan\\-shire\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2021\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-28\\|website\\=www.nsw.gov.au\\|language\\=en\\-AU}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Girilambone Railway revitalisation\\|url\\=https://www.nsw.gov.au/drought\\-stimulus\\-package/girilambone\\-railway\\-revitalisation\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-05\\|website\\=\\[\\[NSW Government]]\\|language\\=en\\-AU}} Work on the restoration and renovation of the old building was well under way in September 2022\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Times \\|first\\=The Coonamble \\|date\\=2022\\-09\\-09 \\|title\\=Reviving Girilambone's historic railway station \\|url\\=https://www.coonambletimes.com.au/reviving\\-girilambones\\-historic\\-railway\\-station/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-16 \\|website\\=The Coonamble Times \\|language\\=en\\-AU}}", "Alfred \"Tony\" Lodge (1939 \\- 2018\\) was a successful farmer in the area until his departure to [Orange, New South Wales](/wiki/Orange%2C_New_South_Wales \"Orange, New South Wales\") with his family in 1977\\.", "" ]
Mechanics --------- [thumb\|right\|300px\|A Skew\-T diagram with important features labeled](/wiki/File:B_and_LCL-LFC.jpg "B and LCL-LFC.jpg") CAPE exists within the [conditionally unstable](/wiki/Conditional_instability "Conditional instability") layer of the [troposphere](/wiki/Troposphere "Troposphere"), the [free convective layer](/wiki/Free_convective_layer "Free convective layer") (FCL), where an ascending air parcel is warmer than the ambient air. CAPE is measured in [joules](/wiki/Joule "Joule") per kilogram of air (J/kg). Any value greater than 0 J/kg indicates instability and an increasing possibility of thunderstorms and hail. Generic CAPE is calculated by [integrating](/wiki/Integral "Integral") vertically the local buoyancy of a parcel from the [level of free convection](/wiki/Level_of_free_convection "Level of free convection") (LFC) to the [equilibrium level](/wiki/Equilibrium_level "Equilibrium level") (EL): \\mathrm{CAPE} \= \\int\_{z\_\\mathrm{f}}^{z\_\\mathrm{n}} g \\left(\\frac{T\_\\mathrm{v,parcel} \- T\_\\mathrm{v,env}}{T\_\\mathrm{v,env}}\\right) \\, dz Where z\_\\mathrm{f} is the height of the level of free convection and z\_\\mathrm{n} is the height of the equilibrium level (neutral buoyancy), where T\_\\mathrm{v,parcel} is the [virtual temperature](/wiki/Virtual_temperature "Virtual temperature") of the specific parcel, where T\_\\mathrm{v,env} is the virtual temperature of the environment (note that temperatures must be in the Kelvin scale), and where g is the [acceleration due to gravity](/wiki/Standard_gravity "Standard gravity"). This integral is the work done by the buoyant force minus the work done against gravity, hence it's the excess energy that can become kinetic energy. CAPE for a given region is most often calculated from a [thermodynamic](/wiki/Thermodynamic_diagrams "Thermodynamic diagrams") or [sounding](/wiki/Atmospheric_sounding "Atmospheric sounding") diagram (e.g., a [Skew\-T log\-P diagram](/wiki/Skew-T_log-P_diagram "Skew-T log-P diagram")) using air [temperature](/wiki/Temperature "Temperature") and [dew point](/wiki/Dew_point "Dew point") data usually measured by a [weather balloon](/wiki/Weather_balloon "Weather balloon"). CAPE is effectively positive buoyancy, expressed *B\+* or simply *B*; the opposite of [convective inhibition (CIN)](/wiki/Convective_inhibition "Convective inhibition"), which is expressed as *B\-*, and can be thought of as "negative CAPE". As with CIN, CAPE is usually expressed in J/kg but may also be expressed as m2/s2, as the values are equivalent. In fact, CAPE is sometimes referred to as *positive buoyant energy* (*PBE*). This type of CAPE is the maximum energy available to an ascending parcel and to moist convection. When a layer of CIN is present, the layer must be eroded by surface heating or mechanical lifting, so that [convective boundary layer](/wiki/Convective_boundary_layer "Convective boundary layer") parcels may reach their [level of free convection](/wiki/Level_of_free_convection "Level of free convection") (LFC). On a sounding diagram, CAPE is the *positive area* above the LFC, the area between the parcel's virtual temperature line and the environmental virtual temperature line where the ascending parcel is warmer than the environment. Neglecting the virtual temperature correction may result in substantial relative errors in the calculated value of CAPE for small CAPE values.{{cite journal \| author \= \[\[Charles A. Doswell III]], E.N. Rasmussen \|date\=December 1994 \| title \= The Effect of Neglecting the Virtual Temperature Correction on CAPE Calculations \| journal \= Weather and Forecasting \| volume \= 9 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 625–9 \| doi \= 10\.1175/1520\-0434(1994\)009\<0625:TEONTV\>2\.0\.CO;2\|bibcode \= 1994WtFor...9\..625D \| doi\-access \= free }} CAPE may also exist below the LFC, but if a layer of CIN ([subsidence](/wiki/Subsidence "Subsidence")) is present, it is unavailable to deep, moist convection until CIN is exhausted. When there is mechanical lift to [saturation](/wiki/Saturated_fluid "Saturated fluid"), [cloud base](/wiki/Cloud_base "Cloud base") begins at the [lifted condensation level](/wiki/Lifted_condensation_level "Lifted condensation level") (LCL); absent forcing, [cloud base](/wiki/Cloud_base "Cloud base") begins at the [convective condensation level](/wiki/Convective_condensation_level "Convective condensation level") (CCL) where heating from below causes spontaneous buoyant lifting to the point of [condensation](/wiki/Condensation "Condensation") when the [convective temperature](/wiki/Convective_temperature "Convective temperature") is reached. When CIN is absent or is overcome, saturated parcels at the LCL or CCL, which had been small [cumulus clouds](/wiki/Cumulus_cloud "Cumulus cloud"), will rise to the LFC, and then spontaneously rise until hitting the stable layer of the equilibrium level. The result is deep, moist convection (DMC), or simply, a thunderstorm. When a parcel is unstable, it will continue to move vertically, in either direction, dependent on whether it receives upward or downward forcing, until it reaches a stable layer (though momentum, gravity, and other forcing may cause the parcel to continue). There are multiple types of CAPE, *downdraft CAPE* (*DCAPE*), estimates the potential strength of rain and evaporatively cooled [downdrafts](/wiki/Downdraft "Downdraft"). Other types of CAPE may depend on the depth being considered. Other examples are *surface based CAPE* (*SBCAPE*), *mixed layer* or *mean layer CAPE* (*MLCAPE*), *most unstable* or *maximum usable CAPE* (*MUCAPE*), and *normalized CAPE* (*NCAPE*).{{cite web \|last\=Thompson \|first\=Rich \|title\=Explanation of SPC Severe Weather Parameters \|publisher\=\[\[Storm Prediction Center]] \|year\=2006 \|url\=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/exper/mesoanalysis/help/begin.html \|access\-date\=2007\-05\-30 }} Fluid elements displaced upwards or downwards in such an atmosphere expand or compress [adiabatically](/wiki/Adiabatically "Adiabatically") in order to remain in pressure equilibrium with their surroundings, and in this manner become less or more dense. If the adiabatic decrease or increase in density is *less* than the decrease or increase in the density of the ambient (not moved) medium, then the displaced fluid element will be subject to downwards or upwards pressure, which will function to restore it to its original position. Hence, there will be a counteracting force to the initial displacement. Such a condition is referred to as *convective stability*. On the other hand, if adiabatic decrease or increase in density is *greater* than in the ambient fluid, the upwards or downwards displacement will be met with an additional force in the same direction exerted by the ambient fluid. In these circumstances, small deviations from the initial state will become amplified. This condition is referred to as *[convective instability](/wiki/Convective_instability "Convective instability")*.{{Cite book\| last \= Shu \| first \= Frank \| title \= The Physics of Astrophysics, volume II: Gas dynamics \| year \= 1992 \| isbn\=978\-0\-935702\-65\-1\| bibcode \= 1992pavi.book.....S }} Convective instability is also termed *static instability*, because the instability does not depend on the existing motion of the air; this contrasts with [dynamic instability](/wiki/Dynamic_instability_%28fluid_mechanics%29 "Dynamic instability (fluid mechanics)") where instability is dependent on the motion of air and its associated effects such as [dynamic lifting](/wiki/Dynamic_lifting "Dynamic lifting").
[ "Mechanics\n---------", "[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|A Skew\\-T diagram with important features labeled](/wiki/File:B_and_LCL-LFC.jpg \"B and LCL-LFC.jpg\")\nCAPE exists within the [conditionally unstable](/wiki/Conditional_instability \"Conditional instability\") layer of the [troposphere](/wiki/Troposphere \"Troposphere\"), the [free convective layer](/wiki/Free_convective_layer \"Free convective layer\") (FCL), where an ascending air parcel is warmer than the ambient air. CAPE is measured in [joules](/wiki/Joule \"Joule\") per kilogram of air (J/kg). Any value greater than 0 J/kg indicates instability and an increasing possibility of thunderstorms and hail. Generic CAPE is calculated by [integrating](/wiki/Integral \"Integral\") vertically the local buoyancy of a parcel from the [level of free convection](/wiki/Level_of_free_convection \"Level of free convection\") (LFC) to the [equilibrium level](/wiki/Equilibrium_level \"Equilibrium level\") (EL):\n\\\\mathrm{CAPE} \\= \\\\int\\_{z\\_\\\\mathrm{f}}^{z\\_\\\\mathrm{n}} g \\\\left(\\\\frac{T\\_\\\\mathrm{v,parcel} \\- T\\_\\\\mathrm{v,env}}{T\\_\\\\mathrm{v,env}}\\\\right) \\\\, dz", "Where z\\_\\\\mathrm{f} is the height of the level of free convection and z\\_\\\\mathrm{n} is the height of the equilibrium level (neutral buoyancy), where T\\_\\\\mathrm{v,parcel} is the [virtual temperature](/wiki/Virtual_temperature \"Virtual temperature\") of the specific parcel, where T\\_\\\\mathrm{v,env} is the virtual temperature of the environment (note that temperatures must be in the Kelvin scale), and where g is the [acceleration due to gravity](/wiki/Standard_gravity \"Standard gravity\"). This integral is the work done by the buoyant force minus the work done against gravity, hence it's the excess energy that can become kinetic energy.", "CAPE for a given region is most often calculated from a [thermodynamic](/wiki/Thermodynamic_diagrams \"Thermodynamic diagrams\") or [sounding](/wiki/Atmospheric_sounding \"Atmospheric sounding\") diagram (e.g., a [Skew\\-T log\\-P diagram](/wiki/Skew-T_log-P_diagram \"Skew-T log-P diagram\")) using air [temperature](/wiki/Temperature \"Temperature\") and [dew point](/wiki/Dew_point \"Dew point\") data usually measured by a [weather balloon](/wiki/Weather_balloon \"Weather balloon\").", "CAPE is effectively positive buoyancy, expressed *B\\+* or simply *B*; the opposite of [convective inhibition (CIN)](/wiki/Convective_inhibition \"Convective inhibition\"), which is expressed as *B\\-*, and can be thought of as \"negative CAPE\". As with CIN, CAPE is usually expressed in J/kg but may also be expressed as m2/s2, as the values are equivalent. In fact, CAPE is sometimes referred to as *positive buoyant energy* (*PBE*). This type of CAPE is the maximum energy available to an ascending parcel and to moist convection. When a layer of CIN is present, the layer must be eroded by surface heating or mechanical lifting, so that [convective boundary layer](/wiki/Convective_boundary_layer \"Convective boundary layer\") parcels may reach their [level of free convection](/wiki/Level_of_free_convection \"Level of free convection\") (LFC).", "On a sounding diagram, CAPE is the *positive area* above the LFC, the area between the parcel's virtual temperature line and the environmental virtual temperature line where the ascending parcel is warmer than the environment. Neglecting the virtual temperature correction may result in substantial relative errors in the calculated value of CAPE for small CAPE values.{{cite journal \\| author \\= \\[\\[Charles A. Doswell III]], E.N. Rasmussen \\|date\\=December 1994 \\| title \\= The Effect of Neglecting the Virtual Temperature Correction on CAPE Calculations \\| journal \\= Weather and Forecasting \\| volume \\= 9 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 625–9 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1175/1520\\-0434(1994\\)009\\<0625:TEONTV\\>2\\.0\\.CO;2\\|bibcode \\= 1994WtFor...9\\..625D \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} CAPE may also exist below the LFC, but if a layer of CIN ([subsidence](/wiki/Subsidence \"Subsidence\")) is present, it is unavailable to deep, moist convection until CIN is exhausted. When there is mechanical lift to [saturation](/wiki/Saturated_fluid \"Saturated fluid\"), [cloud base](/wiki/Cloud_base \"Cloud base\") begins at the [lifted condensation level](/wiki/Lifted_condensation_level \"Lifted condensation level\") (LCL); absent forcing, [cloud base](/wiki/Cloud_base \"Cloud base\") begins at the [convective condensation level](/wiki/Convective_condensation_level \"Convective condensation level\") (CCL) where heating from below causes spontaneous buoyant lifting to the point of [condensation](/wiki/Condensation \"Condensation\") when the [convective temperature](/wiki/Convective_temperature \"Convective temperature\") is reached. When CIN is absent or is overcome, saturated parcels at the LCL or CCL, which had been small [cumulus clouds](/wiki/Cumulus_cloud \"Cumulus cloud\"), will rise to the LFC, and then spontaneously rise until hitting the stable layer of the equilibrium level. The result is deep, moist convection (DMC), or simply, a thunderstorm.", "When a parcel is unstable, it will continue to move vertically, in either direction, dependent on whether it receives upward or downward forcing, until it reaches a stable layer (though momentum, gravity, and other forcing may cause the parcel to continue). There are multiple types of CAPE, *downdraft CAPE* (*DCAPE*), estimates the potential strength of rain and evaporatively cooled [downdrafts](/wiki/Downdraft \"Downdraft\"). Other types of CAPE may depend on the depth being considered. Other examples are *surface based CAPE* (*SBCAPE*), *mixed layer* or *mean layer CAPE* (*MLCAPE*), *most unstable* or *maximum usable CAPE* (*MUCAPE*), and *normalized CAPE* (*NCAPE*).{{cite web \\|last\\=Thompson \\|first\\=Rich \\|title\\=Explanation of SPC Severe Weather Parameters \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Storm Prediction Center]] \\|year\\=2006 \\|url\\=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/exper/mesoanalysis/help/begin.html \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-05\\-30 }}", "Fluid elements displaced upwards or downwards in such an atmosphere expand or compress [adiabatically](/wiki/Adiabatically \"Adiabatically\") in order to remain in pressure equilibrium with their surroundings, and in this manner become less or more dense.", "If the adiabatic decrease or increase in density is *less* than the decrease or increase in the density of the ambient (not moved) medium, then the displaced fluid element will be subject to downwards or upwards pressure, which will function to restore it to its original position. Hence, there will be a counteracting force to the initial displacement. Such a condition is referred to as *convective stability*.", "On the other hand, if adiabatic decrease or increase in density is *greater* than in the ambient fluid, the upwards or downwards displacement will be met with an additional force in the same direction exerted by the ambient fluid. In these circumstances, small deviations from the initial state will become amplified. This condition is referred to as *[convective instability](/wiki/Convective_instability \"Convective instability\")*.{{Cite book\\| last \\= Shu \\| first \\= Frank \\| title \\= The Physics of Astrophysics, volume II: Gas dynamics \\| year \\= 1992 \\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-935702\\-65\\-1\\| bibcode \\= 1992pavi.book.....S }}", "Convective instability is also termed *static instability*, because the instability does not depend on the existing motion of the air; this contrasts with [dynamic instability](/wiki/Dynamic_instability_%28fluid_mechanics%29 \"Dynamic instability (fluid mechanics)\") where instability is dependent on the motion of air and its associated effects such as [dynamic lifting](/wiki/Dynamic_lifting \"Dynamic lifting\").", "" ]
Plot ---- Phillip Sauvage ([Jean\-Claude Van Damme](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme "Jean-Claude Van Damme")) is an American soldier recovering from [Post\-Traumatic Stress Disorder](/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder "Posttraumatic stress disorder") caused by his time in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq") and [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan") in a VA hospital. The release of notorious rap [mogul](/wiki/Business_magnate "Business magnate") Terrell Singletery (Viv Leacock) from prison has caused Wayne Barclay's ([Raz Adoti](/wiki/Raz_Adoti "Raz Adoti")) worried older sister and manager Tamara ([Vivica A. Fox](/wiki/Vivica_A._Fox "Vivica A. Fox")) to hire increased security. Wayne, a retired heavyweight champion turned businessman and community leader, is apparently a target of Terrell's who's known to issue hits on his enemies. A member of Wayne's staff named Mullins served with Clarence Bowden (Julian D. Christopher) in the Army and brings him in on the security detail; he, in turn, brings Sauvage, whom he mentored in the Army as well. During their first gig doing security outside a club, Terrell sends a hit squad for Wayne. Clarence is killed and Sauvage arrested for possession of an automatic weapon. After bailing him out, Tamara moves him into Wayne's guest house and hires him as head of security. Sauvage insists on bringing in his own colleagues for the security team, but Wayne forces him to train members of his boxing gym. Sauvage brings on fellow veteran Sergeant Casey Bledsoe ([Mark Griffin](/wiki/Mark_Griffin_%28actor%29 "Mark Griffin (actor)")) to train the recruits. Tamara is apparently smitten by Sauvage, who shows little interest, but her advances worry Wayne, who is informed by Detective Teague that Sauvage is actually an unstable killer who massacred children in Iraq. Terrell sends another hit squad to stake out Wayne's girlfriend's place (Lydia) to try to hit him again; Wayne tries to sneak out to see her because Tamara does not approve. Sauvage catches him and insists on going with him. While Sauvage inspects an alley, Kujo (another bodyguard with them) sees the hit squad. After a struggle, Wayne's men manage to subdue the hit squad and leave them for the police. The next day, Sauvage tries to dissuade Wayne from giving a speech at a sports complex opening, but he becomes angry with Sauvage's restrictions. When they see a suspicious man in the crowd, Sauvage orders the new guards to take him down, causing a riot. The man was only reaching for his cell phone and Wayne is embarrassed by the bad press. Sauvage quits and insists on fighting Wayne to prove his methods are sound. Tamara storms off and Sauvage sends Jesse, a female guard, with her. After a vicious fight between Wayne and Sauvage, they hear that Jesse was attacked and Tamara taken. Detective Teague suspiciously asks if they heard anything about Tamara, which they did not mention. In the car, Sauvage and Wayne discuss the true Iraq incident and Terrell and Wayne's history. Lydia calls and insists Wayne come see her alone (unbeknownst to them with a gun to her head) and Sauvage hatches a plan. Wayne discovers Detective Teague inside, who has been working for Terrell, and Sauvage cuts the power. He and the guards break in and apprehend the thugs and learn that Tamara is at Terrell's house. Wayne and his guards pose as Terrell's thugs to get inside his gate and confront him. Sauvage and Bledsoe secure Tamara and Wayne and Mullins take on Terrell's boys. The fight culminates in Wayne killing Terrell and Sauvage being shot but saved by his vest. In the aftermath, Wayne comes to terms with Tamara and Sauvage's relationship begins, and they kiss.
[ "Plot\n----", "Phillip Sauvage ([Jean\\-Claude Van Damme](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme \"Jean-Claude Van Damme\")) is an American soldier recovering from [Post\\-Traumatic Stress Disorder](/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder \"Posttraumatic stress disorder\") caused by his time in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\") and [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\") in a VA hospital. The release of notorious rap [mogul](/wiki/Business_magnate \"Business magnate\") Terrell Singletery (Viv Leacock) from prison has caused Wayne Barclay's ([Raz Adoti](/wiki/Raz_Adoti \"Raz Adoti\")) worried older sister and manager Tamara ([Vivica A. Fox](/wiki/Vivica_A._Fox \"Vivica A. Fox\")) to hire increased security. Wayne, a retired heavyweight champion turned businessman and community leader, is apparently a target of Terrell's who's known to issue hits on his enemies. A member of Wayne's staff named Mullins served with Clarence Bowden (Julian D. Christopher) in the Army and brings him in on the security detail; he, in turn, brings Sauvage, whom he mentored in the Army as well.", "During their first gig doing security outside a club, Terrell sends a hit squad for Wayne. Clarence is killed and Sauvage arrested for possession of an automatic weapon. After bailing him out, Tamara moves him into Wayne's guest house and hires him as head of security. Sauvage insists on bringing in his own colleagues for the security team, but Wayne forces him to train members of his boxing gym. Sauvage brings on fellow veteran Sergeant Casey Bledsoe ([Mark Griffin](/wiki/Mark_Griffin_%28actor%29 \"Mark Griffin (actor)\")) to train the recruits. Tamara is apparently smitten by Sauvage, who shows little interest, but her advances worry Wayne, who is informed by Detective Teague that Sauvage is actually an unstable killer who massacred children in Iraq.", "Terrell sends another hit squad to stake out Wayne's girlfriend's place (Lydia) to try to hit him again; Wayne tries to sneak out to see her because Tamara does not approve. Sauvage catches him and insists on going with him. While Sauvage inspects an alley, Kujo (another bodyguard with them) sees the hit squad. After a struggle, Wayne's men manage to subdue the hit squad and leave them for the police.", "The next day, Sauvage tries to dissuade Wayne from giving a speech at a sports complex opening, but he becomes angry with Sauvage's restrictions. When they see a suspicious man in the crowd, Sauvage orders the new guards to take him down, causing a riot. The man was only reaching for his cell phone and Wayne is embarrassed by the bad press. Sauvage quits and insists on fighting Wayne to prove his methods are sound. Tamara storms off and Sauvage sends Jesse, a female guard, with her.", "After a vicious fight between Wayne and Sauvage, they hear that Jesse was attacked and Tamara taken. Detective Teague suspiciously asks if they heard anything about Tamara, which they did not mention. In the car, Sauvage and Wayne discuss the true Iraq incident and Terrell and Wayne's history. Lydia calls and insists Wayne come see her alone (unbeknownst to them with a gun to her head) and Sauvage hatches a plan. Wayne discovers Detective Teague inside, who has been working for Terrell, and Sauvage cuts the power. He and the guards break in and apprehend the thugs and learn that Tamara is at Terrell's house.", "Wayne and his guards pose as Terrell's thugs to get inside his gate and confront him. Sauvage and Bledsoe secure Tamara and Wayne and Mullins take on Terrell's boys. The fight culminates in Wayne killing Terrell and Sauvage being shot but saved by his vest. In the aftermath, Wayne comes to terms with Tamara and Sauvage's relationship begins, and they kiss.", "" ]
Biography --------- Born on April 18, 1984, in the city of [Liubotyn](/wiki/Liubotyn "Liubotyn"), [Kharkiv Oblast](/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast "Kharkiv Oblast"), Ukraine.*[Пилипенко Г.](/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0 "Пилипенко, Галина Анатольевна")* [Ростов зарастёт «Железной ботаникой»](http://www.rostovnews.net/2017/10/20/rostov-zarastyot-zheleznoj-botanikoj/) // www.rostovnews.net. — 2017\. — 20 окт. Since childhood, he was fond of drawing.*Сахновский А.* [Роман Кость: «У художника – всё автопортрет»](https://www.ntk-61.ru/glavnaya/roman-kost-u-xudozhnika-vsyo-avtoportret.html) // Новый таганрогский курьер. — 2016\. — 3 дек.[Роман Кость: «Железная ботаника» и «Ночь искусств»](http://don24.ru/tv/lyudi-na-donu/lyudi-na-donu.html) // don24\.ru. — 2017\. — 17 ноября. In 2002, he began to engage in blacksmithing. In 2005, he graduated from the [Kharkiv State Academy of Design and Arts](/wiki/Kharkiv_State_Academy_of_Design_and_Arts "Kharkiv State Academy of Design and Arts") with a degree in Interior Design and Equipment. He took part in the reconstruction of the Kharkov Church of St. Martyr Alexander, [the Church of the Beheading of the Head of John the Baptist](/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8_%28%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%29 "Храм Усекновения Главы Иоанна Предтечи (Харьков)") and [the Holy Annunciation Cathedral](/wiki/Annunciation_Cathedral%2C_Kharkiv "Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv"). From 2009 to 2011 he worked in St. Petersburg. In 2011 he moved to [Taganrog](/wiki/Taganrog "Taganrog"). In 2014, the first solo exhibition of Roman Kost «Metalloplastika» took place in the Exhibition Hall of the Taganrog branch of the Union of Artists of Russia. In 2015, the sculptural work of Roman Kost «Positive» was installed in the historical part of Ivano\-Frankivsk, on Shevchenko Street, one of the oldest and most beautiful streets of the city. Since 2015, he took part in the European International Festival of Blacksmithing art «Forging in the Baroque style», held in Narva. In 2016, he became the winner of the annual competition held within the framework of this festival. In August 2018, he was invited to the international Biennale «Metal Sculpture» in Sicily. For the conceptual work of «Doors», he was awarded a special prize of criticism. In September 2019, Roman Kost became the winner of the 23rd European Biennial of Blacksmithing Art in the Sculpture nomination\[9]\[10]. The Biennale was held in Italy, in the commune of Pratovecchio Stia (Tuscany, province of Arezzo) and was dedicated to the anniversary of the landing of man on the moon. Competitive composition of Roman Kost was called «Deep deep down. Far far in». The winning work remained forever in Italy and was installed in the center of Pratovecchio Stia. Until [February 24, 2022](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine"), he lived and worked in [Taganrog](/wiki/Taganrog "Taganrog").
[ "Biography\n---------", "Born on April 18, 1984, in the city of [Liubotyn](/wiki/Liubotyn \"Liubotyn\"), [Kharkiv Oblast](/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast \"Kharkiv Oblast\"), Ukraine.*[Пилипенко Г.](/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0 \"Пилипенко, Галина Анатольевна\")* [Ростов зарастёт «Железной ботаникой»](http://www.rostovnews.net/2017/10/20/rostov-zarastyot-zheleznoj-botanikoj/) // www.rostovnews.net. — 2017\\. — 20 окт. Since childhood, he was fond of drawing.*Сахновский А.* [Роман Кость: «У художника – всё автопортрет»](https://www.ntk-61.ru/glavnaya/roman-kost-u-xudozhnika-vsyo-avtoportret.html) // Новый таганрогский курьер. — 2016\\. — 3 дек.[Роман Кость: «Железная ботаника» и «Ночь искусств»](http://don24.ru/tv/lyudi-na-donu/lyudi-na-donu.html) // don24\\.ru. — 2017\\. — 17 ноября.", "In 2002, he began to engage in blacksmithing. In 2005, he graduated from the [Kharkiv State Academy of Design and Arts](/wiki/Kharkiv_State_Academy_of_Design_and_Arts \"Kharkiv State Academy of Design and Arts\") with a degree in Interior Design and Equipment.", "He took part in the reconstruction of the Kharkov Church of St. Martyr Alexander, [the Church of the Beheading of the Head of John the Baptist](/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8_%28%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%29 \"Храм Усекновения Главы Иоанна Предтечи (Харьков)\") and [the Holy Annunciation Cathedral](/wiki/Annunciation_Cathedral%2C_Kharkiv \"Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv\").", "From 2009 to 2011 he worked in St. Petersburg. In 2011 he moved to [Taganrog](/wiki/Taganrog \"Taganrog\"). In 2014, the first solo exhibition of Roman Kost «Metalloplastika» took place in the Exhibition Hall of the Taganrog branch of the Union of Artists of Russia.", "In 2015, the sculptural work of Roman Kost «Positive» was installed in the historical part of Ivano\\-Frankivsk, on Shevchenko Street, one of the oldest and most beautiful streets of the city.", "Since 2015, he took part in the European International Festival of Blacksmithing art «Forging in the Baroque style», held in Narva. In 2016, he became the winner of the annual competition held within the framework of this festival.", "In August 2018, he was invited to the international Biennale «Metal Sculpture» in Sicily. For the conceptual work of «Doors», he was awarded a special prize of criticism.", "In September 2019, Roman Kost became the winner of the 23rd European Biennial of Blacksmithing Art in the Sculpture nomination\\[9]\\[10]. The Biennale was held in Italy, in the commune of Pratovecchio Stia (Tuscany, province of Arezzo) and was dedicated to the anniversary of the landing of man on the moon. Competitive composition of Roman Kost was called «Deep deep down. Far far in». The winning work remained forever in Italy and was installed in the center of Pratovecchio Stia.", "Until [February 24, 2022](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), he lived and worked in [Taganrog](/wiki/Taganrog \"Taganrog\").", "" ]
Content of the law after resolution by the German Bundestag ----------------------------------------------------------- The law protects companies from [espionage](/wiki/Industrial_espionage "Industrial espionage") by competitors, while excluding journalists and their whistle\-blowers from the criminal system. For the first time, whistleblowers are legally protected from prosecution. By law, trade secrets which, according to the bill, have been created, inter alia, by an independent discovery or creation, are subject to uniform minimum protection throughout the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"). Those who can invoke the law are provided with effective tools to defend themselves against unauthorized acquisition, use or disclosure of trade secrets. As a result, they may request that any documents, electronic files or other objects obtained be destroyed or published, or products recalled or destroyed on the basis thereof. In addition, they can take infringers "on the elimination of impairment and risk of recurrence even on an omission to complete" and have a broader right to information and the right to compensation. The word trade secret had so far been substantiated only by the case law. The law defines the concept of trade secrets for the first time legally and uniformly throughout the European Union. The prerequisite for the existence of a trade secret is, among other things, the existence of appropriate secrecy measures of the companies such as "physical access restrictions" or "contractual security mechanisms" as well as a legitimate interest in the protection of the relevant information. In the official justification, the notion of legitimate interest states: "Legitimate interest may be any interest approved by the law. It also includes interests of an economic or immaterial nature, if approved by the legal system. Both personal interests such as the enforcement of claims or defense against impairments as well as the pursuit of legitimate group interests, for example, when the employee representatives informed about an imminent downsizing. \[...] Any interest accepted by the legal system may be taken into account, including economic and non\-material. For example, the right to recall and destruction may be disproportionate if the products are considered as infringing products merely because they are the subject of unlawful marketing.{{cite web\|url\=https://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/19/047/1904724\.pdf\|title\=Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Umsetzung der Richtlinie (EU) 2016/943 zum Schutz von Geschäftsgeheimnissen vor rechtswidrigem Erwerb sowie rechtswidriger Nutzung und Offenlegung (in German)\|publisher\=Deutscher Bundestag}} "The SPD Bundestag member [Nina Scheer](/wiki/Nina_Scheer "Nina Scheer") explained the purpose of legitimate interest in a Bundestag speech as follows: "Where trade secrets might no longer be protected, where there is a legitimate public interest in learning something that is in the scope of trade secrets \- when it comes to investigative journalism, or even when workers are broaching issues, knowing these trade secrets \- it must be possible to do so, to talk about it being revealed."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nina\-scheer.de/zur\-sache/reden/790\-rede\-schutz\-von\-geschaeftsgeheimnissen.html\|title\=Rede: Schutz von Geschäftsgeheimnissen (in German)\|publisher\=Dr. Nina Sheer\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425103913/https://www.nina\-scheer.de/zur\-sache/reden/790\-rede\-schutz\-von\-geschaeftsgeheimnissen.html\|archive\-date\=25 April 2019}} The law explicitly excludes [employee](/wiki/Employee "Employee") and co\-determination regulations from its scope, because there were two different, coherent criticisms of the government bill. On the one hand, companies should be able to decide what is secret and what is not. On the other hand, [trade union](/wiki/Trade_union "Trade union") sides also suspected that works council rights were impaired because employees could be prevented from communicating with the committees because of secrecy obligations. However, according to the law passed by the Bundestag, trade secrets are only considered to be information whose confidentiality the owner has a legitimate interest in secrecy (see comments above). In addition, it is expressly regulated that individual and collective industrial relations are not affected by the law. In addition, whistleblowers or journalists are no longer classified per se as [infringer](/wiki/Intellectual_property_infringement "Intellectual property infringement") or [adjudicators](/wiki/Adjudicator "Adjudicator") when they make trade secrets public, because "There is also a change in § 5: We have made an exception for the justification just mentioned \- just to prevent that there is a lack of clarity on the part of journalism: am I going to do something for which I should first have to justify myself in court, or am I doing something that definitely, from the outset, falls under an exemption?" Journalists and whistleblowers fall rather, in the case of a pertinent publication, from the beginning under an extended exception clause. The offenses in § 23 Trade Secrets Law {{cite web\|url\=http://www.gesetze\-im\-internet.de/geschgehg/\_\_23\.html\|title\=Gesetz zum Schutz von Geschäftsgeheimnissen (GeschGehG) § 23 Verletzung von Geschäftsgeheimnissen\|publisher\=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz}} also contain a justification for the violation of trade secrets by aid treatment by representatives of the press and the radio, which \- such. As well as (syndicates) lawyers \- among the so\-called professional secretaries include. This justification is intended to minimize deterrent effects on journalists and is modeled on §353b of the [German Criminal Code](/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch "Strafgesetzbuch").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gesetze\-im\-internet.de/englisch\_stgb/englisch\_stgb.html\#p3021\|title\=353b ''Breach of official secrets and special duties of confidentiality'', under the German Criminal Code}} This general exception is justified by the criminality risks for investigative journalists contained in the bill of the federal government and much\-criticized (see in detail the remarks under point "criticism of the bill of the Federal Government" above). Among other things, the law strengthens the protection of sources for journalists by introducing far\-reaching exemptions for so\-called whistleblowers: For instance, the publication of information is not covered by the protection of secrecy if the published information is to reveal unlawful acts and professional or other misconduct. The prerequisite for this is that the disclosure is of public interest. This is to prevent the publication is based on an act of revenge or this should only be used as a means of pressure. By contrast, acts described by the law as "mixed motivations" are considered harmless.
[ "Content of the law after resolution by the German Bundestag\n-----------------------------------------------------------", "The law protects companies from [espionage](/wiki/Industrial_espionage \"Industrial espionage\") by competitors, while excluding journalists and their whistle\\-blowers from the criminal system. For the first time, whistleblowers are legally protected from prosecution.", "By law, trade secrets which, according to the bill, have been created, inter alia, by an independent discovery or creation, are subject to uniform minimum protection throughout the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"). Those who can invoke the law are provided with effective tools to defend themselves against unauthorized acquisition, use or disclosure of trade secrets. As a result, they may request that any documents, electronic files or other objects obtained be destroyed or published, or products recalled or destroyed on the basis thereof. In addition, they can take infringers \"on the elimination of impairment and risk of recurrence even on an omission to complete\" and have a broader right to information and the right to compensation.", "The word trade secret had so far been substantiated only by the case law. The law defines the concept of trade secrets for the first time legally and uniformly throughout the European Union. The prerequisite for the existence of a trade secret is, among other things, the existence of appropriate secrecy measures of the companies such as \"physical access restrictions\" or \"contractual security mechanisms\" as well as a legitimate interest in the protection of the relevant information. In the official justification, the notion of legitimate interest states: \"Legitimate interest may be any interest approved by the law. It also includes interests of an economic or immaterial nature, if approved by the legal system. Both personal interests such as the enforcement of claims or defense against impairments as well as the pursuit of legitimate group interests, for example, when the employee representatives informed about an imminent downsizing. \\[...] Any interest accepted by the legal system may be taken into account, including economic and non\\-material. For example, the right to recall and destruction may be disproportionate if the products are considered as infringing products merely because they are the subject of unlawful marketing.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/19/047/1904724\\.pdf\\|title\\=Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Umsetzung der Richtlinie (EU) 2016/943 zum Schutz von Geschäftsgeheimnissen vor rechtswidrigem Erwerb sowie rechtswidriger Nutzung und Offenlegung (in German)\\|publisher\\=Deutscher Bundestag}} \"The SPD Bundestag member [Nina Scheer](/wiki/Nina_Scheer \"Nina Scheer\") explained the purpose of legitimate interest in a Bundestag speech as follows: \"Where trade secrets might no longer be protected, where there is a legitimate public interest in learning something that is in the scope of trade secrets \\- when it comes to investigative journalism, or even when workers are broaching issues, knowing these trade secrets \\- it must be possible to do so, to talk about it being revealed.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nina\\-scheer.de/zur\\-sache/reden/790\\-rede\\-schutz\\-von\\-geschaeftsgeheimnissen.html\\|title\\=Rede: Schutz von Geschäftsgeheimnissen (in German)\\|publisher\\=Dr. Nina Sheer\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425103913/https://www.nina\\-scheer.de/zur\\-sache/reden/790\\-rede\\-schutz\\-von\\-geschaeftsgeheimnissen.html\\|archive\\-date\\=25 April 2019}}", "The law explicitly excludes [employee](/wiki/Employee \"Employee\") and co\\-determination regulations from its scope, because there were two different, coherent criticisms of the government bill. On the one hand, companies should be able to decide what is secret and what is not. On the other hand, [trade union](/wiki/Trade_union \"Trade union\") sides also suspected that works council rights were impaired because employees could be prevented from communicating with the committees because of secrecy obligations. However, according to the law passed by the Bundestag, trade secrets are only considered to be information whose confidentiality the owner has a legitimate interest in secrecy (see comments above). In addition, it is expressly regulated that individual and collective industrial relations are not affected by the law.", "In addition, whistleblowers or journalists are no longer classified per se as [infringer](/wiki/Intellectual_property_infringement \"Intellectual property infringement\") or [adjudicators](/wiki/Adjudicator \"Adjudicator\") when they make trade secrets public, because \"There is also a change in § 5: We have made an exception for the justification just mentioned \\- just to prevent that there is a lack of clarity on the part of journalism: am I going to do something for which I should first have to justify myself in court, or am I doing something that definitely, from the outset, falls under an exemption?\" Journalists and whistleblowers fall rather, in the case of a pertinent publication, from the beginning under an extended exception clause. The offenses in § 23 Trade Secrets Law {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gesetze\\-im\\-internet.de/geschgehg/\\_\\_23\\.html\\|title\\=Gesetz zum Schutz von Geschäftsgeheimnissen (GeschGehG) § 23 Verletzung von Geschäftsgeheimnissen\\|publisher\\=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz}} also contain a justification for the violation of trade secrets by aid treatment by representatives of the press and the radio, which \\- such. As well as (syndicates) lawyers \\- among the so\\-called professional secretaries include. This justification is intended to minimize deterrent effects on journalists and is modeled on §353b of the [German Criminal Code](/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch \"Strafgesetzbuch\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gesetze\\-im\\-internet.de/englisch\\_stgb/englisch\\_stgb.html\\#p3021\\|title\\=353b ''Breach of official secrets and special duties of confidentiality'', under the German Criminal Code}} This general exception is justified by the criminality risks for investigative journalists contained in the bill of the federal government and much\\-criticized (see in detail the remarks under point \"criticism of the bill of the Federal Government\" above).", "Among other things, the law strengthens the protection of sources for journalists by introducing far\\-reaching exemptions for so\\-called whistleblowers: For instance, the publication of information is not covered by the protection of secrecy if the published information is to reveal unlawful acts and professional or other misconduct. The prerequisite for this is that the disclosure is of public interest. This is to prevent the publication is based on an act of revenge or this should only be used as a means of pressure. By contrast, acts described by the law as \"mixed motivations\" are considered harmless.", "" ]
History ------- ### 2001–2008 O'Donovan and DiMario met at the [New England Conservatory of Music](/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music "New England Conservatory of Music") in [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") in the spring of 2001\. Former member [Rushad Eggleston](/wiki/Rushad_Eggleston "Rushad Eggleston"), who was studying cello at [Berklee College of Music](/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music "Berklee College of Music"), and Liszt, a graduate student at [MIT](/wiki/MIT "MIT"), were playing music together around the same time, and when the four met that summer, they formed a band that became Crooked Still. While its members finished school, the group played various Boston venues, growing in popularity and collecting favorable reviews from the local press. Crooked Still went on to appear at concert halls, festivals, coffeehouses, and nightclubs in 23 states and several countries. On August 22, 2006, the group released their second album, *Shaken by a Low Sound*. ### From 2008 Cellist Rushad Eggleston performed his last show with the band on November 18, 2007, at the [Iron Horse](/wiki/Iron_Horse_Music_Hall "Iron Horse Music Hall") in [Northampton, Massachusetts](/wiki/Northampton%2C_Massachusetts "Northampton, Massachusetts"). He parted ways with Crooked Still to pursue his own music with band [Tornado Rider](/wiki/Tornado_Rider_%28band%29 "Tornado Rider (band)"). In January 2008 two new members joined the band: cellist Tristan Clarridge and fiddler Brittany Haas, both of whom have toured in [Darol Anger](/wiki/Darol_Anger "Darol Anger")'s [Republic of Strings](/wiki/Republic_of_Strings "Republic of Strings"). The Darol Anger connection goes further: Rushad Eggleston was in Fiddlers 4 in 2002\.{{cite web\|url\=https://compassrecords.com/artist/fiddlers\-four/\|title\=Fiddlers 4 \- Compass Records}} The band released its first album with the new lineup, *[Still Crooked](/wiki/Still_Crooked "Still Crooked")* in 2008, a live album in 2009, and *Some Strange Country* in 2010\. ### 2011 and beyond In honor of their tenth anniversary together as a band, Crooked Still embarked on a major tour of the Northeast and the Pacific Northwest, and released a 7\-song EP called *Friends of Fall* in October 2011\.{{cite web\|url\=http://coverlaydown.com/2011/09/a\-decade\-of\-crooked\-still/ \|title\=A Decade of Crooked Still: With an EXCLUSIVE Beatles cover from their upcoming EP \|publisher\=Cover Lay Down \|accessdate\=2011\-09\-16 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001202518/http://coverlaydown.com/2011/09/a\-decade\-of\-crooked\-still/ \|archivedate\=October 1, 2011 }} After the final show of their 2011 tour, Crooked Still took a three\-year touring and recording hiatus (originally planned to be one year) for its members to pursue other musical projects. Crooked Still performed at the FreshGrass festival in North Adams, Massachusetts, in September 2017\. In June 2018, Crooked Still songs "[Little Sadie](/wiki/Little_Sadie "Little Sadie")" and "Ecstasy" were featured in the gameplay trailer for *[The Last of Us Part II](/wiki/The_Last_of_Us_Part_II "The Last of Us Part II")* presented at [E3 2018](/wiki/E3_2018 "E3 2018").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.naughtydog.com/blog/the\_last\_of\_us\_part\_ii\_e3\_2018 \|title\=The Last of Us Part II @ E3 2018: Full Schedule, New Merch and Mondo Vinyl, and More \|last\=Lowe \|first\=Scott \|publisher\=\[\[Naughty Dog]] \|date\=June 12, 2018 \|accessdate\=October 5, 2024 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142543/https://www.naughtydog.com/blog/the\_last\_of\_us\_part\_ii\_e3\_2018 \|archivedate\=August 27, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} These songs, along with "[Ain't No Grave](/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Grave "Ain't No Grave")" were included in the final game.
[ "History\n-------", "### 2001–2008", "O'Donovan and DiMario met at the [New England Conservatory of Music](/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music \"New England Conservatory of Music\") in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\") in the spring of 2001\\. Former member [Rushad Eggleston](/wiki/Rushad_Eggleston \"Rushad Eggleston\"), who was studying cello at [Berklee College of Music](/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music \"Berklee College of Music\"), and Liszt, a graduate student at [MIT](/wiki/MIT \"MIT\"), were playing music together around the same time, and when the four met that summer, they formed a band that became Crooked Still. While its members finished school, the group played various Boston venues, growing in popularity and collecting favorable reviews from the local press.", "Crooked Still went on to appear at concert halls, festivals, coffeehouses, and nightclubs in 23 states and several countries. On August 22, 2006, the group released their second album, *Shaken by a Low Sound*.", "### From 2008", "Cellist Rushad Eggleston performed his last show with the band on November 18, 2007, at the [Iron Horse](/wiki/Iron_Horse_Music_Hall \"Iron Horse Music Hall\") in [Northampton, Massachusetts](/wiki/Northampton%2C_Massachusetts \"Northampton, Massachusetts\"). He parted ways with Crooked Still to pursue his own music with band [Tornado Rider](/wiki/Tornado_Rider_%28band%29 \"Tornado Rider (band)\"). In January 2008 two new members joined the band: cellist Tristan Clarridge and fiddler Brittany Haas, both of whom have toured in [Darol Anger](/wiki/Darol_Anger \"Darol Anger\")'s [Republic of Strings](/wiki/Republic_of_Strings \"Republic of Strings\"). The Darol Anger connection goes further: Rushad Eggleston was in Fiddlers 4 in 2002\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://compassrecords.com/artist/fiddlers\\-four/\\|title\\=Fiddlers 4 \\- Compass Records}} The band released its first album with the new lineup, *[Still Crooked](/wiki/Still_Crooked \"Still Crooked\")* in 2008, a live album in 2009, and *Some Strange Country* in 2010\\.", "### 2011 and beyond", "In honor of their tenth anniversary together as a band, Crooked Still embarked on a major tour of the Northeast and the Pacific Northwest, and released a 7\\-song EP called *Friends of Fall* in October 2011\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://coverlaydown.com/2011/09/a\\-decade\\-of\\-crooked\\-still/ \\|title\\=A Decade of Crooked Still: With an EXCLUSIVE Beatles cover from their upcoming EP \\|publisher\\=Cover Lay Down \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-09\\-16 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001202518/http://coverlaydown.com/2011/09/a\\-decade\\-of\\-crooked\\-still/ \\|archivedate\\=October 1, 2011 }} After the final show of their 2011 tour, Crooked Still took a three\\-year touring and recording hiatus (originally planned to be one year) for its members to pursue other musical projects.", "Crooked Still performed at the FreshGrass festival in North Adams, Massachusetts, in September 2017\\.", "In June 2018, Crooked Still songs \"[Little Sadie](/wiki/Little_Sadie \"Little Sadie\")\" and \"Ecstasy\" were featured in the gameplay trailer for *[The Last of Us Part II](/wiki/The_Last_of_Us_Part_II \"The Last of Us Part II\")* presented at [E3 2018](/wiki/E3_2018 \"E3 2018\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.naughtydog.com/blog/the\\_last\\_of\\_us\\_part\\_ii\\_e3\\_2018 \\|title\\=The Last of Us Part II @ E3 2018: Full Schedule, New Merch and Mondo Vinyl, and More \\|last\\=Lowe \\|first\\=Scott \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Naughty Dog]] \\|date\\=June 12, 2018 \\|accessdate\\=October 5, 2024 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142543/https://www.naughtydog.com/blog/the\\_last\\_of\\_us\\_part\\_ii\\_e3\\_2018 \\|archivedate\\=August 27, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} These songs, along with \"[Ain't No Grave](/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Grave \"Ain't No Grave\")\" were included in the final game.", "" ]
Episodes -------- {{See also\|List of Drag Race Italia episodes}} {{Episode table\|background\=\#DDC293\| overall\=6 \|season\= 6 \|title\= 23 \|airdate\= 16 \|episodes\= {{Episode list/sublist\|Drag Race Italia season 1 \|EpisodeNumber \= 1 \|EpisodeNumber2 \= {{visible anchor\|1}} \|Title \= Ciao Italia \|AltTitle \= Ciao Italia! \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2021\|11\|18\|df\=y}} \|ShortSummary \= Eight drag queens enter the workroom. For the first mini\-challenge, the queens do a photoshoot on a Venetian Gondola. Elecktra Bionic wins the mini\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens create an Italian Style look out of materials inside old suitcases. \*Ava Hangar \- Nonna Silvana (Grandma Silvana) \*Divinity \- Nonna Anna (Grandma Anna) \*Elecktra Bionic \- Nonna Sofia (Grandma Sofia) \*Enorma Jean \- Nonna Claudia (Grandma Claudia) \*Farida Kand \- Nonna Gina (Grandma Gina) \*Ivana Vamp \- Nonna Virna (Grandma Virna) \*Le Riche \- Nonna Monica (Grandma Monica) \*Luquisha Lubamba \- Nonna Alida (Grandma Alida) On the runway, category is Italian Style. Ivana Vamp and Farida Kant receive positive critiques, with Farida Kant winning the challenge. Divinity and Luquisha Lubamba receive negative critiques, and are announced as the bottom two. They lip\-sync to "Occhi di gatto" by \[\[Cristina D'Avena]]. They are both declared the winners of the lip\-sync and no one goes home. \*'''Guest Judge:''' \[\[Cristina D'Avena]] \*'''Mini\-Challenge:''' Photoshoot on a Venetian Gondola \*'''Mini\-Challenge Winner:''' Elecktra Bionic \*'''Mini\-Challenge Prize:''' A jewelry piece by Aster Lab \*'''Main Challenge:''' Create an Italian Style look out of materials inside old suitcases \*'''Runway Theme:''' Italian Style \*'''Challenge Winner:''' Farida Kant \*'''Bottom Two:''' Divinity and Luquisha Lubamba \*'''Lip\-Sync Song:''' "Occhi di gatto" by \[\[Cristina D'Avena]] \*'''Eliminated:''' None \|LineColor \= \#DDC293 }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Drag Race Italia season 1 \|EpisodeNumber \= 2 \|EpisodeNumber2 \= {{visible anchor\|2}} \|Title \= Divas \|AltTitle \= Grandi Dive \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2021\|11\|26\|df\=y}} \|ShortSummary \= For this week's mini\-challenge, the queens compete in a limbo extravaganza. Ava Hangar wins the mini\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens create their own infomercial about a specific item. \*Ava Hangar \- Handset \*Divinity \- Magic Wand \*Elecktra Bionic \- Pills \*Enorma Jean \- Nothing \*Farida Kant \- Canvas, brush and paint \*Ivana Vamp \- Decanter \*Le Riche \- App \*Luquisha Lubamba \- Megaphone On the runway, category is Grandi Dive (Great Divas). Enorma Jean wins the challenge. Ivana Vamp, Le Riche and Luquisha Lubamba receive negative critiques, with Luquisha Lubamba being safe. Ivana Vamp and Le Riche lip\-sync to "Comprami" by \[\[Viola Valentino]]. Le Riche wins the lip\-sync and Ivana Vamp is the first queen to sashay away. \*'''Guest Judges:''' \[\[Fabio Mollo]] and {{ill\|Gianmarco Saurino\|it}} \*'''Mini\-Challenge:''' Limbo Extravaganza \*'''Mini\-Challenge Winner:''' Ava Hangar \*'''Mini\-Challenge Prize:''' A jewelry piece by Aster Lab \*'''Main Challenge:''' Create your own infomercial about a specific item \*'''Runway Theme:''' Grandi Dive (Great Divas) \*'''Challenge Winner:''' Enorma Jean \*'''Bottom Two:''' Ivana Vamp and Le Riche \*'''Lip\-Sync Song:''' "Comprami" by \[\[Viola Valentino]] \*'''Eliminated:''' Ivana Vamp \*'''Farewell Message:''' ''"Ricordatevi sempre che siamo le prime in Tutto! Ps. Porca mattina! Vs Ivana Vamp" ("Always remember that we're the first ones in Everything! Ps. Good Fucking Morning! Vs Ivana Vamp")'' \|LineColor \= \#DDC293 }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Drag Race Italia season 1 \|EpisodeNumber \= 3 \|EpisodeNumber2 \= {{visible anchor\|3}} \|Title \= Night of a Thousand Raffaella Carràs \|AltTitle \= Raffaella, una di noi \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2021\|12\|03\|df\=y}} \|ShortSummary \= For this week's mini\-challenge, the queens have to complete a puzzle of an iconic \[\[Raffaella Carrà]] look. Elecktra Bionic wins the mini\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens perform in Raffaella Carrà: The Rusical. On the runway, category is Che Carrà Se? (Which Carrà Are You?). Divinity and Luquisha Lubamba receive positive critiques, with Divinity winning the challenge. Ava Hangar and Le Riche receive negative critiques, and are announced as the bottom two. They lip\-sync to "Fiesta (Spanish Version)" by \[\[Raffaella Carrà]]. They are both declared the winners of the lip\-sync and no one goes home. \*'''Guest Judges:''' \[\[Vladimir Luxuria]] and Nick Cerioni \*'''Mini\-Challenge:''' Complete a puzzle of an iconic \[\[Raffaella Carrà]] look \*'''Mini\-Challenge Winner:''' Elecktra Bionic \*'''Mini\-Challenge Prize:''' A jewelry piece by Aster Lab \*'''Main Challenge:''' Raffaella Carrà: The Rusical \*'''Runway Theme:''' Che Carrà Se? (Which Carrà Are You?) \*'''Challenge Winner:''' Divinity \*'''Bottom Two:''' Ava Hangar and Le Riche \*'''Lip\-Sync Song:''' "Fiesta (Spanish Version)" by \[\[Raffaella Carrà]] \*'''Eliminated:''' None \|LineColor \= \#DDC293 }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Drag Race Italia season 1 \|EpisodeNumber \= 4 \|EpisodeNumber2 \= {{visible anchor\|4}} \|Title \= \[\[Snatch Game (Drag Race Italia)\|Snatch Game]] \& Fab 80's \|AltTitle \= Snatch Game! Tutto può succedere \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2021\|12\|07\|df\=y}} \|ShortSummary \= For this week's mini\-challenge, the queens have to apply drag makeup in the dark. Elecktra Bionic wins the mini\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens play the \[\[Snatch Game]]. The cast consisted of: \*Ava Hangar as \[\[Kessler Twins\|Alice and Ellen Kessler]] \*Divinity as \[\[Belén Rodríguez]] \*Elecktra Bionic as \[\[Francesca Cipriani]] \*Enorma Jean as \[\[Rita Levi\-Montalcini]] \*Farida Kant as {{ill\|Alessandra Celentano\|it}} \*Le Riche as \[\[Valeria Marini]] \*Luquisha Lubamba as \[\[Elettra Lamborghini]] Before the runway starts, Ava Hangar and Enorma Jean are called to the main stage. On the main stage, Priscilla tells them that she is extremely disappointed in their actions last week in untucked. She tells them that they will be lip\-syncing as a punishment. The queen who doesn't win the lip\-sync, will be immediately removed from the competition. They lip\-sync to "\[\[Champion (RuPaul album)\|Champion]]" by \[\[RuPaul]]. Ava Hangar wins the lip\-sync and remains in the competition. Enorma Jean is then disqualified from the competition. The remaining queens then walk the runway with category being I Favolosi Anni 80 (The Fabulous 80’s). Le Riche and Luquisha Lubamba receive positive critiques, with Le Riche winning the challenge. Ava Hangar and Divinity receive negative critiques, and are announced as the bottom two. They lip\-sync to "{{ill\|Kobra/Delirio\|it\|lt\=Kobra}}" by \[\[Donatella Rettore]]. Ava Hangar wins the lip\-sync and Divinity sashays away. \*'''Guest Judges:''' \[\[Donatella Rettore]] and Giancarlo Commare \*'''Mini\-Challenge:''' Apply drag makeup in the dark \*'''Mini\-Challenge Winner:''' Elecktra Bionic \*'''Mini\-Challenge Prize:''' A selection of products from Mac Cosmetics worth €500 \*'''Main Challenge:''' \[\[Snatch Game]] \*'''Queens Facing Disqualification:''' Enorma Jean and Ava Hangar \*'''Lip\-Sync Song:''' "\[\[Champion (RuPaul album)\|Champion]]" by \[\[RuPaul]] \*'''Disqualified:''' Enorma Jean \*'''Farewell Message:''' ''"La drag è un'artista con le palle. Le mie non sono grandi, sono ENORMI" ("A drag queen is an artist who has balls. Mine are not big, they are ENORMOUS")'' \*'''Runway Theme:''' I Favolosi Anni 80 (The Fabulous 80’s) \*'''Challenge Winner:''' Le Riche \*'''Challenge Prize:''' A selection of products from Mac Cosmetics worth €750 \*'''Bottom Two:''' Ava Hangar and Divinity \*'''Lip\-Sync Song:''' "Kobra" by \[\[Donatella Rettore]] \*'''Eliminated:''' Divinity \*'''Farewell Message:''' ''"Colorate il mondo con la vostra arte xoxo Divinity" ("Color the world with your art xoxo Divinity")'' \|LineColor \= \#DDC293 }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Drag Race Italia season 1 \|EpisodeNumber \= 5 \|EpisodeNumber2 \= {{visible anchor\|5}} \|Title \= Long Live the Drag Bride \|AltTitle \= Il giorno più bello \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2021\|12\|17\|df\=y}} \|ShortSummary \= For this week's mini\-challenge, the queens have to find words with the letters given, written on the pants of the pit crew. Ava Hangar wins the mini\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens makeover one of their loved ones as their best woman, with the queens being the bride. On the runway, category is Viva La Sposa! (Long Live the Bride!) Elecktra Bionic, Farida Kant and Le Riche receive positive critiques, with Farida Kant winning the challenge. Ava Hangar and Luquisha Lubamba receive negative critiques and are announced as the bottom two. They lip\-sync to "{{ill\|Cicale\|it\|Cicale/Mr. pulce}}" by \[\[Heather Parisi]]. Luquisha Lubamba wins the lip\-sync and Ava Hangar sashays away. \*'''Guest Judges:''' Coco Rebecca Edogamhe and \[\[Enzo Miccio]] \*'''Mini\-Challenge:''' Find words with the letters given, written on the pants of the pit crew \*'''Mini\-Challenge Winner:''' Ava Hangar \*'''Mini\-Challenge Prize:''' A jewelry piece by Aster Lab \*'''Main Challenge:''' Makeover one of your loved ones as your best woman and yourself as the bride \*'''Runway Theme:''' Viva La Sposa! (Long Live the Bride!) \*'''Challenge Winner:''' Farida Kant \*'''Challenge Prize:''' A jewelry piece by Aster Lab \*'''Bottom Two:''' Ava Hangar and Luquisha Lubamba \*'''Lip\-Sync Song:''' "Cicale" by \[\[Heather Parisi]] \*'''Eliminated:''' Ava Hangar \*'''Farewell Message:''' ''"Continuate a fare la storia, fuori ci aspetta un mondo bellissimo. Love Ava" "(Keep making history, a beautiful world awaits us outside. Love Ava)"'' \|LineColor \= \#DDC293 }} {{Episode list/sublist\|Drag Race Italia season 1 \|EpisodeNumber \= 6 \|EpisodeNumber2 \= {{visible anchor\|6}} \|Title \= Grand Finale \|AltTitle \= Gran Finale \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2021\|12\|23\|df\=y}} \|ShortSummary \= For this week's mini\-challenge, the queens read each other to filth. Elecktra Bionic wins the mini\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens write, record and perform their own verses to RuPaul's song "A Little Bit of Love". On the runway, the eliminated queens and the finalists present their Eleganza Extravaganza. It is revealed that Luquisha Lubamba is this season's Miss Congeniality. Luquisha Lubamba is then subsequently eliminated, leaving Elecktra Bionic, Farida Kant and Le Riche as the final three. They lip\-sync to "\[\[Non sono una signora]]" by \[\[Loredana Bertè]]. It is announced that Elecktra Bionic is the winner, leaving Farida Kant and Le Riche as the runners\-up. \*'''Guest Judge:''' \[\[Ambra Angiolini]] \*'''Mini\-Challenge:''' Reading Is Fundamental \*'''Mini\-Challenge Winner:''' Elecktra Bionic \*'''Main Challenge:''' Write, record and perform their own verses to RuPaul's song "A Little Bit of Love" \*'''Runway Theme:''' Eleganza Extravaganza \*'''Miss Congeniality:''' Luquisha Lubamba \*'''Eliminated:''' Luquisha Lubamba \*'''Top Three:''' Elecktra Bionic, Farida Kant and Le Riche \*'''Lip\-Sync Song:''' "\[\[Non sono una signora]]" by \[\[Loredana Bertè]] \*'''Runners\-up''': Farida Kant and Le Riche \*'''Winner of ''Drag Race Italia'' Season One''': Elecktra Bionic \|LineColor \= \#DDC293 }} }}
[ "Episodes\n--------", "{{See also\\|List of Drag Race Italia episodes}}\n{{Episode table\\|background\\=\\#DDC293\\| overall\\=6 \\|season\\= 6 \\|title\\= 23 \\|airdate\\= 16 \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Drag Race Italia season 1\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 1\n \\|EpisodeNumber2 \\= {{visible anchor\\|1}}\n \\|Title \\= Ciao Italia\n \\|AltTitle \\= Ciao Italia!\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2021\\|11\\|18\\|df\\=y}}\n \\|ShortSummary \\= Eight drag queens enter the workroom. For the first mini\\-challenge, the queens do a photoshoot on a Venetian Gondola. Elecktra Bionic wins the mini\\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens create an Italian Style look out of materials inside old suitcases.\n\\*Ava Hangar \\- Nonna Silvana (Grandma Silvana)\n\\*Divinity \\- Nonna Anna (Grandma Anna)\n\\*Elecktra Bionic \\- Nonna Sofia (Grandma Sofia)\n\\*Enorma Jean \\- Nonna Claudia (Grandma Claudia)\n\\*Farida Kand \\- Nonna Gina (Grandma Gina)\n\\*Ivana Vamp \\- Nonna Virna (Grandma Virna)\n\\*Le Riche \\- Nonna Monica (Grandma Monica)\n\\*Luquisha Lubamba \\- Nonna Alida (Grandma Alida)", "On the runway, category is Italian Style. Ivana Vamp and Farida Kant receive positive critiques, with Farida Kant winning the challenge. Divinity and Luquisha Lubamba receive negative critiques, and are announced as the bottom two. They lip\\-sync to \"Occhi di gatto\" by \\[\\[Cristina D'Avena]]. They are both declared the winners of the lip\\-sync and no one goes home.", "\\*'''Guest Judge:''' \\[\\[Cristina D'Avena]]\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge:''' Photoshoot on a Venetian Gondola\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Winner:''' Elecktra Bionic\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Prize:''' A jewelry piece by Aster Lab\n\\*'''Main Challenge:''' Create an Italian Style look out of materials inside old suitcases\n\\*'''Runway Theme:''' Italian Style\n\\*'''Challenge Winner:''' Farida Kant\n\\*'''Bottom Two:''' Divinity and Luquisha Lubamba\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Song:''' \"Occhi di gatto\" by \\[\\[Cristina D'Avena]]\n\\*'''Eliminated:''' None \n \\|LineColor \\= \\#DDC293\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Drag Race Italia season 1\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 2\n \\|EpisodeNumber2 \\= {{visible anchor\\|2}}\n \\|Title \\= Divas\n \\|AltTitle \\= Grandi Dive\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2021\\|11\\|26\\|df\\=y}}\n \\|ShortSummary \\= For this week's mini\\-challenge, the queens compete in a limbo extravaganza. Ava Hangar wins the mini\\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens create their own infomercial about a specific item.\n\\*Ava Hangar \\- Handset\n\\*Divinity \\- Magic Wand\n\\*Elecktra Bionic \\- Pills\n\\*Enorma Jean \\- Nothing\n\\*Farida Kant \\- Canvas, brush and paint\n\\*Ivana Vamp \\- Decanter\n\\*Le Riche \\- App\n\\*Luquisha Lubamba \\- Megaphone", "On the runway, category is Grandi Dive (Great Divas). Enorma Jean wins the challenge. Ivana Vamp, Le Riche and Luquisha Lubamba receive negative critiques, with Luquisha Lubamba being safe. Ivana Vamp and Le Riche lip\\-sync to \"Comprami\" by \\[\\[Viola Valentino]]. Le Riche wins the lip\\-sync and Ivana Vamp is the first queen to sashay away.", "\\*'''Guest Judges:''' \\[\\[Fabio Mollo]] and {{ill\\|Gianmarco Saurino\\|it}}\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge:''' Limbo Extravaganza\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Winner:''' Ava Hangar\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Prize:''' A jewelry piece by Aster Lab\n\\*'''Main Challenge:''' Create your own infomercial about a specific item \n\\*'''Runway Theme:''' Grandi Dive (Great Divas)\n\\*'''Challenge Winner:''' Enorma Jean\n\\*'''Bottom Two:''' Ivana Vamp and Le Riche\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Song:''' \"Comprami\" by \\[\\[Viola Valentino]]\n\\*'''Eliminated:''' Ivana Vamp\n\\*'''Farewell Message:''' ''\"Ricordatevi sempre che siamo le prime in Tutto! Ps. Porca mattina! Vs Ivana Vamp\" (\"Always remember that we're the first ones in Everything! Ps. Good Fucking Morning! Vs Ivana Vamp\")''\n \\|LineColor \\= \\#DDC293\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Drag Race Italia season 1\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 3\n \\|EpisodeNumber2 \\= {{visible anchor\\|3}}\n \\|Title \\= Night of a Thousand Raffaella Carràs\n \\|AltTitle \\= Raffaella, una di noi\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2021\\|12\\|03\\|df\\=y}}\n \\|ShortSummary \\= For this week's mini\\-challenge, the queens have to complete a puzzle of an iconic \\[\\[Raffaella Carrà]] look. Elecktra Bionic wins the mini\\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens perform in Raffaella Carrà: The Rusical.", "On the runway, category is Che Carrà Se? (Which Carrà Are You?). Divinity and Luquisha Lubamba receive positive critiques, with Divinity winning the challenge. Ava Hangar and Le Riche receive negative critiques, and are announced as the bottom two. They lip\\-sync to \"Fiesta (Spanish Version)\" by \\[\\[Raffaella Carrà]]. They are both declared the winners of the lip\\-sync and no one goes home.", "\\*'''Guest Judges:''' \\[\\[Vladimir Luxuria]] and Nick Cerioni\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge:''' Complete a puzzle of an iconic \\[\\[Raffaella Carrà]] look\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Winner:''' Elecktra Bionic\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Prize:''' A jewelry piece by Aster Lab\n\\*'''Main Challenge:''' Raffaella Carrà: The Rusical\n\\*'''Runway Theme:''' Che Carrà Se? (Which Carrà Are You?)\n\\*'''Challenge Winner:''' Divinity\n\\*'''Bottom Two:''' Ava Hangar and Le Riche\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Song:''' \"Fiesta (Spanish Version)\" by \\[\\[Raffaella Carrà]]\n\\*'''Eliminated:''' None\n \\|LineColor \\= \\#DDC293\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Drag Race Italia season 1\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 4\n \\|EpisodeNumber2 \\= {{visible anchor\\|4}}\n \\|Title \\= \\[\\[Snatch Game (Drag Race Italia)\\|Snatch Game]] \\& Fab 80's\n \\|AltTitle \\= Snatch Game! Tutto può succedere\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2021\\|12\\|07\\|df\\=y}}\n \\|ShortSummary \\= For this week's mini\\-challenge, the queens have to apply drag makeup in the dark. Elecktra Bionic wins the mini\\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens play the \\[\\[Snatch Game]]. The cast consisted of:\n\\*Ava Hangar as \\[\\[Kessler Twins\\|Alice and Ellen Kessler]]\n\\*Divinity as \\[\\[Belén Rodríguez]]\n\\*Elecktra Bionic as \\[\\[Francesca Cipriani]]\n\\*Enorma Jean as \\[\\[Rita Levi\\-Montalcini]]\n\\*Farida Kant as {{ill\\|Alessandra Celentano\\|it}}\n\\*Le Riche as \\[\\[Valeria Marini]]\n\\*Luquisha Lubamba as \\[\\[Elettra Lamborghini]]", "Before the runway starts, Ava Hangar and Enorma Jean are called to the main stage. On the main stage, Priscilla tells them that she is extremely disappointed in their actions last week in untucked. She tells them that they will be lip\\-syncing as a punishment. The queen who doesn't win the lip\\-sync, will be immediately removed from the competition. They lip\\-sync to \"\\[\\[Champion (RuPaul album)\\|Champion]]\" by \\[\\[RuPaul]]. Ava Hangar wins the lip\\-sync and remains in the competition. Enorma Jean is then disqualified from the competition. The remaining queens then walk the runway with category being I Favolosi Anni 80 (The Fabulous 80’s). Le Riche and Luquisha Lubamba receive positive critiques, with Le Riche winning the challenge. Ava Hangar and Divinity receive negative critiques, and are announced as the bottom two. They lip\\-sync to \"{{ill\\|Kobra/Delirio\\|it\\|lt\\=Kobra}}\" by \\[\\[Donatella Rettore]]. Ava Hangar wins the lip\\-sync and Divinity sashays away.", "\\*'''Guest Judges:''' \\[\\[Donatella Rettore]] and Giancarlo Commare\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge:''' Apply drag makeup in the dark\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Winner:''' Elecktra Bionic\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Prize:''' A selection of products from Mac Cosmetics worth €500\n\\*'''Main Challenge:''' \\[\\[Snatch Game]]\n\\*'''Queens Facing Disqualification:''' Enorma Jean and Ava Hangar\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Song:''' \"\\[\\[Champion (RuPaul album)\\|Champion]]\" by \\[\\[RuPaul]]\n\\*'''Disqualified:''' Enorma Jean\n\\*'''Farewell Message:''' ''\"La drag è un'artista con le palle. Le mie non sono grandi, sono ENORMI\" (\"A drag queen is an artist who has balls. Mine are not big, they are ENORMOUS\")''\n\\*'''Runway Theme:''' I Favolosi Anni 80 (The Fabulous 80’s)\n\\*'''Challenge Winner:''' Le Riche\n\\*'''Challenge Prize:''' A selection of products from Mac Cosmetics worth €750\n\\*'''Bottom Two:''' Ava Hangar and Divinity\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Song:''' \"Kobra\" by \\[\\[Donatella Rettore]]\n\\*'''Eliminated:''' Divinity\n\\*'''Farewell Message:''' ''\"Colorate il mondo con la vostra arte xoxo Divinity\" (\"Color the world with your art xoxo Divinity\")''\n \\|LineColor \\= \\#DDC293\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Drag Race Italia season 1\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 5\n \\|EpisodeNumber2 \\= {{visible anchor\\|5}}\n \\|Title \\= Long Live the Drag Bride\n \\|AltTitle \\= Il giorno più bello\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2021\\|12\\|17\\|df\\=y}}\n \\|ShortSummary \\= For this week's mini\\-challenge, the queens have to find words with the letters given, written on the pants of the pit crew. Ava Hangar wins the mini\\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens makeover one of their loved ones as their best woman, with the queens being the bride.", "On the runway, category is Viva La Sposa! (Long Live the Bride!) Elecktra Bionic, Farida Kant and Le Riche receive positive critiques, with Farida Kant winning the challenge. Ava Hangar and Luquisha Lubamba receive negative critiques and are announced as the bottom two. They lip\\-sync to \"{{ill\\|Cicale\\|it\\|Cicale/Mr. pulce}}\" by \\[\\[Heather Parisi]]. Luquisha Lubamba wins the lip\\-sync and Ava Hangar sashays away.", "\\*'''Guest Judges:''' Coco Rebecca Edogamhe and \\[\\[Enzo Miccio]]\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge:''' Find words with the letters given, written on the pants of the pit crew\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Winner:''' Ava Hangar\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Prize:''' A jewelry piece by Aster Lab\n\\*'''Main Challenge:''' Makeover one of your loved ones as your best woman and yourself as the bride\n\\*'''Runway Theme:''' Viva La Sposa! (Long Live the Bride!)\n\\*'''Challenge Winner:''' Farida Kant\n\\*'''Challenge Prize:''' A jewelry piece by Aster Lab\n\\*'''Bottom Two:''' Ava Hangar and Luquisha Lubamba\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Song:''' \"Cicale\" by \\[\\[Heather Parisi]]\n\\*'''Eliminated:''' Ava Hangar\n\\*'''Farewell Message:''' ''\"Continuate a fare la storia, fuori ci aspetta un mondo bellissimo. Love Ava\" \"(Keep making history, a beautiful world awaits us outside. Love Ava)\"''\n \\|LineColor \\= \\#DDC293\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Drag Race Italia season 1\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 6\n \\|EpisodeNumber2 \\= {{visible anchor\\|6}}\n \\|Title \\= Grand Finale\n \\|AltTitle \\= Gran Finale\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2021\\|12\\|23\\|df\\=y}}\n \\|ShortSummary \\= For this week's mini\\-challenge, the queens read each other to filth. Elecktra Bionic wins the mini\\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens write, record and perform their own verses to RuPaul's song \"A Little Bit of Love\".", "On the runway, the eliminated queens and the finalists present their Eleganza Extravaganza. It is revealed that Luquisha Lubamba is this season's Miss Congeniality. Luquisha Lubamba is then subsequently eliminated, leaving Elecktra Bionic, Farida Kant and Le Riche as the final three. They lip\\-sync to \"\\[\\[Non sono una signora]]\" by \\[\\[Loredana Bertè]]. It is announced that Elecktra Bionic is the winner, leaving Farida Kant and Le Riche as the runners\\-up.", "\\*'''Guest Judge:''' \\[\\[Ambra Angiolini]]\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge:''' Reading Is Fundamental\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Winner:''' Elecktra Bionic\n\\*'''Main Challenge:''' Write, record and perform their own verses to RuPaul's song \"A Little Bit of Love\"\n\\*'''Runway Theme:''' Eleganza Extravaganza\n\\*'''Miss Congeniality:''' Luquisha Lubamba\n\\*'''Eliminated:''' Luquisha Lubamba\n\\*'''Top Three:''' Elecktra Bionic, Farida Kant and Le Riche\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Song:''' \"\\[\\[Non sono una signora]]\" by \\[\\[Loredana Bertè]]\n\\*'''Runners\\-up''': Farida Kant and Le Riche\n\\*'''Winner of ''Drag Race Italia'' Season One''': Elecktra Bionic\n \\|LineColor \\= \\#DDC293\n}}\n}}", "" ]
Organisation ------------ This zone was formed on 1 October 2002, comprising four divisions: [Jodhpur](/wiki/Jodhpur "Jodhpur") and reorganized [Bikaner](/wiki/Bikaner "Bikaner") division of the erstwhile [Northern Railway zone](/wiki/Northern_Railway_zone "Northern Railway zone"), and reorganized [Jaipur](/wiki/Jaipur "Jaipur") and [Ajmer](/wiki/Ajmer "Ajmer") divisions of the erstwhile [Western Railway zone](/wiki/Western_Railway_zone "Western Railway zone"). ### Ajmer railway division The [Ajmer railway division](/wiki/Ajmer_railway_division "Ajmer railway division"), founded on 5 November 1951, has \~9,050 employees handling 48 passenger trains across 141 stations (15 main stations with Computerized Passenger Reservation System), covering the elongated elliptical shaped loop railway network in [Marwar](/wiki/Marwar "Marwar") region central Rajasthan, from Pushkar to Palanpur via Marwar, and from Palanpur back to Pushkar via [Chittorgarh](/wiki/Chittorgarh "Chittorgarh"). The main goods traffic are the export of cement from [Ajmer district](/wiki/Ajmer_district "Ajmer district"), and rock phosphate and soapstone powder from [Udaipur district](/wiki/Udaipur_district "Udaipur district"). The passenger segment handles traffic on the prominent religious and tourist circuit of [Ajmer Sharif Dargah](/wiki/Ajmer_Sharif_Dargah "Ajmer Sharif Dargah"), [Pushkar](/wiki/Pushkar "Pushkar"), [Dilwara Jain Temples](/wiki/Dilwara_Temples "Dilwara Temples") at [Mount Abu](/wiki/Mount_Abu "Mount Abu") and [Ranakpur Jain temple](/wiki/Ranakpur_Jain_temple "Ranakpur Jain temple"). ### Bikaner railway division The [Bikaner railway division](/wiki/Bikaner_railway_division "Bikaner railway division"), founded in 1924, has \~12,000 employees handling 142 trains across 198 stations (14 with Computerized Passenger Reservation System), covering the eastern Rajasthan, western and southern triangular half of [Haryana](/wiki/Haryana "Haryana") (railway line network from [Rewari](/wiki/Rewari "Rewari")–[Bhiwani](/wiki/Bhiwani "Bhiwani") to [Hisar](/wiki/Hisar_%28city%29 "Hisar (city)"), [Sirsa](/wiki/Sirsa "Sirsa") and [Dabwali](/wiki/Dabwali "Dabwali"), [Rohtak](/wiki/Rohtak "Rohtak") to [Hansi](/wiki/Hansi "Hansi")–Hisar), and a very small corner of south west [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India "Punjab, India") (Sirsa to [Bhatinda](/wiki/Bhatinda "Bhatinda")). The quantum of traffic is equally split between goods and passenger segment, with food grains, china clay and gypsum being the main outbound goods traffic. ### Jaipur railway division The [Jaipur railway division](/wiki/Jaipur_railway_division "Jaipur railway division") was formed after merging parts of [Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway](/wiki/Bombay%2C_Baroda_and_Central_India_Railway "Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway"), [Jaipur State Railway](/wiki/Jaipur_State_Railway "Jaipur State Railway") and [Rajputana–Malwa Railway](/wiki/Rajputana%E2%80%93Malwa_Railway "Rajputana–Malwa Railway"). It has \~10,250 employees handling 146 trains across 128 stations (14 with Computerized Passenger Reservation System), covering the states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. a very small corner of south west [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India "Punjab, India") (Sirsa to [Bathinda](/wiki/Bathinda "Bathinda")). 85% of the income is from the passenger traffic. It forms a logistics hub for the cross traffic of [Western Dedicated Freight Corridor](/wiki/Western_Dedicated_Freight_Corridor "Western Dedicated Freight Corridor"), carrying fertilizer, cement, oil, salt, food grains, oil seeds, limestone and gypsum traffic, with bulk container loading facilities. ### Jodhpur railway division The [Jodhpur railway division](/wiki/Jodhpur_railway_division "Jodhpur railway division"), with origin going back to 1882, was founded on 5 November 1951\. It has \~14,000 employees handling 92 trains across 144 stations (15 with Computerized Passenger Reservation System), It covers Jodhpur, Pali Marwar, Nagaur, Jalore, Barmer, Jaisalmer districts in Rajasthan and certain districts of Gujarat state. The main goods export traffic consists of limestone, salt and gypsum.
[ "Organisation\n------------", "This zone was formed on 1 October 2002, comprising four divisions: [Jodhpur](/wiki/Jodhpur \"Jodhpur\") and reorganized [Bikaner](/wiki/Bikaner \"Bikaner\") division of the erstwhile [Northern Railway zone](/wiki/Northern_Railway_zone \"Northern Railway zone\"), and reorganized [Jaipur](/wiki/Jaipur \"Jaipur\") and [Ajmer](/wiki/Ajmer \"Ajmer\") divisions of the erstwhile [Western Railway zone](/wiki/Western_Railway_zone \"Western Railway zone\").", "### Ajmer railway division", "The [Ajmer railway division](/wiki/Ajmer_railway_division \"Ajmer railway division\"), founded on 5 November 1951, has \\~9,050 employees handling 48 passenger trains across 141 stations (15 main stations with Computerized Passenger Reservation System), covering the elongated elliptical shaped loop railway network in [Marwar](/wiki/Marwar \"Marwar\") region central Rajasthan, from Pushkar to Palanpur via Marwar, and from Palanpur back to Pushkar via [Chittorgarh](/wiki/Chittorgarh \"Chittorgarh\"). The main goods traffic are the export of cement from [Ajmer district](/wiki/Ajmer_district \"Ajmer district\"), and rock phosphate and soapstone powder from [Udaipur district](/wiki/Udaipur_district \"Udaipur district\"). The passenger segment handles traffic on the prominent religious and tourist circuit of [Ajmer Sharif Dargah](/wiki/Ajmer_Sharif_Dargah \"Ajmer Sharif Dargah\"), [Pushkar](/wiki/Pushkar \"Pushkar\"), [Dilwara Jain Temples](/wiki/Dilwara_Temples \"Dilwara Temples\") at [Mount Abu](/wiki/Mount_Abu \"Mount Abu\") and [Ranakpur Jain temple](/wiki/Ranakpur_Jain_temple \"Ranakpur Jain temple\").", "### Bikaner railway division", "The [Bikaner railway division](/wiki/Bikaner_railway_division \"Bikaner railway division\"), founded in 1924, has \\~12,000 employees handling 142 trains across 198 stations (14 with Computerized Passenger Reservation System), covering the eastern Rajasthan, western and southern triangular half of [Haryana](/wiki/Haryana \"Haryana\") (railway line network from [Rewari](/wiki/Rewari \"Rewari\")–[Bhiwani](/wiki/Bhiwani \"Bhiwani\") to [Hisar](/wiki/Hisar_%28city%29 \"Hisar (city)\"), [Sirsa](/wiki/Sirsa \"Sirsa\") and [Dabwali](/wiki/Dabwali \"Dabwali\"), [Rohtak](/wiki/Rohtak \"Rohtak\") to [Hansi](/wiki/Hansi \"Hansi\")–Hisar), and a very small corner of south west [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India \"Punjab, India\") (Sirsa to [Bhatinda](/wiki/Bhatinda \"Bhatinda\")). The quantum of traffic is equally split between goods and passenger segment, with food grains, china clay and gypsum being the main outbound goods traffic.", "### Jaipur railway division", "The [Jaipur railway division](/wiki/Jaipur_railway_division \"Jaipur railway division\") was formed after merging parts of [Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway](/wiki/Bombay%2C_Baroda_and_Central_India_Railway \"Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway\"), [Jaipur State Railway](/wiki/Jaipur_State_Railway \"Jaipur State Railway\") and [Rajputana–Malwa Railway](/wiki/Rajputana%E2%80%93Malwa_Railway \"Rajputana–Malwa Railway\"). It has \\~10,250 employees handling 146 trains across 128 stations (14 with Computerized Passenger Reservation System), covering the states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. a very small corner of south west [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India \"Punjab, India\") (Sirsa to [Bathinda](/wiki/Bathinda \"Bathinda\")). 85% of the income is from the passenger traffic. It forms a logistics hub for the cross traffic of [Western Dedicated Freight Corridor](/wiki/Western_Dedicated_Freight_Corridor \"Western Dedicated Freight Corridor\"), carrying fertilizer, cement, oil, salt, food grains, oil seeds, limestone and gypsum traffic, with bulk container loading facilities.", "### Jodhpur railway division", "The [Jodhpur railway division](/wiki/Jodhpur_railway_division \"Jodhpur railway division\"), with origin going back to 1882, was founded on 5 November 1951\\. It has \\~14,000 employees handling 92 trains across 144 stations (15 with Computerized Passenger Reservation System), It covers Jodhpur, Pali Marwar, Nagaur, Jalore, Barmer, Jaisalmer districts in Rajasthan and certain districts of Gujarat state. The main goods export traffic consists of limestone, salt and gypsum.", "" ]
Poker career ------------ Ulliott was introduced to [gambling](/wiki/Gambling "Gambling") by his parents, who played [poker](/wiki/Poker "Poker") with him during his childhood. At 16, he learned how to play [three\-card brag](/wiki/Brag_%28card_game%29 "Brag (card game)") after frequenting Hull's Fifty\-One Club casino.{{Cite web \|date\=6 April 2015 \|title\=David "Devilfish" Ulliott Passes Away \|url\=https://www.flushdraw.net/news/david\-devilfish\-ulliott\-passes\-away/ \|access\-date\=25 September 2024 \|website\=Flushdraw.net}} By the time of his second marriage, Ulliott had begun organising poker games in the back of his pawn shop. In late 1990, he met Gary Whitaker, a café manager from [Wakefield](/wiki/Wakefield "Wakefield"), at Napoleon's [Casino](/wiki/Casino "Casino") in [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds "Leeds"). The two became close, travelling together to poker games six nights a week. Whitaker often placed bets for Ulliott after he was banned from all [William Hill](/wiki/William_Hill_%28bookmaker%29 "William Hill (bookmaker)") betting shops. Additionally, Whitaker became Ulliott's driver and held a 10% stake in his [poker](/wiki/Poker "Poker") action. When Ulliott first travelled to [London](/wiki/London "London"), he found the competition much tougher, forcing him to adjust his playing style. He credited this experience with greatly improving his poker skills. In private poker games, Ulliott sometimes brought a [gun](/wiki/Gun "Gun") to ensure he could leave with his winnings, even firing it into the air on one occasion to scare off opponents who planned to [rob](/wiki/Robbery "Robbery") him.{{cite web \|date\=9 September 2006 \|title\=Texas Holdem Poker – Interview With Dave "Devilfish" Ulliott \|url\=http://www.texasholdem\-poker.com/interviews/dave\_ulliott.php\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909150353/http://www.texasholdem\-poker.com/interviews/dave\_ulliott.php \|archivedate\=9 September 2006\|access\-date\=25 September 2024 \|website\=texasholdem\-poker.com}} ### Poker Success and the Origin of "Devilfish" Ulliott first gained recognition in [poker tournaments](/wiki/Poker_tournament "Poker tournament") in 1993, gradually honing his skills in tournament play. His breakthrough came in 1996 when he won £100,000 over a two\-week period at The Vic in London, which encouraged him and his friend, Gary Whitaker, to travel to [Las Vegas, Nevada](/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas"), for the first time. Taking £10,000 with him, Ulliott maintained an even bankroll until he entered the $500 [Pot Limit Omaha](/wiki/Pot-Limit_Hold%27em "Pot-Limit Hold'em") event at the *1997 Four Queens Poker Classic*.{{cite web \|title\=1997 Four Queens Poker Classic, Pot Limit Omaha: Hendon Mob Poker Database \|url\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=19428 \|access\-date\=25 September 2024 \|website\=The Hendon Mob }} During the heads\-up match against [Men Nguyen](/wiki/Men_Nguyen "Men Nguyen"), a large group of [Vietnamese\-American](/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans "Vietnamese Americans") supporters cheered for Nguyen, calling him "The Master." In response, Whitaker coined the nickname "Devilfish" for Ulliott, cheering, "Go on the Devilfish". The nickname had actually been suggested earlier that year by Stephen Au\-Yeung, who hosted a poker game Ulliott attended in [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham"). Au\-Yeung also sold Ulliott the domain name DevilFishPoker.com in 2005\. The term "[devilfish](/wiki/Devil_fish "Devil fish")" refers to a [poisonous](/wiki/Poisonous "Poisonous") [fish](/wiki/Fish "Fish"), known in [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan") as "[fugu](/wiki/Fugu "Fugu")," which can be deadly if not prepared correctly. In the tournament, Ulliott reduced Nguyen's stack to a single chip. Despite Nguyen's protests, the [tournament director](/wiki/Tournament_director_%28poker%29 "Tournament director (poker)") insisted on taking the scheduled one\-hour break. Ulliott famously told Nguyen, "We're taking the break, and in all fairness to you, I think you should go upstairs and think about your tactics." Ulliott eventually won the event, and the following day's headline read, *Devilfish Devours the Master*. Despite the fame the nickname brought, Ulliott later downplayed the tournament's significance, claiming it only mattered because of his new [moniker](/wiki/Nickname "Nickname"). Before being dubbed "[Devilfish](/wiki/Devil_fish "Devil fish")," Ulliott was known as "Dave the Clock" because he once used a grandfather clock as a buy\-in for a local poker game where a furniture dealer was presented.{{cite web \|last\=May \|first\=Jesse \|author\-link\=Jesse May \|title\=Devilfish \|url\=http://www.thehendonmob.com/index.php?id\=175 \|access\-date\=4 September 2006 \|publisher\=\[\[The Hendon Mob]]}} ### 1997 World Series of Poker (WSOP) Ulliott arrived at the [1997 World Series of Poker](/wiki/1997_World_Series_of_Poker "1997 World Series of Poker") (WSOP) with $200,000, but lost it all in cash games and tournament buy\-ins. He borrowed over $70,000 more, but lost that as well, damaging several relationships along the way. However, he managed to gather enough money to enter the $2,000 Pot Limit [Texas Hold'em](/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em "Texas hold 'em") event, where he eventually faced fellow Englishman Chris Truby in heads\-up play. In the final hand, Ulliott moved all\-in with an [open\-ended straight draw and a flush draw](/wiki/Draw_poker "Draw poker"), while Truby held the top set. Ulliott completed his [straight](/wiki/List_of_poker_hands "List of poker hands") on the [river](/wiki/The_River_%28Poker%29 "The River (Poker)"), securing the victory and earning $180,310, along with his first and only WSOP bracelet. Whitaker, his close friend and driver, leapt over the barricade to join in the celebrations. While press reports suggested Ulliott got lucky, in reality, he was a 54\.5% favourite to win the hand when the money went into the pot.{{cite web \|title\=28th World Series of Poker – WSOP 1997, Hold'em Pot Limit \|url\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=7807 \|access\-date\=24 March 2024 \|website\=\[\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }} After the victory, Ulliott had his bracelet engraved with his newly famous nickname, *Devilfish.* Following his tournament win, Ulliott enjoyed a highly successful streak in cash games, netting between $10,000 and $20,000 daily for a two\-week period. During this stretch, and upon the advice of his friend [Mansour Matloubi](/wiki/Mansour_Matloubi "Mansour Matloubi"), he played a high\-stakes heads\-up Pot Limit Omaha match against [Lyle Berman](/wiki/Lyle_Berman "Lyle Berman"), winning $168,000\.{{cite web \|date\=7 September 2006 \|title\=World Poker Game News THE EXCLUSIVE DEVILFISH INTERVIEW \|url\=http://poker.sportinglife.com/News/story\_64528\.shtml\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907074007/http://poker.sportinglife.com/News/story\_64528\.shtml \|archivedate\=7 September 2006\|access\-date\=25 September 2024 \|website\=poker.sportinglife.com}} By the end of his trip, Ulliott had amassed $742,000 in winnings, which he carried in duty\-free bags along with Whitaker. Upon their return to their casino in Leeds, they were met with applause from their regular poker opponents. ### Late Night Poker In 1999, Ulliott was one of 40 players to appear in the [first series](/wiki/Late_Night_Poker_series_1_results "Late Night Poker series 1 results") of the *[Late Night Poker](/wiki/Late_Night_Poker "Late Night Poker")* television series, the first poker show to use [hole cam](/wiki/Hole_cam "Hole cam") technology. He won his qualifying heat against a field that included Charalambos "Bambos" Xanthos and future [Hendon Mobster](/wiki/Hendon_Mob "Hendon Mob") [Ross Boatman](/wiki/Ross_Boatman "Ross Boatman") to advance to the Grand Final.{{cite web \|last\=Butt, Robert \|title\=Late Night Poker series 1 heat 3 results \|url\=http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=415 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909023832/http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=415 \|archive\-date\=9 September 2006 \|access\-date\=5 September 2006 \|publisher\=\[\[The Hendon Mob]]}} Ulliott dominated the final from the first hand (where his [flush](/wiki/Rank_of_hands_%28poker%29%23Flush "Rank of hands (poker)#Flush") beat Surinder Sunar's pocket queens). During the event, he made [four of a kind](/wiki/Rank_of_hands_%28poker%29%23Four_of_a_kind "Rank of hands (poker)#Four of a kind") against [Joe Beevers](/wiki/Joe_Beevers "Joe Beevers"), eliminated [Liam Flood](/wiki/Liam_Flood "Liam Flood") and [slow\-played](/wiki/Poker_jargon%23S "Poker jargon#S") [three aces](/wiki/Rank_of_hands_%28poker%29%23Three_of_a_kind "Rank of hands (poker)#Three of a kind") against [Dave Welch](/wiki/Dave_Welch "Dave Welch").This prompted commentator [Nic Szeremeta](/wiki/Nic_Szeremeta "Nic Szeremeta") to say, "I've never seen a hand played so well." Ulliott went on to win the heads\-up confrontation against Peter Evans, and the £40,000 first prize.{{cite book \|last\=Wilson \|first\=Des \|title\=Swimming with the Devilfish \|publisher\=\[\[Macmillan Publishers]] \|year\=2006 \|isbn\=1\-4050\-8952\-0}}{{page number\|date\=September 2024}}{{cite web \|title\=Late Night Poker Series 1, No Limit Hold'em \- Grand Final \|url\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=418 \|access\-date\=24 March 2024 \|website\=\[\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }} Ulliott's win was watched by over 1,500,000 people (a significant figure for the channel and timeslot of the broadcast) and his character at the table was part of the reason for the renewal of the series, which went on to run for five more series, with Ulliott appearing in them all. Ulliott also made the final table in the [second series](/wiki/Late_Night_Poker_series_2_results "Late Night Poker series 2 results").{{cite web \|title\=Late Night Poker Series 2, No Limit Hold'em – Grand Final \|url\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=672 \|access\-date\=24 March 2024 \|website\=\[\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }} ### World Poker Tour In January 2003, Ulliott won his biggest tournament cash prize in the [World Poker Tour](/wiki/World_Poker_Tour "World Poker Tour") (WPT) [first season](/wiki/World_Poker_Tour_season_1_results "World Poker Tour season 1 results") [Jack Binion](/wiki/Jack_Binion "Jack Binion") [World Poker Open](/wiki/World_Poker_Open "World Poker Open"). Ulliott outlasted a field of 160 players, entering the final table with a 2:1 chip lead over his nearest rival, and taking first place and $589,175 after eliminating [Phil Ivey](/wiki/Phil_Ivey "Phil Ivey").{{cite web \|title\=The Fourth Annual Jack Binion World Poker Open, No Limit Hold'em Championship – WPT \|url\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=11725 \|access\-date\=24 March 2024 \|website\=\[\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }} Ulliott eliminated four of his five opponents at the final table, in a performance that commentator [Mike Sexton](/wiki/Mike_Sexton "Mike Sexton") has referred to as "still the most dominating performance in WPT history."{{cite web \|title\=The Fourth Annual Jack Binion World Poker Open, No Limit Hold'em Championship – WPT \|url\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=11725 \|access\-date\=24 March 2024 \|website\=\[\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }} In the second season, Ulliott was also invited to the WPT Bad Boys of Poker Invitational, and finished on the television [bubble](/wiki/Poker_jargon%23B "Poker jargon#B") of the Aruba Poker Classic.{{cite web \|title\=World Poker Tour – WPT Bad Boys of Poker, No Limit Hold'em \|url\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=16574 \|access\-date\=24 March 2024 \|website\=\[\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }}{{cite web \|title\=2003 Ultimatebet.com Poker Classic II, No Limit Hold'em Championship Final Day – WPT \|url\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=7532 \|access\-date\=24 March 2024 \|website\=\[\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }} In December 2007, Ulliott came in 3rd place in the [sixth season](/wiki/World_Poker_Tour_season_6_results "World Poker Tour season 6 results") of the WPT [Doyle Brunson](/wiki/Doyle_Brunson "Doyle Brunson") Classic Championship Event earning $674,500\.{{cite web \|title\=2007 Doyle Brunson Five Diamond World Poker Classic, Doyle Brunson Classic – No Limit Hold'em \|url\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=29206 \|access\-date\=24 March 2024 \|website\=\[\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]]}} ### Other events Ulliott came close to winning a second WSOP bracelet on numerous occasions, finishing second in events at the [1998 WSOP](/wiki/1998_World_Series_of_Poker "1998 World Series of Poker") and [2000 WSOP](/wiki/2000_World_Series_of_Poker "2000 World Series of Poker"), and second at two more events at the [2001 WSOP](/wiki/2001_World_Series_of_Poker "2001 World Series of Poker").{{cite web \|title\=29th World Series of Poker – WSOP 1998, Hold'em Pot Limit \|url\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=7876 \|access\-date\=24 March 2024 \|website\=\[\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }}{{cite web \|title\=31st World Series of Poker – WSOP 2000, No Limit Hold'em \|url\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=1978 \|access\-date\=24 March 2024 \|website\=\[\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]]}}{{cite web \|title\=32nd World Series of Poker – WSOP 2001, Omaha (pot limit) \|url\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=3043 \|access\-date\=24 March 2024 \|website\=\[\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]]}}{{cite web \|title\=32nd World Series of Poker – WSOP 2001, Texas Hold'em (pot limit) \|url\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\=r\&n\=3047 \|access\-date\=24 March 2024 \|website\=\[\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]]}} In two of these events, he was eliminated while holding aces.{{cite web \|last\=Lloyd \|first\=Dave \|title\=The Exclusive Devilfish Interview \|url\=http://poker.sportinglife.com/News/story\_64528\.shtml \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907074007/http://poker.sportinglife.com/News/story\_64528\.shtml \|archive\-date\=7 September 2006 \|access\-date\=6 September 2006 \|publisher\=Poker. SportingLife.com}} Ulliott represented his country in the [Poker Nations Cup](/wiki/Poker_Nations_Cup "Poker Nations Cup"), the [PartyPoker.com Football \& Poker Legends Cup](/wiki/PartyPoker.com_Football_%26_Poker_Legends_Cup "PartyPoker.com Football & Poker Legends Cup") and the [Intercontinental Poker Championship](/wiki/Intercontinental_Poker_Championship "Intercontinental Poker Championship") as well as the inaugural [British Poker Open](/wiki/The_Poker_Channel "The Poker Channel"), which had a strong American field in contention. At the PartyPoker Premier League, he embarked on a rivalry with Phil Hellmuth, including one six\-man game where Ulliott called Hellmuth's all\-in bluff with A♠\-8♠ against Hellmuth's 7♥\-5♥, making him a better than 60% favourite. Hellmuth flopped the [nut](/wiki/Nut_hand "Nut hand") straight. Later in the same game, Hellmuth's pocket nines beat Ulliott's aces. Ulliott's total lifetime tournament winnings exceeded $6,200,000, putting him 11th on England's all\-time money list, according to available records.{{cite web \|title\=Dave Ulliott's profile on The Hendon Mob \|url\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a\=r\&n\=236 \|access\-date\=24 March 2024 \|website\=\[\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }} His 33 cashes at the WSOP account for $1,708,075 of those winnings.{{cite web \|title\=Dave Ulliott \|url\=https://www.wsop.com/players/profile/?playerid\=259 \|access\-date\=24 March 2024 \|website\=WSOP.com}}
[ "Poker career\n------------", "Ulliott was introduced to [gambling](/wiki/Gambling \"Gambling\") by his parents, who played [poker](/wiki/Poker \"Poker\") with him during his childhood. At 16, he learned how to play [three\\-card brag](/wiki/Brag_%28card_game%29 \"Brag (card game)\") after frequenting Hull's Fifty\\-One Club casino.{{Cite web \\|date\\=6 April 2015 \\|title\\=David \"Devilfish\" Ulliott Passes Away \\|url\\=https://www.flushdraw.net/news/david\\-devilfish\\-ulliott\\-passes\\-away/ \\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2024 \\|website\\=Flushdraw.net}} By the time of his second marriage, Ulliott had begun organising poker games in the back of his pawn shop.", "In late 1990, he met Gary Whitaker, a café manager from [Wakefield](/wiki/Wakefield \"Wakefield\"), at Napoleon's [Casino](/wiki/Casino \"Casino\") in [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds \"Leeds\"). The two became close, travelling together to poker games six nights a week. Whitaker often placed bets for Ulliott after he was banned from all [William Hill](/wiki/William_Hill_%28bookmaker%29 \"William Hill (bookmaker)\") betting shops. Additionally, Whitaker became Ulliott's driver and held a 10% stake in his [poker](/wiki/Poker \"Poker\") action.", "When Ulliott first travelled to [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), he found the competition much tougher, forcing him to adjust his playing style. He credited this experience with greatly improving his poker skills. In private poker games, Ulliott sometimes brought a [gun](/wiki/Gun \"Gun\") to ensure he could leave with his winnings, even firing it into the air on one occasion to scare off opponents who planned to [rob](/wiki/Robbery \"Robbery\") him.{{cite web \\|date\\=9 September 2006 \\|title\\=Texas Holdem Poker – Interview With Dave \"Devilfish\" Ulliott \\|url\\=http://www.texasholdem\\-poker.com/interviews/dave\\_ulliott.php\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909150353/http://www.texasholdem\\-poker.com/interviews/dave\\_ulliott.php \\|archivedate\\=9 September 2006\\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2024 \\|website\\=texasholdem\\-poker.com}}", "### Poker Success and the Origin of \"Devilfish\"", "Ulliott first gained recognition in [poker tournaments](/wiki/Poker_tournament \"Poker tournament\") in 1993, gradually honing his skills in tournament play. His breakthrough came in 1996 when he won £100,000 over a two\\-week period at The Vic in London, which encouraged him and his friend, Gary Whitaker, to travel to [Las Vegas, Nevada](/wiki/Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\"), for the first time.", "Taking £10,000 with him, Ulliott maintained an even bankroll until he entered the $500 [Pot Limit Omaha](/wiki/Pot-Limit_Hold%27em \"Pot-Limit Hold'em\") event at the *1997 Four Queens Poker Classic*.{{cite web \\|title\\=1997 Four Queens Poker Classic, Pot Limit Omaha: Hendon Mob Poker Database \\|url\\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=19428 \\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2024 \\|website\\=The Hendon Mob }} During the heads\\-up match against [Men Nguyen](/wiki/Men_Nguyen \"Men Nguyen\"), a large group of [Vietnamese\\-American](/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans \"Vietnamese Americans\") supporters cheered for Nguyen, calling him \"The Master.\" In response, Whitaker coined the nickname \"Devilfish\" for Ulliott, cheering, \"Go on the Devilfish\".", "The nickname had actually been suggested earlier that year by Stephen Au\\-Yeung, who hosted a poker game Ulliott attended in [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\"). Au\\-Yeung also sold Ulliott the domain name DevilFishPoker.com in 2005\\. The term \"[devilfish](/wiki/Devil_fish \"Devil fish\")\" refers to a [poisonous](/wiki/Poisonous \"Poisonous\") [fish](/wiki/Fish \"Fish\"), known in [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") as \"[fugu](/wiki/Fugu \"Fugu\"),\" which can be deadly if not prepared correctly.", "In the tournament, Ulliott reduced Nguyen's stack to a single chip. Despite Nguyen's protests, the [tournament director](/wiki/Tournament_director_%28poker%29 \"Tournament director (poker)\") insisted on taking the scheduled one\\-hour break. Ulliott famously told Nguyen, \"We're taking the break, and in all fairness to you, I think you should go upstairs and think about your tactics.\" Ulliott eventually won the event, and the following day's headline read, *Devilfish Devours the Master*. Despite the fame the nickname brought, Ulliott later downplayed the tournament's significance, claiming it only mattered because of his new [moniker](/wiki/Nickname \"Nickname\").", "Before being dubbed \"[Devilfish](/wiki/Devil_fish \"Devil fish\"),\" Ulliott was known as \"Dave the Clock\" because he once used a grandfather clock as a buy\\-in for a local poker game where a furniture dealer was presented.{{cite web \\|last\\=May \\|first\\=Jesse \\|author\\-link\\=Jesse May \\|title\\=Devilfish \\|url\\=http://www.thehendonmob.com/index.php?id\\=175 \\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2006 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob]]}}", "### 1997 World Series of Poker (WSOP)", "Ulliott arrived at the [1997 World Series of Poker](/wiki/1997_World_Series_of_Poker \"1997 World Series of Poker\") (WSOP) with $200,000, but lost it all in cash games and tournament buy\\-ins. He borrowed over $70,000 more, but lost that as well, damaging several relationships along the way. However, he managed to gather enough money to enter the $2,000 Pot Limit [Texas Hold'em](/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em \"Texas hold 'em\") event, where he eventually faced fellow Englishman Chris Truby in heads\\-up play.", "In the final hand, Ulliott moved all\\-in with an [open\\-ended straight draw and a flush draw](/wiki/Draw_poker \"Draw poker\"), while Truby held the top set. Ulliott completed his [straight](/wiki/List_of_poker_hands \"List of poker hands\") on the [river](/wiki/The_River_%28Poker%29 \"The River (Poker)\"), securing the victory and earning $180,310, along with his first and only WSOP bracelet. Whitaker, his close friend and driver, leapt over the barricade to join in the celebrations. While press reports suggested Ulliott got lucky, in reality, he was a 54\\.5% favourite to win the hand when the money went into the pot.{{cite web \\|title\\=28th World Series of Poker – WSOP 1997, Hold'em Pot Limit \\|url\\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=7807 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }} After the victory, Ulliott had his bracelet engraved with his newly famous nickname, *Devilfish.*", "Following his tournament win, Ulliott enjoyed a highly successful streak in cash games, netting between $10,000 and $20,000 daily for a two\\-week period. During this stretch, and upon the advice of his friend [Mansour Matloubi](/wiki/Mansour_Matloubi \"Mansour Matloubi\"), he played a high\\-stakes heads\\-up Pot Limit Omaha match against [Lyle Berman](/wiki/Lyle_Berman \"Lyle Berman\"), winning $168,000\\.{{cite web \\|date\\=7 September 2006 \\|title\\=World Poker Game News THE EXCLUSIVE DEVILFISH INTERVIEW \\|url\\=http://poker.sportinglife.com/News/story\\_64528\\.shtml\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907074007/http://poker.sportinglife.com/News/story\\_64528\\.shtml \\|archivedate\\=7 September 2006\\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2024 \\|website\\=poker.sportinglife.com}} By the end of his trip, Ulliott had amassed $742,000 in winnings, which he carried in duty\\-free bags along with Whitaker. Upon their return to their casino in Leeds, they were met with applause from their regular poker opponents.", "### Late Night Poker", "In 1999, Ulliott was one of 40 players to appear in the [first series](/wiki/Late_Night_Poker_series_1_results \"Late Night Poker series 1 results\") of the *[Late Night Poker](/wiki/Late_Night_Poker \"Late Night Poker\")* television series, the first poker show to use [hole cam](/wiki/Hole_cam \"Hole cam\") technology. He won his qualifying heat against a field that included Charalambos \"Bambos\" Xanthos and future [Hendon Mobster](/wiki/Hendon_Mob \"Hendon Mob\") [Ross Boatman](/wiki/Ross_Boatman \"Ross Boatman\") to advance to the Grand Final.{{cite web \\|last\\=Butt, Robert \\|title\\=Late Night Poker series 1 heat 3 results \\|url\\=http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=415 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909023832/http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=415 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 September 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=5 September 2006 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob]]}} Ulliott dominated the final from the first hand (where his [flush](/wiki/Rank_of_hands_%28poker%29%23Flush \"Rank of hands (poker)#Flush\") beat Surinder Sunar's pocket queens). During the event, he made [four of a kind](/wiki/Rank_of_hands_%28poker%29%23Four_of_a_kind \"Rank of hands (poker)#Four of a kind\") against [Joe Beevers](/wiki/Joe_Beevers \"Joe Beevers\"), eliminated [Liam Flood](/wiki/Liam_Flood \"Liam Flood\") and [slow\\-played](/wiki/Poker_jargon%23S \"Poker jargon#S\") [three aces](/wiki/Rank_of_hands_%28poker%29%23Three_of_a_kind \"Rank of hands (poker)#Three of a kind\") against [Dave Welch](/wiki/Dave_Welch \"Dave Welch\").This prompted commentator [Nic Szeremeta](/wiki/Nic_Szeremeta \"Nic Szeremeta\") to say, \"I've never seen a hand played so well.\" Ulliott went on to win the heads\\-up confrontation against Peter Evans, and the £40,000 first prize.{{cite book \\|last\\=Wilson \\|first\\=Des \\|title\\=Swimming with the Devilfish \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Macmillan Publishers]] \\|year\\=2006 \\|isbn\\=1\\-4050\\-8952\\-0}}{{page number\\|date\\=September 2024}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Late Night Poker Series 1, No Limit Hold'em \\- Grand Final \\|url\\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=418 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }}", "Ulliott's win was watched by over 1,500,000 people (a significant figure for the channel and timeslot of the broadcast) and his character at the table was part of the reason for the renewal of the series, which went on to run for five more series, with Ulliott appearing in them all. Ulliott also made the final table in the [second series](/wiki/Late_Night_Poker_series_2_results \"Late Night Poker series 2 results\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Late Night Poker Series 2, No Limit Hold'em – Grand Final \\|url\\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=672 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }}", "### World Poker Tour", "In January 2003, Ulliott won his biggest tournament cash prize in the [World Poker Tour](/wiki/World_Poker_Tour \"World Poker Tour\") (WPT) [first season](/wiki/World_Poker_Tour_season_1_results \"World Poker Tour season 1 results\") [Jack Binion](/wiki/Jack_Binion \"Jack Binion\") [World Poker Open](/wiki/World_Poker_Open \"World Poker Open\"). Ulliott outlasted a field of 160 players, entering the final table with a 2:1 chip lead over his nearest rival, and taking first place and $589,175 after eliminating [Phil Ivey](/wiki/Phil_Ivey \"Phil Ivey\").{{cite web \\|title\\=The Fourth Annual Jack Binion World Poker Open, No Limit Hold'em Championship – WPT \\|url\\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=11725 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }} Ulliott eliminated four of his five opponents at the final table, in a performance that commentator [Mike Sexton](/wiki/Mike_Sexton \"Mike Sexton\") has referred to as \"still the most dominating performance in WPT history.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=The Fourth Annual Jack Binion World Poker Open, No Limit Hold'em Championship – WPT \\|url\\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=11725 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }} In the second season, Ulliott was also invited to the WPT Bad Boys of Poker Invitational, and finished on the television [bubble](/wiki/Poker_jargon%23B \"Poker jargon#B\") of the Aruba Poker Classic.{{cite web \\|title\\=World Poker Tour – WPT Bad Boys of Poker, No Limit Hold'em \\|url\\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=16574 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }}{{cite web \\|title\\=2003 Ultimatebet.com Poker Classic II, No Limit Hold'em Championship Final Day – WPT \\|url\\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=7532 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }}", "In December 2007, Ulliott came in 3rd place in the [sixth season](/wiki/World_Poker_Tour_season_6_results \"World Poker Tour season 6 results\") of the WPT [Doyle Brunson](/wiki/Doyle_Brunson \"Doyle Brunson\") Classic Championship Event earning $674,500\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=2007 Doyle Brunson Five Diamond World Poker Classic, Doyle Brunson Classic – No Limit Hold'em \\|url\\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=29206 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]]}}", "### Other events", "Ulliott came close to winning a second WSOP bracelet on numerous occasions, finishing second in events at the [1998 WSOP](/wiki/1998_World_Series_of_Poker \"1998 World Series of Poker\") and [2000 WSOP](/wiki/2000_World_Series_of_Poker \"2000 World Series of Poker\"), and second at two more events at the [2001 WSOP](/wiki/2001_World_Series_of_Poker \"2001 World Series of Poker\").{{cite web \\|title\\=29th World Series of Poker – WSOP 1998, Hold'em Pot Limit \\|url\\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=7876 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }}{{cite web \\|title\\=31st World Series of Poker – WSOP 2000, No Limit Hold'em \\|url\\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=1978 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]]}}{{cite web \\|title\\=32nd World Series of Poker – WSOP 2001, Omaha (pot limit) \\|url\\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=3043 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]]}}{{cite web \\|title\\=32nd World Series of Poker – WSOP 2001, Texas Hold'em (pot limit) \\|url\\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=3047 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]]}} In two of these events, he was eliminated while holding aces.{{cite web \\|last\\=Lloyd \\|first\\=Dave \\|title\\=The Exclusive Devilfish Interview \\|url\\=http://poker.sportinglife.com/News/story\\_64528\\.shtml \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907074007/http://poker.sportinglife.com/News/story\\_64528\\.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=7 September 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2006 \\|publisher\\=Poker. SportingLife.com}}", "Ulliott represented his country in the [Poker Nations Cup](/wiki/Poker_Nations_Cup \"Poker Nations Cup\"), the [PartyPoker.com Football \\& Poker Legends Cup](/wiki/PartyPoker.com_Football_%26_Poker_Legends_Cup \"PartyPoker.com Football & Poker Legends Cup\") and the [Intercontinental Poker Championship](/wiki/Intercontinental_Poker_Championship \"Intercontinental Poker Championship\") as well as the inaugural [British Poker Open](/wiki/The_Poker_Channel \"The Poker Channel\"), which had a strong American field in contention.", "At the PartyPoker Premier League, he embarked on a rivalry with Phil Hellmuth, including one six\\-man game where Ulliott called Hellmuth's all\\-in bluff with A♠\\-8♠ against Hellmuth's 7♥\\-5♥, making him a better than 60% favourite. Hellmuth flopped the [nut](/wiki/Nut_hand \"Nut hand\") straight. Later in the same game, Hellmuth's pocket nines beat Ulliott's aces.", "Ulliott's total lifetime tournament winnings exceeded $6,200,000, putting him 11th on England's all\\-time money list, according to available records.{{cite web \\|title\\=Dave Ulliott's profile on The Hendon Mob \\|url\\=https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a\\=r\\&n\\=236 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hendon Mob Poker Database]] }} His 33 cashes at the WSOP account for $1,708,075 of those winnings.{{cite web \\|title\\=Dave Ulliott \\|url\\=https://www.wsop.com/players/profile/?playerid\\=259 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2024 \\|website\\=WSOP.com}}", "" ]
History ------- ### 1940 \- 1941 Activated September 6, 1940 at [Quantico, Virginia](/wiki/Quantico%2C_Virginia "Quantico, Virginia"), as the 1st Medical Battalion and assigned to the [1st Marine Brigade](/wiki/1st_Provisional_Marine_Brigade "1st Provisional Marine Brigade"). Deployed during October 1940 to [Guantanamo Bay, Cuba](/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay "Guantánamo Bay"). Reassigned during February 1941 to the [1st Marine Division](/wiki/1st_Marine_Division "1st Marine Division"). Relocated during April 1941 to [Quantico, Virginia](/wiki/Quantico%2C_Virginia "Quantico, Virginia"), and [Parris Island, South Carolina](/wiki/Parris_Island%2C_South_Carolina "Parris Island, South Carolina"). Relocated during September 1941 to [New River, North Carolina](/wiki/New_River_%28eastern_North_Carolina%29 "New River (eastern North Carolina)"). ### 1942 \- 1947 Deployed during June \- July 1942 to [Wellington, New Zealand](/wiki/Wellington "Wellington"). Participated in the following [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") campaigns: * [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign "Guadalcanal campaign") * [Eastern New Guinea](/wiki/Eastern_New_Guinea "Eastern New Guinea") * [New Britain](/wiki/New_Britain_campaign "New Britain campaign") * [Peleliu](/wiki/Peleliu "Peleliu") * [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_campaign "Okinawa campaign") Participated in the occupation of [North China](/wiki/North_China "North China"), September 1945 \- May 1947\. Redeployed during May 1947 to [Guam](/wiki/Guam "Guam"). ### 1947 \- 1964 Reactivated 16 July 1947 at [Camp Pendleton, California](/wiki/Camp_Pendleton%2C_California "Camp Pendleton, California"), and assigned to the [1st Marine Division](/wiki/1st_Marine_Division "1st Marine Division"), [Fleet Marine Force](/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force "Fleet Marine Force"). Deployed during August 1950 to [Kobe, Japan](/wiki/Kobe "Kobe"). Participated in [the Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"), September 1950 \- July 1953, operating from * Inchon\-[Seoul](/wiki/Seoul "Seoul") * [Chosin Reservoir](/wiki/Chosin_Reservoir "Chosin Reservoir") * East\-Central Front * Western Front Participated in the defense of the [Korean Demilitarized Zone](/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone "Korean Demilitarized Zone"), July 1953 \- April 1955\. Relocated during April 1955 to [Camp Pendleton, California](/wiki/Camp_Pendleton%2C_California "Camp Pendleton, California"). ### 1965 \- 1993 Deployed during June 1965 to [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island "Okinawa Island"). Participated in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"), March 1966 \- April 1971, operating from * [Chu Lai](/wiki/Chu_Lai "Chu Lai") * [Da Nang](/wiki/Da_Nang "Da Nang") * [An Hoa](/wiki/An_Hoa_Combat_Base "An Hoa Combat Base") * [Quang Tri](/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B "Quảng Trị") * [Phu Bai](/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_B%C3%A0i "Phú Bài") Relocated during April 1971 to [Camp Pendleton, California](/wiki/Camp_Pendleton%2C_California "Camp Pendleton, California"). Placed under the operational control of the 1st Force Service Support Group, Fleet Marine Force, on 30 March 1976\. Participated in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Southwest Asia, August 1990 \- April 1991\. Participated in Operation Restore Hope, Somalia, December 1992 \- January 1993\. ### 2003 \- Present Deployed during February 2003 to Kuwait in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. Participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq, March \- September 2003 and February \- September 2004\. Elements participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq, 2004 \- 2009\. 1st Force Service Support Group (FSSG) was redesignated as 1st Marine Logistics Group (MLG), 21 October 2005\. Elements participated in Operation Enduring Freedom, Afghanistan, 2009 \- 2014\. Elements participated in Operation Border Support, Southwestern U.S., November 2018 \- February 2019 and April \- September 2019\. Elements attached in support of Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force (SPMAGTF) Crisis Response US CENTCOM participated in Operation Allies Refuge, January \- November 2021\.
[ "History\n-------", "### 1940 \\- 1941", "Activated September 6, 1940 at [Quantico, Virginia](/wiki/Quantico%2C_Virginia \"Quantico, Virginia\"), as the 1st Medical Battalion and assigned to the [1st Marine Brigade](/wiki/1st_Provisional_Marine_Brigade \"1st Provisional Marine Brigade\").", "Deployed during October 1940 to [Guantanamo Bay, Cuba](/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay \"Guantánamo Bay\").", "Reassigned during February 1941 to the [1st Marine Division](/wiki/1st_Marine_Division \"1st Marine Division\").", "Relocated during April 1941 to [Quantico, Virginia](/wiki/Quantico%2C_Virginia \"Quantico, Virginia\"), and [Parris Island, South Carolina](/wiki/Parris_Island%2C_South_Carolina \"Parris Island, South Carolina\").", "Relocated during September 1941 to [New River, North Carolina](/wiki/New_River_%28eastern_North_Carolina%29 \"New River (eastern North Carolina)\").", "### 1942 \\- 1947", "Deployed during June \\- July 1942 to [Wellington, New Zealand](/wiki/Wellington \"Wellington\").", "Participated in the following [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") campaigns: \n* [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign \"Guadalcanal campaign\")\n* [Eastern New Guinea](/wiki/Eastern_New_Guinea \"Eastern New Guinea\")\n* [New Britain](/wiki/New_Britain_campaign \"New Britain campaign\")\n* [Peleliu](/wiki/Peleliu \"Peleliu\")\n* [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_campaign \"Okinawa campaign\")", "Participated in the occupation of [North China](/wiki/North_China \"North China\"), September 1945 \\- May 1947\\.", "Redeployed during May 1947 to [Guam](/wiki/Guam \"Guam\").", "### 1947 \\- 1964", "Reactivated 16 July 1947 at [Camp Pendleton, California](/wiki/Camp_Pendleton%2C_California \"Camp Pendleton, California\"), and assigned to the [1st Marine Division](/wiki/1st_Marine_Division \"1st Marine Division\"), [Fleet Marine Force](/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force \"Fleet Marine Force\").", "Deployed during August 1950 to [Kobe, Japan](/wiki/Kobe \"Kobe\").", "Participated in [the Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\"), September 1950 \\- July 1953, operating from \n* Inchon\\-[Seoul](/wiki/Seoul \"Seoul\")\n* [Chosin Reservoir](/wiki/Chosin_Reservoir \"Chosin Reservoir\")\n* East\\-Central Front\n* Western Front", "Participated in the defense of the [Korean Demilitarized Zone](/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone \"Korean Demilitarized Zone\"), July 1953 \\- April 1955\\.", "Relocated during April 1955 to [Camp Pendleton, California](/wiki/Camp_Pendleton%2C_California \"Camp Pendleton, California\").", "### 1965 \\- 1993", "Deployed during June 1965 to [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island \"Okinawa Island\").", "Participated in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"), March 1966 \\- April 1971, operating from \n* [Chu Lai](/wiki/Chu_Lai \"Chu Lai\")\n* [Da Nang](/wiki/Da_Nang \"Da Nang\")\n* [An Hoa](/wiki/An_Hoa_Combat_Base \"An Hoa Combat Base\")\n* [Quang Tri](/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B \"Quảng Trị\")\n* [Phu Bai](/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_B%C3%A0i \"Phú Bài\")", "Relocated during April 1971 to [Camp Pendleton, California](/wiki/Camp_Pendleton%2C_California \"Camp Pendleton, California\").", "Placed under the operational control of the 1st Force Service Support Group, Fleet Marine Force, on 30 March 1976\\.", "Participated in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Southwest Asia, August 1990 \\- April 1991\\.", "Participated in Operation Restore Hope, Somalia, December 1992 \\- January 1993\\.", "### 2003 \\- Present", "Deployed during February 2003 to Kuwait in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "Participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq, March \\- September 2003 and February \\- September 2004\\.", "Elements participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq, 2004 \\- 2009\\.", "1st Force Service Support Group (FSSG) was redesignated as 1st Marine Logistics Group (MLG), 21 October 2005\\.", "Elements participated in Operation Enduring Freedom, Afghanistan, 2009 \\- 2014\\.", "Elements participated in Operation Border Support, Southwestern U.S., November 2018 \\- February 2019 and April \\- September 2019\\.", "Elements attached in support of Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force (SPMAGTF) Crisis Response US CENTCOM participated in Operation Allies Refuge, January \\- November 2021\\.", "" ]
History ------- The Great Western Railway went through Valley Heights in 1867\. The platform opened in 1875 to service the private residence, The Valley Inn, of the [Colonial Treasurer](/wiki/Treasurer_of_New_South_Wales "Treasurer of New South Wales"), the Hon. [Geoffrey Eager](/wiki/Geoffrey_Eager "Geoffrey Eager") M.L.A. / M.L.C. The station opened in May 1875 as **Eagers Platform**. Public facilities and a waiting shed were erected in 1877 and the name was changed from Eagers Platform to **The Valley** in 1877; and again to **Valley Heights** on 19 August 1880\.[Valley Heights Station](http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Valley+Heights) NSWrail.net The line was duplicated in 1902, when the present brick platform building opened. Virtually every station between [Emu Plains](/wiki/Emu_Plains%2C_New_South_Wales "Emu Plains, New South Wales") and [Lithgow](/wiki/Lithgow%2C_New_South_Wales "Lithgow, New South Wales") received the same style of [Federation](/wiki/Federation_architecture "Federation architecture") structure when the Western line was duplicated between 1898 and 1912\. Valley Heights formerly had a yard and locomotive servicing facilities. Until January 1989 it provided locomotives to assist trains up the heavily graded section of the line to [Katoomba](/wiki/Katoomba_railway_station "Katoomba railway station"). The western line was [electrified](/wiki/Railway_electrification_system "Railway electrification system") to Valley Heights on 23 October 1956\. From 2 February 1957 [steam operations](/wiki/Steam_locomotive "Steam locomotive") from Valley Heights were replaced by the [46 class](/wiki/New_South_Wales_46_class_locomotive "New South Wales 46 class locomotive") [electric locomotives](/wiki/Electric_locomotive "Electric locomotive") which assisted trains from Valley Heights to Katoomba. From that train all steam hauled trains, both freight and passenger were electrically assisted to Katoomba, until complete electrification saw steam removed from the scene. The former depot still exists and is now maintained as the [Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum](/wiki/Valley_Heights_Locomotive_Depot_Heritage_Museum "Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum"). The pedestrian bridge dates from 1901\. The deck is supported by steel beams but the stringers are supported by a truss. The bridge underwent upgrading work in 1992 with a concrete deck and stairs. The station originally had a gatekeeper's cottage which was demolished after 1902\. The brick and timber signal box was opened in 1913 but badly destroyed by bush fire in 1951\. The interlocking frame was moved to a lower level and the box continued operating until 1995\. The signal box has continued to be occupied by a branch of the NSW Rail Transport Museum. Valley Heights Locomotive Depot (VHLD) was also completed in 1913, and officially opened on 31 January 1914\. The establishment of a new locomotive depot allowed for assistant engines to be attached there (instead of [Penrith](/wiki/Penrith%2C_New_South_Wales "Penrith, New South Wales")) for the climb to [Katoomba](/wiki/Katoomba%2C_New_South_Wales "Katoomba, New South Wales"). The engines at Valley Heights not only piloted over the longest distance in NSW, but also had the distinction of having to operate over the longest continual and most steeply graded mainline in Australia. During the peak of the steam era an average of 30 trains during any 24 hour period required a pilot engine from the depot. From 1913, Valley Heights became an important railway centre and most of the buildings that exist in the depot date from the opening and early period; the ten stall sector roundhouse, a 60' turntable and new offices and sidings were built in 1913, followed by a Station Master's residence and a night\-officer's house in 1914\. The depot also includes a water tank and archaeological remains of various structures. The depot continued in operation as a steam locomotive depot until February 1957 when electric locomotive running commenced. The change to electric traction (46 class locomotives) was associated with the electrification of the Main Western line to Lithgow which was completed in late 1957\. While the role of the depot in providing pilot engines remained unchanged, the now redundant steam servicing facilities were removed. The pilot engine role of the depot continued into the early 1980s until the placing in service of more powerful electric locomotives (the 85 and 86 classes). Over the intervening years the role of the depot had expanded to include servicing, repair and overhaul of electric locomotives and also goods wagons. In 1989 the depot was closed and was used to store and service track maintenance material until 1993 when the [State Rail Authority](/wiki/State_Rail_Authority "State Rail Authority") (SRA) vacated the site. In 1994, the [Blue Mountains](/wiki/Blue_Mountains_%28New_South_Wales%29 "Blue Mountains (New South Wales)") Division of the New South Wales Rail Transport Museum established the Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum with the aim of preserving the depot to provide historical, educational and recreational facilities and opportunities for the benefit of the Blue Mountains community and visitor to the region. The Valley Heights Steam Tramway was established in 1997 by the Stream Tram and Railway Preservation (Co\-Op) Society Limited.{{cite web \| title\=Valley Heights Steam Tramway \| url\=https://www.valleyheightsrailmuseum.info/about/vh\-steam\-tramway \| accessdate\=2024\-01\-21}} The locomotive depot continues to be owned by the [Transport Asset Holding Entity](/wiki/Transport_Asset_Holding_Entity "Transport Asset Holding Entity") and is occupied by [Transport Heritage NSW](/wiki/Transport_Heritage_NSW "Transport Heritage NSW") doing business as the [Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum](/wiki/Valley_Heights_Locomotive_Depot_Heritage_Museum "Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.valleyheightsrailmuseum.info/about/vh\-loco\-depot\-heritage\-museum \| title\=Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum \| accessdate\=2024\-01\-21}} The location is known as the [Valley Heights Rail Museum](/wiki/Valley_Heights_Rail_Museum "Valley Heights Rail Museum").{{cite web \| title\=Valley Heights Rail Museum \| url\=https://www.valleyheightsrailmuseum.info/ \| accessdate\=2024\-01\-21}}
[ "History\n-------", "The Great Western Railway went through Valley Heights in 1867\\. The platform opened in 1875 to service the private residence, The Valley Inn, of the [Colonial Treasurer](/wiki/Treasurer_of_New_South_Wales \"Treasurer of New South Wales\"), the Hon. [Geoffrey Eager](/wiki/Geoffrey_Eager \"Geoffrey Eager\") M.L.A. / M.L.C. The station opened in May 1875 as **Eagers Platform**. Public facilities and a waiting shed were erected in 1877 and the name was changed from Eagers Platform to **The Valley** in 1877; and again to **Valley Heights** on 19 August 1880\\.[Valley Heights Station](http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Valley+Heights) NSWrail.net", "The line was duplicated in 1902, when the present brick platform building opened. Virtually every station between [Emu Plains](/wiki/Emu_Plains%2C_New_South_Wales \"Emu Plains, New South Wales\") and [Lithgow](/wiki/Lithgow%2C_New_South_Wales \"Lithgow, New South Wales\") received the same style of [Federation](/wiki/Federation_architecture \"Federation architecture\") structure when the Western line was duplicated between 1898 and 1912\\.", "Valley Heights formerly had a yard and locomotive servicing facilities. Until January 1989 it provided locomotives to assist trains up the heavily graded section of the line to [Katoomba](/wiki/Katoomba_railway_station \"Katoomba railway station\"). The western line was [electrified](/wiki/Railway_electrification_system \"Railway electrification system\") to Valley Heights on 23 October 1956\\. From 2 February 1957 [steam operations](/wiki/Steam_locomotive \"Steam locomotive\") from Valley Heights were replaced by the [46 class](/wiki/New_South_Wales_46_class_locomotive \"New South Wales 46 class locomotive\") [electric locomotives](/wiki/Electric_locomotive \"Electric locomotive\") which assisted trains from Valley Heights to Katoomba. From that train all steam hauled trains, both freight and passenger were electrically assisted to Katoomba, until complete electrification saw steam removed from the scene. The former depot still exists and is now maintained as the [Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum](/wiki/Valley_Heights_Locomotive_Depot_Heritage_Museum \"Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum\").", "The pedestrian bridge dates from 1901\\. The deck is supported by steel beams but the stringers are supported by a truss. The bridge underwent upgrading work in 1992 with a concrete deck and stairs. The station originally had a gatekeeper's cottage which was demolished after 1902\\.", "The brick and timber signal box was opened in 1913 but badly destroyed by bush fire in 1951\\. The interlocking frame was moved to a lower level and the box continued operating until 1995\\. The signal box has continued to be occupied by a branch of the NSW Rail Transport Museum.", "Valley Heights Locomotive Depot (VHLD) was also completed in 1913, and officially opened on 31 January 1914\\. The establishment of a new locomotive depot allowed for assistant engines to be attached there (instead of [Penrith](/wiki/Penrith%2C_New_South_Wales \"Penrith, New South Wales\")) for the climb to [Katoomba](/wiki/Katoomba%2C_New_South_Wales \"Katoomba, New South Wales\"). The engines at Valley Heights not only piloted over the longest distance in NSW, but also had the distinction of having to operate over the longest continual and most steeply graded mainline in Australia. During the peak of the steam era an average of 30 trains during any 24 hour period required a pilot engine from the depot.", "From 1913, Valley Heights became an important railway centre and most of the buildings that exist in the depot date from the opening and early period; the ten stall sector roundhouse, a 60' turntable and new offices and sidings were built in 1913, followed by a Station Master's residence and a night\\-officer's house in 1914\\. The depot also includes a water tank and archaeological remains of various structures.", "The depot continued in operation as a steam locomotive depot until February 1957 when electric locomotive running commenced. The change to electric traction (46 class locomotives) was associated with the electrification of the Main Western line to Lithgow which was completed in late 1957\\. While the role of the depot in providing pilot engines remained unchanged, the now redundant steam servicing facilities were removed. The pilot engine role of the depot continued into the early 1980s until the placing in service of more powerful electric locomotives (the 85 and 86 classes). Over the intervening years the role of the depot had expanded to include servicing, repair and overhaul of electric locomotives and also goods wagons. In 1989 the depot was closed and was used to store and service track maintenance material until 1993 when the [State Rail Authority](/wiki/State_Rail_Authority \"State Rail Authority\") (SRA) vacated the site.", "In 1994, the [Blue Mountains](/wiki/Blue_Mountains_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"Blue Mountains (New South Wales)\") Division of the New South Wales Rail Transport Museum established the Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum with the aim of preserving the depot to provide historical, educational and recreational facilities and opportunities for the benefit of the Blue Mountains community and visitor to the region. The Valley Heights Steam Tramway was established in 1997 by the Stream Tram and Railway Preservation (Co\\-Op) Society Limited.{{cite web \\| title\\=Valley Heights Steam Tramway \\| url\\=https://www.valleyheightsrailmuseum.info/about/vh\\-steam\\-tramway \\| accessdate\\=2024\\-01\\-21}}", "The locomotive depot continues to be owned by the [Transport Asset Holding Entity](/wiki/Transport_Asset_Holding_Entity \"Transport Asset Holding Entity\") and is occupied by [Transport Heritage NSW](/wiki/Transport_Heritage_NSW \"Transport Heritage NSW\") doing business as the [Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum](/wiki/Valley_Heights_Locomotive_Depot_Heritage_Museum \"Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.valleyheightsrailmuseum.info/about/vh\\-loco\\-depot\\-heritage\\-museum \\| title\\=Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum \\| accessdate\\=2024\\-01\\-21}} The location is known as the [Valley Heights Rail Museum](/wiki/Valley_Heights_Rail_Museum \"Valley Heights Rail Museum\").{{cite web \\| title\\=Valley Heights Rail Museum \\| url\\=https://www.valleyheightsrailmuseum.info/ \\| accessdate\\=2024\\-01\\-21}}", "" ]
Description ----------- The station precinct comprises a type 11, initial island/side platform brick station building, erected in 1902; a brick lamp room/store, erected in 1902; a signal box, erected in 1910\. Other station precinct structures include a concrete over brick face platform, erected in 1902; and a standard steel beam on trestles footbridge, over the main up line track and platform, erected in 1901 and modified in 1992\. The locomotive depot precinct comprises a 10 road roundhouse, erected in 1913 and extended 1973; a machine workshop; a members' room/meal room; a members' locker room/toilet; a passageway; a former chargeman's office/district locomotive engineer's (DLE) office, erected in 1913; a former amenities building, erected in 1930; a toilet block, erected in 1965; an air compressor shed; a red brick fuel store, erected in 1970; and a shed, erected in 2008\. Other locomotive depot structures include a {{convert\|60\|ft\|m\|0\|order\=flip\|adj\=mid\|diameter}} steel turntable, erected in 1914 and modified in 1967; an ash disposal tunnel and pits, erected in 1913; locomotive watering facilities, erected in 1924; trackwork, completed in 1914; trestling foundations, erected in {{circa\|1913}}; and overhead catenary masts, erected in 1957\. ### Station precinct Station building (1902\) External: Constructed of face brick with [corrugated metal](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron "Corrugated galvanised iron") gabled roof extending as an [awning](/wiki/Awning "Awning") in the form of broken back to both platforms, the Valley Heights station building is an early phase type 11 initial island/side platform building in standard Federation free classical style design. It has a 6 [bay](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 "Bay (architecture)") linear arrangement along the platform with tuckpointed [brickwork](/wiki/Brickwork "Brickwork") and engaged [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 "Pier (architecture)") between the bays. Distinctive features are red face brickwork with rendered and moulded two rows of string courses to both rail elevations, timber framed windows and doors with contrasting decorative rendered trims and sills, standard iron [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 "Bracket (architecture)") over decorative [corbels](/wiki/Corbel "Corbel") supporting ample platform [awnings](/wiki/Awnings "Awnings"), fretted timber work to both ends of awnings and [gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable") ends, two tall corbelled [chimneys](/wiki/Chimney "Chimney") one of which with terracotta pots, timber framed double\-hung windows with multi\-paned and coloured upper [sashes](/wiki/Sash_window "Sash window") and toughened glass bottom sashes, and timber door openings with multi\-paned [fanlights](/wiki/Fanlight "Fanlight") with coloured glazing. A face brick privacy wall screens the Men's toilet entry at the eastern end of the building. Two roof vents also exist above the toilet bays. All windows and doors are secured by metal gates and grills. An air\-conditioning unit has been installed on the fanlight of the Station Master's office door. Internal: The station building appears to have maintained most of its original detailing and finishes despite the changes over the time. The original floor layout remains including parcels office and Station Master's office with ticket window looking over the general waiting room, and toilets including an accessible toilet at eastern end. The interiors generally feature custom orb ceilings with [ceiling roses](/wiki/Ceiling_rose "Ceiling rose"), enclosed or adapted fireplaces, moulded [picture rails](/wiki/Picture_rail "Picture rail") and [cornices](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice") to the general waiting room, decorative cast iron wall vents, later floor tiling or carpet finish, and timber bead style moulded cornices. All toilet and light fittings are relatively new. The Platform 1 door of the general waiting room and the ladies toilet door have also been fitted with a solid panel at the back. Lamp room / store (1902\) External: A small square shaped brick [shed](/wiki/Shed "Shed") featuring moulded and rendered string course detailing similar to the main station building. It is located on the west side of the station building towards the end of the platform and is separated visually from the main station building by the [stairs](/wiki/Stairs "Stairs") leading to the footbridge. The shed features a gabled corrugated metal roof with timber bargeboard and narrow [eaves](/wiki/Eaves "Eaves") with exposed [rafters](/wiki/Rafter "Rafter"), contrasting rendered moulded trim above two single doors on east and west side elevations and a band of string course throughout all elevations. There are no other openings on the building and the existing doors have been secured by metal gates. Internal: The former lamp room is currently used as a storage area and features face brick walls with exposed roof [truss](/wiki/Truss "Truss") structure within the corrugated metal roof. The timber boarded door is in the form of a sliding loading door with a fanlight above. Signal box (1910\) The signal box was originally built in 1910, constructed with three storeys, two in brick with the upper level constructed in timber cladding. The building was accessed via an external timber stair, on the western side of the building. It was severely damaged by fire in 1951 and the top floor collapsed. A roof was placed on top of the remaining brickwork and a new frame was placed into service on the ground floor. The first floor level of brickwork was removed in 1987 and steel / urethane sandwich addition was added at the same time for staff amenities. Use of the signal box was discontinued in 1994 and given to the museum. Corrugated metal roofing fabric is relatively new. The signal equipment including CTC panel and 37 lever interlocking frame inside are extant. The building currently presents a single\-storey box with shallow [hipped roof](/wiki/Hipped_roof "Hipped roof"). The face brickwork with engaged piers has been painted over in places and the three arched windows along the railway side are intact, although the panes have been painted over and many are broken. The 1987 steel / urethane sandwich extension addition is extensively damaged by white ants. Platform (1902\) Valley Heights station has an island platform in elliptical curved form, which is wide at the centre and narrow at both ends of the platform. This form is typical of Blue Mountains stations dictated by the topography and the deviation of the railway line. The platform is concrete faced (possible rendered over brick [retaining wall](/wiki/Retaining_wall "Retaining wall")) with concrete projecting edge at the top and asphalt finish to the deck. Modern platform furniture including light fittings, signage, timber bench seating and aluminium palisade fencing at both ends of the platform are other features along the platform. Footbridge (1901, 1992\) Valley Heights Station footbridge is a modified standard steel beam bridge supported on steel trestles extending from the street ramp over the highway and over the Up main tracks with stairs to the island platform between the main station building and the lamp room. The sections beyond the Up main tracks over the highway are a later addition constructed in c.1992 of concrete beam with concrete [columns](/wiki/Column "Column"). With the exception of original steel structure and trussed stair stringers ([balustrade](/wiki/Balustrade "Balustrade")), it appears that all components of the bridge have been replaced during the 1992 upgrading works. ### Locomotive depot Roundhouse (1913, extended 1973\) External: The roundhouse building comprises a 1913 main roundhouse and a {{circa\|1973}} workshop annex. The roundhouse consisted of 10 bays for the stabling and servicing of steam locomotives, which remains intact to date. The design style of the building incorporates a symmetrically shaped, peaked roof profile with a relatively small ventilating ridge or [clerestory](/wiki/Clerestory "Clerestory") gable roof at the centre of the roof peak, approximately 2 feet (600mm) above the main roof. The roundhouse is approximately 65 feet 4 inches in depth (front columns to rear wall). It is constructed with an Oregon timber structural frame with hardwood timber supporting posts (ironbark). The roof is covered by corrugated iron which was originally covered with asbestos tiles or slates, and later with super 6 corrugated fibro. Internal: Flooring is bedded dry pressed common brick, topped in cement slurry, and there is a section of the flooring where the original brickwork is exposed in bay 10 adjacent to the easternmost wall. The brickwork of the pit walling was originally bagged with lime slurry and featured drainage outlets to all pits. Some of the pits have since been infilled in association with the change to electric over steam locomotives. Smoke chutes were provided at the front and rear but the front were removed prior to 1950 leaving only chutes on the southern or western side of the building enabling ventilation as all locomotives were first taken into the shed. Further ventilation is aided by the clerestory roof. The end walls are fully sheeted with corrugated iron, as is the rear wall below the 7 foot level. Above the iron on the rear walls are Oregon timber window frames, in a multi light awning style (hopper) operated on Austral stays. These sashes alternate with multi light fixed sashes. The bulk of the window frames had been removed for repair and reinstatement. Some windows have also been removed at the western portion of the roundhouse, in association with the construction of the lean to additions. Machine workshop (1973\) The workshop is constructed in timber and clad in corrugated iron wall and roof sheeting. Sited to the rear of bay 1 of the Roundhouse as an annex, the rail line and track has been extended into the workshop allowing access to rolling stock for repair. The workshop also features a single storey concrete element at the rear and southern side, currently used as a tool store. This is to become a welding bay. The workshop houses machinery used for the restoration of exhibits, e.g. lathes, drills, gantry crane, mills and grinders etc. Members' room / meal room The members' room is located to the rear of Bay 5\. Like most of the 1960s lean to additions, the room is clad externally in corrugated sheeting and also features timber framed vertically proportioned and double hung hopper windows. Internally the room is clad in hard board sheeting with plasterboard ceiling. Examination of the fabric of the room suggests a further extension to the rear though the dating of this further addition is unknown. The room is used largely as a meeting and meal room for members, with full kitchen facilities installed. Members' locker room / toilet The walls and roofing of the shower and toilet are clad in fibro sheeting, with a timber structure supporting the roof cladding. The walls and roofing of the locker room are clad in hard board sheeting, some of which is hanging down exposing insulation. The area is currently used for storage of ladders and other materials. Passageway The walls and roofing of the corridor are clad in corrugated iron, with timber structure supporting the roof cladding. The area is currently used as a store; however the space was originally constructed as an external access from the rear of the roundhouse on the south side of the site. The timber door is extant however unused. Former charwoman's office / District locomotive engineer's (DLE) office (1913\) External: The former office building has recently been restored and now accommodates the museum displays. It is constructed of an Oregon timber frame, supported by brick piers and with A gable roof clad in corrugated steel sheeting. It is rectangular in shape and features simple bargeboards and timber framed louvered ventilation window to the gable ends. A [skillion](/wiki/Skillion_roof "Skillion roof") roofed corrugated steel [verandah](/wiki/Veranda "Veranda") supported on steel round posts covers the front of the building over a concrete slab. The front elevation is fenestrated by three identical timber doors with fanlight. The windows on the rear elevation are also timber framed with a box frame hardwood sill. Internal: The office maintains its original layout of three rooms that originally were separate but now are connected to each other by door openings. The internal features include tongue and grooved hardwood floor with carpet finish, timber [weatherboard](/wiki/Weatherboard "Weatherboard") wall cladding to full wall height with a splayed and chamfered profile, simple timber [skirting](/wiki/Baseboard "Baseboard") and timber board ceiling linings. Security bars are fixed to the interiors of the windows in order to ensure the safety of the collections. Metal picture rails are fixed to the walls for the exhibition of the picture collections. The light fittings are modern pendant style. Former amenities building ({{circa\|1930}}, extended 1960\) The building is constructed of rusticated weatherboard with a hipped, corrugated steel roof. Originally rectangular, the building now forms a U\-shape with wings and a [courtyard](/wiki/Courtyard "Courtyard"). Double\-hung windows with multi\-pane fenestration are generally vertically proportioned (some in groups) and the frames are timber box frame type with hardwood sills. The main entry is via a projecting skillion roofed partially enclosed [porch](/wiki/Porch "Porch") with original timber framed and glass panelled doors. A brick [chimney](/wiki/Chimney "Chimney") is the only feature of the roofscape. A metal picket fence separates the courtyard from the track, which is used for the visitors' locomotive experience within the yard. Internal: Internally the walls and ceilings are lined with plasterboard panels with Oregon timber [architraves](/wiki/Architraves "Architraves") and skirtings. The floors are concrete with [linoleum](/wiki/Linoleum "Linoleum") and carpet finish. The internal doors are later fabric and are made of lightweight hollow core panels with timber frame. The amenities building consists of five rooms, used in the current facility as a library, museum shop for the sale of books, souvenirs and ephemera, a general storage room, a refreshments room, model railway room and one room is used for local Historical Society displays. The building has been adapted and extended from the former amenities facility which was a much smaller building incorporating a locker room, meal room and office facilities. Toilet block ({{circa\|1965}}, extended 2006\) A rectangular part face brick part timber framed utility building with corrugated steel gabled roof. It comprises male, female and disabled toilets with privacy walls/partitions to the front. Floors are concrete with tile finish and the fittings are generally new. The majority of the partition walls were replaced as part of the 2006 restoration works and the building was repainted. Air compressor shed (2005\-6\) The air compressor shed is located at the top of the bank adjacent to the Main Western Line and overlooking the Roundhouse. The simple building, which features concrete block flooring, steel structural framing and galvanised iron wall and roof cladding, with pitched roof form, is of recent construction. The building features two roller doors to the western elevation, with aluminium louvered ventilation at the eastern elevation. The shed building replaced an earlier termite damaged building of the same purpose on the site. Fuel store (1970\) The building is of 1970s red brick construction, with [flat roof](/wiki/Flat_roof "Flat roof") form, sited to the rear of the open storage yard behind the machine workshop and roundhouse. The building houses dangerous and flammable liquids and accordingly is set well back from the main building zone at the site. Internal access was not available (2009\). Workshop shed (2008\) New large steel framed corrugated steel shed with corrugated steel gabled roof featuring a lantern along the ridgeline for additional ventilation and light. Sections of the roof are of clear corrugated sheeting for improved light. The shed is essentially a large single space in portal style framing with large multi\-paned steel windows on both long side elevations while the narrow elevations featuring roller doors to allow easy entry for the locomotives via two sets of siding. Turntable (1914, 1967\) The 60\-foot turntable enables the locating of locomotives onto the respective roads in the roundhouse or for the turning of the locomotives. The turntable is constructed in steel and features timber sleepers at the perimeter of the turning circle. The element is manually operated and is still in use. It is the third such turntable to be used at the site, having been relocated from Katoomba in the 1960s. Examination of the fabric of the infrastructure suggests some repair to the steel plating of the turntable. The turntable pit originally featured tracks on the northern side of the circle, enabling the locomotive to overshoot the turning circle with no damage to the locomotive. The tracks and associated timbers, however, were removed after the circle was damaged as a result of vandalism. Ash disposal tunnel and pits (1913\) The ash disposal tunnel is a below\-ground\-level structure constructed between the running rails of the access and departure roads with two covered ground\-level pits. The tunnel was constructed to facilitate the removal of ash from the smoke boxes of the steam locomotives. This required the ash to be raked and shovelled out by hand. The ash would then drop into the tunnel, and a narrow gauge line with hand\-operated trolleys was provided in the tunnel for removing the ash as it dropped from the pits. The pits were in use until 1957, when steam operations ceased in the mountains. The tunnel is extant, along with the internal track work for the trolley, and recent landscaping works have uncovered two sets of stone stairs either side of the tunnel entry. The external entry was painted, and it is also likely that the internal brickwork was originally painted or lime\-washed. Locomotive watering facilities (1924\) The complete assemblage of the watering facilities still awaits re\-instatement. The water tank has been relocated from ELCAR Workshops and is a 5,000 gallon example. Of standard local design, the tank is of high technical significance and is representative of the many tanks formally seen at depots around the former NSWGR system. The tank would likely have been constructed by the railways in Newcastle. The water [column](/wiki/Column "Column") is of a standard pattern though of later design and is representative of the post WWII railway. The restoration of the column on its restored piers and adjacent to the 1914 drainage pit is proposed in near future. Trackwork (1914\) The current track diagram is a remnant of the former depot layout from the steam era. They are proposed to be restored by reconnecting the arrival and departure roads to a more closely resemble the trackwork of the steam era. Trestling foundation ({{circa\|1913}}) These are remnant [foundations](/wiki/Foundation_%28engineering%29 "Foundation (engineering)") of the former coaling plant and demonstrate the scale, design and context of the former coaling plant. Overhead catenary masts (1957\) The remnant overhead masts are a type of overhead system used in the form of the 46\-class electric locomotives demonstrating the arrival of modern motive power in the depot. The masts in the yard are of the first generation design; fabricated, riveted, mild steel preserved with a micaceous paint system. Moveable items The following moveable items have been observed at Valley Heights Station: * A safe (ID \#749\) with no brand name dating possibly from the 1960s is located in the booking office. * Two early timber bench style seats in the General Waiting Room. * An early ticket window desk in the ticket office. There are a large number of moveable items that belong to the Valley Heights Museum. A Seth Thomas clock has been observed in the model rail room of the Former Amenities Building. Landscape features Apart from a couple of garden beds with shrubs and small plantings along the north and south ends of the platform there is no landscaping at the station. The existing station landscaping is not considered significant. The locomotive depot site has built up gradually with deposits from the ash spoil dump and the site features large concrete retaining walls reinforced with railway sleepers along the southern portion of the site adjacent to the access road. The site incorporates a number of established mature tree and shrub plantings as well as many new plantings dating to the period of occupation of the current tenants. There are also a high proportion of established trees concentrated on the southern side of the Roundhouse. Plantings include a wide variety of native species, including wattle, eucalypts, angophora floribunda (rough barked apple), grevillea and callistemon (bottlebrush) as well as some and non indigenous species including pine and cedar species. Potential archaeological features There is high archaeological potential within the locomotive depot site due to the existence of remnant sidings, ash tunnels and trestles foundations. ### Condition The station building is generally in good condition with minor repair work requirements for repointing and repainting; the lamp room/store is generally in good condition. Some cracks are evident on the eastern wall at the lock height have been observed – possibly result of incompatible cement mortar repairs. The signal box is in moderate to poor condition; the platform and footbridge are both in good condition. The locomotive depot is generally in good condition. Despite being vacant for a number of years prior to the current tenants, the RTM has subsequently undertaken a systematic program of restoration works over time. The roundhouse has undergone some roof replacement, and replacement of the glass in some of the windows. The Chargeman's Office has recently undergone significant restoration works and is in very good condition. The former amenities building, toilet block, and air compressor shed are all in very good condition. The fuel store is in good condition. The workshop shed is in very good condition. The turntable, ash disposal tunnel and pits, locomotive watering facilities, trackwork, trestling foundations, and overhead catenary masts are all in moderate condition. The station buildings are intact externally with minor changes to the internal finishes. The station has a high degree of integrity. The locomotive depot site maintains a reasonable level of integrity in terms of the composition and layout of its buildings and structures, though some changes have taken place. Roundhouse: Externally, the building retains its typical and original appearance. Even though its original purpose (the servicing of steam locomotives) has been altered to suit newer motive power, with a subsequent change to work methods and equipment, the integrity of the roundhouse has been retained. Internally, the building retains a high degree of integrity due to the retention of original construction features and details. The Chargeman's Office is of moderate integrity; the former amenities building is of high integrity; the toilet block is of moderate integrity; the air compressor shed, fuel store, workshop shed, turntable, and the ash disposal tunnel and pits are all of high integrity; the locomotive watering facilities are of moderate integrity; the trackwork is of moderate integrity; the trestling foundations are of moderate integrity; and the overhead catenary masts are of moderate integrity. ### Modifications and dates * 27 November 1911 – station destroyed by bushfire, * 1912 – repairs to station buildings destroyed by bushfire, * 1914 – new roundhouse and depot brought into use, * 1924 – additional water supplies at depot, * 1925 – improvements to facilities, including ash tunnel for locomotive ash handling, * 1949 – upgrading facilities for crew amenities, * 1957 – electric locomotives take over from steam locomotives as bank engines, * 1960s – improvements to allow for servicing and repairs to electric locomotives, members room/meal room lean to addition to Roundhouse, northern wings added to former amenities building (visitor centre and refreshment rooms) * 1973 – machine workshop annex added * 1987 – the first floor level of brickwork at signal box was removed in 1987 and a steel / urethane sandwich extension added, * 1988 – reduced use of bank engines as larger electric locomotives are used on main line work, * 1992 – footbridge, upgrading work, concrete deck and stairs, * 1993 – depot closed. * 1990s – extensive repairs to roundhouse * 2007\-2008 – new work shed constructed near ash disposal tunnel, former amenities building (refreshment room and visitor centre) repaired and refurbished, ongoing work in roundhouse, chargeman's office (museum) repaired and refurbished, ash disposal tunnel cleaned and restored, amenities (toilets) repaired and refurbished * 2009 – Original water column is in the process of being reinstated * N.d – Station building, some internal alterations, brick screen to lavatories at southeast end. Barge boards replaced.
[ "Description\n-----------", "The station precinct comprises a type 11, initial island/side platform brick station building, erected in 1902; a brick lamp room/store, erected in 1902; a signal box, erected in 1910\\. Other station precinct structures include a concrete over brick face platform, erected in 1902; and a standard steel beam on trestles footbridge, over the main up line track and platform, erected in 1901 and modified in 1992\\.", "The locomotive depot precinct comprises a 10 road roundhouse, erected in 1913 and extended 1973; a machine workshop; a members' room/meal room; a members' locker room/toilet; a passageway; a former chargeman's office/district locomotive engineer's (DLE) office, erected in 1913; a former amenities building, erected in 1930; a toilet block, erected in 1965; an air compressor shed; a red brick fuel store, erected in 1970; and a shed, erected in 2008\\. Other locomotive depot structures include a {{convert\\|60\\|ft\\|m\\|0\\|order\\=flip\\|adj\\=mid\\|diameter}} steel turntable, erected in 1914 and modified in 1967; an ash disposal tunnel and pits, erected in 1913; locomotive watering facilities, erected in 1924; trackwork, completed in 1914; trestling foundations, erected in {{circa\\|1913}}; and overhead catenary masts, erected in 1957\\.", "### Station precinct", "Station building (1902\\)\nExternal: Constructed of face brick with [corrugated metal](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron \"Corrugated galvanised iron\") gabled roof extending as an [awning](/wiki/Awning \"Awning\") in the form of broken back to both platforms, the Valley Heights station building is an early phase type 11 initial island/side platform building in standard Federation free classical style design. It has a 6 [bay](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 \"Bay (architecture)\") linear arrangement along the platform with tuckpointed [brickwork](/wiki/Brickwork \"Brickwork\") and engaged [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 \"Pier (architecture)\") between the bays. Distinctive features are red face brickwork with rendered and moulded two rows of string courses to both rail elevations, timber framed windows and doors with contrasting decorative rendered trims and sills, standard iron [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 \"Bracket (architecture)\") over decorative [corbels](/wiki/Corbel \"Corbel\") supporting ample platform [awnings](/wiki/Awnings \"Awnings\"), fretted timber work to both ends of awnings and [gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") ends, two tall corbelled [chimneys](/wiki/Chimney \"Chimney\") one of which with terracotta pots, timber framed double\\-hung windows with multi\\-paned and coloured upper [sashes](/wiki/Sash_window \"Sash window\") and toughened glass bottom sashes, and timber door openings with multi\\-paned [fanlights](/wiki/Fanlight \"Fanlight\") with coloured glazing. A face brick privacy wall screens the Men's toilet entry at the eastern end of the building. Two roof vents also exist above the toilet bays. All windows and doors are secured by metal gates and grills. An air\\-conditioning unit has been installed on the fanlight of the Station Master's office door.\nInternal: The station building appears to have maintained most of its original detailing and finishes despite the changes over the time. The original floor layout remains including parcels office and Station Master's office with ticket window looking over the general waiting room, and toilets including an accessible toilet at eastern end. The interiors generally feature custom orb ceilings with [ceiling roses](/wiki/Ceiling_rose \"Ceiling rose\"), enclosed or adapted fireplaces, moulded [picture rails](/wiki/Picture_rail \"Picture rail\") and [cornices](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\") to the general waiting room, decorative cast iron wall vents, later floor tiling or carpet finish, and timber bead style moulded cornices. All toilet and light fittings are relatively new. The Platform 1 door of the general waiting room and the ladies toilet door have also been fitted with a solid panel at the back.", "Lamp room / store (1902\\)\nExternal: A small square shaped brick [shed](/wiki/Shed \"Shed\") featuring moulded and rendered string course detailing similar to the main station building. It is located on the west side of the station building towards the end of the platform and is separated visually from the main station building by the [stairs](/wiki/Stairs \"Stairs\") leading to the footbridge. The shed features a gabled corrugated metal roof with timber bargeboard and narrow [eaves](/wiki/Eaves \"Eaves\") with exposed [rafters](/wiki/Rafter \"Rafter\"), contrasting rendered moulded trim above two single doors on east and west side elevations and a band of string course throughout all elevations. There are no other openings on the building and the existing doors have been secured by metal gates.\nInternal: The former lamp room is currently used as a storage area and features face brick walls with exposed roof [truss](/wiki/Truss \"Truss\") structure within the corrugated metal roof. The timber boarded door is in the form of a sliding loading door with a fanlight above.", "Signal box (1910\\)\nThe signal box was originally built in 1910, constructed with three storeys, two in brick with the upper level constructed in timber cladding. The building was accessed via an external timber stair, on the western side of the building. It was severely damaged by fire in 1951 and the top floor collapsed. A roof was placed on top of the remaining brickwork and a new frame was placed into service on the ground floor.\nThe first floor level of brickwork was removed in 1987 and steel / urethane sandwich addition was added at the same time for staff amenities. Use of the signal box was discontinued in 1994 and given to the museum. Corrugated metal roofing fabric is relatively new. The signal equipment including CTC panel and 37 lever interlocking frame inside are extant.", "The building currently presents a single\\-storey box with shallow [hipped roof](/wiki/Hipped_roof \"Hipped roof\"). The face brickwork with engaged piers has been painted over in places and the three arched windows along the railway side are intact, although the panes have been painted over and many are broken. The 1987 steel / urethane sandwich extension addition is extensively damaged by white ants.", "Platform (1902\\)\nValley Heights station has an island platform in elliptical curved form, which is wide at the centre and narrow at both ends of the platform. This form is typical of Blue Mountains stations dictated by the topography and the deviation of the railway line. The platform is concrete faced (possible rendered over brick [retaining wall](/wiki/Retaining_wall \"Retaining wall\")) with concrete projecting edge at the top and asphalt finish to the deck. Modern platform furniture including light fittings, signage, timber bench seating and aluminium palisade fencing at both ends of the platform are other features along the platform.\nFootbridge (1901, 1992\\)\nValley Heights Station footbridge is a modified standard steel beam bridge supported on steel trestles extending from the street ramp over the highway and over the Up main tracks with stairs to the island platform between the main station building and the lamp room. The sections beyond the Up main tracks over the highway are a later addition constructed in c.1992 of concrete beam with concrete [columns](/wiki/Column \"Column\"). With the exception of original steel structure and trussed stair stringers ([balustrade](/wiki/Balustrade \"Balustrade\")), it appears that all components of the bridge have been replaced during the 1992 upgrading works.\n### Locomotive depot", "Roundhouse (1913, extended 1973\\)\nExternal: The roundhouse building comprises a 1913 main roundhouse and a {{circa\\|1973}} workshop annex. The roundhouse consisted of 10 bays for the stabling and servicing of steam locomotives, which remains intact to date. The design style of the building incorporates a symmetrically shaped, peaked roof profile with a relatively small ventilating ridge or [clerestory](/wiki/Clerestory \"Clerestory\") gable roof at the centre of the roof peak, approximately 2 feet (600mm) above the main roof. The roundhouse is approximately 65 feet 4 inches in depth (front columns to rear wall). It is constructed with an Oregon timber structural frame with hardwood timber supporting posts (ironbark). The roof is covered by corrugated iron which was originally covered with asbestos tiles or slates, and later with super 6 corrugated fibro.\nInternal: Flooring is bedded dry pressed common brick, topped in cement slurry, and there is a section of the flooring where the original brickwork is exposed in bay 10 adjacent to the easternmost wall. The brickwork of the pit walling was originally bagged with lime slurry and featured drainage outlets to all pits. Some of the pits have since been infilled in association with the change to electric over steam locomotives. Smoke chutes were provided at the front and rear but the front were removed prior to 1950 leaving only chutes on the southern or western side of the building enabling ventilation as all locomotives were first taken into the shed. Further ventilation is aided by the clerestory roof.\nThe end walls are fully sheeted with corrugated iron, as is the rear wall below the 7 foot level. Above the iron on the rear walls are Oregon timber window frames, in a multi light awning style (hopper) operated on Austral stays. These sashes alternate with multi light fixed sashes. The bulk of the window frames had been removed for repair and reinstatement. Some windows have also been removed at the western portion of the roundhouse, in association with the construction of the lean to additions.", "Machine workshop (1973\\)\nThe workshop is constructed in timber and clad in corrugated iron wall and roof sheeting. Sited to the rear of bay 1 of the Roundhouse as an annex, the rail line and track has been extended into the workshop allowing access to rolling stock for repair. The workshop also features a single storey concrete element at the rear and southern side, currently used as a tool store. This is to become a welding bay. The workshop houses machinery used for the restoration of exhibits, e.g. lathes, drills, gantry crane, mills and grinders etc.\nMembers' room / meal room\nThe members' room is located to the rear of Bay 5\\. Like most of the 1960s lean to additions, the room is clad externally in corrugated sheeting and also features timber framed vertically proportioned and double hung hopper windows. Internally the room is clad in hard board sheeting with plasterboard ceiling. Examination of the fabric of the room suggests a further extension to the rear though the dating of this further addition is unknown. The room is used largely as a meeting and meal room for members, with full kitchen facilities installed.\nMembers' locker room / toilet\nThe walls and roofing of the shower and toilet are clad in fibro sheeting, with a timber structure supporting the roof cladding. The walls and roofing of the locker room are clad in hard board sheeting, some of which is hanging down exposing insulation. The area is currently used for storage of ladders and other materials.\nPassageway\nThe walls and roofing of the corridor are clad in corrugated iron, with timber structure supporting the roof cladding. The area is currently used as a store; however the space was originally constructed as an external access from the rear of the roundhouse on the south side of the site. The timber door is extant however unused.\nFormer charwoman's office / District locomotive engineer's (DLE) office (1913\\)\nExternal: The former office building has recently been restored and now accommodates the museum displays. It is constructed of an Oregon timber frame, supported by brick piers and with A gable roof clad in corrugated steel sheeting. It is rectangular in shape and features simple bargeboards and timber framed louvered ventilation window to the gable ends. A [skillion](/wiki/Skillion_roof \"Skillion roof\") roofed corrugated steel [verandah](/wiki/Veranda \"Veranda\") supported on steel round posts covers the front of the building over a concrete slab. The front elevation is fenestrated by three identical timber doors with fanlight. The windows on the rear elevation are also timber framed with a box frame hardwood sill.\nInternal: The office maintains its original layout of three rooms that originally were separate but now are connected to each other by door openings. The internal features include tongue and grooved hardwood floor with carpet finish, timber [weatherboard](/wiki/Weatherboard \"Weatherboard\") wall cladding to full wall height with a splayed and chamfered profile, simple timber [skirting](/wiki/Baseboard \"Baseboard\") and timber board ceiling linings. Security bars are fixed to the interiors of the windows in order to ensure the safety of the collections. Metal picture rails are fixed to the walls for the exhibition of the picture collections. The light fittings are modern pendant style.", "Former amenities building ({{circa\\|1930}}, extended 1960\\)\nThe building is constructed of rusticated weatherboard with a hipped, corrugated steel roof. Originally rectangular, the building now forms a U\\-shape with wings and a [courtyard](/wiki/Courtyard \"Courtyard\"). Double\\-hung windows with multi\\-pane fenestration are generally vertically proportioned (some in groups) and the frames are timber box frame type with hardwood sills. The main entry is via a projecting skillion roofed partially enclosed [porch](/wiki/Porch \"Porch\") with original timber framed and glass panelled doors. A brick [chimney](/wiki/Chimney \"Chimney\") is the only feature of the roofscape. A metal picket fence separates the courtyard from the track, which is used for the visitors' locomotive experience within the yard.\nInternal: Internally the walls and ceilings are lined with plasterboard panels with Oregon timber [architraves](/wiki/Architraves \"Architraves\") and skirtings. The floors are concrete with [linoleum](/wiki/Linoleum \"Linoleum\") and carpet finish. The internal doors are later fabric and are made of lightweight hollow core panels with timber frame. The amenities building consists of five rooms, used in the current facility as a library, museum shop for the sale of books, souvenirs and ephemera, a general storage room, a refreshments room, model railway room and one room is used for local Historical Society displays. The building has been adapted and extended from the former amenities facility which was a much smaller building incorporating a locker room, meal room and office facilities.", "Toilet block ({{circa\\|1965}}, extended 2006\\)\nA rectangular part face brick part timber framed utility building with corrugated steel gabled roof. It comprises male, female and disabled toilets with privacy walls/partitions to the front. Floors are concrete with tile finish and the fittings are generally new. The majority of the partition walls were replaced as part of the 2006 restoration works and the building was repainted.\nAir compressor shed (2005\\-6\\)\nThe air compressor shed is located at the top of the bank adjacent to the Main Western Line and overlooking the Roundhouse. The simple building, which features concrete block flooring, steel structural framing and galvanised iron wall and roof cladding, with pitched roof form, is of recent construction. The building features two roller doors to the western elevation, with aluminium louvered ventilation at the eastern elevation. The shed building replaced an earlier termite damaged building of the same purpose on the site.\nFuel store (1970\\)\nThe building is of 1970s red brick construction, with [flat roof](/wiki/Flat_roof \"Flat roof\") form, sited to the rear of the open storage yard behind the machine workshop and roundhouse. The building houses dangerous and flammable liquids and accordingly is set well back from the main building zone at the site. Internal access was not available (2009\\).\nWorkshop shed (2008\\)\nNew large steel framed corrugated steel shed with corrugated steel gabled roof featuring a lantern along the ridgeline for additional ventilation and light. Sections of the roof are of clear corrugated sheeting for improved light. The shed is essentially a large single space in portal style framing with large multi\\-paned steel windows on both long side elevations while the narrow elevations featuring roller doors to allow easy entry for the locomotives via two sets of siding.\nTurntable (1914, 1967\\)\nThe 60\\-foot turntable enables the locating of locomotives onto the respective roads in the roundhouse or for the turning of the locomotives. The turntable is constructed in steel and features timber sleepers at the perimeter of the turning circle. The element is manually operated and is still in use. It is the third such turntable to be used at the site, having been relocated from Katoomba in the 1960s.\nExamination of the fabric of the infrastructure suggests some repair to the steel plating of the turntable. The turntable pit originally featured tracks on the northern side of the circle, enabling the locomotive to overshoot the turning circle with no damage to the locomotive. The tracks and associated timbers, however, were removed after the circle was damaged as a result of vandalism.", "Ash disposal tunnel and pits (1913\\)\nThe ash disposal tunnel is a below\\-ground\\-level structure constructed between the running rails of the access and departure roads with two covered ground\\-level pits. The tunnel was constructed to facilitate the removal of ash from the smoke boxes of the steam locomotives. This required the ash to be raked and shovelled out by hand. The ash would then drop into the tunnel, and a narrow gauge line with hand\\-operated trolleys was provided in the tunnel for removing the ash as it dropped from the pits. The pits were in use until 1957, when steam operations ceased in the mountains. The tunnel is extant, along with the internal track work for the trolley, and recent landscaping works have uncovered two sets of stone stairs either side of the tunnel entry. The external entry was painted, and it is also likely that the internal brickwork was originally painted or lime\\-washed.\nLocomotive watering facilities (1924\\)\nThe complete assemblage of the watering facilities still awaits re\\-instatement. The water tank has been relocated from ELCAR Workshops and is a 5,000 gallon example. Of standard local design, the tank is of high technical significance and is representative of the many tanks formally seen at depots around the former NSWGR system. The tank would likely have been constructed by the railways in Newcastle. The water [column](/wiki/Column \"Column\") is of a standard pattern though of later design and is representative of the post WWII railway. The restoration of the column on its restored piers and adjacent to the 1914 drainage pit is proposed in near future.\nTrackwork (1914\\)\nThe current track diagram is a remnant of the former depot layout from the steam era. They are proposed to be restored by reconnecting the arrival and departure roads to a more closely resemble the trackwork of the steam era.\nTrestling foundation ({{circa\\|1913}})\nThese are remnant [foundations](/wiki/Foundation_%28engineering%29 \"Foundation (engineering)\") of the former coaling plant and demonstrate the scale, design and context of the former coaling plant.\nOverhead catenary masts (1957\\)\nThe remnant overhead masts are a type of overhead system used in the form of the 46\\-class electric locomotives demonstrating the arrival of modern motive power in the depot. The masts in the yard are of the first generation design; fabricated, riveted, mild steel preserved with a micaceous paint system.\nMoveable items\nThe following moveable items have been observed at Valley Heights Station:\n* A safe (ID \\#749\\) with no brand name dating possibly from the 1960s is located in the booking office.\n* Two early timber bench style seats in the General Waiting Room.\n* An early ticket window desk in the ticket office.\nThere are a large number of moveable items that belong to the Valley Heights Museum. A Seth Thomas clock has been observed in the model rail room of the Former Amenities Building.", "Landscape features\nApart from a couple of garden beds with shrubs and small plantings along the north and south ends of the platform there is no landscaping at the station. The existing station landscaping is not considered significant.\nThe locomotive depot site has built up gradually with deposits from the ash spoil dump and the site features large concrete retaining walls reinforced with railway sleepers along the southern portion of the site adjacent to the access road. The site incorporates a number of established mature tree and shrub plantings as well as many new plantings dating to the period of occupation of the current tenants. There are also a high proportion of established trees concentrated on the southern side of the Roundhouse. Plantings include a wide variety of native species, including wattle, eucalypts, angophora floribunda (rough barked apple), grevillea and callistemon (bottlebrush) as well as some and non indigenous species including pine and cedar species.", "Potential archaeological features\nThere is high archaeological potential within the locomotive depot site due to the existence of remnant sidings, ash tunnels and trestles foundations.\n### Condition", "The station building is generally in good condition with minor repair work requirements for repointing and repainting; the lamp room/store is generally in good condition. Some cracks are evident on the eastern wall at the lock height have been observed – possibly result of incompatible cement mortar repairs. The signal box is in moderate to poor condition; the platform and footbridge are both in good condition. The locomotive depot is generally in good condition. Despite being vacant for a number of years prior to the current tenants, the RTM has subsequently undertaken a systematic program of restoration works over time. The roundhouse has undergone some roof replacement, and replacement of the glass in some of the windows.", "The Chargeman's Office has recently undergone significant restoration works and is in very good condition. The former amenities building, toilet block, and air compressor shed are all in very good condition. The fuel store is in good condition. The workshop shed is in very good condition. The turntable, ash disposal tunnel and pits, locomotive watering facilities, trackwork, trestling foundations, and overhead catenary masts are all in moderate condition.", "The station buildings are intact externally with minor changes to the internal finishes. The station has a high degree of integrity.", "The locomotive depot site maintains a reasonable level of integrity in terms of the composition and layout of its buildings and structures, though some changes have taken place.", "Roundhouse: Externally, the building retains its typical and original appearance. Even though its original purpose (the servicing of steam locomotives) has been altered to suit newer motive power, with a subsequent change to work methods and equipment, the integrity of the roundhouse has been retained. Internally, the building retains a high degree of integrity due to the retention of original construction features and details. The Chargeman's Office is of moderate integrity; the former amenities building is of high integrity; the toilet block is of moderate integrity; the air compressor shed, fuel store, workshop shed, turntable, and the ash disposal tunnel and pits are all of high integrity; the locomotive watering facilities are of moderate integrity; the trackwork is of moderate integrity; the trestling foundations are of moderate integrity; and the overhead catenary masts are of moderate integrity.", "### Modifications and dates", "* 27 November 1911 – station destroyed by bushfire,\n* 1912 – repairs to station buildings destroyed by bushfire,\n* 1914 – new roundhouse and depot brought into use,\n* 1924 – additional water supplies at depot,\n* 1925 – improvements to facilities, including ash tunnel for locomotive ash handling,\n* 1949 – upgrading facilities for crew amenities,\n* 1957 – electric locomotives take over from steam locomotives as bank engines,\n* 1960s – improvements to allow for servicing and repairs to electric locomotives, members room/meal room lean to addition to Roundhouse, northern wings added to former amenities building (visitor centre and refreshment rooms)\n* 1973 – machine workshop annex added\n* 1987 – the first floor level of brickwork at signal box was removed in 1987 and a steel / urethane sandwich extension added,\n* 1988 – reduced use of bank engines as larger electric locomotives are used on main line work,\n* 1992 – footbridge, upgrading work, concrete deck and stairs,\n* 1993 – depot closed.\n* 1990s – extensive repairs to roundhouse\n* 2007\\-2008 – new work shed constructed near ash disposal tunnel, former amenities building (refreshment room and visitor centre) repaired and refurbished, ongoing work in roundhouse, chargeman's office (museum) repaired and refurbished, ash disposal tunnel cleaned and restored, amenities (toilets) repaired and refurbished\n* 2009 – Original water column is in the process of being reinstated\n* N.d – Station building, some internal alterations, brick screen to lavatories at southeast end. Barge boards replaced." ]
### Station precinct Station building (1902\) External: Constructed of face brick with [corrugated metal](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron "Corrugated galvanised iron") gabled roof extending as an [awning](/wiki/Awning "Awning") in the form of broken back to both platforms, the Valley Heights station building is an early phase type 11 initial island/side platform building in standard Federation free classical style design. It has a 6 [bay](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 "Bay (architecture)") linear arrangement along the platform with tuckpointed [brickwork](/wiki/Brickwork "Brickwork") and engaged [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 "Pier (architecture)") between the bays. Distinctive features are red face brickwork with rendered and moulded two rows of string courses to both rail elevations, timber framed windows and doors with contrasting decorative rendered trims and sills, standard iron [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 "Bracket (architecture)") over decorative [corbels](/wiki/Corbel "Corbel") supporting ample platform [awnings](/wiki/Awnings "Awnings"), fretted timber work to both ends of awnings and [gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable") ends, two tall corbelled [chimneys](/wiki/Chimney "Chimney") one of which with terracotta pots, timber framed double\-hung windows with multi\-paned and coloured upper [sashes](/wiki/Sash_window "Sash window") and toughened glass bottom sashes, and timber door openings with multi\-paned [fanlights](/wiki/Fanlight "Fanlight") with coloured glazing. A face brick privacy wall screens the Men's toilet entry at the eastern end of the building. Two roof vents also exist above the toilet bays. All windows and doors are secured by metal gates and grills. An air\-conditioning unit has been installed on the fanlight of the Station Master's office door. Internal: The station building appears to have maintained most of its original detailing and finishes despite the changes over the time. The original floor layout remains including parcels office and Station Master's office with ticket window looking over the general waiting room, and toilets including an accessible toilet at eastern end. The interiors generally feature custom orb ceilings with [ceiling roses](/wiki/Ceiling_rose "Ceiling rose"), enclosed or adapted fireplaces, moulded [picture rails](/wiki/Picture_rail "Picture rail") and [cornices](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice") to the general waiting room, decorative cast iron wall vents, later floor tiling or carpet finish, and timber bead style moulded cornices. All toilet and light fittings are relatively new. The Platform 1 door of the general waiting room and the ladies toilet door have also been fitted with a solid panel at the back. Lamp room / store (1902\) External: A small square shaped brick [shed](/wiki/Shed "Shed") featuring moulded and rendered string course detailing similar to the main station building. It is located on the west side of the station building towards the end of the platform and is separated visually from the main station building by the [stairs](/wiki/Stairs "Stairs") leading to the footbridge. The shed features a gabled corrugated metal roof with timber bargeboard and narrow [eaves](/wiki/Eaves "Eaves") with exposed [rafters](/wiki/Rafter "Rafter"), contrasting rendered moulded trim above two single doors on east and west side elevations and a band of string course throughout all elevations. There are no other openings on the building and the existing doors have been secured by metal gates. Internal: The former lamp room is currently used as a storage area and features face brick walls with exposed roof [truss](/wiki/Truss "Truss") structure within the corrugated metal roof. The timber boarded door is in the form of a sliding loading door with a fanlight above. Signal box (1910\) The signal box was originally built in 1910, constructed with three storeys, two in brick with the upper level constructed in timber cladding. The building was accessed via an external timber stair, on the western side of the building. It was severely damaged by fire in 1951 and the top floor collapsed. A roof was placed on top of the remaining brickwork and a new frame was placed into service on the ground floor. The first floor level of brickwork was removed in 1987 and steel / urethane sandwich addition was added at the same time for staff amenities. Use of the signal box was discontinued in 1994 and given to the museum. Corrugated metal roofing fabric is relatively new. The signal equipment including CTC panel and 37 lever interlocking frame inside are extant. The building currently presents a single\-storey box with shallow [hipped roof](/wiki/Hipped_roof "Hipped roof"). The face brickwork with engaged piers has been painted over in places and the three arched windows along the railway side are intact, although the panes have been painted over and many are broken. The 1987 steel / urethane sandwich extension addition is extensively damaged by white ants. Platform (1902\) Valley Heights station has an island platform in elliptical curved form, which is wide at the centre and narrow at both ends of the platform. This form is typical of Blue Mountains stations dictated by the topography and the deviation of the railway line. The platform is concrete faced (possible rendered over brick [retaining wall](/wiki/Retaining_wall "Retaining wall")) with concrete projecting edge at the top and asphalt finish to the deck. Modern platform furniture including light fittings, signage, timber bench seating and aluminium palisade fencing at both ends of the platform are other features along the platform. Footbridge (1901, 1992\) Valley Heights Station footbridge is a modified standard steel beam bridge supported on steel trestles extending from the street ramp over the highway and over the Up main tracks with stairs to the island platform between the main station building and the lamp room. The sections beyond the Up main tracks over the highway are a later addition constructed in c.1992 of concrete beam with concrete [columns](/wiki/Column "Column"). With the exception of original steel structure and trussed stair stringers ([balustrade](/wiki/Balustrade "Balustrade")), it appears that all components of the bridge have been replaced during the 1992 upgrading works.
[ "### Station precinct", "Station building (1902\\)\nExternal: Constructed of face brick with [corrugated metal](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron \"Corrugated galvanised iron\") gabled roof extending as an [awning](/wiki/Awning \"Awning\") in the form of broken back to both platforms, the Valley Heights station building is an early phase type 11 initial island/side platform building in standard Federation free classical style design. It has a 6 [bay](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 \"Bay (architecture)\") linear arrangement along the platform with tuckpointed [brickwork](/wiki/Brickwork \"Brickwork\") and engaged [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 \"Pier (architecture)\") between the bays. Distinctive features are red face brickwork with rendered and moulded two rows of string courses to both rail elevations, timber framed windows and doors with contrasting decorative rendered trims and sills, standard iron [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 \"Bracket (architecture)\") over decorative [corbels](/wiki/Corbel \"Corbel\") supporting ample platform [awnings](/wiki/Awnings \"Awnings\"), fretted timber work to both ends of awnings and [gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") ends, two tall corbelled [chimneys](/wiki/Chimney \"Chimney\") one of which with terracotta pots, timber framed double\\-hung windows with multi\\-paned and coloured upper [sashes](/wiki/Sash_window \"Sash window\") and toughened glass bottom sashes, and timber door openings with multi\\-paned [fanlights](/wiki/Fanlight \"Fanlight\") with coloured glazing. A face brick privacy wall screens the Men's toilet entry at the eastern end of the building. Two roof vents also exist above the toilet bays. All windows and doors are secured by metal gates and grills. An air\\-conditioning unit has been installed on the fanlight of the Station Master's office door.\nInternal: The station building appears to have maintained most of its original detailing and finishes despite the changes over the time. The original floor layout remains including parcels office and Station Master's office with ticket window looking over the general waiting room, and toilets including an accessible toilet at eastern end. The interiors generally feature custom orb ceilings with [ceiling roses](/wiki/Ceiling_rose \"Ceiling rose\"), enclosed or adapted fireplaces, moulded [picture rails](/wiki/Picture_rail \"Picture rail\") and [cornices](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\") to the general waiting room, decorative cast iron wall vents, later floor tiling or carpet finish, and timber bead style moulded cornices. All toilet and light fittings are relatively new. The Platform 1 door of the general waiting room and the ladies toilet door have also been fitted with a solid panel at the back.", "Lamp room / store (1902\\)\nExternal: A small square shaped brick [shed](/wiki/Shed \"Shed\") featuring moulded and rendered string course detailing similar to the main station building. It is located on the west side of the station building towards the end of the platform and is separated visually from the main station building by the [stairs](/wiki/Stairs \"Stairs\") leading to the footbridge. The shed features a gabled corrugated metal roof with timber bargeboard and narrow [eaves](/wiki/Eaves \"Eaves\") with exposed [rafters](/wiki/Rafter \"Rafter\"), contrasting rendered moulded trim above two single doors on east and west side elevations and a band of string course throughout all elevations. There are no other openings on the building and the existing doors have been secured by metal gates.\nInternal: The former lamp room is currently used as a storage area and features face brick walls with exposed roof [truss](/wiki/Truss \"Truss\") structure within the corrugated metal roof. The timber boarded door is in the form of a sliding loading door with a fanlight above.", "Signal box (1910\\)\nThe signal box was originally built in 1910, constructed with three storeys, two in brick with the upper level constructed in timber cladding. The building was accessed via an external timber stair, on the western side of the building. It was severely damaged by fire in 1951 and the top floor collapsed. A roof was placed on top of the remaining brickwork and a new frame was placed into service on the ground floor.\nThe first floor level of brickwork was removed in 1987 and steel / urethane sandwich addition was added at the same time for staff amenities. Use of the signal box was discontinued in 1994 and given to the museum. Corrugated metal roofing fabric is relatively new. The signal equipment including CTC panel and 37 lever interlocking frame inside are extant.", "The building currently presents a single\\-storey box with shallow [hipped roof](/wiki/Hipped_roof \"Hipped roof\"). The face brickwork with engaged piers has been painted over in places and the three arched windows along the railway side are intact, although the panes have been painted over and many are broken. The 1987 steel / urethane sandwich extension addition is extensively damaged by white ants.", "Platform (1902\\)\nValley Heights station has an island platform in elliptical curved form, which is wide at the centre and narrow at both ends of the platform. This form is typical of Blue Mountains stations dictated by the topography and the deviation of the railway line. The platform is concrete faced (possible rendered over brick [retaining wall](/wiki/Retaining_wall \"Retaining wall\")) with concrete projecting edge at the top and asphalt finish to the deck. Modern platform furniture including light fittings, signage, timber bench seating and aluminium palisade fencing at both ends of the platform are other features along the platform.\nFootbridge (1901, 1992\\)\nValley Heights Station footbridge is a modified standard steel beam bridge supported on steel trestles extending from the street ramp over the highway and over the Up main tracks with stairs to the island platform between the main station building and the lamp room. The sections beyond the Up main tracks over the highway are a later addition constructed in c.1992 of concrete beam with concrete [columns](/wiki/Column \"Column\"). With the exception of original steel structure and trussed stair stringers ([balustrade](/wiki/Balustrade \"Balustrade\")), it appears that all components of the bridge have been replaced during the 1992 upgrading works." ]
### Locomotive depot Roundhouse (1913, extended 1973\) External: The roundhouse building comprises a 1913 main roundhouse and a {{circa\|1973}} workshop annex. The roundhouse consisted of 10 bays for the stabling and servicing of steam locomotives, which remains intact to date. The design style of the building incorporates a symmetrically shaped, peaked roof profile with a relatively small ventilating ridge or [clerestory](/wiki/Clerestory "Clerestory") gable roof at the centre of the roof peak, approximately 2 feet (600mm) above the main roof. The roundhouse is approximately 65 feet 4 inches in depth (front columns to rear wall). It is constructed with an Oregon timber structural frame with hardwood timber supporting posts (ironbark). The roof is covered by corrugated iron which was originally covered with asbestos tiles or slates, and later with super 6 corrugated fibro. Internal: Flooring is bedded dry pressed common brick, topped in cement slurry, and there is a section of the flooring where the original brickwork is exposed in bay 10 adjacent to the easternmost wall. The brickwork of the pit walling was originally bagged with lime slurry and featured drainage outlets to all pits. Some of the pits have since been infilled in association with the change to electric over steam locomotives. Smoke chutes were provided at the front and rear but the front were removed prior to 1950 leaving only chutes on the southern or western side of the building enabling ventilation as all locomotives were first taken into the shed. Further ventilation is aided by the clerestory roof. The end walls are fully sheeted with corrugated iron, as is the rear wall below the 7 foot level. Above the iron on the rear walls are Oregon timber window frames, in a multi light awning style (hopper) operated on Austral stays. These sashes alternate with multi light fixed sashes. The bulk of the window frames had been removed for repair and reinstatement. Some windows have also been removed at the western portion of the roundhouse, in association with the construction of the lean to additions. Machine workshop (1973\) The workshop is constructed in timber and clad in corrugated iron wall and roof sheeting. Sited to the rear of bay 1 of the Roundhouse as an annex, the rail line and track has been extended into the workshop allowing access to rolling stock for repair. The workshop also features a single storey concrete element at the rear and southern side, currently used as a tool store. This is to become a welding bay. The workshop houses machinery used for the restoration of exhibits, e.g. lathes, drills, gantry crane, mills and grinders etc. Members' room / meal room The members' room is located to the rear of Bay 5\. Like most of the 1960s lean to additions, the room is clad externally in corrugated sheeting and also features timber framed vertically proportioned and double hung hopper windows. Internally the room is clad in hard board sheeting with plasterboard ceiling. Examination of the fabric of the room suggests a further extension to the rear though the dating of this further addition is unknown. The room is used largely as a meeting and meal room for members, with full kitchen facilities installed. Members' locker room / toilet The walls and roofing of the shower and toilet are clad in fibro sheeting, with a timber structure supporting the roof cladding. The walls and roofing of the locker room are clad in hard board sheeting, some of which is hanging down exposing insulation. The area is currently used for storage of ladders and other materials. Passageway The walls and roofing of the corridor are clad in corrugated iron, with timber structure supporting the roof cladding. The area is currently used as a store; however the space was originally constructed as an external access from the rear of the roundhouse on the south side of the site. The timber door is extant however unused. Former charwoman's office / District locomotive engineer's (DLE) office (1913\) External: The former office building has recently been restored and now accommodates the museum displays. It is constructed of an Oregon timber frame, supported by brick piers and with A gable roof clad in corrugated steel sheeting. It is rectangular in shape and features simple bargeboards and timber framed louvered ventilation window to the gable ends. A [skillion](/wiki/Skillion_roof "Skillion roof") roofed corrugated steel [verandah](/wiki/Veranda "Veranda") supported on steel round posts covers the front of the building over a concrete slab. The front elevation is fenestrated by three identical timber doors with fanlight. The windows on the rear elevation are also timber framed with a box frame hardwood sill. Internal: The office maintains its original layout of three rooms that originally were separate but now are connected to each other by door openings. The internal features include tongue and grooved hardwood floor with carpet finish, timber [weatherboard](/wiki/Weatherboard "Weatherboard") wall cladding to full wall height with a splayed and chamfered profile, simple timber [skirting](/wiki/Baseboard "Baseboard") and timber board ceiling linings. Security bars are fixed to the interiors of the windows in order to ensure the safety of the collections. Metal picture rails are fixed to the walls for the exhibition of the picture collections. The light fittings are modern pendant style. Former amenities building ({{circa\|1930}}, extended 1960\) The building is constructed of rusticated weatherboard with a hipped, corrugated steel roof. Originally rectangular, the building now forms a U\-shape with wings and a [courtyard](/wiki/Courtyard "Courtyard"). Double\-hung windows with multi\-pane fenestration are generally vertically proportioned (some in groups) and the frames are timber box frame type with hardwood sills. The main entry is via a projecting skillion roofed partially enclosed [porch](/wiki/Porch "Porch") with original timber framed and glass panelled doors. A brick [chimney](/wiki/Chimney "Chimney") is the only feature of the roofscape. A metal picket fence separates the courtyard from the track, which is used for the visitors' locomotive experience within the yard. Internal: Internally the walls and ceilings are lined with plasterboard panels with Oregon timber [architraves](/wiki/Architraves "Architraves") and skirtings. The floors are concrete with [linoleum](/wiki/Linoleum "Linoleum") and carpet finish. The internal doors are later fabric and are made of lightweight hollow core panels with timber frame. The amenities building consists of five rooms, used in the current facility as a library, museum shop for the sale of books, souvenirs and ephemera, a general storage room, a refreshments room, model railway room and one room is used for local Historical Society displays. The building has been adapted and extended from the former amenities facility which was a much smaller building incorporating a locker room, meal room and office facilities. Toilet block ({{circa\|1965}}, extended 2006\) A rectangular part face brick part timber framed utility building with corrugated steel gabled roof. It comprises male, female and disabled toilets with privacy walls/partitions to the front. Floors are concrete with tile finish and the fittings are generally new. The majority of the partition walls were replaced as part of the 2006 restoration works and the building was repainted. Air compressor shed (2005\-6\) The air compressor shed is located at the top of the bank adjacent to the Main Western Line and overlooking the Roundhouse. The simple building, which features concrete block flooring, steel structural framing and galvanised iron wall and roof cladding, with pitched roof form, is of recent construction. The building features two roller doors to the western elevation, with aluminium louvered ventilation at the eastern elevation. The shed building replaced an earlier termite damaged building of the same purpose on the site. Fuel store (1970\) The building is of 1970s red brick construction, with [flat roof](/wiki/Flat_roof "Flat roof") form, sited to the rear of the open storage yard behind the machine workshop and roundhouse. The building houses dangerous and flammable liquids and accordingly is set well back from the main building zone at the site. Internal access was not available (2009\). Workshop shed (2008\) New large steel framed corrugated steel shed with corrugated steel gabled roof featuring a lantern along the ridgeline for additional ventilation and light. Sections of the roof are of clear corrugated sheeting for improved light. The shed is essentially a large single space in portal style framing with large multi\-paned steel windows on both long side elevations while the narrow elevations featuring roller doors to allow easy entry for the locomotives via two sets of siding. Turntable (1914, 1967\) The 60\-foot turntable enables the locating of locomotives onto the respective roads in the roundhouse or for the turning of the locomotives. The turntable is constructed in steel and features timber sleepers at the perimeter of the turning circle. The element is manually operated and is still in use. It is the third such turntable to be used at the site, having been relocated from Katoomba in the 1960s. Examination of the fabric of the infrastructure suggests some repair to the steel plating of the turntable. The turntable pit originally featured tracks on the northern side of the circle, enabling the locomotive to overshoot the turning circle with no damage to the locomotive. The tracks and associated timbers, however, were removed after the circle was damaged as a result of vandalism. Ash disposal tunnel and pits (1913\) The ash disposal tunnel is a below\-ground\-level structure constructed between the running rails of the access and departure roads with two covered ground\-level pits. The tunnel was constructed to facilitate the removal of ash from the smoke boxes of the steam locomotives. This required the ash to be raked and shovelled out by hand. The ash would then drop into the tunnel, and a narrow gauge line with hand\-operated trolleys was provided in the tunnel for removing the ash as it dropped from the pits. The pits were in use until 1957, when steam operations ceased in the mountains. The tunnel is extant, along with the internal track work for the trolley, and recent landscaping works have uncovered two sets of stone stairs either side of the tunnel entry. The external entry was painted, and it is also likely that the internal brickwork was originally painted or lime\-washed. Locomotive watering facilities (1924\) The complete assemblage of the watering facilities still awaits re\-instatement. The water tank has been relocated from ELCAR Workshops and is a 5,000 gallon example. Of standard local design, the tank is of high technical significance and is representative of the many tanks formally seen at depots around the former NSWGR system. The tank would likely have been constructed by the railways in Newcastle. The water [column](/wiki/Column "Column") is of a standard pattern though of later design and is representative of the post WWII railway. The restoration of the column on its restored piers and adjacent to the 1914 drainage pit is proposed in near future. Trackwork (1914\) The current track diagram is a remnant of the former depot layout from the steam era. They are proposed to be restored by reconnecting the arrival and departure roads to a more closely resemble the trackwork of the steam era. Trestling foundation ({{circa\|1913}}) These are remnant [foundations](/wiki/Foundation_%28engineering%29 "Foundation (engineering)") of the former coaling plant and demonstrate the scale, design and context of the former coaling plant. Overhead catenary masts (1957\) The remnant overhead masts are a type of overhead system used in the form of the 46\-class electric locomotives demonstrating the arrival of modern motive power in the depot. The masts in the yard are of the first generation design; fabricated, riveted, mild steel preserved with a micaceous paint system. Moveable items The following moveable items have been observed at Valley Heights Station: * A safe (ID \#749\) with no brand name dating possibly from the 1960s is located in the booking office. * Two early timber bench style seats in the General Waiting Room. * An early ticket window desk in the ticket office. There are a large number of moveable items that belong to the Valley Heights Museum. A Seth Thomas clock has been observed in the model rail room of the Former Amenities Building. Landscape features Apart from a couple of garden beds with shrubs and small plantings along the north and south ends of the platform there is no landscaping at the station. The existing station landscaping is not considered significant. The locomotive depot site has built up gradually with deposits from the ash spoil dump and the site features large concrete retaining walls reinforced with railway sleepers along the southern portion of the site adjacent to the access road. The site incorporates a number of established mature tree and shrub plantings as well as many new plantings dating to the period of occupation of the current tenants. There are also a high proportion of established trees concentrated on the southern side of the Roundhouse. Plantings include a wide variety of native species, including wattle, eucalypts, angophora floribunda (rough barked apple), grevillea and callistemon (bottlebrush) as well as some and non indigenous species including pine and cedar species. Potential archaeological features There is high archaeological potential within the locomotive depot site due to the existence of remnant sidings, ash tunnels and trestles foundations.
[ "### Locomotive depot", "Roundhouse (1913, extended 1973\\)\nExternal: The roundhouse building comprises a 1913 main roundhouse and a {{circa\\|1973}} workshop annex. The roundhouse consisted of 10 bays for the stabling and servicing of steam locomotives, which remains intact to date. The design style of the building incorporates a symmetrically shaped, peaked roof profile with a relatively small ventilating ridge or [clerestory](/wiki/Clerestory \"Clerestory\") gable roof at the centre of the roof peak, approximately 2 feet (600mm) above the main roof. The roundhouse is approximately 65 feet 4 inches in depth (front columns to rear wall). It is constructed with an Oregon timber structural frame with hardwood timber supporting posts (ironbark). The roof is covered by corrugated iron which was originally covered with asbestos tiles or slates, and later with super 6 corrugated fibro.\nInternal: Flooring is bedded dry pressed common brick, topped in cement slurry, and there is a section of the flooring where the original brickwork is exposed in bay 10 adjacent to the easternmost wall. The brickwork of the pit walling was originally bagged with lime slurry and featured drainage outlets to all pits. Some of the pits have since been infilled in association with the change to electric over steam locomotives. Smoke chutes were provided at the front and rear but the front were removed prior to 1950 leaving only chutes on the southern or western side of the building enabling ventilation as all locomotives were first taken into the shed. Further ventilation is aided by the clerestory roof.\nThe end walls are fully sheeted with corrugated iron, as is the rear wall below the 7 foot level. Above the iron on the rear walls are Oregon timber window frames, in a multi light awning style (hopper) operated on Austral stays. These sashes alternate with multi light fixed sashes. The bulk of the window frames had been removed for repair and reinstatement. Some windows have also been removed at the western portion of the roundhouse, in association with the construction of the lean to additions.", "Machine workshop (1973\\)\nThe workshop is constructed in timber and clad in corrugated iron wall and roof sheeting. Sited to the rear of bay 1 of the Roundhouse as an annex, the rail line and track has been extended into the workshop allowing access to rolling stock for repair. The workshop also features a single storey concrete element at the rear and southern side, currently used as a tool store. This is to become a welding bay. The workshop houses machinery used for the restoration of exhibits, e.g. lathes, drills, gantry crane, mills and grinders etc.\nMembers' room / meal room\nThe members' room is located to the rear of Bay 5\\. Like most of the 1960s lean to additions, the room is clad externally in corrugated sheeting and also features timber framed vertically proportioned and double hung hopper windows. Internally the room is clad in hard board sheeting with plasterboard ceiling. Examination of the fabric of the room suggests a further extension to the rear though the dating of this further addition is unknown. The room is used largely as a meeting and meal room for members, with full kitchen facilities installed.\nMembers' locker room / toilet\nThe walls and roofing of the shower and toilet are clad in fibro sheeting, with a timber structure supporting the roof cladding. The walls and roofing of the locker room are clad in hard board sheeting, some of which is hanging down exposing insulation. The area is currently used for storage of ladders and other materials.\nPassageway\nThe walls and roofing of the corridor are clad in corrugated iron, with timber structure supporting the roof cladding. The area is currently used as a store; however the space was originally constructed as an external access from the rear of the roundhouse on the south side of the site. The timber door is extant however unused.\nFormer charwoman's office / District locomotive engineer's (DLE) office (1913\\)\nExternal: The former office building has recently been restored and now accommodates the museum displays. It is constructed of an Oregon timber frame, supported by brick piers and with A gable roof clad in corrugated steel sheeting. It is rectangular in shape and features simple bargeboards and timber framed louvered ventilation window to the gable ends. A [skillion](/wiki/Skillion_roof \"Skillion roof\") roofed corrugated steel [verandah](/wiki/Veranda \"Veranda\") supported on steel round posts covers the front of the building over a concrete slab. The front elevation is fenestrated by three identical timber doors with fanlight. The windows on the rear elevation are also timber framed with a box frame hardwood sill.\nInternal: The office maintains its original layout of three rooms that originally were separate but now are connected to each other by door openings. The internal features include tongue and grooved hardwood floor with carpet finish, timber [weatherboard](/wiki/Weatherboard \"Weatherboard\") wall cladding to full wall height with a splayed and chamfered profile, simple timber [skirting](/wiki/Baseboard \"Baseboard\") and timber board ceiling linings. Security bars are fixed to the interiors of the windows in order to ensure the safety of the collections. Metal picture rails are fixed to the walls for the exhibition of the picture collections. The light fittings are modern pendant style.", "Former amenities building ({{circa\\|1930}}, extended 1960\\)\nThe building is constructed of rusticated weatherboard with a hipped, corrugated steel roof. Originally rectangular, the building now forms a U\\-shape with wings and a [courtyard](/wiki/Courtyard \"Courtyard\"). Double\\-hung windows with multi\\-pane fenestration are generally vertically proportioned (some in groups) and the frames are timber box frame type with hardwood sills. The main entry is via a projecting skillion roofed partially enclosed [porch](/wiki/Porch \"Porch\") with original timber framed and glass panelled doors. A brick [chimney](/wiki/Chimney \"Chimney\") is the only feature of the roofscape. A metal picket fence separates the courtyard from the track, which is used for the visitors' locomotive experience within the yard.\nInternal: Internally the walls and ceilings are lined with plasterboard panels with Oregon timber [architraves](/wiki/Architraves \"Architraves\") and skirtings. The floors are concrete with [linoleum](/wiki/Linoleum \"Linoleum\") and carpet finish. The internal doors are later fabric and are made of lightweight hollow core panels with timber frame. The amenities building consists of five rooms, used in the current facility as a library, museum shop for the sale of books, souvenirs and ephemera, a general storage room, a refreshments room, model railway room and one room is used for local Historical Society displays. The building has been adapted and extended from the former amenities facility which was a much smaller building incorporating a locker room, meal room and office facilities.", "Toilet block ({{circa\\|1965}}, extended 2006\\)\nA rectangular part face brick part timber framed utility building with corrugated steel gabled roof. It comprises male, female and disabled toilets with privacy walls/partitions to the front. Floors are concrete with tile finish and the fittings are generally new. The majority of the partition walls were replaced as part of the 2006 restoration works and the building was repainted.\nAir compressor shed (2005\\-6\\)\nThe air compressor shed is located at the top of the bank adjacent to the Main Western Line and overlooking the Roundhouse. The simple building, which features concrete block flooring, steel structural framing and galvanised iron wall and roof cladding, with pitched roof form, is of recent construction. The building features two roller doors to the western elevation, with aluminium louvered ventilation at the eastern elevation. The shed building replaced an earlier termite damaged building of the same purpose on the site.\nFuel store (1970\\)\nThe building is of 1970s red brick construction, with [flat roof](/wiki/Flat_roof \"Flat roof\") form, sited to the rear of the open storage yard behind the machine workshop and roundhouse. The building houses dangerous and flammable liquids and accordingly is set well back from the main building zone at the site. Internal access was not available (2009\\).\nWorkshop shed (2008\\)\nNew large steel framed corrugated steel shed with corrugated steel gabled roof featuring a lantern along the ridgeline for additional ventilation and light. Sections of the roof are of clear corrugated sheeting for improved light. The shed is essentially a large single space in portal style framing with large multi\\-paned steel windows on both long side elevations while the narrow elevations featuring roller doors to allow easy entry for the locomotives via two sets of siding.\nTurntable (1914, 1967\\)\nThe 60\\-foot turntable enables the locating of locomotives onto the respective roads in the roundhouse or for the turning of the locomotives. The turntable is constructed in steel and features timber sleepers at the perimeter of the turning circle. The element is manually operated and is still in use. It is the third such turntable to be used at the site, having been relocated from Katoomba in the 1960s.\nExamination of the fabric of the infrastructure suggests some repair to the steel plating of the turntable. The turntable pit originally featured tracks on the northern side of the circle, enabling the locomotive to overshoot the turning circle with no damage to the locomotive. The tracks and associated timbers, however, were removed after the circle was damaged as a result of vandalism.", "Ash disposal tunnel and pits (1913\\)\nThe ash disposal tunnel is a below\\-ground\\-level structure constructed between the running rails of the access and departure roads with two covered ground\\-level pits. The tunnel was constructed to facilitate the removal of ash from the smoke boxes of the steam locomotives. This required the ash to be raked and shovelled out by hand. The ash would then drop into the tunnel, and a narrow gauge line with hand\\-operated trolleys was provided in the tunnel for removing the ash as it dropped from the pits. The pits were in use until 1957, when steam operations ceased in the mountains. The tunnel is extant, along with the internal track work for the trolley, and recent landscaping works have uncovered two sets of stone stairs either side of the tunnel entry. The external entry was painted, and it is also likely that the internal brickwork was originally painted or lime\\-washed.\nLocomotive watering facilities (1924\\)\nThe complete assemblage of the watering facilities still awaits re\\-instatement. The water tank has been relocated from ELCAR Workshops and is a 5,000 gallon example. Of standard local design, the tank is of high technical significance and is representative of the many tanks formally seen at depots around the former NSWGR system. The tank would likely have been constructed by the railways in Newcastle. The water [column](/wiki/Column \"Column\") is of a standard pattern though of later design and is representative of the post WWII railway. The restoration of the column on its restored piers and adjacent to the 1914 drainage pit is proposed in near future.\nTrackwork (1914\\)\nThe current track diagram is a remnant of the former depot layout from the steam era. They are proposed to be restored by reconnecting the arrival and departure roads to a more closely resemble the trackwork of the steam era.\nTrestling foundation ({{circa\\|1913}})\nThese are remnant [foundations](/wiki/Foundation_%28engineering%29 \"Foundation (engineering)\") of the former coaling plant and demonstrate the scale, design and context of the former coaling plant.\nOverhead catenary masts (1957\\)\nThe remnant overhead masts are a type of overhead system used in the form of the 46\\-class electric locomotives demonstrating the arrival of modern motive power in the depot. The masts in the yard are of the first generation design; fabricated, riveted, mild steel preserved with a micaceous paint system.\nMoveable items\nThe following moveable items have been observed at Valley Heights Station:\n* A safe (ID \\#749\\) with no brand name dating possibly from the 1960s is located in the booking office.\n* Two early timber bench style seats in the General Waiting Room.\n* An early ticket window desk in the ticket office.\nThere are a large number of moveable items that belong to the Valley Heights Museum. A Seth Thomas clock has been observed in the model rail room of the Former Amenities Building.", "Landscape features\nApart from a couple of garden beds with shrubs and small plantings along the north and south ends of the platform there is no landscaping at the station. The existing station landscaping is not considered significant.\nThe locomotive depot site has built up gradually with deposits from the ash spoil dump and the site features large concrete retaining walls reinforced with railway sleepers along the southern portion of the site adjacent to the access road. The site incorporates a number of established mature tree and shrub plantings as well as many new plantings dating to the period of occupation of the current tenants. There are also a high proportion of established trees concentrated on the southern side of the Roundhouse. Plantings include a wide variety of native species, including wattle, eucalypts, angophora floribunda (rough barked apple), grevillea and callistemon (bottlebrush) as well as some and non indigenous species including pine and cedar species.", "Potential archaeological features\nThere is high archaeological potential within the locomotive depot site due to the existence of remnant sidings, ash tunnels and trestles foundations." ]
### Condition The station building is generally in good condition with minor repair work requirements for repointing and repainting; the lamp room/store is generally in good condition. Some cracks are evident on the eastern wall at the lock height have been observed – possibly result of incompatible cement mortar repairs. The signal box is in moderate to poor condition; the platform and footbridge are both in good condition. The locomotive depot is generally in good condition. Despite being vacant for a number of years prior to the current tenants, the RTM has subsequently undertaken a systematic program of restoration works over time. The roundhouse has undergone some roof replacement, and replacement of the glass in some of the windows. The Chargeman's Office has recently undergone significant restoration works and is in very good condition. The former amenities building, toilet block, and air compressor shed are all in very good condition. The fuel store is in good condition. The workshop shed is in very good condition. The turntable, ash disposal tunnel and pits, locomotive watering facilities, trackwork, trestling foundations, and overhead catenary masts are all in moderate condition. The station buildings are intact externally with minor changes to the internal finishes. The station has a high degree of integrity. The locomotive depot site maintains a reasonable level of integrity in terms of the composition and layout of its buildings and structures, though some changes have taken place. Roundhouse: Externally, the building retains its typical and original appearance. Even though its original purpose (the servicing of steam locomotives) has been altered to suit newer motive power, with a subsequent change to work methods and equipment, the integrity of the roundhouse has been retained. Internally, the building retains a high degree of integrity due to the retention of original construction features and details. The Chargeman's Office is of moderate integrity; the former amenities building is of high integrity; the toilet block is of moderate integrity; the air compressor shed, fuel store, workshop shed, turntable, and the ash disposal tunnel and pits are all of high integrity; the locomotive watering facilities are of moderate integrity; the trackwork is of moderate integrity; the trestling foundations are of moderate integrity; and the overhead catenary masts are of moderate integrity.
[ "### Condition", "The station building is generally in good condition with minor repair work requirements for repointing and repainting; the lamp room/store is generally in good condition. Some cracks are evident on the eastern wall at the lock height have been observed – possibly result of incompatible cement mortar repairs. The signal box is in moderate to poor condition; the platform and footbridge are both in good condition. The locomotive depot is generally in good condition. Despite being vacant for a number of years prior to the current tenants, the RTM has subsequently undertaken a systematic program of restoration works over time. The roundhouse has undergone some roof replacement, and replacement of the glass in some of the windows.", "The Chargeman's Office has recently undergone significant restoration works and is in very good condition. The former amenities building, toilet block, and air compressor shed are all in very good condition. The fuel store is in good condition. The workshop shed is in very good condition. The turntable, ash disposal tunnel and pits, locomotive watering facilities, trackwork, trestling foundations, and overhead catenary masts are all in moderate condition.", "The station buildings are intact externally with minor changes to the internal finishes. The station has a high degree of integrity.", "The locomotive depot site maintains a reasonable level of integrity in terms of the composition and layout of its buildings and structures, though some changes have taken place.", "Roundhouse: Externally, the building retains its typical and original appearance. Even though its original purpose (the servicing of steam locomotives) has been altered to suit newer motive power, with a subsequent change to work methods and equipment, the integrity of the roundhouse has been retained. Internally, the building retains a high degree of integrity due to the retention of original construction features and details. The Chargeman's Office is of moderate integrity; the former amenities building is of high integrity; the toilet block is of moderate integrity; the air compressor shed, fuel store, workshop shed, turntable, and the ash disposal tunnel and pits are all of high integrity; the locomotive watering facilities are of moderate integrity; the trackwork is of moderate integrity; the trestling foundations are of moderate integrity; and the overhead catenary masts are of moderate integrity.", "" ]
Heritage listing ---------------- As of 18 November 2010, Valley Heights railway station is of state significance as part of the early construction phase of railway line duplication and deviation between [Glenbrook](/wiki/Glenbrook%2C_New_South_Wales "Glenbrook, New South Wales") and [Springwood](/wiki/Springwood%2C_New_South_Wales "Springwood, New South Wales") demonstrating the technological and engineering achievements in railway construction at the beginning of the 1900s. The station has strong associations with the adjacent Locomotive Depot and is also evidence of development in Valley Heights maintaining its landmark quality within the non\-urban townscape. The station building together with the matching lamp room is a good example of a standard island platform building and demonstrates typical architectural elements of the Federation free classical style station buildings that were built across the Blue Mountains with the duplication of the railway line in 1902\. The Valley Heights Locomotive Depot is of state significance as an important locomotive depot, and the principal service and maintenance facility for bank engines working over the Main Western line between [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") and Lithgow for almost 80 years. The collection of buildings and structures including the roundhouse, former chargeman's office, amenities building, turntable, ash disposal tunnel and pits, locomotive watering facilities, trackwork, trestling foundations and overhead catenary masts provide insight into the workings of an important transport and freight hub at the height of its operation. The place also has a strong industrial aesthetic quality and is of technical and research significance providing valuable information about the age of steam. The roundhouse building is rare in NSW, being the third roundhouse constructed by the [NSW Government Railways](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Railways "New South Wales Government Railways"), and now the oldest of only seven other remaining roundhouses in the state. This style of building is unique to the railways and there are some building elements of the roundhouse that are unique, principally the roof form, which was not used at any of the other roundhouse sites. The site has a high level of social significance given its contribution to the development of the town historically, and more importantly, as demonstrated by the strong and continued community interest and involvement with the site. The depot is affiliated with three community and volunteer groups, indicating a strong sense of community involvement and ownership of the site. Valley Heights railway station was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register "New South Wales State Heritage Register") on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. **The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.** The Depot was the first modern depot in NSW. It is the only complete depot built at one time in NSW. The Depot is the only depot built on a curve and in such a restricted area. It was the first depot to have an elevated coal stage on the Western line in NSW. The Depot was the only Depot to utilise parachute style water tanks for watering locomotives on the Western line. The ash disposal method utilised was the most modern in use at the time of being built and is unique to Valley Heights.The NSW Rail Transport Museum, 2000 **The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.** The Valley Heights railway station is aesthetically significant as a good example of the Federation free classical style as used for public and institutional buildings. The station includes both the main building and the lamp building which have been built in matching style and details. Valley Heights Locomotive Depot is aesthetically significant because of the original fabric and intact architectural features of the 1914 built roundhouse. This style of building is unique to railway buildings and there are some building elements of the site and roundhouse that are unique even to the Valley Heights site, principally the roof form, which was not used at any of the other roundhouse sites. The building also has an aesthetic quality characteristic of roundhouse sites and strongly reflects the industrial character of the site and the occupation by the Railways. The associated buildings and structures including former Chargeman's office, former amenities building, turntable, trackwork, overhead catenary masts, and trestling foundations contribute to the overall aesthetic quality and setting of the depot. The landscaping enhances the setting with its highly established leafy surroundings. **The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.** Valley Heights Locomotive Depot has social significance because when the site was vacated by the NSW government, there was significant community interest in retention and conservation of the site as a museum and restorative facility. The site is now tenanted by the Blue Mountains Division of [Transport Heritage NSW](/wiki/Transport_Heritage_NSW "Transport Heritage NSW") (formerly known as the Rail Transport Museum) and is staffed entirely by volunteers, indicating a strong local community attachment and interest. **The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.** The locomotive site is of technical and research significance because the roundhouse and its equipment are the remnants of a past era, located in an area of the state where railways played so much a part in development and essential transport of goods and passengers. As one of the very few surviving railway roundhouses, the complex gives valuable information about the age of steam. The depot at Valley Heights provides an insight into the workings of an important transport and freight hub at the height of its operation. The signal box is also of research significance due to its ability in providing evidence of its associated signalling equipment and very limited ability on the construction techniques and architectural character of an originally three\-storey brick signal box via its remnant ground floor structure. **The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.** This item is assessed as historically rare. This item is assessed as scientifically rare. This item is assessed as arch. rare. This item is assessed as socially rare. **The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.** Valley Heights Station Group is a representative example of an island platform with footbridge created in response to the duplication of the line in 1902 incorporating a good example of a group of Federation free classical style standard station buildings. This type of island platform station building with lamp room were commonly used later during 1910s and 1920s. The footbridge, although refurbished, is representative of steel footbridges with trussed stair stringers that survive today. The signal box is no longer representative of its type as its original form has been lost. Valley Heights Locomotive Depot is a representative example of such a facility reflecting typical composition of a locomotive depot and principal characteristics of associated buildings, including form, construction methods, materials and operating components. The site reflects a typical locomotive depot layout and composition, and while the site has been compromised to some extent through the removal of certain elements and the addition of new facilities, it is still possible to ascertain the original workings of the depot. Valley Heights roundhouse represents a class of industrial building which has almost disappeared from the state. The associated buildings and structures including former Chargeman's office, former amenities building, turntable, trackwork, overhead catenary masts, trestling foundations are all individually representative of their type.
[ "Heritage listing\n----------------", "As of 18 November 2010, Valley Heights railway station is of state significance as part of the early construction phase of railway line duplication and deviation between [Glenbrook](/wiki/Glenbrook%2C_New_South_Wales \"Glenbrook, New South Wales\") and [Springwood](/wiki/Springwood%2C_New_South_Wales \"Springwood, New South Wales\") demonstrating the technological and engineering achievements in railway construction at the beginning of the 1900s. The station has strong associations with the adjacent Locomotive Depot and is also evidence of development in Valley Heights maintaining its landmark quality within the non\\-urban townscape. The station building together with the matching lamp room is a good example of a standard island platform building and demonstrates typical architectural elements of the Federation free classical style station buildings that were built across the Blue Mountains with the duplication of the railway line in 1902\\.", "The Valley Heights Locomotive Depot is of state significance as an important locomotive depot, and the principal service and maintenance facility for bank engines working over the Main Western line between [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") and Lithgow for almost 80 years. The collection of buildings and structures including the roundhouse, former chargeman's office, amenities building, turntable, ash disposal tunnel and pits, locomotive watering facilities, trackwork, trestling foundations and overhead catenary masts provide insight into the workings of an important transport and freight hub at the height of its operation. The place also has a strong industrial aesthetic quality and is of technical and research significance providing valuable information about the age of steam.", "The roundhouse building is rare in NSW, being the third roundhouse constructed by the [NSW Government Railways](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Railways \"New South Wales Government Railways\"), and now the oldest of only seven other remaining roundhouses in the state. This style of building is unique to the railways and there are some building elements of the roundhouse that are unique, principally the roof form, which was not used at any of the other roundhouse sites.", "The site has a high level of social significance given its contribution to the development of the town historically, and more importantly, as demonstrated by the strong and continued community interest and involvement with the site. The depot is affiliated with three community and volunteer groups, indicating a strong sense of community involvement and ownership of the site.", "Valley Heights railway station was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register \"New South Wales State Heritage Register\") on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.", "**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**", "The Depot was the first modern depot in NSW. It is the only complete depot built at one time in NSW. The Depot is the only depot built on a curve and in such a restricted area. It was the first depot to have an elevated coal stage on the Western line in NSW. The Depot was the only Depot to utilise parachute style water tanks for watering locomotives on the Western line. The ash disposal method utilised was the most modern in use at the time of being built and is unique to Valley Heights.The NSW Rail Transport Museum, 2000", "**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**", "The Valley Heights railway station is aesthetically significant as a good example of the Federation free classical style as used for public and institutional buildings. The station includes both the main building and the lamp building which have been built in matching style and details.", "Valley Heights Locomotive Depot is aesthetically significant because of the original fabric and intact architectural features of the 1914 built roundhouse. This style of building is unique to railway buildings and there are some building elements of the site and roundhouse that are unique even to the Valley Heights site, principally the roof form, which was not used at any of the other roundhouse sites. The building also has an aesthetic quality characteristic of roundhouse sites and strongly reflects the industrial character of the site and the occupation by the Railways. The associated buildings and structures including former Chargeman's office, former amenities building, turntable, trackwork, overhead catenary masts, and trestling foundations contribute to the overall aesthetic quality and setting of the depot. The landscaping enhances the setting with its highly established leafy surroundings.", "**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**", "Valley Heights Locomotive Depot has social significance because when the site was vacated by the NSW government, there was significant community interest in retention and conservation of the site as a museum and restorative facility. The site is now tenanted by the Blue Mountains Division of [Transport Heritage NSW](/wiki/Transport_Heritage_NSW \"Transport Heritage NSW\") (formerly known as the Rail Transport Museum) and is staffed entirely by volunteers, indicating a strong local community attachment and interest.", "**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**", "The locomotive site is of technical and research significance because the roundhouse and its equipment are the remnants of a past era, located in an area of the state where railways played so much a part in development and essential transport of goods and passengers. As one of the very few surviving railway roundhouses, the complex gives valuable information about the age of steam. The depot at Valley Heights provides an insight into the workings of an important transport and freight hub at the height of its operation.", "The signal box is also of research significance due to its ability in providing evidence of its associated signalling equipment and very limited ability on the construction techniques and architectural character of an originally three\\-storey brick signal box via its remnant ground floor structure.", "**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**", "This item is assessed as historically rare. This item is assessed as scientifically rare. This item is assessed as arch. rare. This item is assessed as socially rare.", "**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**", "Valley Heights Station Group is a representative example of an island platform with footbridge created in response to the duplication of the line in 1902 incorporating a good example of a group of Federation free classical style standard station buildings. This type of island platform station building with lamp room were commonly used later during 1910s and 1920s. The footbridge, although refurbished, is representative of steel footbridges with trussed stair stringers that survive today. The signal box is no longer representative of its type as its original form has been lost.", "Valley Heights Locomotive Depot is a representative example of such a facility reflecting typical composition of a locomotive depot and principal characteristics of associated buildings, including form, construction methods, materials and operating components. The site reflects a typical locomotive depot layout and composition, and while the site has been compromised to some extent through the removal of certain elements and the addition of new facilities, it is still possible to ascertain the original workings of the depot. Valley Heights roundhouse represents a class of industrial building which has almost disappeared from the state. The associated buildings and structures including former Chargeman's office, former amenities building, turntable, trackwork, overhead catenary masts, trestling foundations are all individually representative of their type.", "" ]
Career ------ {{quote box\|quoted\=1\|quote\=I am interested in those places where popular culture and \[\[avant\-garde]] culture intersect. As a critic, I want to achieve a new understanding of culture in both its aesthetic and political aspects; as a journalist, I want to suggest whatever I figure out to an audience in an entertaining and provocative way.\|source\=—Christgau (1977\){{cite book\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/contemporaryauth65\-68fran/page/118 118]\|editor1\-last\=Locher\|editor1\-first\=Frances C.\|editor2\-last\=Evory\|editor2\-first\=Ann\|year\=1977\|title\=Contemporary Authors\|isbn\=081030029X\|publisher\=Gale\|url\=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryauth65\-68fran/page/118}}\|width\=25em\|align\=right\|style\=padding:8px;}} Christgau wrote short stories, before giving up fiction in 1964 to become a [sportswriter](/wiki/Sportswriter "Sportswriter") and later, a police reporter for the *[Newark Star\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Star-Ledger "The Star-Ledger")*.Christgau, Robert (2004\), "A Counter in Search of a Culture". *Any Old Way You Choose It*, Cooper Square Press, p.4\. He became a [freelance writer](/wiki/Freelance_writer "Freelance writer") after a story he wrote about the death of a woman in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") was published by *[New York](/wiki/New_York_%28magazine%29 "New York (magazine)")* magazine.{{Cite web\|last\=Christgau\|first\=Robert\|date\=July 8, 2008\|title\=Game Changer\|url\=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/najp/080711a\-game.php\|access\-date\=January 29, 2022\|website\=NAJP}} He was among the first dedicated rock critics.{{cite book\|last\=Gendron\|first\=Bernard\|title\=Between Montmartre and the Mudd Club: Popular Music and the Avant\-Garde\|year\=2002\|publisher\=University of Chicago Press\|location\=Chicago, IL\|isbn\=978\-0\-226\-28737\-9\|page\=193}} He was asked to take over the dormant music column at *[Esquire](/wiki/Esquire_%28magazine%29 "Esquire (magazine)")*, which he began writing in June 1967\.{{sfn\|Gendron\|2002\|p\=193}} He also contributed to *[Cheetah](/wiki/Cheetah_%28magazine%29 "Cheetah (magazine)")* magazine at the time. He then became a leading voice in the formation of a musical–political aesthetic combining [New Left](/wiki/New_Left "New Left") politics and the [counterculture](/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s "Counterculture of the 1960s").{{cite book\|last\=Wiener\|first\=Jon\|author\-link\=Jon Wiener\|title\=Come Together: John Lennon in His Time\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Dj5uY\-yAy4QC\&q\=Cheetah\|year\=1991\|location\=Urbana, IL\|publisher\=University of Illinois Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-252\-06131\-8\|page\=38}} After *Esquire* discontinued the column, Christgau moved to *[The Village Voice](/wiki/The_Village_Voice "The Village Voice")* in 1969, and he also worked as a college professor. From early on in his emergence as a critic, Christgau was conscious of his lack of formal knowledge of music. In a 1968 piece he commented: > I don't know anything about music, which ought to be a damaging admission but isn't... The fact is that pop writers in general shy away from such arcana as [key signature](/wiki/Key_signature "Key signature") and [beats to the measure](/wiki/Time_signature "Time signature")... I used to confide my worries about this to friends in the record industry, who reassured me. They didn't know anything about music either. The technical stuff didn't matter, I was told. You just gotta dig it.{{sfn\|Gendron\|2002\|pp\=346–47}} In early 1972, Christgau accepted a full\-time job as music critic for *[Newsday](/wiki/Newsday "Newsday")*. He returned to *The Village Voice* in 1974 as music editor. In a 1976 piece for the newspaper, he coined the term "Rock Critic Establishment" to describe the growth in influence of American music critics. His article carried the parenthesized subtitle "But Is That Bad for Rock?"{{sfn\|Gendron\|2002\|pp\=223–24}} He listed [Dave Marsh](/wiki/Dave_Marsh "Dave Marsh"), [John Rockwell](/wiki/John_Rockwell "John Rockwell"), [Paul Nelson](/wiki/Paul_Nelson_%28critic%29 "Paul Nelson (critic)"), [Jon Landau](/wiki/Jon_Landau "Jon Landau") and himself as members of this "establishment".{{cite magazine\|first\=Dave\|last\=Marsh\|title\=The Critics' Critic\|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]]\|date\=December 16, 1976}} Available at [Rock's Backpages](https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/the-critics-critic) (subscription required). Christgau remained at *The Village Voice* until August 2006, when he was fired shortly after the paper's acquisition by [New Times Media](/wiki/New_Times_Media "New Times Media").Rosen, Judy (September 5, 2006\), "[X\-ed Out: The Village Voice fires a famous music critic](http://www.slate.com/id/2148997/)". *Slate.com*. Retrieved August 15, 2009\. Two months later, Christgau became a contributing editor at *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")* (which first published his review of [Moby Grape](/wiki/Moby_Grape "Moby Grape")'s *[Wow](/wiki/Wow/Grape_Jam "Wow/Grape Jam")* in 1968\).{{Citation\|title\=Correspondence, Love Letters \& Advice \|author\=Bob Christgau \|publisher\=Rolling Stone \|date\=June 22, 1968 }} Late in 2007, Christgau was fired by *Rolling Stone*,Christgau, Robert (March 27, 2009\), "[Poptastic bye\-bye](http://www.najp.org/articles/2009/03/under-the-axe.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407231253/http://www.najp.org/articles/2009/03/under\-the\-axe.html \|date\=April 7, 2011 }}". *ARTicles*. Retrieved March 4, 2010 although he continued to work for the magazine for another three months. Beginning with the March 2008 issue, he joined *[Blender](/wiki/Blender_%28magazine%29 "Blender (magazine)")*, where he was listed as "senior critic" for three issues and then "contributing editor".*Blender*, June 2008, p. 16 Christgau had been a regular contributor to *Blender* before he joined *Rolling Stone*. He continued to write for *Blender* until the magazine ceased publication in March 2009\. In 1987, he was awarded a [Guggenheim Fellowship](/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship "Guggenheim Fellowship") in the field of "folklore and popular culture" to study the history of popular music.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.gf.org/fellows/all\-fellows/robert\-christgau/ \| title\=Robert Christgau \| work\=Guggenheim Foundation \| access\-date\=November 8, 2016}}{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/jan/16/highereducationprofile.highereducation \|title\=Robert Christgau: School of rock \|last\=Cohen \|first\=David \|date\=January 16, 2007 \|newspaper\=The Guardian}} Christgau has also written frequently for *[Playboy](/wiki/Playboy "Playboy")*, *[Spin](/wiki/Spin_%28magazine%29 "Spin (magazine)")*, and *[Creem](/wiki/Creem "Creem")*. He appears in the 2011 [rockumentary](/wiki/Rockumentary "Rockumentary") *[Color Me Obsessed](/wiki/Color_Me_Obsessed "Color Me Obsessed")*, about [the Replacements](/wiki/The_Replacements_%28band%29 "The Replacements (band)").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.popmatters.com/review/165719\-color\-me\-obsessed\-a\-film\-about\-the\-replacements/ \| title\='Color Me Obsessed: A Film About the Replacements' Paints 'Minor Band' with Major Strokes \| work\=\[\[PopMatters]] \| date\=December 2, 2012 \| access\-date\=January 29, 2014 \| author\=Beaudoin, Jedd}} He previously taught during the formative years of the [California Institute of the Arts](/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts "California Institute of the Arts"). As of 2007, he was an adjunct professor in the [Clive Davis](/wiki/Clive_Davis "Clive Davis") Department of Recorded Music at [New York University](/wiki/New_York_University "New York University").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/jan/16/highereducationprofile.highereducation \| title\=Robert Christgau: School of rock \| work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \| date\=January 16, 2007 \| access\-date\=March 27, 2016 \| author\=Cohen, David}} In August 2013, Christgau revealed in an article written for [Barnes \& Noble](/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble "Barnes & Noble")'s website that he was writing a memoir.{{cite web \| url\=http://bnreview.barnesandnoble.com/t5/Rock\-Roll/Tell\-All/ba\-p/11151 \| title\=Tell All \| work\=\[\[Barnes \& Noble]] \| date\=August 27, 2013 \| access\-date\=January 26, 2014 \| author\=Christgau, Robert}} On July 15, 2014, Christgau debuted a monthly column on *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)")*{{'}}s website.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2014/16/links\-for\-the\-day\-nathan\-rabin\-is\-sorry\-for\-the\-manic\-pixie\-dream\-girl\-robert\-christgau\-premieres\-billboard\-column\-hillary\-clinton\-on\-the\-daily\-show\-more \| title\=Links for the Day: Nathan Rabin Is Sorry for the Manic Pixie Dream Girl, Robert Christgau Premieres Billboard Column, Hillary Clinton on The Daily Show, \& More \| work\=\[\[Slant Magazine]] \| date\=July 16, 2014 \| access\-date\=August 27, 2014 \| author\=Gonzalez, Ed}} {{Anchor\|Consumer Guide\|Expert Witness}} ### "Consumer Guide" and "Expert Witness" columns {{See also\|Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies\|Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s\|Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s}} Christgau is perhaps best known for his "Consumer Guide" columns, which have been published more\-or\-less monthly since July 10, 1969, in the *Village Voice*, as well as a brief period in *[Creem](/wiki/Creem "Creem")*.{{cite book\|last\=Applegate\|first\=Edd\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/literaryjournali00appl/page/49 49]\|title\=Literary Journalism: A Biographical Dictionary of Writers and Editors\|year\=1996\|publisher\=\[\[Greenwood Publishing Group]]\|isbn\=0313299498\|url\=https://archive.org/details/literaryjournali00appl/page/49}} In its original format, each edition of the "Consumer Guide" consisted of approximately 20 single\-paragraph album reviews, each given a letter grade ranging from A\+ to E−.{{cite magazine\|last\=Cohen\|first\=David\|date\=September 30, 2006\|url\=https://www.noted.co.nz/archive/listener\-nz\-2006/the\-grad\-school\-of\-rock/\|title\=The grad school of rock\|magazine\=\[\[New Zealand Listener]]\|access\-date\=July 13, 2019}} The reviews were later collected, expanded, and extensively revised in a three\-volume book series, the first of which was published in 1981 as *[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies](/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies "Rock Albums of the Seventies")*; it was followed by *[Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s](/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:The_%2780s "The '80s")* (1990\) and *[Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s](/wiki/Christgau%27s_Consumer_Guide:Albums_of_the_%2790s "Albums of the '90s")* (2000\).{{cite magazine\|last\=Wolk\|first\=Douglas\|author\-link\=Douglas Wolk\|date\=July 9, 2010\|url\=https://www.vulture.com/2010/07/musics\_time\_capsules\_41\_years.html\|title\=Music's Time Capsules: 41 Years of Christgau's 'Consumer Guide'\|magazine\=\[\[Vulture.com\|Vulture]]\|access\-date\=April 15, 2017}} In his original grading system from 1969 to 1990, albums were given a grade ranging from A\+ to E−. Under this system, Christgau generally considered a B\+ or higher to be a personal recommendation.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk\-cg70/criteria.php\|title\=CG 70s: The Criteria\|publisher\=RobertChristgau.com}} He noted that in practice, grades below a C− were rare.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk\-cg90/intro.php\|title\=CG 90s: Introduction\|publisher\=RobertChristgau.com}} In 1990, Christgau changed the format of the "Consumer Guide" to focus more on the albums he liked. B\+ records that Christgau deemed "unworthy of a full review" were mostly given brief comments and star marks ranging from three down to one, denoting an [honorable mention](/wiki/wikt:Honorable_mention "Honorable mention")",{{cite web\|last\=Christgau\|first\=Robert\|author\-link\=Robert Christgau\|date\=January 1, 2019\|url\=http://robertchristgau.com/xgausez.php\|title\=Xgau Sez\|website\=robertchristgau.com\|access\-date\=January 1, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230113326/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xgausez.php\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=December 30, 2018}} records which Christgau believed may be of interest to their own target audience. Lesser albums were filed under categories such as "Neither" (which may impress at first with "coherent craft or an arresting track or two", before failing to make an impression again){{cite web\|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk\-cg90/grades\-90s.php\|title\=Key to Icons\|publisher\=RobertChristgau.com}} and "Duds" (which indicated bad records and were listed without further comment). Christgau did give full reviews and traditional grades to records he pans in an annual November "Turkey Shoot" column in *The Village Voice*, until he left the newspaper in 2006\. In 2001, robertchristgau.com–an online archive of Christgau's "Consumer Guide" reviews and other writings from his career – was set up as a co\-operative project between Christgau and longtime friend [Tom Hull](/wiki/Tom_Hull_%28critic%29 "Tom Hull (critic)"); the two had met in 1975 shortly after Hull queried Christgau as *The Village Voice*{{'}}s regional editor for St. Louis. The website was created after the [September 11, 2001, attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") when Hull was stuck in New York while visiting from his native [Wichita](/wiki/Wichita%2C_Kansas "Wichita, Kansas"). While Christgau spent many nights preparing past *Village Voice* writings for the website, by 2002 much of the older "Consumer Guide" columns had been inputted by Hull and a small coterie of fans. According to Christgau, Hull is "a computer genius as well as an excellent and very knowledgeable music critic, but he'd never done much web site work. The design of the web site, especially its high searchability and small interest in graphics, are his idea of what a useful music site should be". [thumb\|Christgau on the "Music in the '00s" panel at the 2010 [Pop Conference](/wiki/Museum_of_Pop_Culture "Museum of Pop Culture") in [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle").](/wiki/File:Pop_Conference_2010_-_Music_in_the_%2700s_panel_03_%28cropped%29.jpg "Pop Conference 2010 - Music in the '00s panel 03 (cropped).jpg") In December 2006, Christgau began writing his "Consumer Guide" columns for *[MSN Music](/wiki/MSN_Music "MSN Music")*, initially appearing every other month, before switching to a monthly schedule in June 2007\. On July 1, 2010, he announced in the introduction to his "Consumer Guide" column that the July 2010 installment would be the last on MSN.{{cite web \|url\=http://music.msn.com/music/consumerguide/ \|title\=Inside Music \|publisher\=MSN \|last\=Christgau \|first\=Robert \|access\-date\=July 1, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302201445/http://music.msn.com/music/consumerguide/ \|archive\-date\=March 2, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} On November 22, he launched a blog on MSN, called "Expert Witness", which featured reviews only of albums that he had graded B\+ or higher, since those albums "are the gut and backbone of my musical pleasure"; the writing of reviews for which are "so rewarding psychologically that I'm happy to do it at blogger's rates".{{cite web \|url\=http://social.entertainment.msn.com/music/blogs/expert\-witness\-blogpost.aspx?post\=258264de\-2519\-4d38\-a469\-ca4742b3bf29\&\_blg\=3 \|title\=This Blog—The Whats, Whys, and Wherefores \|last\=Christgau \|first\=Robert \|date\=November 22, 2010 \|work\=Expert Witness \|publisher\=MSN \|access\-date\=January 15, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714124931/http://social.entertainment.msn.com/music/blogs/expert\-witness\-blogpost.aspx?post\=258264de\-2519\-4d38\-a469\-ca4742b3bf29\&\_blg\=3 \|archive\-date\=July 14, 2011 }} He began corresponding with dedicated readers of the column, named as "The Witnesses" after the column. On September 20, 2013, Christgau announced in the comments section that "Expert Witness" would cease to be published by October 1, 2013, writing, "As I understand it, Microsoft is shutting down the entire MSN freelance arts operation at that time ..."{{cite web \|url\=http://social.entertainment.msn.com/music/blogs/post\-\-odds\-and\-ends\-036 \|title\=Odds and Ends 036 \|publisher\=\[\[MSN Music]] \|date\=September 20, 2013 \|access\-date\=September 22, 2013 \|author\=Christgau, Robert \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929004844/http://social.entertainment.msn.com/music/blogs/post\-\-odds\-and\-ends\-036 \|archive\-date\=September 29, 2013 }} On September 10, 2014, Christgau debuted a new version of "Expert Witness" on *[Cuepoint](/wiki/Cuepoint "Cuepoint")*, an online music magazine published on the blogging platform [Medium](/wiki/Medium_%28website%29 "Medium (website)").{{cite web \| url\=https://medium.com/cuepoint/robert\-christgau\-expert\-witness\-299c3329fb6f \| title\=Expert Witness: The Story Till Now \| work\=\[\[Cuepoint]] \| date\=September 10, 2014 \| access\-date\=October 11, 2014 \| author\=Christgau, Robert \| archive\-date\=October 17, 2014 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017181302/https://medium.com/cuepoint/robert\-christgau\-expert\-witness\-299c3329fb6f \| url\-status\=dead }} In August 2015, he was hired by *[Vice](/wiki/Vice_%28magazine%29 "Vice (magazine)")* to write the column for the magazine's music section, [Noisey](/wiki/Noisey "Noisey").{{cite web \| url\=http://noisey.vice.com/blog/expert\-witness\-with\-robert\-christgau\-1 \| title\=Welcome to Expert Witness \| work\=Vice \| date\=August 13, 2015 \| access\-date\=August 14, 2015 \| author\=Christgau, Robert}} In July 2019, the final edition of "Expert Witness" was published.{{cite web\|last\=Christgau\|first\=Robert\|date\=July 9, 2019\|url\=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xgausez.php?d\=2019\-07\-09\|title\=Xgau Sez\|access\-date\=September 29, 2019\|website\=robertchristgau.com}} In September 2019, at the encouragement of friend and colleague Joe Levy, Christgau began publishing the newsletter "And It Don't Stop" on the newsletter\-subscription platform [Substack](/wiki/Substack "Substack"). Charging subscribers [$](/wiki/US_dollar "US dollar")5 per month, it has his monthly "Consumer Guide" column, [podcasts](/wiki/Podcast "Podcast"), and free weekly content like book reviews. He was skeptical of the platform at first: "Basically I told Joe that if I didn't have enough subscribers to pay what I made at Noisey by Christmas I was going to quit. I wasn't going to do it for less than that money. I had that many subscribers inside of three days." By May 2020, "And It Don't Stop" had more than 1,000 subscribers. Christgau was ambivalent about the platform at first, but has since found it "immensely gratifying" explaining that, "A man my age, who is still really intellectually active? It is tremendously flattering and gratifying that there are people who are ready to help support me."{{cite web\|last\=Barmann\|first\=Jay\|date\=May 28, 2020\|url\=https://influence.co/nofilter/make\-money\-patreon\-substack\-onlyfans\-twitch\|title\=How Creators Make Money on Subscription Platforms and Services\|website\=influence.co\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617063720/https://influence.co/nofilter/make\-money\-patreon\-substack\-onlyfans\-twitch\|archive\-date\=June 17, 2020\|access\-date\=July 13, 2020}} ### Pazz \& Jop {{Main\|Pazz \& Jop}} Between 1968 and 1970, Christgau submitted ballots in *[Jazz \& Pop](/wiki/Jazz_%26_Pop "Jazz & Pop")* magazine's annual critics' poll. He selected Bob Dylan's *[John Wesley Harding](/wiki/John_Wesley_Harding "John Wesley Harding")* (released late in 1967\), [The Who](/wiki/The_Who "The Who")'s *[Tommy](/wiki/Tommy_%28The_Who_album%29 "Tommy (The Who album)")* (1969\), and [Randy Newman](/wiki/Randy_Newman "Randy Newman")'s *[12 Songs](/wiki/12_Songs_%28Randy_Newman_album%29 "12 Songs (Randy Newman album)")* (1970\) as the best pop albums of their respective years, and [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis "Miles Davis")'s *[Bitches Brew](/wiki/Bitches_Brew "Bitches Brew")* (1970\) as the best jazz album of its year.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/jpballot\-68\.php \|title\=Robert Christgau's 1968 Jazz \& Pop Ballot \|access\-date\=January 23, 2019 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/jpballot\-69\.php \|title\=Robert Christgau's 1969 Jazz \& Pop Ballot \|access\-date\=January 23, 2019 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/jpballot\-70\.php \|title\=Robert Christgau's 1970 Jazz \& Pop Ballot \|access\-date\=January 23, 2019 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} *Jazz \& Pop* discontinued publication in 1971\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Publication/jazz\-pop \|title\=Jazz \& Pop \|publisher\=\[\[Rock's Backpages]] \|access\-date\=January 23, 2019}} In 1971, Christgau inaugurated the annual [Pazz \& Jop](/wiki/Pazz_%26_Jop "Pazz & Jop") music poll, named in tribute to *Jazz \& Pop*. The poll surveyed music critics on their favorite releases of the year. The poll results were published in the *Village Voice* every February after compiling "top ten" lists submitted by music critics across the nation. Throughout his career at the *Voice*, every poll was accompanied by a lengthy Christgau essay analyzing the results and pondering the year's overall musical output. The *Voice* continued the feature after Christgau's dismissal. Although he no longer oversaw the poll, Christgau continued to vote and, since the 2015 poll, also contributed essays to the results.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.villagevoice.com/2016/01/12/pazz\-jop\-2015\-robert\-christgau\-joe\-levy\-ann\-powers\-and\-greg\-tate\-on\-the\-year\-that\-was/\|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2015, Robert Christgau, Joe Levy, Ann Powers and Greg Tate on the Year that Was\|last\=Christgau\|first\=Robert\|date\=January 12, 2016\|website\=Villagevoice.com}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.villagevoice.com/pazznjop/critics/2010/684394/ \|title\=Music \| Latest News \|newspaper\=\[\[Village Voice]] \|date\=July 6, 2017 \|access\-date\=July 13, 2017}} #### "Dean's Lists" Each year that Pazz \& Jop has run, Christgau has created a personal list of his favorite releases called the "Dean's List". Only his top ten count toward his vote in the poll, but his full lists of favorites usually numbered far more than that. These lists–or at least Christgau's top tens–were typically published in *The Village Voice* along with the Pazz \& Jop results. After Christgau was dismissed from the *Voice*, he continued publishing his annual lists on his own website and at *[The Barnes \& Noble Review](/wiki/The_Barnes_%26_Noble_Review "The Barnes & Noble Review")*. While Pazz \& Jop's aggregate critics' poll are its main draw, Christgau's Deans' Lists are noteworthy in their own right. Henry Hauser from *[Consequence of Sound](/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound "Consequence of Sound")* said Christgau's "annual 'Pazz \& Jop' poll has been a bona fide American institution. For music writers, his year\-end essays and extensive 'Dean's List' are like watching [the big ball drop in Times Square](/wiki/Times_Square_Ball "Times Square Ball")."{{cite web \|last\=Hauser \|first\=Henry \|url\=https://consequence.net/2015/04/going\-into\-the\-city\-portrait\-of\-the\-critic\-as\-a\-young\-man\-by\-robert\-christgau/ \|title\=Going into the City: Portrait of the Critic as a Young Man by Robert Christgau \|work\=\[\[Consequence of Sound]] \|date\=April 18, 2015 \|access\-date\=January 7, 2019}} These are Christgau's choices for the number\-one album of the year, including the point score he assigned for the poll. Pazz \& Jop's rules provided that each item in a top ten could be allotted between 5 and 30 points, with all ten items totaling 100, allowing critics to [weight](/wiki/Weighting "Weighting") certain albums more heavily if they chose to do so. In some years, he often gave an equal number of points to his first\- and second\-ranked albums, but they were nevertheless ranked as first and second, not as a tie for first. The list shows only his number\-one picks. | Year | Artist | Album | Points | Ref. | | 1971 | [Joy of Cooking](/wiki/Joy_of_Cooking_%28band%29 "Joy of Cooking (band)") | *[Joy of Cooking](/wiki/Joy_of_Cooking_%28album%29 "Joy of Cooking (album)")* | 24 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans71\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1971: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 10, 1972 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1974 | [Steely Dan](/wiki/Steely_Dan "Steely Dan") | *[Pretzel Logic](/wiki/Pretzel_Logic "Pretzel Logic")* | 21 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans74\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1974: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=January 20, 1975 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1975 | {{sortname\|Bob\|Dylan}} and {{sort\|Band\|\[\[the Band]]}} | *{{sort\|Basement Tapes\|\[\[The Basement Tapes]]}}* | 24 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans75\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1975: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=December 29, 1975 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1976 | {{sortname\|Michael\|Hurley\|Michael Hurley (musician)}}, [The Unholy Modal Rounders](/wiki/The_Unholy_Modal_Rounders "The Unholy Modal Rounders"), [Jeffrey Frederick](/wiki/Jeffrey_Frederick "Jeffrey Frederick") \& [the Clamtones](/wiki/Clamtones "Clamtones") | *[Have Moicy!](/wiki/Have_Moicy%21 "Have Moicy!")* | 15 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans76\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1976: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=January 31, 1977 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1977 | [Television](/wiki/Television_%28band%29 "Television (band)") | *[Marquee Moon](/wiki/Marquee_Moon "Marquee Moon")* | 13 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans77\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1977: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=January 23, 1978 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304082417/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans77\.php \|archive\-date\=March 4, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead }} | | 1978 | [Wire](/wiki/Wire_%28band%29 "Wire (band)") | *[Pink Flag](/wiki/Pink_Flag "Pink Flag")* | 13 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans78\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1978: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=January 22, 1979 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1979 | {{sort\|Clash\|\[\[The Clash]]}} | {{sort\|Clash\|''\[\[The Clash (album)\|The Clash]]''}} | 18 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans79\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1979: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=January 28, 1980 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1980 | {{sort\|Clash\|The Clash}} | *[London Calling](/wiki/London_Calling "London Calling")* | 25 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans80\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1980: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 9, 1991 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1981 | Various artists ([Sugar Hill Records](/wiki/Sugar_Hill_Records_%28hip_hop_label%29 "Sugar Hill Records (hip hop label)")) | *Greatest Rap Hits Vol. 2* \[label compilation] | 19 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans81\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1981: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 1, 1982 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1982 | [Ornette Coleman](/wiki/Ornette_Coleman "Ornette Coleman") | *[Of Human Feelings](/wiki/Of_Human_Feelings "Of Human Feelings")* | 16 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans82\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1982: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 22, 1983 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1983 | [James Blood Ulmer](/wiki/James_Blood_Ulmer "James Blood Ulmer") | *[Odyssey](/wiki/Odyssey_%28James_Blood_Ulmer_album%29 "Odyssey (James Blood Ulmer album)")* | 18 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans83\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1983: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 28, 1984 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1984 | {{sortname\|Bruce\|Springsteen}} | *[Born in the U.S.A.](/wiki/Born_in_the_U.S.A. "Born in the U.S.A.")* | 17 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans84\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1984: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 19, 1985 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1985 | {{sort\|Mekons\|\[\[The Mekons]]}} | *[Fear and Whiskey](/wiki/Fear_and_Whiskey "Fear and Whiskey")* | 16 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans85\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1985: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 18, 1986 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1986 | Various artists | {{sort\|Indestructible Beat of Soweto\|''\[\[The Indestructible Beat of Soweto]]''}} | 18 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans86\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1986: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=March 3, 1987 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1987 | {{sortname\|Sonny\|Rollins}} | *[G\-Man](/wiki/G-Man_%28Sonny_Rollins_album%29 "G-Man (Sonny Rollins album)")* | 16 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans87\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1987: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=March 1, 1988 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1988 | [Franco](/wiki/Franco_Luambo "Franco Luambo") and [Rochereau](/wiki/Tabu_Ley_Rochereau "Tabu Ley Rochereau") | *[Omona Wapi](/wiki/Omona_Wapi "Omona Wapi")* | 16 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans88\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1988: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 28, 1988 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1989 | [Půlnoc](/wiki/P%C5%AFlnoc "Půlnoc") | *Live at P.S. 122* \[bootleg recording] | 17 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans89\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1989: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 27, 1990 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1990 | [LL Cool J](/wiki/LL_Cool_J "LL Cool J") | *[Mama Said Knock You Out](/wiki/Mama_Said_Knock_You_Out "Mama Said Knock You Out")* | 22 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans90\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1990: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=March 5, 1991 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1991 | Various artists | *Guitar Paradise of East Africa* | 24 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans91\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1991: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=March 3, 1992 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1992 | {{sortname\|Mzwakhe\|Mbuli}} | *[Resistance Is Defence](/wiki/Resistance_Is_Defence "Resistance Is Defence")* | 18 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans92\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1992: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=March 2, 1993 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1993 | {{sortname\|Liz\|Phair}} | *[Exile in Guyville](/wiki/Exile_in_Guyville "Exile in Guyville")* | 13 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans93\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1993: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=March 1, 1994 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1994 | [Latin Playboys](/wiki/Latin_Playboys "Latin Playboys") | *[Latin Playboys](/wiki/Latin_Playboys_%28album%29 "Latin Playboys (album)")* | 14 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans94\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1994: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 10, 1972 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1995 | [Tricky](/wiki/Tricky_%28musician%29 "Tricky (musician)") | *[Maxinquaye](/wiki/Maxinquaye "Maxinquaye")* | 17 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans95\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1995: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 25, 1996 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1996 | [DJ Shadow](/wiki/DJ_Shadow "DJ Shadow") | *[Endtroducing.....](/wiki/Endtroducing..... "Endtroducing.....")* | 19 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans96\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1996: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 25, 1997 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1997 | {{sortname\|Arto\|Lindsay}} | *[Mundo Civilizado](/wiki/Mundo_Civilizado "Mundo Civilizado")* | 15 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans97\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1997: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 24, 1998 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1998 | {{sortname\|Lucinda\|Williams}} | *[Car Wheels on a Gravel Road](/wiki/Car_Wheels_on_a_Gravel_Road "Car Wheels on a Gravel Road")* | 23 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans98\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1998: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=March 22, 1999 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 1999 | {{sort\|Magnetic Fields\|\[\[The Magnetic Fields]]}} | *[69 Love Songs](/wiki/69_Love_Songs "69 Love Songs")* | 16 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans99\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 1999: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 22, 2000 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2000 | [Eminem](/wiki/Eminem "Eminem") | *[The Marshall Mathers LP](/wiki/The_Marshall_Mathers_LP "The Marshall Mathers LP")* | 16 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans00\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2000: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 20, 2001 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008002303/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans00\.php \|archive\-date\=October 8, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }} | | 2001 | {{sortname\|Bob\|Dylan}} | {{sort\|Love and Theft\|''\[\[Love and Theft (Bob Dylan album)\|"Love and Theft"]]''}} | 20 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans01\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2001: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 12, 2002 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2002 | {{sort\|Mekons\|\[\[The Mekons]]}} | *[OOOH! (Out of Our Heads)](/wiki/OOOH%21_%28Out_of_Our_Heads%29 "OOOH! (Out of Our Heads)")* | 14 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans02\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2002: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 18, 2003 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2003 | [King Sunny Adé](/wiki/King_Sunny_Ad%C3%A9 "King Sunny Adé") | *[The Best of the Classic Years](/wiki/The_Best_of_the_Classic_Years "The Best of the Classic Years")* | 20 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans03\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2003: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 17, 2004 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2004 | {{sortname\|Brian\|Wilson}} | *[Brian Wilson Presents Smile](/wiki/Brian_Wilson_Presents_Smile "Brian Wilson Presents Smile")* | 22 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans04\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2004: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 15, 2005 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2005 | {{sortname\|Kanye\|West}} | *[Late Registration](/wiki/Late_Registration "Late Registration")* | 16 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans05\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2005: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 7, 2006 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2006 | [New York Dolls](/wiki/New_York_Dolls "New York Dolls") | *[One Day It Will Please Us to Remember Even This](/wiki/One_Day_It_Will_Please_Us_to_Remember_Even_This "One Day It Will Please Us to Remember Even This")* | 17 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans06\.php \|title\=2006: Dean's List \|publisher\=RobertChristgau.com \|date\=February 14, 2007 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2007 | [M.I.A.](/wiki/M.I.A._%28rapper%29 "M.I.A. (rapper)") | *[Kala](/wiki/Kala_%28album%29 "Kala (album)")* | {{sort\|0\|N/A}} | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans07\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2007: Dean's List \|publisher\=RobertChristgau.com \|date\=January 28, 2008 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2008 | [Franco](/wiki/Franco_Luambo "Franco Luambo") | *Francophonic* | 18 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans08\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2008: Dean's List \|publisher\=RobertChristgau.com \|date\=January 22, 2009 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2009 | {{sortname\|Brad\|Paisley}} | *[American Saturday Night](/wiki/American_Saturday_Night "American Saturday Night")* | 17 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans09\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2009: Dean's List \|publisher\=RobertChristgau.com \|date\=January 12, 2010 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2010 | {{sort\|Roots\|\[\[The Roots]]}} | *[How I Got Over](/wiki/How_I_Got_Over_%28album%29 "How I Got Over (album)")* | 16 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans10\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2010: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[Barnes \& Noble]] Review \|date\=January 12, 2011 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2011 | [Das Racist](/wiki/Das_Racist "Das Racist") | *[Relax](/wiki/Relax_%28Das_Racist_album%29 "Relax (Das Racist album)")* | 12 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans11\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2011: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[Barnes \& Noble]] Review \|date\=January 12, 2012 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2012 | {{sortname\|Neil\|Young}} and [Crazy Horse](/wiki/Crazy_Horse_%28band%29 "Crazy Horse (band)") | *[Americana](/wiki/Americana_%28Neil_Young_%26_Crazy_Horse_album%29 "Americana (Neil Young & Crazy Horse album)")* | 15 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans12\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2012: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=January 14, 2013 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2013 | [Vampire Weekend](/wiki/Vampire_Weekend "Vampire Weekend") | *[Modern Vampires of the City](/wiki/Modern_Vampires_of_the_City "Modern Vampires of the City")* | 17 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans13\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2013: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[Barnes \& Noble]] Review \|date\=January 24, 2014 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2014 | [Wussy](/wiki/Wussy "Wussy") | *[Attica!](/wiki/Attica%21 "Attica!")* | 17 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans14\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2014: Dean's List \|work\=\[\[Barnes \& Noble]] Review \|date\=March 10, 2015 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2015 | {{sortname\|Laurie\|Anderson}} | *[Heart of a Dog](/wiki/Heart_of_a_Dog_%282015_film%29%23Soundtrack "Heart of a Dog (2015 film)#Soundtrack")* | 25 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans15\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2015: Dean's List \|publisher\=RobertChristgau.com \|date\=April 10, 2016 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2016 | [A Tribe Called Quest](/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest "A Tribe Called Quest") | *[We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service](/wiki/We_Got_It_from_Here..._Thank_You_4_Your_Service "We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service")* | 19 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans16\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2016: Dean's List \|publisher\=RobertChristgau.com \|date\=January 27, 2017 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2017 | {{sortname\|Randy\|Newman}} | *[Dark Matter](/wiki/Dark_Matter_%28Randy_Newman_album%29 "Dark Matter (Randy Newman album)")* | 25 | {{cite news \|url\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans17\.php \|title\=Pazz \& Jop 2017: Dean's List \|publisher\=RobertChristgau.com \|date\=February 10, 2018 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2018 \|author\=Christgau, Robert}} | | 2018 | [Noname](/wiki/Noname_%28rapper%29 "Noname (rapper)") | *[Room 25](/wiki/Room_25 "Room 25")* | 17 | {{cite news \|url\=https://www.villagevoice.com/2019/02/06/pazz\-jop\-voters\-ballots\-2018\-albums/ \|title\=Pazz \& Jop Voters Ballots: 2018 Albums \|newspaper\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|date\=February 6, 2019 \|access\-date\=February 20, 2019}} | | 2019 | [Billie Eilish](/wiki/Billie_Eilish "Billie Eilish") | *[When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?](/wiki/When_We_All_Fall_Asleep%2C_Where_Do_We_Go%3F "When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?")* | {{sort\|0\|N/A}} | {{cite web\|last\=Christgau\|first\=Robert\|date\=January 26, 2020\|url\=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans19\.php\|title\=2019: Dean's List\|work\=And It Don't Stop\|publisher\=\[\[Substack]]\|access\-date\=April 29, 2020\|via\=robertchristgau.com}} | | 2020 | Various artists | *Hanging Tree Guitars* | {{sort\|0\|N/A}} | {{cite web\|last\=Christgau\|first\=Robert\|date\=January 27, 2021\|url\=https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/deans\-list\-2020\|title\=Dean's List: 2020\|work\=And It Don't Stop\|publisher\=Substack\|access\-date\=April 30, 2021}} | | 2021 | Neil Young and Crazy Horse | *[Barn](/wiki/Barn_%28album%29 "Barn (album)")* | {{sort\|0\|N/A}} | {{Cite web\|last\=Christgau\|first\=Robert\|date\=January 26, 2022\|title\=Dean's List: 2021\|url\=https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/deans\-list\-2021\|access\-date\=January 29, 2022\|website\=And It Don't Stop}} | | 2022 | Selo i Ludy Performance Band | *Bunch One*{{refn\|group\=nb\|Although Christgau placed ''Bunch One'' as his favorite album of 2022, it was actually a 2019 album that he had only reviewed that year. The highest ranked album released in 2022 was \[\[Beyoncé]]'s ''\[\[Renaissance (Beyoncé album)\|Renaissance]]'', which placed second. As he explained, "I made \[''Renaissance''] my number two for the simple reason that a 2019 effort by an accordion\-led Ukrainian rock\-oldies band touched me even deeper."{{cite web\|last\=Christgau\|first\=Robert\|date\=January 25, 2023\|url\=https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/deans\-list\-2022\|title\=Dean's List: 2022\|work\=And It Don't Stop\|publisher\=Substack\|accessdate\=April 2, 2023}}}} | {{sort\|0\|N/A}} | {{Cite web\|last\=Christgau\|first\=Robert\|date\=January 25, 2023\|title\=Dean's List: 2022\|url\=https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/deans\-list\-2022\|access\-date\=March 18, 2023\|website\=And It Don't Stop}} | | 2023 | [Olivia Rodrigo](/wiki/Olivia_Rodrigo "Olivia Rodrigo") | *[Guts](/wiki/Guts_%28Olivia_Rodrigo_album%29 "Guts (Olivia Rodrigo album)")* | {{sort\|0\|N/A}} | {{Cite web \|last\=Christgau \|first\=Robert \|date\=2024\-02\-05 \|title\=Robert Christgau's Dean's List: 2023 \|url\=https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/deans\-list\-2023 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-10 \|website\=And It Don't Stop}} |
[ "Career\n------", "{{quote box\\|quoted\\=1\\|quote\\=I am interested in those places where popular culture and \\[\\[avant\\-garde]] culture intersect. As a critic, I want to achieve a new understanding of culture in both its aesthetic and political aspects; as a journalist, I want to suggest whatever I figure out to an audience in an entertaining and provocative way.\\|source\\=—Christgau (1977\\){{cite book\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/contemporaryauth65\\-68fran/page/118 118]\\|editor1\\-last\\=Locher\\|editor1\\-first\\=Frances C.\\|editor2\\-last\\=Evory\\|editor2\\-first\\=Ann\\|year\\=1977\\|title\\=Contemporary Authors\\|isbn\\=081030029X\\|publisher\\=Gale\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryauth65\\-68fran/page/118}}\\|width\\=25em\\|align\\=right\\|style\\=padding:8px;}}", "Christgau wrote short stories, before giving up fiction in 1964 to become a [sportswriter](/wiki/Sportswriter \"Sportswriter\") and later, a police reporter for the *[Newark Star\\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Star-Ledger \"The Star-Ledger\")*.Christgau, Robert (2004\\), \"A Counter in Search of a Culture\". *Any Old Way You Choose It*, Cooper Square Press, p.4\\. He became a [freelance writer](/wiki/Freelance_writer \"Freelance writer\") after a story he wrote about the death of a woman in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\") was published by *[New York](/wiki/New_York_%28magazine%29 \"New York (magazine)\")* magazine.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Christgau\\|first\\=Robert\\|date\\=July 8, 2008\\|title\\=Game Changer\\|url\\=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/najp/080711a\\-game.php\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2022\\|website\\=NAJP}} He was among the first dedicated rock critics.{{cite book\\|last\\=Gendron\\|first\\=Bernard\\|title\\=Between Montmartre and the Mudd Club: Popular Music and the Avant\\-Garde\\|year\\=2002\\|publisher\\=University of Chicago Press\\|location\\=Chicago, IL\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-226\\-28737\\-9\\|page\\=193}} He was asked to take over the dormant music column at *[Esquire](/wiki/Esquire_%28magazine%29 \"Esquire (magazine)\")*, which he began writing in June 1967\\.{{sfn\\|Gendron\\|2002\\|p\\=193}} He also contributed to *[Cheetah](/wiki/Cheetah_%28magazine%29 \"Cheetah (magazine)\")* magazine at the time. He then became a leading voice in the formation of a musical–political aesthetic combining [New Left](/wiki/New_Left \"New Left\") politics and the [counterculture](/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s \"Counterculture of the 1960s\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Wiener\\|first\\=Jon\\|author\\-link\\=Jon Wiener\\|title\\=Come Together: John Lennon in His Time\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Dj5uY\\-yAy4QC\\&q\\=Cheetah\\|year\\=1991\\|location\\=Urbana, IL\\|publisher\\=University of Illinois Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-252\\-06131\\-8\\|page\\=38}} After *Esquire* discontinued the column, Christgau moved to *[The Village Voice](/wiki/The_Village_Voice \"The Village Voice\")* in 1969, and he also worked as a college professor.", "From early on in his emergence as a critic, Christgau was conscious of his lack of formal knowledge of music. In a 1968 piece he commented:", "", "> I don't know anything about music, which ought to be a damaging admission but isn't... The fact is that pop writers in general shy away from such arcana as [key signature](/wiki/Key_signature \"Key signature\") and [beats to the measure](/wiki/Time_signature \"Time signature\")... I used to confide my worries about this to friends in the record industry, who reassured me. They didn't know anything about music either. The technical stuff didn't matter, I was told. You just gotta dig it.{{sfn\\|Gendron\\|2002\\|pp\\=346–47}}", "In early 1972, Christgau accepted a full\\-time job as music critic for *[Newsday](/wiki/Newsday \"Newsday\")*. He returned to *The Village Voice* in 1974 as music editor. In a 1976 piece for the newspaper, he coined the term \"Rock Critic Establishment\" to describe the growth in influence of American music critics. His article carried the parenthesized subtitle \"But Is That Bad for Rock?\"{{sfn\\|Gendron\\|2002\\|pp\\=223–24}} He listed [Dave Marsh](/wiki/Dave_Marsh \"Dave Marsh\"), [John Rockwell](/wiki/John_Rockwell \"John Rockwell\"), [Paul Nelson](/wiki/Paul_Nelson_%28critic%29 \"Paul Nelson (critic)\"), [Jon Landau](/wiki/Jon_Landau \"Jon Landau\") and himself as members of this \"establishment\".{{cite magazine\\|first\\=Dave\\|last\\=Marsh\\|title\\=The Critics' Critic\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]]\\|date\\=December 16, 1976}} Available at [Rock's Backpages](https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/the-critics-critic) (subscription required). Christgau remained at *The Village Voice* until August 2006, when he was fired shortly after the paper's acquisition by [New Times Media](/wiki/New_Times_Media \"New Times Media\").Rosen, Judy (September 5, 2006\\), \"[X\\-ed Out: The Village Voice fires a famous music critic](http://www.slate.com/id/2148997/)\". *Slate.com*. Retrieved August 15, 2009\\. Two months later, Christgau became a contributing editor at *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")* (which first published his review of [Moby Grape](/wiki/Moby_Grape \"Moby Grape\")'s *[Wow](/wiki/Wow/Grape_Jam \"Wow/Grape Jam\")* in 1968\\).{{Citation\\|title\\=Correspondence, Love Letters \\& Advice \\|author\\=Bob Christgau \\|publisher\\=Rolling Stone \\|date\\=June 22, 1968 }} Late in 2007, Christgau was fired by *Rolling Stone*,Christgau, Robert (March 27, 2009\\), \"[Poptastic bye\\-bye](http://www.najp.org/articles/2009/03/under-the-axe.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407231253/http://www.najp.org/articles/2009/03/under\\-the\\-axe.html \\|date\\=April 7, 2011 }}\". *ARTicles*. Retrieved March 4, 2010 although he continued to work for the magazine for another three months. Beginning with the March 2008 issue, he joined *[Blender](/wiki/Blender_%28magazine%29 \"Blender (magazine)\")*, where he was listed as \"senior critic\" for three issues and then \"contributing editor\".*Blender*, June 2008, p. 16 Christgau had been a regular contributor to *Blender* before he joined *Rolling Stone*. He continued to write for *Blender* until the magazine ceased publication in March 2009\\. In 1987, he was awarded a [Guggenheim Fellowship](/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship \"Guggenheim Fellowship\") in the field of \"folklore and popular culture\" to study the history of popular music.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.gf.org/fellows/all\\-fellows/robert\\-christgau/ \\| title\\=Robert Christgau \\| work\\=Guggenheim Foundation \\| access\\-date\\=November 8, 2016}}{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/jan/16/highereducationprofile.highereducation \\|title\\=Robert Christgau: School of rock \\|last\\=Cohen \\|first\\=David \\|date\\=January 16, 2007 \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian}}", "Christgau has also written frequently for *[Playboy](/wiki/Playboy \"Playboy\")*, *[Spin](/wiki/Spin_%28magazine%29 \"Spin (magazine)\")*, and *[Creem](/wiki/Creem \"Creem\")*. He appears in the 2011 [rockumentary](/wiki/Rockumentary \"Rockumentary\") *[Color Me Obsessed](/wiki/Color_Me_Obsessed \"Color Me Obsessed\")*, about [the Replacements](/wiki/The_Replacements_%28band%29 \"The Replacements (band)\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.popmatters.com/review/165719\\-color\\-me\\-obsessed\\-a\\-film\\-about\\-the\\-replacements/ \\| title\\='Color Me Obsessed: A Film About the Replacements' Paints 'Minor Band' with Major Strokes \\| work\\=\\[\\[PopMatters]] \\| date\\=December 2, 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=January 29, 2014 \\| author\\=Beaudoin, Jedd}} He previously taught during the formative years of the [California Institute of the Arts](/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts \"California Institute of the Arts\"). As of 2007, he was an adjunct professor in the [Clive Davis](/wiki/Clive_Davis \"Clive Davis\") Department of Recorded Music at [New York University](/wiki/New_York_University \"New York University\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/jan/16/highereducationprofile.highereducation \\| title\\=Robert Christgau: School of rock \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\| date\\=January 16, 2007 \\| access\\-date\\=March 27, 2016 \\| author\\=Cohen, David}}", "In August 2013, Christgau revealed in an article written for [Barnes \\& Noble](/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble \"Barnes & Noble\")'s website that he was writing a memoir.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://bnreview.barnesandnoble.com/t5/Rock\\-Roll/Tell\\-All/ba\\-p/11151 \\| title\\=Tell All \\| work\\=\\[\\[Barnes \\& Noble]] \\| date\\=August 27, 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=January 26, 2014 \\| author\\=Christgau, Robert}} On July 15, 2014, Christgau debuted a monthly column on *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")*{{'}}s website.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2014/16/links\\-for\\-the\\-day\\-nathan\\-rabin\\-is\\-sorry\\-for\\-the\\-manic\\-pixie\\-dream\\-girl\\-robert\\-christgau\\-premieres\\-billboard\\-column\\-hillary\\-clinton\\-on\\-the\\-daily\\-show\\-more \\| title\\=Links for the Day: Nathan Rabin Is Sorry for the Manic Pixie Dream Girl, Robert Christgau Premieres Billboard Column, Hillary Clinton on The Daily Show, \\& More \\| work\\=\\[\\[Slant Magazine]] \\| date\\=July 16, 2014 \\| access\\-date\\=August 27, 2014 \\| author\\=Gonzalez, Ed}}", "{{Anchor\\|Consumer Guide\\|Expert Witness}}", "### \"Consumer Guide\" and \"Expert Witness\" columns", "{{See also\\|Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies\\|Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s\\|Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s}}", "Christgau is perhaps best known for his \"Consumer Guide\" columns, which have been published more\\-or\\-less monthly since July 10, 1969, in the *Village Voice*, as well as a brief period in *[Creem](/wiki/Creem \"Creem\")*.{{cite book\\|last\\=Applegate\\|first\\=Edd\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/literaryjournali00appl/page/49 49]\\|title\\=Literary Journalism: A Biographical Dictionary of Writers and Editors\\|year\\=1996\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Greenwood Publishing Group]]\\|isbn\\=0313299498\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/literaryjournali00appl/page/49}} In its original format, each edition of the \"Consumer Guide\" consisted of approximately 20 single\\-paragraph album reviews, each given a letter grade ranging from A\\+ to E−.{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Cohen\\|first\\=David\\|date\\=September 30, 2006\\|url\\=https://www.noted.co.nz/archive/listener\\-nz\\-2006/the\\-grad\\-school\\-of\\-rock/\\|title\\=The grad school of rock\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[New Zealand Listener]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2019}} The reviews were later collected, expanded, and extensively revised in a three\\-volume book series, the first of which was published in 1981 as *[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies](/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies \"Rock Albums of the Seventies\")*; it was followed by *[Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s](/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:The_%2780s \"The '80s\")* (1990\\) and *[Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s](/wiki/Christgau%27s_Consumer_Guide:Albums_of_the_%2790s \"Albums of the '90s\")* (2000\\).{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Wolk\\|first\\=Douglas\\|author\\-link\\=Douglas Wolk\\|date\\=July 9, 2010\\|url\\=https://www.vulture.com/2010/07/musics\\_time\\_capsules\\_41\\_years.html\\|title\\=Music's Time Capsules: 41 Years of Christgau's 'Consumer Guide'\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Vulture.com\\|Vulture]]\\|access\\-date\\=April 15, 2017}}", "In his original grading system from 1969 to 1990, albums were given a grade ranging from A\\+ to E−. Under this system, Christgau generally considered a B\\+ or higher to be a personal recommendation.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk\\-cg70/criteria.php\\|title\\=CG 70s: The Criteria\\|publisher\\=RobertChristgau.com}} He noted that in practice, grades below a C− were rare.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk\\-cg90/intro.php\\|title\\=CG 90s: Introduction\\|publisher\\=RobertChristgau.com}} In 1990, Christgau changed the format of the \"Consumer Guide\" to focus more on the albums he liked. B\\+ records that Christgau deemed \"unworthy of a full review\" were mostly given brief comments and star marks ranging from three down to one, denoting an [honorable mention](/wiki/wikt:Honorable_mention \"Honorable mention\")\",{{cite web\\|last\\=Christgau\\|first\\=Robert\\|author\\-link\\=Robert Christgau\\|date\\=January 1, 2019\\|url\\=http://robertchristgau.com/xgausez.php\\|title\\=Xgau Sez\\|website\\=robertchristgau.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230113326/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xgausez.php\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=December 30, 2018}} records which Christgau believed may be of interest to their own target audience. Lesser albums were filed under categories such as \"Neither\" (which may impress at first with \"coherent craft or an arresting track or two\", before failing to make an impression again){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk\\-cg90/grades\\-90s.php\\|title\\=Key to Icons\\|publisher\\=RobertChristgau.com}} and \"Duds\" (which indicated bad records and were listed without further comment). Christgau did give full reviews and traditional grades to records he pans in an annual November \"Turkey Shoot\" column in *The Village Voice*, until he left the newspaper in 2006\\.", "In 2001, robertchristgau.com–an online archive of Christgau's \"Consumer Guide\" reviews and other writings from his career – was set up as a co\\-operative project between Christgau and longtime friend [Tom Hull](/wiki/Tom_Hull_%28critic%29 \"Tom Hull (critic)\"); the two had met in 1975 shortly after Hull queried Christgau as *The Village Voice*{{'}}s regional editor for St. Louis. The website was created after the [September 11, 2001, attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\") when Hull was stuck in New York while visiting from his native [Wichita](/wiki/Wichita%2C_Kansas \"Wichita, Kansas\"). While Christgau spent many nights preparing past *Village Voice* writings for the website, by 2002 much of the older \"Consumer Guide\" columns had been inputted by Hull and a small coterie of fans. According to Christgau, Hull is \"a computer genius as well as an excellent and very knowledgeable music critic, but he'd never done much web site work. The design of the web site, especially its high searchability and small interest in graphics, are his idea of what a useful music site should be\".", "[thumb\\|Christgau on the \"Music in the '00s\" panel at the 2010 [Pop Conference](/wiki/Museum_of_Pop_Culture \"Museum of Pop Culture\") in [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\").](/wiki/File:Pop_Conference_2010_-_Music_in_the_%2700s_panel_03_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Pop Conference 2010 - Music in the '00s panel 03 (cropped).jpg\")", "In December 2006, Christgau began writing his \"Consumer Guide\" columns for *[MSN Music](/wiki/MSN_Music \"MSN Music\")*, initially appearing every other month, before switching to a monthly schedule in June 2007\\. On July 1, 2010, he announced in the introduction to his \"Consumer Guide\" column that the July 2010 installment would be the last on MSN.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://music.msn.com/music/consumerguide/ \\|title\\=Inside Music \\|publisher\\=MSN \\|last\\=Christgau \\|first\\=Robert \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302201445/http://music.msn.com/music/consumerguide/ \\|archive\\-date\\=March 2, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} On November 22, he launched a blog on MSN, called \"Expert Witness\", which featured reviews only of albums that he had graded B\\+ or higher, since those albums \"are the gut and backbone of my musical pleasure\"; the writing of reviews for which are \"so rewarding psychologically that I'm happy to do it at blogger's rates\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://social.entertainment.msn.com/music/blogs/expert\\-witness\\-blogpost.aspx?post\\=258264de\\-2519\\-4d38\\-a469\\-ca4742b3bf29\\&\\_blg\\=3 \\|title\\=This Blog—The Whats, Whys, and Wherefores \\|last\\=Christgau \\|first\\=Robert \\|date\\=November 22, 2010 \\|work\\=Expert Witness \\|publisher\\=MSN \\|access\\-date\\=January 15, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714124931/http://social.entertainment.msn.com/music/blogs/expert\\-witness\\-blogpost.aspx?post\\=258264de\\-2519\\-4d38\\-a469\\-ca4742b3bf29\\&\\_blg\\=3 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 14, 2011 }} He began corresponding with dedicated readers of the column, named as \"The Witnesses\" after the column. On September 20, 2013, Christgau announced in the comments section that \"Expert Witness\" would cease to be published by October 1, 2013, writing, \"As I understand it, Microsoft is shutting down the entire MSN freelance arts operation at that time ...\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://social.entertainment.msn.com/music/blogs/post\\-\\-odds\\-and\\-ends\\-036 \\|title\\=Odds and Ends 036 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[MSN Music]] \\|date\\=September 20, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=September 22, 2013 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929004844/http://social.entertainment.msn.com/music/blogs/post\\-\\-odds\\-and\\-ends\\-036 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 29, 2013 }}", "On September 10, 2014, Christgau debuted a new version of \"Expert Witness\" on *[Cuepoint](/wiki/Cuepoint \"Cuepoint\")*, an online music magazine published on the blogging platform [Medium](/wiki/Medium_%28website%29 \"Medium (website)\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://medium.com/cuepoint/robert\\-christgau\\-expert\\-witness\\-299c3329fb6f \\| title\\=Expert Witness: The Story Till Now \\| work\\=\\[\\[Cuepoint]] \\| date\\=September 10, 2014 \\| access\\-date\\=October 11, 2014 \\| author\\=Christgau, Robert \\| archive\\-date\\=October 17, 2014 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017181302/https://medium.com/cuepoint/robert\\-christgau\\-expert\\-witness\\-299c3329fb6f \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} In August 2015, he was hired by *[Vice](/wiki/Vice_%28magazine%29 \"Vice (magazine)\")* to write the column for the magazine's music section, [Noisey](/wiki/Noisey \"Noisey\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://noisey.vice.com/blog/expert\\-witness\\-with\\-robert\\-christgau\\-1 \\| title\\=Welcome to Expert Witness \\| work\\=Vice \\| date\\=August 13, 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=August 14, 2015 \\| author\\=Christgau, Robert}} In July 2019, the final edition of \"Expert Witness\" was published.{{cite web\\|last\\=Christgau\\|first\\=Robert\\|date\\=July 9, 2019\\|url\\=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xgausez.php?d\\=2019\\-07\\-09\\|title\\=Xgau Sez\\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2019\\|website\\=robertchristgau.com}}", "In September 2019, at the encouragement of friend and colleague Joe Levy, Christgau began publishing the newsletter \"And It Don't Stop\" on the newsletter\\-subscription platform [Substack](/wiki/Substack \"Substack\"). Charging subscribers [$](/wiki/US_dollar \"US dollar\")5 per month, it has his monthly \"Consumer Guide\" column, [podcasts](/wiki/Podcast \"Podcast\"), and free weekly content like book reviews. He was skeptical of the platform at first: \"Basically I told Joe that if I didn't have enough subscribers to pay what I made at Noisey by Christmas I was going to quit. I wasn't going to do it for less than that money. I had that many subscribers inside of three days.\" By May 2020, \"And It Don't Stop\" had more than 1,000 subscribers. Christgau was ambivalent about the platform at first, but has since found it \"immensely gratifying\" explaining that, \"A man my age, who is still really intellectually active? It is tremendously flattering and gratifying that there are people who are ready to help support me.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Barmann\\|first\\=Jay\\|date\\=May 28, 2020\\|url\\=https://influence.co/nofilter/make\\-money\\-patreon\\-substack\\-onlyfans\\-twitch\\|title\\=How Creators Make Money on Subscription Platforms and Services\\|website\\=influence.co\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617063720/https://influence.co/nofilter/make\\-money\\-patreon\\-substack\\-onlyfans\\-twitch\\|archive\\-date\\=June 17, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2020}}", "### Pazz \\& Jop", "{{Main\\|Pazz \\& Jop}}", "Between 1968 and 1970, Christgau submitted ballots in *[Jazz \\& Pop](/wiki/Jazz_%26_Pop \"Jazz & Pop\")* magazine's annual critics' poll. He selected Bob Dylan's *[John Wesley Harding](/wiki/John_Wesley_Harding \"John Wesley Harding\")* (released late in 1967\\), [The Who](/wiki/The_Who \"The Who\")'s *[Tommy](/wiki/Tommy_%28The_Who_album%29 \"Tommy (The Who album)\")* (1969\\), and [Randy Newman](/wiki/Randy_Newman \"Randy Newman\")'s *[12 Songs](/wiki/12_Songs_%28Randy_Newman_album%29 \"12 Songs (Randy Newman album)\")* (1970\\) as the best pop albums of their respective years, and [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis \"Miles Davis\")'s *[Bitches Brew](/wiki/Bitches_Brew \"Bitches Brew\")* (1970\\) as the best jazz album of its year.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/jpballot\\-68\\.php \\|title\\=Robert Christgau's 1968 Jazz \\& Pop Ballot \\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2019 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/jpballot\\-69\\.php \\|title\\=Robert Christgau's 1969 Jazz \\& Pop Ballot \\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2019 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/jpballot\\-70\\.php \\|title\\=Robert Christgau's 1970 Jazz \\& Pop Ballot \\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2019 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} *Jazz \\& Pop* discontinued publication in 1971\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Publication/jazz\\-pop \\|title\\=Jazz \\& Pop \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rock's Backpages]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2019}}", "In 1971, Christgau inaugurated the annual [Pazz \\& Jop](/wiki/Pazz_%26_Jop \"Pazz & Jop\") music poll, named in tribute to *Jazz \\& Pop*. The poll surveyed music critics on their favorite releases of the year. The poll results were published in the *Village Voice* every February after compiling \"top ten\" lists submitted by music critics across the nation. Throughout his career at the *Voice*, every poll was accompanied by a lengthy Christgau essay analyzing the results and pondering the year's overall musical output. The *Voice* continued the feature after Christgau's dismissal. Although he no longer oversaw the poll, Christgau continued to vote and, since the 2015 poll, also contributed essays to the results.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.villagevoice.com/2016/01/12/pazz\\-jop\\-2015\\-robert\\-christgau\\-joe\\-levy\\-ann\\-powers\\-and\\-greg\\-tate\\-on\\-the\\-year\\-that\\-was/\\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2015, Robert Christgau, Joe Levy, Ann Powers and Greg Tate on the Year that Was\\|last\\=Christgau\\|first\\=Robert\\|date\\=January 12, 2016\\|website\\=Villagevoice.com}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.villagevoice.com/pazznjop/critics/2010/684394/ \\|title\\=Music \\| Latest News \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Village Voice]] \\|date\\=July 6, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2017}}", "#### \"Dean's Lists\"", "Each year that Pazz \\& Jop has run, Christgau has created a personal list of his favorite releases called the \"Dean's List\". Only his top ten count toward his vote in the poll, but his full lists of favorites usually numbered far more than that. These lists–or at least Christgau's top tens–were typically published in *The Village Voice* along with the Pazz \\& Jop results. After Christgau was dismissed from the *Voice*, he continued publishing his annual lists on his own website and at *[The Barnes \\& Noble Review](/wiki/The_Barnes_%26_Noble_Review \"The Barnes & Noble Review\")*.", "While Pazz \\& Jop's aggregate critics' poll are its main draw, Christgau's Deans' Lists are noteworthy in their own right. Henry Hauser from *[Consequence of Sound](/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound \"Consequence of Sound\")* said Christgau's \"annual 'Pazz \\& Jop' poll has been a bona fide American institution. For music writers, his year\\-end essays and extensive 'Dean's List' are like watching [the big ball drop in Times Square](/wiki/Times_Square_Ball \"Times Square Ball\").\"{{cite web \\|last\\=Hauser \\|first\\=Henry \\|url\\=https://consequence.net/2015/04/going\\-into\\-the\\-city\\-portrait\\-of\\-the\\-critic\\-as\\-a\\-young\\-man\\-by\\-robert\\-christgau/ \\|title\\=Going into the City: Portrait of the Critic as a Young Man by Robert Christgau \\|work\\=\\[\\[Consequence of Sound]] \\|date\\=April 18, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=January 7, 2019}}", "These are Christgau's choices for the number\\-one album of the year, including the point score he assigned for the poll. Pazz \\& Jop's rules provided that each item in a top ten could be allotted between 5 and 30 points, with all ten items totaling 100, allowing critics to [weight](/wiki/Weighting \"Weighting\") certain albums more heavily if they chose to do so. In some years, he often gave an equal number of points to his first\\- and second\\-ranked albums, but they were nevertheless ranked as first and second, not as a tie for first. The list shows only his number\\-one picks.", "", "| Year | Artist | Album | Points | Ref. |\n| 1971 | [Joy of Cooking](/wiki/Joy_of_Cooking_%28band%29 \"Joy of Cooking (band)\") | *[Joy of Cooking](/wiki/Joy_of_Cooking_%28album%29 \"Joy of Cooking (album)\")* | 24 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans71\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1971: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 10, 1972 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1974 | [Steely Dan](/wiki/Steely_Dan \"Steely Dan\") | *[Pretzel Logic](/wiki/Pretzel_Logic \"Pretzel Logic\")* | 21 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans74\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1974: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=January 20, 1975 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1975 | {{sortname\\|Bob\\|Dylan}} and {{sort\\|Band\\|\\[\\[the Band]]}} | *{{sort\\|Basement Tapes\\|\\[\\[The Basement Tapes]]}}* | 24 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans75\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1975: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=December 29, 1975 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1976 | {{sortname\\|Michael\\|Hurley\\|Michael Hurley (musician)}}, [The Unholy Modal Rounders](/wiki/The_Unholy_Modal_Rounders \"The Unholy Modal Rounders\"), [Jeffrey Frederick](/wiki/Jeffrey_Frederick \"Jeffrey Frederick\") \\& [the Clamtones](/wiki/Clamtones \"Clamtones\") | *[Have Moicy!](/wiki/Have_Moicy%21 \"Have Moicy!\")* | 15 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans76\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1976: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=January 31, 1977 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1977 | [Television](/wiki/Television_%28band%29 \"Television (band)\") | *[Marquee Moon](/wiki/Marquee_Moon \"Marquee Moon\")* | 13 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans77\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1977: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=January 23, 1978 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304082417/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans77\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} |\n| 1978 | [Wire](/wiki/Wire_%28band%29 \"Wire (band)\") | *[Pink Flag](/wiki/Pink_Flag \"Pink Flag\")* | 13 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans78\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1978: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=January 22, 1979 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1979 | {{sort\\|Clash\\|\\[\\[The Clash]]}} | {{sort\\|Clash\\|''\\[\\[The Clash (album)\\|The Clash]]''}} | 18 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans79\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1979: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=January 28, 1980 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1980 | {{sort\\|Clash\\|The Clash}} | *[London Calling](/wiki/London_Calling \"London Calling\")* | 25 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans80\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1980: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 9, 1991 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1981 | Various artists ([Sugar Hill Records](/wiki/Sugar_Hill_Records_%28hip_hop_label%29 \"Sugar Hill Records (hip hop label)\")) | *Greatest Rap Hits Vol. 2* \\[label compilation] | 19 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans81\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1981: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 1, 1982 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1982 | [Ornette Coleman](/wiki/Ornette_Coleman \"Ornette Coleman\") | *[Of Human Feelings](/wiki/Of_Human_Feelings \"Of Human Feelings\")* | 16 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans82\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1982: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 22, 1983 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1983 | [James Blood Ulmer](/wiki/James_Blood_Ulmer \"James Blood Ulmer\") | *[Odyssey](/wiki/Odyssey_%28James_Blood_Ulmer_album%29 \"Odyssey (James Blood Ulmer album)\")* | 18 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans83\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1983: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 28, 1984 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1984 | {{sortname\\|Bruce\\|Springsteen}} | *[Born in the U.S.A.](/wiki/Born_in_the_U.S.A. \"Born in the U.S.A.\")* | 17 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans84\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1984: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 19, 1985 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1985 | {{sort\\|Mekons\\|\\[\\[The Mekons]]}} | *[Fear and Whiskey](/wiki/Fear_and_Whiskey \"Fear and Whiskey\")* | 16 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans85\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1985: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 18, 1986 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1986 | Various artists | {{sort\\|Indestructible Beat of Soweto\\|''\\[\\[The Indestructible Beat of Soweto]]''}} | 18 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans86\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1986: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=March 3, 1987 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1987 | {{sortname\\|Sonny\\|Rollins}} | *[G\\-Man](/wiki/G-Man_%28Sonny_Rollins_album%29 \"G-Man (Sonny Rollins album)\")* | 16 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans87\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1987: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=March 1, 1988 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1988 | [Franco](/wiki/Franco_Luambo \"Franco Luambo\") and [Rochereau](/wiki/Tabu_Ley_Rochereau \"Tabu Ley Rochereau\") | *[Omona Wapi](/wiki/Omona_Wapi \"Omona Wapi\")* | 16 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans88\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1988: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 28, 1988 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1989 | [Půlnoc](/wiki/P%C5%AFlnoc \"Půlnoc\") | *Live at P.S. 122* \\[bootleg recording] | 17 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans89\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1989: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 27, 1990 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1990 | [LL Cool J](/wiki/LL_Cool_J \"LL Cool J\") | *[Mama Said Knock You Out](/wiki/Mama_Said_Knock_You_Out \"Mama Said Knock You Out\")* | 22 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans90\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1990: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=March 5, 1991 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1991 | Various artists | *Guitar Paradise of East Africa* | 24 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans91\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1991: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=March 3, 1992 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1992 | {{sortname\\|Mzwakhe\\|Mbuli}} | *[Resistance Is Defence](/wiki/Resistance_Is_Defence \"Resistance Is Defence\")* | 18 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans92\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1992: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=March 2, 1993 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1993 | {{sortname\\|Liz\\|Phair}} | *[Exile in Guyville](/wiki/Exile_in_Guyville \"Exile in Guyville\")* | 13 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans93\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1993: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=March 1, 1994 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1994 | [Latin Playboys](/wiki/Latin_Playboys \"Latin Playboys\") | *[Latin Playboys](/wiki/Latin_Playboys_%28album%29 \"Latin Playboys (album)\")* | 14 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans94\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1994: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 10, 1972 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1995 | [Tricky](/wiki/Tricky_%28musician%29 \"Tricky (musician)\") | *[Maxinquaye](/wiki/Maxinquaye \"Maxinquaye\")* | 17 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans95\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1995: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 25, 1996 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1996 | [DJ Shadow](/wiki/DJ_Shadow \"DJ Shadow\") | *[Endtroducing.....](/wiki/Endtroducing..... \"Endtroducing.....\")* | 19 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans96\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1996: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 25, 1997 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1997 | {{sortname\\|Arto\\|Lindsay}} | *[Mundo Civilizado](/wiki/Mundo_Civilizado \"Mundo Civilizado\")* | 15 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans97\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1997: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 24, 1998 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1998 | {{sortname\\|Lucinda\\|Williams}} | *[Car Wheels on a Gravel Road](/wiki/Car_Wheels_on_a_Gravel_Road \"Car Wheels on a Gravel Road\")* | 23 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans98\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1998: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=March 22, 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 1999 | {{sort\\|Magnetic Fields\\|\\[\\[The Magnetic Fields]]}} | *[69 Love Songs](/wiki/69_Love_Songs \"69 Love Songs\")* | 16 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans99\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 1999: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 22, 2000 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2000 | [Eminem](/wiki/Eminem \"Eminem\") | *[The Marshall Mathers LP](/wiki/The_Marshall_Mathers_LP \"The Marshall Mathers LP\")* | 16 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans00\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2000: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 20, 2001 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008002303/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans00\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=October 8, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} |\n| 2001 | {{sortname\\|Bob\\|Dylan}} | {{sort\\|Love and Theft\\|''\\[\\[Love and Theft (Bob Dylan album)\\|\"Love and Theft\"]]''}} | 20 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans01\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2001: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 12, 2002 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2002 | {{sort\\|Mekons\\|\\[\\[The Mekons]]}} | *[OOOH! (Out of Our Heads)](/wiki/OOOH%21_%28Out_of_Our_Heads%29 \"OOOH! (Out of Our Heads)\")* | 14 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans02\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2002: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 18, 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2003 | [King Sunny Adé](/wiki/King_Sunny_Ad%C3%A9 \"King Sunny Adé\") | *[The Best of the Classic Years](/wiki/The_Best_of_the_Classic_Years \"The Best of the Classic Years\")* | 20 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans03\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2003: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 17, 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2004 | {{sortname\\|Brian\\|Wilson}} | *[Brian Wilson Presents Smile](/wiki/Brian_Wilson_Presents_Smile \"Brian Wilson Presents Smile\")* | 22 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans04\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2004: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 15, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2005 | {{sortname\\|Kanye\\|West}} | *[Late Registration](/wiki/Late_Registration \"Late Registration\")* | 16 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans05\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2005: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 7, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2006 | [New York Dolls](/wiki/New_York_Dolls \"New York Dolls\") | *[One Day It Will Please Us to Remember Even This](/wiki/One_Day_It_Will_Please_Us_to_Remember_Even_This \"One Day It Will Please Us to Remember Even This\")* | 17 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans06\\.php \\|title\\=2006: Dean's List \\|publisher\\=RobertChristgau.com \\|date\\=February 14, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2007 | [M.I.A.](/wiki/M.I.A._%28rapper%29 \"M.I.A. (rapper)\") | *[Kala](/wiki/Kala_%28album%29 \"Kala (album)\")* | {{sort\\|0\\|N/A}} | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans07\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2007: Dean's List \\|publisher\\=RobertChristgau.com \\|date\\=January 28, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2008 | [Franco](/wiki/Franco_Luambo \"Franco Luambo\") | *Francophonic* | 18 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans08\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2008: Dean's List \\|publisher\\=RobertChristgau.com \\|date\\=January 22, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2009 | {{sortname\\|Brad\\|Paisley}} | *[American Saturday Night](/wiki/American_Saturday_Night \"American Saturday Night\")* | 17 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans09\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2009: Dean's List \\|publisher\\=RobertChristgau.com \\|date\\=January 12, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2010 | {{sort\\|Roots\\|\\[\\[The Roots]]}} | *[How I Got Over](/wiki/How_I_Got_Over_%28album%29 \"How I Got Over (album)\")* | 16 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans10\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2010: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[Barnes \\& Noble]] Review \\|date\\=January 12, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2011 | [Das Racist](/wiki/Das_Racist \"Das Racist\") | *[Relax](/wiki/Relax_%28Das_Racist_album%29 \"Relax (Das Racist album)\")* | 12 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans11\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2011: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[Barnes \\& Noble]] Review \\|date\\=January 12, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2012 | {{sortname\\|Neil\\|Young}} and [Crazy Horse](/wiki/Crazy_Horse_%28band%29 \"Crazy Horse (band)\") | *[Americana](/wiki/Americana_%28Neil_Young_%26_Crazy_Horse_album%29 \"Americana (Neil Young & Crazy Horse album)\")* | 15 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans12\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2012: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=January 14, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2013 | [Vampire Weekend](/wiki/Vampire_Weekend \"Vampire Weekend\") | *[Modern Vampires of the City](/wiki/Modern_Vampires_of_the_City \"Modern Vampires of the City\")* | 17 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans13\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2013: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[Barnes \\& Noble]] Review \\|date\\=January 24, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2014 | [Wussy](/wiki/Wussy \"Wussy\") | *[Attica!](/wiki/Attica%21 \"Attica!\")* | 17 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans14\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2014: Dean's List \\|work\\=\\[\\[Barnes \\& Noble]] Review \\|date\\=March 10, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2015 | {{sortname\\|Laurie\\|Anderson}} | *[Heart of a Dog](/wiki/Heart_of_a_Dog_%282015_film%29%23Soundtrack \"Heart of a Dog (2015 film)#Soundtrack\")* | 25 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans15\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2015: Dean's List \\|publisher\\=RobertChristgau.com \\|date\\=April 10, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2016 | [A Tribe Called Quest](/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest \"A Tribe Called Quest\") | *[We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service](/wiki/We_Got_It_from_Here..._Thank_You_4_Your_Service \"We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service\")* | 19 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans16\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2016: Dean's List \\|publisher\\=RobertChristgau.com \\|date\\=January 27, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2017 | {{sortname\\|Randy\\|Newman}} | *[Dark Matter](/wiki/Dark_Matter_%28Randy_Newman_album%29 \"Dark Matter (Randy Newman album)\")* | 25 | {{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans17\\.php \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop 2017: Dean's List \\|publisher\\=RobertChristgau.com \\|date\\=February 10, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2018 \\|author\\=Christgau, Robert}} |\n| 2018 | [Noname](/wiki/Noname_%28rapper%29 \"Noname (rapper)\") | *[Room 25](/wiki/Room_25 \"Room 25\")* | 17 | {{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.villagevoice.com/2019/02/06/pazz\\-jop\\-voters\\-ballots\\-2018\\-albums/ \\|title\\=Pazz \\& Jop Voters Ballots: 2018 Albums \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|date\\=February 6, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2019}} |\n| 2019 | [Billie Eilish](/wiki/Billie_Eilish \"Billie Eilish\") | *[When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?](/wiki/When_We_All_Fall_Asleep%2C_Where_Do_We_Go%3F \"When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?\")* | {{sort\\|0\\|N/A}} | {{cite web\\|last\\=Christgau\\|first\\=Robert\\|date\\=January 26, 2020\\|url\\=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans19\\.php\\|title\\=2019: Dean's List\\|work\\=And It Don't Stop\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Substack]]\\|access\\-date\\=April 29, 2020\\|via\\=robertchristgau.com}} |\n| 2020 | Various artists | *Hanging Tree Guitars* | {{sort\\|0\\|N/A}} | {{cite web\\|last\\=Christgau\\|first\\=Robert\\|date\\=January 27, 2021\\|url\\=https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/deans\\-list\\-2020\\|title\\=Dean's List: 2020\\|work\\=And It Don't Stop\\|publisher\\=Substack\\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2021}} |\n| 2021 | Neil Young and Crazy Horse | *[Barn](/wiki/Barn_%28album%29 \"Barn (album)\")* | {{sort\\|0\\|N/A}} | {{Cite web\\|last\\=Christgau\\|first\\=Robert\\|date\\=January 26, 2022\\|title\\=Dean's List: 2021\\|url\\=https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/deans\\-list\\-2021\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2022\\|website\\=And It Don't Stop}} |\n| 2022 | Selo i Ludy Performance Band | *Bunch One*{{refn\\|group\\=nb\\|Although Christgau placed ''Bunch One'' as his favorite album of 2022, it was actually a 2019 album that he had only reviewed that year. The highest ranked album released in 2022 was \\[\\[Beyoncé]]'s ''\\[\\[Renaissance (Beyoncé album)\\|Renaissance]]'', which placed second. As he explained, \"I made \\[''Renaissance''] my number two for the simple reason that a 2019 effort by an accordion\\-led Ukrainian rock\\-oldies band touched me even deeper.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Christgau\\|first\\=Robert\\|date\\=January 25, 2023\\|url\\=https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/deans\\-list\\-2022\\|title\\=Dean's List: 2022\\|work\\=And It Don't Stop\\|publisher\\=Substack\\|accessdate\\=April 2, 2023}}}} | {{sort\\|0\\|N/A}} | {{Cite web\\|last\\=Christgau\\|first\\=Robert\\|date\\=January 25, 2023\\|title\\=Dean's List: 2022\\|url\\=https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/deans\\-list\\-2022\\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2023\\|website\\=And It Don't Stop}} |\n| 2023 | [Olivia Rodrigo](/wiki/Olivia_Rodrigo \"Olivia Rodrigo\") | *[Guts](/wiki/Guts_%28Olivia_Rodrigo_album%29 \"Guts (Olivia Rodrigo album)\")* | {{sort\\|0\\|N/A}} | {{Cite web \\|last\\=Christgau \\|first\\=Robert \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-05 \\|title\\=Robert Christgau's Dean's List: 2023 \\|url\\=https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/deans\\-list\\-2023 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-10 \\|website\\=And It Don't Stop}} |" ]
Musculoskeletal system ---------------------- [thumb\|right\|Perch filets showing myomere structure](/wiki/Image:Perche_du_nil_filets_artlibre_jnl.jpg "Perche du nil filets artlibre jnl.jpg") ### Muscle architecture A typical characteristic of many animals that utilize undulatory locomotion is that they have segmented muscles, or blocks of [myomeres](/wiki/Myomere "Myomere"), running from their head to tails which are separated by connective tissue called myosepta. In addition, some segmented muscle groups, such as the lateral hypaxial musculature in the salamander are oriented at an angle to the longitudinal direction. For these obliquely oriented fibers the strain in the longitudinal direction is greater than the strain in the muscle fiber direction leading to an [architectural gear ratio](/wiki/Architectural_gear_ratio "Architectural gear ratio") greater than 1\. A higher initial angle of orientation and more dorsoventral bulging produces a faster muscle contraction but results in a lower amount of force production.{{cite journal \|last1\=Brainerd \|first1\=E. L. \|last2\=Azizi \|first2\=E. \|year\=2005 \|title\=Muscle Fiber Angle, Segment Bulging and Architectural Gear Ratio in Segmented Musculature \|journal\=Journal of Experimental Biology \|volume\=208 \|issue\=17 \|pages\=3249–3261 \|doi\=10\.1242/jeb.01770 \|pmid\=16109887\|doi\-access\= }} It is hypothesized that animals employ a variable gearing mechanism that allows self\-regulation of force and velocity to meet the mechanical demands of the contraction.{{cite journal \|last1\=Azizi \|first1\=E. \|last2\=Brainerd \|first2\=E. L. \|last3\=Roberts \|first3\=T. J. \|year\=2008 \|title\=Variable Gearing in Pennate Muscles \|journal\=PNAS \|volume\=105 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=1745–1750 \|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.0709212105 \|pmid\=18230734 \|pmc\=2234215\|bibcode\=2008PNAS..105\.1745A \|doi\-access\=free }} When a [pennate muscle](/wiki/Pennate_muscle "Pennate muscle") is subjected to a low force, resistance to width changes in the muscle cause it to rotate which consequently produces a higher architectural gear ratio (AGR) (high velocity). However, when subject to a high force, the perpendicular fiber force component overcomes the resistance to width changes and the muscle compresses producing a lower AGR (capable of maintaining a higher force output). Most fishes bend as a simple, homogenous beam during swimming via contractions of longitudinal red muscle fibers and obliquely oriented white muscle fibers within the segmented axial musculature. The fiber [strain](/wiki/Deformation_%28mechanics%29%23Engineering_strain "Deformation (mechanics)#Engineering strain") (εf) experienced by the longitudinal red muscle fibers is equivalent to the longitudinal strain (εx). The deeper white muscle fibers fishes show diversity in arrangement. These fibers are organized into cone\-shaped structures and attach to connective tissue sheets known as myosepta; each fiber shows a characteristic dorsoventral (α) and mediolateral (φ) trajectory. The segmented architecture theory predicts that, εx \> εf. This phenomenon results in an architectural gear ratio, determined as longitudinal strain divided by fiber strain (εx / εf), greater than one and longitudinal velocity amplification; furthermore, this emergent velocity amplification may be augmented by variable architectural gearing via mesolateral and dorsoventral shape changes, a pattern seen in [pennate muscle](/wiki/Pennate_muscle "Pennate muscle") contractions. A red\-to\-white gearing ratio (red εf / white εf) captures the combined effect of the longitudinal red muscle fiber and oblique white muscle fiber strains.{{cite journal \|last1\=Brainerd \|first1\=E. L. \|last2\=Azizi \|first2\=E. \|year\=2007 \|title\=Architectural Gear Ratio and Muscle Fiber Strain Homogeneity in Segmented Musculature \|journal\=Journal of Experimental Zoology \|volume\=307 \|issue\=A \|pages\=145–155 \|doi\=10\.1002/jez.a.358 \|pmid\=17397068 }} [Simple bending](/wiki/Beam_theory%23Stress "Beam theory#Stress") behavior in homogenous beams suggests ε increases with distance from the neutral axis (z). This poses a problem to animals, such as fishes and salamanders, which undergo undulatory movement. Muscle fibers are constrained by the length\-tension and force\-velocity curves. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that muscle fibers recruited for a particular task must operate within an optimal range of strains (ε) and contractile velocities to generate peak force and power respectively. Non\-uniform ε generation during undulatory movement would force differing muscle fibers recruited for the same task to operate on differing portions of the length\-tension and force\-velocity curves; performance would not be optimal. Alexander predicted that the dorsoventral (α) and mediolateral (φ) orientation of the white fibers of the fish axial musculature may allow more uniform strain across varying mesolateral fiber distances. Unfortunately, the white muscle fiber musculature of fishes is too complex to study uniform strain generation; however, Brainerd and Azizi studied this phenomenon using a simplified salamander model. *Siren lacertina*, an aquatic salamander, utilizes swimming motions similar to the aforementioned fishes yet contains hypaxial muscle fibers (which generate bending) characterized by a simpler organization. The hypaxial muscle fibers of *S. lacertina* are obliquely oriented, but have a near zero mediolateral (φ) trajectory and a constant dorsolateral (α) trajectory within each segment. Therefore, the effect of dorsolateral (α) trajectory and the distance between a given hypaxial muscle layer and the neutral axis of bending (z) on muscle fiber strain (ε) can be studied. Brainerd and Azizi found that longitudinal contractions of the constant volume hypaxial muscles were compensated by an increase in the dorsoventral dimensions. Bulging was accompanied by fiber rotation as well as an increase in both α hypaxial fiber trajectory and [architectural gear ratio](/wiki/Architectural_gear_ratio "Architectural gear ratio") (AGR), a phenomenon also seen in [pennate muscle](/wiki/Pennate_muscle "Pennate muscle") contractions. They constructed a mathematical model to predict the final hypaxial fiber angle, AGR and dorsoventral height, where: λx \= longitudinal extension ratio of the segment (portion of final longitudinal length after contraction to initial longitudinal length), β \= final fiber angle, α \= initial fiber angle, f \= initial fiber length, and \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon}\_\\mathrm{x} and \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon}\_\\mathrm{f} \= longitudinal and fiber strain respectively. * \\mathrm{\\lambda}\_\\mathrm{x} \= \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon}\_\\mathrm{x} \+ 1 * \\mathrm{\\lambda}\_\\mathrm{f} \= \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon}\_\\mathrm{f} \+ 1 * \\mathrm{\\epsilon}\_\\mathrm{x} \= \\Delta \\Lambda / \\Lambda\_\\mathrm{initial} * AGR \= \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon}\_\\mathrm{x} / \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon}\_\\mathrm{f} \= \[\\mathrm{\\lambda}\_\\mathrm{f} (\\cos \\mathrm{\\beta} / \\cos \\mathrm{\\alpha}) \-1] / (\\mathrm{\\lambda}\_\\mathrm{f} \-1\) * \\mathrm{\\beta} \= \\sin^{\-1} (y\_2 / \\mathrm{\\lambda}\_\\mathrm{f}f) This relationship shows that AGR increase with an increase in fiber angle from α to β. In addition, final fiber angle (β) increases with dorsolateral bulging (y) and fiber contraction, but decreases as a function of initial fiber length. The application of the latter conclusions can be seen in *S. lacertina*. This organism undulates as a homogenous beam (just as in fishes) during swimming; thus the distance of a muscle fiber from the neutral axis (z) during bending must be greater for external oblique muscle layers (EO) than internal oblique muscle layers (IO). The relationship between the strains ( \\mathrm{\\epsilon}) experienced by the EO and IO and their respective z values is given by the following equation: where \\mathrm{\\epsilon}EO and \\mathrm{\\epsilon}IO \= strain of the external and internal oblique muscle layers, and zEO and zIO \= distance of the external and internal oblique muscle layers respectively from the neutral axis. \\mathrm{\\epsilon}EO \= \\mathrm{\\epsilon}IO (zEO / zIO) Via this equation, we see that z is directly proportional to \\mathrm{\\epsilon}; the strain experienced by the EO exceeds that of the IO. Azizi *et al.* discovered that the initial hypaxial fiber α trajectory in the EO is greater than that of the IO. Because initial α trajectory is proportional to the AGR, the EO contracts with a greater AGR than the IO. The resulting velocity amplification allows both layers of muscles to operate at similar strains and shortening velocities; this enables the EO and IO to function on comparable portions of the [length\-tension and force\-velocity curves](/wiki/Muscle_contraction%23Force-length_and_force-velocity_relationships "Muscle contraction#Force-length and force-velocity relationships"). Muscles recruited for a similar task ought to operate at similar strains and velocities to maximize force and power output. Therefore, variability in AGR within the hypaxial musculature of the *Siren lacertina* counteracts varying mesolateral fiber distances and optimizes performance. Azizi *et al.* termed this phenomenon as fiber strain homogeneity in segmented musculature. ### Muscle activity In addition to a rostral to caudal kinematic wave that travels down the animal's body during undulatory locomotion, there is also a corresponding wave of muscle activation that travels in the rostro\-caudal direction. However, while this pattern is characteristic of undulatory locomotion, it too can vary with environment. #### American eel **Aquatic Locomotion**: [Electromyogram](/wiki/Electromyography "Electromyography") (EMG) recordings of the [American eel](/wiki/American_eel "American eel") reveal a similar pattern of muscle activation during aquatic movement as that of fish. At slow speeds only the most posterior end of the eel's muscles are activated with more anterior muscle recruited at higher speeds. As in many other animals, the muscles activate late in the lengthening phase of the muscle strain cycle, just prior to muscle shortening which is a pattern believed to maximize work output from the muscle. **Terrestrial Locomotion**: EMG recordings show a longer absolute duration and duty cycle of muscle activity during locomotion on land. Also, the absolute intensity is much higher while on land which is expected from the increase in gravitational forces acting on the animal. However, the intensity level decreases more posteriorly along the length of the eel's body. Also, the timing of muscle activation shifts to later in the strain cycle of muscle shortening. ### Energetics Animals with elongated bodies and reduced or no legs have evolved differently from their limbed relatives.{{cite journal \|last\=Gans \|first\=C. \|title\=Tetrapod Limblessness: Evolution and Functional Corollaries \|journal\=\[\[Integrative and Comparative Biology\|Am. Zool.]] \|volume\=15 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=455–461 \|year\=1975 \|doi\=10\.1093/icb/15\.2\.455 \|doi\-access\= }} In the past, some have speculated that this evolution was due to a lower energetic cost associated with limbless locomotion. The biomechanical arguments used to support this rationale include that (1\) there is no cost associatied with the vertical displacement of the center of mass typically found with limbed animals,{{cite book \|last\=Goldspink \|first\=G. \|title\=Mechanics and Energetics of Animal Locomotion \|publisher\=Wiley \|location\=New York \|pages\=153–167 \|year\=1977 }} (2\) there is no cost associated with accelerating or decelerating limbs, and (3\) there is a lower cost for supporting the body. This hypothesis has been studied further by examining the oxygen consumption rates in the snake during different modes of locomotion: lateral undulation, concertina,{{cite journal \|last1\=Walton \|first1\=M. \|last2\=Jayne \|first2\=B. C. \|last3\=Bennet \|first3\=A. F. \|title\=The energetic cost of limbless locomotion \|journal\=\[\[Science (journal)\|Science]] \|volume\=249 \|issue\=4968 \|pages\=524–527 \|year\=1990 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.249\.4968\.524 \|pmid\=17735283\|bibcode\=1990Sci...249\..524W \|s2cid\=17065200 }} and sidewinding.{{cite journal \|last1\=Secor \|first1\=S. M. \|last2\=Jayne \|first2\=B. C. \|last3\=Bennett \|first3\=A. F. \|title\=Locomotor Performance and energetic Cost of Sidewinging by the Snake Crotalus Cerastes \|journal\=Journal of Experimental Biology \|volume\=163 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=1–14 \|url\=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/163/1/1\.abstract \|date\=February 1992 \|doi\=10\.1242/jeb.163\.1\.1 }} The *net cost of transport* (NCT), which indicates the amount of energy required to move a unit of mass a given distance, for a snake moving with a lateral undulatory gait is identical to that of a limbed lizard with the same mass. However, a snake utilizing concertina locomotion produces a much higher net cost of transport, while sidewinding actually produces a lower net cost of transport. Therefore, the different modes of locomotion are of primary importance when determining energetic cost. The reason that lateral undulation has the same energetic efficiency as limbed animals and not less, as hypothesized earlier, might be due to the additional biomechanical cost associated with this type of movement due to the force needed to bend the body laterally, push its sides against a vertical surface, and overcome sliding friction.
[ "Musculoskeletal system\n----------------------", "[thumb\\|right\\|Perch filets showing myomere structure](/wiki/Image:Perche_du_nil_filets_artlibre_jnl.jpg \"Perche du nil filets artlibre jnl.jpg\")", "### Muscle architecture", "A typical characteristic of many animals that utilize undulatory locomotion is that they have segmented muscles, or blocks of [myomeres](/wiki/Myomere \"Myomere\"), running from their head to tails which are separated by connective tissue called myosepta. In addition, some segmented muscle groups, such as the lateral hypaxial musculature in the salamander are oriented at an angle to the longitudinal direction. For these obliquely oriented fibers the strain in the longitudinal direction is greater than the strain in the muscle fiber direction leading to an [architectural gear ratio](/wiki/Architectural_gear_ratio \"Architectural gear ratio\") greater than 1\\. A higher initial angle of orientation and more dorsoventral bulging produces a faster muscle contraction but results in a lower amount of force production.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Brainerd \\|first1\\=E. L. \\|last2\\=Azizi \\|first2\\=E. \\|year\\=2005 \\|title\\=Muscle Fiber Angle, Segment Bulging and Architectural Gear Ratio in Segmented Musculature \\|journal\\=Journal of Experimental Biology \\|volume\\=208 \\|issue\\=17 \\|pages\\=3249–3261 \\|doi\\=10\\.1242/jeb.01770 \\|pmid\\=16109887\\|doi\\-access\\= }} It is hypothesized that animals employ a variable gearing mechanism that allows self\\-regulation of force and velocity to meet the mechanical demands of the contraction.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Azizi \\|first1\\=E. \\|last2\\=Brainerd \\|first2\\=E. L. \\|last3\\=Roberts \\|first3\\=T. J. \\|year\\=2008 \\|title\\=Variable Gearing in Pennate Muscles \\|journal\\=PNAS \\|volume\\=105 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=1745–1750 \\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.0709212105 \\|pmid\\=18230734 \\|pmc\\=2234215\\|bibcode\\=2008PNAS..105\\.1745A \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} When a [pennate muscle](/wiki/Pennate_muscle \"Pennate muscle\") is subjected to a low force, resistance to width changes in the muscle cause it to rotate which consequently produces a higher architectural gear ratio (AGR) (high velocity). However, when subject to a high force, the perpendicular fiber force component overcomes the resistance to width changes and the muscle compresses producing a lower AGR (capable of maintaining a higher force output).", "Most fishes bend as a simple, homogenous beam during swimming via contractions of longitudinal red muscle fibers and obliquely oriented white muscle fibers within the segmented axial musculature. The fiber [strain](/wiki/Deformation_%28mechanics%29%23Engineering_strain \"Deformation (mechanics)#Engineering strain\") (εf) experienced by the longitudinal red muscle fibers is equivalent to the longitudinal strain (εx). The deeper white muscle fibers fishes show diversity in arrangement. These fibers are organized into cone\\-shaped structures and attach to connective tissue sheets known as myosepta; each fiber shows a characteristic dorsoventral (α) and mediolateral (φ) trajectory. The segmented architecture theory predicts that, εx \\> εf. This phenomenon results in an architectural gear ratio, determined as longitudinal strain divided by fiber strain (εx / εf), greater than one and longitudinal velocity amplification; furthermore, this emergent velocity amplification may be augmented by variable architectural gearing via mesolateral and dorsoventral shape changes, a pattern seen in [pennate muscle](/wiki/Pennate_muscle \"Pennate muscle\") contractions. A red\\-to\\-white gearing ratio (red εf / white εf) captures the combined effect of the longitudinal red muscle fiber and oblique white muscle fiber strains.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Brainerd \\|first1\\=E. L. \\|last2\\=Azizi \\|first2\\=E. \\|year\\=2007 \\|title\\=Architectural Gear Ratio and Muscle Fiber Strain Homogeneity in Segmented Musculature \\|journal\\=Journal of Experimental Zoology \\|volume\\=307 \\|issue\\=A \\|pages\\=145–155 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/jez.a.358 \\|pmid\\=17397068 }}", "[Simple bending](/wiki/Beam_theory%23Stress \"Beam theory#Stress\") behavior in homogenous beams suggests ε increases with distance from the neutral axis (z). This poses a problem to animals, such as fishes and salamanders, which undergo undulatory movement. Muscle fibers are constrained by the length\\-tension and force\\-velocity curves. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that muscle fibers recruited for a particular task must operate within an optimal range of strains (ε) and contractile velocities to generate peak force and power respectively. Non\\-uniform ε generation during undulatory movement would force differing muscle fibers recruited for the same task to operate on differing portions of the length\\-tension and force\\-velocity curves; performance would not be optimal. Alexander predicted that the dorsoventral (α) and mediolateral (φ) orientation of the white fibers of the fish axial musculature may allow more uniform strain across varying mesolateral fiber distances. Unfortunately, the white muscle fiber musculature of fishes is too complex to study uniform strain generation; however, Brainerd and Azizi studied this phenomenon using a simplified salamander model.", "*Siren lacertina*, an aquatic salamander, utilizes swimming motions similar to the aforementioned fishes yet contains hypaxial muscle fibers (which generate bending) characterized by a simpler organization. The hypaxial muscle fibers of *S. lacertina* are obliquely oriented, but have a near zero mediolateral (φ) trajectory and a constant dorsolateral (α) trajectory within each segment. Therefore, the effect of dorsolateral (α) trajectory and the distance between a given hypaxial muscle layer and the neutral axis of bending (z) on muscle fiber strain (ε) can be studied.", "Brainerd and Azizi found that longitudinal contractions of the constant volume hypaxial muscles were compensated by an increase in the dorsoventral dimensions. Bulging was accompanied by fiber rotation as well as an increase in both α hypaxial fiber trajectory and [architectural gear ratio](/wiki/Architectural_gear_ratio \"Architectural gear ratio\") (AGR), a phenomenon also seen in [pennate muscle](/wiki/Pennate_muscle \"Pennate muscle\") contractions. They constructed a mathematical model to predict the final hypaxial fiber angle, AGR and dorsoventral height, where: λx \\= longitudinal extension ratio of the segment (portion of final longitudinal length after contraction to initial longitudinal length), β \\= final fiber angle, α \\= initial fiber angle, f \\= initial fiber length, and \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\epsilon}\\_\\\\mathrm{x} and \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\epsilon}\\_\\\\mathrm{f} \\= longitudinal and fiber strain respectively.", "* \\\\mathrm{\\\\lambda}\\_\\\\mathrm{x} \\= \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\epsilon}\\_\\\\mathrm{x} \\+ 1\n* \\\\mathrm{\\\\lambda}\\_\\\\mathrm{f} \\= \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\epsilon}\\_\\\\mathrm{f} \\+ 1\n* \\\\mathrm{\\\\epsilon}\\_\\\\mathrm{x} \\= \\\\Delta \\\\Lambda / \\\\Lambda\\_\\\\mathrm{initial}\n* AGR \\= \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\epsilon}\\_\\\\mathrm{x} / \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\epsilon}\\_\\\\mathrm{f} \\= \\[\\\\mathrm{\\\\lambda}\\_\\\\mathrm{f} (\\\\cos \\\\mathrm{\\\\beta} / \\\\cos \\\\mathrm{\\\\alpha}) \\-1] / (\\\\mathrm{\\\\lambda}\\_\\\\mathrm{f} \\-1\\)\n* \\\\mathrm{\\\\beta} \\= \\\\sin^{\\-1} (y\\_2 / \\\\mathrm{\\\\lambda}\\_\\\\mathrm{f}f)", "This relationship shows that AGR increase with an increase in fiber angle from α to β. In addition, final fiber angle (β) increases with dorsolateral bulging (y) and fiber contraction, but decreases as a function of initial fiber length.", "The application of the latter conclusions can be seen in *S. lacertina*. This organism undulates as a homogenous beam (just as in fishes) during swimming; thus the distance of a muscle fiber from the neutral axis (z) during bending must be greater for external oblique muscle layers (EO) than internal oblique muscle layers (IO). The relationship between the strains ( \\\\mathrm{\\\\epsilon}) experienced by the EO and IO and their respective z values is given by the following equation: where \\\\mathrm{\\\\epsilon}EO and \\\\mathrm{\\\\epsilon}IO \\= strain of the external and internal oblique muscle layers, and zEO and zIO \\= distance of the external and internal oblique muscle layers respectively from the neutral axis.", "\\\\mathrm{\\\\epsilon}EO \\= \\\\mathrm{\\\\epsilon}IO (zEO / zIO)", "Via this equation, we see that z is directly proportional to \\\\mathrm{\\\\epsilon}; the strain experienced by the EO exceeds that of the IO. Azizi *et al.* discovered that the initial hypaxial fiber α trajectory in the EO is greater than that of the IO. Because initial α trajectory is proportional to the AGR, the EO contracts with a greater AGR than the IO. The resulting velocity amplification allows both layers of muscles to operate at similar strains and shortening velocities; this enables the EO and IO to function on comparable portions of the [length\\-tension and force\\-velocity curves](/wiki/Muscle_contraction%23Force-length_and_force-velocity_relationships \"Muscle contraction#Force-length and force-velocity relationships\"). Muscles recruited for a similar task ought to operate at similar strains and velocities to maximize force and power output. Therefore, variability in AGR within the hypaxial musculature of the *Siren lacertina* counteracts varying mesolateral fiber distances and optimizes performance. Azizi *et al.* termed this phenomenon as fiber strain homogeneity in segmented musculature.", "### Muscle activity", "In addition to a rostral to caudal kinematic wave that travels down the animal's body during undulatory locomotion, there is also a corresponding wave of muscle activation that travels in the rostro\\-caudal direction. However, while this pattern is characteristic of undulatory locomotion, it too can vary with environment.", "#### American eel", "**Aquatic Locomotion**: [Electromyogram](/wiki/Electromyography \"Electromyography\") (EMG) recordings of the [American eel](/wiki/American_eel \"American eel\") reveal a similar pattern of muscle activation during aquatic movement as that of fish. At slow speeds only the most posterior end of the eel's muscles are activated with more anterior muscle recruited at higher speeds. As in many other animals, the muscles activate late in the lengthening phase of the muscle strain cycle, just prior to muscle shortening which is a pattern believed to maximize work output from the muscle.", "**Terrestrial Locomotion**: EMG recordings show a longer absolute duration and duty cycle of muscle activity during locomotion on land. Also, the absolute intensity is much higher while on land which is expected from the increase in gravitational forces acting on the animal. However, the intensity level decreases more posteriorly along the length of the eel's body. Also, the timing of muscle activation shifts to later in the strain cycle of muscle shortening.", "### Energetics", "Animals with elongated bodies and reduced or no legs have evolved differently from their limbed relatives.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Gans \\|first\\=C. \\|title\\=Tetrapod Limblessness: Evolution and Functional Corollaries \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Integrative and Comparative Biology\\|Am. Zool.]] \\|volume\\=15 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=455–461 \\|year\\=1975 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/icb/15\\.2\\.455 \\|doi\\-access\\= }} In the past, some have speculated that this evolution was due to a lower energetic cost associated with limbless locomotion. The biomechanical arguments used to support this rationale include that (1\\) there is no cost associatied with the vertical displacement of the center of mass typically found with limbed animals,{{cite book \\|last\\=Goldspink \\|first\\=G. \\|title\\=Mechanics and Energetics of Animal Locomotion \\|publisher\\=Wiley \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=153–167 \\|year\\=1977 }} (2\\) there is no cost associated with accelerating or decelerating limbs, and (3\\) there is a lower cost for supporting the body. This hypothesis has been studied further by examining the oxygen consumption rates in the snake during different modes of locomotion: lateral undulation, concertina,{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Walton \\|first1\\=M. \\|last2\\=Jayne \\|first2\\=B. C. \\|last3\\=Bennet \\|first3\\=A. F. \\|title\\=The energetic cost of limbless locomotion \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Science (journal)\\|Science]] \\|volume\\=249 \\|issue\\=4968 \\|pages\\=524–527 \\|year\\=1990 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.249\\.4968\\.524 \\|pmid\\=17735283\\|bibcode\\=1990Sci...249\\..524W \\|s2cid\\=17065200 }} and sidewinding.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Secor \\|first1\\=S. M. \\|last2\\=Jayne \\|first2\\=B. C. \\|last3\\=Bennett \\|first3\\=A. F. \\|title\\=Locomotor Performance and energetic Cost of Sidewinging by the Snake Crotalus Cerastes \\|journal\\=Journal of Experimental Biology \\|volume\\=163 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=1–14 \\|url\\=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/163/1/1\\.abstract \\|date\\=February 1992 \\|doi\\=10\\.1242/jeb.163\\.1\\.1 }} The *net cost of transport* (NCT), which indicates the amount of energy required to move a unit of mass a given distance, for a snake moving with a lateral undulatory gait is identical to that of a limbed lizard with the same mass. However, a snake utilizing concertina locomotion produces a much higher net cost of transport, while sidewinding actually produces a lower net cost of transport. Therefore, the different modes of locomotion are of primary importance when determining energetic cost. The reason that lateral undulation has the same energetic efficiency as limbed animals and not less, as hypothesized earlier, might be due to the additional biomechanical cost associated with this type of movement due to the force needed to bend the body laterally, push its sides against a vertical surface, and overcome sliding friction.", "" ]
### Muscle architecture A typical characteristic of many animals that utilize undulatory locomotion is that they have segmented muscles, or blocks of [myomeres](/wiki/Myomere "Myomere"), running from their head to tails which are separated by connective tissue called myosepta. In addition, some segmented muscle groups, such as the lateral hypaxial musculature in the salamander are oriented at an angle to the longitudinal direction. For these obliquely oriented fibers the strain in the longitudinal direction is greater than the strain in the muscle fiber direction leading to an [architectural gear ratio](/wiki/Architectural_gear_ratio "Architectural gear ratio") greater than 1\. A higher initial angle of orientation and more dorsoventral bulging produces a faster muscle contraction but results in a lower amount of force production.{{cite journal \|last1\=Brainerd \|first1\=E. L. \|last2\=Azizi \|first2\=E. \|year\=2005 \|title\=Muscle Fiber Angle, Segment Bulging and Architectural Gear Ratio in Segmented Musculature \|journal\=Journal of Experimental Biology \|volume\=208 \|issue\=17 \|pages\=3249–3261 \|doi\=10\.1242/jeb.01770 \|pmid\=16109887\|doi\-access\= }} It is hypothesized that animals employ a variable gearing mechanism that allows self\-regulation of force and velocity to meet the mechanical demands of the contraction.{{cite journal \|last1\=Azizi \|first1\=E. \|last2\=Brainerd \|first2\=E. L. \|last3\=Roberts \|first3\=T. J. \|year\=2008 \|title\=Variable Gearing in Pennate Muscles \|journal\=PNAS \|volume\=105 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=1745–1750 \|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.0709212105 \|pmid\=18230734 \|pmc\=2234215\|bibcode\=2008PNAS..105\.1745A \|doi\-access\=free }} When a [pennate muscle](/wiki/Pennate_muscle "Pennate muscle") is subjected to a low force, resistance to width changes in the muscle cause it to rotate which consequently produces a higher architectural gear ratio (AGR) (high velocity). However, when subject to a high force, the perpendicular fiber force component overcomes the resistance to width changes and the muscle compresses producing a lower AGR (capable of maintaining a higher force output). Most fishes bend as a simple, homogenous beam during swimming via contractions of longitudinal red muscle fibers and obliquely oriented white muscle fibers within the segmented axial musculature. The fiber [strain](/wiki/Deformation_%28mechanics%29%23Engineering_strain "Deformation (mechanics)#Engineering strain") (εf) experienced by the longitudinal red muscle fibers is equivalent to the longitudinal strain (εx). The deeper white muscle fibers fishes show diversity in arrangement. These fibers are organized into cone\-shaped structures and attach to connective tissue sheets known as myosepta; each fiber shows a characteristic dorsoventral (α) and mediolateral (φ) trajectory. The segmented architecture theory predicts that, εx \> εf. This phenomenon results in an architectural gear ratio, determined as longitudinal strain divided by fiber strain (εx / εf), greater than one and longitudinal velocity amplification; furthermore, this emergent velocity amplification may be augmented by variable architectural gearing via mesolateral and dorsoventral shape changes, a pattern seen in [pennate muscle](/wiki/Pennate_muscle "Pennate muscle") contractions. A red\-to\-white gearing ratio (red εf / white εf) captures the combined effect of the longitudinal red muscle fiber and oblique white muscle fiber strains.{{cite journal \|last1\=Brainerd \|first1\=E. L. \|last2\=Azizi \|first2\=E. \|year\=2007 \|title\=Architectural Gear Ratio and Muscle Fiber Strain Homogeneity in Segmented Musculature \|journal\=Journal of Experimental Zoology \|volume\=307 \|issue\=A \|pages\=145–155 \|doi\=10\.1002/jez.a.358 \|pmid\=17397068 }} [Simple bending](/wiki/Beam_theory%23Stress "Beam theory#Stress") behavior in homogenous beams suggests ε increases with distance from the neutral axis (z). This poses a problem to animals, such as fishes and salamanders, which undergo undulatory movement. Muscle fibers are constrained by the length\-tension and force\-velocity curves. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that muscle fibers recruited for a particular task must operate within an optimal range of strains (ε) and contractile velocities to generate peak force and power respectively. Non\-uniform ε generation during undulatory movement would force differing muscle fibers recruited for the same task to operate on differing portions of the length\-tension and force\-velocity curves; performance would not be optimal. Alexander predicted that the dorsoventral (α) and mediolateral (φ) orientation of the white fibers of the fish axial musculature may allow more uniform strain across varying mesolateral fiber distances. Unfortunately, the white muscle fiber musculature of fishes is too complex to study uniform strain generation; however, Brainerd and Azizi studied this phenomenon using a simplified salamander model. *Siren lacertina*, an aquatic salamander, utilizes swimming motions similar to the aforementioned fishes yet contains hypaxial muscle fibers (which generate bending) characterized by a simpler organization. The hypaxial muscle fibers of *S. lacertina* are obliquely oriented, but have a near zero mediolateral (φ) trajectory and a constant dorsolateral (α) trajectory within each segment. Therefore, the effect of dorsolateral (α) trajectory and the distance between a given hypaxial muscle layer and the neutral axis of bending (z) on muscle fiber strain (ε) can be studied. Brainerd and Azizi found that longitudinal contractions of the constant volume hypaxial muscles were compensated by an increase in the dorsoventral dimensions. Bulging was accompanied by fiber rotation as well as an increase in both α hypaxial fiber trajectory and [architectural gear ratio](/wiki/Architectural_gear_ratio "Architectural gear ratio") (AGR), a phenomenon also seen in [pennate muscle](/wiki/Pennate_muscle "Pennate muscle") contractions. They constructed a mathematical model to predict the final hypaxial fiber angle, AGR and dorsoventral height, where: λx \= longitudinal extension ratio of the segment (portion of final longitudinal length after contraction to initial longitudinal length), β \= final fiber angle, α \= initial fiber angle, f \= initial fiber length, and \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon}\_\\mathrm{x} and \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon}\_\\mathrm{f} \= longitudinal and fiber strain respectively. * \\mathrm{\\lambda}\_\\mathrm{x} \= \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon}\_\\mathrm{x} \+ 1 * \\mathrm{\\lambda}\_\\mathrm{f} \= \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon}\_\\mathrm{f} \+ 1 * \\mathrm{\\epsilon}\_\\mathrm{x} \= \\Delta \\Lambda / \\Lambda\_\\mathrm{initial} * AGR \= \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon}\_\\mathrm{x} / \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon}\_\\mathrm{f} \= \[\\mathrm{\\lambda}\_\\mathrm{f} (\\cos \\mathrm{\\beta} / \\cos \\mathrm{\\alpha}) \-1] / (\\mathrm{\\lambda}\_\\mathrm{f} \-1\) * \\mathrm{\\beta} \= \\sin^{\-1} (y\_2 / \\mathrm{\\lambda}\_\\mathrm{f}f) This relationship shows that AGR increase with an increase in fiber angle from α to β. In addition, final fiber angle (β) increases with dorsolateral bulging (y) and fiber contraction, but decreases as a function of initial fiber length. The application of the latter conclusions can be seen in *S. lacertina*. This organism undulates as a homogenous beam (just as in fishes) during swimming; thus the distance of a muscle fiber from the neutral axis (z) during bending must be greater for external oblique muscle layers (EO) than internal oblique muscle layers (IO). The relationship between the strains ( \\mathrm{\\epsilon}) experienced by the EO and IO and their respective z values is given by the following equation: where \\mathrm{\\epsilon}EO and \\mathrm{\\epsilon}IO \= strain of the external and internal oblique muscle layers, and zEO and zIO \= distance of the external and internal oblique muscle layers respectively from the neutral axis. \\mathrm{\\epsilon}EO \= \\mathrm{\\epsilon}IO (zEO / zIO) Via this equation, we see that z is directly proportional to \\mathrm{\\epsilon}; the strain experienced by the EO exceeds that of the IO. Azizi *et al.* discovered that the initial hypaxial fiber α trajectory in the EO is greater than that of the IO. Because initial α trajectory is proportional to the AGR, the EO contracts with a greater AGR than the IO. The resulting velocity amplification allows both layers of muscles to operate at similar strains and shortening velocities; this enables the EO and IO to function on comparable portions of the [length\-tension and force\-velocity curves](/wiki/Muscle_contraction%23Force-length_and_force-velocity_relationships "Muscle contraction#Force-length and force-velocity relationships"). Muscles recruited for a similar task ought to operate at similar strains and velocities to maximize force and power output. Therefore, variability in AGR within the hypaxial musculature of the *Siren lacertina* counteracts varying mesolateral fiber distances and optimizes performance. Azizi *et al.* termed this phenomenon as fiber strain homogeneity in segmented musculature.
[ "### Muscle architecture", "A typical characteristic of many animals that utilize undulatory locomotion is that they have segmented muscles, or blocks of [myomeres](/wiki/Myomere \"Myomere\"), running from their head to tails which are separated by connective tissue called myosepta. In addition, some segmented muscle groups, such as the lateral hypaxial musculature in the salamander are oriented at an angle to the longitudinal direction. For these obliquely oriented fibers the strain in the longitudinal direction is greater than the strain in the muscle fiber direction leading to an [architectural gear ratio](/wiki/Architectural_gear_ratio \"Architectural gear ratio\") greater than 1\\. A higher initial angle of orientation and more dorsoventral bulging produces a faster muscle contraction but results in a lower amount of force production.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Brainerd \\|first1\\=E. L. \\|last2\\=Azizi \\|first2\\=E. \\|year\\=2005 \\|title\\=Muscle Fiber Angle, Segment Bulging and Architectural Gear Ratio in Segmented Musculature \\|journal\\=Journal of Experimental Biology \\|volume\\=208 \\|issue\\=17 \\|pages\\=3249–3261 \\|doi\\=10\\.1242/jeb.01770 \\|pmid\\=16109887\\|doi\\-access\\= }} It is hypothesized that animals employ a variable gearing mechanism that allows self\\-regulation of force and velocity to meet the mechanical demands of the contraction.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Azizi \\|first1\\=E. \\|last2\\=Brainerd \\|first2\\=E. L. \\|last3\\=Roberts \\|first3\\=T. J. \\|year\\=2008 \\|title\\=Variable Gearing in Pennate Muscles \\|journal\\=PNAS \\|volume\\=105 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=1745–1750 \\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.0709212105 \\|pmid\\=18230734 \\|pmc\\=2234215\\|bibcode\\=2008PNAS..105\\.1745A \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} When a [pennate muscle](/wiki/Pennate_muscle \"Pennate muscle\") is subjected to a low force, resistance to width changes in the muscle cause it to rotate which consequently produces a higher architectural gear ratio (AGR) (high velocity). However, when subject to a high force, the perpendicular fiber force component overcomes the resistance to width changes and the muscle compresses producing a lower AGR (capable of maintaining a higher force output).", "Most fishes bend as a simple, homogenous beam during swimming via contractions of longitudinal red muscle fibers and obliquely oriented white muscle fibers within the segmented axial musculature. The fiber [strain](/wiki/Deformation_%28mechanics%29%23Engineering_strain \"Deformation (mechanics)#Engineering strain\") (εf) experienced by the longitudinal red muscle fibers is equivalent to the longitudinal strain (εx). The deeper white muscle fibers fishes show diversity in arrangement. These fibers are organized into cone\\-shaped structures and attach to connective tissue sheets known as myosepta; each fiber shows a characteristic dorsoventral (α) and mediolateral (φ) trajectory. The segmented architecture theory predicts that, εx \\> εf. This phenomenon results in an architectural gear ratio, determined as longitudinal strain divided by fiber strain (εx / εf), greater than one and longitudinal velocity amplification; furthermore, this emergent velocity amplification may be augmented by variable architectural gearing via mesolateral and dorsoventral shape changes, a pattern seen in [pennate muscle](/wiki/Pennate_muscle \"Pennate muscle\") contractions. A red\\-to\\-white gearing ratio (red εf / white εf) captures the combined effect of the longitudinal red muscle fiber and oblique white muscle fiber strains.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Brainerd \\|first1\\=E. L. \\|last2\\=Azizi \\|first2\\=E. \\|year\\=2007 \\|title\\=Architectural Gear Ratio and Muscle Fiber Strain Homogeneity in Segmented Musculature \\|journal\\=Journal of Experimental Zoology \\|volume\\=307 \\|issue\\=A \\|pages\\=145–155 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/jez.a.358 \\|pmid\\=17397068 }}", "[Simple bending](/wiki/Beam_theory%23Stress \"Beam theory#Stress\") behavior in homogenous beams suggests ε increases with distance from the neutral axis (z). This poses a problem to animals, such as fishes and salamanders, which undergo undulatory movement. Muscle fibers are constrained by the length\\-tension and force\\-velocity curves. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that muscle fibers recruited for a particular task must operate within an optimal range of strains (ε) and contractile velocities to generate peak force and power respectively. Non\\-uniform ε generation during undulatory movement would force differing muscle fibers recruited for the same task to operate on differing portions of the length\\-tension and force\\-velocity curves; performance would not be optimal. Alexander predicted that the dorsoventral (α) and mediolateral (φ) orientation of the white fibers of the fish axial musculature may allow more uniform strain across varying mesolateral fiber distances. Unfortunately, the white muscle fiber musculature of fishes is too complex to study uniform strain generation; however, Brainerd and Azizi studied this phenomenon using a simplified salamander model.", "*Siren lacertina*, an aquatic salamander, utilizes swimming motions similar to the aforementioned fishes yet contains hypaxial muscle fibers (which generate bending) characterized by a simpler organization. The hypaxial muscle fibers of *S. lacertina* are obliquely oriented, but have a near zero mediolateral (φ) trajectory and a constant dorsolateral (α) trajectory within each segment. Therefore, the effect of dorsolateral (α) trajectory and the distance between a given hypaxial muscle layer and the neutral axis of bending (z) on muscle fiber strain (ε) can be studied.", "Brainerd and Azizi found that longitudinal contractions of the constant volume hypaxial muscles were compensated by an increase in the dorsoventral dimensions. Bulging was accompanied by fiber rotation as well as an increase in both α hypaxial fiber trajectory and [architectural gear ratio](/wiki/Architectural_gear_ratio \"Architectural gear ratio\") (AGR), a phenomenon also seen in [pennate muscle](/wiki/Pennate_muscle \"Pennate muscle\") contractions. They constructed a mathematical model to predict the final hypaxial fiber angle, AGR and dorsoventral height, where: λx \\= longitudinal extension ratio of the segment (portion of final longitudinal length after contraction to initial longitudinal length), β \\= final fiber angle, α \\= initial fiber angle, f \\= initial fiber length, and \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\epsilon}\\_\\\\mathrm{x} and \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\epsilon}\\_\\\\mathrm{f} \\= longitudinal and fiber strain respectively.", "* \\\\mathrm{\\\\lambda}\\_\\\\mathrm{x} \\= \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\epsilon}\\_\\\\mathrm{x} \\+ 1\n* \\\\mathrm{\\\\lambda}\\_\\\\mathrm{f} \\= \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\epsilon}\\_\\\\mathrm{f} \\+ 1\n* \\\\mathrm{\\\\epsilon}\\_\\\\mathrm{x} \\= \\\\Delta \\\\Lambda / \\\\Lambda\\_\\\\mathrm{initial}\n* AGR \\= \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\epsilon}\\_\\\\mathrm{x} / \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\epsilon}\\_\\\\mathrm{f} \\= \\[\\\\mathrm{\\\\lambda}\\_\\\\mathrm{f} (\\\\cos \\\\mathrm{\\\\beta} / \\\\cos \\\\mathrm{\\\\alpha}) \\-1] / (\\\\mathrm{\\\\lambda}\\_\\\\mathrm{f} \\-1\\)\n* \\\\mathrm{\\\\beta} \\= \\\\sin^{\\-1} (y\\_2 / \\\\mathrm{\\\\lambda}\\_\\\\mathrm{f}f)", "This relationship shows that AGR increase with an increase in fiber angle from α to β. In addition, final fiber angle (β) increases with dorsolateral bulging (y) and fiber contraction, but decreases as a function of initial fiber length.", "The application of the latter conclusions can be seen in *S. lacertina*. This organism undulates as a homogenous beam (just as in fishes) during swimming; thus the distance of a muscle fiber from the neutral axis (z) during bending must be greater for external oblique muscle layers (EO) than internal oblique muscle layers (IO). The relationship between the strains ( \\\\mathrm{\\\\epsilon}) experienced by the EO and IO and their respective z values is given by the following equation: where \\\\mathrm{\\\\epsilon}EO and \\\\mathrm{\\\\epsilon}IO \\= strain of the external and internal oblique muscle layers, and zEO and zIO \\= distance of the external and internal oblique muscle layers respectively from the neutral axis.", "\\\\mathrm{\\\\epsilon}EO \\= \\\\mathrm{\\\\epsilon}IO (zEO / zIO)", "Via this equation, we see that z is directly proportional to \\\\mathrm{\\\\epsilon}; the strain experienced by the EO exceeds that of the IO. Azizi *et al.* discovered that the initial hypaxial fiber α trajectory in the EO is greater than that of the IO. Because initial α trajectory is proportional to the AGR, the EO contracts with a greater AGR than the IO. The resulting velocity amplification allows both layers of muscles to operate at similar strains and shortening velocities; this enables the EO and IO to function on comparable portions of the [length\\-tension and force\\-velocity curves](/wiki/Muscle_contraction%23Force-length_and_force-velocity_relationships \"Muscle contraction#Force-length and force-velocity relationships\"). Muscles recruited for a similar task ought to operate at similar strains and velocities to maximize force and power output. Therefore, variability in AGR within the hypaxial musculature of the *Siren lacertina* counteracts varying mesolateral fiber distances and optimizes performance. Azizi *et al.* termed this phenomenon as fiber strain homogeneity in segmented musculature.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Childhood Nelbia Romero was born on 8 December 1938 in the town of [Durazno](/wiki/Durazno "Durazno"), Uruguay. She was the eldest daughter of a family of rural landowners. Her parents, Apolinaria Cabrera and Conrado Romero, settled in the city for her birth, where later the youngest daughter of the marriage and her only sister, María Teresa, was born. Romero's upbringing alternated between the city and the countryside, where she spent her vacations. Her father, a landowner and local political figure, socially active and atheist, shared with his eldest daughter an interest in music and history, passing along his concern for [social justice](/wiki/Social_justice "Social justice").{{Cite book \|title\=Nelbia Romero \|work\=Catálogo Decimoprimera Edición del Premio Pedro Figari \|publisher\=\[\[Central Bank of Uruguay]] \|language\=Spanish \|year\=2006}} ### Training Romero completed elementary school and secondary studies at the school of the Immaculate Conception of Durazno. She left without finishing her preparatory architecture studies in 1959 to enter the Durazno Workshop of Plastic Arts. [Claudio Silveira Silva](/wiki/Claudio_Silveira_Silva "Claudio Silveira Silva"), her teacher for two years, strongly influenced her vocation and encouraged her to move to [Montevideo](/wiki/Montevideo "Montevideo") to continue her studies at the {{ill\|National Institute of Fine Arts (University of the Republic)\|es\|Instituto Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes (Universidad de la República)\|lt\=National Institute of Fine Arts}} (ENBA). Supported by her father, she moved to the country's capital in 1962, abandoning marriage plans. At the ENBA she received multiple artistic and political influences. The painter Mario Pareja guided her to the graphic arts, suggesting that she enter the printing workshop. In 1967 her father died and she stopped attending the Institute. In 1968 Romero entered the school of the Engraving Club, where she was a student of {{ill\|Carlos Fossatti\|es}} and met her former ENBA classmate, [Rimer Cardillo](/wiki/Rimer_Cardillo "Rimer Cardillo"). She also participated in the graphic activity of the Club: monthly newsletters, almanacs, and illustrations. In this time she experimented with different materials and studied the history of art at the Faculty of Humanities. She also received training as an educator of plastic expression, which allowed her to later work as a teacher in primary schools and workshops for adults. ### Political activity Romero was a politically engaged artist who supported causes and social movements through her artistic activity. In 1969 she joined the [Communist Party](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Uruguay "Communist Party of Uruguay"), where she would continue to work until the 1990s.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Childhood", "Nelbia Romero was born on 8 December 1938 in the town of [Durazno](/wiki/Durazno \"Durazno\"), Uruguay. She was the eldest daughter of a family of rural landowners. Her parents, Apolinaria Cabrera and Conrado Romero, settled in the city for her birth, where later the youngest daughter of the marriage and her only sister, María Teresa, was born.", "Romero's upbringing alternated between the city and the countryside, where she spent her vacations. Her father, a landowner and local political figure, socially active and atheist, shared with his eldest daughter an interest in music and history, passing along his concern for [social justice](/wiki/Social_justice \"Social justice\").{{Cite book \\|title\\=Nelbia Romero \\|work\\=Catálogo Decimoprimera Edición del Premio Pedro Figari \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Central Bank of Uruguay]] \\|language\\=Spanish \\|year\\=2006}}", "### Training", "Romero completed elementary school and secondary studies at the school of the Immaculate Conception of Durazno. She left without finishing her preparatory architecture studies in 1959 to enter the Durazno Workshop of Plastic Arts. [Claudio Silveira Silva](/wiki/Claudio_Silveira_Silva \"Claudio Silveira Silva\"), her teacher for two years, strongly influenced her vocation and encouraged her to move to [Montevideo](/wiki/Montevideo \"Montevideo\") to continue her studies at the {{ill\\|National Institute of Fine Arts (University of the Republic)\\|es\\|Instituto Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes (Universidad de la República)\\|lt\\=National Institute of Fine Arts}} (ENBA). Supported by her father, she moved to the country's capital in 1962, abandoning marriage plans. At the ENBA she received multiple artistic and political influences. The painter Mario Pareja guided her to the graphic arts, suggesting that she enter the printing workshop. In 1967 her father died and she stopped attending the Institute.", "In 1968 Romero entered the school of the Engraving Club, where she was a student of {{ill\\|Carlos Fossatti\\|es}} and met her former ENBA classmate, [Rimer Cardillo](/wiki/Rimer_Cardillo \"Rimer Cardillo\"). She also participated in the graphic activity of the Club: monthly newsletters, almanacs, and illustrations. In this time she experimented with different materials and studied the history of art at the Faculty of Humanities.", "She also received training as an educator of plastic expression, which allowed her to later work as a teacher in primary schools and workshops for adults.", "### Political activity", "Romero was a politically engaged artist who supported causes and social movements through her artistic activity. In 1969 she joined the [Communist Party](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Uruguay \"Communist Party of Uruguay\"), where she would continue to work until the 1990s.", "" ]
Artistic production ------------------- ### Early works During the first phase of Romero's career she was mainly engaged in drawing and engraving. Between 1975 and 1980 she participated in "El Dibujazo", a movement in which draughtsmen and graphic artists took part in expressing themselves against the social conflict of the period of the [dictatorship](/wiki/Civic-military_dictatorship_of_Uruguay "Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay"). At this stage she began to show her work in collective exhibitions, and in 1976 she held her first individual exhibition, received some prizes, and sent works abroad. During that year, she collaborated with draftswomen Beatriz Battoine, Irene Ferrando, and Marta Restuccia, and experimented by complementing her samples with audiovisual recordings with Nelson Advalov, which would lead her to new multimedia aesthetic searches in the 1980s.{{Cite book \|title\=Radical women: Latin American art, 1960–1985 \|first1\=Cecilia \|last1\=Fajardo\-Hill \|first2\=Andrea \|last2\=Giunta \|author2\-link\=Andrea Giunta \|first3\=Rodrigo \|last3\=Alonso \|publisher\=Hammer Museum and DelMonico Books/Prestel \|year\=2017 \|isbn\=9783791356808 \|location\=Los Angeles \|oclc\=982089637}} In fact, at the end of the decade, in 1988, she retired from the Engraving Club after promoting an unsuccessful attempt at renewal with [Ana Tiscornia](/wiki/Ana_Tiscornia "Ana Tiscornia").{{Cite magazine \|url\=http://www.revistalapupila.com/pdf/Pupila18\.pdf \|title\=Club de grabado en la crisis de la 'cultura independiente' (1973–1989\) \|trans\-title\=Engraving Club in the Crisis of the 'Independent Culture' (1973–1989\) \|last\=Peluffo Linari \|first\=Gabriel \|magazine\=La Pupila \|number\=18 \|pages\=8–17 \|language\=Spanish \|date\=June 2011 \|access\-date\=9 December 2017}} ### Second stage Romero's work took a new direction in the 1980s with the incorporation of audiovisual language and the use of her body as a plastic element. In turn, her work was increasingly committed to the personal and social consequences of the recent past. In an interview with {{ill\|Olga Larnaudie\|es}}, she said: {{Quote\|In the 80s I started with other types of searches linked not only to the formal problem, but to other things that mattered to me. Before the dictatorship, it existed as a privilege to elaborate in the artistic field. That privilege stopped being the first thing, and I felt responsible for my work. The dictatorship also gave us to reset and rethink our proposals. The need to arise with the pain I felt began to appear truly – through my face – looking for who I was in that historical moment. The faces appear half covered, half veiled, painting my face, also in black and white. It was something very profound, very meaningful. The way to say "here I am".}} During those years of transition Romero made engravings in which photographs of her inked face appear, which she also printed on the works. With these works she participated in collective exhibitions that expressed the new paths taken by the nation's plastic arts towards the end of the dictatorship and during the first years of the return of democracy. In 1981 she participated in the show paying tribute to Carlos Fossatti exhibited in the Montevideo Gallery of Notaries, with the participation of artists of the Engraving Club, and in 1983 she was part of the *Muestra por las libertades* organized by the Culture Commission of the {{ill\|Uruguay Banking Association\|es\|Asociación de Bancarios del Uruguay}} (AEBU) together with more than 300 national and international artists. In 1986 the engravings of this cycle were sent to the Second [Havana Biennial](/wiki/Havana_Biennial "Havana Biennial") as part of the [installation](/wiki/Installation_art "Installation art") *A propósito de aquellos años oscuros*. In 1983 she presented *Sal\-si\-puedes* ("Get out if you can"), considered the first artistic installation made in Uruguay, which included texts, music, body language, plastic art, and atmosphere. After the fall of the [Uruguayan Dictatorship](/wiki/Civic-military_dictatorship_of_Uruguay "Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay") in 1985, she returned to the country and continued work expressing the pre\-Hispanic, indigenous heritage of Uruguay through [performance](/wiki/Performance_art "Performance art"), [installations](/wiki/Installation_art "Installation art"), and [multimedia](/wiki/Multimedia "Multimedia") work. The work evokes the [Charrúa](/wiki/Charr%C3%BAa "Charrúa") ethnic group and recalls the {{ill\|Slaughter of the Salsipuedes\|es\|Matanza del Salsipuedes}}, constituting a reflection on national identity and pluriculturalism in a country that was considered practically without indigenous heritage. *Sal\-si\-puedes* is part of the crisis period of the post\-dictatorship era in which the perception of a country with European roots, socially homogeneous and of tolerant tradition, was questioned. Romero was nourished by the artistic and academic production (history, sociology, anthropology) that in this period questioned the historical construction of national identity.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=9\_Vw8PxOAD8C\&pg\=PA151 \|title\=Artes plásticas na América Latina contemporânea \|trans\-title\=Visual Arts in Contemporary Latin America \|chapter\=Mitologías de ausencia en el arte uruguayo de hoy: las instalaciones de Rimer Cardillo y Nelbia Romero \|trans\-chapter\=Mythologies of Absence in Uruguayan Art Today: The Installations of Rimer Cardillo and Nelbia Romero \|last\=Haber \|first\=Alicia \|author\-link\=Alicia Haber \|editor1\-last\=Bulhões \|editor1\-first\=Maria Amélia \|editor2\-last\=Bastos Kern \|editor2\-first\=Maria Lúcia \|publisher\=\[\[Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul\|UFRGS]] \|isbn\=9788570253132 \|page\=151 \|language\=Spanish \|year\=1994 \|access\-date\=9 December 2017 \|via\=Google Books}} She continued working in the same direction by producing a performance, *Uru\-gua\-y*, in 1990, followed by two installations in 1992; *Más allá de las palabras* ("Beyond words") and *Garra Charrúa*, which uses, among a heterogeneity of elements, large amounts of text written in [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language") and [Guarani](/wiki/Guarani_language "Guarani language"), rescuing the linguistic heritage of that nation, present in everyday speech today. This work was presented in Montevideo, in [Havana](/wiki/Havana "Havana"), and at the [Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst](/wiki/Ludwig_Forum_f%C3%BCr_Internationale_Kunst "Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst") (Germany). In *Bye Bye Yaugurú*, a 1995 installation presented at the {{ill\|Subte Exhibition Center\|es\|Centro de exposiciones Subte}} in Montevideo, Romero continued to work on the issue of national identity from a critical perspective. The central element of the work is a map of Uruguay represented in various ways in combination with other elements. It questions the "scientific" reading of the reality that cartography tries to show, highlighting the arbitrariness of the historical tracing of the borders that underpin nationalism. In the following years she continued to develop her work in installations and performances, at the same time that she intensified her teaching and curatorial activity. In the 2000s she exhibited several times at the national and international level, sending her work to the Havana Biennial and to the {{ill\|Mercosur Biennial\|es\|Bienal del Mercosur}}. Romero was also the author of texts, presentations, and talks on printmaking and on topics related to Uruguayan identity.
[ "Artistic production\n-------------------", "### Early works", "During the first phase of Romero's career she was mainly engaged in drawing and engraving. Between 1975 and 1980 she participated in \"El Dibujazo\", a movement in which draughtsmen and graphic artists took part in expressing themselves against the social conflict of the period of the [dictatorship](/wiki/Civic-military_dictatorship_of_Uruguay \"Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay\"). At this stage she began to show her work in collective exhibitions, and in 1976 she held her first individual exhibition, received some prizes, and sent works abroad. During that year, she collaborated with draftswomen Beatriz Battoine, Irene Ferrando, and Marta Restuccia, and experimented by complementing her samples with audiovisual recordings with Nelson Advalov, which would lead her to new multimedia aesthetic searches in the 1980s.{{Cite book \\|title\\=Radical women: Latin American art, 1960–1985 \\|first1\\=Cecilia \\|last1\\=Fajardo\\-Hill \\|first2\\=Andrea \\|last2\\=Giunta \\|author2\\-link\\=Andrea Giunta \\|first3\\=Rodrigo \\|last3\\=Alonso \\|publisher\\=Hammer Museum and DelMonico Books/Prestel \\|year\\=2017 \\|isbn\\=9783791356808 \\|location\\=Los Angeles \\|oclc\\=982089637}} In fact, at the end of the decade, in 1988, she retired from the Engraving Club after promoting an unsuccessful attempt at renewal with [Ana Tiscornia](/wiki/Ana_Tiscornia \"Ana Tiscornia\").{{Cite magazine \\|url\\=http://www.revistalapupila.com/pdf/Pupila18\\.pdf \\|title\\=Club de grabado en la crisis de la 'cultura independiente' (1973–1989\\) \\|trans\\-title\\=Engraving Club in the Crisis of the 'Independent Culture' (1973–1989\\) \\|last\\=Peluffo Linari \\|first\\=Gabriel \\|magazine\\=La Pupila \\|number\\=18 \\|pages\\=8–17 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|date\\=June 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2017}}", "### Second stage", "Romero's work took a new direction in the 1980s with the incorporation of audiovisual language and the use of her body as a plastic element. In turn, her work was increasingly committed to the personal and social consequences of the recent past. In an interview with {{ill\\|Olga Larnaudie\\|es}}, she said:", "{{Quote\\|In the 80s I started with other types of searches linked not only to the formal problem, but to other things that mattered to me. Before the dictatorship, it existed as a privilege to elaborate in the artistic field. That privilege stopped being the first thing, and I felt responsible for my work. The dictatorship also gave us to reset and rethink our proposals. The need to arise with the pain I felt began to appear truly – through my face – looking for who I was in that historical moment. The faces appear half covered, half veiled, painting my face, also in black and white. It was something very profound, very meaningful. The way to say \"here I am\".}}", "During those years of transition Romero made engravings in which photographs of her inked face appear, which she also printed on the works. With these works she participated in collective exhibitions that expressed the new paths taken by the nation's plastic arts towards the end of the dictatorship and during the first years of the return of democracy. In 1981 she participated in the show paying tribute to Carlos Fossatti exhibited in the Montevideo Gallery of Notaries, with the participation of artists of the Engraving Club, and in 1983 she was part of the *Muestra por las libertades* organized by the Culture Commission of the {{ill\\|Uruguay Banking Association\\|es\\|Asociación de Bancarios del Uruguay}} (AEBU) together with more than 300 national and international artists. In 1986 the engravings of this cycle were sent to the Second [Havana Biennial](/wiki/Havana_Biennial \"Havana Biennial\") as part of the [installation](/wiki/Installation_art \"Installation art\") *A propósito de aquellos años oscuros*.", "In 1983 she presented *Sal\\-si\\-puedes* (\"Get out if you can\"), considered the first artistic installation made in Uruguay, which included texts, music, body language, plastic art, and atmosphere. After the fall of the [Uruguayan Dictatorship](/wiki/Civic-military_dictatorship_of_Uruguay \"Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay\") in 1985, she returned to the country and continued work expressing the pre\\-Hispanic, indigenous heritage of Uruguay through [performance](/wiki/Performance_art \"Performance art\"), [installations](/wiki/Installation_art \"Installation art\"), and [multimedia](/wiki/Multimedia \"Multimedia\") work.", "The work evokes the [Charrúa](/wiki/Charr%C3%BAa \"Charrúa\") ethnic group and recalls the {{ill\\|Slaughter of the Salsipuedes\\|es\\|Matanza del Salsipuedes}}, constituting a reflection on national identity and pluriculturalism in a country that was considered practically without indigenous heritage. *Sal\\-si\\-puedes* is part of the crisis period of the post\\-dictatorship era in which the perception of a country with European roots, socially homogeneous and of tolerant tradition, was questioned. Romero was nourished by the artistic and academic production (history, sociology, anthropology) that in this period questioned the historical construction of national identity.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=9\\_Vw8PxOAD8C\\&pg\\=PA151 \\|title\\=Artes plásticas na América Latina contemporânea \\|trans\\-title\\=Visual Arts in Contemporary Latin America \\|chapter\\=Mitologías de ausencia en el arte uruguayo de hoy: las instalaciones de Rimer Cardillo y Nelbia Romero \\|trans\\-chapter\\=Mythologies of Absence in Uruguayan Art Today: The Installations of Rimer Cardillo and Nelbia Romero \\|last\\=Haber \\|first\\=Alicia \\|author\\-link\\=Alicia Haber \\|editor1\\-last\\=Bulhões \\|editor1\\-first\\=Maria Amélia \\|editor2\\-last\\=Bastos Kern \\|editor2\\-first\\=Maria Lúcia \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul\\|UFRGS]] \\|isbn\\=9788570253132 \\|page\\=151 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|year\\=1994 \\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2017 \\|via\\=Google Books}}", "She continued working in the same direction by producing a performance, *Uru\\-gua\\-y*, in 1990, followed by two installations in 1992; *Más allá de las palabras* (\"Beyond words\") and *Garra Charrúa*, which uses, among a heterogeneity of elements, large amounts of text written in [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\") and [Guarani](/wiki/Guarani_language \"Guarani language\"), rescuing the linguistic heritage of that nation, present in everyday speech today. This work was presented in Montevideo, in [Havana](/wiki/Havana \"Havana\"), and at the [Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst](/wiki/Ludwig_Forum_f%C3%BCr_Internationale_Kunst \"Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst\") (Germany).", "In *Bye Bye Yaugurú*, a 1995 installation presented at the {{ill\\|Subte Exhibition Center\\|es\\|Centro de exposiciones Subte}} in Montevideo, Romero continued to work on the issue of national identity from a critical perspective. The central element of the work is a map of Uruguay represented in various ways in combination with other elements. It questions the \"scientific\" reading of the reality that cartography tries to show, highlighting the arbitrariness of the historical tracing of the borders that underpin nationalism.", "In the following years she continued to develop her work in installations and performances, at the same time that she intensified her teaching and curatorial activity. In the 2000s she exhibited several times at the national and international level, sending her work to the Havana Biennial and to the {{ill\\|Mercosur Biennial\\|es\\|Bienal del Mercosur}}.", "Romero was also the author of texts, presentations, and talks on printmaking and on topics related to Uruguayan identity.", "" ]
### Second stage Romero's work took a new direction in the 1980s with the incorporation of audiovisual language and the use of her body as a plastic element. In turn, her work was increasingly committed to the personal and social consequences of the recent past. In an interview with {{ill\|Olga Larnaudie\|es}}, she said: {{Quote\|In the 80s I started with other types of searches linked not only to the formal problem, but to other things that mattered to me. Before the dictatorship, it existed as a privilege to elaborate in the artistic field. That privilege stopped being the first thing, and I felt responsible for my work. The dictatorship also gave us to reset and rethink our proposals. The need to arise with the pain I felt began to appear truly – through my face – looking for who I was in that historical moment. The faces appear half covered, half veiled, painting my face, also in black and white. It was something very profound, very meaningful. The way to say "here I am".}} During those years of transition Romero made engravings in which photographs of her inked face appear, which she also printed on the works. With these works she participated in collective exhibitions that expressed the new paths taken by the nation's plastic arts towards the end of the dictatorship and during the first years of the return of democracy. In 1981 she participated in the show paying tribute to Carlos Fossatti exhibited in the Montevideo Gallery of Notaries, with the participation of artists of the Engraving Club, and in 1983 she was part of the *Muestra por las libertades* organized by the Culture Commission of the {{ill\|Uruguay Banking Association\|es\|Asociación de Bancarios del Uruguay}} (AEBU) together with more than 300 national and international artists. In 1986 the engravings of this cycle were sent to the Second [Havana Biennial](/wiki/Havana_Biennial "Havana Biennial") as part of the [installation](/wiki/Installation_art "Installation art") *A propósito de aquellos años oscuros*. In 1983 she presented *Sal\-si\-puedes* ("Get out if you can"), considered the first artistic installation made in Uruguay, which included texts, music, body language, plastic art, and atmosphere. After the fall of the [Uruguayan Dictatorship](/wiki/Civic-military_dictatorship_of_Uruguay "Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay") in 1985, she returned to the country and continued work expressing the pre\-Hispanic, indigenous heritage of Uruguay through [performance](/wiki/Performance_art "Performance art"), [installations](/wiki/Installation_art "Installation art"), and [multimedia](/wiki/Multimedia "Multimedia") work. The work evokes the [Charrúa](/wiki/Charr%C3%BAa "Charrúa") ethnic group and recalls the {{ill\|Slaughter of the Salsipuedes\|es\|Matanza del Salsipuedes}}, constituting a reflection on national identity and pluriculturalism in a country that was considered practically without indigenous heritage. *Sal\-si\-puedes* is part of the crisis period of the post\-dictatorship era in which the perception of a country with European roots, socially homogeneous and of tolerant tradition, was questioned. Romero was nourished by the artistic and academic production (history, sociology, anthropology) that in this period questioned the historical construction of national identity.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=9\_Vw8PxOAD8C\&pg\=PA151 \|title\=Artes plásticas na América Latina contemporânea \|trans\-title\=Visual Arts in Contemporary Latin America \|chapter\=Mitologías de ausencia en el arte uruguayo de hoy: las instalaciones de Rimer Cardillo y Nelbia Romero \|trans\-chapter\=Mythologies of Absence in Uruguayan Art Today: The Installations of Rimer Cardillo and Nelbia Romero \|last\=Haber \|first\=Alicia \|author\-link\=Alicia Haber \|editor1\-last\=Bulhões \|editor1\-first\=Maria Amélia \|editor2\-last\=Bastos Kern \|editor2\-first\=Maria Lúcia \|publisher\=\[\[Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul\|UFRGS]] \|isbn\=9788570253132 \|page\=151 \|language\=Spanish \|year\=1994 \|access\-date\=9 December 2017 \|via\=Google Books}} She continued working in the same direction by producing a performance, *Uru\-gua\-y*, in 1990, followed by two installations in 1992; *Más allá de las palabras* ("Beyond words") and *Garra Charrúa*, which uses, among a heterogeneity of elements, large amounts of text written in [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language") and [Guarani](/wiki/Guarani_language "Guarani language"), rescuing the linguistic heritage of that nation, present in everyday speech today. This work was presented in Montevideo, in [Havana](/wiki/Havana "Havana"), and at the [Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst](/wiki/Ludwig_Forum_f%C3%BCr_Internationale_Kunst "Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst") (Germany). In *Bye Bye Yaugurú*, a 1995 installation presented at the {{ill\|Subte Exhibition Center\|es\|Centro de exposiciones Subte}} in Montevideo, Romero continued to work on the issue of national identity from a critical perspective. The central element of the work is a map of Uruguay represented in various ways in combination with other elements. It questions the "scientific" reading of the reality that cartography tries to show, highlighting the arbitrariness of the historical tracing of the borders that underpin nationalism. In the following years she continued to develop her work in installations and performances, at the same time that she intensified her teaching and curatorial activity. In the 2000s she exhibited several times at the national and international level, sending her work to the Havana Biennial and to the {{ill\|Mercosur Biennial\|es\|Bienal del Mercosur}}. Romero was also the author of texts, presentations, and talks on printmaking and on topics related to Uruguayan identity.
[ "### Second stage", "Romero's work took a new direction in the 1980s with the incorporation of audiovisual language and the use of her body as a plastic element. In turn, her work was increasingly committed to the personal and social consequences of the recent past. In an interview with {{ill\\|Olga Larnaudie\\|es}}, she said:", "{{Quote\\|In the 80s I started with other types of searches linked not only to the formal problem, but to other things that mattered to me. Before the dictatorship, it existed as a privilege to elaborate in the artistic field. That privilege stopped being the first thing, and I felt responsible for my work. The dictatorship also gave us to reset and rethink our proposals. The need to arise with the pain I felt began to appear truly – through my face – looking for who I was in that historical moment. The faces appear half covered, half veiled, painting my face, also in black and white. It was something very profound, very meaningful. The way to say \"here I am\".}}", "During those years of transition Romero made engravings in which photographs of her inked face appear, which she also printed on the works. With these works she participated in collective exhibitions that expressed the new paths taken by the nation's plastic arts towards the end of the dictatorship and during the first years of the return of democracy. In 1981 she participated in the show paying tribute to Carlos Fossatti exhibited in the Montevideo Gallery of Notaries, with the participation of artists of the Engraving Club, and in 1983 she was part of the *Muestra por las libertades* organized by the Culture Commission of the {{ill\\|Uruguay Banking Association\\|es\\|Asociación de Bancarios del Uruguay}} (AEBU) together with more than 300 national and international artists. In 1986 the engravings of this cycle were sent to the Second [Havana Biennial](/wiki/Havana_Biennial \"Havana Biennial\") as part of the [installation](/wiki/Installation_art \"Installation art\") *A propósito de aquellos años oscuros*.", "In 1983 she presented *Sal\\-si\\-puedes* (\"Get out if you can\"), considered the first artistic installation made in Uruguay, which included texts, music, body language, plastic art, and atmosphere. After the fall of the [Uruguayan Dictatorship](/wiki/Civic-military_dictatorship_of_Uruguay \"Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay\") in 1985, she returned to the country and continued work expressing the pre\\-Hispanic, indigenous heritage of Uruguay through [performance](/wiki/Performance_art \"Performance art\"), [installations](/wiki/Installation_art \"Installation art\"), and [multimedia](/wiki/Multimedia \"Multimedia\") work.", "The work evokes the [Charrúa](/wiki/Charr%C3%BAa \"Charrúa\") ethnic group and recalls the {{ill\\|Slaughter of the Salsipuedes\\|es\\|Matanza del Salsipuedes}}, constituting a reflection on national identity and pluriculturalism in a country that was considered practically without indigenous heritage. *Sal\\-si\\-puedes* is part of the crisis period of the post\\-dictatorship era in which the perception of a country with European roots, socially homogeneous and of tolerant tradition, was questioned. Romero was nourished by the artistic and academic production (history, sociology, anthropology) that in this period questioned the historical construction of national identity.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=9\\_Vw8PxOAD8C\\&pg\\=PA151 \\|title\\=Artes plásticas na América Latina contemporânea \\|trans\\-title\\=Visual Arts in Contemporary Latin America \\|chapter\\=Mitologías de ausencia en el arte uruguayo de hoy: las instalaciones de Rimer Cardillo y Nelbia Romero \\|trans\\-chapter\\=Mythologies of Absence in Uruguayan Art Today: The Installations of Rimer Cardillo and Nelbia Romero \\|last\\=Haber \\|first\\=Alicia \\|author\\-link\\=Alicia Haber \\|editor1\\-last\\=Bulhões \\|editor1\\-first\\=Maria Amélia \\|editor2\\-last\\=Bastos Kern \\|editor2\\-first\\=Maria Lúcia \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul\\|UFRGS]] \\|isbn\\=9788570253132 \\|page\\=151 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|year\\=1994 \\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2017 \\|via\\=Google Books}}", "She continued working in the same direction by producing a performance, *Uru\\-gua\\-y*, in 1990, followed by two installations in 1992; *Más allá de las palabras* (\"Beyond words\") and *Garra Charrúa*, which uses, among a heterogeneity of elements, large amounts of text written in [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\") and [Guarani](/wiki/Guarani_language \"Guarani language\"), rescuing the linguistic heritage of that nation, present in everyday speech today. This work was presented in Montevideo, in [Havana](/wiki/Havana \"Havana\"), and at the [Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst](/wiki/Ludwig_Forum_f%C3%BCr_Internationale_Kunst \"Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst\") (Germany).", "In *Bye Bye Yaugurú*, a 1995 installation presented at the {{ill\\|Subte Exhibition Center\\|es\\|Centro de exposiciones Subte}} in Montevideo, Romero continued to work on the issue of national identity from a critical perspective. The central element of the work is a map of Uruguay represented in various ways in combination with other elements. It questions the \"scientific\" reading of the reality that cartography tries to show, highlighting the arbitrariness of the historical tracing of the borders that underpin nationalism.", "In the following years she continued to develop her work in installations and performances, at the same time that she intensified her teaching and curatorial activity. In the 2000s she exhibited several times at the national and international level, sending her work to the Havana Biennial and to the {{ill\\|Mercosur Biennial\\|es\\|Bienal del Mercosur}}.", "Romero was also the author of texts, presentations, and talks on printmaking and on topics related to Uruguayan identity.", "" ]
Regulatory history ------------------ ### In the United States #### Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Hazardous wastes are wastes with properties that make them dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, contained gases, or sludges. They can be by\-products of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides. In regulatory terms, RCRA hazardous wastes are wastes that appear on one of the four hazardous wastes lists (F\-list, K\-list, P\-list, or U\-list), or exhibit at least one of the following four characteristics; ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. in the US, Hazardous wastes are regulated under the [Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)](/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act "Resource Conservation and Recovery Act"), Subtitle C.Horinko, Marianne, Cathryn Courtin. [“Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress.”](http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/rcra.pdf) EPA Alumni Association. March 2016\. By definition, EPA determined that some specific wastes are hazardous. These wastes are incorporated into lists published by the Agency. These lists are organized into three categories: F\-list (non\-specific source wastes) found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261\.31, K\-list (source\-specific wastes) found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261\.32, and P\-list and the U\-list (discarded commercial chemical products) found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261\.33\. RCRA's record keeping system helps to track the life cycle of hazardous waste and reduces the amount of hazardous waste illegally disposed. #### Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act The [Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act](/wiki/Comprehensive_Environmental_Response%2C_Compensation%2C_and_Liability_Act "Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act") (CERCLA) was enacted in 1980\. The primary contribution of CERCLA was to create a "[Superfund](/wiki/Superfund "Superfund")" and provide for the clean\-up and remediation of closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites. CERCLA addresses historic releases of hazardous materials, but does not specifically manage hazardous wastes. ### In India #### Environmental Act and Hazardous Waste Rules In 1984, a deadly methyl isocyanate gas leak known as the [Bhopal disaster](/wiki/Bhopal_disaster "Bhopal disaster") raised environmental awareness in India.{{Cite journal \|last\=Broughton \|first\=Edward \|date\=2005\-05\-10 \|title\=The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review \|journal\=Environmental Health \|volume\=4 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=6 \|doi\=10\.1186/1476\-069X\-4\-6 \|doi\-access\=free \|issn\=1476\-069X \|pmc\=1142333 \|pmid\=15882472}} In response, the Indian government produced the Environmental Act in 1986, followed by the Hazardous Waste Rules in 1989\.{{Cite journal \|last\=Sharma \|first\=Dinesh C. \|date\=June 2005 \|title\=By Order of the Court: Environmental Cleanup in India \|journal\=Environmental Health Perspectives \|volume\=113 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=A394–A397 \|doi\=10\.1289/ehp.113\-a394 \|issn\=0091\-6765 \|pmc\=1257623 \|pmid\=15929881}} With these rules, companies are only permitted by the state to produce hazardous waste if they are able to dispose of it safely.{{Cite web \|date\=July 28, 1989 \|title\=The Hazardous Wastes Rules, 1989 \|website\=Government of Punjab \|publisher\=Ministry of Environment and Forests \|url\=https://ppcb.punjab.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/Hazardous%20Waste%20(Management%20%26%20Handling)%20Rules%2C%201989\.pdf }} However, state governments did not make these rules effective. There was around a decade delay between when hazardous waste landfills were requested and when they were built. During this time, companies disposed hazardous waste in various "temporary" hazardous waste locations, such as along roads and in canal pits, with no immediate plan to move it to proper facilities. #### Supreme Court action The Supreme Court stepped in to prevent damage from hazardous waste in order to protect the [right to life](/wiki/Right_to_life "Right to life"). A 1995 petition by the Research Foundation for Science, Technology, and Natural Resource Policy{{Cite web \|title\=Vandana Shiva {{!}} Indian Environmentalist, Activist \& Scientist {{!}} Britannica \|url\=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vandana\-Shiva \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-07 \|website\=www.britannica.com \|language\=en}} spurred the Supreme Court to create the High Powered Committee (HPC) of Hazardous Waste, since data from pre\-existing government boards was not usable. This committee found studies linking pollution and improper waste treatment with higher amounts of hexavalent chromium, lead, and other heavy metals. Industries and regulators were effectively ignoring these studies. In addition, the state was also not acting in accordance with the [Basel Convention](/wiki/Basel_Convention "Basel Convention"), an international treaty on the transport of hazardous waste. The Supreme Court modified the Hazardous Waste Rules and began the Supreme Court Monitoring Committee to follow up on its decisions. With this committee, the Court has been able to force companies polluting hazardous wastes to close.
[ "Regulatory history\n------------------", "### In the United States", "#### Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)", "Hazardous wastes are wastes with properties that make them dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, contained gases, or sludges. They can be by\\-products of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides. In regulatory terms, RCRA hazardous wastes are wastes that appear on one of the four hazardous wastes lists (F\\-list, K\\-list, P\\-list, or U\\-list), or exhibit at least one of the following four characteristics; ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. in the US, Hazardous wastes are regulated under the [Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)](/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act \"Resource Conservation and Recovery Act\"), Subtitle C.Horinko, Marianne, Cathryn Courtin. [“Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress.”](http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/rcra.pdf) EPA Alumni Association. March 2016\\.", "By definition, EPA determined that some specific wastes are hazardous. These wastes are incorporated into lists published by the Agency. These lists are organized into three categories: F\\-list (non\\-specific source wastes) found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261\\.31, K\\-list (source\\-specific wastes) found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261\\.32, and P\\-list and the U\\-list (discarded commercial chemical products) found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261\\.33\\.", "RCRA's record keeping system helps to track the life cycle of hazardous waste and reduces the amount of hazardous waste illegally disposed.", "#### Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act", "The [Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act](/wiki/Comprehensive_Environmental_Response%2C_Compensation%2C_and_Liability_Act \"Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act\") (CERCLA) was enacted in 1980\\. The primary contribution of CERCLA was to create a \"[Superfund](/wiki/Superfund \"Superfund\")\" and provide for the clean\\-up and remediation of closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites. CERCLA addresses historic releases of hazardous materials, but does not specifically manage hazardous wastes.", "### In India", "#### Environmental Act and Hazardous Waste Rules", "In 1984, a deadly methyl isocyanate gas leak known as the [Bhopal disaster](/wiki/Bhopal_disaster \"Bhopal disaster\") raised environmental awareness in India.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Broughton \\|first\\=Edward \\|date\\=2005\\-05\\-10 \\|title\\=The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review \\|journal\\=Environmental Health \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=6 \\|doi\\=10\\.1186/1476\\-069X\\-4\\-6 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|issn\\=1476\\-069X \\|pmc\\=1142333 \\|pmid\\=15882472}} In response, the Indian government produced the Environmental Act in 1986, followed by the Hazardous Waste Rules in 1989\\.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Sharma \\|first\\=Dinesh C. \\|date\\=June 2005 \\|title\\=By Order of the Court: Environmental Cleanup in India \\|journal\\=Environmental Health Perspectives \\|volume\\=113 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=A394–A397 \\|doi\\=10\\.1289/ehp.113\\-a394 \\|issn\\=0091\\-6765 \\|pmc\\=1257623 \\|pmid\\=15929881}} With these rules, companies are only permitted by the state to produce hazardous waste if they are able to dispose of it safely.{{Cite web \\|date\\=July 28, 1989 \\|title\\=The Hazardous Wastes Rules, 1989 \\|website\\=Government of Punjab \\|publisher\\=Ministry of Environment and Forests \\|url\\=https://ppcb.punjab.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/Hazardous%20Waste%20(Management%20%26%20Handling)%20Rules%2C%201989\\.pdf }} However, state governments did not make these rules effective. There was around a decade delay between when hazardous waste landfills were requested and when they were built. During this time, companies disposed hazardous waste in various \"temporary\" hazardous waste locations, such as along roads and in canal pits, with no immediate plan to move it to proper facilities.", "#### Supreme Court action", "The Supreme Court stepped in to prevent damage from hazardous waste in order to protect the [right to life](/wiki/Right_to_life \"Right to life\"). A 1995 petition by the Research Foundation for Science, Technology, and Natural Resource Policy{{Cite web \\|title\\=Vandana Shiva {{!}} Indian Environmentalist, Activist \\& Scientist {{!}} Britannica \\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vandana\\-Shiva \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-07 \\|website\\=www.britannica.com \\|language\\=en}} spurred the Supreme Court to create the High Powered Committee (HPC) of Hazardous Waste, since data from pre\\-existing government boards was not usable. This committee found studies linking pollution and improper waste treatment with higher amounts of hexavalent chromium, lead, and other heavy metals. Industries and regulators were effectively ignoring these studies. In addition, the state was also not acting in accordance with the [Basel Convention](/wiki/Basel_Convention \"Basel Convention\"), an international treaty on the transport of hazardous waste. The Supreme Court modified the Hazardous Waste Rules and began the Supreme Court Monitoring Committee to follow up on its decisions. With this committee, the Court has been able to force companies polluting hazardous wastes to close.", "" ]
Biography --------- Born on 18 July 1859 in [Ishøj](/wiki/Ish%C3%B8j "Ishøj"), Karen Marie Ankersted Hansen was the daughter of the farmer Niels Hansen (died 1885\) and Marie Nielsen (c.1822–1869\). She was brought up in [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen "Copenhagen") by a foster mother, Hanne Kopp, who was a teacher. After attending [Testrup Folk High School](/wiki/Testrup_H%C3%B8jskole "Testrup Højskole"), she trained to be a private teacher at [N. Zahle's School](/wiki/N._Zahle%27s_School "N. Zahle's School"), receiving her diploma in 1881\. From 1883 to 1888, she taught at Borgerdyd School in [Christianshavn](/wiki/Christianshavn "Christianshavn"), gradually gaining admission to the Copenhagen Municipality's schools authority. As a result, she taught at Gasværksvejen School and Haderslevgade School until 1916 when declining health forced her to leave. Although rather conservative in her outlook, Ankersted was a supporter of [women's rights](/wiki/Women%27s_rights "Women's rights") but did not campaign with the activists. By contrast, she played an active part in Copenhagen Municipality's Teachers Association on its establishment in 1891, becoming its chair for two periods (1905–1906 and 1910–1912\). She also became active in the [Women's Council](/wiki/Kvinder%C3%A5det "Kvinderådet"). On the political front, she was a conservative, becoming a member of the [Højre](/wiki/H%C3%B8jre "Højre") party which in 1915 became the [Conservative People's Party](/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_%28Denmark%29 "Conservative People's Party (Denmark)"). On 1 April 1909, she was elected to the Municipal Council of Frederiksberg where she remained until 11 November 1918\. Standing for [Aarhus](/wiki/Aarhus "Aarhus"), Anhersted was elected to the Folketing in the 1918 elections, the first time women had been able to participate. She was one of four women who were elected, the others — all standing for Copenhagen — were [Helga Larsen](/wiki/Helga_Larsen "Helga Larsen") (Social Democrats), [Elna Munch](/wiki/Elna_Munch "Elna Munch") (Social Liberals) and [Mathilde Malling Hauschultz](/wiki/Mathilde_Malling_Hauschultz "Mathilde Malling Hauschultz") (Conservative People's Party).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ft.dk/da/Aktuelt/Tema/1918%20valg%20og%20kvinder\|title\="Kvinde, Gaa hen og stem!": 100 år med kvinder i politik \|publisher\=Folketinget\|accessdate\=9 November 2018 \|language\=Danish}} She was not re\-elected in the April 1920 election but only left the [Rigsdag](/wiki/Rigsdag "Rigsdag") until the following August when she entered the [Landsting](/wiki/Landsting_%28Denmark%29 "Landsting (Denmark)") for her last few months. Karen Ankersted died in Copenhagen on 6 November 1921\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Born on 18 July 1859 in [Ishøj](/wiki/Ish%C3%B8j \"Ishøj\"), Karen Marie Ankersted Hansen was the daughter of the farmer Niels Hansen (died 1885\\) and Marie Nielsen (c.1822–1869\\). She was brought up in [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen \"Copenhagen\") by a foster mother, Hanne Kopp, who was a teacher. After attending [Testrup Folk High School](/wiki/Testrup_H%C3%B8jskole \"Testrup Højskole\"), she trained to be a private teacher at [N. Zahle's School](/wiki/N._Zahle%27s_School \"N. Zahle's School\"), receiving her diploma in 1881\\.", "From 1883 to 1888, she taught at Borgerdyd School in [Christianshavn](/wiki/Christianshavn \"Christianshavn\"), gradually gaining admission to the Copenhagen Municipality's schools authority. As a result, she taught at Gasværksvejen School and Haderslevgade School until 1916 when declining health forced her to leave.", "Although rather conservative in her outlook, Ankersted was a supporter of [women's rights](/wiki/Women%27s_rights \"Women's rights\") but did not campaign with the activists. By contrast, she played an active part in Copenhagen Municipality's Teachers Association on its establishment in 1891, becoming its chair for two periods (1905–1906 and 1910–1912\\). She also became active in the [Women's Council](/wiki/Kvinder%C3%A5det \"Kvinderådet\").", "On the political front, she was a conservative, becoming a member of the [Højre](/wiki/H%C3%B8jre \"Højre\") party which in 1915 became the [Conservative People's Party](/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_%28Denmark%29 \"Conservative People's Party (Denmark)\"). On 1 April 1909, she was elected to the Municipal Council of Frederiksberg where she remained until 11 November 1918\\.", "Standing for [Aarhus](/wiki/Aarhus \"Aarhus\"), Anhersted was elected to the Folketing in the 1918 elections, the first time women had been able to participate. She was one of four women who were elected, the others — all standing for Copenhagen — were [Helga Larsen](/wiki/Helga_Larsen \"Helga Larsen\") (Social Democrats), [Elna Munch](/wiki/Elna_Munch \"Elna Munch\") (Social Liberals) and [Mathilde Malling Hauschultz](/wiki/Mathilde_Malling_Hauschultz \"Mathilde Malling Hauschultz\") (Conservative People's Party).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ft.dk/da/Aktuelt/Tema/1918%20valg%20og%20kvinder\\|title\\=\"Kvinde, Gaa hen og stem!\": 100 år med kvinder i politik \\|publisher\\=Folketinget\\|accessdate\\=9 November 2018 \\|language\\=Danish}}", "She was not re\\-elected in the April 1920 election but only left the [Rigsdag](/wiki/Rigsdag \"Rigsdag\") until the following August when she entered the [Landsting](/wiki/Landsting_%28Denmark%29 \"Landsting (Denmark)\") for her last few months. Karen Ankersted died in Copenhagen on 6 November 1921\\.", "" ]
Biography --------- Richard N. Gladstein, a filmmaker and educator, is the Executive Director at Brooklyn College's [Feirstein Graduate School of Cinema](/wiki/Feirstein_Graduate_School_of_Cinema "Feirstein Graduate School of Cinema"), and president and founder of the motion picture production company [FilmColony](/wiki/FilmColony "FilmColony"). He is two\-time [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award") nominated film producer, and former Dean at the [American Film Institute Conservatory](/wiki/American_Film_Institute_Conservatory "American Film Institute Conservatory") AFI. Cumulatively, Gladstein's produced films have received 27 [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award") nominations and earned in excess of US$1billion worldwide. Gladstein is a frequent collaborator of [Quentin Tarantino](/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino "Quentin Tarantino") \- as Producer of the 70mm western [The Hateful Eight](/wiki/The_Hateful_Eight "The Hateful Eight"), and Executive Producer of Tarantino's first three films: [Reservoir Dogs](/wiki/Reservoir_Dogs "Reservoir Dogs"), [Pulp Fiction](/wiki/Pulp_Fiction "Pulp Fiction") and [Jackie Brown](/wiki/Jackie_Brown "Jackie Brown"). Gladstein's two [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award") nominations for ‘Best Picture of the Year’ were for producing *[The Cider House Rules](/wiki/The_Cider_House_Rules "The Cider House Rules")* and *[Finding Neverland](/wiki/Finding_Neverland_%28film%29 "Finding Neverland (film)")*. His other produced films include; [The Bourne Identity](/wiki/The_Bourne_Identity_%282002_film%29 "The Bourne Identity (2002 film)"), [The Time Being](/wiki/The_Time_Being "The Time Being") (and also co\-wrote the screenplay), [Paper Man](/wiki/Paper_Man_%282009_film%29 "Paper Man (2009 film)"), [Killshot](/wiki/Killshot_%28film%29 "Killshot (film)"), *[Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium](/wiki/Mr._Magorium%27s_Wonder_Emporium "Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium")*, *[She's All That](/wiki/She%27s_All_That "She's All That")*, *[The Nanny Diaries](/wiki/The_Nanny_Diaries "The Nanny Diaries")*, *[Hurlyburly](/wiki/Hurlyburly "Hurlyburly")*, *[The Crossing Guard](/wiki/The_Crossing_Guard "The Crossing Guard")* and *[54](/wiki/54_%28film%29 "54 (film)")*, among others. Prior to the formation of [FilmColony](/wiki/FilmColony "FilmColony"), Gladstein was Executive Vice President \& Head of Production at [Miramax Films](/wiki/Miramax_Films "Miramax Films"), and Vice President of Production \& Acquisitions at [LIVE Entertainment](/wiki/LIVE_Entertainment "LIVE Entertainment"). He also served as the Marion Knott Filmmaker\-in\-Residence at the Chapman University's Dodge College of Film \& Media Arts. Gladstein frequently speaks about filmmaking, producing and the entertainment industry, at such venues as the Producer's Guild of America "Produced By" conference, The [Beijing Film Academy](/wiki/Beijing_Film_Academy "Beijing Film Academy"), The [Tel Aviv Cinematheque](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Cinematheque "Tel Aviv Cinematheque"), and twice testified before the US Congress regarding film piracy and copyright protection. He has served as a juror and panel moderator for many festivals and awards organizations including the [Gotham Awards](/wiki/Gotham_Awards "Gotham Awards"), among many others.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Richard N. Gladstein, a filmmaker and educator, is the Executive Director at Brooklyn College's [Feirstein Graduate School of Cinema](/wiki/Feirstein_Graduate_School_of_Cinema \"Feirstein Graduate School of Cinema\"), and president and founder of the motion picture production company [FilmColony](/wiki/FilmColony \"FilmColony\"). He is two\\-time [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\") nominated film producer, and former Dean at the [American Film Institute Conservatory](/wiki/American_Film_Institute_Conservatory \"American Film Institute Conservatory\") AFI.", "Cumulatively, Gladstein's produced films have received 27 [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\") nominations and earned in excess of US$1billion worldwide.", "Gladstein is a frequent collaborator of [Quentin Tarantino](/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino \"Quentin Tarantino\") \\- as Producer of the 70mm western [The Hateful Eight](/wiki/The_Hateful_Eight \"The Hateful Eight\"), and Executive Producer of Tarantino's first three films: [Reservoir Dogs](/wiki/Reservoir_Dogs \"Reservoir Dogs\"), [Pulp Fiction](/wiki/Pulp_Fiction \"Pulp Fiction\") and [Jackie Brown](/wiki/Jackie_Brown \"Jackie Brown\").", "Gladstein's two [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\") nominations for ‘Best Picture of the Year’ were for producing *[The Cider House Rules](/wiki/The_Cider_House_Rules \"The Cider House Rules\")* and *[Finding Neverland](/wiki/Finding_Neverland_%28film%29 \"Finding Neverland (film)\")*. His other produced films include; [The Bourne Identity](/wiki/The_Bourne_Identity_%282002_film%29 \"The Bourne Identity (2002 film)\"), [The Time Being](/wiki/The_Time_Being \"The Time Being\") (and also co\\-wrote the screenplay), [Paper Man](/wiki/Paper_Man_%282009_film%29 \"Paper Man (2009 film)\"), [Killshot](/wiki/Killshot_%28film%29 \"Killshot (film)\"), *[Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium](/wiki/Mr._Magorium%27s_Wonder_Emporium \"Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium\")*, *[She's All That](/wiki/She%27s_All_That \"She's All That\")*, *[The Nanny Diaries](/wiki/The_Nanny_Diaries \"The Nanny Diaries\")*, *[Hurlyburly](/wiki/Hurlyburly \"Hurlyburly\")*, *[The Crossing Guard](/wiki/The_Crossing_Guard \"The Crossing Guard\")* and *[54](/wiki/54_%28film%29 \"54 (film)\")*, among others.", "Prior to the formation of [FilmColony](/wiki/FilmColony \"FilmColony\"), Gladstein was Executive Vice President \\& Head of Production at [Miramax Films](/wiki/Miramax_Films \"Miramax Films\"), and Vice President of Production \\& Acquisitions at [LIVE Entertainment](/wiki/LIVE_Entertainment \"LIVE Entertainment\"). He also served as the Marion Knott Filmmaker\\-in\\-Residence at the Chapman University's Dodge College of Film \\& Media Arts.", "Gladstein frequently speaks about filmmaking, producing and the entertainment industry, at such venues as the Producer's Guild of America \"Produced By\" conference, The [Beijing Film Academy](/wiki/Beijing_Film_Academy \"Beijing Film Academy\"), The [Tel Aviv Cinematheque](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Cinematheque \"Tel Aviv Cinematheque\"), and twice testified before the US Congress regarding film piracy and copyright protection. He has served as a juror and panel moderator for many festivals and awards organizations including the [Gotham Awards](/wiki/Gotham_Awards \"Gotham Awards\"), among many others.", "" ]
Depiction in culture -------------------- A slightly modified account of the gang's crimes is the basis for the novel *Winding Stair* by [Douglas C. Jones](/wiki/Douglas_C._Jones "Douglas C. Jones"). The Buck gang, "Hanging Judge" [Isaac C. Parker](/wiki/Isaac_C._Parker "Isaac C. Parker"), half\-black, half\-Indian outlaw [Cherokee Bill](/wiki/Cherokee_Bill "Cherokee Bill"), and the socio\-political environment at the death of Indian Territory are the subjects of the 2011 historical novel *I Dreamt I Was in Heaven \- The Rampage of the Rufus Buck Gang* by Leonce Gaiter. The gang was featured in the 2019 film *[Hell on the Border](/wiki/Hell_on_the_Border "Hell on the Border")*. The story of the gang served as an inspiration for the 2021 Western film *[The Harder They Fall](/wiki/The_Harder_They_Fall_%282021_film%29 "The Harder They Fall (2021 film)")*, in which Rufus Buck was portrayed by [Idris Elba](/wiki/Idris_Elba "Idris Elba"). The 2024 movie ‘The Night They Came Home’ is about the gang. It stars [Brian Austin Green](/wiki/Brian_Austin_Green "Brian Austin Green"), [Danny Trejo](/wiki/Danny_Trejo "Danny Trejo"), Peter Sherayko (Tombstone), with a cameo by [The D.O.C](/wiki/The_D.O.C. "The D.O.C.").
[ "Depiction in culture\n--------------------", "A slightly modified account of the gang's crimes is the basis for the novel *Winding Stair* by [Douglas C. Jones](/wiki/Douglas_C._Jones \"Douglas C. Jones\").", "The Buck gang, \"Hanging Judge\" [Isaac C. Parker](/wiki/Isaac_C._Parker \"Isaac C. Parker\"), half\\-black, half\\-Indian outlaw [Cherokee Bill](/wiki/Cherokee_Bill \"Cherokee Bill\"), and the socio\\-political environment at the death of Indian Territory are the subjects of the 2011 historical novel *I Dreamt I Was in Heaven \\- The Rampage of the Rufus Buck Gang* by Leonce Gaiter.", "The gang was featured in the 2019 film *[Hell on the Border](/wiki/Hell_on_the_Border \"Hell on the Border\")*.", "The story of the gang served as an inspiration for the 2021 Western film *[The Harder They Fall](/wiki/The_Harder_They_Fall_%282021_film%29 \"The Harder They Fall (2021 film)\")*, in which Rufus Buck was portrayed by [Idris Elba](/wiki/Idris_Elba \"Idris Elba\").", "The 2024 movie ‘The Night They Came Home’ is about the gang.\nIt stars [Brian Austin Green](/wiki/Brian_Austin_Green \"Brian Austin Green\"), [Danny Trejo](/wiki/Danny_Trejo \"Danny Trejo\"), Peter Sherayko (Tombstone), with a cameo by [The D.O.C](/wiki/The_D.O.C. \"The D.O.C.\").", "" ]
Career ------ Early in his career, he worked as a Senior Specialist of the Organization of American States (OAS) Inter American Commission on Human Rights in Washington DC. He also served as Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia (1985–1986\) He worked in the Secretariat of the United Nations for the Commission of Truth in the peace process of El Salvador. Also, he worked for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) for the preparation of the Special Economic Cooperation Plan for Central America. In the commercial field, he was the President of the Chamber of Commerce of Bogotá (CCB) and held other positions such as President of the Ibero\-American Association of Chambers of Commerce (AICO), General Director of the Inter\-American Commercial Arbitration Commission, President of the Colombian Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris (ICC), President of the Colombian Committee of the Economic Council of the Pacific Basin (PBEC). As well, he served as Member and Executive Secretary of the presidential Commission for the Colombo\-Venezuelan border integration body 1988–1998\. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia from 1998 to 2002, a period during which he was also President of the Andean Council of Foreign Ministers and President of the United Nations Security Council (August, 2001\). Later, he was Secretary General of the Andean Community until 2004\. He also served as Ambassador of Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands (2004–2008\), Permanent Representative of Colombia to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Vice\-President of the Tenth Conference of States Parties to the OPCW. In addition, he was the Representative of Colombia before the Administrative Council of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and Representative of Colombia before the Common Fund for Commodities. Ambassador Fernández de Soto served as International Arbitrator in various disputes from Commercial and Administrative Law matters. He was also Co\-agent before the International Court of Justice in the case of Aerial Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) and in the case of the Territorialand Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia). He was a member of the Inter\-American Judicial Committee of the OAS and its president in 2011–2012\. He was also President of the Colombian Council of International Relations (CORI). Most recently, he served as Corporate Director for Europe at CAF, the Development Bank of Latin America based in Madrid, Spain (2012–2018\). In the Academy, he served as the Dean of the Faculty of International Relations of the Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano in Bogotá, Executive Director of the International Studies Center “Interamerican Forum”. He has also participated in several academic publications as author and editor, and his articles have been published in several newspapers and magazines in Colombia.
[ "Career\n------", "Early in his career, he worked as a Senior Specialist of the Organization of American States (OAS) Inter American Commission on Human Rights in Washington DC. He also served as Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia (1985–1986\\) He worked in the Secretariat of the United Nations for the Commission of Truth in the peace process of El Salvador. Also, he worked for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) for the preparation of the Special Economic Cooperation Plan for Central America.", "In the commercial field, he was the President of the Chamber of Commerce of Bogotá (CCB) and held other positions such as President of the Ibero\\-American Association of Chambers of Commerce (AICO), General Director of the Inter\\-American Commercial Arbitration Commission, President of the Colombian Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris (ICC), President of the Colombian Committee of the Economic Council of the Pacific Basin (PBEC).", "As well, he served as Member and Executive Secretary of the presidential Commission for the Colombo\\-Venezuelan border integration body 1988–1998\\.", "He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia from 1998 to 2002, a period during which he was also President of the Andean Council of Foreign Ministers and President of the United Nations Security Council (August, 2001\\). Later, he was Secretary General of the Andean Community until 2004\\.", "He also served as Ambassador of Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands (2004–2008\\), Permanent Representative of Colombia to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Vice\\-President of the Tenth Conference of States Parties to the OPCW. In addition, he was the Representative of Colombia before the Administrative Council of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and Representative of Colombia before the Common Fund for Commodities.", "Ambassador Fernández de Soto served as International Arbitrator in various disputes from Commercial and Administrative Law matters. He was also Co\\-agent before the International Court of Justice in the case of Aerial Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) and in the case of the Territorialand Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia). He was a member of the Inter\\-American Judicial Committee of the OAS and its president in 2011–2012\\.", "He was also President of the Colombian Council of International Relations (CORI). Most recently, he served as Corporate Director for Europe at CAF, the Development Bank of Latin America based in Madrid, Spain (2012–2018\\).", "In the Academy, he served as the Dean of the Faculty of International Relations of the Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano in Bogotá, Executive Director of the International Studies Center “Interamerican Forum”. He has also participated in several academic publications as author and editor, and his articles have been published in several newspapers and magazines in Colombia.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1860\= 720 \|1870\= 1273 \|1880\= 1545 \|1930\= 678 \|1940\= 676 \|1950\= 700 \|1960\= 731 \|1970\= 684 \|1980\= 946 \|1990\= 827 \|2000\= 879 \|2010\= 826 \|2020\= 781 \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}} }} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=January 6, 2013}} of 2010, there were 826 people, 360 households, and 248 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|888\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 418 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|449\.5\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97\.2% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.8% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.5% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.1% of the population. There were 360 households, of which 29\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 13\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31\.1% were non\-families. 28\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.29 and the average family size was 2\.75\. The median age in the village was 45\.8 years. 20\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21\.4% were from 25 to 44; 29\.3% were from 45 to 64; and 21\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47\.6% male and 52\.4% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 879 people, 382 households, and 258 families living in the village. The population density was {{convert\|952\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 423 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|458\.5\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97\.84% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.91% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.23% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.02% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.11% of the population. There were 382 households, out of which 23\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 9\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32\.2% were non\-families. 28\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.30 and the average family size was 2\.82\. In the village, the population was spread out, with 19\.8% under the age of 18, 7\.6% from 18 to 24, 24\.6% from 25 to 44, 27\.9% from 45 to 64, and 20\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 92\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88\.0 males. The median income for a household in the village was $29,423, and the median income for a family was $37,813\. Males had a median income of $41,389 versus $18,750 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the village was $19,279\. About 11\.8% of families and 15\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 28\.4% of those under age 18 and 8\.0% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1860\\= 720\n\\|1870\\= 1273\n\\|1880\\= 1545\n\\|1930\\= 678\n\\|1940\\= 676\n\\|1950\\= 700\n\\|1960\\= 731\n\\|1970\\= 684\n\\|1980\\= 946\n\\|1990\\= 827\n\\|2000\\= 879\n\\|2010\\= 826\n\\|2020\\= 781\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=January 6, 2013}} of 2010, there were 826 people, 360 households, and 248 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|888\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 418 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|449\\.5\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97\\.2% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.8% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.5% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.1% of the population.", "There were 360 households, of which 29\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49\\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 13\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31\\.1% were non\\-families. 28\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.29 and the average family size was 2\\.75\\.", "The median age in the village was 45\\.8 years. 20\\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\\.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21\\.4% were from 25 to 44; 29\\.3% were from 45 to 64; and 21\\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47\\.6% male and 52\\.4% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 879 people, 382 households, and 258 families living in the village. The population density was {{convert\\|952\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 423 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|458\\.5\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97\\.84% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.91% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.23% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.02% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.11% of the population.", "There were 382 households, out of which 23\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 9\\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32\\.2% were non\\-families. 28\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.30 and the average family size was 2\\.82\\.", "In the village, the population was spread out, with 19\\.8% under the age of 18, 7\\.6% from 18 to 24, 24\\.6% from 25 to 44, 27\\.9% from 45 to 64, and 20\\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 92\\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88\\.0 males.", "The median income for a household in the village was $29,423, and the median income for a family was $37,813\\. Males had a median income of $41,389 versus $18,750 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the village was $19,279\\. About 11\\.8% of families and 15\\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 28\\.4% of those under age 18 and 8\\.0% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Struggle for Dalmatia --------------------- Split was now a subject of the Venetian Doge, and was, along with Trogir and Zadar, one of the three (major) cities of Dalmatia. At this time the [Kingdom of Hungary](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary "Kingdom of Hungary") arrived on the scene. [King Coloman](/wiki/Coloman%2C_King_of_Hungary "Coloman, King of Hungary") had by 1097 conquered the Kingdom of Croatia in the Dalmatian hinterland, and after a failed Croat rebellion in 1102, crowned himself "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" at [Biograd](/wiki/Biograd_na_Moru "Biograd na Moru"), the coastal town that served as the traditional seat of the Croatian monarchy. The neutrality of Venice in these events was acquired by assurances that the Hungarian kings would respect Venetian rule in Split and the other coastal cities. Hungarians and the Venetians now sailed against the [Duchy of Apulia](/wiki/Duchy_of_Apulia "Duchy of Apulia") in a joint expedition to end Norman incursions into the Adriatic, in which they were successful. After this, however, it was no longer in Coloman's interest to maintain his Venetian alliance, and, in 1105, when the Venetians under Doge [Ordelafo Faliero de Doni](/wiki/Ordelafo_Faliero_de_Doni "Ordelafo Faliero de Doni") were engaged in Syria and [Acre](/wiki/Acre_%28city%29 "Acre (city)"), Coloman laid siege to Zadar and took it by assault, whereupon he advanced on Split. The citizens of Split, seeing the appearance of "an army of unknown race" were "disposed to fight", but "finding that the men were Christians and that the King was disposed to deal liberally with them", they surrendered upon guarantee of their ancient privileges. Nearby Trogir (at that time the primary rival of Split), did the same. The rights granted to the city (and reaffirmed by new charters) were substantial. Split was to pay no tribute, it was to choose its own count and archbishop whom the king would confirm, it preserved its old Roman laws, and appointed its own judge. Dues from trade (which were substantial in the period), were divided between the count, the archbishop, and the king, and no foreigner was to live within the walls of the city against the will of the citizens. These rights were generally upheld by Hungarian kings, but there were inevitable incidents of violation. The new Hungarian Archbishop of Split, Manasses, attempted to take control of the city with the aid of the Hungarian garrison (whose presence was in itself a violation of privilege). Headed by Adriano de [Treviso](/wiki/Treviso "Treviso"), the Count of Split, the citizens rose up, and, with the help of a contingent from Trogir, massacred the garrison and expelled the Archbishop. Some years later, one Reles, referred to as the Duke of Croatia, attempted to gain control over the city by inducing the citizens to elect him their Count, but the citizens refused "out of detestation of being ruled by a Slav". When Reles ravaged their lands the citizens defeated him in battle and killed him. King Coloman died in 1116, ten years after his conquest, while the Doge Ordelafo Faliero had in the meantime returned from [Outremer](/wiki/Outremer "Outremer"). In a comprehensive campaign along the coast, the Doge retook all the Dalmatian cities, and also, for the first time, the Croatian cities of coast such as Biograd and [Šibenik](/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik "Šibenik"). In 1117, however, he was defeated and killed in renewed battle with the Hungarians under [Stephen II of Hungary](/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Hungary "Stephen II of Hungary"), and Split again acknowledged Hungarian rule. But the new Doge, [Domenico Michele](/wiki/Domenico_Michele "Domenico Michele"), quickly defeated the Hungarians again and restored Venetian authority by 1118\. In 1124, while the Doge was engaged against the Byzantine Empire (now hostile to Venice), Stephen II recovered Split and Trogir without resistance. Upon Michele's return in 1127, however, the Doge yet again expelled the Hungarians from the two cities and utterly destroyed Biograd, the favored seat of the Croatian Kings that the Hungarians were attempting to establish as a rival to the Venetian Zadar. The cities remained in Venetian hands without contest during the reign of [Béla II](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_II_of_Hungary "Béla II of Hungary"). But in 1141, his successor, King [Géza II of Hungary](/wiki/G%C3%A9za_II_of_Hungary "Géza II of Hungary"), having conquered Bosnian lands, marched to Split and Trogir, both voluntarily accepting him as overlord. This turned out to be a definitive conquest, as Venetian rule was not to return to Split for another 186 years. His son [Stephen III](/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Hungary "Stephen III of Hungary") then retook Šibenik, which had become a large and wealthy town due to the influx of refugees from the ruined Biograd. Šibenik was at this time chartered by the King and became counted among the "Dalmatian" cities. In 1145 the episcopal see of Zadar became raised to metropolitan rank by [Pope Anastasius IV](/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV "Pope Anastasius IV"), to avoid submission to the now\-Hungarian Archbishopric of Salona at Split (a distinction which remains to this day, with the [Archdiocese of Zadar](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Zadar "Archdiocese of Zadar") being subject directly to the [Holy See](/wiki/Holy_See "Holy See")). In that period, however, Split was to see one brief (and final) restoration of Imperial power in Dalmatia. The Byzantine Emperor [Manuel I Comnenus](/wiki/Manuel_I_Comnenus "Manuel I Comnenus") began his campaigns against the Kingdom of Hungary in 1151, and by 1164, had secured the submission of the Dalmatian cities back under Imperial rule. Having won a decisive victory against Hungary in 1167 at the [Battle of Sirmium](/wiki/Battle_of_Sirmium "Battle of Sirmium"), consolidating his gains, the Emperor suddenly broke with Venice as well, and sent a fleet of 150 ships to the Adriatic. Split was to remain in Byzantine hands until Manuel's death in 1180, when [Béla III of Hungary](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary "Béla III of Hungary") moved to [restore Hungarian power](/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_%281180%E2%80%931185%29 "Byzantine–Hungarian War (1180–1185)") in Dalmatia. The city remained loyal to the Empire, resisting the re\-establishment of Hungarian rule, and consequently, upon its inevitable submission, was punished with the King's refusal to renew its ancient privileges. In that year Rainiero, the Archbishop of Split, attempted to regain Church farmlands on [Mount Massarus](/wiki/Mount_Massarus "Mount Massarus") (Mosor) from Croats who occupied them, and was stoned to death by the locals. During the 20\-year Hungarian civil war between King [Sigismund](/wiki/Sigismund%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor") and the [Capetian House of Anjou](/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou "Capetian House of Anjou") of the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples"), the losing contender, [Ladislaus of Naples](/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples "Ladislaus of Naples"), sold his disputed rights on Dalmatia to the [Venetian Republic](/wiki/Venetian_Republic "Venetian Republic") for 100,000 [ducats](/wiki/Ducats "Ducats"). Acting on the pretext, the Republic took over in the city by the year 1420\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/balkans/croat13011526\.html\|title\=WHKMLA : History of Croatia, 1301–1526\|website\=www.zum.de}}
[ "Struggle for Dalmatia\n---------------------", "Split was now a subject of the Venetian Doge, and was, along with Trogir and Zadar, one of the three (major) cities of Dalmatia. At this time the [Kingdom of Hungary](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary \"Kingdom of Hungary\") arrived on the scene. [King Coloman](/wiki/Coloman%2C_King_of_Hungary \"Coloman, King of Hungary\") had by 1097 conquered the Kingdom of Croatia in the Dalmatian hinterland, and after a failed Croat rebellion in 1102, crowned himself \"King of Croatia and Dalmatia\" at [Biograd](/wiki/Biograd_na_Moru \"Biograd na Moru\"), the coastal town that served as the traditional seat of the Croatian monarchy. The neutrality of Venice in these events was acquired by assurances that the Hungarian kings would respect Venetian rule in Split and the other coastal cities. Hungarians and the Venetians now sailed against the [Duchy of Apulia](/wiki/Duchy_of_Apulia \"Duchy of Apulia\") in a joint expedition to end Norman incursions into the Adriatic, in which they were successful. After this, however, it was no longer in Coloman's interest to maintain his Venetian alliance, and, in 1105, when the Venetians under Doge [Ordelafo Faliero de Doni](/wiki/Ordelafo_Faliero_de_Doni \"Ordelafo Faliero de Doni\") were engaged in Syria and [Acre](/wiki/Acre_%28city%29 \"Acre (city)\"), Coloman laid siege to Zadar and took it by assault, whereupon he advanced on Split. The citizens of Split, seeing the appearance of \"an army of unknown race\" were \"disposed to fight\", but \"finding that the men were Christians and that the King was disposed to deal liberally with them\", they surrendered upon guarantee of their ancient privileges. Nearby Trogir (at that time the primary rival of Split), did the same.", "The rights granted to the city (and reaffirmed by new charters) were substantial. Split was to pay no tribute, it was to choose its own count and archbishop whom the king would confirm, it preserved its old Roman laws, and appointed its own judge. Dues from trade (which were substantial in the period), were divided between the count, the archbishop, and the king, and no foreigner was to live within the walls of the city against the will of the citizens. These rights were generally upheld by Hungarian kings, but there were inevitable incidents of violation. The new Hungarian Archbishop of Split, Manasses, attempted to take control of the city with the aid of the Hungarian garrison (whose presence was in itself a violation of privilege). Headed by Adriano de [Treviso](/wiki/Treviso \"Treviso\"), the Count of Split, the citizens rose up, and, with the help of a contingent from Trogir, massacred the garrison and expelled the Archbishop. Some years later, one Reles, referred to as the Duke of Croatia, attempted to gain control over the city by inducing the citizens to elect him their Count, but the citizens refused \"out of detestation of being ruled by a Slav\". When Reles ravaged their lands the citizens defeated him in battle and killed him.", "King Coloman died in 1116, ten years after his conquest, while the Doge Ordelafo Faliero had in the meantime returned from [Outremer](/wiki/Outremer \"Outremer\"). In a comprehensive campaign along the coast, the Doge retook all the Dalmatian cities, and also, for the first time, the Croatian cities of coast such as Biograd and [Šibenik](/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik \"Šibenik\"). In 1117, however, he was defeated and killed in renewed battle with the Hungarians under [Stephen II of Hungary](/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Hungary \"Stephen II of Hungary\"), and Split again acknowledged Hungarian rule. But the new Doge, [Domenico Michele](/wiki/Domenico_Michele \"Domenico Michele\"), quickly defeated the Hungarians again and restored Venetian authority by 1118\\. In 1124, while the Doge was engaged against the Byzantine Empire (now hostile to Venice), Stephen II recovered Split and Trogir without resistance. Upon Michele's return in 1127, however, the Doge yet again expelled the Hungarians from the two cities and utterly destroyed Biograd, the favored seat of the Croatian Kings that the Hungarians were attempting to establish as a rival to the Venetian Zadar.", "The cities remained in Venetian hands without contest during the reign of [Béla II](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_II_of_Hungary \"Béla II of Hungary\"). But in 1141, his successor, King [Géza II of Hungary](/wiki/G%C3%A9za_II_of_Hungary \"Géza II of Hungary\"), having conquered Bosnian lands, marched to Split and Trogir, both voluntarily accepting him as overlord. This turned out to be a definitive conquest, as Venetian rule was not to return to Split for another 186 years. His son [Stephen III](/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Hungary \"Stephen III of Hungary\") then retook Šibenik, which had become a large and wealthy town due to the influx of refugees from the ruined Biograd. Šibenik was at this time chartered by the King and became counted among the \"Dalmatian\" cities. In 1145 the episcopal see of Zadar became raised to metropolitan rank by [Pope Anastasius IV](/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV \"Pope Anastasius IV\"), to avoid submission to the now\\-Hungarian Archbishopric of Salona at Split (a distinction which remains to this day, with the [Archdiocese of Zadar](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Zadar \"Archdiocese of Zadar\") being subject directly to the [Holy See](/wiki/Holy_See \"Holy See\")).", "In that period, however, Split was to see one brief (and final) restoration of Imperial power in Dalmatia. The Byzantine Emperor [Manuel I Comnenus](/wiki/Manuel_I_Comnenus \"Manuel I Comnenus\") began his campaigns against the Kingdom of Hungary in 1151, and by 1164, had secured the submission of the Dalmatian cities back under Imperial rule. Having won a decisive victory against Hungary in 1167 at the [Battle of Sirmium](/wiki/Battle_of_Sirmium \"Battle of Sirmium\"), consolidating his gains, the Emperor suddenly broke with Venice as well, and sent a fleet of 150 ships to the Adriatic. Split was to remain in Byzantine hands until Manuel's death in 1180, when [Béla III of Hungary](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary \"Béla III of Hungary\") moved to [restore Hungarian power](/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_%281180%E2%80%931185%29 \"Byzantine–Hungarian War (1180–1185)\") in Dalmatia. The city remained loyal to the Empire, resisting the re\\-establishment of Hungarian rule, and consequently, upon its inevitable submission, was punished with the King's refusal to renew its ancient privileges. In that year Rainiero, the Archbishop of Split, attempted to regain Church farmlands on [Mount Massarus](/wiki/Mount_Massarus \"Mount Massarus\") (Mosor) from Croats who occupied them, and was stoned to death by the locals.", "During the 20\\-year Hungarian civil war between King [Sigismund](/wiki/Sigismund%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor\") and the [Capetian House of Anjou](/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou \"Capetian House of Anjou\") of the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\"), the losing contender, [Ladislaus of Naples](/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples \"Ladislaus of Naples\"), sold his disputed rights on Dalmatia to the [Venetian Republic](/wiki/Venetian_Republic \"Venetian Republic\") for 100,000 [ducats](/wiki/Ducats \"Ducats\"). Acting on the pretext, the Republic took over in the city by the year 1420\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/balkans/croat13011526\\.html\\|title\\=WHKMLA : History of Croatia, 1301–1526\\|website\\=www.zum.de}}", "" ]
As part of Yugoslavia --------------------- ### Kingdom of Yugoslavia After the end of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") and the dissolution of [Austria\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary"), the province of [Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia "Dalmatia"), along with Split, became a part of the [Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs%2C_Croats_and_Slovenes "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes"). Split was the site of [a series of incidents between 1918 and 1920](/wiki/1918%E2%80%931920_incidents_in_Split "1918–1920 incidents in Split"). Since [Rijeka](/wiki/Rijeka "Rijeka"), [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste "Trieste") and [Zadar](/wiki/Zadar "Zadar"), the three other large cities on the eastern Adriatic coast, were annexed by [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), Split became the most important port in the Kingdom. The Lika railway, connecting Split to the rest of the country, was completed in 1925\. The country changed its name to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, and the [Port of Split](/wiki/Port_of_Split "Port of Split") became the seat of new administrative unit, [Littoral Banovina](/wiki/Littoral_Banovina "Littoral Banovina"). After the [Cvetković\-Maček agreement](/wiki/Cvetkovi%C4%87-Ma%C4%8Dek_agreement "Cvetković-Maček agreement"), Split became the part of new administrative unit (merging of Sava and Littoral Banovina plus some Croat populated areas), [Banovina of Croatia](/wiki/Banovina_of_Croatia "Banovina of Croatia") in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. ### World War II {{Main\|World War II in Yugoslavia}} [thumb\|[Italian warship](/wiki/Regia_Marina "Regia Marina") in the City Harbour after the annexation into [Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy "Kingdom of Italy") in 1941\.](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016229-0008%2C_Italienisches_Kriegsschiff_im_Hafen_von_Split.jpg "Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F016229-0008, Italienisches Kriegsschiff im Hafen von Split.jpg") [thumb\|German vehicles in the city streets. The sign reads "[Death to fascism – freedom to the people](/wiki/Death_to_fascism%2C_freedom_to_the_people "Death to fascism, freedom to the people")".](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-1553-13%2C_Kroatien%2C_Split%2C_Mauer_mit_Aufschrift.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-049-1553-13, Kroatien, Split, Mauer mit Aufschrift.jpg") In April 1941, following the [invasion of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia "Invasion of Yugoslavia") by [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany"), Split was occupied by Italy. Although Split formally became part of the [Independent State of Croatia](/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia "Independent State of Croatia"), the [Ustaše](/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e "Ustaše") were not able to establish and strengthen their rule in Split, as Italians assumed all power in Dalmatia. One month later on 18 May 1941, when the [Treaties of Rome](/wiki/Treaties_of_Rome_%281941%29 "Treaties of Rome (1941)") were signed, Italy formally annexed Split, which was included in the [province of Spalato](/wiki/Province_of_Spalato "Province of Spalato"), and large parts of Dalmatia down to [Kotor](/wiki/Kotor "Kotor").Nikola Anić: Povijest Osmog dalmatinskog korpusa Narodnooslobodilačke vojske Hrvatske : 1943\.\-1945\., p. 12{{cite book\|first1\=Francesca Ferratini\|last1\=Tosi\|first2\=Gaetano\|last2\=Grassi\|first3\=Massimo\|last3\=Legnani\|title\=L'Italia nella seconda guerra mondiale e nella resistenza\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=bqJoAAAAMAAJ\|access\-date\=18 May 2016\|date\=1 January 1988\|publisher\=Franco Angeli\|isbn\=9788820423780}} The Italian [Governatorate of Dalmatia](/wiki/Governatorate_of_Dalmatia "Governatorate of Dalmatia") hosted 390,000 inhabitants, of which 280,000 Croats, 90,000 Serbs and 5,000 [Dalmatian Italians](/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians "Dalmatian Italians").{{cite book\|first\=Alberto\|last\=Becherelli\|title\=Italia e stato indipendente croato, 1941\-1943\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Ym3dzlSfZUUC\|access\-date\=22 May 2016\|date\=1 January 2012\|publisher\=Edizioni Nuova Cultura\|page\=90\|isbn\=978\-88\-6134\-780\-9}} Italian rule met heavy opposition from the Croat population as Split became a centre of anti\-fascist sentiment in Yugoslavia. The first armed resistance group was organized on 7 May 1941; the 63 member strong 1st Strike Detachment (*Prvi udarni odred*) served as the basis for future formations, including the [1st Split Partisan Detachment](/wiki/1st_Split_Partisan_Detachment "1st Split Partisan Detachment").{{Cite book \|url\= http://www.ratnakronikasplita.com/kronika/1941\|title\= 1941\. \- Prva ratna godina\|trans\-title\=1941\. \- The first war year\|website\=ratnakronikasplita.com \|publisher\=Udruga antifašističkih boraca i antifašista grada Splita \|access\-date\=14 September 2014}} Between September and October 1941 alone, ten officials of the Italian fascist occupation were assassinated by the citizens.Ramet, Sabrina P.; *The three Yugoslavias: state\-building and legitimation, 1918–2005*; [Indiana University Press](/wiki/Indiana_University_Press "Indiana University Press"), 2006 {{ISBN\|0\-253\-34656\-8}} On 12 June 1942, a fascist mob attacked the city's synagogue, and destroyed its library and archive. Worshipers were beaten as they left the synagogue and Jewish\-owned shops were targeted the following day.{{cite book\|last\=Spector\|first\=Shmuel\|year\=2001\|title\=The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust\|publisher\=New York University Press\|location\=New York City\|isbn\=978\-0\-8147\-9378\-7\|page\=1228}} The local football clubs refused to compete in the Italian championship; [HNK Hajduk](/wiki/HNK_Hajduk_Split "HNK Hajduk Split") and [RNK Split](/wiki/RNK_Split "RNK Split") suspended their activities and both joined the Partisans along with their entire staff after the Italian capitulation provided the opportunity. Soon after Hajduk became the official football club of the Partisan movement. In September 1943, following the capitulation of Italy, the city was temporarily controlled by Tito's brigades with thousands of people volunteering to join the [Partisans](/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans "Yugoslav Partisans") of Marshal [Josip Broz Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito "Josip Broz Tito") (a third of the total population, according to some sources). 8,000 Italian soldiers from the [15th Infantry Division Bergamo](/wiki/15th_Infantry_Division_Bergamo "15th Infantry Division Bergamo") prepared to fight alongside the Yugoslav Partisans against the [Waffen SS](/wiki/Waffen_SS "Waffen SS") [Prinz Eugen](/wiki/7._SS-Freiwilligen-Gebirgs-Division_%22Prinz_Eugen%22 "7. SS-Freiwilligen-Gebirgs-Division "). The Italian General Becuzzi handed over to the Partisans 11 soldiers which they considered as "war criminals; the Partisans also executed up to 41 members of the Italian Police forces, later found in mass graves.[Franco Paolo](http://www.cadutipolizia.it/fonti/1925-1943/1943franco.htm) A few weeks later, however, the Partisans were forced into retreat as the [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht") placed the city under the authority of the [Independent State of Croatia](/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia "Independent State of Croatia"). The Germans decimated the Italian soldiers as traitors, including three Generals (Policardi, [Pelligra](/wiki/Salvatore_Pelligra "Salvatore Pelligra") and [Cigala Fulgosi](/wiki/Alfonso_Cigala_Fulgosi "Alfonso Cigala Fulgosi")) and 48 officials (Trelj massacre).*Vita e morte del soldato italiano nella guerra senza fortuna* \- Ed. Ferni Ginevra 1971 Vol. XII In this period the last remaining symbols of Italian heritage in Split, including several Venetian Lions of St.Mark, were erased from the town. In a tragic turn of events, besides being bombed by axis forces, the city was also bombed by the Allies, causing hundreds of deaths. Partisans finally captured the city on 26 October 1944 and instituted it as the provisional capital of Croatia. On 12 February 1945 the [Kriegsmarine](/wiki/Kriegsmarine "Kriegsmarine") conducted a daring raid on the Split harbour, damaging the British cruiser *[Delhi](/wiki/HMS_Delhi_%28D47%29 "HMS Delhi (D47)")*. After the war the remaining members of [Dalmatian Italians](/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians "Dalmatian Italians") of Split left Yugoslavia towards Italy ([Istrian\-Dalmatian exodus](/wiki/Istrian-Dalmatian_exodus "Istrian-Dalmatian exodus")).{{cite book\|author\=E. White and J. Reinisch\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=MJN9DAAAQBAJ\&dq\=dubrovnik\+exodus\+italians\&pg\=PA71\|title\=The Disentanglement of Populations \- Migration, Expulsion and Displacement in Postwar Europe, 1944\-49\|year\=2011\|publisher\=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|access\-date\=16 February 2022\|page\=71\| isbn\=9780230297685 }} {{Gallery \| title \= Second Occupation \| width \= 170 \| height \= 170 \| align\=center \| File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I\-049\-1553\-16, Kroatien, Split, Einmarsch von Panzern.jpg \| A \[\[French Third Republic\|French]]\-built \[\[Hotchkiss H38]] tank (captured by the \[\[Nazi Germany\|Germans]] after 1940\), passes through the streets of the city center. \| File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I\-049\-1553\-37, Jugoslawien, Split, Panzerspähwagen.jpg \| German \[\[Panzerspähwagen Sd.Kfz. 231]] armoured car descending from \[\[Marjan Hill]], with the city in the background. \| File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I\-049\-1553\-32, Jugoslawien, Split, Flaggenwechsel.jpg \| German troops lowering the \[\[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia\|Yugoslav]] flag from Marjan \| File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I\-049\-1553\-29, Jugoslawien, Split, Flaggenwechsel.jpg \| Germans raising the flag of \[\[Nazi Germany]] over Split \| File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I\-049\-1553\-24, Jugoslawien, Split, Einmarsch gepanzerter Truppen.jpg \| German troops on the ''Riva'' promenade. The signs read "''Long live the IV. Operational Zone Commander, Comrade \[\[Vicko Krstulović]]''", and "''Long live the fighting unity of the Yugoslav nations''" }} ### Federal Yugoslavia {{Main\|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\|Socialist Republic of Croatia}} {{Unreferenced section\|date\=November 2014}} [thumb\|right\|140px\|The [Yugoslav](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia")\-era [Coat of arms of Split](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Split "Coat of arms of Split"). Introduced in 1967, it was based on the Medieval rectangular arms, dating at least from the 14th century (and likely much earlier).](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Split_%28SRC%29.svg "Coat of arms of Split (SRC).svg") After World War II, Split became a part of the [Socialist Republic of Croatia](/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia "Socialist Republic of Croatia"), itself a constituent sovereign republic of the [Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"). During the period the city experienced its largest economic and demographic boom. Dozens of new factories and companies were founded with the city population tripling during the period. The city became the economic centre of an area exceeding the borders of Croatia and was flooded by waves of rural migrants from the undeveloped hinterland who found employment in the newly established industry, as part of large\-scale [industrialization](/wiki/Industrialization "Industrialization") and investment by the Yugoslav Federal Government.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2014}} The shipbuilding industry was particularly successful and Yugoslavia, with its [Croatian](/wiki/SR_Croatia "SR Croatia") shipyards, became one of the world's top nations in the field. Many recreational facilities were also constructed with federal funding, especially for the 1979 [Mediterranean Games](/wiki/Mediterranean_Games "Mediterranean Games"), such as the [Poljud Stadium](/wiki/Poljud_Stadium "Poljud Stadium"). The city also became the largest passenger and military port in Yugoslavia, housing the headquarters of the [Yugoslav Navy](/wiki/SFR_Yugoslav_Navy "SFR Yugoslav Navy") (*Jugoslavenska ratna mornarica,* JRM) and the [Army's](/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army "Yugoslav People's Army") Coastal Military District (equivalent of a [field army](/wiki/Field_army "Field army")). In the period between 1945 and 1990, the city was transformed and expanded, taking up the vast majority of the Split [peninsula](/wiki/Peninsula "Peninsula"). In the same period it achieved an as yet unsurpassed GDP and employment level, still above the present day's, growing into a significant Yugoslav city.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2014}}
[ "As part of Yugoslavia\n---------------------", "### Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "After the end of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") and the dissolution of [Austria\\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\"), the province of [Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia \"Dalmatia\"), along with Split, became a part of the [Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs%2C_Croats_and_Slovenes \"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes\"). Split was the site of [a series of incidents between 1918 and 1920](/wiki/1918%E2%80%931920_incidents_in_Split \"1918–1920 incidents in Split\").", "Since [Rijeka](/wiki/Rijeka \"Rijeka\"), [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste \"Trieste\") and [Zadar](/wiki/Zadar \"Zadar\"), the three other large cities on the eastern Adriatic coast, were annexed by [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), Split became the most important port in the Kingdom. The Lika railway, connecting Split to the rest of the country, was completed in 1925\\.", "The country changed its name to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, and the [Port of Split](/wiki/Port_of_Split \"Port of Split\") became the seat of new administrative unit, [Littoral Banovina](/wiki/Littoral_Banovina \"Littoral Banovina\"). After the [Cvetković\\-Maček agreement](/wiki/Cvetkovi%C4%87-Ma%C4%8Dek_agreement \"Cvetković-Maček agreement\"), Split became the part of new administrative unit (merging of Sava and Littoral Banovina plus some Croat populated areas), [Banovina of Croatia](/wiki/Banovina_of_Croatia \"Banovina of Croatia\") in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.", "### World War II", "{{Main\\|World War II in Yugoslavia}}\n[thumb\\|[Italian warship](/wiki/Regia_Marina \"Regia Marina\") in the City Harbour after the annexation into [Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy \"Kingdom of Italy\") in 1941\\.](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016229-0008%2C_Italienisches_Kriegsschiff_im_Hafen_von_Split.jpg \"Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F016229-0008, Italienisches Kriegsschiff im Hafen von Split.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|German vehicles in the city streets. The sign reads \"[Death to fascism – freedom to the people](/wiki/Death_to_fascism%2C_freedom_to_the_people \"Death to fascism, freedom to the people\")\".](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-1553-13%2C_Kroatien%2C_Split%2C_Mauer_mit_Aufschrift.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-049-1553-13, Kroatien, Split, Mauer mit Aufschrift.jpg\")", "In April 1941, following the [invasion of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia \"Invasion of Yugoslavia\") by [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\"), Split was occupied by Italy. Although Split formally became part of the [Independent State of Croatia](/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia \"Independent State of Croatia\"), the [Ustaše](/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e \"Ustaše\") were not able to establish and strengthen their rule in Split, as Italians assumed all power in Dalmatia. One month later on 18 May 1941, when the [Treaties of Rome](/wiki/Treaties_of_Rome_%281941%29 \"Treaties of Rome (1941)\") were signed, Italy formally annexed Split, which was included in the [province of Spalato](/wiki/Province_of_Spalato \"Province of Spalato\"), and large parts of Dalmatia down to [Kotor](/wiki/Kotor \"Kotor\").Nikola Anić: Povijest Osmog dalmatinskog korpusa Narodnooslobodilačke vojske Hrvatske : 1943\\.\\-1945\\., p. 12{{cite book\\|first1\\=Francesca Ferratini\\|last1\\=Tosi\\|first2\\=Gaetano\\|last2\\=Grassi\\|first3\\=Massimo\\|last3\\=Legnani\\|title\\=L'Italia nella seconda guerra mondiale e nella resistenza\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=bqJoAAAAMAAJ\\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2016\\|date\\=1 January 1988\\|publisher\\=Franco Angeli\\|isbn\\=9788820423780}} The Italian [Governatorate of Dalmatia](/wiki/Governatorate_of_Dalmatia \"Governatorate of Dalmatia\") hosted 390,000 inhabitants, of which 280,000 Croats, 90,000 Serbs and 5,000 [Dalmatian Italians](/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians \"Dalmatian Italians\").{{cite book\\|first\\=Alberto\\|last\\=Becherelli\\|title\\=Italia e stato indipendente croato, 1941\\-1943\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Ym3dzlSfZUUC\\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2016\\|date\\=1 January 2012\\|publisher\\=Edizioni Nuova Cultura\\|page\\=90\\|isbn\\=978\\-88\\-6134\\-780\\-9}} \nItalian rule met heavy opposition from the Croat population as Split became a centre of anti\\-fascist sentiment in Yugoslavia. The first armed resistance group was organized on 7 May 1941; the 63 member strong 1st Strike Detachment (*Prvi udarni odred*) served as the basis for future formations, including the [1st Split Partisan Detachment](/wiki/1st_Split_Partisan_Detachment \"1st Split Partisan Detachment\").{{Cite book \\|url\\= http://www.ratnakronikasplita.com/kronika/1941\\|title\\= 1941\\. \\- Prva ratna godina\\|trans\\-title\\=1941\\. \\- The first war year\\|website\\=ratnakronikasplita.com \\|publisher\\=Udruga antifašističkih boraca i antifašista grada Splita \\|access\\-date\\=14 September 2014}} Between September and October 1941 alone, ten officials of the Italian fascist occupation were assassinated by the citizens.Ramet, Sabrina P.; *The three Yugoslavias: state\\-building and legitimation, 1918–2005*; [Indiana University Press](/wiki/Indiana_University_Press \"Indiana University Press\"), 2006 {{ISBN\\|0\\-253\\-34656\\-8}} \nOn 12 June 1942, a fascist mob attacked the city's synagogue, and destroyed its library and archive. Worshipers were beaten as they left the synagogue and Jewish\\-owned shops were targeted the following day.{{cite book\\|last\\=Spector\\|first\\=Shmuel\\|year\\=2001\\|title\\=The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust\\|publisher\\=New York University Press\\|location\\=New York City\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8147\\-9378\\-7\\|page\\=1228}}\nThe local football clubs refused to compete in the Italian championship; [HNK Hajduk](/wiki/HNK_Hajduk_Split \"HNK Hajduk Split\") and [RNK Split](/wiki/RNK_Split \"RNK Split\") suspended their activities and both joined the Partisans along with their entire staff after the Italian capitulation provided the opportunity. Soon after Hajduk became the official football club of the Partisan movement.", "In September 1943, following the capitulation of Italy, the city was temporarily controlled by Tito's brigades with thousands of people volunteering to join the [Partisans](/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans \"Yugoslav Partisans\") of Marshal [Josip Broz Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito \"Josip Broz Tito\") (a third of the total population, according to some sources). 8,000 Italian soldiers from the [15th Infantry Division Bergamo](/wiki/15th_Infantry_Division_Bergamo \"15th Infantry Division Bergamo\") prepared to fight alongside the Yugoslav Partisans against the [Waffen SS](/wiki/Waffen_SS \"Waffen SS\") [Prinz Eugen](/wiki/7._SS-Freiwilligen-Gebirgs-Division_%22Prinz_Eugen%22 \"7. SS-Freiwilligen-Gebirgs-Division \"). The Italian General Becuzzi handed over to the Partisans 11 soldiers which they considered as \"war criminals; the Partisans also executed up to 41 members of the Italian Police forces, later found in mass graves.[Franco Paolo](http://www.cadutipolizia.it/fonti/1925-1943/1943franco.htm)", "A few weeks later, however, the Partisans were forced into retreat as the [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") placed the city under the authority of the [Independent State of Croatia](/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia \"Independent State of Croatia\"). The Germans decimated the Italian soldiers as traitors, including three Generals (Policardi, [Pelligra](/wiki/Salvatore_Pelligra \"Salvatore Pelligra\") and [Cigala Fulgosi](/wiki/Alfonso_Cigala_Fulgosi \"Alfonso Cigala Fulgosi\")) and 48 officials (Trelj massacre).*Vita e morte del soldato italiano nella guerra senza fortuna* \\- Ed. Ferni Ginevra 1971 Vol. XII In this period the last remaining symbols of Italian heritage in Split, including several Venetian Lions of St.Mark, were erased from the town.", "In a tragic turn of events, besides being bombed by axis forces, the city was also bombed by the Allies, causing hundreds of deaths. Partisans finally captured the city on 26 October 1944 and instituted it as the provisional capital of Croatia. On 12 February 1945 the [Kriegsmarine](/wiki/Kriegsmarine \"Kriegsmarine\") conducted a daring raid on the Split harbour, damaging the British cruiser *[Delhi](/wiki/HMS_Delhi_%28D47%29 \"HMS Delhi (D47)\")*.\nAfter the war the remaining members of [Dalmatian Italians](/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians \"Dalmatian Italians\") of Split left Yugoslavia towards Italy ([Istrian\\-Dalmatian exodus](/wiki/Istrian-Dalmatian_exodus \"Istrian-Dalmatian exodus\")).{{cite book\\|author\\=E. White and J. Reinisch\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=MJN9DAAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=dubrovnik\\+exodus\\+italians\\&pg\\=PA71\\|title\\=The Disentanglement of Populations \\- Migration, Expulsion and Displacement in Postwar Europe, 1944\\-49\\|year\\=2011\\|publisher\\=Palgrave Macmillan UK\\|access\\-date\\=16 February 2022\\|page\\=71\\| isbn\\=9780230297685 }}", "{{Gallery\n\\| title \\= Second Occupation\n\\| width \\= 170\n\\| height \\= 170\n\\| align\\=center\n\\| File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I\\-049\\-1553\\-16, Kroatien, Split, Einmarsch von Panzern.jpg \\| A \\[\\[French Third Republic\\|French]]\\-built \\[\\[Hotchkiss H38]] tank (captured by the \\[\\[Nazi Germany\\|Germans]] after 1940\\), passes through the streets of the city center.\n\\| File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I\\-049\\-1553\\-37, Jugoslawien, Split, Panzerspähwagen.jpg \\| German \\[\\[Panzerspähwagen Sd.Kfz. 231]] armoured car descending from \\[\\[Marjan Hill]], with the city in the background.\n\\| File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I\\-049\\-1553\\-32, Jugoslawien, Split, Flaggenwechsel.jpg \\| German troops lowering the \\[\\[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia\\|Yugoslav]] flag from Marjan\n\\| File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I\\-049\\-1553\\-29, Jugoslawien, Split, Flaggenwechsel.jpg \\| Germans raising the flag of \\[\\[Nazi Germany]] over Split\n\\| File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I\\-049\\-1553\\-24, Jugoslawien, Split, Einmarsch gepanzerter Truppen.jpg \\| German troops on the ''Riva'' promenade. The signs read \"''Long live the IV. Operational Zone Commander, Comrade \\[\\[Vicko Krstulović]]''\", and \"''Long live the fighting unity of the Yugoslav nations''\"\n}}", "### Federal Yugoslavia", "{{Main\\|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\\|Socialist Republic of Croatia}}\n{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=November 2014}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|140px\\|The [Yugoslav](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia \"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\")\\-era [Coat of arms of Split](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Split \"Coat of arms of Split\"). Introduced in 1967, it was based on the Medieval rectangular arms, dating at least from the 14th century (and likely much earlier).](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Split_%28SRC%29.svg \"Coat of arms of Split (SRC).svg\")\nAfter World War II, Split became a part of the [Socialist Republic of Croatia](/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia \"Socialist Republic of Croatia\"), itself a constituent sovereign republic of the [Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia \"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\"). During the period the city experienced its largest economic and demographic boom. Dozens of new factories and companies were founded with the city population tripling during the period. The city became the economic centre of an area exceeding the borders of Croatia and was flooded by waves of rural migrants from the undeveloped hinterland who found employment in the newly established industry, as part of large\\-scale [industrialization](/wiki/Industrialization \"Industrialization\") and investment by the Yugoslav Federal Government.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2014}}", "The shipbuilding industry was particularly successful and Yugoslavia, with its [Croatian](/wiki/SR_Croatia \"SR Croatia\") shipyards, became one of the world's top nations in the field. Many recreational facilities were also constructed with federal funding, especially for the 1979 [Mediterranean Games](/wiki/Mediterranean_Games \"Mediterranean Games\"), such as the [Poljud Stadium](/wiki/Poljud_Stadium \"Poljud Stadium\"). The city also became the largest passenger and military port in Yugoslavia, housing the headquarters of the [Yugoslav Navy](/wiki/SFR_Yugoslav_Navy \"SFR Yugoslav Navy\") (*Jugoslavenska ratna mornarica,* JRM) and the [Army's](/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army \"Yugoslav People's Army\") Coastal Military District (equivalent of a [field army](/wiki/Field_army \"Field army\")). In the period between 1945 and 1990, the city was transformed and expanded, taking up the vast majority of the Split [peninsula](/wiki/Peninsula \"Peninsula\"). In the same period it achieved an as yet unsurpassed GDP and employment level, still above the present day's, growing into a significant Yugoslav city.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2014}}", "" ]
Features -------- ### Flyme {{Main\|Meizu\#Flyme OS}} The Meizu MX4 Pro was released with an updated version of [Flyme OS](/wiki/Flyme_OS "Flyme OS"), a modified operating system based on [Android KitKat](/wiki/Android_KitKat "Android KitKat"). It features an alternative, flat design and improved one\-handed usability. ### Hardware and design The Meizu MX4 Pro features a [Samsung Exynos 5430](/wiki/Exynos "Exynos") [system\-on\-a\-chip](/wiki/System-on-a-chip "System-on-a-chip") with an array of four [ARM](/wiki/ARM_architecture "ARM architecture") [Cortex\-A15](/wiki/Cortex-A15 "Cortex-A15") and four [Cortex\-A7](/wiki/Cortex-A7 "Cortex-A7") [CPU](/wiki/Central_processing_unit "Central processing unit") cores, a [Mali\-T628 MP6](/wiki/Mali_%28GPU%29 "Mali (GPU)") and 3 [GB](/wiki/Gigabyte "Gigabyte") of [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory "Random-access memory"). The MX4 Pro reaches a score of 54,863 points on the [AnTuTu](/wiki/AnTuTu "AnTuTu") benchmark and is therefore approximately 8% faster than the [Meizu MX4](/wiki/Meizu_MX4 "Meizu MX4").{{cite web \| title \= Meizu MX4 Pro \- Antutu \| work \= Kimovil \| url \= http://www.kimovil.com/en/meizu\-mx4\-pro\-16gb/antutu}} {{cite web \| title \= Meizu MX4 tops AnTuTu's list of top Android phones for 2014 \| work \= Phonearena \| date \= 12 January 2015 \| url \= http://www.phonearena.com/news/Meizu\-MX4\-tops\-AnTuTus\-list\-of\-top\-Android\-phones\-for\-2014\_id64699}} The MX4 Pro is available in four different color variants (grey body with black front, champagne gold body with white front and white body with black or white front) and comes with 16 GB, 32 GB or 64 GB of internal storage. The Meizu MX4 Pro is slightly bigger and heavier with measures of {{convert\|149\.9\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} x {{convert\|74\.7\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} x {{convert\|7\.6\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} and a weight of {{convert\|149\|g\|oz\|abbr\=on}}. It has a [slate form factor](/wiki/Form_factor_%28mobile_phones%29%23Touchscreen/slate "Form factor (mobile phones)#Touchscreen/slate"), being rectangular with rounded corners and has only one central physical button at the front. Unlike most other Android smartphones, the MX4 Pro doesn't have capacitive buttons nor on\-screen buttons. The functionality of these keys is implemented using a technology called mBack, which makes use of gestures with the physical button. The MX4 Pro further extends this button by a [fingerprint sensor](/wiki/Fingerprint_recognition%23Fingerprint_sensors "Fingerprint recognition#Fingerprint sensors") called mTouch. The MX4 Pro was the first Meizu phone to implement these two technologies. The MX4 Pro features a 5\.5\-inch [multi\-touch](/wiki/Multi-touch "Multi-touch") [capacitive touchscreen](/wiki/Capacitive_touchscreen "Capacitive touchscreen") display with a [2K](/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution%23FHD_%28QHD_/_WQHD_%282560x1440%29 "Graphics display resolution#FHD (QHD / WQHD (2560x1440)") resolution of 1536 by 2560 pixels. The pixel density of the display is 546 ppi. In addition to the touchscreen input and the front key, the device has volume/zoom control buttons and the power/lock button on the right side, a 3\.5mm [TRS audio jack](/wiki/Phone_connector_%28audio%29 "Phone connector (audio)") on the top and a [microUSB (Micro\-B type) port](/wiki/USB%23Mini_and_micro_connectors "USB#Mini and micro connectors") on the bottom for charging and connectivity. The Meizu MX4 Pro has two cameras. The rear camera has a resolution of 20\.7 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel "Megapixel"), a ƒ/2\.2 aperture, a 5\-element lens and an LED flash. The front camera has a resolution of 5 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel "Megapixel"), a ƒ/2\.0 aperture and a 4\-element lens.
[ "Features\n--------", "### Flyme", "{{Main\\|Meizu\\#Flyme OS}}", "The Meizu MX4 Pro was released with an updated version of [Flyme OS](/wiki/Flyme_OS \"Flyme OS\"), a modified operating system based on [Android KitKat](/wiki/Android_KitKat \"Android KitKat\"). It features an alternative, flat design and improved one\\-handed usability.", "### Hardware and design", "The Meizu MX4 Pro features a [Samsung Exynos 5430](/wiki/Exynos \"Exynos\") [system\\-on\\-a\\-chip](/wiki/System-on-a-chip \"System-on-a-chip\") with an array of four [ARM](/wiki/ARM_architecture \"ARM architecture\") [Cortex\\-A15](/wiki/Cortex-A15 \"Cortex-A15\") and four [Cortex\\-A7](/wiki/Cortex-A7 \"Cortex-A7\") [CPU](/wiki/Central_processing_unit \"Central processing unit\") cores, a [Mali\\-T628 MP6](/wiki/Mali_%28GPU%29 \"Mali (GPU)\") and 3 [GB](/wiki/Gigabyte \"Gigabyte\") of [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory \"Random-access memory\").\nThe MX4 Pro reaches a score of 54,863 points on the [AnTuTu](/wiki/AnTuTu \"AnTuTu\") benchmark and is therefore approximately 8% faster than the [Meizu MX4](/wiki/Meizu_MX4 \"Meizu MX4\").{{cite web \\| title \\= Meizu MX4 Pro \\- Antutu \\| work \\= Kimovil \\| url \\= http://www.kimovil.com/en/meizu\\-mx4\\-pro\\-16gb/antutu}}\n{{cite web \\| title \\= Meizu MX4 tops AnTuTu's list of top Android phones for 2014 \\| work \\= Phonearena \\| date \\= 12 January 2015 \\| url \\= http://www.phonearena.com/news/Meizu\\-MX4\\-tops\\-AnTuTus\\-list\\-of\\-top\\-Android\\-phones\\-for\\-2014\\_id64699}}", "The MX4 Pro is available in four different color variants (grey body with black front, champagne gold body with white front and white body with black or white front) and comes with 16 GB, 32 GB or 64 GB of internal storage.", "The Meizu MX4 Pro is slightly bigger and heavier with measures of {{convert\\|149\\.9\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} x {{convert\\|74\\.7\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} x {{convert\\|7\\.6\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} and a weight of {{convert\\|149\\|g\\|oz\\|abbr\\=on}}. It has a [slate form factor](/wiki/Form_factor_%28mobile_phones%29%23Touchscreen/slate \"Form factor (mobile phones)#Touchscreen/slate\"), being rectangular with rounded corners and has only one central physical button at the front.", "Unlike most other Android smartphones, the MX4 Pro doesn't have capacitive buttons nor on\\-screen buttons. The functionality of these keys is implemented using a technology called mBack, which makes use of gestures with the physical button. The MX4 Pro further extends this button by a [fingerprint sensor](/wiki/Fingerprint_recognition%23Fingerprint_sensors \"Fingerprint recognition#Fingerprint sensors\") called mTouch. The MX4 Pro was the first Meizu phone to implement these two technologies.", "The MX4 Pro features a 5\\.5\\-inch [multi\\-touch](/wiki/Multi-touch \"Multi-touch\") [capacitive touchscreen](/wiki/Capacitive_touchscreen \"Capacitive touchscreen\") display with a [2K](/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution%23FHD_%28QHD_/_WQHD_%282560x1440%29 \"Graphics display resolution#FHD (QHD / WQHD (2560x1440)\") resolution of 1536 by 2560 pixels. The pixel density of the display is 546 ppi.", "In addition to the touchscreen input and the front key, the device has volume/zoom control buttons and the power/lock button on the right side, a 3\\.5mm [TRS audio jack](/wiki/Phone_connector_%28audio%29 \"Phone connector (audio)\") on the top and a [microUSB (Micro\\-B type) port](/wiki/USB%23Mini_and_micro_connectors \"USB#Mini and micro connectors\") on the bottom for charging and connectivity.", "The Meizu MX4 Pro has two cameras. The rear camera has a resolution of 20\\.7 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel \"Megapixel\"), a ƒ/2\\.2 aperture, a 5\\-element lens and an LED flash.\nThe front camera has a resolution of 5 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel \"Megapixel\"), a ƒ/2\\.0 aperture and a 4\\-element lens.", "" ]
### Hardware and design The Meizu MX4 Pro features a [Samsung Exynos 5430](/wiki/Exynos "Exynos") [system\-on\-a\-chip](/wiki/System-on-a-chip "System-on-a-chip") with an array of four [ARM](/wiki/ARM_architecture "ARM architecture") [Cortex\-A15](/wiki/Cortex-A15 "Cortex-A15") and four [Cortex\-A7](/wiki/Cortex-A7 "Cortex-A7") [CPU](/wiki/Central_processing_unit "Central processing unit") cores, a [Mali\-T628 MP6](/wiki/Mali_%28GPU%29 "Mali (GPU)") and 3 [GB](/wiki/Gigabyte "Gigabyte") of [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory "Random-access memory"). The MX4 Pro reaches a score of 54,863 points on the [AnTuTu](/wiki/AnTuTu "AnTuTu") benchmark and is therefore approximately 8% faster than the [Meizu MX4](/wiki/Meizu_MX4 "Meizu MX4").{{cite web \| title \= Meizu MX4 Pro \- Antutu \| work \= Kimovil \| url \= http://www.kimovil.com/en/meizu\-mx4\-pro\-16gb/antutu}} {{cite web \| title \= Meizu MX4 tops AnTuTu's list of top Android phones for 2014 \| work \= Phonearena \| date \= 12 January 2015 \| url \= http://www.phonearena.com/news/Meizu\-MX4\-tops\-AnTuTus\-list\-of\-top\-Android\-phones\-for\-2014\_id64699}} The MX4 Pro is available in four different color variants (grey body with black front, champagne gold body with white front and white body with black or white front) and comes with 16 GB, 32 GB or 64 GB of internal storage. The Meizu MX4 Pro is slightly bigger and heavier with measures of {{convert\|149\.9\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} x {{convert\|74\.7\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} x {{convert\|7\.6\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} and a weight of {{convert\|149\|g\|oz\|abbr\=on}}. It has a [slate form factor](/wiki/Form_factor_%28mobile_phones%29%23Touchscreen/slate "Form factor (mobile phones)#Touchscreen/slate"), being rectangular with rounded corners and has only one central physical button at the front. Unlike most other Android smartphones, the MX4 Pro doesn't have capacitive buttons nor on\-screen buttons. The functionality of these keys is implemented using a technology called mBack, which makes use of gestures with the physical button. The MX4 Pro further extends this button by a [fingerprint sensor](/wiki/Fingerprint_recognition%23Fingerprint_sensors "Fingerprint recognition#Fingerprint sensors") called mTouch. The MX4 Pro was the first Meizu phone to implement these two technologies. The MX4 Pro features a 5\.5\-inch [multi\-touch](/wiki/Multi-touch "Multi-touch") [capacitive touchscreen](/wiki/Capacitive_touchscreen "Capacitive touchscreen") display with a [2K](/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution%23FHD_%28QHD_/_WQHD_%282560x1440%29 "Graphics display resolution#FHD (QHD / WQHD (2560x1440)") resolution of 1536 by 2560 pixels. The pixel density of the display is 546 ppi. In addition to the touchscreen input and the front key, the device has volume/zoom control buttons and the power/lock button on the right side, a 3\.5mm [TRS audio jack](/wiki/Phone_connector_%28audio%29 "Phone connector (audio)") on the top and a [microUSB (Micro\-B type) port](/wiki/USB%23Mini_and_micro_connectors "USB#Mini and micro connectors") on the bottom for charging and connectivity. The Meizu MX4 Pro has two cameras. The rear camera has a resolution of 20\.7 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel "Megapixel"), a ƒ/2\.2 aperture, a 5\-element lens and an LED flash. The front camera has a resolution of 5 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel "Megapixel"), a ƒ/2\.0 aperture and a 4\-element lens.
[ "### Hardware and design", "The Meizu MX4 Pro features a [Samsung Exynos 5430](/wiki/Exynos \"Exynos\") [system\\-on\\-a\\-chip](/wiki/System-on-a-chip \"System-on-a-chip\") with an array of four [ARM](/wiki/ARM_architecture \"ARM architecture\") [Cortex\\-A15](/wiki/Cortex-A15 \"Cortex-A15\") and four [Cortex\\-A7](/wiki/Cortex-A7 \"Cortex-A7\") [CPU](/wiki/Central_processing_unit \"Central processing unit\") cores, a [Mali\\-T628 MP6](/wiki/Mali_%28GPU%29 \"Mali (GPU)\") and 3 [GB](/wiki/Gigabyte \"Gigabyte\") of [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory \"Random-access memory\").\nThe MX4 Pro reaches a score of 54,863 points on the [AnTuTu](/wiki/AnTuTu \"AnTuTu\") benchmark and is therefore approximately 8% faster than the [Meizu MX4](/wiki/Meizu_MX4 \"Meizu MX4\").{{cite web \\| title \\= Meizu MX4 Pro \\- Antutu \\| work \\= Kimovil \\| url \\= http://www.kimovil.com/en/meizu\\-mx4\\-pro\\-16gb/antutu}}\n{{cite web \\| title \\= Meizu MX4 tops AnTuTu's list of top Android phones for 2014 \\| work \\= Phonearena \\| date \\= 12 January 2015 \\| url \\= http://www.phonearena.com/news/Meizu\\-MX4\\-tops\\-AnTuTus\\-list\\-of\\-top\\-Android\\-phones\\-for\\-2014\\_id64699}}", "The MX4 Pro is available in four different color variants (grey body with black front, champagne gold body with white front and white body with black or white front) and comes with 16 GB, 32 GB or 64 GB of internal storage.", "The Meizu MX4 Pro is slightly bigger and heavier with measures of {{convert\\|149\\.9\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} x {{convert\\|74\\.7\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} x {{convert\\|7\\.6\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} and a weight of {{convert\\|149\\|g\\|oz\\|abbr\\=on}}. It has a [slate form factor](/wiki/Form_factor_%28mobile_phones%29%23Touchscreen/slate \"Form factor (mobile phones)#Touchscreen/slate\"), being rectangular with rounded corners and has only one central physical button at the front.", "Unlike most other Android smartphones, the MX4 Pro doesn't have capacitive buttons nor on\\-screen buttons. The functionality of these keys is implemented using a technology called mBack, which makes use of gestures with the physical button. The MX4 Pro further extends this button by a [fingerprint sensor](/wiki/Fingerprint_recognition%23Fingerprint_sensors \"Fingerprint recognition#Fingerprint sensors\") called mTouch. The MX4 Pro was the first Meizu phone to implement these two technologies.", "The MX4 Pro features a 5\\.5\\-inch [multi\\-touch](/wiki/Multi-touch \"Multi-touch\") [capacitive touchscreen](/wiki/Capacitive_touchscreen \"Capacitive touchscreen\") display with a [2K](/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution%23FHD_%28QHD_/_WQHD_%282560x1440%29 \"Graphics display resolution#FHD (QHD / WQHD (2560x1440)\") resolution of 1536 by 2560 pixels. The pixel density of the display is 546 ppi.", "In addition to the touchscreen input and the front key, the device has volume/zoom control buttons and the power/lock button on the right side, a 3\\.5mm [TRS audio jack](/wiki/Phone_connector_%28audio%29 \"Phone connector (audio)\") on the top and a [microUSB (Micro\\-B type) port](/wiki/USB%23Mini_and_micro_connectors \"USB#Mini and micro connectors\") on the bottom for charging and connectivity.", "The Meizu MX4 Pro has two cameras. The rear camera has a resolution of 20\\.7 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel \"Megapixel\"), a ƒ/2\\.2 aperture, a 5\\-element lens and an LED flash.\nThe front camera has a resolution of 5 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel \"Megapixel\"), a ƒ/2\\.0 aperture and a 4\\-element lens.", "" ]
Biography --------- Peddle was born in [Bangor, Maine](/wiki/Bangor%2C_Maine "Bangor, Maine"), [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") on November 25, 1937\. He worked in a [radio station](/wiki/Radio_station "Radio station") while in high school. In 1955, Peddle joined the [United States Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps"). He attended the [University of Maine](/wiki/University_of_Maine "University of Maine") where he earned a [Bachelor of Science](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science "Bachelor of Science") (B.Sc.) degree in [engineering physics](/wiki/Engineering_physics "Engineering physics"). Afterward, he went to work for [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric") working with [time\-sharing](/wiki/Time-sharing "Time-sharing") systems. In 1973, Peddle worked at [Motorola](/wiki/Motorola "Motorola") on developing the [6800](/wiki/Motorola_6800 "Motorola 6800") processor. Peddle recognized a market for a very low price microprocessor and began to champion such a design to complement the $300 Motorola 6800\. His efforts were frustrated by Motorola management and he was told to drop the project. He then left for [MOS Technology](/wiki/MOS_Technology "MOS Technology"), where he headed the design of the [650x family of processors](/wiki/MOS_Technology_65xx "MOS Technology 65xx"); these were made as a $25 answer to the [Motorola 6800](/wiki/Motorola_6800 "Motorola 6800"). The most famous member of the 650x series was the 6502, developed in 1975, which was priced at 15% of the cost of an [Intel 8080](/wiki/Intel_8080 "Intel 8080"), and was subsequently used in many commercial products, including the [Apple II](/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II"), [PET](/wiki/Commodore_PET "Commodore PET"), [VIC\-20](/wiki/VIC-20 "VIC-20"), [Atari 8\-bit computers](/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers "Atari 8-bit computers"), [arcade video games](/wiki/Arcade_video_game "Arcade video game"), [Oric computers](/wiki/Oric_computers "Oric computers"), and the [BBC Micro](/wiki/BBC_Micro "BBC Micro").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/1982/chuck\-peddle/ \|title\=Chuck Peddle \|website\=The Centre for Computing History}} The [Atari 2600](/wiki/Atari_2600 "Atari 2600") uses the closely related [6507](/wiki/MOS_Technology_6507 "MOS Technology 6507") CPU, the [Commodore 64](/wiki/Commodore_64 "Commodore 64") uses the also closely related derivative [6510](/wiki/MOS_Technology_6510 "MOS Technology 6510"), and the [Nintendo Entertainment System](/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System "Nintendo Entertainment System") uses a [custom ASIC](/wiki/Ricoh_2A03 "Ricoh 2A03") which includes an altered 6502 core (with the decimal mode deleted). In 1980, Peddle left MOS Technology, together with [Commodore Business Machines](/wiki/Commodore_Business_Machines "Commodore Business Machines") (CBM) financer Chris Fish, to found [Sirius Systems Technology](/wiki/Sirius_Systems_Technology "Sirius Systems Technology"). There, Peddle designed the [Victor 9000](/wiki/Victor_9000 "Victor 9000") personal computer.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Peddle was born in [Bangor, Maine](/wiki/Bangor%2C_Maine \"Bangor, Maine\"), [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") on November 25, 1937\\. He worked in a [radio station](/wiki/Radio_station \"Radio station\") while in high school.", "In 1955, Peddle joined the [United States Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\"). He attended the [University of Maine](/wiki/University_of_Maine \"University of Maine\") where he earned a [Bachelor of Science](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science \"Bachelor of Science\") (B.Sc.) degree in [engineering physics](/wiki/Engineering_physics \"Engineering physics\"). Afterward, he went to work for [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric \"General Electric\") working with [time\\-sharing](/wiki/Time-sharing \"Time-sharing\") systems.", "In 1973, Peddle worked at [Motorola](/wiki/Motorola \"Motorola\") on developing the [6800](/wiki/Motorola_6800 \"Motorola 6800\") processor.", "Peddle recognized a market for a very low price microprocessor and began to champion such a design to complement the $300 Motorola 6800\\. His efforts were frustrated by Motorola management and he was told to drop the project. He then left for [MOS Technology](/wiki/MOS_Technology \"MOS Technology\"), where he headed the design of the [650x family of processors](/wiki/MOS_Technology_65xx \"MOS Technology 65xx\"); these were made as a $25 answer to the [Motorola 6800](/wiki/Motorola_6800 \"Motorola 6800\"). The most famous member of the 650x series was the 6502, developed in 1975, which was priced at 15% of the cost of an [Intel 8080](/wiki/Intel_8080 \"Intel 8080\"), and was subsequently used in many commercial products, including the [Apple II](/wiki/Apple_II \"Apple II\"), [PET](/wiki/Commodore_PET \"Commodore PET\"), [VIC\\-20](/wiki/VIC-20 \"VIC-20\"), [Atari 8\\-bit computers](/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers \"Atari 8-bit computers\"), [arcade video games](/wiki/Arcade_video_game \"Arcade video game\"), [Oric computers](/wiki/Oric_computers \"Oric computers\"), and the [BBC Micro](/wiki/BBC_Micro \"BBC Micro\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/1982/chuck\\-peddle/ \\|title\\=Chuck Peddle \\|website\\=The Centre for Computing History}} The [Atari 2600](/wiki/Atari_2600 \"Atari 2600\") uses the closely related [6507](/wiki/MOS_Technology_6507 \"MOS Technology 6507\") CPU, the [Commodore 64](/wiki/Commodore_64 \"Commodore 64\") uses the also closely related derivative [6510](/wiki/MOS_Technology_6510 \"MOS Technology 6510\"), and the [Nintendo Entertainment System](/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System \"Nintendo Entertainment System\") uses a [custom ASIC](/wiki/Ricoh_2A03 \"Ricoh 2A03\") which includes an altered 6502 core (with the decimal mode deleted).", "In 1980, Peddle left MOS Technology, together with [Commodore Business Machines](/wiki/Commodore_Business_Machines \"Commodore Business Machines\") (CBM) financer Chris Fish, to found [Sirius Systems Technology](/wiki/Sirius_Systems_Technology \"Sirius Systems Technology\"). There, Peddle designed the [Victor 9000](/wiki/Victor_9000 \"Victor 9000\") personal computer.", "" ]
History ------- Anderson Secondary School was founded in 1960 as a girls' primary school. In 1964, it became a girls' secondary school and began admitting boys in 1965\. The school has occupied several sites. Previously situated at Stevens Road and Anderson Road (from which it got its name), the school moved to Ang Mo Kio Street 44 in 1984\. In December 1993, it moved to its current site, Ang Mo Kio Street 53\. Anderson Secondary School has been used from time to time for educational experiments.{{cite news \|title\= Public can use 15 school sports halls \|url\= https://www.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20090212\-121498\.html \|access\-date\= 15 January 2015 \|newspaper\= The Straits Times \|location\= Singapore \|date\= 14 February 2009 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043335/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20090212\-121498\.html \|archive\-date\=4 March 2016 \|url\-status\=live}} In 1994 it was declared an autonomous school for consistent academic performance, and in 1996 it was one of the first schools to use the Students\-and\-Teachers Workbench project.{{cite press release \|url\= http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/1996/pr02596\.htm \|title\=Performance indicators of secondary schools \|year\=1996 \|publisher\=Ministry of Education \|access\-date\=26 February 2015 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160409030006/https://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/1996/pr02596\.htm \|archive\-date\=9 April 2016 \|url\-status\=dead}} In 1997 it was chosen as an IT demo school.{{Cite press release \|url\= https://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/1998/980327\.htm \|title\=Open House by IT demonstration schools \|date\=27 March 1998 \|publisher\= Ministry of Education \|access\-date\= 9 October 2016 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161010044331/https://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/1998/980327\.htm \|archive\-date\=10 October 2016 \|url\-status\=dead }} The school received the School Distinction Award from the [Ministry of Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Singapore%29 "Ministry of Education (Singapore)") in 2004\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20071002\-28086\.html\|title\=Last spot for school that turns students around\|date\=29 September 2007\|newspaper\=The Straits Times\|location\=Singapore\|last1\=Almenoar\|first1\=Maria\|access\-date\=15 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618073643/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20071002\-28086\.html\|archive\-date\=18 June 2014\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite press release \|url\= http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/files/2008/09/pr20080921\-annex\-a2\.pdf \|title\=Winners of Special Awards \|year\=2009 \|publisher\=Ministry of Education \|access\-date\=22 October 2008 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110519064505/http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/files/2008/09/pr20080921\-annex\-a2\.pdf \|archive\-date\=19 May 2011 \|url\-status\=dead}} ### Programme for Rebuilding and Improving Existing Schools From 2003 to 2006 the school underwent a [Programme for Rebuilding and Improving Existing Schools](/wiki/Programme_for_Rebuilding_and_Improving_Existing_Schools "Programme for Rebuilding and Improving Existing Schools") upgrading project. The school raised funds for a student activity hub, a heritage centre and a multi\-purpose studio, upgraded the lecture theatre and classrooms and added a five\-storey building. The final stage of the upgrading process took place in 2005\. Some facilities, such as the school hall, cookery rooms and the football field, were ready in July 2006\. A facility called the "Inspire Town" was opened in 2005\. This is a room where innovation and creativity is encouraged amongst pupils. Two classrooms were converted into a [black box theater](/wiki/Black_box_theater "Black box theater") for use by drama students.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20081028\-96605\.html\|title\=Drama students defend 'slack' subject\|date\=29 October 2008\|newspaper\=The Straits Times\|location\=Singapore\|author\=Lim Pow Hong\|access\-date\=15 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050506/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20081028\-96605\.html\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016\|url\-status\=live}} In 2008, an indoor sports hall was opened.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2014}} ### Uniform and attire Girls wear a white blouse and a kelly blue{{Cite web\|url\=https://andersonsec.moe.edu.sg/school\-information/rules\-and\-regulations\|title\=anderson uniform\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714193702/https://andersonsec.moe.edu.sg/school\-information/rules\-and\-regulations\|archive\-date\=14 July 2019\|access\-date\=}} tunic knee\-length pinafore.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne\+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110701\-287131\.html\|title\=Two girls injured at AMK bus interchange\|date\=1 July 2011\|work\=AsiaOne\|access\-date\=15 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011105535/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne\+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110701\-287131\.html\|archive\-date\=11 October 2016\|url\-status\=live}} Lower secondary boys wear a pair of short trousers while upper secondary boys wear a pair of white long trousers. Students wear the school badge, with their name tag directly below it. Students wear the school tie on Mondays, and at formal school functions. On Fridays, students are allowed to wear "half\-uniform" (PE T\-shirt or class T\-shirt with uniform bottom). From time to time, if there is an increase in temperature, the school may allow "half\-uniform" from Tuesdays to Thursdays. ### Discipline The Anderson Secondary School Discipline Committee has classified offences committed by students into minor and major offences. Minor offences include being late for school, flaws in personal grooming and use of electronic devices during curriculum time. Major offences include absenteeism, forgery, arson and many others. Punishments for major offences include detention, [caning](/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore%23School_caning "Caning in Singapore#School caning") (for boys only) and suspension.
[ "History\n-------", "Anderson Secondary School was founded in 1960 as a girls' primary school. In 1964, it became a girls' secondary school and began admitting boys in 1965\\. The school has occupied several sites. Previously situated at Stevens Road and Anderson Road (from which it got its name), the school moved to Ang Mo Kio Street 44 in 1984\\. In December 1993, it moved to its current site, Ang Mo Kio Street 53\\.", "Anderson Secondary School has been used from time to time for educational experiments.{{cite news \\|title\\= Public can use 15 school sports halls \\|url\\= https://www.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20090212\\-121498\\.html \\|access\\-date\\= 15 January 2015 \\|newspaper\\= The Straits Times \\|location\\= Singapore \\|date\\= 14 February 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043335/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20090212\\-121498\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 1994 it was declared an autonomous school for consistent academic performance, and in 1996 it was one of the first schools to use the Students\\-and\\-Teachers Workbench project.{{cite press release \\|url\\= http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/1996/pr02596\\.htm \\|title\\=Performance indicators of secondary schools \\|year\\=1996 \\|publisher\\=Ministry of Education \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160409030006/https://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/1996/pr02596\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=9 April 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 1997 it was chosen as an IT demo school.{{Cite press release \\|url\\= https://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/1998/980327\\.htm \\|title\\=Open House by IT demonstration schools \\|date\\=27 March 1998 \\|publisher\\= Ministry of Education \\|access\\-date\\= 9 October 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161010044331/https://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/1998/980327\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The school received the School Distinction Award from the [Ministry of Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Education (Singapore)\") in 2004\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20071002\\-28086\\.html\\|title\\=Last spot for school that turns students around\\|date\\=29 September 2007\\|newspaper\\=The Straits Times\\|location\\=Singapore\\|last1\\=Almenoar\\|first1\\=Maria\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618073643/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20071002\\-28086\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=18 June 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite press release \\|url\\= http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/files/2008/09/pr20080921\\-annex\\-a2\\.pdf \\|title\\=Winners of Special Awards \\|year\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=Ministry of Education \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110519064505/http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/files/2008/09/pr20080921\\-annex\\-a2\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Programme for Rebuilding and Improving Existing Schools", "From 2003 to 2006 the school underwent a [Programme for Rebuilding and Improving Existing Schools](/wiki/Programme_for_Rebuilding_and_Improving_Existing_Schools \"Programme for Rebuilding and Improving Existing Schools\") upgrading project. The school raised funds for a student activity hub, a heritage centre and a multi\\-purpose studio, upgraded the lecture theatre and classrooms and added a five\\-storey building.", "The final stage of the upgrading process took place in 2005\\. Some facilities, such as the school hall, cookery rooms and the football field, were ready in July 2006\\.", "A facility called the \"Inspire Town\" was opened in 2005\\. This is a room where innovation and creativity is encouraged amongst pupils. Two classrooms were converted into a [black box theater](/wiki/Black_box_theater \"Black box theater\") for use by drama students.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20081028\\-96605\\.html\\|title\\=Drama students defend 'slack' subject\\|date\\=29 October 2008\\|newspaper\\=The Straits Times\\|location\\=Singapore\\|author\\=Lim Pow Hong\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050506/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20081028\\-96605\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2008, an indoor sports hall was opened.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2014}}", "### Uniform and attire", "Girls wear a white blouse and a kelly blue{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://andersonsec.moe.edu.sg/school\\-information/rules\\-and\\-regulations\\|title\\=anderson uniform\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714193702/https://andersonsec.moe.edu.sg/school\\-information/rules\\-and\\-regulations\\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2019\\|access\\-date\\=}} tunic knee\\-length pinafore.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne\\+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110701\\-287131\\.html\\|title\\=Two girls injured at AMK bus interchange\\|date\\=1 July 2011\\|work\\=AsiaOne\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011105535/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne\\+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110701\\-287131\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Lower secondary boys wear a pair of short trousers while upper secondary boys wear a pair of white long trousers. Students wear the school badge, with their name tag directly below it. Students wear the school tie on Mondays, and at formal school functions. On Fridays, students are allowed to wear \"half\\-uniform\" (PE T\\-shirt or class T\\-shirt with uniform bottom). From time to time, if there is an increase in temperature, the school may allow \"half\\-uniform\" from Tuesdays to Thursdays.", "### Discipline", "The Anderson Secondary School Discipline Committee has classified offences committed by students into minor and major offences. Minor offences include being late for school, flaws in personal grooming and use of electronic devices during curriculum time. Major offences include absenteeism, forgery, arson and many others. Punishments for major offences include detention, [caning](/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore%23School_caning \"Caning in Singapore#School caning\") (for boys only) and suspension.", "" ]
History ------- In the late 1990s, DMG Regional Radio successfully bid for an FM broadcasting license for a radio station in the [Rockhampton](/wiki/Rockhampton "Rockhampton")/[Gladstone](/wiki/Gladstone%2C_Queensland "Gladstone, Queensland") market in [Central Queensland](/wiki/Central_Queensland "Central Queensland"). In October 2000, Hot FM was launched. The station was a new addition to the existing [Hot FM](/wiki/Hot_FM_%28Australian_radio_network%29 "Hot FM (Australian radio network)") network of stations, also owned by DMG Regional Radio. The Central Queensland Hot FM station was originally created to attract the younger demographics that didn't listen to DMG's established classic hits station, Gladstone's [4CC](/wiki/4CC_%28AM%29 "4CC (AM)") which also broadcast to Rockhampton. The station originally broadcast its local breakfast program from a studio in Rockhampton, and sourced its daytime and overnight programming from [Hot FM Townsville](/wiki/Hit103.1_Townsville "Hit103.1 Townsville"). Since its inception, Hot FM has broadcast on two separate frequencies in Rockhampton and Gladstone. When Hot FM was launched, [RG Capital](/wiki/RG_Capital "RG Capital") also launched an FM station in Rockhampton, [Sea FM](/wiki/Triple_M_Central_Queensland "Triple M Central Queensland") to attract a younger demographics that didn't find RG Capital's established AM station [4RO](/wiki/4RO "4RO") appealing. For the first few years, Sea FM and Hot FM were fierce rivals, battling for the same demographic of listeners. In 2004, DMG Regional Radio merged with RG Capital to form Macquarie Regional RadioWorks, which saw all four local Central Queensland stations owned by the same company. Macquarie Regional Radioworks were legally obligated to offload at least two stations, and decided to sell their two AM stations, 4RO and 4CC to [Prime Media Group](/wiki/Prime_Media_Group "Prime Media Group"). This meant the two FM stations that were once rivals found themselves as sister stations. In 2005, Hot FM decided to cease broadcasting content from Rockhampton. While the local Hot FM sales office was moved into the existing 4RO and Sea FM studio complex, the local breakfast program began being broadcast from the existing 4CC building in [Gladstone](/wiki/Gladstone%2C_Queensland "Gladstone, Queensland"). When this occurred, the breakfast announcer that had been with Hot FM since its inception moved over to Hot FM's new stablemate, Sea FM so he continue working in Rockhampton in 2005, while his Hot FM co\-host moved to the afternoon shift on Sea FM. Hot FM began broadcasting its local breakfast show from the Gladstone studio on 24 January 2005\.[Smithy will move to Sea FM](http://www.themorningbulletin.com.au/news/apn-smithy-will-move-to-sea/68792) *[The Morning Bulletin](/wiki/The_Morning_Bulletin "The Morning Bulletin")* 29 December 2004[Sea change for radio's Smithy](http://www.themorningbulletin.com.au/news/apn-sea-change-for-radios/68718) *The Morning Bulletin* 17 January 2005[Some moves afoot](https://www.radioinfo.com.au/people/movements/some-moves-afoot) *radioinfo.com.au* 29 January 2005 Although no longer stablemates, 4CC and Hot FM have continued to share the same building in Gladstone since the merger.
[ "History\n-------", "In the late 1990s, DMG Regional Radio successfully bid for an FM broadcasting license for a radio station in the [Rockhampton](/wiki/Rockhampton \"Rockhampton\")/[Gladstone](/wiki/Gladstone%2C_Queensland \"Gladstone, Queensland\") market in [Central Queensland](/wiki/Central_Queensland \"Central Queensland\").", "In October 2000, Hot FM was launched. The station was a new addition to the existing [Hot FM](/wiki/Hot_FM_%28Australian_radio_network%29 \"Hot FM (Australian radio network)\") network of stations, also owned by DMG Regional Radio. The Central Queensland Hot FM station was originally created to attract the younger demographics that didn't listen to DMG's established classic hits station, Gladstone's [4CC](/wiki/4CC_%28AM%29 \"4CC (AM)\") which also broadcast to Rockhampton.", "The station originally broadcast its local breakfast program from a studio in Rockhampton, and sourced its daytime and overnight programming from [Hot FM Townsville](/wiki/Hit103.1_Townsville \"Hit103.1 Townsville\"). Since its inception, Hot FM has broadcast on two separate frequencies in Rockhampton and Gladstone.", "When Hot FM was launched, [RG Capital](/wiki/RG_Capital \"RG Capital\") also launched an FM station in Rockhampton, [Sea FM](/wiki/Triple_M_Central_Queensland \"Triple M Central Queensland\") to attract a younger demographics that didn't find RG Capital's established AM station [4RO](/wiki/4RO \"4RO\") appealing. For the first few years, Sea FM and Hot FM were fierce rivals, battling for the same demographic of listeners.", "In 2004, DMG Regional Radio merged with RG Capital to form Macquarie Regional RadioWorks, which saw all four local Central Queensland stations owned by the same company. Macquarie Regional Radioworks were legally obligated to offload at least two stations, and decided to sell their two AM stations, 4RO and 4CC to [Prime Media Group](/wiki/Prime_Media_Group \"Prime Media Group\").", "This meant the two FM stations that were once rivals found themselves as sister stations.", "In 2005, Hot FM decided to cease broadcasting content from Rockhampton. While the local Hot FM sales office was moved into the existing 4RO and Sea FM studio complex, the local breakfast program began being broadcast from the existing 4CC building in [Gladstone](/wiki/Gladstone%2C_Queensland \"Gladstone, Queensland\"). When this occurred, the breakfast announcer that had been with Hot FM since its inception moved over to Hot FM's new stablemate, Sea FM so he continue working in Rockhampton in 2005, while his Hot FM co\\-host moved to the afternoon shift on Sea FM. Hot FM began broadcasting its local breakfast show from the Gladstone studio on 24 January 2005\\.[Smithy will move to Sea FM](http://www.themorningbulletin.com.au/news/apn-smithy-will-move-to-sea/68792) *[The Morning Bulletin](/wiki/The_Morning_Bulletin \"The Morning Bulletin\")* 29 December 2004[Sea change for radio's Smithy](http://www.themorningbulletin.com.au/news/apn-sea-change-for-radios/68718) *The Morning Bulletin* 17 January 2005[Some moves afoot](https://www.radioinfo.com.au/people/movements/some-moves-afoot) *radioinfo.com.au* 29 January 2005", "Although no longer stablemates, 4CC and Hot FM have continued to share the same building in Gladstone since the merger.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- {{BLP sources section\|date\=August 2012}} ### 1994–96: Professional Career Williams turned professional on October 31, 1994, at the age of 14\.{{cite journal \|last1\=Harris \|first1\=Laurie Lanzen \|last2\=Abbey \|first2\=Cherie \|title\=Biography Today: Profiles of People of Interest to Young Readers \|journal\=Biography Today (1994 Annual Cumulation): Profiles of People of Interest to Young Readers \|date\=1999 \|publisher\=Biography Today \|location\=Detroit\|issn\=1058\-2347 \|pages\=130–142}} In the first round of her first professional tournament, the [Silicon Valley Classic](/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Classic "Silicon Valley Classic") in Oakland, Venus played former [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA "NCAA") singles champion [Shaun Stafford](/wiki/Shaun_Stafford "Shaun Stafford"), who earlier that year had reached the fourth round of the [French Open](/wiki/French_Open "French Open"). Williams beat her fellow American in two sets. In the second round of the tournament, Williams was up a set and a service break against world No. 2, [Arantxa Sánchez Vicario](/wiki/Arantxa_S%C3%A1nchez_Vicario "Arantxa Sánchez Vicario"), before losing the match. Sanchez Vicario went on to win the title by defeating [Martina Navratilova](/wiki/Martina_Navratilova "Martina Navratilova"). That was the only tournament Williams played in 1994\. In 1995, Williams played three more events as a wildcard, falling in the first round of the tournaments in [Los Angeles](/wiki/East_West_Bank_Classic "East West Bank Classic") and [Toronto](/wiki/Rogers_Cup_%28tennis%29 "Rogers Cup (tennis)") but reaching the quarterfinals in Oakland, defeating No. 18 [Amy Frazier](/wiki/Amy_Frazier "Amy Frazier") in the second round for her first win over a top\-20 ranked player, before losing to [Magdalena Maleeva](/wiki/Magdalena_Maleeva "Magdalena Maleeva"). Williams played five events in 1996, falling in the first round four times but reaching the third round in Los Angeles, before losing to No. 1 [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf "Steffi Graf"). ### 1997: Debut Grand Slam singles final Williams played 15 tour events in 1997, including five [Tier I](/wiki/Tier_I "Tier I") tournaments. She reached the quarterfinals in three of the Tier I events – the [State Farm Evert Cup](/wiki/Pacific_Life_Open "Pacific Life Open") in Compton, California, the [European Indoor Championships](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Open "Zürich Open") in Zürich, and the [Kremlin Cup](/wiki/Kremlin_Cup "Kremlin Cup") in Moscow. In Indian Wells in March, Williams defeated No. 9, [Iva Majoli](/wiki/Iva_Majoli "Iva Majoli"), in the third round for her first win over a player ranked in the top 10\. She then lost in the quarterfinals to No. 8, [Lindsay Davenport](/wiki/Lindsay_Davenport "Lindsay Davenport"), in a third set tiebreak. Her ranking broke into the top 100 on April 14, 1997\. She made her debut in the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament at the French Open, reaching the second round before losing to [Nathalie Tauziat](/wiki/Nathalie_Tauziat "Nathalie Tauziat"). She then lost in the first round of Wimbledon to [Magdalena Grzybowska](/wiki/Magdalena_Grzybowska "Magdalena Grzybowska"). During her debut at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 "US Open (tennis)"), she lost the final to [Martina Hingis](/wiki/Martina_Hingis "Martina Hingis"), after defeating [Irina Spîrlea](/wiki/Irina_Sp%C3%AErlea "Irina Spîrlea") in a semifinal which saw Spîrlea and Williams collide during a changeover when neither would yield as they passed the umpire's chair. [Richard Williams](/wiki/Richard_Williams_%28tennis_coach%29 "Richard Williams (tennis coach)"), her father, later claimed that this incident was racially motivated.{{cite web\|url\=http://sportsillustrated.com/siforwomen/2000/sportswoman/venus\_envy/\|title\=Venus Envy\|publisher\=Sportsillustrated.com\|access\-date\=October 6, 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120714201259/http://sportsillustrated.com/siforwomen/2000/sportswoman/venus\_envy/\|archive\-date\=July 14, 2012}} ### 1998: First WTA singles title, entering the top 10 and first Grand Slam doubles titles In her debut at the [Australian Open](/wiki/1998_Australian_Open "1998 Australian Open"), Williams defeated younger sister Serena Williams in the second round, which was the sisters' first professional meeting. Williams eventually lost in the quarterfinals to No. 3 Davenport. Three weeks later, Williams defeated No. 2 Davenport for the first time in the semifinals of the [Cellular South Cup](/wiki/Cellular_South_Cup "Cellular South Cup") in Oklahoma City. Williams then defeated [Joannette Kruger](/wiki/Joannette_Kruger "Joannette Kruger") in the final to win the first singles title of her career. In her first Tier I event of the year, Williams lost in the semifinals of the State Farm Evert Cup in Indian Wells to No. 1 Hingis. The following week, Williams won the Tier I [Lipton International Players Championships](/wiki/Lipton_International_Players_Championships "Lipton International Players Championships") in Key Biscayne, Florida, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals. On March 30, 1998, her ranking broke into the top 10 for the first time, at No. 10\. Williams played only one tournament on [clay](/wiki/Clay_courts "Clay courts") before the [1998 French Open](/wiki/1998_French_Open "1998 French Open"). At the [Italian Open](/wiki/Rome_Masters "Rome Masters") in Rome, she defeated her sister in the quarterfinals and No. 5, Sánchez Vicario, in the semifinals, before losing to No. 1, Hingis, in the final. She lost again to Hingis in the quarterfinals of the French Open. She lost her first match at the [Eastbourne International](/wiki/Direct_Line_International_Championships "Direct Line International Championships") on [grass](/wiki/Grass_court "Grass court"), before losing to No. 3 and eventual champion, [Jana Novotná](/wiki/Jana_Novotn%C3%A1 "Jana Novotná"), in the quarterfinals of Wimbledon. On July 27, 1998, her ranking rose to No. 5\. Williams played three tournaments during the North American 1998 summer hardcourt season. She reached her fifth final of the year at the [Stanford Classic](/wiki/Bank_of_the_West_Classic "Bank of the West Classic") in California, defeating No. 6 [Monica Seles](/wiki/Monica_Seles "Monica Seles") in the semifinals before losing to No. 1 Davenport. Patellar [tendonitis](/wiki/Tendonitis "Tendonitis") in her left knee caused her to retire from her quarterfinal match in [San Diego](/wiki/Acura_Classic "Acura Classic") while trailing [Mary Pierce](/wiki/Mary_Pierce "Mary Pierce") in the third set. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/1998_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "1998 US Open (tennis)"), Williams defeated fourth\-seeded Sánchez Vicario in the quarterfinals before losing to second seeded and eventual champion Davenport in the semifinals. 1998 was the first year that Williams reached at least the quarterfinals of all majors. Williams played four tournaments in the remainder of 1998\. She won her third title of the year at the [Grand Slam Cup](/wiki/Grand_Slam_Cup "Grand Slam Cup") in Munich in September, defeating No. 9 [Patty Schnyder](/wiki/Patty_Schnyder "Patty Schnyder") in the final. She lost in the second round of the [Porsche Tennis Grand Prix](/wiki/Porsche_Tennis_Grand_Prix "Porsche Tennis Grand Prix") in Filderstadt, before losing in the final of the Tier I [Swisscom Challenge](/wiki/Swisscom_Challenge "Swisscom Challenge") in Zürich to No. 1 Davenport and the semifinals of the Tier I Kremlin Cup in Moscow to Pierce. She had earned enough points during the year to participate in the year\-ending [WTA Tour Championships](/wiki/WTA_Tour_Championships "WTA Tour Championships") but withdrew from the tournament because of tendonitis in her knee. She finished the year ranked No. 5\. In 1998, Williams teamed with [Justin Gimelstob](/wiki/Justin_Gimelstob "Justin Gimelstob") to win the mixed doubles titles at the Australian Open and the French Open. Her sister Serena Williams won the other two Grand Slam mixed doubles titles that year, completing a "Williams Family Mixed Doubles Grand Slam". Williams won the first two women's doubles titles of her career, in Oklahoma City and Zürich. Both titles came with her sister, becoming only the third pair of sisters to win a WTA tour doubles title.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wtatennis.com/player/venus\-williams\_2257889\_9027\|title\=WTA, Info, Venus Williams\|publisher\=WTA Tour, Inc.\|access\-date\=October 4, 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926090614/http://www.wtatennis.com/player/venus\-williams\_2257889\_9027\|archive\-date\=September 26, 2011}} ### 1999: Three Tier I titles Williams started the 1999 tour in Australia, where she lost to No. 10 [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf "Steffi Graf") in the quarterfinals of the [Sydney International](/wiki/Sydney_International "Sydney International") and No. 1 Davenport in the quarterfinals of the [Australian Open](/wiki/1998_Australian_Open "1998 Australian Open"). However, she rebounded at the [Faber Grand Prix](/wiki/Faber_Grand_Prix "Faber Grand Prix") in [Hanover](/wiki/Hanover "Hanover"), defeating Graf for the first time in the semifinals before losing the final to No. 3 Novotná. Williams then successfully defended her titles in both Oklahoma City and Key Biscayne. She defeated Novotná and Graf to reach the final in Key Biscayne, where she defeated her sister in three sets in the first final on the WTA Tour to be contested by two sisters. Williams played four clay court events during the spring. She lost her first match at the [Amelia Island Championships](/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb_Championships "Bausch & Lomb Championships") in Florida. Three weeks later, however, she won her first title on clay at the [WTA Hamburg](/wiki/WTA_Hamburg "WTA Hamburg"), defeating [Mary Pierce](/wiki/Mary_Pierce "Mary Pierce") in the final. Williams then won the Tier I Italian Open in Rome, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals and No. 8 Pierce in the final. At the [French Open](/wiki/1999_French_Open "1999 French Open"), she extended her winning streak to 22 matches before losing in the fourth round to No. 125, [Barbara Schwartz](/wiki/Barbara_Schwartz_%28tennis%29 "Barbara Schwartz (tennis)"). Williams teamed with Serena Williams to win the women's doubles title at this event, the first Grand Slam title the pair won together. At [Wimbledon](/wiki/1999_Wimbledon_Championships "1999 Wimbledon Championships"), Williams defeated No. 17 [Anna Kournikova](/wiki/Anna_Kournikova "Anna Kournikova") in the fourth round to reach the quarterfinals for the second consecutive year, where she lost to eventual runner\-up Graf. Williams rebounded in the summer when she won two [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup "Fed Cup") matches against Italy and lost in the final of the Stanford Classic to No. 1 Davenport. One week later, Williams defeated Davenport in the semifinals of the [San Diego Classic](/wiki/Acura_Classic "Acura Classic"), before losing to No. 2 Hingis in the final. In her last tournament before the [U.S. Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 "US Open (tennis)"), Williams won the [New Haven Open](/wiki/Pilot_Pen_Tennis "Pilot Pen Tennis") in Connecticut, defeating No. 5 Seles in the semifinals and Davenport in the final. On August 30, 1999, her world ranking reached third for the first time. Seeded third at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/1999_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "1999 US Open – Women's singles"), Williams lost in the semifinals to No. 1 Hingis in three sets. However, she teamed with singles champion Serena Williams at this event to win their second Grand Slam women's doubles title. During the remainder of the year, Williams contributed to the victory of the [U.S. team](/wiki/USA_Fed_Cup_team "USA Fed Cup team") over [Russia](/wiki/Russia_Fed_Cup_team "Russia Fed Cup team") in the [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup "Fed Cup") final, winning one singles rubber before joining her sister to win the doubles rubber. At the Grand Slam Cup in Munich, Williams defeated Hingis in the semifinals before losing to her sister Serena for the first time in the final. Williams won her sixth title of the year at the Tier I event in Zurich, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the final. Four weeks later, she lost to Davenport in the semifinals of the tournament in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Advanta_Championships_of_Philadelphia "Advanta Championships of Philadelphia"). Making her debut at the year\-ending WTA Championships, Williams lost to Hingis in the semifinals. She finished the year ranked No. 3\. ### 2000: Olympic gold medals and 1st \& 2nd major titles In 2000, Williams missed the first five months of the year with [tendinitis](/wiki/Tendinitis "Tendinitis") in both wrists. She returned to the tour during the European clay court season. She lost in the quarterfinals of the [Betty Barclay Cup](/wiki/Betty_Barclay_Cup "Betty Barclay Cup") in Hamburg to [Amanda Coetzer](/wiki/Amanda_Coetzer "Amanda Coetzer") and in the third round of the [Tier I](/wiki/Tier_I "Tier I") [Italian Open](/wiki/Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 "Italian Open (tennis)") in Rome to [Jelena Dokić](/wiki/Jelena_Doki%C4%87 "Jelena Dokić"). Although she had won only two of her four matches before the [French Open](/wiki/2000_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2000 French Open – Women's singles"), she was seeded fourth there. She won her first four matches in Paris without losing a set before losing in the quarterfinals to eighth\-seeded and former champion Arantxa Sánchez, in three sets. Williams then won 35 consecutive singles matches and six tournaments. She won her first Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon, defeating No. 1, Martina Hingis, in the quarterfinals, sister Serena in the semifinal and defending champion, Lindsay Davenport, in the final. She also teamed with her sister Serena to win the women's doubles title at this event. She won three Tier II events during the North American summer hardcourt season, defeating Davenport in the final of the Silicon Valley Classic in Stanford and Monica Seles in the finals of both the San Diego Classic in and the [Pilot Pen Tennis](/wiki/Pilot_Pen_Tennis "Pilot Pen Tennis") championships in New Haven. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2000_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2000 US Open (tennis)"), Williams defeated No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals and No. 2 Davenport in the final. At the [2000 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics "2000 Summer Olympics") in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"), she defeated Sánchez Vicario in the quarterfinals, Seles in the semifinals, and [Elena Dementieva](/wiki/Elena_Dementieva "Elena Dementieva") in the final to win the gold medal. She also won the gold medal in women's doubles with her younger sister Serena. Davenport eventually snapped her winning streak in October in the final of the [Linz Open](/wiki/Generali_Ladies_Linz "Generali Ladies Linz"). Williams did not play a tournament the rest of the year because of [anemia](/wiki/Anemia "Anemia"). She finished the year ranked No. 3 and with six singles titles. ### 2001: 3rd \& 4th major titles [175px\|thumb\|left\|Williams in 2001](/wiki/File:Venus_Williams_2001.jpg "Venus Williams 2001.jpg") In 2001, Williams reached the semifinals of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2001_Australian_Open "2001 Australian Open") for the first time, where she lost to No. 1 Hingis. However, Williams teamed with her sister to win the doubles title at the event, completing a Career Golden Slam in women's doubles for the pair. Williams also reached the semifinals of the Tier I [Tennis Masters Series](/wiki/Pacific_Life_Open "Pacific Life Open") tournament in Indian Wells, where she [controversially defaulted her match](/wiki/Boycott_of_BNP_Paribas_Open_by_Venus_and_Serena_Williams "Boycott of BNP Paribas Open by Venus and Serena Williams") with her sister just before the match started. Williams had been suffering from knee tendinitis throughout the tournament and eventually this prevented her from playing. The following day, Williams and her father [Richard](/wiki/Richard_Williams_%28tennis_coach%29 "Richard Williams (tennis coach)") were booed as they made their way to their seats to watch the final.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/columns/story?columnist\=drucker\_joel\&id\=3952939\|title\=What Happened at Indian Wells?\|work\=ESPN\|date\=March 11, 2009\|access\-date\=October 6, 2010\|archive\-date\=September 12, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912225416/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/columns/story?columnist\=drucker\_joel\&id\=3952939\|url\-status\=live}} Serena Williams was subsequently booed during the final with Kim Clijsters and during the trophy presentation. Due to this, neither Williams sister entered the tournament for 14 years,{{cite web\|last\=Rogers\|first\=Martin\|url\=https://sports.yahoo.com/ten/blog/ten\_experts/post/Indian\-Wells\-boycott\-hurts\-Williamses\-more\-than\-;\_ylt\=Ag28GdIMVj.WIy422nR1Hfs4v7YF?urn\=ten,149332\|title\=Indian Wells boycott hurts Williamses more than it helps\|publisher\=Sports.yahoo.com\|date\=September 13, 2010\|access\-date\=October 6, 2010\|archive\-date\=October 30, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030231839/https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/tennis\-busted\-racquet/\|url\-status\=live}} with her sister Serena entering in 2015 after appeals for forgiveness from the event and the WTA Tour. Williams rebounded from the Indian Wells 'boycott' controversy to win the next tournament on the tour calendar, the Tier I [Key Biscayne Open](/wiki/Ericsson_Open "Ericsson Open"). She defeated Hingis in the semifinals and No. 4 [Jennifer Capriati](/wiki/Jennifer_Capriati "Jennifer Capriati") in the final, after saving eight championship points. Because of this victory, her ranking rose to a career high of No. 2\. During the European clay\-court season, Williams won the Tier II tournament in Hamburg but lost in the third round of the Tier I [German Open](/wiki/WTA_German_Open "WTA German Open") to No. 18 Justine Henin and the first round of the [French Open](/wiki/2001_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2001 French Open – Women's singles") to [Barbara Schett](/wiki/Barbara_Schett "Barbara Schett"). This was only the second time that she had lost in the first round of a Grand Slam singles tournament. Williams then successfully defended her Wimbledon title, defeating third\-seeded Davenport in the semifinals and eighth\-seeded Henin in three sets in Henin's first Wimbledon final. During the North American summer hardcourt season, Williams won for the second consecutive year the tournaments in San Diego, defeating Seles in the final, and in New Haven, defeating Davenport in the final. Williams also won the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2001_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2001 US Open – Women's singles") singles title for the second consecutive year, without dropping a set. In the quarterfinals, she beat fifth\-seeded Clijsters, followed by a semifinal victory over No. 2 Capriati. She played her sister Serena in the final, which was the first Grand Slam singles final contested by two sisters during the open era. Venus won the match and her fourth Grand Slam singles title. Williams also became only the sixth woman in history to win the singles titles at both Wimbledon and the U.S. Open in consecutive years, the others being [Martina Navratilova](/wiki/Martina_Navratilova "Martina Navratilova") (twice), [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf "Steffi Graf") (twice), [Althea Gibson](/wiki/Althea_Gibson "Althea Gibson"), [Maureen Connolly Brinker](/wiki/Maureen_Connolly_Brinker "Maureen Connolly Brinker"), and [Helen Wills Moody](/wiki/Helen_Wills_Moody "Helen Wills Moody") (twice). ### 2002: World No. 1 ranking Williams began 2002 by winning the [Mondial Australian Women's Hardcourts](/wiki/Mondial_Australian_Women%27s_Hardcourts "Mondial Australian Women's Hardcourts") in Gold Coast, defeating Henin in the final. However, she then lost for the first time in her career to Seles in the quarterfinals of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2002_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2002 Australian Open – Women's singles"). Williams then went on to win the [Open Gaz de France](/wiki/Open_Gaz_de_France "Open Gaz de France") in Paris when [Jelena Dokić](/wiki/Jelena_Doki%C4%87 "Jelena Dokić") withdrew from the final, and the [Proximus Diamond Games](/wiki/Proximus_Diamond_Games "Proximus Diamond Games") in Antwerp, defeating Henin in the final. As a result of her strong start to the season, Williams assumed the world No. 1 position for the first time on February 25, dislodging Capriati. Williams was the first African\-American woman ever to hold the ranking. She held it for just three weeks before surrendering it back to Capriati. Williams failed to defend her title in Miami, after losing in the semifinals to her sister Serena. However, she made a strong start to the clay\-court season, winning the Amelia Island Championships, defeating Henin in the final. A week after winning that tournament, she once again replaced Capriati as the No. 1, before losing it again to Capriati after three weeks. During those three weeks, Williams had made the final in Hamburg, defeating Hingis in the semifinals, before losing to Clijsters in the final. Seeded second at the [French Open](/wiki/2002_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2002 French Open – Women's singles"), Williams defeated former champion Seles to reach the semifinals for the first time. There, she defeated [Clarisa Fernández](/wiki/Clarisa_Fern%C3%A1ndez "Clarisa Fernández"). In the final, Williams met her sister Serena for a second time in a Grand Slam final, with her sister winning. Williams once again replaced Capriati as the No. 1 as a result of reaching the final. As the top seed at [Wimbledon](/wiki/2002_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2002 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles"), Williams defeated Henin in the semifinals to make the final for the third consecutive year. However, there, she lost to her sister Serena. This result meant Serena Williams replaced Venus as the No. 1\. The Williams sisters teamed up to win the women's doubles title at the event, their fifth major women's doubles title together. Williams won the titles in San Diego and New Haven for the third consecutive year, defeating Davenport and Dokic to win the former and defeating Davenport in the final of the latter. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2002_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2002 US Open – Women's singles"), Williams defeated Seles in the quarterfinals and [Amélie Mauresmo](/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Mauresmo "Amélie Mauresmo") in three sets to make the final. Playing her younger sister Serena for their third consecutive Grand Slam final, her sister won once again. After that, Williams played just four more matches during the season. She reached the semifinals at the year\-ending [Tour Championships](/wiki/2001_WTA_Tour_Championships_%E2%80%93_Singles "2001 WTA Tour Championships – Singles") after defeating Seles in the quarterfinals, but she then was forced to retire against Clijsters due to injury. Williams finished the year ranked No. 2 having won seven titles, her best showing in both respects of her career. ### 2003: Australian Open \& Wimbledon finals, injuries Williams started 2003 by defeating fifth seed Justine Henin to make the final of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2003_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2003 Australian Open – Women's singles") for the first time. In the final, however, she lost to her sister Serena. This marked the first time in the open era that the same two players had met in four consecutive Grand Slam finals (matched by [Rafael Nadal](/wiki/Rafael_Nadal "Rafael Nadal") \& [Novak Djokovic](/wiki/Novak_Djokovic "Novak Djokovic") who met in Wimbledon 2011 final through the French Open 2012 final). Venus and Serena Williams teamed to win the women's doubles title at the event, their sixth Grand Slam title in women's doubles. In February, Williams won the Proximus Diamond Games in Antwerp for the second consecutive year, defeating Kim Clijsters in the final. However, shortly afterwards, she began to struggle with injury. She reached the final of the clay\-court [J\&S Cup](/wiki/J%26S_Cup "J&S Cup") in Warsaw, before being forced to retire against Amélie Mauresmo. She then suffered her earliest exit at a Grand Slam tournament in two years when she lost in the fourth round of the [French Open](/wiki/2003_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2003 French Open – Women's singles") to [Vera Zvonareva](/wiki/Vera_Zvonareva "Vera Zvonareva"). At [Wimbledon](/wiki/2003_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2003 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles"), Williams was seeded fourth. Williams defeated former champion Lindsay Davenport in the quarterfinals and Kim Clijsters in the semifinals to advance to her fourth consecutive Wimbledon final, where she lost again to sister Serena. Wimbledon was Williams's last event of the year as an abdominal injury that occurred during the Clijsters match prevented her from playing again. While she was recovering from the injury, her sister [Yetunde Price](/wiki/Yetunde_Price "Yetunde Price") was murdered.Keating, Gina; Tippit, Sarah. [Eldest sister of Venus, Serena shot dead](http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/sep/15williams.htm) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215547/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/sep/15williams.htm \|date\=March 3, 2016 }}, *Rediff*, September 15, 2003\. Retrieved July 6, 2008\. Williams finished the year ranked No. 11\. It was the first time in nearly six years that she had dropped out of the top 10\. ### 2004: Tough losses and further injuries In 2004, Williams came back to the tour suffering inconsistent results. As the third seed because of a protected ranking, she reached the third round of the Australian Open, where she lost to [Lisa Raymond](/wiki/Lisa_Raymond "Lisa Raymond"). She then lost in the quarterfinals of her next three tournaments. Williams began to find her form at the beginning of the clay\-court season. At the Tier I [Family Circle Cup](/wiki/Family_Circle_Cup "Family Circle Cup") in Charleston, Williams defeated [Conchita Martínez](/wiki/Conchita_Mart%C3%ADnez "Conchita Martínez") in the final to win her first title in over a year and the second Tier I title on clay of her career. She then won in Warsaw, defeating [Svetlana Kuznetsova](/wiki/Svetlana_Kuznetsova "Svetlana Kuznetsova") in the final, before reaching the final of the Tier I German Open in Berlin. She then withdrew from that match against Mauresmo due to injury. Going into the [French Open](/wiki/2004_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2004 French Open – Women's singles"), Williams had the best clay\-court record among the women and was among the favorites to win the title; however, after making the quarterfinals to extend her winning streak on the surface to 19 matches, she lost to eventual champion [Anastasia Myskina](/wiki/Anastasia_Myskina "Anastasia Myskina"). Despite her defeat, she re\-entered the top 10\. In [Wimbledon](/wiki/2004_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2004 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles"), Williams lost a controversial second\-round match to Croatian [Karolina Šprem](/wiki/Karolina_%C5%A0prem "Karolina Šprem"). The umpire of the match, Ted Watts, awarded Šprem an unearned point in the second\-set tiebreak. Upon the conclusion of the match, he was relieved of his duties.Burt, Jason. [Seeds are shaken by Sprem's flowering talent](https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/seeds-are-shaken-by-sprems-flowering-talent-733646.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725031131/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/seeds\-are\-shaken\-by\-sprems\-flowering\-talent\-733646\.html \|date\=July 25, 2010 }}, *The Independent*, June 27, 2004\. Retrieved July 6, 2008\. This defeat marked the first time since 1997 that Williams had exited Wimbledon prior to the quarterfinals. After Wimbledon, she reached her fourth final of the year at the Stanford Classic in California, where she was beaten by Lindsay Davenport for the first time since 2000\. As the defending champion at the [Athens Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics"), Williams lost in the third round to Mary Pierce. She then won three very close matches against [Petra Mandula](/wiki/Petra_Mandula "Petra Mandula"), [Shikha Uberoi](/wiki/Shikha_Uberoi "Shikha Uberoi") and [Chanda Rubin](/wiki/Chanda_Rubin "Chanda Rubin") to make the fourth round of the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2004_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2004 US Open – Women's singles") where she lost to Davenport, the first time she had ever lost at the U.S. Open prior to the semifinals. Williams completed the year by losing in the quarterfinals of three indoor tournaments in the fall, a period that included defeat in her first meeting with 17\-year\-old Wimbledon champion Maria Sharapova at the [Zurich Open](/wiki/Zurich_Open "Zurich Open"). Williams finished the year as No. 9 and did not qualify for the year\-ending WTA Tour Championships. ### 2005: Third Wimbledon title In 2005, Williams started the year by losing in the fourth round of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2005_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2005 Australian Open – Women's singles") to Alicia Molik. She then reached the final in Antwerp, defeating Clijsters and Myskina en route. In the final, Williams was a set and a service break up against Mauresmo before eventually losing. In March, at the [Miami Open](/wiki/NASDAQ-100_Open "NASDAQ-100 Open"), she defeated sister Serena in the quarterfinals, the first time she had defeated her since 2001\. Venus Williams went on to lose in the semifinals to No. 3 Sharapova. In May, she won her first title in over a year at the clay\-courts at the [İstanbul Cup](/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Cup "İstanbul Cup"), defeating Nicole Vaidišová in the final. However, at the French Open, she lost in the third round to 15\-year\-old [Sesil Karatantcheva](/wiki/Sesil_Karatantcheva "Sesil Karatantcheva"), who subsequently tested positive for steroids and was suspended. Williams was seeded 14th for the [Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2005_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2005 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles"). In the quarterfinals of the tournament, she defeated French Open runner\-up Pierce in a second\-set tiebreak, winning it 12–10 to make the semifinals of a Grand Slam for the first time in two years. There, she defeated defending champion and second\-seeded Sharapova to make the Wimbledon final for the fifth time in six years. Playing top\-seeded Davenport in the final, Williams saved a match point with a backhand winner en route to winning. This was her third Wimbledon singles title, her fifth Grand Slam singles title overall and her first since 2001\. It was the first time in 70 years that a player had won after being down match point during the women's final at Wimbledon.{{Cite news \|last\=Clarey \|first\=Christopher \|date\=2005\-07\-03 \|title\=In an Epic Wimbledon Final, Williams Prevails \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/03/sports/tennis/in\-an\-epic\-wimbledon\-final\-williams\-prevails.html \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-05 \|work\=The New York Times \|language\=en\-US \|issn\=0362\-4331}} Williams reached her fourth final of the year in Stanford, where she lost to Clijsters. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2005_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2005 US Open (tennis)"), Williams achieved her second consecutive win over sister Serena in the fourth round, but then lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champion Kim Clijsters. Williams did not qualify for the year\-ending Tour Championships because of an injury sustained during the [China Open](/wiki/China_Open_%28tennis%29 "China Open (tennis)"). She finished the year ranked No. 10\. It was the first year since 2001 that she had finished a year ranked higher than her sister Serena Williams. [thumb\|left\|Venus Williams prepares to serve during the 2006 J\&S Cup in Warsaw](/wiki/File:VenusWilliams.jpg "VenusWilliams.jpg") ### 2006: Wrist injury and drop in the rankings In 2006, Williams was upset in the first round of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2006_Australian_Open "2006 Australian Open") by [Tsvetana Pironkova](/wiki/Tsvetana_Pironkova "Tsvetana Pironkova"), which was her earliest loss ever at that tournament. After that loss, she did not play again for three months due to a wrist injury. She returned in late April on clay in Warsaw, where she defeated former No. 1 Hingis in the second round, before losing to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the quarterfinals. Williams completed the clay\-court season by reaching the quarterfinals of the [French Open](/wiki/2006_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2006 French Open – Women's singles"), where she lost to Nicole Vaidišová. Williams was the defending champion and one of the favorites to win the singles title at [Wimbledon](/wiki/2006_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2006 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles"). However, she lost in the third round to 26th\-seeded Jelena Janković. After the loss, Williams said that she was having pain in her left wrist, although she admitted that the injury was not the cause of her loss. Williams did not play in the [U.S. Open Series](/wiki/US_Open_Series "US Open Series") or the [U.S. Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 "US Open (tennis)") itself due to the wrist injury. In October, during her first tournament in almost three months, she reinjured her wrist at the [Luxembourg Open](/wiki/Fortis_Championships_Luxembourg "Fortis Championships Luxembourg") and lost in the second round to qualifier [Agnieszka Radwańska](/wiki/Agnieszka_Radwa%C5%84ska "Agnieszka Radwańska"). Williams finished the season as No. 46, her lowest finish since she began to play on the WTA Tour full\-time in 1997\. It was the second consecutive year she finished higher than her sister Serena, who finished the year at No. 95\. ### 2007: Fourth Wimbledon title Williams withdrew from the [2007 Australian Open](/wiki/2007_Australian_Open "2007 Australian Open"), the second consecutive Grand Slam that she had missed due to her recurring wrist injury. She returned in February at the [Cellular South Cup](/wiki/Regions_Morgan_Keegan_Championships_and_the_Cellular_South_Cup "Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup") in Memphis, defeating top\-seeded [Shahar Pe'er](/wiki/Shahar_Pe%27er "Shahar Pe'er") in the final, her first singles title since her victory at Wimbledon in 2005\. At the beginning of the clay\-court season, Williams reached the semifinals of the Tier I Charleston Open, where she lost to Janković on a third set tiebreak. She also lost to fourth seed Janković in the third round of the [French Open](/wiki/2007_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2007 French Open – Women's singles"), her third consecutive loss to Janković. During her second round win over [Ashley Harkleroad](/wiki/Ashley_Harkleroad "Ashley Harkleroad"), Williams hit a {{convert\|206\|km/h\|mi/h\|abbr\=on}} serve, which was the second fastest woman's serve ever recorded and the fastest ever recorded during a main draw match at the time. Williams was ranked No. 31 going into [Wimbledon](/wiki/2007_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2007 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles") and was seeded 23rd at the tournament due to her previous results at Wimbledon. Williams was a game away from defeat in her first round match against [Alla Kudryavtseva](/wiki/Alla_Kudryavtseva "Alla Kudryavtseva") and in her third round match against [Akiko Morigami](/wiki/Akiko_Morigami "Akiko Morigami") she was two points away from defeat, but she eventually won both 7–5 in the third set. She then advanced to reach her sixth Wimbledon final, after beating Maria Sharapova, Svetlana Kuznetsova and Ana Ivanovic in straight sets en route, where she defeated 18th seed [Marion Bartoli](/wiki/Marion_Bartoli "Marion Bartoli") also in straight sets. Williams thus became only the fourth woman in the open era to win Wimbledon at least four times, along with [Billie Jean King](/wiki/Billie_Jean_King "Billie Jean King"), Martina Navratilova and Steffi Graf. She also became the lowest\-seeded Wimbledon champion in history, breaking the record she herself set in 2005\. Williams returned to the top 20 as a result of the win.{{cite web\|url\=http://sport.monstersandcritics.com/tennis/article\_1327281\.php/Williams\_joins\_womens\_elite\_with\_fourth\_Wimbledon\_title\|title\=Williams joins women's elite with fourth Wimbledon title\|publisher\=Sport.monstersandcritics.com\|date\=July 7, 2007\|access\-date\=October 6, 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313111440/http://sport.monstersandcritics.com/tennis/article\_1327281\.php/Williams\_joins\_womens\_elite\_with\_fourth\_Wimbledon\_title\|archive\-date\=March 13, 2008}} At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2007_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2007 US Open – Women's singles"), after setting a Grand\-Slam record {{convert\|129\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} serve in the opening round,{{cite magazine\|magazine\=Sports Illustrated\|url\=http://sportsillustrated.com/2007/tennis/08/27/venus.serve/\|title\=Sister Sister: Venus sets record with {{convert\|129\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} serve; Serena sails\|access\-date\=April 19, 2008\|date\=August 27, 2007\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130203104957/http://sportsillustrated.com/2007/tennis/08/27/venus.serve/\|archive\-date\=February 3, 2013}} Williams advanced to her first Grand Slam semifinal outside of Wimbledon since 2003\. However she then lost to eventual champion [Justine Henin](/wiki/Justine_Henin "Justine Henin"). The tournament resulted in Williams's ranking moving up to No. 9\. Williams then won her third title of the year at the [Korea Open](/wiki/Hansol_Korea_Open_Tennis_Championships "Hansol Korea Open Tennis Championships") in Seoul, defeating [Maria Kirilenko](/wiki/Maria_Kirilenko "Maria Kirilenko") in the final, before then losing in the final of the [Japan Open Tennis Championships](/wiki/Japan_Open_Tennis_Championships "Japan Open Tennis Championships") in Tokyo to [Virginie Razzano](/wiki/Virginie_Razzano "Virginie Razzano"). Williams had earned enough points during the year to qualify for the year\-ending WTA Championships in Madrid; however, she withdrew because of continuing problems with anemia.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wtatennis.com/1/newsroom/stories/?ContentID\=1848\|title\=Sharapova, Hantuchová Round Out Elite Eight Field}} ### 2008: Fifth Wimbledon title, and Olympic gold in doubles In 2008, as the eighth seed at the Australian Open, Williams reached the quarterfinals for the first time since 2003\. However, she then lost to eventual runner\-up [Ana Ivanovic](/wiki/Ana_Ivanovic "Ana Ivanovic"). Williams made her first semifinal of the year at the [Bangalore Open](/wiki/Bangalore_Open "Bangalore Open") in India, where she met sister Serena for the first time since 2005 with Serena Williams winning despite Venus Williams holding a match point in the third set tie break. Williams missed two tournaments at the beginning of the clay\-court season due to undisclosed medical problems.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tennis\-x.com/ptfstory/2008\-04\-09/637\.php\|title\=Venus Williams Out of Tennis Indefinitely with Mystery Illness\|publisher\=Tennis\-x.com\|date\=April 9, 2008\|access\-date\=October 6, 2010\|archive\-date\=July 12, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712030235/http://www.tennis\-x.com/ptfstory/2008\-04\-09/637\.php\|url\-status\=dead}} At the French Open, Williams was seeded eighth but was eliminated by 26th\-seeded Italian [Flavia Pennetta](/wiki/Flavia_Pennetta "Flavia Pennetta") in the third round. Williams was the defending champion and seventh\-seeded player at [Wimbledon](/wiki/2008_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2008 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles"). Without dropping a set, she reached her seventh Wimbledon singles final. She then won her fifth Wimbledon singles title, and seventh Grand Slam singles title overall, by beating sister Serena in straight sets. This was the first time since 2003 that Venus and Serena Williams had played each other in a Grand Slam final and was the first time since 2001 that Venus had defeated her in a Grand Slam final. Venus and Serena Williams then teamed to win the women's doubles title, their first Grand Slam doubles title together since 2003\. Williams lost in the quarterfinals of the [Beijing Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics") to [Li Na](/wiki/Li_Na "Li Na"). She did, however, earn a gold medal along with her sister Serena in women's doubles, their second gold medal as a team, having won together at the [Sydney Olympics](/wiki/Sydney_Olympics "Sydney Olympics") in 2000\. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2008_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2008 US Open – Women's singles"), Williams was playing some of her best tennis since dominating the circuit in 2003, However, she was defeated in two tiebreaks by Serena Williams (the eventual tournament winner) in a close quarterfinal match, after Williams had led 5–3 in both sets. [thumb\|upright\|left\|Venus Williams at the 2008 Tour Championships](/wiki/File:Venus_Williams_at_the_2008_WTA_Tour_Championships.jpg "Venus Williams at the 2008 WTA Tour Championships.jpg") At the [Porsche Tennis Grand Prix](/wiki/Porsche_Tennis_Grand_Prix "Porsche Tennis Grand Prix") in Stuttgart in October, Williams defeated a player ranked in the top three for the first time that season by defeating No. 3 [Dinara Safina](/wiki/Dinara_Safina "Dinara Safina") to reach her third semifinal of the year. There, she lost to Janković. A fortnight later, Williams won the [Zurich Open](/wiki/Zurich_Open "Zurich Open"), defeating Ivanovic in the semifinals before defeating Pennetta in the final to claim her second title of the year and secure a position in the year\-ending [2008 WTA Tour Championships](/wiki/2008_WTA_Tour_Championships "2008 WTA Tour Championships") in Doha. There, Williams defeated No. 2 Safina, No. 3 Serena Williams and No. 5 Dementieva in the preliminary round\-robin stage. In the semifinals, Williams defeated No. 1 Janković before winning the year\-ending tournament for the first time by defeating Vera Zvonareva in the final. She ended the year ranked No. 6 with three titles and a winning percentage of 78 percent. ### 2009: Four consecutive major doubles titles As the sixth seed at the [2009 Australian Open](/wiki/2009_Australian_Open "2009 Australian Open"), Williams lost in the second round to [Carla Suárez Navarro](/wiki/Carla_Su%C3%A1rez_Navarro "Carla Suárez Navarro"), after holding a match point in the third set. However, she teamed up with her sister Serena to win the women's doubles title at the event, their eighth Grand Slam doubles title together. Williams rebounded in singles play in February at the Premier 5 (formerly Tier I) [Dubai Tennis Championships](/wiki/Dubai_Tennis_Championships "Dubai Tennis Championships"), defeating defending champion and No. 4 Dementieva in the quarterfinals and No. 1 Serena Williams in the semifinals on a third set tiebreak. The latter win meant that Williams led the head\-to\-head in career matches with her sister for the first time since 2002\. Williams went on to defeat [Virginie Razzano](/wiki/Virginie_Razzano "Virginie Razzano") in the final. This win meant Williams was ranked in the top five for the first time since 2003, while it also marked her 40th professional singles title, only the twelfth player in the Open era to achieve the feat.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wtatennis.com/1/newsroom/stories/?ContentID\=3015\|title\=Williams Beats Razzano for 40th Career Singles Title}} Williams won another title the following week at the Abierto Mexicano in Acapulco defeating Pennetta in the final. This was her first title on clay since 2005\. On European clay, Williams reached the semifinals in Rome before losing to No. 1 Safina. This run meant Williams was ranked in the top three for the first time since 2003\. Seeded third at the [French Open](/wiki/2009_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2009 French Open – Women's singles"), Williams lost to [Ágnes Szávay](/wiki/%C3%81gnes_Sz%C3%A1vay "Ágnes Szávay") in the third round, the third consecutive year she had exited at that stage.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8073573\.stm\|title\=Venus crashes out of French Open\|date\=May 29, 2009\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=May 30, 2009\|archive\-date\=May 30, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530011957/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8073573\.stm\|url\-status\=live}} Williams was seeded third at [Wimbledon](/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2009 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles"). She advanced to her eighth Wimbledon final, at which point she had won 34 straight sets (held since Wimbledon 2007\). In the final, however, she lost the first set tie\-break, and from then on lost in two sets to sister Serena. The Williams sisters teamed up to win the doubles tournament for the fourth time. In [Stanford](/wiki/2009_Bank_of_the_West_Classic "2009 Bank of the West Classic"), Williams defeated Maria Sharapova and Elena Dementieva to advance to the finals, where she would lose to [Marion Bartoli](/wiki/Marion_Bartoli "Marion Bartoli"). Teaming with her sister, she played doubles and won the title, defeating [Monica Niculescu](/wiki/Monica_Niculescu "Monica Niculescu") and [Chan Yung\-jan](/wiki/Chan_Yung-jan "Chan Yung-jan"). [thumb\|175px\|right\|Williams lost at the US Open to the eventual champion Clijsters.](/wiki/File:Venus_at_us_open_2009-cropped.jpg "Venus at us open 2009-cropped.jpg") At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2009_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2009 US Open (tennis)"), as the third seed, Williams made it to the fourth round, before losing to Kim Clijsters in three sets. Williams then teamed up with Serena Williams to play doubles at the open, where they won the title over defending champions and No. 1s in doubles, [Cara Black](/wiki/Cara_Black "Cara Black") and [Liezel Huber](/wiki/Liezel_Huber "Liezel Huber"), claiming their third major doubles title in 2009\. Williams's last tournament in 2009 was the year\-ending [Tour Championships](/wiki/2009_WTA_Tour_Championships "2009 WTA Tour Championships"), where she was the defending champion in singles. She was in the maroon group which includes her sister Serena Williams, along with Elena Dementieva and Svetlana Kuznetsova. She lost her first match against Dementieva, and her second match against her sister Serena\- both in straight sets, after taking the first set. In her third and final round\-robin match, Williams defeated Kuznetsova. Because of Dementieva's loss to Kuznetsova in their round robin match, Williams advanced to the semifinal of the championships. In her semifinal match, she defeated Jelena Janković of Serbia to advance to her second consecutive final in the tournament which she lost to her sister Serena. In doubles, Williams teamed with her sister as the second seeds. However, they lost to [Nuria Llagostera Vives](/wiki/Nuria_Llagostera_Vives "Nuria Llagostera Vives") and [María José Martínez Sánchez](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_S%C3%A1nchez "María José Martínez Sánchez") in the semifinal. Their doubles record at the end of the year stood at 24–2\. Williams finished 2009 ranked No. 6 in singles (with a winning percentage of 70 percent) and No. 3 in doubles with Serena Williams, in spite of them playing only six events together that year. ### 2010: No. 2 in singles and No. 1 doubles Williams played at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2010_Australian_Open "2010 Australian Open") as the sixth seed. She defeated 17th\-seeded [Francesca Schiavone](/wiki/Francesca_Schiavone "Francesca Schiavone") in the fourth round. She was two points from defeating 16th\-seeded Li Na in the quarterfinals before losing in three sets. In doubles, she teamed with her sister Serena to successfully defend their title, defeating the top\-ranked team of Cara Black and Liezel Huber in the final. She went onto the clay courts at the [Mexican Open](/wiki/2010_Abierto_Mexicano_Telcel "2010 Abierto Mexicano Telcel") in Acapulco, where she was the defending champion. She reached the semifinals after recovering from a 1–5 third set deficit to [Laura Pous Tió](/wiki/Laura_Pous_Ti%C3%B3 "Laura Pous Tió") in the quarterfinals. In the final, she defeated first\-time finalist [Polona Hercog](/wiki/Polona_Hercog "Polona Hercog") from Slovenia. This was her 43rd career title, the most among active female players. Her next tournament was the Premier Mandatory [Miami Open](/wiki/2010_Sony_Ericsson_Open "2010 Sony Ericsson Open") in Key Biscayne, where she was seeded third. She defeated No. 9, Agnieszka Radwańska, in the quarterfinals and No. 13, Marion Bartoli, in the semifinals to reach her third straight WTA Tour final and fourth Miami Open final. She was defeated by Kim Clijsters in the final in just 58 minutes, ending her 15\-match winning streak. By reaching the final, her ranking improved to No. 4 and she crossed the $26 million mark in career prize money, the only player besides Serena Williams to do so. The knee injury that hampered her during the final of the Miami Open forced her to skip the [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup "Fed Cup") tie against Russia and the [Porsche Tennis Grand Prix](/wiki/2010_Porsche_Tennis_Grand_Prix "2010 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix"). Williams returned to the tour at the Premier 5 [Italian Open](/wiki/2010_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 "2010 Italian Open (tennis)") in Rome. She suffered the worst defeat of her career in the quarterfinals, losing to No. 4 Jelena Janković. Despite this loss, her ranking improved to No. 3 on May 10\. Her next tournament was the [Madrid Open](/wiki/Madrid_Open_%28tennis%29 "Madrid Open (tennis)"), a Premier Mandatory tournament. She lost to [Aravane Rezaï](/wiki/Aravane_Reza%C3%AF "Aravane Rezaï") in the final. In doubles, she teamed with her sister Serena to win the title. On May 17, her ranking improved to No. 2, behind only Serena. This was the fourth time that the Williams sisters have occupied the top two spots, and the first time since May 2003\. Her next tournament was the [French Open](/wiki/2010_French_Open "2010 French Open"), where she played both singles and doubles despite her knee injury. Seeded second in singles, she advanced past the third round at this tournament for the first time since 2006 before losing to [Nadia Petrova](/wiki/Nadia_Petrova "Nadia Petrova") in the round of 16\. She also played doubles with Serena as the top seeds. Their defeat of Huber and [Anabel Medina Garrigues](/wiki/Anabel_Medina_Garrigues "Anabel Medina Garrigues") in the semifinals increased their doubles ranking to No. 1\. They then defeated 12th seeded [Květa Peschke](/wiki/Kv%C4%9Bta_Peschke "Květa Peschke") and [Katarina Srebotnik](/wiki/Katarina_Srebotnik "Katarina Srebotnik") in the final to win their fourth consecutive Grand Slam women's doubles title. By virtue of reaching the No. 1\-ranking in doubles on June 7, 2010, Venus and Serena became just the sixth and seventh women to reach the No. 1 ranking in both singles and doubles following in the footsteps of Martina Navratilova, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Martina Hingis, Lindsay Davenport, and Kim Clijsters. Her next tournament was the [Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships "2010 Wimbledon Championships"), where she had reached the final the previous three years. Despite her knee injury, she made it to the quarterfinals, where she lost to Tsvetana Pironkova. Pironkova was ranked No. 82 and had never gone past the second round of a Grand Slam event. As a result, Williams dropped to No. 4\. She was the defending champion in doubles with her sister Serena, having won the tournament in the previous two years. However, they lost this time in the quarterfinals to [Elena Vesnina](/wiki/Elena_Vesnina "Elena Vesnina") and Vera Zvonareva. Williams then missed all tournaments in the [U.S. Open Series](/wiki/2010_US_Open_Series "2010 US Open Series") because of a left knee injury but still participated at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2010_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2010 US Open (tennis)") as the third seed. She won three matches to move into the fourth round. Williams became one of only two women in 2010 (along with Caroline Wozniacki) to reach at least the fourth round at all four Grand Slam singles tournaments. Williams then defeated Pe'er and French Open champion Schiavone en route to her eighth U.S. Open semifinal, against defending champion Clijsters. Williams won the first set of their match and recovered from 5–2 down in the second set but ultimately double\-faulted on a key point near the end of the match and lost in three sets. Because of Serena's withdrawal from the U.S. Open, Venus did not participate at the doubles event, where she was the defending champion. The recovery of her left knee took longer than expected and it forced her to miss the rest of 2010, including the year\-ending [WTA Championships](/wiki/2010_WTA_Tour_Championships "2010 WTA Tour Championships") and [Fed Cup final](/wiki/2010_Fed_Cup "2010 Fed Cup").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.usta.com/venus\_williams\_out\_for\_the\_remainder\_of\_2010\_will\_miss\_fed\_cup\_final/ \|title\=Venus Williams out for the remainder of 2010; Will miss Fed Cup Final, Pro Tennis – News \|publisher\=USTA \|date\=October 6, 2010 \|access\-date\=May 7, 2011 \|archive\-date\=March 20, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320125146/http://www.usta.com/venus\_williams\_out\_for\_the\_remainder\_of\_2010\_will\_miss\_fed\_cup\_final/ \|url\-status\=live }} Williams ended the year ranked fifth in singles, the first time she ended a year in the top five since 2002, while playing only nine tournaments. She finished the year ranked 11th in doubles. ### 2011: Sjögren syndrome diagnosis Williams began the year at the final edition of [Hong Kong Tennis Classic](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tennis_Classic "Hong Kong Tennis Classic") exhibition event. She lost both her singles matches against Vera Zvonareva and Li Na, but she helped Team America to win the silver group. At the [Australian Open](/wiki/Australian_Open "Australian Open"), Williams retired in the second game of her third round match against [Andrea Petkovic](/wiki/Andrea_Petkovic "Andrea Petkovic") after sustaining a hip muscle injury in her second round.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/21/venus\-williams\-injury\-withdraws\-australian\-open\_n\_812021\.html \|title\=Venus Williams Injury: Tennis Star Withdraws From Australian Open \|work\=Huffington Post \|access\-date\=May 17, 2011 \|date\=January 21, 2011 \|archive\-date\=January 28, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128225001/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/21/venus\-williams\-injury\-withdraws\-australian\-open\_n\_812021\.html \|url\-status\=live }} This was Williams's first retirement during a match in a Grand Slam tournament since 1994 and thus ended her record of most Grand Slam matches without ever retiring, with 250 consecutive matches.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/20110121/venus\-retires\-petkovic\-moves\-through\_2256076\_2272879 \|title\=Venus Retires, Petkovic Moves Through \|publisher\=Wtatennis.com \|date\=January 21, 2011 \|access\-date\=May 17, 2011 \|archive\-date\=October 5, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005120019/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/20110121/venus\-retires\-petkovic\-moves\-through\_2256076\_2272879 \|url\-status\=live }} This was also her first retirement from a match since [LA Women's Championships](/wiki/East_West_Bank_Classic "East West Bank Classic") in Los Angeles in 2004, ending her 294 consecutive matches without retiring. The injury forced Williams to pull out of the Fed Cup quarterfinal against Belgium, the Dubai Tennis Championships, and the Mexican Open, where she was the two\-time defending champion in both tournaments. She subsequently withdrew from the Miami Open causing her ranking to drop to No. 15\. She also missed the clay court season which caused her ranking to drop to No. 29\. Her absence from the [French Open](/wiki/2011_French_Open "2011 French Open") marked the first Grand Slam tournament since the [2003 U.S. Open](/wiki/2003_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2003 US Open (tennis)") where neither of the Williams sisters were competing. Williams then made her first appearance since the Australian Open in [Eastbourne](/wiki/2011_Aegon_International "2011 Aegon International"). Unseeded, she lost for the first time in eleven meetings to [Daniela Hantuchová](/wiki/Daniela_Hantuchov%C3%A1 "Daniela Hantuchová") in the quarterfinals. She was seeded 23rd at the [2011 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2011_Wimbledon_Championships "2011 Wimbledon Championships"). She played for nearly three hours in her second round match against Japanese veteran [Kimiko Date\-Krumm](/wiki/Kimiko_Date-Krumm "Kimiko Date-Krumm"), winning in three tough sets. She then defeated Spaniard [María José Martínez Sánchez](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_S%C3%A1nchez "María José Martínez Sánchez") in the third round, but was defeated by Bulgarian 32nd seed [Tsvetana Pironkova](/wiki/Tsvetana_Pironkova "Tsvetana Pironkova") in the fourth round. Originally scheduled to participate in the [2011 Rogers Cup](/wiki/2011_Rogers_Cup "2011 Rogers Cup") in Toronto and the [2011 Western \& Southern Open](/wiki/2011_Western_%26_Southern_Open "2011 Western & Southern Open") in Cincinnati, Williams withdrew due to viral illness.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Venus\-Williams\-Out\-Again\-For\-The\-Western\-\-\-Souther.aspx \|title\=Venus Williams Out Again For The Western \& Southern Open \|work\=tennisnow.com \|year\=2011 \|access\-date\=September 1, 2011 \|archive\-date\=October 9, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009122351/http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Venus\-Williams\-Out\-Again\-For\-The\-Western\-\-\-Souther.aspx \|url\-status\=live }} Her next scheduled tournament was the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2011_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2011 US Open (tennis)").{{cite web\|last\=Lynch\|first\=Lauren\|title\=Venus Williams Out Again For The Western \& Southern Open\|url\=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Venus\-Williams\-Out\-Again\-For\-The\-Western\-\-\-Souther.aspx\|publisher\=Tennis Now\|access\-date\=August 16, 2011\|archive\-date\=October 9, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009122351/http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Venus\-Williams\-Out\-Again\-For\-The\-Western\-\-\-Souther.aspx\|url\-status\=live}} Unseeded at the U.S. Open, Williams defeated [Vesna Dolonc](/wiki/Vesna_Dolonc "Vesna Dolonc") in the first round. She was scheduled to meet 22nd seed [Sabine Lisicki](/wiki/Sabine_Lisicki "Sabine Lisicki") in the second round, but withdrew before the match began after being diagnosed with [Sjögren syndrome](/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome "Sjögren syndrome"), an [autoimmune disease](/wiki/Autoimmune_disease "Autoimmune disease") which causes fatigue and muscle and joint pain.{{cite news \|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|url\=http://www.espn.com/tennis/usopen11/story/\_/id/6914019/2011\-us\-open\-venus\-williams\-withdraws\-illness \|title\=Venus Williams Pulls Out with illness \|publisher\=\[\[ESPN]] Online \|year\=2011 \|access\-date\=January 28, 2017 \|archive\-date\=February 2, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202061149/http://www.espn.com/tennis/usopen11/story/\_/id/6914019/2011\-us\-open\-venus\-williams\-withdraws\-illness \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|author\=Lila \|url\=http://www.celebritydiagnosis.com/2011/08/venus\-williams\-leaves\-us\-open\-10\-things\-you\-should\-know\-about\-sjogrens\-syndrome/ \|title\=Venus Williams Leaves US Open. 10 Things You Should Know About Sjogren's Syndrome \|publisher\=Celebritydiagnosis.com \|date\=August 31, 2011 \|access\-date\=January 1, 2012 \|archive\-date\=April 25, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425052026/http://www.celebritydiagnosis.com/2011/08/venus\-williams\-leaves\-us\-open\-10\-things\-you\-should\-know\-about\-sjogrens\-syndrome/ \|url\-status\=dead }} This was the first time in her career that she did not reach the quarterfinals or better in any of the Grand Slam tournaments in a season. As a result, her ranking dropped to one\-hundred and five. Williams did not play for the rest of the year at a competitive level; she appeared in three exhibitions tournaments in November and early December. She played against sister Serena in Colombia, which she won in straight sets.{{Cite web\|url\=https://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug\=ap\-colombia\-williamssisters\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201014524/http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug\=ap\-colombia\-williamssisters\|title\=Venus defeats Serena in exhibition in Colombia\|archive\-date\=December 1, 2011}} The week later, the sisters appeared in Milan, Italy to play exhibition against Italian duo Francesca Schiavone and Flavia Pennetta. Williams lost both her singles tie\-break matches but won the doubles pairing with her sister.[Schiavone beats Venus, Serena in Milan](http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/Venus-Williams-Serena-Williams-lose-exhibition-matches-in-Milan-120311) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002021414/http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/Venus\-Williams\-Serena\-Williams\-lose\-exhibition\-matches\-in\-Milan\-120311 \|date\=October 2, 2013 }} Williams played her third exhibition tournament in [Barbados](/wiki/Barbados "Barbados") where she lost to [Victoria Azarenka](/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka "Victoria Azarenka"). She ended the year ranked No. 102\. This was her first year\-end finish ranked outside of the top 50 since 1997\. ### 2012: Comeback and Olympic gold record Williams was scheduled to play in [Auckland](/wiki/2012_ASB_Classic "2012 ASB Classic") in preparation for the [Australian Open](/wiki/2012_Australian_Open "2012 Australian Open").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/tennis/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=94\&objectid\=10774337 \|title\=Tennis: Venus Williams pulls out of ASB Classic \|work\=NZ Herald News \|date\=December 20, 2011 \|access\-date\=January 1, 2012 \|archive\-date\=December 24, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224231854/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/tennis/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=94\&objectid\=10774337 \|url\-status\=live }} but withdrew from both tournaments due to health problems, announcing that she would return to the WTA tour in February.{{Cite web\|url\=http://venuswilliams.com/blogs.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1326141281\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=1,4\&\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120143110/http://venuswilliams.com/blogs.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1326141281\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=1%2C4\&\|title\=2012 Australia Open\|archive\-date\=January 20, 2012}} This dropped her ranking to No. 135\. In February, Williams returned to competition in the doubles match of the Fed Cup World Group II tie between USA and Belarus.["Vika, Serena to Headline Day One"](http://www.fedcup.com/en/news/articles/vika,-serena-to-headline-day-one.aspx) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822202139/http://www.fedcup.com/en/news/articles/vika%2C\-serena\-to\-headline\-day\-one.aspx \|date\=August 22, 2016 }}, FedCup, February 3, 2012\. Playing with Liezel Huber, she won the dead\-rubber in straight sets. Williams was granted wildcards to participate in the [Miami](/wiki/2012_Sony_Ericsson_Open "2012 Sony Ericsson Open"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.sonyericssonopen.com/News/Tennis/2012/Pretournament/Wildcards\-Announced.aspx\|title\=Miami Open Tennis Homepage – Miami Open\|work\=Miami Open\|access\-date\=November 15, 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130202171048/http://www.sonyericssonopen.com/News/Tennis/2012/Pretournament/Wildcards\-Announced.aspx\|archive\-date\=February 2, 2013}} and [Charleston](/wiki/2012_Family_Circle_Cup "2012 Family Circle Cup") tournaments.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.familycirclecup.com/pages/articles/20120208124939\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120061206/http://www.familycirclecup.com/pages/articles/20120208124939\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 20, 2013\|title\=Volvo Cars Open\|work\=familycirclecup.com\|access\-date\=November 15, 2015}} In the first round of Miami — her first singles match since the 2011 U.S. Open — Williams defeated Japanese veteran [Kimiko Date\-Krumm](/wiki/Kimiko_Date-Krumm "Kimiko Date-Krumm"), in straight sets. In the second round, she defeated No. 3 [Petra Kvitová](/wiki/Petra_Kvitov%C3%A1 "Petra Kvitová"), her first top\-3 victory since beating Svetlana Kuznetsova in 2009\. In the third round, she saved a match point and defeated [Aleksandra Wozniak](/wiki/Aleksandra_Wozniak "Aleksandra Wozniak") in a three\-set tiebreaker that ended a nearly three\-hour match. In the round of 16, she bested No. 15 [Ana Ivanovic](/wiki/Ana_Ivanovic "Ana Ivanovic") in three sets to reach the quarterfinals, where she lost to the eventual champion, Agnieszka Radwańska in straight sets. Her run improved her ranking to No. 87\. A week later in Charleston, she reached her second consecutive quarterfinal, where she lost in three sets to Samantha Stosur. [200px\|thumb\|left\|Williams at the 2012 French Open](/wiki/File:Venus_Williams_Serve_%281%29.jpg "Venus Williams Serve (1).jpg") Williams was granted wildcards to participate in [Madrid](/wiki/2012_Mutua_Madrid_Open "2012 Mutua Madrid Open") and [Rome](/wiki/2012_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 "2012 Italian Open (tennis)"). In Madrid, she lost in the second round to Angelique Kerber, but still improved her ranking to No. 63\. A week later in Rome, she reached her third quarterfinal of the four tournaments she had participated in with a straight\-sets victory against Samantha Stosur in the third round. She lost in the quarterfinals, in straight sets, to the No. 2, defending and eventual champion, Maria Sharapova.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/6951314/Maria\-Sharapova\-ends\-Venus\-Williams\-run\|title\=Maria Sharapova ends Venus Williams's run\|work\=Stuff\|date\=May 18, 2012\|access\-date\=November 15, 2015\|archive\-date\=September 28, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193442/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/6951314/Maria\-Sharapova\-ends\-Venus\-Williams\-run\|url\-status\=live}} Her appearance in Rome increased her ranking to No. 52, placing her as the third\-ranked American. She lost in the second round of the [French Open](/wiki/2012_French_Open "2012 French Open") to Agnieszka Radwańska, in straight sets. At [Wimbledon](/wiki/2012_Wimbledon_Championships "2012 Wimbledon Championships"), Williams was unseeded for the first time since 1997\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2012\-06\-20/wimbledon\-venus\-williams\-unseeded/55706616/1\|title\=Venus Williams\|access\-date\=June 25, 2012\|work\=USA Today\|date\=June 20, 2012\|archive\-date\=June 23, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623084158/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2012\-06\-20/wimbledon\-venus\-williams\-unseeded/55706616/1\|url\-status\=live}} She lost to [Elena Vesnina](/wiki/Elena_Vesnina "Elena Vesnina") in the first round in straight sets.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/9354440/Wimbledon\-2012\-Venus\-Williams\-suffers\-worst\-defeat\-since\-1997\-as\-Elena\-Vesnina\-knocks\-her\-out\-in\-round\-one.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/9354440/Wimbledon\-2012\-Venus\-Williams\-suffers\-worst\-defeat\-since\-1997\-as\-Elena\-Vesnina\-knocks\-her\-out\-in\-round\-one.html \|archive\-date\=January 10, 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Venus Williams\|access\-date\=June 25, 2012 \| location\=London\|work\=The Daily Telegraph\|first\=Oliver\|last\=Brown\|date\=June 25, 2012}}{{cbignore}} This was the first time Williams lost in the first round of a Grand Slam since the 2006 Australian Open, and her first opening round loss at Wimbledon since her debut in 1997\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon12/story/\_/id/8093098/2012\-wimbledon\-venus\-williams\-ousted\-first\-round\|title\=Venus ousted in first round at Wimbledon\|date\=June 25, 2012\|website\=ESPN\|access\-date\=June 20, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203411/https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon12/story/\_/id/8093098/2012\-wimbledon\-venus\-williams\-ousted\-first\-round\|url\-status\=live}} Williams fared better in her return to doubles competition where she played alongside her sister Serena. In just the pair's first tournament since [2010 Wimbledon](/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships "2010 Wimbledon Championships"), the unseeded sisters advanced to the final with victories over fourth\-seeds Maria Kirilenko and Nadia Petrova in the second round and top\-seeds Liezel Huber and Lisa Raymond in the semifinals. The Williams sisters claimed their fifth Wimbledon doubles title after defeating sixth\-seeds [Andrea Hlaváčková](/wiki/Andrea_Hlav%C3%A1%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1 "Andrea Hlaváčková") and [Lucie Hradecká](/wiki/Lucie_Hradeck%C3%A1 "Lucie Hradecká") in straight sets in the final, on the same day Serena Williams won her fifth Wimbledon singles title. Williams's next stop was the [2012 London Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics") which was held at the All England Club, Wimbledon. She entered the women's singles and women's doubles events, partnering with sister Serena in doubles. In singles, Williams defeated Sara Errani and Aleksandra Wozniak in convincing fashion to reach the third round where she faced Angelique Kerber. She lost to Kerber in two tiebreaks despite having three set points and leading in the tiebreak in the first set. In doubles, the unseeded Williams sisters advanced to the final, which was a repeat of their final at Wimbledon against Hlaváčková and Hradecká. The sisters won their third gold medal in doubles after defeating the Czech pair in straight sets. With the win (and her sister Serena's win in the singles event), the Williams sisters claimed the most Olympic gold medals of any other tennis player, male or female. Next, Williams played at [Cincinnati](/wiki/2012_Western_%26_Southern_Open "2012 Western & Southern Open") where she received a singles wild card entry. She defeated her first two opponents, Maria Kirilenko and Chanelle Scheepers, in three tight sets before eliinating eighth seed Sara Errani in the third round. In the quarterfinal, she defeated Samantha Stosur, in three sets.{{cite web \|title\=Western \& Southern Open: Main draw singles \|url\=http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour\-Archive/posting/2012/1017/MDS.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906233023/http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour\-Archive/posting/2012/1017/MDS.pdf \|publisher\=WTA\|archive\-date\=September 6, 2012}} In the semifinal Williams played through a back injury, eventually losing in three sets to Li Na.{{cite news \|title\=Williams hurts back, loses to Li \|newspaper\=The Reporter\-Times \|date\=August 19, 2012 \|page\=15}} Her semifinal run brought her ranking back within the top 50 for the first time in almost a year. At the US Open, Williams lost in a second\-round match against Angelique Kerber in three sets, despite having a lead in the third set. Williams won her 44th WTA career title and her first title in over {{frac\|2\|1\|2}} years at the [Luxembourg Open](/wiki/2012_BGL_Luxembourg_Open "2012 BGL Luxembourg Open"), where she defeated [Monica Niculescu](/wiki/Monica_Niculescu "Monica Niculescu") in straight sets. Williams also qualified for the WTA Tournament of Champions in Sofia, but withdrew as the tournament clashed with her and her sister Serena's 'Breaking the Mould' tour in Africa.["Venus Williams to Skip Sofia Tournament of Champions"](http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=144403) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055741/http://www.novinite.com/view\_news.php?id\=144403 \|date\=March 4, 2016 }}, Novinite, October 23, 2012\. With her title in Luxembourg, her ranking rose to number 24\. She ended the year with this ranking. ### 2013: Back injury At the [2013 Hopman Cup](/wiki/2013_Hopman_Cup "2013 Hopman Cup"), and playing for USA (with [John Isner](/wiki/John_Isner "John Isner")), the first rubber was against South Africa. Williams beat Chanelle Scheepers and, with John Isner, they comfortably defeated the South African pair Scheepers and [Kevin Anderson](/wiki/Kevin_Anderson_%28tennis%29 "Kevin Anderson (tennis)"). In USA's second rubber against France, she won both her singles and in mixed doubles defeated [Jo\-Wilfried Tsonga](/wiki/Jo-Wilfried_Tsonga "Jo-Wilfried Tsonga") and [Mathilde Johansson](/wiki/Mathilde_Johansson "Mathilde Johansson"). Next she faced Anabel Medina Garrigues of Spain and won in two sets. From there Williams went onto the Australian Open, seeded 25, after missing it the previous year due to injury. She beat [Galina Voskoboeva](/wiki/Galina_Voskoboeva "Galina Voskoboeva") and [Alizé Cornet](/wiki/Aliz%C3%A9_Cornet "Alizé Cornet") before losing to the second seed, Maria Sharapova. Her next tournament was [Brasil Tennis Cup](/wiki/Brasil_Tennis_Cup "Brasil Tennis Cup"). She participated the tournament as the top seed. She defeated [Mirjana Lučić\-Baroni](/wiki/Mirjana_Lu%C4%8Di%C4%87-Baroni "Mirjana Lučić-Baroni") in the first round, Garbiñe Muguruza in the second round and [Magdaléna Rybáriková](/wiki/Magdal%C3%A9na_Ryb%C3%A1rikov%C3%A1 "Magdaléna Rybáriková") during the quarterfinals. Reaching her first semifinal of the year, she was then defeated by [Olga Puchkova](/wiki/Olga_Puchkova "Olga Puchkova") in three sets. This tournament allowed Williams to strengthen her position in the top 20\. She retired from the Miami Open in the third round due to a lower back injury. [250px\|thumb\|Williams stretches for a volley at the 2013 U.S. Open](/wiki/File:Venus_Williams_%289630793483%29.jpg "Venus Williams (9630793483).jpg") One week after Miami, Williams participated in [Charleston](/wiki/2013_Family_Circle_Cup "2013 Family Circle Cup") as the fifth seed. She reached the semifinals, after playing both her third round and quarterfinals matches on the same day, where she lost to her sister Serena in two sets in the sisters' first meeting since the [2009 WTA Tour Championships](/wiki/2009_WTA_Tour_Championships "2009 WTA Tour Championships").A few weeks later she participated in Fed Cup, in a tie between the United States and Sweden. After Sloane Stephens lost the opening match, Williams stepped into her spot, winning a match against Johanna Larsson, after converting on her eighth match point. This was the first time in Williams's career that she clinched the winning match in a Fed Cup tie, leading the United States to a 3–2 victory over Sweden. Williams's next event was the Madrid Open where she withdrew just before playing her first round match, her next tournament was the Italian Open in Rome where she lost in the first round to Laura Robson. Williams then played at the 2013 French Open where she lost to Urszula Radwańska in the first round. She was also entered in doubles with her sister Serena but pulled out just before their first\-round match. Williams pulled out of the 2013 Wimbledon Championships due to a back injury. It was the first time she has missed Wimbledon in her career. At the Roger's Cup, she lost in the first round to 13th seed Kirsten Flipkens in three sets. At the Western and Southern Open, she defeated qualifier Jana Čepelová in straight sets, before losing in the second round to Elena Vesnina in three sets. Her next tournament was the 2013 U.S. Open. She pulled an upset in the first round by defeating 12th seed Kirsten Flipkens in a rematch of the Roger's Cup first round. She was defeated by Zheng Jie in three sets. She entered the doubles with Serena Williams. They beat Suarez Navarro and Soler Espinosa in the first round. In the second round, the duo beat the seventh seeded team of Abigail Spears and Raquel Kops\-Jones, and defeated the 11th seeded team of Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova and Lucie Šafářová in the third round. In the quarterfinals, they defeated the top seeded team of Errani/Vinci in a rematch of the Australian Open quarterfinals. Their run ended in the semifinals against the fifth seeded team and eventual champions Lucie Hradecká and Andrea Hlaváčková. Her next tournament was the Pan Pacific Open. She defeated Mona Barthel in the first round, and upset the top\-seeded and No. 2\-ranked Victoria Azarenka in the second round. In the third round, she came back from a set down to beat the 13th seed Simona Halep in three sets to make it to the quarterfinals of the Premier 5 event. In the quarterfinals she defeated Canadian Eugenie Bouchard in three sets, but fell in the semifinals to Petra Kvitová in another three set match. Williams subsequently played at the 2013 China Open in Beijing where she played singles and doubles. Williams lost her second round match in singles losing to Sabine Lisicki and she also lost her first round match in doubles despite having two match points. Williams's last tournament of the season was the 2013 Kremlin Cup in Moscow, but she withdrew due to injury, bringing an end to her 2013 season. ### 2014: Ending title drought Williams started her official tennis season as No. 47 in [Auckland](/wiki/2014_ASB_Classic "2014 ASB Classic"), where she finished runner\-up to Ana Ivanovic. She next participated, unseeded, at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2014_Australian_Open "2014 Australian Open") where she lost in the first round to No. 23 [Ekaterina Makarova](/wiki/Ekaterina_Makarova "Ekaterina Makarova") in three sets. Moving on to Doha, Williams lost to No. 6 Petra Kvitová in the second round at the [Qatar Open](/wiki/2014_Qatar_Total_Open "2014 Qatar Total Open") after failing to put away match point in the third set tie\-break. Williams then entered the Dubai Tennis Championships where she defeated five top\-40 players to win her biggest title since the Madrid Open in 2010 and, at 33 years and 8 months of age, became the seventh\-oldest woman to win a WTA singles title. En route, she avenged her loss to Ana Ivanovic in Auckland and her sister Serena's loss to Alizé Cornet in the semifinals, then won the title match, keeping her head\-to\-head record perfect against Caroline Wozniacki. Williams then competed in Miami and in Charleston where she lost to [Dominika Cibulková](/wiki/Dominika_Cibulkov%C3%A1 "Dominika Cibulková") on hard and [Eugenie Bouchard](/wiki/Eugenie_Bouchard "Eugenie Bouchard") on clay, respectively – both in the round of 16 and both in three sets. At the [Italian Open](/wiki/2014_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 "2014 Italian Open (tennis)"), Williams failed to force three sets in a loss for the first time that year, falling in two sets to Carla Suárez Navarro. At the [French Open](/wiki/2014_French_Open "2014 French Open"), Williams was upset by No. 56 [Anna Karolína Schmiedlová](/wiki/Anna_Karol%C3%ADna_Schmiedlov%C3%A1 "Anna Karolína Schmiedlová") in three sets. Williams then lost in the third round of [Wimbledon](/wiki/2014_Wimbledon_Championships "2014 Wimbledon Championships") to eventual champion Petra Kvitová in a classic and much\-praised encounter that saw 34 holds of serve and only two breaks. Williams was the only player to take a set against Kvitová in the tournament. Williams played her first tournament of the [2014 U.S. Open Series](/wiki/2014_US_Open_Series "2014 US Open Series") at the [Standord Classic](/wiki/2014_Bank_of_the_West_Classic "2014 Bank of the West Classic"), where she is a two\-time former champion. In the second round, she scored her first Top\-10 victory of the year and improved her head\-to\-head record against Victoria Azarenka to 4–0\. In the quarterfinals, Williams lost to No. 18 [Andrea Petkovic](/wiki/Andrea_Petkovic "Andrea Petkovic") in three sets. At the [Rogers Cup](/wiki/2014_Rogers_Cup "2014 Rogers Cup"), Williams defeated No. 24 [Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova](/wiki/Anastasia_Pavlyuchenkova "Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova") in three sets, scoring her first victory at that tournament on her fifth attempt. She defeated No. 7 Angelique Kerber in the third round in a three\-set thriller described by one of the commentators as "quite simply one of the matches of the 2014 season so far on the WTA". Williams produced yet another upset in three sets against Suárez Navarro to advance to the semifinals, where she defeated younger sister and No. 1 Serena Williams in the pair's 25th meeting. It was her 14th victory over a reigning No. 1 and her first since the 2009 Wimbledon Championships, when she defeated [Dinara Safina](/wiki/Dinara_Safina "Dinara Safina") 6–1, 6–0 in the semifinals. It was also the first time since 2009 that Williams had beaten her younger sister Serena. She lost the championship match to No. 5 Agnieszka Radwańska. At her final tournament before the U.S. Open, Williams lost in a tight three\-setter to No. 17, Lucie Šafářová, in the first round at the [Cincinnati Open](/wiki/2014_Western_%26_Southern_Open "2014 Western & Southern Open"). At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2014_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2014 US Open (tennis)") Williams made it to the third round for the first time since 2010 and was two points away (multiple times) from moving into the Round of 16 before ultimately going down to 13th\-seeded Sara Errani for the first time in four meetings. Williams's next tournament was at the [Bell Challenge](/wiki/2014_Coupe_Banque_Nationale "2014 Coupe Banque Nationale") in Quebec, where she received a wildcard as the No. 1 seed. She advanced to the quarterfinals in straight\-set first\- and second\-round victories and was set to play Czech player Lucie Hradecká. She defeated Hradecká in a 2\-hour, 13\-minute match in three sets. In the semifinal, Williams beat fellow countrywomen [Shelby Rogers](/wiki/Shelby_Rogers "Shelby Rogers") in straight sets to progress to her fourth final of the year, where she lost to a resurgent [Mirjana Lučić\-Baroni](/wiki/Mirjana_Lu%C4%8Di%C4%87-Baroni "Mirjana Lučić-Baroni") in straight sets. Williams then played at the [Wuhan Open](/wiki/2014_Wuhan_Open "2014 Wuhan Open"), where she lost in the first round to [Caroline Garcia](/wiki/Caroline_Garcia "Caroline Garcia") despite having held a match point. Her final tournament of the year was at the [China Open](/wiki/2014_China_Open_%28tennis%29 "2014 China Open (tennis)"), where she won her first two matches before withdrawing before the third round. Williams ended the year ranked No. 19 in singles, the first finish since 2010 inside the top 20\. Williams joined the Bangalore Raptors team in 2014 for the first edition of [Champions Tennis League India](/wiki/Champions_Tennis_League_India "Champions Tennis League India").{{cite web \| url\=http://www.championstennisleagueindia.com/2014/11/bangalore\-raptors\-strongest\-team\-of\-ctl.html \| title\=Williams Williams play for Bangalore Raptors in CTL \| date\=November 16, 2014 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118194917/http://www.championstennisleagueindia.com/2014/11/bangalore\-raptors\-strongest\-team\-of\-ctl.html \| archive\-date\=November 18, 2014 \| df\=mdy\-all }} ### 2015: Re\-entering the top 10 Williams started off her season at the [Auckland Open](/wiki/2015_ASB_Classic "2015 ASB Classic"), where she won her 46th career singles title by defeating Caroline Wozniacki in three sets in the final. Then, at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2015_Australian_Open "2015 Australian Open"), Williams made it to the quarterfinals at a [Grand Slam championship](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28tennis%29 "Grand Slam (tennis)") for the first time since the [2010 US Open](/wiki/2010_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2010 US Open (tennis)"). She defeated [Camila Giorgi](/wiki/Camila_Giorgi "Camila Giorgi") in the third round having to recover from a set and break down to reach the second week of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time since the [2011 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2011_Wimbledon_Championships "2011 Wimbledon Championships") and then overturned a three\-match losing streak to [Agnieszka Radwańska](/wiki/Agnieszka_Radwa%C5%84ska "Agnieszka Radwańska") before losing to [Madison Keys](/wiki/Madison_Keys "Madison Keys") after being up a break in the deciding set. Williams had her 16\-match winning streak at the [Dubai Tennis Championships](/wiki/2015_Dubai_Tennis_Championships "2015 Dubai Tennis Championships") ended by Lucie Šafářová in the third round. Her next tournament was at the [Qatar Open](/wiki/2015_Qatar_Total_Open "2015 Qatar Total Open") where she saved a match point in a heated encounter versus [Barbora Záhlavová\-Strýcová](/wiki/Barbora_Z%C3%A1hlavov%C3%A1-Str%C3%BDcov%C3%A1 "Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová") in the second round before defeating Agnieszka Radwańska for a second time in 2015 to advance to the semifinals. She ended up losing in three sets to [Victoria Azarenka](/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka "Victoria Azarenka"). Williams competed at the [Miami Open](/wiki/2015_Miami_Open_presented_by_Ita%C3%BA "2015 Miami Open presented by Itaú"), where she won against Samantha Stosur in the third round and Caroline Wozniacki in the fourth round (scoring her fourth top\-10 win of the season and improving her head\-to\-head record against Wozniacki to a perfect 7–0\). In the quarterfinals, she was defeated by Suárez Navarro, in three sets. Williams began her clay\-court season at the Madrid Open where she lost in the first round to Victoria Azarenka in straight sets. She made it to the third round of the Italian Open, before losing to [Simona Halep](/wiki/Simona_Halep "Simona Halep"). Williams failed to win her opening match at the [French Open](/wiki/2015_French_Open "2015 French Open"), where she lost in straight sets to [Sloane Stephens](/wiki/Sloane_Stephens "Sloane Stephens"). She did not attend her mandatory post\-match press conference and was subsequently fined $3000\.{{cite news\|author1\=Nick McCarvel\|title\=Venus Williams fined $3,000 for snubbing media after French Open loss\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/french/2015/05/26/venus\-williams\-fine\-skip\-press\-conference/27958539/\|newspaper\=\[\[USA Today]]\|date\=May 27, 2015\|access\-date\=September 17, 2017\|archive\-date\=December 28, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228231419/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/french/2015/05/26/venus\-williams\-fine\-skip\-press\-conference/27958539/\|url\-status\=live}} Williams then played at [Wimbledon](/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships "Wimbledon Championships"), winning her first three rounds in straight sets. She then lost to her sister, Serena, in the fourth round in straight sets. Williams then played at the [İstanbul Cup](/wiki/2015_%C4%B0stanbul_Cup "2015 İstanbul Cup") where she lost in the first round to qualifier [Kateryna Bondarenko](/wiki/Kateryna_Bondarenko "Kateryna Bondarenko"). Williams began her U.S. Open series at the [Rogers Cup](/wiki/2015_Rogers_Cup "2015 Rogers Cup"), where she was a finalist last year. She lost in the first round to [Sabine Lisicki](/wiki/Sabine_Lisicki "Sabine Lisicki"). Her loss pushed her outside of the top 20\. Her next tournament was at the [Cincinnati Open](/wiki/Cincinnati_Masters "Cincinnati Masters"). She made it to the second round and was set to play Ana Ivanovic, before she withdrew due to a virus. She was seeded 23rd for the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2015_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2015 US Open (tennis)") and played [Monica Puig](/wiki/Monica_Puig "Monica Puig") in the first round. She won in three tough sets. In the second round, she overcame two costly double faults in the second set to defeat fellow American [Irina Falconi](/wiki/Irina_Falconi "Irina Falconi"). She defeated 12th seed [Belinda Bencic](/wiki/Belinda_Bencic "Belinda Bencic") and qualifier [Anett Kontaveit](/wiki/Anett_Kontaveit "Anett Kontaveit") in straight sets in the third and fourth rounds, respectively. Williams played her sister Serena in the quarterfinals in their fifth meeting at the U.S. Open and their 27th meeting overall. Williams lost the match in three sets. Williams scored her fifth top 10 win of the season by defeating No. 7, Agnieszka Radwańska, in the first round of the [Wuhan Open](/wiki/2015_Wuhan_Open "2015 Wuhan Open"). She then beat qualifier [Julia Görges](/wiki/Julia_G%C3%B6rges "Julia Görges") in the second round for her 700th career win (becoming only the ninth woman in the [Open Era](/wiki/Open_Era_%28tennis%29 "Open Era (tennis)") to achieve this feat). She landed another top 10 victory by winning against No. 10 Suárez Navarro in the third round. Williams defeated both [Johanna Konta](/wiki/Johanna_Konta "Johanna Konta") and Roberta Vinci (saving match point) in three sets to move into the championship match where she won her biggest title in more than five years when her opponent, No. 8 Garbiñe Muguruza, retired while trailing a set and a double break. The next week Williams lost to Ana Ivanovic in the second round of the [China Open](/wiki/2015_China_Open_%28tennis%29 "2015 China Open (tennis)"). She made it to the semifinals of the [Hong Kong Open](/wiki/2015_Hong_Kong_Tennis_Open "2015 Hong Kong Tennis Open") where she lost in a tight two\-setter to eventual champion Jelena Janković. With her results throughout the season, Williams became an Alternate for the [WTA Finals in Singapore](/wiki/2015_WTA_Finals "2015 WTA Finals"). Additionally, she qualified for the [WTA Elite Trophy in Zhuhai](/wiki/2015_WTA_Elite_Trophy "2015 WTA Elite Trophy") where she is the number one seed. She defeated [Madison Keys](/wiki/Madison_Keys "Madison Keys") in her first round\-robin match in three sets. In her second round\-robin match she defeated wildcard [Zheng Saisai](/wiki/Zheng_Saisai "Zheng Saisai") to advance to the semifinals, where she defeated Roberta Vinci for a fifth consecutive time. Williams captured the first WTA Elite Trophy, her third WTA title of the season and 48th title of her career by defeating [Karolína Plíšková](/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Pl%C3%AD%C5%A1kov%C3%A1 "Karolína Plíšková"), in the final. She re\-entered the top ten for the first time since 2011 and ended the year at No. 7 in the WTA rankings. Williams was the 10th most popular player of the year according to the [WTA](/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association "Women's Tennis Association")'s website and received the WTA Comeback Player of the Year award. ### 2016: Wimbledon semifinal Williams began 2016 by playing at the World Tennis Thailand Championship – an exhibition event in Thailand – where she lost to Sara Errani and Angelique Kerber. She then entered the [Auckland Open](/wiki/2016_ASB_Classic "2016 ASB Classic"), where she was the No. 1 seed and defending champion, and lost in the first round to 18\-year\-old [Daria Kasatkina](/wiki/Daria_Kasatkina "Daria Kasatkina"). (This was also Williams's first tournament since the [2011 Australian Open](/wiki/2011_Australian_Open "2011 Australian Open") as a top\-10 player.) At the [Australian Open](/wiki/2016_Australian_Open "2016 Australian Open"), Williams, seeded 8th, lost to Johanna Konta in the first round. Afterwards, she helped the USA Fed Cup Team to a 4–0 victory over Poland, winning both of her singles matches. Williams's next tournament was at the [Taiwan Open](/wiki/2016_Taiwan_Open "2016 Taiwan Open"), where she was the No. 1 seed. She defeated [Misaki Doi](/wiki/Misaki_Doi "Misaki Doi") in the final, earning her 49th career title. Williams returned to [Indian Wells](/wiki/2016_Indian_Wells_Masters "2016 Indian Wells Masters") for the first time in 15 years after [boycotting the tournament in 2001](/wiki/Boycott_of_Indian_Wells_Masters_by_Venus_and_Serena_Williams "Boycott of Indian Wells Masters by Venus and Serena Williams"), but lost in the second round to [Kurumi Nara](/wiki/Kurumi_Nara "Kurumi Nara"). The following week, she was knocked out in the second round of the [Miami Open](/wiki/2016_Miami_Open "2016 Miami Open") by qualifier [Elena Vesnina](/wiki/Elena_Vesnina "Elena Vesnina"). Both results marked her worst exits at Indian Wells and Miami in her 23\-year career. She began the clay\-court season with a win over [Alison Riske](/wiki/Alison_Riske "Alison Riske") at the [Charleston Open](/wiki/2016_Volvo_Car_Open "2016 Volvo Car Open"), before losing to [Yulia Putintseva](/wiki/Yulia_Putintseva "Yulia Putintseva") in the third round in three tight sets. Williams was scheduled to begin her clay\-court season at the [Madrid Open](/wiki/2016_Mutua_Madrid_Open "2016 Mutua Madrid Open") but withdrew due to a hamstring injury. The following week, she lost in the second round in [Rome](/wiki/Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 "Italian Open (tennis)"). Seeded 9th at the [French Open](/wiki/2016_French_Open "2016 French Open"), Williams won her first two rounds in straight sets to set up a third\-round clash with [Alizé Cornet](/wiki/Aliz%C3%A9_Cornet "Alizé Cornet"), whom she defeated in three sets to reach the fourth round for the first time since 2010\. She recorded the 200th loss of her career against 8th\-seeded [Timea Bacsinszky](/wiki/Timea_Bacsinszky "Timea Bacsinszky"), who won in straight sets. However, her result pushed her back into the top 10 for the first time since her loss at the Australian Open. She also won her first Grand Slam doubles match with sister Serena Williams since the [2014 U.S. Open](/wiki/2014_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2014 US Open (tennis)"). [175px\|thumb\|Williams at the [2016 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2016_Wimbledon_Championships "2016 Wimbledon Championships")](/wiki/File:Williams_V._WM16_%2825%29_%2828418679505%29.jpg "Williams V. WM16 (25) (28418679505).jpg") At the [Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2016_Wimbledon_Championships "2016 Wimbledon Championships"), Williams reached the third round of the championships where she overcame the 29th seed, Daria Kasatkina, in a 2\-hour, 42\-minute marathon. She defeated 12th seed Carla Suárez Navarro in the fourth round, and now leads 4–3 in their head\-to\-head meetings. Williams advanced to the quarterfinals for the first time in six years, where she defeated [Yaroslava Shvedova](/wiki/Yaroslava_Shvedova "Yaroslava Shvedova"). In her first Grand Slam semifinal since the 2010 U.S. Open and her first Wimbledon semifinal since 2009, she lost to 4th seed Angelique Kerber in straight sets. In the doubles tournament, Venus and Serena Williams advanced to their first Grand Slam Doubles final since 2012\. They then won their 14th major title together and sixth at Wimbledon. Williams began her U.S. Open Series at the [Stanford Classic](/wiki/2016_Bank_of_the_West_Classic "2016 Bank of the West Classic"), where she was the No. 1 seed. She defeated [Magda Linette](/wiki/Magda_Linette "Magda Linette") in the second round and compatriots [Catherine Bellis](/wiki/Catherine_Bellis "Catherine Bellis") and Alison Riske in the quarterfinals and semifinals, respectively, to reach her eighth final in Stanford. She lost to Johanna Konta, in three sets. By virtue of her result, Williams ascended to No. 6 in the rankings, her highest position since being diagnosed with Sjögren's syndrome in 2011\. Williams then entered the [Rogers Cup](/wiki/2016_Rogers_Cup "2016 Rogers Cup"). Having received a bye in the first round, Williams won her second\-round match against [Barbora Strýcová](/wiki/Barbora_Str%C3%BDcov%C3%A1 "Barbora Strýcová"), in straight sets. She fell to Madison Keys in the third round in three sets. Williams failed to medal in her singles and doubles events at the [2016 Rio Summer Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics"), falling in the first round in both events, marking her worst exits of her Olympic career. She entered the mixed doubles event with [Rajeev Ram](/wiki/Rajeev_Ram "Rajeev Ram"), defeating the Netherlands in the first round after saving match point. The pair then defeated Italy in the quarterfinals and India in the semifinals to set up a clash with the United States team of [Bethanie Mattek\-Sands](/wiki/Bethanie_Mattek-Sands "Bethanie Mattek-Sands") and [Jack Sock](/wiki/Jack_Sock "Jack Sock") in the gold medal match. The duo lost to Mattek\-Sands and Sock. By winning a silver medal, Williams became the only female player (besides [Kathleen McKane Godfree](/wiki/Kathleen_McKane_Godfree "Kathleen McKane Godfree")) to win a medal in all three events (singles, doubles and mixed); her five medals mean she now shares the [record for most Olympic medals won in tennis](/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_tennis%23Athlete_medal_leaders "List of Olympic medalists in tennis#Athlete medal leaders") with Godfree. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2016_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2016 US Open (tennis)"), Williams broke the [record for the most Grand Slam appearances](/wiki/WTA_Tour_records%23Grand_Slam_singles_career_records_%281973_%E2%80%93_present%29 "WTA Tour records#Grand Slam singles career records (1973 – present)"), surpassing [Amy Frazier](/wiki/Amy_Frazier "Amy Frazier")'s record of 71\. This is also the first time that she's been seeded in the top ten at all four Grand Slam tournaments this year, having last achieved this in 2010\. She won her first three\-round matches respectively against [Kateryna Kozlova](/wiki/Kateryna_Kozlova "Kateryna Kozlova"), [Julia Görges](/wiki/Julia_G%C3%B6rges "Julia Görges") and the 26th seed [Laura Siegemund](/wiki/Laura_Siegemund "Laura Siegemund"). She lost in the fourth round to 10th seed Karolína Plíšková after failing to convert match point. In September 2016, in response to [WADA](/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency "World Anti-Doping Agency") database leak, Williams confirmed the usage of banned substances classified by WADA as [Therapeutic Use Exemptions](/wiki/Therapeutic_Use_Exemptions "Therapeutic Use Exemptions") (TUEs), stating: "The applications for TUEs under the Tennis Anti\-Doping program require a strict process for approval which I have adhered to when serious medical conditions have occurred".{{cite web\| url \=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5890326/title/venus\-issues\-statement\-on\-wada\-hack\| title \=Venus Issues Statement On WADA Hack\| publisher \=WTA\| date \=September 13, 2016\| access\-date \=September 14, 2016\| archive\-date \=September 14, 2016\| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914034813/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5890326/title/venus\-issues\-statement\-on\-wada\-hack\| url\-status \=live}} Williams failed to defend her title in Wuhan, falling in the third round to ninth seed Svetlana Kuznetsova. This pushed her outside of the top ten for a second time this year. The following week she was bundled out of the China Open in the first round by No. 223\-ranked [Peng Shuai](/wiki/Peng_Shuai "Peng Shuai"). Williams qualified for the WTA Elite Trophy, where she was the defending champion, however she decided not to participate. She finished the year ranked No. 17\. ### 2017: Two major finals and return to the top 5 Williams began her 2017 season at [Auckland](/wiki/2017_ASB_Classic "2017 ASB Classic"), winning her opening match against local wildcard [Jade Lewis](/wiki/Jade_Lewis "Jade Lewis") before withdrawing due to a right arm pain.Liam Napier, [Venus Williams pulls out ASB Classic](http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/88133916/venus-williams-pulls-out-asb-classic) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105032617/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/88133916/venus\-williams\-pulls\-out\-asb\-classic \|date\=January 5, 2017 }}, stuff.co.nz, January 4, 2017 Seeded 13th at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2017_Australian_Open "2017 Australian Open"), Williams defeated [Kateryna Kozlova](/wiki/Kateryna_Kozlova "Kateryna Kozlova"), qualifier [Stefanie Vögele](/wiki/Stefanie_V%C3%B6gele "Stefanie Vögele"), [Duan Yingying](/wiki/Duan_Yingying "Duan Yingying") and qualifier [Mona Barthel](/wiki/Mona_Barthel "Mona Barthel") in the opening four rounds respectively in straight sets to advance to the quarterfinals. She defeated 24th seed [Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova](/wiki/Anastasia_Pavlyuchenkova "Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova") for her 50th win at the Australian Open, the first time Williams won a quarterfinal match in Melbourne since defeating [Daniela Hantuchová](/wiki/Daniela_Hantuchov%C3%A1 "Daniela Hantuchová") in 2003\. Coming back from a set down in her semifinal match, Williams defeated rising American star [CoCo Vandeweghe](/wiki/CoCo_Vandeweghe "CoCo Vandeweghe") to advance to her first Grand Slam final since Wimbledon 2009 and her first Australian Open final since 2003\. In doing so, she set the [Open era](/wiki/Open_era "Open era") record for the longest span (20 years) between grand slam singles final appearances, having first reached a Grand Slam singles final at the [1997 U.S. Open](/wiki/1997_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "1997 US Open (tennis)"). In a closely fought final, she lost in two sets to her younger sister Serena, who made history by winning her 23rd Grand Slam singles title, surpassing the mark set by [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf "Steffi Graf").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/38781553\|title\=Australian Open 2017: Serena Williams beats Venus Williams to set Grand Slam record\|date\=January 28, 2017\|newspaper\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=January 28, 2017\|archive\-date\=January 28, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128104305/http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/38781553\|url\-status\=live}} The following week, Williams competed in the [St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy](/wiki/2017_St._Petersburg_Ladies%27_Trophy "2017 St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy"), but lost in the second round to eventual champion Kristina Mladenovic. At the Indian Wells Open, Williams came back from a set down and saved three match points in the second round to defeat Jelena Janković, tying their head\-to\-head record at seven\-all. This was her first win at Indian Wells since 2001\. She defeated Lucie Šafářová and qualifier Peng Shuai in the third and fourth rounds respectively, avenging her previous losses to both players. She lost to the eventual champion, Elena Vesnina, in the quarterfinals. The following week, Williams scored her first top\-ten win since 2015, against Svetlana Kuznetsova in the fourth round of the Miami Open. She defeated No. 1 Angelique Kerber in the quarterfinals, becoming the oldest player to beat a current No. 1\. She lost for a third consecutive time to eventual champion Johanna Konta in straight sets in her first semifinal in Miami since 2010\. This marked her fourth consecutive loss to eventual champions. The following week, after receiving a bye, Williams lost to eventual semifinalist Laura Siegemund in the [Volvo Car Open](/wiki/Volvo_Car_Open "Volvo Car Open"). Having saved match point in the second set, Williams forced two match points in the third set, but Siegemund saved both. After the match, Williams said, "This could be the best match she'll ever play in her life. I basically won the match but still lost." Williams withdrew from the [Madrid Open](/wiki/2017_Mutua_Madrid_Open "2017 Mutua Madrid Open") after an injury to her right arm. She made her European clay\-court debut at the \|Italian Open where she defeated [Yaroslava Shvedova](/wiki/Yaroslava_Shvedova "Yaroslava Shvedova") and [Lesia Tsurenko](/wiki/Lesia_Tsurenko "Lesia Tsurenko") in straight sets. She defeated No. 6 Johanna Konta in the third round, but lost in her first quarterfinal in Rome since 2012 to [Garbiñe Muguruza](/wiki/Garbi%C3%B1e_Muguruza "Garbiñe Muguruza") in three sets. During this match, Williams hit a reactionary lob off an attacking forehand that was voted [WTA](/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association "Women's Tennis Association") shot of the month.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/wta\-shot\-month\-venus\-cambridge\-global\-payments\|title\=May Shot of the Month: Venus Williams\|date\=June 15, 2017\|newspaper\=WTA\|access\-date\=June 18, 2017\|archive\-date\=June 19, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619113106/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/wta\-shot\-month\-venus\-cambridge\-global\-payments\|url\-status\=live}} Williams defeated Wang Qiang, [Kurumi Nara](/wiki/Kurumi_Nara "Kurumi Nara") and [Elise Mertens](/wiki/Elise_Mertens "Elise Mertens") in the first three rounds of the [French Open](/wiki/2017_French_Open "2017 French Open") before again losing to [Bacsinszky](/wiki/Timea_Bacsinszky "Timea Bacsinszky") in the fourth round, this time in three sets.{{Cite news\|url\=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/not\-again\-venus\-williams\-sent\-packing\-by\-timea\-bacsinszky\-in\-french\-open\-4689070/\|title\=Not again! Venus Williams sent packing by Timea Bacsinszky in French Open\|date\=June 5, 2017\|newspaper\=Indian Express\|access\-date\=June 18, 2017\|archive\-date\=June 6, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606095958/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/not\-again\-venus\-williams\-sent\-packing\-by\-timea\-bacsinszky\-in\-french\-open\-4689070/\|url\-status\=live}} Williams entered [Wimbledon](/wiki/2017_Wimbledon_Championships "2017 Wimbledon Championships") as the number 10 seed. She defeated Elise Mertens, [Wang Qiang](/wiki/Wang_Qiang_%28tennis%29 "Wang Qiang (tennis)"), [Naomi Osaka](/wiki/Naomi_Osaka "Naomi Osaka") and [Ana Konjuh](/wiki/Ana_Konjuh "Ana Konjuh") to reach the quarterfinals for the 13th time in her career, where she defeated the 2017 French Open champion [Jeļena Ostapenko](/wiki/Je%C4%BCena_Ostapenko "Jeļena Ostapenko") in straight sets. This was also her 100th career match at Wimbledon. She advanced to her ninth Wimbledon final by defeating Johanna Konta, in straight sets in the semifinals. This marked her 87th win at Wimbledon, the third most on the all\-time list. This also marked the first season since 2003 that Williams reached two slam finals. Williams lost the final in straight sets to Garbiñe Muguruza. She gained the No. 9 ranking by reaching the final, her second appearance in the top 10 in 2017; she had briefly returned to the top 10 in 2017 by virtue of beating Angelique Kerber in Miami. Williams began her play in the U.S. Open Series at the [Canadian Open](/wiki/Canadian_Open_%28tennis%29 "Canadian Open (tennis)"). She defeated qualifier [Irina\-Camelia Begu](/wiki/Irina-Camelia_Begu "Irina-Camelia Begu") in three sets and [Kateřina Siniaková](/wiki/Kate%C5%99ina_Siniakov%C3%A1 "Kateřina Siniaková") in straight sets before losing to fifth seed and eventual champion [Elina Svitolina](/wiki/Elina_Svitolina "Elina Svitolina") in the third round. The next week, Williams competed in Cincinnati and defeated [Alison Riske](/wiki/Alison_Riske "Alison Riske") in the first round before losing to [Ashleigh Barty](/wiki/Ashleigh_Barty "Ashleigh Barty") in the second round. Barty was the first person to have defeated Williams and fail to reach at least the semifinals of the event in which they had defeated her in 2017\. At the [2017 U.S. Open](/wiki/2017_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2017 US Open (tennis)"), Williams defeated [Viktória Kužmová](/wiki/Vikt%C3%B3ria_Ku%C5%BEmov%C3%A1 "Viktória Kužmová"), [Océane Dodin](/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ane_Dodin "Océane Dodin"), and [Maria Sakkari](/wiki/Maria_Sakkari "Maria Sakkari") to reach the fourth round. Williams reached the second week of all majors in a single season for the first time since 2010, and reached the second week of seven consecutive Grand Slam tournaments, the longest streak among WTA players at that time. In the fourth round, Williams beat Suárez Navarro in three sets to reach her 12th U.S. Open quarterfinal, where she defeated Petra Kvitová in a third set tiebreak during the two\-hour, 35 minute match. She also guaranteed her return to the top five in the WTA rankings at the conclusion of the tournament for the first time since January 2011\. Williams then lost in three sets to fellow American and eventual champion Sloane Stephens in her first U.S. Open semifinal since 2010\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/open/2017/09/07/sloane\-stephens\-beats\-venus\-williams\-reach\-us\-open\-final/644349001/\|title\=Sloane Stephens beats Venus Williams to reach U.S. Open final\|date\=September 7, 2017\|newspaper\=USA Today\|access\-date\=October 1, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 2, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002025155/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/open/2017/09/07/sloane\-stephens\-beats\-venus\-williams\-reach\-us\-open\-final/644349001/\|url\-status\=live}} On September 26, Williams qualified for the [WTA Finals](/wiki/WTA_Finals "WTA Finals") for the first time since 2010\.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.wtatennis.com/videos/venus\-williams\-qualifies\-wta\-finals/\|title\=Venus Williams qualifies for the WTA Finals\|date\=September 26, 2017\|newspaper\=Women's Tennis Association\|access\-date\=October 1, 2017\|archive\-date\=September 30, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222901/http://www.wtatennis.com/videos/venus\-williams\-qualifies\-wta\-finals\|url\-status\=live}} In her first tournament after the U.S. Open, Williams defeated [Risa Ozaki](/wiki/Risa_Ozaki "Risa Ozaki") in the first round of the Hong Kong Open, before falling to Naomi Osaka. At the [WTA Finals](/wiki/2017_WTA_Finals_%E2%80%93_Singles "2017 WTA Finals – Singles"), Williams was placed in the White Group with Karolína Plíšková, Garbiñe Muguruza and Jeļena Ostapenko. After losing her first match to Pliskova in straight sets, Williams defeated Ostapenko in a marathon match lasting almost {{frac\|3\|1\|2}} hours. She defeated Muguruza in straight sets to progress to the semifinals, avenging her loss to the Spaniard in the Wimbledon final. Williams then defeated [Caroline Garcia](/wiki/Caroline_Garcia "Caroline Garcia") in three sets to advance to her first final at the year\-end championships since 2009, where she finished runner\-up to sister Serena Williams. She met Caroline Wozniacki in the final, where she found herself down a set and 0–5\. Despite winning the next four games, she lost the match in two sets. She finished the year ranked No. 5 and topped the prize money list for this year. ### 2018: 1000th match, struggle with form Williams began her 2018 season at the [Sydney International](/wiki/2018_Sydney_International "2018 Sydney International"), where she was the second seed and received a first\-round bye. In the second round she lost to Angelique Kerber, who went on to win the tournament. As the fifth seed and defending finalist at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2018_Australian_Open "2018 Australian Open"), Williams lost in straight sets to [Belinda Bencic](/wiki/Belinda_Bencic "Belinda Bencic") in the first round, ending her streak of seven consecutive appearances in the second week of the Grand Slams, and as a result dropping considerably in the rankings as well. Williams competed in the [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup "Fed Cup") quarterfinals against the [Dutch team](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"). She won both her singles matches in straight sets against [Arantxa Rus](/wiki/Arantxa_Rus "Arantxa Rus") and [Richèl Hogenkamp](/wiki/Rich%C3%A8l_Hogenkamp "Richèl Hogenkamp") to send the United States into the semifinals. She also played her career 1000th match and earned her 20th Fed Cup singles win. After receiving a first round bye at the [Indian Wells Open](/wiki/2018_BNP_Paribas_Open "2018 BNP Paribas Open"), Williams defeated [Sorana Cîrstea](/wiki/Sorana_C%C3%AErstea "Sorana Cîrstea") to set up a match with her sister Serena, in the third round. She defeated her for the 12th time in her career – her first straight sets victory against her since the [2008 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2008_Wimbledon_Championships "2008 Wimbledon Championships") final almost a decade earlier. She then defeated [Anastasija Sevastova](/wiki/Anastasija_Sevastova "Anastasija Sevastova") in the fourth round and Suarez Navarro in the quarterfinals, both in straight sets. She then fell to [Daria Kasatkina](/wiki/Daria_Kasatkina "Daria Kasatkina") in a close three set match in the semifinals. The following week at the [Miami Open](/wiki/2018_Miami_Open "2018 Miami Open"), Williams saved three match points in her third round match against Dutch woman [Kiki Bertens](/wiki/Kiki_Bertens "Kiki Bertens"). She subsequently knocked out defending champion Johanna Konta in the fourth round, before falling rather unexpectedly to her compatriot and qualifier [Danielle Collins](/wiki/Danielle_Collins "Danielle Collins") in the quarterfinals. Williams began her clay court season at the [Madrid Open](/wiki/2018_Mutua_Madrid_Open "2018 Mutua Madrid Open") where she lost to Anett Kontaveit in the first round. Seeded eighth at the [Italian Open](/wiki/2018_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 "2018 Italian Open (tennis)"), she received a first round bye, before defeating Elena Vesnina in three sets. She lost to Kontaveit again in the third round. Williams also played doubles with compatriot [Madison Keys](/wiki/Madison_Keys "Madison Keys"), but the team withdrew after winning their first round match with Keys sustaining an injury. Williams lost to Wang Qiang in the first round of the [French Open](/wiki/2018_French_Open "2018 French Open"), marking the first time she has lost in the first round of consecutive Grand Slam events. Williams also reached the third round in doubles with Serena, losing to third seeds [Klepač](/wiki/Andreja_Klepa%C4%8D "Andreja Klepač") and [Martínez Sánchez](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_S%C3%A1nchez "María José Martínez Sánchez"). The defending finalist at the [Wimbledon](/wiki/2018_Wimbledon_Championships "2018 Wimbledon Championships"), Williams defeated Johanna Larsson and [Alexandra Dulgheru](/wiki/Alexandra_Dulgheru "Alexandra Dulgheru") in the first and second rounds respectively, before losing to Kiki Bertens in the third round. As a result, she dropped out of the top ten rankings. Williams began her U.S. Open Series at the [Silicon Valley Classic](/wiki/2018_Silicon_Valley_Classic "2018 Silicon Valley Classic") after accepting a wildcard, defeating [Heather Watson](/wiki/Heather_Watson "Heather Watson") in the second round, before losing in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Maria Sakkari. She won her opening two rounds at the [Rogers Cup](/wiki/2018_Rogers_Cup "2018 Rogers Cup") before losing to the then\-world No. 1, [Simona Halep](/wiki/Simona_Halep "Simona Halep"), hampered by a right knee injury. She withdrew from the [Western \& Southern Open](/wiki/2018_Western_%26_Southern_Open "2018 Western & Southern Open") the following week with the same injury. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2018_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2018 US Open (tennis)"), Williams defeated [2004](/wiki/2004_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2004 US Open (tennis)") champion Svetlana Kuznetsova and Camila Giorgi en route to a third round encounter – and 30th career match overall, with Serena, where she was handed her most\-lopsided loss against her in five years. Following the U.S. Open, Venus withdrew from the Wuhan Open and China Open, citing "she was not physically ready to compete".{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1439354/venus\-williams\-pulls\-out\-of\-wuhan\-open\|title\=Venus Williams pulls out of Wuhan Open\|publisher\=Women's Tennis Association\|access\-date\=June 20, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 18, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618121325/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1439354/venus\-williams\-pulls\-out\-of\-wuhan\-open\|url\-status\=live}} She was scheduled to finish her season at the [Luxembourg Open](/wiki/Luxembourg_Open "Luxembourg Open"), but pulled out due to a knee injury. She finished the season ranked No. 40, the first time since 2013 she failed to finish the season inside the top 20\. Williams parted ways with her long\-time coach David Witt at the end of the 2018 season.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/sports/tennis/coaches\-venus\-williams\-simona\-halep\-sloane\-stephens.html\|title\=Flurry of Coaching Changes Adds to Upheaval in Women's Tennis\|first\=Ben\|last\=Rothenberg\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=December 11, 2018\|access\-date\=January 1, 2019\|archive\-date\=January 2, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102002200/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/sports/tennis/coaches\-venus\-williams\-simona\-halep\-sloane\-stephens.html\|url\-status\=live}} ### 2019: Continued struggles, out of top 50 Williams began her 2019 season with an exhibition match against Serena at the Mubadala [World Tennis Championship](/wiki/World_Tennis_Championship "World Tennis Championship"), which she won in the match tiebreak. Williams then played in the ASB Classic in Auckland, where she was seeded sixth. She defeated Victoria Azarenka and [Lauren Davis](/wiki/Lauren_Davis "Lauren Davis"), before losing in the quarterfinals to [Bianca Andreescu](/wiki/Bianca_Andreescu "Bianca Andreescu") in three sets. Unseeded at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2019_Australian_Open "2019 Australian Open"), Williams defeated [Mihaela Buzărnescu](/wiki/Mihaela_Buz%C4%83rnescu "Mihaela Buzărnescu") and Alizé Cornet, both in three sets, to set up a meeting with the topseeded Simona Halep in the third round. Williams lost to Halep in two sets. Ranked 36th and unseeded at [Indian Wells](/wiki/2019_BNP_Paribas_Open "2019 BNP Paribas Open"), Williams started with a win over Andrea Petkovic, before coming back from a set and a double break down to beat the third seed Petra Kvitová in the second round. This was Williams's first top five win since the [2017 WTA Finals](/wiki/2017_WTA_Finals "2017 WTA Finals"). She then defeated [Christina McHale](/wiki/Christina_McHale "Christina McHale") and [Mona Barthel](/wiki/Mona_Barthel "Mona Barthel") to advance to her third straight Indian Wells quarterfinal, where she lost to the eighth seed and eventual runner\-up, Angelique Kerber. Ranked 43rd as she entered the [Miami Open](/wiki/2019_Miami_Open "2019 Miami Open"), Williams beat [Dalila Jakupović](/wiki/Dalila_Jakupovi%C4%87 "Dalila Jakupović"), Suarez Navarro and Daria Kasatkina, all in straight sets, before falling again to third ranked Simona Halep in the fourth round. Williams started her clay\-court season as a wildcard at the Italian Open where she defeated Elise Mertens in a third set tiebreak (after three hours of play) to set up a second round match with her sister Serena. Due to a left knee injury, however, Serena was forced to withdraw from the match.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1448326/serena\-withdraws\-from\-rome\-venus\-into\-third\-round\|title\=Serena withdraws from Rome, Venus into third round\|publisher\=Women's Tennis Association\|access\-date\=June 20, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201856/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1448326/serena\-withdraws\-from\-rome\-venus\-into\-third\-round\|url\-status\=live}} Williams then fell to eventual runner\-up Johanna Konta in the third round in straight sets. She subsequently fell to the ninth seed, [Elina Svitolina](/wiki/Elina_Svitolina "Elina Svitolina"), in the [French Open](/wiki/2019_French_Open "2019 French Open") first round, her second year in a row failing to win a match at the French Open. For the first time since 2011 and fourth time in her career, Williams played a Wimbledon warmup event after accepting a wildcard into the [Birmingham Classic](/wiki/2019_Birmingham_Classic "2019 Birmingham Classic").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news\|title\=Women's Tennis News \| WTA Tennis\|publisher\=Women's Tennis Association\|date\=May 16, 2023\|access\-date\=May 14, 2019\|archive\-date\=June 7, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607042626/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3077955/title/serena\-williams\-no1\-infographic\|url\-status\=live}} She defeated [Aliaksandra Sasnovich](/wiki/Aliaksandra_Sasnovich "Aliaksandra Sasnovich") in the first round to set up a meeting with Wang Qiang, which Williams also won to reach the quarterfinals, where she lost to eventual champion and new world No. 1, Ashleigh Barty. However, thanks to this run, Williams returned to the top 50 in the rankings. She also accepted a wildcard to play doubles with [Harriet Dart](/wiki/Harriet_Dart "Harriet Dart"), losing in the first round in a match tiebreak. At [Wimbledon](/wiki/2019_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2019 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles"), Williams, whilst unseeded, faced compatriot [Coco Gauff](/wiki/Coco_Gauff "Coco Gauff"), a fifteen\-year\-old qualifier, the youngest qualifier in the history of the event. Gauff stunned Williams in a tight two\-set match. The loss matched [2012](/wiki/2012_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2012 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles") as her earliest Wimbledon exit.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.wimbledon.com/en\_GB/news/articles/2019\-07\-01/2019\-07\-01\_williams\_loses\_generation\_game\_to\_teenager.html \|title\=Williams loses generation game to teenager \|access\-date\=July 1, 2019 \|archive\-date\=July 1, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701203031/https://www.wimbledon.com/en\_GB/news/articles/2019\-07\-01/2019\-07\-01\_williams\_loses\_generation\_game\_to\_teenager.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web\|url\=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/01/tennis/gauff\-venus\-wimbledon\-osaka\-tsitsipas\-intl\-spt/index.html\|title\=Girl, 15, beats Venus and declares: I want to be the greatest\|website\=\[\[CNN]]\|date\=1 July 2019\|access\-date\=2 July 2019\|last\=Ubha\|first\=Ravi\|archive\-date\=July 2, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702061029/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/01/tennis/gauff\-venus\-wimbledon\-osaka\-tsitsipas\-intl\-spt/index.html\|url\-status\=live}} ### 2020: Out of top 75 Williams was scheduled to start her 2020 season at the [Brisbane International](/wiki/2020_Brisbane_International "2020 Brisbane International") but withdrew before the tournament began.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/venus\-williams\-pulls\-out\-of\-brisbane\-following\-unexpected\-setback\|title\=Venus Williams pulls out of Brisbane following "unexpected setback"\|website\=Tennis.com\|access\-date\=June 20, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 19, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619102418/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/venus\-williams\-pulls\-out\-of\-brisbane\-following\-unexpected\-setback\|url\-status\=live}} She also had to withdraw from the [Adelaide International](/wiki/2020_Adelaide_International "2020 Adelaide International"). At the [Australian Open](/wiki/2020_Australian_Open "2020 Australian Open"), Williams was beaten by [Coco Gauff](/wiki/Coco_Gauff "Coco Gauff") in the first round. At the [Mexican Open](/wiki/2020_Abierto_Mexicano_Telcel "2020 Abierto Mexicano Telcel"), where she was the fifth seed, Williams was beaten by qualifier [Kaja Juvan](/wiki/Kaja_Juvan "Kaja Juvan"). After a four\-month break due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), Williams returned to competition by playing [World TeamTennis](/wiki/World_TeamTennis "World TeamTennis"). Her first official tournament back was the [Top Seed Open](/wiki/2020_Top_Seed_Open "2020 Top Seed Open"), where she defeated Victoria Azarenka in the first round, then took on sister Serena for the 31st time in the second round, losing to her in a tight three\-set match. Williams then fell to [Dayana Yastremska](/wiki/Dayana_Yastremska "Dayana Yastremska") in the first round of the [Western \& Southern Open](/wiki/2020_Western_%26_Southern_Open "2020 Western & Southern Open"). Following the tournament, Williams dropped to no. 67 in the WTA 31 August 2020 rankings.{{Cite web\|title\=Venus Williams {{!}} Ranking History {{!}} Weekly \& Yearly Rankings – WTA Official\|url\=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/230220/venus\-williams/rankings\-history\|access\-date\=2020\-09\-20\|publisher\=Women's Tennis Association\|archive\-date\=November 27, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127174048/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/230220/venus\-williams/rankings\-history\|url\-status\=live}} At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2020_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2020 US Open (tennis)"), Williams lost in straight sets against WTA No. 26, [Karolína Muchová](/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Muchov%C3%A1 "Karolína Muchová"), in the first round. Williams travelled to [Italian Open](/wiki/2020_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 "2020 Italian Open (tennis)"), the week after the U.S. Open to join the rescheduled clay court swing. In the first round, she drew Azarenka for the second time in five weeks; on this occasion, Williams lost in straight sets, taking their career head\-to\-head record to 6–2 in Williams's favor. At the [French Open](/wiki/2020_French_Open "2020 French Open"), Williams crashed out in straight\-sets to [Anna Karolína Schmiedlová](/wiki/Anna_Karol%C3%ADna_Schmiedlov%C3%A1 "Anna Karolína Schmiedlová"). She finished the year with one match win and a 1–8 tour record. Her ranking fell to 78 in the world by the end of the season. ### 2021–2022: Out of the top 100, 90th Grand Slam appearance [thumb\|right\|The Williams sisters in 2022 during their final doubles match together](/wiki/File:Serena_and_Venus_%28cropped%29.jpg "Serena and Venus (cropped).jpg") Williams started the 2021 season at the [Yarra Valley Classic](/wiki/2021_Yarra_Valley_Classic "2021 Yarra Valley Classic"), where she defeated Arantxa Rus, in straight sets, before losing in straight sets to fourth seed Petra Kvitová. She also reached the second round of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2021_Australian_Open "2021 Australian Open"). Since then, Williams was on a 5\-match losing streak and dropped out of the top 100 in May, before the [French Open](/wiki/2021_French_Open "2021 French Open"), to her lowest ranking since 2011\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.essentiallysports.com/wta\-tennis\-news\-cant\-stop\-progress\-vw\-pens\-an\-inspirational\-note\-following\-her\-5\-matvh\-losing\-streak/\|title\="Can't Stop Progress": Venus Williams Pens an Inspirational Note Following Her 5\-Match Losing Streak\|date\=May 25, 2021\|website\=EssentiallySports\|access\-date\=May 28, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 12, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612140255/https://www.essentiallysports.com/wta\-tennis\-news\-cant\-stop\-progress\-vw\-pens\-an\-inspirational\-note\-following\-her\-5\-matvh\-losing\-streak/\|url\-status\=live}} At the French Open, she lost in the first round to the 32nd seed, [Ekaterina Alexandrova](/wiki/Ekaterina_Alexandrova "Ekaterina Alexandrova"). She received a wildcard for the main draw of [Wimbledon](/wiki/2021_Wimbledon_Championships "2021 Wimbledon Championships"){{Cite web\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/16/andy\-murray\-venus\-williams\-wildcard\-wimbledon\-queens\-tennis\-news\|title\=Andy Murray and Venus Williams handed wildcard entries for Wimbledon\|date\=June 16, 2021\|website\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=June 20, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 19, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619194424/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/16/andy\-murray\-venus\-williams\-wildcard\-wimbledon\-queens\-tennis\-news\|url\-status\=live}} but she was later upgraded to the main draw as direct entry due to Naomi Osaka's withdrawal. She won her first round match against [Mihaela Buzărnescu](/wiki/Mihaela_Buz%C4%83rnescu "Mihaela Buzărnescu"). This was Venus Williams's record breaking 90th Grand Slam appearance and also her 90th match win at Wimbledon.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/\_/id/31731465/venus\-williams\-wins\-90th\-match\-wimbledon\-advance\|title\=Venus wins 90th match at Wimbledon to advance\|date\=June 29, 2021\|access\-date\=June 29, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 29, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629182817/https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/\_/id/31731465/venus\-williams\-wins\-90th\-match\-wimbledon\-advance\|url\-status\=live}} She missed the next four Grand Slam tournaments in singles, before receiving a wildcard for the 2022 U.S. Open. She lost in the first round in straight sets to [Alison Van Uytvanck](/wiki/Alison_Van_Uytvanck "Alison Van Uytvanck"). She also played doubles with Serena at the U.S. Open. Their first round match was the first doubles match in history to be given the nighttime slot on Center Court. The pair lost to [Lucie Hradecká](/wiki/Lucie_Hradeck%C3%A1 "Lucie Hradecká") and [Linda Nosková](/wiki/Linda_Noskov%C3%A1 "Linda Nosková"). With Serena's retirement, this was the final Grand Slam match for the 14\-time major doubles champions. Venus later stated that when Serena retired, she too retired from playing doubles.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/news\-venus\-williams\-when\-serena\-retired\-i\-retired\-doubles\-well\|title\=Venus Williams retired from doubles when Serena retired\|date\=June 3, 2023\|access\-date\=June 13, 2023\|archive\-date\=June 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621034140/https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/news\-venus\-williams\-when\-serena\-retired\-i\-retired\-doubles\-well\|url\-status\=live}} ### 2023: 30th year on the WTA Tour, ongoing struggle with injuries In January, she received a wildcard for the main draw of [Auckland Open](/wiki/2023_ASB_Classic_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2023 ASB Classic – Women's singles"), and started her 30th year on the WTA Tour with a straight\-sets victory over fellow American [Katie Volynets](/wiki/Katie_Volynets "Katie Volynets") in the first round.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/64144838 \|title\=ASB Classic: Venus Williams starts 30th year on WTA Tour with win over Katie Volynets \|publisher\=BBC Sports \|date\=2 January 2023 \|access\-date\=9 February 2023 \|archive\-date\=January 6, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106063548/https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/64144838 \|url\-status\=live }} She opened the second round by winning the first set against [Zhu Lin](/wiki/Zhu_Lin_%28tennis%29 "Zhu Lin (tennis)") but then went on to lose the match when she dropped the next two sets. Williams received a main draw wildcard to the 2023 Australian Open but was forced to withdraw after sustaining an injury in her second round match against Lin in Auckland.{{Cite news \|last\=Sridhar \|first\=Shrivathsa \|date\=January 7, 2023 \|title\=Venus out of Australian Open following injury in Auckland \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/venus\-out\-australian\-open\-following\-injury\-auckland\-2023\-01\-07/ \|work\=Reuters}} The injury caused Williams to miss the rest of the hard court swing and the clay season. Williams returned to action in the grass court season. She received a wildcard at the [Rosmalen Grass Court Championships](/wiki/2023_Lib%C3%A9ma_Open "2023 Libéma Open") where she lost in the first round to 17 years old [Céline Naef](/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Naef "Céline Naef"). Venus then competed in the [2023 Birmingham Classic](/wiki/2023_Birmingham_Classic "2023 Birmingham Classic") and won her first match as a 43\-year\-old, defeating Camilla Giorgi in over three hours in an epic three\-set thriller.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3544741/venus\-williams\-overcomes\-giorgi\-in\-three\-hour\-birmingham\-thriller \| title\=Venus Williams overcomes Giorgi in three\-hour Birmingham thriller \| access\-date\=June 21, 2023 \| archive\-date\=June 21, 2023 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621033838/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3544741/venus\-williams\-overcomes\-giorgi\-in\-three\-hour\-birmingham\-thriller \| url\-status\=live }} It was her first victory over a top 50 player in almost four years. The success was short\-lived, and Williams fell in the second round to [Jelena Ostapenko](/wiki/Je%C4%BCena_Ostapenko "Jeļena Ostapenko") in another close three\-set match. Williams continued to be hampered by injuries during the match and received an off\-court medical timeout.{{Cite web \|last\=Tennis.com \|title\=Venus Williams loses to Jelena Ostapenko at Birmingham Classic after injury concern \|url\=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/krejcikova\-continues\-serene\-progress\-at\-grass\-court\-birmingham\-classic \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-24 \|website\=Tennis.com \|language\=en}} Williams received a wildcard to the 2023 Wimbledon main draw but lost in straight sets to [Elina Svitolina](/wiki/Elina_Svitolina "Elina Svitolina") in the first round. After going up an early break, Williams suffered a serious knee injury. Williams expressed frustration at her improving form being affected by injuries, stating in her post\-match press conference that the injuries were "hard to process emotionally, mentally and physically on the court."{{Cite web \|title\=Svitolina beats Venus Williams in Wimbledon opener \|url\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3567001/svitolina\-beats\-venus\-williams\-in\-wimbledon\-opener \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-24 \|website\=Women's Tennis Association \|language\=en}} Williams' form in the U.S. hard court swing showed glimpses of her former top form. She lost in the first round of the 2023 National Bank Open in Montreal but secured her first Top 20 win in more than four years with a straight sets win over No. 16 seed [Veronika Kudermetova](/wiki/Veronika_Kudermetova "Veronika Kudermetova") in the 2023 Western \& Southern Open. She followed that win with a lopsided first set win over rising star [Zheng Qinwen](/wiki/Zheng_Qinwen "Zheng Qinwen") but eventually lost the next two sets and the match. The first set was described as "vintage Venus" and gave hope for Williams'' return to the U.S. Open.{{Cite web \|title\=Zheng Qinwen rallies to beat Venus Williams in Cincinnati \|url\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3636968/zheng\-qinwen\-rallies\-to\-beat\-venus\-williams\-in\-cincinnati \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-24 \|website\=Women's Tennis Association \|language\=en}} At the 2023 U.S. Open, Venus arrived to play the tournament for the 24th time. In her first round match, which was also Williams' 100th career U.S. Open match, she suffered one of her most lopsided Grand Slam losses, winning only two games against qualifier [Greet Minnen](/wiki/Greet_Minnen "Greet Minnen").{{Cite magazine \|last\=Koons \|first\=Zach \|date\=2023\-08\-29 \|title\=Venus Williams Falls in Straight Sets at U.S. Open to Unranked Qualifier \|url\=https://www.si.com/tennis/2023/08/30/venus\-williams\-falls\-straight\-sets\-us\-open\-unranked\-qualifier\-greet\-minnen \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-24 \|magazine\=Sports Illustrated \|language\=en\-us}} Williams ended the 2023 season ranked 412 in the world.{{Cite web \|title\=Tennis Explorer: Tennis Rankings, WTA \& ATP Rankings \|url\=https://www.tennisexplorer.com/ranking/wta\-women/2023/?date\=2023\-12\-25\&search\-text\-ran\=williams \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-24 \|website\=www.tennisexplorer.com}} ### 2024 Despite her injury\-plagued season in 2023, Williams announced her intention to return to action in March. While her injuries forced her to miss the Australian Summer hard court swing, she said her target was to participate in the American hard court tournaments in Indian Wells and Miami.{{Cite web \|last\=Tennis.com \|title\=Venus Williams targeting March return in 2024 \|url\=https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/venus\-williams\-targeting\-march\-return\-in\-2024 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-24 \|website\=Tennis.com \|language\=en}} She lost in the first round of both tournaments.
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "{{BLP sources section\\|date\\=August 2012}}", "### 1994–96: Professional Career", "Williams turned professional on October 31, 1994, at the age of 14\\.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Harris \\|first1\\=Laurie Lanzen \\|last2\\=Abbey \\|first2\\=Cherie \\|title\\=Biography Today: Profiles of People of Interest to Young Readers \\|journal\\=Biography Today (1994 Annual Cumulation): Profiles of People of Interest to Young Readers \\|date\\=1999 \\|publisher\\=Biography Today \\|location\\=Detroit\\|issn\\=1058\\-2347 \\|pages\\=130–142}} In the first round of her first professional tournament, the [Silicon Valley Classic](/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Classic \"Silicon Valley Classic\") in Oakland, Venus played former [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA \"NCAA\") singles champion [Shaun Stafford](/wiki/Shaun_Stafford \"Shaun Stafford\"), who earlier that year had reached the fourth round of the [French Open](/wiki/French_Open \"French Open\"). Williams beat her fellow American in two sets. In the second round of the tournament, Williams was up a set and a service break against world No. 2, [Arantxa Sánchez Vicario](/wiki/Arantxa_S%C3%A1nchez_Vicario \"Arantxa Sánchez Vicario\"), before losing the match. Sanchez Vicario went on to win the title by defeating [Martina Navratilova](/wiki/Martina_Navratilova \"Martina Navratilova\"). That was the only tournament Williams played in 1994\\.", "In 1995, Williams played three more events as a wildcard, falling in the first round of the tournaments in [Los Angeles](/wiki/East_West_Bank_Classic \"East West Bank Classic\") and [Toronto](/wiki/Rogers_Cup_%28tennis%29 \"Rogers Cup (tennis)\") but reaching the quarterfinals in Oakland, defeating No. 18 [Amy Frazier](/wiki/Amy_Frazier \"Amy Frazier\") in the second round for her first win over a top\\-20 ranked player, before losing to [Magdalena Maleeva](/wiki/Magdalena_Maleeva \"Magdalena Maleeva\"). Williams played five events in 1996, falling in the first round four times but reaching the third round in Los Angeles, before losing to No. 1 [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf \"Steffi Graf\").", "### 1997: Debut Grand Slam singles final", "Williams played 15 tour events in 1997, including five [Tier I](/wiki/Tier_I \"Tier I\") tournaments. She reached the quarterfinals in three of the Tier I events – the [State Farm Evert Cup](/wiki/Pacific_Life_Open \"Pacific Life Open\") in Compton, California, the [European Indoor Championships](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Open \"Zürich Open\") in Zürich, and the [Kremlin Cup](/wiki/Kremlin_Cup \"Kremlin Cup\") in Moscow. In Indian Wells in March, Williams defeated No. 9, [Iva Majoli](/wiki/Iva_Majoli \"Iva Majoli\"), in the third round for her first win over a player ranked in the top 10\\. She then lost in the quarterfinals to No. 8, [Lindsay Davenport](/wiki/Lindsay_Davenport \"Lindsay Davenport\"), in a third set tiebreak. Her ranking broke into the top 100 on April 14, 1997\\. She made her debut in the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament at the French Open, reaching the second round before losing to [Nathalie Tauziat](/wiki/Nathalie_Tauziat \"Nathalie Tauziat\"). She then lost in the first round of Wimbledon to [Magdalena Grzybowska](/wiki/Magdalena_Grzybowska \"Magdalena Grzybowska\"). During her debut at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"US Open (tennis)\"), she lost the final to [Martina Hingis](/wiki/Martina_Hingis \"Martina Hingis\"), after defeating [Irina Spîrlea](/wiki/Irina_Sp%C3%AErlea \"Irina Spîrlea\") in a semifinal which saw Spîrlea and Williams collide during a changeover when neither would yield as they passed the umpire's chair. [Richard Williams](/wiki/Richard_Williams_%28tennis_coach%29 \"Richard Williams (tennis coach)\"), her father, later claimed that this incident was racially motivated.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://sportsillustrated.com/siforwomen/2000/sportswoman/venus\\_envy/\\|title\\=Venus Envy\\|publisher\\=Sportsillustrated.com\\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120714201259/http://sportsillustrated.com/siforwomen/2000/sportswoman/venus\\_envy/\\|archive\\-date\\=July 14, 2012}}", "### 1998: First WTA singles title, entering the top 10 and first Grand Slam doubles titles", "In her debut at the [Australian Open](/wiki/1998_Australian_Open \"1998 Australian Open\"), Williams defeated younger sister Serena Williams in the second round, which was the sisters' first professional meeting. Williams eventually lost in the quarterfinals to No. 3 Davenport.", "Three weeks later, Williams defeated No. 2 Davenport for the first time in the semifinals of the [Cellular South Cup](/wiki/Cellular_South_Cup \"Cellular South Cup\") in Oklahoma City. Williams then defeated [Joannette Kruger](/wiki/Joannette_Kruger \"Joannette Kruger\") in the final to win the first singles title of her career. In her first Tier I event of the year, Williams lost in the semifinals of the State Farm Evert Cup in Indian Wells to No. 1 Hingis. The following week, Williams won the Tier I [Lipton International Players Championships](/wiki/Lipton_International_Players_Championships \"Lipton International Players Championships\") in Key Biscayne, Florida, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals. On March 30, 1998, her ranking broke into the top 10 for the first time, at No. 10\\.", "Williams played only one tournament on [clay](/wiki/Clay_courts \"Clay courts\") before the [1998 French Open](/wiki/1998_French_Open \"1998 French Open\"). At the [Italian Open](/wiki/Rome_Masters \"Rome Masters\") in Rome, she defeated her sister in the quarterfinals and No. 5, Sánchez Vicario, in the semifinals, before losing to No. 1, Hingis, in the final. She lost again to Hingis in the quarterfinals of the French Open. She lost her first match at the [Eastbourne International](/wiki/Direct_Line_International_Championships \"Direct Line International Championships\") on [grass](/wiki/Grass_court \"Grass court\"), before losing to No. 3 and eventual champion, [Jana Novotná](/wiki/Jana_Novotn%C3%A1 \"Jana Novotná\"), in the quarterfinals of Wimbledon. On July 27, 1998, her ranking rose to No. 5\\.", "Williams played three tournaments during the North American 1998 summer hardcourt season. She reached her fifth final of the year at the [Stanford Classic](/wiki/Bank_of_the_West_Classic \"Bank of the West Classic\") in California, defeating No. 6 [Monica Seles](/wiki/Monica_Seles \"Monica Seles\") in the semifinals before losing to No. 1 Davenport. Patellar [tendonitis](/wiki/Tendonitis \"Tendonitis\") in her left knee caused her to retire from her quarterfinal match in [San Diego](/wiki/Acura_Classic \"Acura Classic\") while trailing [Mary Pierce](/wiki/Mary_Pierce \"Mary Pierce\") in the third set. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/1998_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"1998 US Open (tennis)\"), Williams defeated fourth\\-seeded Sánchez Vicario in the quarterfinals before losing to second seeded and eventual champion Davenport in the semifinals. 1998 was the first year that Williams reached at least the quarterfinals of all majors.", "Williams played four tournaments in the remainder of 1998\\. She won her third title of the year at the [Grand Slam Cup](/wiki/Grand_Slam_Cup \"Grand Slam Cup\") in Munich in September, defeating No. 9 [Patty Schnyder](/wiki/Patty_Schnyder \"Patty Schnyder\") in the final. She lost in the second round of the [Porsche Tennis Grand Prix](/wiki/Porsche_Tennis_Grand_Prix \"Porsche Tennis Grand Prix\") in Filderstadt, before losing in the final of the Tier I [Swisscom Challenge](/wiki/Swisscom_Challenge \"Swisscom Challenge\") in Zürich to No. 1 Davenport and the semifinals of the Tier I Kremlin Cup in Moscow to Pierce. She had earned enough points during the year to participate in the year\\-ending [WTA Tour Championships](/wiki/WTA_Tour_Championships \"WTA Tour Championships\") but withdrew from the tournament because of tendonitis in her knee. She finished the year ranked No. 5\\.", "In 1998, Williams teamed with [Justin Gimelstob](/wiki/Justin_Gimelstob \"Justin Gimelstob\") to win the mixed doubles titles at the Australian Open and the French Open. Her sister Serena Williams won the other two Grand Slam mixed doubles titles that year, completing a \"Williams Family Mixed Doubles Grand Slam\". Williams won the first two women's doubles titles of her career, in Oklahoma City and Zürich. Both titles came with her sister, becoming only the third pair of sisters to win a WTA tour doubles title.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wtatennis.com/player/venus\\-williams\\_2257889\\_9027\\|title\\=WTA, Info, Venus Williams\\|publisher\\=WTA Tour, Inc.\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926090614/http://www.wtatennis.com/player/venus\\-williams\\_2257889\\_9027\\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2011}}", "### 1999: Three Tier I titles", "Williams started the 1999 tour in Australia, where she lost to No. 10 [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf \"Steffi Graf\") in the quarterfinals of the [Sydney International](/wiki/Sydney_International \"Sydney International\") and No. 1 Davenport in the quarterfinals of the [Australian Open](/wiki/1998_Australian_Open \"1998 Australian Open\"). However, she rebounded at the [Faber Grand Prix](/wiki/Faber_Grand_Prix \"Faber Grand Prix\") in [Hanover](/wiki/Hanover \"Hanover\"), defeating Graf for the first time in the semifinals before losing the final to No. 3 Novotná. Williams then successfully defended her titles in both Oklahoma City and Key Biscayne. She defeated Novotná and Graf to reach the final in Key Biscayne, where she defeated her sister in three sets in the first final on the WTA Tour to be contested by two sisters.", "Williams played four clay court events during the spring. She lost her first match at the [Amelia Island Championships](/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb_Championships \"Bausch & Lomb Championships\") in Florida. Three weeks later, however, she won her first title on clay at the [WTA Hamburg](/wiki/WTA_Hamburg \"WTA Hamburg\"), defeating [Mary Pierce](/wiki/Mary_Pierce \"Mary Pierce\") in the final. Williams then won the Tier I Italian Open in Rome, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals and No. 8 Pierce in the final. At the [French Open](/wiki/1999_French_Open \"1999 French Open\"), she extended her winning streak to 22 matches before losing in the fourth round to No. 125, [Barbara Schwartz](/wiki/Barbara_Schwartz_%28tennis%29 \"Barbara Schwartz (tennis)\"). Williams teamed with Serena Williams to win the women's doubles title at this event, the first Grand Slam title the pair won together.", "At [Wimbledon](/wiki/1999_Wimbledon_Championships \"1999 Wimbledon Championships\"), Williams defeated No. 17 [Anna Kournikova](/wiki/Anna_Kournikova \"Anna Kournikova\") in the fourth round to reach the quarterfinals for the second consecutive year, where she lost to eventual runner\\-up Graf.", "Williams rebounded in the summer when she won two [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup \"Fed Cup\") matches against Italy and lost in the final of the Stanford Classic to No. 1 Davenport. One week later, Williams defeated Davenport in the semifinals of the [San Diego Classic](/wiki/Acura_Classic \"Acura Classic\"), before losing to No. 2 Hingis in the final. In her last tournament before the [U.S. Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"US Open (tennis)\"), Williams won the [New Haven Open](/wiki/Pilot_Pen_Tennis \"Pilot Pen Tennis\") in Connecticut, defeating No. 5 Seles in the semifinals and Davenport in the final. On August 30, 1999, her world ranking reached third for the first time. Seeded third at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/1999_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"1999 US Open – Women's singles\"), Williams lost in the semifinals to No. 1 Hingis in three sets. However, she teamed with singles champion Serena Williams at this event to win their second Grand Slam women's doubles title.", "During the remainder of the year, Williams contributed to the victory of the [U.S. team](/wiki/USA_Fed_Cup_team \"USA Fed Cup team\") over [Russia](/wiki/Russia_Fed_Cup_team \"Russia Fed Cup team\") in the [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup \"Fed Cup\") final, winning one singles rubber before joining her sister to win the doubles rubber. At the Grand Slam Cup in Munich, Williams defeated Hingis in the semifinals before losing to her sister Serena for the first time in the final. Williams won her sixth title of the year at the Tier I event in Zurich, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the final. Four weeks later, she lost to Davenport in the semifinals of the tournament in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Advanta_Championships_of_Philadelphia \"Advanta Championships of Philadelphia\"). Making her debut at the year\\-ending WTA Championships, Williams lost to Hingis in the semifinals. She finished the year ranked No. 3\\.", "### 2000: Olympic gold medals and 1st \\& 2nd major titles", "In 2000, Williams missed the first five months of the year with [tendinitis](/wiki/Tendinitis \"Tendinitis\") in both wrists. She returned to the tour during the European clay court season. She lost in the quarterfinals of the [Betty Barclay Cup](/wiki/Betty_Barclay_Cup \"Betty Barclay Cup\") in Hamburg to [Amanda Coetzer](/wiki/Amanda_Coetzer \"Amanda Coetzer\") and in the third round of the [Tier I](/wiki/Tier_I \"Tier I\") [Italian Open](/wiki/Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"Italian Open (tennis)\") in Rome to [Jelena Dokić](/wiki/Jelena_Doki%C4%87 \"Jelena Dokić\"). Although she had won only two of her four matches before the [French Open](/wiki/2000_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2000 French Open – Women's singles\"), she was seeded fourth there. She won her first four matches in Paris without losing a set before losing in the quarterfinals to eighth\\-seeded and former champion Arantxa Sánchez, in three sets.", "Williams then won 35 consecutive singles matches and six tournaments. She won her first Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon, defeating No. 1, Martina Hingis, in the quarterfinals, sister Serena in the semifinal and defending champion, Lindsay Davenport, in the final. She also teamed with her sister Serena to win the women's doubles title at this event.", "She won three Tier II events during the North American summer hardcourt season, defeating Davenport in the final of the Silicon Valley Classic in Stanford and Monica Seles in the finals of both the San Diego Classic in and the [Pilot Pen Tennis](/wiki/Pilot_Pen_Tennis \"Pilot Pen Tennis\") championships in New Haven.", "At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2000_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2000 US Open (tennis)\"), Williams defeated No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals and No. 2 Davenport in the final. At the [2000 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics \"2000 Summer Olympics\") in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"), she defeated Sánchez Vicario in the quarterfinals, Seles in the semifinals, and [Elena Dementieva](/wiki/Elena_Dementieva \"Elena Dementieva\") in the final to win the gold medal. She also won the gold medal in women's doubles with her younger sister Serena. Davenport eventually snapped her winning streak in October in the final of the [Linz Open](/wiki/Generali_Ladies_Linz \"Generali Ladies Linz\"). Williams did not play a tournament the rest of the year because of [anemia](/wiki/Anemia \"Anemia\"). She finished the year ranked No. 3 and with six singles titles.", "### 2001: 3rd \\& 4th major titles", "[175px\\|thumb\\|left\\|Williams in 2001](/wiki/File:Venus_Williams_2001.jpg \"Venus Williams 2001.jpg\")\nIn 2001, Williams reached the semifinals of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2001_Australian_Open \"2001 Australian Open\") for the first time, where she lost to No. 1 Hingis. However, Williams teamed with her sister to win the doubles title at the event, completing a Career Golden Slam in women's doubles for the pair.", "Williams also reached the semifinals of the Tier I [Tennis Masters Series](/wiki/Pacific_Life_Open \"Pacific Life Open\") tournament in Indian Wells, where she [controversially defaulted her match](/wiki/Boycott_of_BNP_Paribas_Open_by_Venus_and_Serena_Williams \"Boycott of BNP Paribas Open by Venus and Serena Williams\") with her sister just before the match started. Williams had been suffering from knee tendinitis throughout the tournament and eventually this prevented her from playing. The following day, Williams and her father [Richard](/wiki/Richard_Williams_%28tennis_coach%29 \"Richard Williams (tennis coach)\") were booed as they made their way to their seats to watch the final.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/columns/story?columnist\\=drucker\\_joel\\&id\\=3952939\\|title\\=What Happened at Indian Wells?\\|work\\=ESPN\\|date\\=March 11, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=September 12, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912225416/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/columns/story?columnist\\=drucker\\_joel\\&id\\=3952939\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Serena Williams was subsequently booed during the final with Kim Clijsters and during the trophy presentation. Due to this, neither Williams sister entered the tournament for 14 years,{{cite web\\|last\\=Rogers\\|first\\=Martin\\|url\\=https://sports.yahoo.com/ten/blog/ten\\_experts/post/Indian\\-Wells\\-boycott\\-hurts\\-Williamses\\-more\\-than\\-;\\_ylt\\=Ag28GdIMVj.WIy422nR1Hfs4v7YF?urn\\=ten,149332\\|title\\=Indian Wells boycott hurts Williamses more than it helps\\|publisher\\=Sports.yahoo.com\\|date\\=September 13, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=October 30, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030231839/https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/tennis\\-busted\\-racquet/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} with her sister Serena entering in 2015 after appeals for forgiveness from the event and the WTA Tour. Williams rebounded from the Indian Wells 'boycott' controversy to win the next tournament on the tour calendar, the Tier I [Key Biscayne Open](/wiki/Ericsson_Open \"Ericsson Open\"). She defeated Hingis in the semifinals and No. 4 [Jennifer Capriati](/wiki/Jennifer_Capriati \"Jennifer Capriati\") in the final, after saving eight championship points. Because of this victory, her ranking rose to a career high of No. 2\\.", "During the European clay\\-court season, Williams won the Tier II tournament in Hamburg but lost in the third round of the Tier I [German Open](/wiki/WTA_German_Open \"WTA German Open\") to No. 18 Justine Henin and the first round of the [French Open](/wiki/2001_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2001 French Open – Women's singles\") to [Barbara Schett](/wiki/Barbara_Schett \"Barbara Schett\"). This was only the second time that she had lost in the first round of a Grand Slam singles tournament. Williams then successfully defended her Wimbledon title, defeating third\\-seeded Davenport in the semifinals and eighth\\-seeded Henin in three sets in Henin's first Wimbledon final.", "During the North American summer hardcourt season, Williams won for the second consecutive year the tournaments in San Diego, defeating Seles in the final, and in New Haven, defeating Davenport in the final. Williams also won the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2001_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2001 US Open – Women's singles\") singles title for the second consecutive year, without dropping a set. In the quarterfinals, she beat fifth\\-seeded Clijsters, followed by a semifinal victory over No. 2 Capriati. She played her sister Serena in the final, which was the first Grand Slam singles final contested by two sisters during the open era. Venus won the match and her fourth Grand Slam singles title. Williams also became only the sixth woman in history to win the singles titles at both Wimbledon and the U.S. Open in consecutive years, the others being [Martina Navratilova](/wiki/Martina_Navratilova \"Martina Navratilova\") (twice), [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf \"Steffi Graf\") (twice), [Althea Gibson](/wiki/Althea_Gibson \"Althea Gibson\"), [Maureen Connolly Brinker](/wiki/Maureen_Connolly_Brinker \"Maureen Connolly Brinker\"), and [Helen Wills Moody](/wiki/Helen_Wills_Moody \"Helen Wills Moody\") (twice).", "### 2002: World No. 1 ranking", "Williams began 2002 by winning the [Mondial Australian Women's Hardcourts](/wiki/Mondial_Australian_Women%27s_Hardcourts \"Mondial Australian Women's Hardcourts\") in Gold Coast, defeating Henin in the final. However, she then lost for the first time in her career to Seles in the quarterfinals of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2002_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2002 Australian Open – Women's singles\"). Williams then went on to win the [Open Gaz de France](/wiki/Open_Gaz_de_France \"Open Gaz de France\") in Paris when [Jelena Dokić](/wiki/Jelena_Doki%C4%87 \"Jelena Dokić\") withdrew from the final, and the [Proximus Diamond Games](/wiki/Proximus_Diamond_Games \"Proximus Diamond Games\") in Antwerp, defeating Henin in the final. As a result of her strong start to the season, Williams assumed the world No. 1 position for the first time on February 25, dislodging Capriati. Williams was the first African\\-American woman ever to hold the ranking. She held it for just three weeks before surrendering it back to Capriati.", "Williams failed to defend her title in Miami, after losing in the semifinals to her sister Serena. However, she made a strong start to the clay\\-court season, winning the Amelia Island Championships, defeating Henin in the final. A week after winning that tournament, she once again replaced Capriati as the No. 1, before losing it again to Capriati after three weeks. During those three weeks, Williams had made the final in Hamburg, defeating Hingis in the semifinals, before losing to Clijsters in the final. Seeded second at the [French Open](/wiki/2002_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2002 French Open – Women's singles\"), Williams defeated former champion Seles to reach the semifinals for the first time. There, she defeated [Clarisa Fernández](/wiki/Clarisa_Fern%C3%A1ndez \"Clarisa Fernández\"). In the final, Williams met her sister Serena for a second time in a Grand Slam final, with her sister winning. Williams once again replaced Capriati as the No. 1 as a result of reaching the final.", "As the top seed at [Wimbledon](/wiki/2002_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2002 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles\"), Williams defeated Henin in the semifinals to make the final for the third consecutive year. However, there, she lost to her sister Serena. This result meant Serena Williams replaced Venus as the No. 1\\. The Williams sisters teamed up to win the women's doubles title at the event, their fifth major women's doubles title together.", "Williams won the titles in San Diego and New Haven for the third consecutive year, defeating Davenport and Dokic to win the former and defeating Davenport in the final of the latter. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2002_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2002 US Open – Women's singles\"), Williams defeated Seles in the quarterfinals and [Amélie Mauresmo](/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Mauresmo \"Amélie Mauresmo\") in three sets to make the final. Playing her younger sister Serena for their third consecutive Grand Slam final, her sister won once again. After that, Williams played just four more matches during the season. She reached the semifinals at the year\\-ending [Tour Championships](/wiki/2001_WTA_Tour_Championships_%E2%80%93_Singles \"2001 WTA Tour Championships – Singles\") after defeating Seles in the quarterfinals, but she then was forced to retire against Clijsters due to injury. Williams finished the year ranked No. 2 having won seven titles, her best showing in both respects of her career.", "### 2003: Australian Open \\& Wimbledon finals, injuries", "Williams started 2003 by defeating fifth seed Justine Henin to make the final of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2003_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2003 Australian Open – Women's singles\") for the first time. In the final, however, she lost to her sister Serena. This marked the first time in the open era that the same two players had met in four consecutive Grand Slam finals (matched by [Rafael Nadal](/wiki/Rafael_Nadal \"Rafael Nadal\") \\& [Novak Djokovic](/wiki/Novak_Djokovic \"Novak Djokovic\") who met in Wimbledon 2011 final through the French Open 2012 final). Venus and Serena Williams teamed to win the women's doubles title at the event, their sixth Grand Slam title in women's doubles.", "In February, Williams won the Proximus Diamond Games in Antwerp for the second consecutive year, defeating Kim Clijsters in the final. However, shortly afterwards, she began to struggle with injury. She reached the final of the clay\\-court [J\\&S Cup](/wiki/J%26S_Cup \"J&S Cup\") in Warsaw, before being forced to retire against Amélie Mauresmo. She then suffered her earliest exit at a Grand Slam tournament in two years when she lost in the fourth round of the [French Open](/wiki/2003_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2003 French Open – Women's singles\") to [Vera Zvonareva](/wiki/Vera_Zvonareva \"Vera Zvonareva\").", "At [Wimbledon](/wiki/2003_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2003 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles\"), Williams was seeded fourth. Williams defeated former champion Lindsay Davenport in the quarterfinals and Kim Clijsters in the semifinals to advance to her fourth consecutive Wimbledon final, where she lost again to sister Serena.", "Wimbledon was Williams's last event of the year as an abdominal injury that occurred during the Clijsters match prevented her from playing again. While she was recovering from the injury, her sister [Yetunde Price](/wiki/Yetunde_Price \"Yetunde Price\") was murdered.Keating, Gina; Tippit, Sarah. [Eldest sister of Venus, Serena shot dead](http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/sep/15williams.htm) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215547/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/sep/15williams.htm \\|date\\=March 3, 2016 }}, *Rediff*, September 15, 2003\\. Retrieved July 6, 2008\\. Williams finished the year ranked No. 11\\. It was the first time in nearly six years that she had dropped out of the top 10\\.", "### 2004: Tough losses and further injuries", "In 2004, Williams came back to the tour suffering inconsistent results. As the third seed because of a protected ranking, she reached the third round of the Australian Open, where she lost to [Lisa Raymond](/wiki/Lisa_Raymond \"Lisa Raymond\"). She then lost in the quarterfinals of her next three tournaments.", "Williams began to find her form at the beginning of the clay\\-court season. At the Tier I [Family Circle Cup](/wiki/Family_Circle_Cup \"Family Circle Cup\") in Charleston, Williams defeated [Conchita Martínez](/wiki/Conchita_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Conchita Martínez\") in the final to win her first title in over a year and the second Tier I title on clay of her career. She then won in Warsaw, defeating [Svetlana Kuznetsova](/wiki/Svetlana_Kuznetsova \"Svetlana Kuznetsova\") in the final, before reaching the final of the Tier I German Open in Berlin. She then withdrew from that match against Mauresmo due to injury. Going into the [French Open](/wiki/2004_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2004 French Open – Women's singles\"), Williams had the best clay\\-court record among the women and was among the favorites to win the title; however, after making the quarterfinals to extend her winning streak on the surface to 19 matches, she lost to eventual champion [Anastasia Myskina](/wiki/Anastasia_Myskina \"Anastasia Myskina\"). Despite her defeat, she re\\-entered the top 10\\.", "In [Wimbledon](/wiki/2004_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2004 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles\"), Williams lost a controversial second\\-round match to Croatian [Karolina Šprem](/wiki/Karolina_%C5%A0prem \"Karolina Šprem\"). The umpire of the match, Ted Watts, awarded Šprem an unearned point in the second\\-set tiebreak. Upon the conclusion of the match, he was relieved of his duties.Burt, Jason. [Seeds are shaken by Sprem's flowering talent](https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/seeds-are-shaken-by-sprems-flowering-talent-733646.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725031131/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/seeds\\-are\\-shaken\\-by\\-sprems\\-flowering\\-talent\\-733646\\.html \\|date\\=July 25, 2010 }}, *The Independent*, June 27, 2004\\. Retrieved July 6, 2008\\. This defeat marked the first time since 1997 that Williams had exited Wimbledon prior to the quarterfinals. After Wimbledon, she reached her fourth final of the year at the Stanford Classic in California, where she was beaten by Lindsay Davenport for the first time since 2000\\.", "As the defending champion at the [Athens Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics \"Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics\"), Williams lost in the third round to Mary Pierce. She then won three very close matches against [Petra Mandula](/wiki/Petra_Mandula \"Petra Mandula\"), [Shikha Uberoi](/wiki/Shikha_Uberoi \"Shikha Uberoi\") and [Chanda Rubin](/wiki/Chanda_Rubin \"Chanda Rubin\") to make the fourth round of the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2004_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2004 US Open – Women's singles\") where she lost to Davenport, the first time she had ever lost at the U.S. Open prior to the semifinals. Williams completed the year by losing in the quarterfinals of three indoor tournaments in the fall, a period that included defeat in her first meeting with 17\\-year\\-old Wimbledon champion Maria Sharapova at the [Zurich Open](/wiki/Zurich_Open \"Zurich Open\"). Williams finished the year as No. 9 and did not qualify for the year\\-ending WTA Tour Championships.", "### 2005: Third Wimbledon title", "In 2005, Williams started the year by losing in the fourth round of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2005_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2005 Australian Open – Women's singles\") to Alicia Molik. She then reached the final in Antwerp, defeating Clijsters and Myskina en route. In the final, Williams was a set and a service break up against Mauresmo before eventually losing.", "In March, at the [Miami Open](/wiki/NASDAQ-100_Open \"NASDAQ-100 Open\"), she defeated sister Serena in the quarterfinals, the first time she had defeated her since 2001\\. Venus Williams went on to lose in the semifinals to No. 3 Sharapova. In May, she won her first title in over a year at the clay\\-courts at the [İstanbul Cup](/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Cup \"İstanbul Cup\"), defeating Nicole Vaidišová in the final. However, at the French Open, she lost in the third round to 15\\-year\\-old [Sesil Karatantcheva](/wiki/Sesil_Karatantcheva \"Sesil Karatantcheva\"), who subsequently tested positive for steroids and was suspended.", "Williams was seeded 14th for the [Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2005_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2005 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles\"). In the quarterfinals of the tournament, she defeated French Open runner\\-up Pierce in a second\\-set tiebreak, winning it 12–10 to make the semifinals of a Grand Slam for the first time in two years. There, she defeated defending champion and second\\-seeded Sharapova to make the Wimbledon final for the fifth time in six years. Playing top\\-seeded Davenport in the final, Williams saved a match point with a backhand winner en route to winning. This was her third Wimbledon singles title, her fifth Grand Slam singles title overall and her first since 2001\\. It was the first time in 70 years that a player had won after being down match point during the women's final at Wimbledon.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Clarey \\|first\\=Christopher \\|date\\=2005\\-07\\-03 \\|title\\=In an Epic Wimbledon Final, Williams Prevails \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/03/sports/tennis/in\\-an\\-epic\\-wimbledon\\-final\\-williams\\-prevails.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-05 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}", "Williams reached her fourth final of the year in Stanford, where she lost to Clijsters. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2005_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2005 US Open (tennis)\"), Williams achieved her second consecutive win over sister Serena in the fourth round, but then lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champion Kim Clijsters. Williams did not qualify for the year\\-ending Tour Championships because of an injury sustained during the [China Open](/wiki/China_Open_%28tennis%29 \"China Open (tennis)\"). She finished the year ranked No. 10\\. It was the first year since 2001 that she had finished a year ranked higher than her sister Serena Williams.", "[thumb\\|left\\|Venus Williams prepares to serve during the 2006 J\\&S Cup in Warsaw](/wiki/File:VenusWilliams.jpg \"VenusWilliams.jpg\")", "### 2006: Wrist injury and drop in the rankings", "In 2006, Williams was upset in the first round of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2006_Australian_Open \"2006 Australian Open\") by [Tsvetana Pironkova](/wiki/Tsvetana_Pironkova \"Tsvetana Pironkova\"), which was her earliest loss ever at that tournament. After that loss, she did not play again for three months due to a wrist injury. She returned in late April on clay in Warsaw, where she defeated former No. 1 Hingis in the second round, before losing to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the quarterfinals. Williams completed the clay\\-court season by reaching the quarterfinals of the [French Open](/wiki/2006_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2006 French Open – Women's singles\"), where she lost to Nicole Vaidišová.", "Williams was the defending champion and one of the favorites to win the singles title at [Wimbledon](/wiki/2006_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2006 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles\"). However, she lost in the third round to 26th\\-seeded Jelena Janković. After the loss, Williams said that she was having pain in her left wrist, although she admitted that the injury was not the cause of her loss. Williams did not play in the [U.S. Open Series](/wiki/US_Open_Series \"US Open Series\") or the [U.S. Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"US Open (tennis)\") itself due to the wrist injury. In October, during her first tournament in almost three months, she reinjured her wrist at the [Luxembourg Open](/wiki/Fortis_Championships_Luxembourg \"Fortis Championships Luxembourg\") and lost in the second round to qualifier [Agnieszka Radwańska](/wiki/Agnieszka_Radwa%C5%84ska \"Agnieszka Radwańska\"). Williams finished the season as No. 46, her lowest finish since she began to play on the WTA Tour full\\-time in 1997\\. It was the second consecutive year she finished higher than her sister Serena, who finished the year at No. 95\\.", "### 2007: Fourth Wimbledon title", "Williams withdrew from the [2007 Australian Open](/wiki/2007_Australian_Open \"2007 Australian Open\"), the second consecutive Grand Slam that she had missed due to her recurring wrist injury. She returned in February at the [Cellular South Cup](/wiki/Regions_Morgan_Keegan_Championships_and_the_Cellular_South_Cup \"Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup\") in Memphis, defeating top\\-seeded [Shahar Pe'er](/wiki/Shahar_Pe%27er \"Shahar Pe'er\") in the final, her first singles title since her victory at Wimbledon in 2005\\.", "At the beginning of the clay\\-court season, Williams reached the semifinals of the Tier I Charleston Open, where she lost to Janković on a third set tiebreak. She also lost to fourth seed Janković in the third round of the [French Open](/wiki/2007_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2007 French Open – Women's singles\"), her third consecutive loss to Janković. During her second round win over [Ashley Harkleroad](/wiki/Ashley_Harkleroad \"Ashley Harkleroad\"), Williams hit a {{convert\\|206\\|km/h\\|mi/h\\|abbr\\=on}} serve, which was the second fastest woman's serve ever recorded and the fastest ever recorded during a main draw match at the time.", "Williams was ranked No. 31 going into [Wimbledon](/wiki/2007_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2007 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles\") and was seeded 23rd at the tournament due to her previous results at Wimbledon. Williams was a game away from defeat in her first round match against [Alla Kudryavtseva](/wiki/Alla_Kudryavtseva \"Alla Kudryavtseva\") and in her third round match against [Akiko Morigami](/wiki/Akiko_Morigami \"Akiko Morigami\") she was two points away from defeat, but she eventually won both 7–5 in the third set. She then advanced to reach her sixth Wimbledon final, after beating Maria Sharapova, Svetlana Kuznetsova and Ana Ivanovic in straight sets en route, where she defeated 18th seed [Marion Bartoli](/wiki/Marion_Bartoli \"Marion Bartoli\") also in straight sets. Williams thus became only the fourth woman in the open era to win Wimbledon at least four times, along with [Billie Jean King](/wiki/Billie_Jean_King \"Billie Jean King\"), Martina Navratilova and Steffi Graf. She also became the lowest\\-seeded Wimbledon champion in history, breaking the record she herself set in 2005\\. Williams returned to the top 20 as a result of the win.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://sport.monstersandcritics.com/tennis/article\\_1327281\\.php/Williams\\_joins\\_womens\\_elite\\_with\\_fourth\\_Wimbledon\\_title\\|title\\=Williams joins women's elite with fourth Wimbledon title\\|publisher\\=Sport.monstersandcritics.com\\|date\\=July 7, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313111440/http://sport.monstersandcritics.com/tennis/article\\_1327281\\.php/Williams\\_joins\\_womens\\_elite\\_with\\_fourth\\_Wimbledon\\_title\\|archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2008}}", "At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2007_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2007 US Open – Women's singles\"), after setting a Grand\\-Slam record {{convert\\|129\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} serve in the opening round,{{cite magazine\\|magazine\\=Sports Illustrated\\|url\\=http://sportsillustrated.com/2007/tennis/08/27/venus.serve/\\|title\\=Sister Sister: Venus sets record with {{convert\\|129\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} serve; Serena sails\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2008\\|date\\=August 27, 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130203104957/http://sportsillustrated.com/2007/tennis/08/27/venus.serve/\\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2013}} Williams advanced to her first Grand Slam semifinal outside of Wimbledon since 2003\\. However she then lost to eventual champion [Justine Henin](/wiki/Justine_Henin \"Justine Henin\"). The tournament resulted in Williams's ranking moving up to No. 9\\. Williams then won her third title of the year at the [Korea Open](/wiki/Hansol_Korea_Open_Tennis_Championships \"Hansol Korea Open Tennis Championships\") in Seoul, defeating [Maria Kirilenko](/wiki/Maria_Kirilenko \"Maria Kirilenko\") in the final, before then losing in the final of the [Japan Open Tennis Championships](/wiki/Japan_Open_Tennis_Championships \"Japan Open Tennis Championships\") in Tokyo to [Virginie Razzano](/wiki/Virginie_Razzano \"Virginie Razzano\"). Williams had earned enough points during the year to qualify for the year\\-ending WTA Championships in Madrid; however, she withdrew because of continuing problems with anemia.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wtatennis.com/1/newsroom/stories/?ContentID\\=1848\\|title\\=Sharapova, Hantuchová Round Out Elite Eight Field}}", "### 2008: Fifth Wimbledon title, and Olympic gold in doubles", "In 2008, as the eighth seed at the Australian Open, Williams reached the quarterfinals for the first time since 2003\\. However, she then lost to eventual runner\\-up [Ana Ivanovic](/wiki/Ana_Ivanovic \"Ana Ivanovic\"). Williams made her first semifinal of the year at the [Bangalore Open](/wiki/Bangalore_Open \"Bangalore Open\") in India, where she met sister Serena for the first time since 2005 with Serena Williams winning despite Venus Williams holding a match point in the third set tie break.", "Williams missed two tournaments at the beginning of the clay\\-court season due to undisclosed medical problems.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tennis\\-x.com/ptfstory/2008\\-04\\-09/637\\.php\\|title\\=Venus Williams Out of Tennis Indefinitely with Mystery Illness\\|publisher\\=Tennis\\-x.com\\|date\\=April 9, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=July 12, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712030235/http://www.tennis\\-x.com/ptfstory/2008\\-04\\-09/637\\.php\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} At the French Open, Williams was seeded eighth but was eliminated by 26th\\-seeded Italian [Flavia Pennetta](/wiki/Flavia_Pennetta \"Flavia Pennetta\") in the third round.", "Williams was the defending champion and seventh\\-seeded player at [Wimbledon](/wiki/2008_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2008 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles\"). Without dropping a set, she reached her seventh Wimbledon singles final. She then won her fifth Wimbledon singles title, and seventh Grand Slam singles title overall, by beating sister Serena in straight sets. This was the first time since 2003 that Venus and Serena Williams had played each other in a Grand Slam final and was the first time since 2001 that Venus had defeated her in a Grand Slam final. Venus and Serena Williams then teamed to win the women's doubles title, their first Grand Slam doubles title together since 2003\\.", "Williams lost in the quarterfinals of the [Beijing Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics \"Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics\") to [Li Na](/wiki/Li_Na \"Li Na\"). She did, however, earn a gold medal along with her sister Serena in women's doubles, their second gold medal as a team, having won together at the [Sydney Olympics](/wiki/Sydney_Olympics \"Sydney Olympics\") in 2000\\. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2008_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2008 US Open – Women's singles\"), Williams was playing some of her best tennis since dominating the circuit in 2003, However, she was defeated in two tiebreaks by Serena Williams (the eventual tournament winner) in a close quarterfinal match, after Williams had led 5–3 in both sets.", "[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|Venus Williams at the 2008 Tour Championships](/wiki/File:Venus_Williams_at_the_2008_WTA_Tour_Championships.jpg \"Venus Williams at the 2008 WTA Tour Championships.jpg\")\nAt the [Porsche Tennis Grand Prix](/wiki/Porsche_Tennis_Grand_Prix \"Porsche Tennis Grand Prix\") in Stuttgart in October, Williams defeated a player ranked in the top three for the first time that season by defeating No. 3 [Dinara Safina](/wiki/Dinara_Safina \"Dinara Safina\") to reach her third semifinal of the year. There, she lost to Janković. A fortnight later, Williams won the [Zurich Open](/wiki/Zurich_Open \"Zurich Open\"), defeating Ivanovic in the semifinals before defeating Pennetta in the final to claim her second title of the year and secure a position in the year\\-ending [2008 WTA Tour Championships](/wiki/2008_WTA_Tour_Championships \"2008 WTA Tour Championships\") in Doha. There, Williams defeated No. 2 Safina, No. 3 Serena Williams and No. 5 Dementieva in the preliminary round\\-robin stage. In the semifinals, Williams defeated No. 1 Janković before winning the year\\-ending tournament for the first time by defeating Vera Zvonareva in the final. She ended the year ranked No. 6 with three titles and a winning percentage of 78 percent.", "### 2009: Four consecutive major doubles titles", "As the sixth seed at the [2009 Australian Open](/wiki/2009_Australian_Open \"2009 Australian Open\"), Williams lost in the second round to [Carla Suárez Navarro](/wiki/Carla_Su%C3%A1rez_Navarro \"Carla Suárez Navarro\"), after holding a match point in the third set. However, she teamed up with her sister Serena to win the women's doubles title at the event, their eighth Grand Slam doubles title together. Williams rebounded in singles play in February at the Premier 5 (formerly Tier I) [Dubai Tennis Championships](/wiki/Dubai_Tennis_Championships \"Dubai Tennis Championships\"), defeating defending champion and No. 4 Dementieva in the quarterfinals and No. 1 Serena Williams in the semifinals on a third set tiebreak. The latter win meant that Williams led the head\\-to\\-head in career matches with her sister for the first time since 2002\\. Williams went on to defeat [Virginie Razzano](/wiki/Virginie_Razzano \"Virginie Razzano\") in the final. This win meant Williams was ranked in the top five for the first time since 2003, while it also marked her 40th professional singles title, only the twelfth player in the Open era to achieve the feat.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wtatennis.com/1/newsroom/stories/?ContentID\\=3015\\|title\\=Williams Beats Razzano for 40th Career Singles Title}} Williams won another title the following week at the Abierto Mexicano in Acapulco defeating Pennetta in the final. This was her first title on clay since 2005\\.", "On European clay, Williams reached the semifinals in Rome before losing to No. 1 Safina. This run meant Williams was ranked in the top three for the first time since 2003\\. Seeded third at the [French Open](/wiki/2009_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2009 French Open – Women's singles\"), Williams lost to [Ágnes Szávay](/wiki/%C3%81gnes_Sz%C3%A1vay \"Ágnes Szávay\") in the third round, the third consecutive year she had exited at that stage.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8073573\\.stm\\|title\\=Venus crashes out of French Open\\|date\\=May 29, 2009\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=May 30, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=May 30, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530011957/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8073573\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Williams was seeded third at [Wimbledon](/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2009 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles\"). She advanced to her eighth Wimbledon final, at which point she had won 34 straight sets (held since Wimbledon 2007\\). In the final, however, she lost the first set tie\\-break, and from then on lost in two sets to sister Serena. The Williams sisters teamed up to win the doubles tournament for the fourth time.", "In [Stanford](/wiki/2009_Bank_of_the_West_Classic \"2009 Bank of the West Classic\"), Williams defeated Maria Sharapova and Elena Dementieva to advance to the finals, where she would lose to [Marion Bartoli](/wiki/Marion_Bartoli \"Marion Bartoli\"). Teaming with her sister, she played doubles and won the title, defeating [Monica Niculescu](/wiki/Monica_Niculescu \"Monica Niculescu\") and [Chan Yung\\-jan](/wiki/Chan_Yung-jan \"Chan Yung-jan\").\n[thumb\\|175px\\|right\\|Williams lost at the US Open to the eventual champion Clijsters.](/wiki/File:Venus_at_us_open_2009-cropped.jpg \"Venus at us open 2009-cropped.jpg\")\nAt the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2009_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2009 US Open (tennis)\"), as the third seed, Williams made it to the fourth round, before losing to Kim Clijsters in three sets. Williams then teamed up with Serena Williams to play doubles at the open, where they won the title over defending champions and No. 1s in doubles, [Cara Black](/wiki/Cara_Black \"Cara Black\") and [Liezel Huber](/wiki/Liezel_Huber \"Liezel Huber\"), claiming their third major doubles title in 2009\\.", "Williams's last tournament in 2009 was the year\\-ending [Tour Championships](/wiki/2009_WTA_Tour_Championships \"2009 WTA Tour Championships\"), where she was the defending champion in singles. She was in the maroon group which includes her sister Serena Williams, along with Elena Dementieva and Svetlana Kuznetsova. She lost her first match against Dementieva, and her second match against her sister Serena\\- both in straight sets, after taking the first set. In her third and final round\\-robin match, Williams defeated Kuznetsova. Because of Dementieva's loss to Kuznetsova in their round robin match, Williams advanced to the semifinal of the championships. In her semifinal match, she defeated Jelena Janković of Serbia to advance to her second consecutive final in the tournament which she lost to her sister Serena. In doubles, Williams teamed with her sister as the second seeds. However, they lost to [Nuria Llagostera Vives](/wiki/Nuria_Llagostera_Vives \"Nuria Llagostera Vives\") and [María José Martínez Sánchez](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_S%C3%A1nchez \"María José Martínez Sánchez\") in the semifinal. Their doubles record at the end of the year stood at 24–2\\.", "Williams finished 2009 ranked No. 6 in singles (with a winning percentage of 70 percent) and No. 3 in doubles with Serena Williams, in spite of them playing only six events together that year.", "### 2010: No. 2 in singles and No. 1 doubles", "Williams played at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2010_Australian_Open \"2010 Australian Open\") as the sixth seed. She defeated 17th\\-seeded [Francesca Schiavone](/wiki/Francesca_Schiavone \"Francesca Schiavone\") in the fourth round. She was two points from defeating 16th\\-seeded Li Na in the quarterfinals before losing in three sets. In doubles, she teamed with her sister Serena to successfully defend their title, defeating the top\\-ranked team of Cara Black and Liezel Huber in the final. She went onto the clay courts at the [Mexican Open](/wiki/2010_Abierto_Mexicano_Telcel \"2010 Abierto Mexicano Telcel\") in Acapulco, where she was the defending champion. She reached the semifinals after recovering from a 1–5 third set deficit to [Laura Pous Tió](/wiki/Laura_Pous_Ti%C3%B3 \"Laura Pous Tió\") in the quarterfinals. In the final, she defeated first\\-time finalist [Polona Hercog](/wiki/Polona_Hercog \"Polona Hercog\") from Slovenia. This was her 43rd career title, the most among active female players.", "Her next tournament was the Premier Mandatory [Miami Open](/wiki/2010_Sony_Ericsson_Open \"2010 Sony Ericsson Open\") in Key Biscayne, where she was seeded third. She defeated No. 9, Agnieszka Radwańska, in the quarterfinals and No. 13, Marion Bartoli, in the semifinals to reach her third straight WTA Tour final and fourth Miami Open final. She was defeated by Kim Clijsters in the final in just 58 minutes, ending her 15\\-match winning streak. By reaching the final, her ranking improved to No. 4 and she crossed the $26 million mark in career prize money, the only player besides Serena Williams to do so.", "The knee injury that hampered her during the final of the Miami Open forced her to skip the [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup \"Fed Cup\") tie against Russia and the [Porsche Tennis Grand Prix](/wiki/2010_Porsche_Tennis_Grand_Prix \"2010 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix\"). Williams returned to the tour at the Premier 5 [Italian Open](/wiki/2010_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2010 Italian Open (tennis)\") in Rome. She suffered the worst defeat of her career in the quarterfinals, losing to No. 4 Jelena Janković. Despite this loss, her ranking improved to No. 3 on May 10\\.", "Her next tournament was the [Madrid Open](/wiki/Madrid_Open_%28tennis%29 \"Madrid Open (tennis)\"), a Premier Mandatory tournament. She lost to [Aravane Rezaï](/wiki/Aravane_Reza%C3%AF \"Aravane Rezaï\") in the final. In doubles, she teamed with her sister Serena to win the title.", "On May 17, her ranking improved to No. 2, behind only Serena. This was the fourth time that the Williams sisters have occupied the top two spots, and the first time since May 2003\\.", "Her next tournament was the [French Open](/wiki/2010_French_Open \"2010 French Open\"), where she played both singles and doubles despite her knee injury. Seeded second in singles, she advanced past the third round at this tournament for the first time since 2006 before losing to [Nadia Petrova](/wiki/Nadia_Petrova \"Nadia Petrova\") in the round of 16\\. She also played doubles with Serena as the top seeds. Their defeat of Huber and [Anabel Medina Garrigues](/wiki/Anabel_Medina_Garrigues \"Anabel Medina Garrigues\") in the semifinals increased their doubles ranking to No. 1\\. They then defeated 12th seeded [Květa Peschke](/wiki/Kv%C4%9Bta_Peschke \"Květa Peschke\") and [Katarina Srebotnik](/wiki/Katarina_Srebotnik \"Katarina Srebotnik\") in the final to win their fourth consecutive Grand Slam women's doubles title. By virtue of reaching the No. 1\\-ranking in doubles on June 7, 2010, Venus and Serena became just the sixth and seventh women to reach the No. 1 ranking in both singles and doubles following in the footsteps of Martina Navratilova, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Martina Hingis, Lindsay Davenport, and Kim Clijsters.", "Her next tournament was the [Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships \"2010 Wimbledon Championships\"), where she had reached the final the previous three years. Despite her knee injury, she made it to the quarterfinals, where she lost to Tsvetana Pironkova. Pironkova was ranked No. 82 and had never gone past the second round of a Grand Slam event. As a result, Williams dropped to No. 4\\. She was the defending champion in doubles with her sister Serena, having won the tournament in the previous two years. However, they lost this time in the quarterfinals to [Elena Vesnina](/wiki/Elena_Vesnina \"Elena Vesnina\") and Vera Zvonareva.", "Williams then missed all tournaments in the [U.S. Open Series](/wiki/2010_US_Open_Series \"2010 US Open Series\") because of a left knee injury but still participated at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2010_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2010 US Open (tennis)\") as the third seed. She won three matches to move into the fourth round. Williams became one of only two women in 2010 (along with Caroline Wozniacki) to reach at least the fourth round at all four Grand Slam singles tournaments. Williams then defeated Pe'er and French Open champion Schiavone en route to her eighth U.S. Open semifinal, against defending champion Clijsters. Williams won the first set of their match and recovered from 5–2 down in the second set but ultimately double\\-faulted on a key point near the end of the match and lost in three sets. Because of Serena's withdrawal from the U.S. Open, Venus did not participate at the doubles event, where she was the defending champion.", "The recovery of her left knee took longer than expected and it forced her to miss the rest of 2010, including the year\\-ending [WTA Championships](/wiki/2010_WTA_Tour_Championships \"2010 WTA Tour Championships\") and [Fed Cup final](/wiki/2010_Fed_Cup \"2010 Fed Cup\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.usta.com/venus\\_williams\\_out\\_for\\_the\\_remainder\\_of\\_2010\\_will\\_miss\\_fed\\_cup\\_final/ \\|title\\=Venus Williams out for the remainder of 2010; Will miss Fed Cup Final, Pro Tennis – News \\|publisher\\=USTA \\|date\\=October 6, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 20, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320125146/http://www.usta.com/venus\\_williams\\_out\\_for\\_the\\_remainder\\_of\\_2010\\_will\\_miss\\_fed\\_cup\\_final/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Williams ended the year ranked fifth in singles, the first time she ended a year in the top five since 2002, while playing only nine tournaments. She finished the year ranked 11th in doubles.", "### 2011: Sjögren syndrome diagnosis", "Williams began the year at the final edition of [Hong Kong Tennis Classic](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tennis_Classic \"Hong Kong Tennis Classic\") exhibition event. She lost both her singles matches against Vera Zvonareva and Li Na, but she helped Team America to win the silver group. At the [Australian Open](/wiki/Australian_Open \"Australian Open\"), Williams retired in the second game of her third round match against [Andrea Petkovic](/wiki/Andrea_Petkovic \"Andrea Petkovic\") after sustaining a hip muscle injury in her second round.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/21/venus\\-williams\\-injury\\-withdraws\\-australian\\-open\\_n\\_812021\\.html \\|title\\=Venus Williams Injury: Tennis Star Withdraws From Australian Open \\|work\\=Huffington Post \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2011 \\|date\\=January 21, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 28, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128225001/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/21/venus\\-williams\\-injury\\-withdraws\\-australian\\-open\\_n\\_812021\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} This was Williams's first retirement during a match in a Grand Slam tournament since 1994 and thus ended her record of most Grand Slam matches without ever retiring, with 250 consecutive matches.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/20110121/venus\\-retires\\-petkovic\\-moves\\-through\\_2256076\\_2272879 \\|title\\=Venus Retires, Petkovic Moves Through \\|publisher\\=Wtatennis.com \\|date\\=January 21, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 5, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005120019/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/20110121/venus\\-retires\\-petkovic\\-moves\\-through\\_2256076\\_2272879 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} This was also her first retirement from a match since [LA Women's Championships](/wiki/East_West_Bank_Classic \"East West Bank Classic\") in Los Angeles in 2004, ending her 294 consecutive matches without retiring. The injury forced Williams to pull out of the Fed Cup quarterfinal against Belgium, the Dubai Tennis Championships, and the Mexican Open, where she was the two\\-time defending champion in both tournaments. She subsequently withdrew from the Miami Open causing her ranking to drop to No. 15\\. She also missed the clay court season which caused her ranking to drop to No. 29\\. Her absence from the [French Open](/wiki/2011_French_Open \"2011 French Open\") marked the first Grand Slam tournament since the [2003 U.S. Open](/wiki/2003_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2003 US Open (tennis)\") where neither of the Williams sisters were competing.", "Williams then made her first appearance since the Australian Open in [Eastbourne](/wiki/2011_Aegon_International \"2011 Aegon International\"). Unseeded, she lost for the first time in eleven meetings to [Daniela Hantuchová](/wiki/Daniela_Hantuchov%C3%A1 \"Daniela Hantuchová\") in the quarterfinals. She was seeded 23rd at the [2011 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2011_Wimbledon_Championships \"2011 Wimbledon Championships\"). She played for nearly three hours in her second round match against Japanese veteran [Kimiko Date\\-Krumm](/wiki/Kimiko_Date-Krumm \"Kimiko Date-Krumm\"), winning in three tough sets. She then defeated Spaniard [María José Martínez Sánchez](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_S%C3%A1nchez \"María José Martínez Sánchez\") in the third round, but was defeated by Bulgarian 32nd seed [Tsvetana Pironkova](/wiki/Tsvetana_Pironkova \"Tsvetana Pironkova\") in the fourth round.", "Originally scheduled to participate in the [2011 Rogers Cup](/wiki/2011_Rogers_Cup \"2011 Rogers Cup\") in Toronto and the [2011 Western \\& Southern Open](/wiki/2011_Western_%26_Southern_Open \"2011 Western & Southern Open\") in Cincinnati, Williams withdrew due to viral illness.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Venus\\-Williams\\-Out\\-Again\\-For\\-The\\-Western\\-\\-\\-Souther.aspx \\|title\\=Venus Williams Out Again For The Western \\& Southern Open \\|work\\=tennisnow.com \\|year\\=2011 \\|access\\-date\\=September 1, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 9, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009122351/http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Venus\\-Williams\\-Out\\-Again\\-For\\-The\\-Western\\-\\-\\-Souther.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Her next scheduled tournament was the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2011_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2011 US Open (tennis)\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Lynch\\|first\\=Lauren\\|title\\=Venus Williams Out Again For The Western \\& Southern Open\\|url\\=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Venus\\-Williams\\-Out\\-Again\\-For\\-The\\-Western\\-\\-\\-Souther.aspx\\|publisher\\=Tennis Now\\|access\\-date\\=August 16, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=October 9, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009122351/http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Venus\\-Williams\\-Out\\-Again\\-For\\-The\\-Western\\-\\-\\-Souther.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Unseeded at the U.S. Open, Williams defeated [Vesna Dolonc](/wiki/Vesna_Dolonc \"Vesna Dolonc\") in the first round. She was scheduled to meet 22nd seed [Sabine Lisicki](/wiki/Sabine_Lisicki \"Sabine Lisicki\") in the second round, but withdrew before the match began after being diagnosed with [Sjögren syndrome](/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome \"Sjögren syndrome\"), an [autoimmune disease](/wiki/Autoimmune_disease \"Autoimmune disease\") which causes fatigue and muscle and joint pain.{{cite news \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|url\\=http://www.espn.com/tennis/usopen11/story/\\_/id/6914019/2011\\-us\\-open\\-venus\\-williams\\-withdraws\\-illness \\|title\\=Venus Williams Pulls Out with illness \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ESPN]] Online \\|year\\=2011 \\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 2, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202061149/http://www.espn.com/tennis/usopen11/story/\\_/id/6914019/2011\\-us\\-open\\-venus\\-williams\\-withdraws\\-illness \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|author\\=Lila \\|url\\=http://www.celebritydiagnosis.com/2011/08/venus\\-williams\\-leaves\\-us\\-open\\-10\\-things\\-you\\-should\\-know\\-about\\-sjogrens\\-syndrome/ \\|title\\=Venus Williams Leaves US Open. 10 Things You Should Know About Sjogren's Syndrome \\|publisher\\=Celebritydiagnosis.com \\|date\\=August 31, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 25, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425052026/http://www.celebritydiagnosis.com/2011/08/venus\\-williams\\-leaves\\-us\\-open\\-10\\-things\\-you\\-should\\-know\\-about\\-sjogrens\\-syndrome/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} This was the first time in her career that she did not reach the quarterfinals or better in any of the Grand Slam tournaments in a season. As a result, her ranking dropped to one\\-hundred and five.", "Williams did not play for the rest of the year at a competitive level; she appeared in three exhibitions tournaments in November and early December. She played against sister Serena in Colombia, which she won in straight sets.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug\\=ap\\-colombia\\-williamssisters\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201014524/http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug\\=ap\\-colombia\\-williamssisters\\|title\\=Venus defeats Serena in exhibition in Colombia\\|archive\\-date\\=December 1, 2011}} The week later, the sisters appeared in Milan, Italy to play exhibition against Italian duo Francesca Schiavone and Flavia Pennetta. Williams lost both her singles tie\\-break matches but won the doubles pairing with her sister.[Schiavone beats Venus, Serena in Milan](http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/Venus-Williams-Serena-Williams-lose-exhibition-matches-in-Milan-120311) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002021414/http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/Venus\\-Williams\\-Serena\\-Williams\\-lose\\-exhibition\\-matches\\-in\\-Milan\\-120311 \\|date\\=October 2, 2013 }} Williams played her third exhibition tournament in [Barbados](/wiki/Barbados \"Barbados\") where she lost to [Victoria Azarenka](/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka \"Victoria Azarenka\"). She ended the year ranked No. 102\\. This was her first year\\-end finish ranked outside of the top 50 since 1997\\.", "### 2012: Comeback and Olympic gold record", "Williams was scheduled to play in [Auckland](/wiki/2012_ASB_Classic \"2012 ASB Classic\") in preparation for the [Australian Open](/wiki/2012_Australian_Open \"2012 Australian Open\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/tennis/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=94\\&objectid\\=10774337 \\|title\\=Tennis: Venus Williams pulls out of ASB Classic \\|work\\=NZ Herald News \\|date\\=December 20, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 24, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224231854/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/tennis/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=94\\&objectid\\=10774337 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} but withdrew from both tournaments due to health problems, announcing that she would return to the WTA tour in February.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://venuswilliams.com/blogs.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1326141281\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=1,4\\&\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120143110/http://venuswilliams.com/blogs.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1326141281\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=1%2C4\\&\\|title\\=2012 Australia Open\\|archive\\-date\\=January 20, 2012}} This dropped her ranking to No. 135\\. In February, Williams returned to competition in the doubles match of the Fed Cup World Group II tie between USA and Belarus.[\"Vika, Serena to Headline Day One\"](http://www.fedcup.com/en/news/articles/vika,-serena-to-headline-day-one.aspx) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822202139/http://www.fedcup.com/en/news/articles/vika%2C\\-serena\\-to\\-headline\\-day\\-one.aspx \\|date\\=August 22, 2016 }}, FedCup, February 3, 2012\\. Playing with Liezel Huber, she won the dead\\-rubber in straight sets.", "Williams was granted wildcards to participate in the [Miami](/wiki/2012_Sony_Ericsson_Open \"2012 Sony Ericsson Open\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sonyericssonopen.com/News/Tennis/2012/Pretournament/Wildcards\\-Announced.aspx\\|title\\=Miami Open Tennis Homepage – Miami Open\\|work\\=Miami Open\\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130202171048/http://www.sonyericssonopen.com/News/Tennis/2012/Pretournament/Wildcards\\-Announced.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=February 2, 2013}} and [Charleston](/wiki/2012_Family_Circle_Cup \"2012 Family Circle Cup\") tournaments.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.familycirclecup.com/pages/articles/20120208124939\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120061206/http://www.familycirclecup.com/pages/articles/20120208124939\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 20, 2013\\|title\\=Volvo Cars Open\\|work\\=familycirclecup.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2015}} In the first round of Miami — her first singles match since the 2011 U.S. Open — Williams defeated Japanese veteran [Kimiko Date\\-Krumm](/wiki/Kimiko_Date-Krumm \"Kimiko Date-Krumm\"), in straight sets. In the second round, she defeated No. 3 [Petra Kvitová](/wiki/Petra_Kvitov%C3%A1 \"Petra Kvitová\"), her first top\\-3 victory since beating Svetlana Kuznetsova in 2009\\. In the third round, she saved a match point and defeated [Aleksandra Wozniak](/wiki/Aleksandra_Wozniak \"Aleksandra Wozniak\") in a three\\-set tiebreaker that ended a nearly three\\-hour match. In the round of 16, she bested No. 15 [Ana Ivanovic](/wiki/Ana_Ivanovic \"Ana Ivanovic\") in three sets to reach the quarterfinals, where she lost to the eventual champion, Agnieszka Radwańska in straight sets. Her run improved her ranking to No. 87\\. A week later in Charleston, she reached her second consecutive quarterfinal, where she lost in three sets to Samantha Stosur.", "[200px\\|thumb\\|left\\|Williams at the 2012 French Open](/wiki/File:Venus_Williams_Serve_%281%29.jpg \"Venus Williams Serve (1).jpg\")\nWilliams was granted wildcards to participate in [Madrid](/wiki/2012_Mutua_Madrid_Open \"2012 Mutua Madrid Open\") and [Rome](/wiki/2012_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2012 Italian Open (tennis)\"). In Madrid, she lost in the second round to Angelique Kerber, but still improved her ranking to No. 63\\. A week later in Rome, she reached her third quarterfinal of the four tournaments she had participated in with a straight\\-sets victory against Samantha Stosur in the third round. She lost in the quarterfinals, in straight sets, to the No. 2, defending and eventual champion, Maria Sharapova.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/6951314/Maria\\-Sharapova\\-ends\\-Venus\\-Williams\\-run\\|title\\=Maria Sharapova ends Venus Williams's run\\|work\\=Stuff\\|date\\=May 18, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193442/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/6951314/Maria\\-Sharapova\\-ends\\-Venus\\-Williams\\-run\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Her appearance in Rome increased her ranking to No. 52, placing her as the third\\-ranked American. She lost in the second round of the [French Open](/wiki/2012_French_Open \"2012 French Open\") to Agnieszka Radwańska, in straight sets.", "At [Wimbledon](/wiki/2012_Wimbledon_Championships \"2012 Wimbledon Championships\"), Williams was unseeded for the first time since 1997\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2012\\-06\\-20/wimbledon\\-venus\\-williams\\-unseeded/55706616/1\\|title\\=Venus Williams\\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2012\\|work\\=USA Today\\|date\\=June 20, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=June 23, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623084158/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2012\\-06\\-20/wimbledon\\-venus\\-williams\\-unseeded/55706616/1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She lost to [Elena Vesnina](/wiki/Elena_Vesnina \"Elena Vesnina\") in the first round in straight sets.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/9354440/Wimbledon\\-2012\\-Venus\\-Williams\\-suffers\\-worst\\-defeat\\-since\\-1997\\-as\\-Elena\\-Vesnina\\-knocks\\-her\\-out\\-in\\-round\\-one.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/9354440/Wimbledon\\-2012\\-Venus\\-Williams\\-suffers\\-worst\\-defeat\\-since\\-1997\\-as\\-Elena\\-Vesnina\\-knocks\\-her\\-out\\-in\\-round\\-one.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 10, 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Venus Williams\\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2012 \\| location\\=London\\|work\\=The Daily Telegraph\\|first\\=Oliver\\|last\\=Brown\\|date\\=June 25, 2012}}{{cbignore}} This was the first time Williams lost in the first round of a Grand Slam since the 2006 Australian Open, and her first opening round loss at Wimbledon since her debut in 1997\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon12/story/\\_/id/8093098/2012\\-wimbledon\\-venus\\-williams\\-ousted\\-first\\-round\\|title\\=Venus ousted in first round at Wimbledon\\|date\\=June 25, 2012\\|website\\=ESPN\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203411/https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon12/story/\\_/id/8093098/2012\\-wimbledon\\-venus\\-williams\\-ousted\\-first\\-round\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Williams fared better in her return to doubles competition where she played alongside her sister Serena. In just the pair's first tournament since [2010 Wimbledon](/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships \"2010 Wimbledon Championships\"), the unseeded sisters advanced to the final with victories over fourth\\-seeds Maria Kirilenko and Nadia Petrova in the second round and top\\-seeds Liezel Huber and Lisa Raymond in the semifinals. The Williams sisters claimed their fifth Wimbledon doubles title after defeating sixth\\-seeds [Andrea Hlaváčková](/wiki/Andrea_Hlav%C3%A1%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1 \"Andrea Hlaváčková\") and [Lucie Hradecká](/wiki/Lucie_Hradeck%C3%A1 \"Lucie Hradecká\") in straight sets in the final, on the same day Serena Williams won her fifth Wimbledon singles title.", "Williams's next stop was the [2012 London Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics \"Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics\") which was held at the All England Club, Wimbledon. She entered the women's singles and women's doubles events, partnering with sister Serena in doubles. In singles, Williams defeated Sara Errani and Aleksandra Wozniak in convincing fashion to reach the third round where she faced Angelique Kerber. She lost to Kerber in two tiebreaks despite having three set points and leading in the tiebreak in the first set. In doubles, the unseeded Williams sisters advanced to the final, which was a repeat of their final at Wimbledon against Hlaváčková and Hradecká. The sisters won their third gold medal in doubles after defeating the Czech pair in straight sets. With the win (and her sister Serena's win in the singles event), the Williams sisters claimed the most Olympic gold medals of any other tennis player, male or female.", "Next, Williams played at [Cincinnati](/wiki/2012_Western_%26_Southern_Open \"2012 Western & Southern Open\") where she received a singles wild card entry. She defeated her first two opponents, Maria Kirilenko and Chanelle Scheepers, in three tight sets before eliinating eighth seed Sara Errani in the third round. In the quarterfinal, she defeated Samantha Stosur, in three sets.{{cite web \\|title\\=Western \\& Southern Open: Main draw singles \\|url\\=http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour\\-Archive/posting/2012/1017/MDS.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906233023/http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour\\-Archive/posting/2012/1017/MDS.pdf \\|publisher\\=WTA\\|archive\\-date\\=September 6, 2012}} In the semifinal Williams played through a back injury, eventually losing in three sets to Li Na.{{cite news \\|title\\=Williams hurts back, loses to Li \\|newspaper\\=The Reporter\\-Times \\|date\\=August 19, 2012 \\|page\\=15}} Her semifinal run brought her ranking back within the top 50 for the first time in almost a year. At the US Open, Williams lost in a second\\-round match against Angelique Kerber in three sets, despite having a lead in the third set.", "Williams won her 44th WTA career title and her first title in over {{frac\\|2\\|1\\|2}} years at the [Luxembourg Open](/wiki/2012_BGL_Luxembourg_Open \"2012 BGL Luxembourg Open\"), where she defeated [Monica Niculescu](/wiki/Monica_Niculescu \"Monica Niculescu\") in straight sets. Williams also qualified for the WTA Tournament of Champions in Sofia, but withdrew as the tournament clashed with her and her sister Serena's 'Breaking the Mould' tour in Africa.[\"Venus Williams to Skip Sofia Tournament of Champions\"](http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=144403) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055741/http://www.novinite.com/view\\_news.php?id\\=144403 \\|date\\=March 4, 2016 }}, Novinite, October 23, 2012\\. With her title in Luxembourg, her ranking rose to number 24\\. She ended the year with this ranking.", "### 2013: Back injury", "At the [2013 Hopman Cup](/wiki/2013_Hopman_Cup \"2013 Hopman Cup\"), and playing for USA (with [John Isner](/wiki/John_Isner \"John Isner\")), the first rubber was against South Africa. Williams beat Chanelle Scheepers and, with John Isner, they comfortably defeated the South African pair Scheepers and [Kevin Anderson](/wiki/Kevin_Anderson_%28tennis%29 \"Kevin Anderson (tennis)\"). In USA's second rubber against France, she won both her singles and in mixed doubles defeated [Jo\\-Wilfried Tsonga](/wiki/Jo-Wilfried_Tsonga \"Jo-Wilfried Tsonga\") and [Mathilde Johansson](/wiki/Mathilde_Johansson \"Mathilde Johansson\"). Next she faced Anabel Medina Garrigues of Spain and won in two sets.", "From there Williams went onto the Australian Open, seeded 25, after missing it the previous year due to injury. She beat [Galina Voskoboeva](/wiki/Galina_Voskoboeva \"Galina Voskoboeva\") and [Alizé Cornet](/wiki/Aliz%C3%A9_Cornet \"Alizé Cornet\") before losing to the second seed, Maria Sharapova. Her next tournament was [Brasil Tennis Cup](/wiki/Brasil_Tennis_Cup \"Brasil Tennis Cup\"). She participated the tournament as the top seed. She defeated [Mirjana Lučić\\-Baroni](/wiki/Mirjana_Lu%C4%8Di%C4%87-Baroni \"Mirjana Lučić-Baroni\") in the first round, Garbiñe Muguruza in the second round and [Magdaléna Rybáriková](/wiki/Magdal%C3%A9na_Ryb%C3%A1rikov%C3%A1 \"Magdaléna Rybáriková\") during the quarterfinals. Reaching her first semifinal of the year, she was then defeated by [Olga Puchkova](/wiki/Olga_Puchkova \"Olga Puchkova\") in three sets. This tournament allowed Williams to strengthen her position in the top 20\\. She retired from the Miami Open in the third round due to a lower back injury.", "[250px\\|thumb\\|Williams stretches for a volley at the 2013 U.S. Open](/wiki/File:Venus_Williams_%289630793483%29.jpg \"Venus Williams (9630793483).jpg\")\nOne week after Miami, Williams participated in [Charleston](/wiki/2013_Family_Circle_Cup \"2013 Family Circle Cup\") as the fifth seed. She reached the semifinals, after playing both her third round and quarterfinals matches on the same day, where she lost to her sister Serena in two sets in the sisters' first meeting since the [2009 WTA Tour Championships](/wiki/2009_WTA_Tour_Championships \"2009 WTA Tour Championships\").A few weeks later she participated in Fed Cup, in a tie between the United States and Sweden. After Sloane Stephens lost the opening match, Williams stepped into her spot, winning a match against Johanna Larsson, after converting on her eighth match point. This was the first time in Williams's career that she clinched the winning match in a Fed Cup tie, leading the United States to a 3–2 victory over Sweden. Williams's next event was the Madrid Open where she withdrew just before playing her first round match, her next tournament was the Italian Open in Rome where she lost in the first round to Laura Robson. Williams then played at the 2013 French Open where she lost to Urszula Radwańska in the first round. She was also entered in doubles with her sister Serena but pulled out just before their first\\-round match. Williams pulled out of the 2013 Wimbledon Championships due to a back injury. It was the first time she has missed Wimbledon in her career.", "At the Roger's Cup, she lost in the first round to 13th seed Kirsten Flipkens in three sets. At the Western and Southern Open, she defeated qualifier Jana Čepelová in straight sets, before losing in the second round to Elena Vesnina in three sets. Her next tournament was the 2013 U.S. Open. She pulled an upset in the first round by defeating 12th seed Kirsten Flipkens in a rematch of the Roger's Cup first round. She was defeated by Zheng Jie in three sets. She entered the doubles with Serena Williams. They beat Suarez Navarro and Soler Espinosa in the first round. In the second round, the duo beat the seventh seeded team of Abigail Spears and Raquel Kops\\-Jones, and defeated the 11th seeded team of Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova and Lucie Šafářová in the third round. In the quarterfinals, they defeated the top seeded team of Errani/Vinci in a rematch of the Australian Open quarterfinals. Their run ended in the semifinals against the fifth seeded team and eventual champions Lucie Hradecká and Andrea Hlaváčková. Her next tournament was the Pan Pacific Open. She defeated Mona Barthel in the first round, and upset the top\\-seeded and No. 2\\-ranked Victoria Azarenka in the second round. In the third round, she came back from a set down to beat the 13th seed Simona Halep in three sets to make it to the quarterfinals of the Premier 5 event. In the quarterfinals she defeated Canadian Eugenie Bouchard in three sets, but fell in the semifinals to Petra Kvitová in another three set match. Williams subsequently played at the 2013 China Open in Beijing where she played singles and doubles. Williams lost her second round match in singles losing to Sabine Lisicki and she also lost her first round match in doubles despite having two match points. Williams's last tournament of the season was the 2013 Kremlin Cup in Moscow, but she withdrew due to injury, bringing an end to her 2013 season.", "### 2014: Ending title drought", "Williams started her official tennis season as No. 47 in [Auckland](/wiki/2014_ASB_Classic \"2014 ASB Classic\"), where she finished runner\\-up to Ana Ivanovic. She next participated, unseeded, at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2014_Australian_Open \"2014 Australian Open\") where she lost in the first round to No. 23 [Ekaterina Makarova](/wiki/Ekaterina_Makarova \"Ekaterina Makarova\") in three sets. Moving on to Doha, Williams lost to No. 6 Petra Kvitová in the second round at the [Qatar Open](/wiki/2014_Qatar_Total_Open \"2014 Qatar Total Open\") after failing to put away match point in the third set tie\\-break. Williams then entered the Dubai Tennis Championships where she defeated five top\\-40 players to win her biggest title since the Madrid Open in 2010 and, at 33 years and 8 months of age, became the seventh\\-oldest woman to win a WTA singles title. En route, she avenged her loss to Ana Ivanovic in Auckland and her sister Serena's loss to Alizé Cornet in the semifinals, then won the title match, keeping her head\\-to\\-head record perfect against Caroline Wozniacki. Williams then competed in Miami and in Charleston where she lost to [Dominika Cibulková](/wiki/Dominika_Cibulkov%C3%A1 \"Dominika Cibulková\") on hard and [Eugenie Bouchard](/wiki/Eugenie_Bouchard \"Eugenie Bouchard\") on clay, respectively – both in the round of 16 and both in three sets. At the [Italian Open](/wiki/2014_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2014 Italian Open (tennis)\"), Williams failed to force three sets in a loss for the first time that year, falling in two sets to Carla Suárez Navarro. At the [French Open](/wiki/2014_French_Open \"2014 French Open\"), Williams was upset by No. 56 [Anna Karolína Schmiedlová](/wiki/Anna_Karol%C3%ADna_Schmiedlov%C3%A1 \"Anna Karolína Schmiedlová\") in three sets. Williams then lost in the third round of [Wimbledon](/wiki/2014_Wimbledon_Championships \"2014 Wimbledon Championships\") to eventual champion Petra Kvitová in a classic and much\\-praised encounter that saw 34 holds of serve and only two breaks. Williams was the only player to take a set against Kvitová in the tournament.", "Williams played her first tournament of the [2014 U.S. Open Series](/wiki/2014_US_Open_Series \"2014 US Open Series\") at the [Standord Classic](/wiki/2014_Bank_of_the_West_Classic \"2014 Bank of the West Classic\"), where she is a two\\-time former champion. In the second round, she scored her first Top\\-10 victory of the year and improved her head\\-to\\-head record against Victoria Azarenka to 4–0\\. In the quarterfinals, Williams lost to No. 18 [Andrea Petkovic](/wiki/Andrea_Petkovic \"Andrea Petkovic\") in three sets. At the [Rogers Cup](/wiki/2014_Rogers_Cup \"2014 Rogers Cup\"), Williams defeated No. 24 [Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova](/wiki/Anastasia_Pavlyuchenkova \"Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova\") in three sets, scoring her first victory at that tournament on her fifth attempt. She defeated No. 7 Angelique Kerber in the third round in a three\\-set thriller described by one of the commentators as \"quite simply one of the matches of the 2014 season so far on the WTA\". Williams produced yet another upset in three sets against Suárez Navarro to advance to the semifinals, where she defeated younger sister and No. 1 Serena Williams in the pair's 25th meeting. It was her 14th victory over a reigning No. 1 and her first since the 2009 Wimbledon Championships, when she defeated [Dinara Safina](/wiki/Dinara_Safina \"Dinara Safina\") 6–1, 6–0 in the semifinals. It was also the first time since 2009 that Williams had beaten her younger sister Serena. She lost the championship match to No. 5 Agnieszka Radwańska. At her final tournament before the U.S. Open, Williams lost in a tight three\\-setter to No. 17, Lucie Šafářová, in the first round at the [Cincinnati Open](/wiki/2014_Western_%26_Southern_Open \"2014 Western & Southern Open\"). At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2014_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2014 US Open (tennis)\") Williams made it to the third round for the first time since 2010 and was two points away (multiple times) from moving into the Round of 16 before ultimately going down to 13th\\-seeded Sara Errani for the first time in four meetings.", "Williams's next tournament was at the [Bell Challenge](/wiki/2014_Coupe_Banque_Nationale \"2014 Coupe Banque Nationale\") in Quebec, where she received a wildcard as the No. 1 seed. She advanced to the quarterfinals in straight\\-set first\\- and second\\-round victories and was set to play Czech player Lucie Hradecká. She defeated Hradecká in a 2\\-hour, 13\\-minute match in three sets. In the semifinal, Williams beat fellow countrywomen [Shelby Rogers](/wiki/Shelby_Rogers \"Shelby Rogers\") in straight sets to progress to her fourth final of the year, where she lost to a resurgent [Mirjana Lučić\\-Baroni](/wiki/Mirjana_Lu%C4%8Di%C4%87-Baroni \"Mirjana Lučić-Baroni\") in straight sets. Williams then played at the [Wuhan Open](/wiki/2014_Wuhan_Open \"2014 Wuhan Open\"), where she lost in the first round to [Caroline Garcia](/wiki/Caroline_Garcia \"Caroline Garcia\") despite having held a match point. Her final tournament of the year was at the [China Open](/wiki/2014_China_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2014 China Open (tennis)\"), where she won her first two matches before withdrawing before the third round. Williams ended the year ranked No. 19 in singles, the first finish since 2010 inside the top 20\\. Williams joined the Bangalore Raptors team in 2014 for the first edition of [Champions Tennis League India](/wiki/Champions_Tennis_League_India \"Champions Tennis League India\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.championstennisleagueindia.com/2014/11/bangalore\\-raptors\\-strongest\\-team\\-of\\-ctl.html \\| title\\=Williams Williams play for Bangalore Raptors in CTL \\| date\\=November 16, 2014 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118194917/http://www.championstennisleagueindia.com/2014/11/bangalore\\-raptors\\-strongest\\-team\\-of\\-ctl.html \\| archive\\-date\\=November 18, 2014 \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }}", "### 2015: Re\\-entering the top 10", "Williams started off her season at the [Auckland Open](/wiki/2015_ASB_Classic \"2015 ASB Classic\"), where she won her 46th career singles title by defeating Caroline Wozniacki in three sets in the final. Then, at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2015_Australian_Open \"2015 Australian Open\"), Williams made it to the quarterfinals at a [Grand Slam championship](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28tennis%29 \"Grand Slam (tennis)\") for the first time since the [2010 US Open](/wiki/2010_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2010 US Open (tennis)\"). She defeated [Camila Giorgi](/wiki/Camila_Giorgi \"Camila Giorgi\") in the third round having to recover from a set and break down to reach the second week of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time since the [2011 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2011_Wimbledon_Championships \"2011 Wimbledon Championships\") and then overturned a three\\-match losing streak to [Agnieszka Radwańska](/wiki/Agnieszka_Radwa%C5%84ska \"Agnieszka Radwańska\") before losing to [Madison Keys](/wiki/Madison_Keys \"Madison Keys\") after being up a break in the deciding set. Williams had her 16\\-match winning streak at the [Dubai Tennis Championships](/wiki/2015_Dubai_Tennis_Championships \"2015 Dubai Tennis Championships\") ended by Lucie Šafářová in the third round. Her next tournament was at the [Qatar Open](/wiki/2015_Qatar_Total_Open \"2015 Qatar Total Open\") where she saved a match point in a heated encounter versus [Barbora Záhlavová\\-Strýcová](/wiki/Barbora_Z%C3%A1hlavov%C3%A1-Str%C3%BDcov%C3%A1 \"Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová\") in the second round before defeating Agnieszka Radwańska for a second time in 2015 to advance to the semifinals. She ended up losing in three sets to [Victoria Azarenka](/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka \"Victoria Azarenka\"). Williams competed at the [Miami Open](/wiki/2015_Miami_Open_presented_by_Ita%C3%BA \"2015 Miami Open presented by Itaú\"), where she won against Samantha Stosur in the third round and Caroline Wozniacki in the fourth round (scoring her fourth top\\-10 win of the season and improving her head\\-to\\-head record against Wozniacki to a perfect 7–0\\). In the quarterfinals, she was defeated by Suárez Navarro, in three sets.", "Williams began her clay\\-court season at the Madrid Open where she lost in the first round to Victoria Azarenka in straight sets. She made it to the third round of the Italian Open, before losing to [Simona Halep](/wiki/Simona_Halep \"Simona Halep\"). Williams failed to win her opening match at the [French Open](/wiki/2015_French_Open \"2015 French Open\"), where she lost in straight sets to [Sloane Stephens](/wiki/Sloane_Stephens \"Sloane Stephens\"). She did not attend her mandatory post\\-match press conference and was subsequently fined $3000\\.{{cite news\\|author1\\=Nick McCarvel\\|title\\=Venus Williams fined $3,000 for snubbing media after French Open loss\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/french/2015/05/26/venus\\-williams\\-fine\\-skip\\-press\\-conference/27958539/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|date\\=May 27, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 17, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=December 28, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228231419/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/french/2015/05/26/venus\\-williams\\-fine\\-skip\\-press\\-conference/27958539/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Williams then played at [Wimbledon](/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships \"Wimbledon Championships\"), winning her first three rounds in straight sets. She then lost to her sister, Serena, in the fourth round in straight sets. Williams then played at the [İstanbul Cup](/wiki/2015_%C4%B0stanbul_Cup \"2015 İstanbul Cup\") where she lost in the first round to qualifier [Kateryna Bondarenko](/wiki/Kateryna_Bondarenko \"Kateryna Bondarenko\").", "Williams began her U.S. Open series at the [Rogers Cup](/wiki/2015_Rogers_Cup \"2015 Rogers Cup\"), where she was a finalist last year. She lost in the first round to [Sabine Lisicki](/wiki/Sabine_Lisicki \"Sabine Lisicki\"). Her loss pushed her outside of the top 20\\. Her next tournament was at the [Cincinnati Open](/wiki/Cincinnati_Masters \"Cincinnati Masters\"). She made it to the second round and was set to play Ana Ivanovic, before she withdrew due to a virus. She was seeded 23rd for the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2015_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2015 US Open (tennis)\") and played [Monica Puig](/wiki/Monica_Puig \"Monica Puig\") in the first round. She won in three tough sets. In the second round, she overcame two costly double faults in the second set to defeat fellow American [Irina Falconi](/wiki/Irina_Falconi \"Irina Falconi\"). She defeated 12th seed [Belinda Bencic](/wiki/Belinda_Bencic \"Belinda Bencic\") and qualifier [Anett Kontaveit](/wiki/Anett_Kontaveit \"Anett Kontaveit\") in straight sets in the third and fourth rounds, respectively. Williams played her sister Serena in the quarterfinals in their fifth meeting at the U.S. Open and their 27th meeting overall. Williams lost the match in three sets.", "Williams scored her fifth top 10 win of the season by defeating No. 7, Agnieszka Radwańska, in the first round of the [Wuhan Open](/wiki/2015_Wuhan_Open \"2015 Wuhan Open\"). She then beat qualifier [Julia Görges](/wiki/Julia_G%C3%B6rges \"Julia Görges\") in the second round for her 700th career win (becoming only the ninth woman in the [Open Era](/wiki/Open_Era_%28tennis%29 \"Open Era (tennis)\") to achieve this feat). She landed another top 10 victory by winning against No. 10 Suárez Navarro in the third round. Williams defeated both [Johanna Konta](/wiki/Johanna_Konta \"Johanna Konta\") and Roberta Vinci (saving match point) in three sets to move into the championship match where she won her biggest title in more than five years when her opponent, No. 8 Garbiñe Muguruza, retired while trailing a set and a double break. The next week Williams lost to Ana Ivanovic in the second round of the [China Open](/wiki/2015_China_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2015 China Open (tennis)\"). She made it to the semifinals of the [Hong Kong Open](/wiki/2015_Hong_Kong_Tennis_Open \"2015 Hong Kong Tennis Open\") where she lost in a tight two\\-setter to eventual champion Jelena Janković.", "With her results throughout the season, Williams became an Alternate for the [WTA Finals in Singapore](/wiki/2015_WTA_Finals \"2015 WTA Finals\"). Additionally, she qualified for the [WTA Elite Trophy in Zhuhai](/wiki/2015_WTA_Elite_Trophy \"2015 WTA Elite Trophy\") where she is the number one seed. She defeated [Madison Keys](/wiki/Madison_Keys \"Madison Keys\") in her first round\\-robin match in three sets. In her second round\\-robin match she defeated wildcard [Zheng Saisai](/wiki/Zheng_Saisai \"Zheng Saisai\") to advance to the semifinals, where she defeated Roberta Vinci for a fifth consecutive time. Williams captured the first WTA Elite Trophy, her third WTA title of the season and 48th title of her career by defeating [Karolína Plíšková](/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Pl%C3%AD%C5%A1kov%C3%A1 \"Karolína Plíšková\"), in the final. She re\\-entered the top ten for the first time since 2011 and ended the year at No. 7 in the WTA rankings. Williams was the 10th most popular player of the year according to the [WTA](/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association \"Women's Tennis Association\")'s website and received the WTA Comeback Player of the Year award.", "### 2016: Wimbledon semifinal", "Williams began 2016 by playing at the World Tennis Thailand Championship – an exhibition event in Thailand – where she lost to Sara Errani and Angelique Kerber. She then entered the [Auckland Open](/wiki/2016_ASB_Classic \"2016 ASB Classic\"), where she was the No. 1 seed and defending champion, and lost in the first round to 18\\-year\\-old [Daria Kasatkina](/wiki/Daria_Kasatkina \"Daria Kasatkina\"). (This was also Williams's first tournament since the [2011 Australian Open](/wiki/2011_Australian_Open \"2011 Australian Open\") as a top\\-10 player.) At the [Australian Open](/wiki/2016_Australian_Open \"2016 Australian Open\"), Williams, seeded 8th, lost to Johanna Konta in the first round. Afterwards, she helped the USA Fed Cup Team to a 4–0 victory over Poland, winning both of her singles matches. Williams's next tournament was at the [Taiwan Open](/wiki/2016_Taiwan_Open \"2016 Taiwan Open\"), where she was the No. 1 seed. She defeated [Misaki Doi](/wiki/Misaki_Doi \"Misaki Doi\") in the final, earning her 49th career title.", "Williams returned to [Indian Wells](/wiki/2016_Indian_Wells_Masters \"2016 Indian Wells Masters\") for the first time in 15 years after [boycotting the tournament in 2001](/wiki/Boycott_of_Indian_Wells_Masters_by_Venus_and_Serena_Williams \"Boycott of Indian Wells Masters by Venus and Serena Williams\"), but lost in the second round to [Kurumi Nara](/wiki/Kurumi_Nara \"Kurumi Nara\"). The following week, she was knocked out in the second round of the [Miami Open](/wiki/2016_Miami_Open \"2016 Miami Open\") by qualifier [Elena Vesnina](/wiki/Elena_Vesnina \"Elena Vesnina\"). Both results marked her worst exits at Indian Wells and Miami in her 23\\-year career. She began the clay\\-court season with a win over [Alison Riske](/wiki/Alison_Riske \"Alison Riske\") at the [Charleston Open](/wiki/2016_Volvo_Car_Open \"2016 Volvo Car Open\"), before losing to [Yulia Putintseva](/wiki/Yulia_Putintseva \"Yulia Putintseva\") in the third round in three tight sets. Williams was scheduled to begin her clay\\-court season at the [Madrid Open](/wiki/2016_Mutua_Madrid_Open \"2016 Mutua Madrid Open\") but withdrew due to a hamstring injury. The following week, she lost in the second round in [Rome](/wiki/Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"Italian Open (tennis)\"). Seeded 9th at the [French Open](/wiki/2016_French_Open \"2016 French Open\"), Williams won her first two rounds in straight sets to set up a third\\-round clash with [Alizé Cornet](/wiki/Aliz%C3%A9_Cornet \"Alizé Cornet\"), whom she defeated in three sets to reach the fourth round for the first time since 2010\\. She recorded the 200th loss of her career against 8th\\-seeded [Timea Bacsinszky](/wiki/Timea_Bacsinszky \"Timea Bacsinszky\"), who won in straight sets. However, her result pushed her back into the top 10 for the first time since her loss at the Australian Open. She also won her first Grand Slam doubles match with sister Serena Williams since the [2014 U.S. Open](/wiki/2014_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2014 US Open (tennis)\").", "[175px\\|thumb\\|Williams at the [2016 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2016_Wimbledon_Championships \"2016 Wimbledon Championships\")](/wiki/File:Williams_V._WM16_%2825%29_%2828418679505%29.jpg \"Williams V. WM16 (25) (28418679505).jpg\")\nAt the [Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2016_Wimbledon_Championships \"2016 Wimbledon Championships\"), Williams reached the third round of the championships where she overcame the 29th seed, Daria Kasatkina, in a 2\\-hour, 42\\-minute marathon. She defeated 12th seed Carla Suárez Navarro in the fourth round, and now leads 4–3 in their head\\-to\\-head meetings. Williams advanced to the quarterfinals for the first time in six years, where she defeated [Yaroslava Shvedova](/wiki/Yaroslava_Shvedova \"Yaroslava Shvedova\"). In her first Grand Slam semifinal since the 2010 U.S. Open and her first Wimbledon semifinal since 2009, she lost to 4th seed Angelique Kerber in straight sets. In the doubles tournament, Venus and Serena Williams advanced to their first Grand Slam Doubles final since 2012\\. They then won their 14th major title together and sixth at Wimbledon.", "Williams began her U.S. Open Series at the [Stanford Classic](/wiki/2016_Bank_of_the_West_Classic \"2016 Bank of the West Classic\"), where she was the No. 1 seed. She defeated [Magda Linette](/wiki/Magda_Linette \"Magda Linette\") in the second round and compatriots [Catherine Bellis](/wiki/Catherine_Bellis \"Catherine Bellis\") and Alison Riske in the quarterfinals and semifinals, respectively, to reach her eighth final in Stanford. She lost to Johanna Konta, in three sets. By virtue of her result, Williams ascended to No. 6 in the rankings, her highest position since being diagnosed with Sjögren's syndrome in 2011\\. Williams then entered the [Rogers Cup](/wiki/2016_Rogers_Cup \"2016 Rogers Cup\"). Having received a bye in the first round, Williams won her second\\-round match against [Barbora Strýcová](/wiki/Barbora_Str%C3%BDcov%C3%A1 \"Barbora Strýcová\"), in straight sets. She fell to Madison Keys in the third round in three sets.", "Williams failed to medal in her singles and doubles events at the [2016 Rio Summer Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics \"Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics\"), falling in the first round in both events, marking her worst exits of her Olympic career. She entered the mixed doubles event with [Rajeev Ram](/wiki/Rajeev_Ram \"Rajeev Ram\"), defeating the Netherlands in the first round after saving match point. The pair then defeated Italy in the quarterfinals and India in the semifinals to set up a clash with the United States team of [Bethanie Mattek\\-Sands](/wiki/Bethanie_Mattek-Sands \"Bethanie Mattek-Sands\") and [Jack Sock](/wiki/Jack_Sock \"Jack Sock\") in the gold medal match. The duo lost to Mattek\\-Sands and Sock. By winning a silver medal, Williams became the only female player (besides [Kathleen McKane Godfree](/wiki/Kathleen_McKane_Godfree \"Kathleen McKane Godfree\")) to win a medal in all three events (singles, doubles and mixed); her five medals mean she now shares the [record for most Olympic medals won in tennis](/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_tennis%23Athlete_medal_leaders \"List of Olympic medalists in tennis#Athlete medal leaders\") with Godfree.", "At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2016_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2016 US Open (tennis)\"), Williams broke the [record for the most Grand Slam appearances](/wiki/WTA_Tour_records%23Grand_Slam_singles_career_records_%281973_%E2%80%93_present%29 \"WTA Tour records#Grand Slam singles career records (1973 – present)\"), surpassing [Amy Frazier](/wiki/Amy_Frazier \"Amy Frazier\")'s record of 71\\. This is also the first time that she's been seeded in the top ten at all four Grand Slam tournaments this year, having last achieved this in 2010\\. She won her first three\\-round matches respectively against [Kateryna Kozlova](/wiki/Kateryna_Kozlova \"Kateryna Kozlova\"), [Julia Görges](/wiki/Julia_G%C3%B6rges \"Julia Görges\") and the 26th seed [Laura Siegemund](/wiki/Laura_Siegemund \"Laura Siegemund\"). She lost in the fourth round to 10th seed Karolína Plíšková after failing to convert match point.", "In September 2016, in response to [WADA](/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency \"World Anti-Doping Agency\") database leak, Williams confirmed the usage of banned substances classified by WADA as [Therapeutic Use Exemptions](/wiki/Therapeutic_Use_Exemptions \"Therapeutic Use Exemptions\") (TUEs), stating: \"The applications for TUEs under the Tennis Anti\\-Doping program require a strict process for approval which I have adhered to when serious medical conditions have occurred\".{{cite web\\| url \\=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5890326/title/venus\\-issues\\-statement\\-on\\-wada\\-hack\\| title \\=Venus Issues Statement On WADA Hack\\| publisher \\=WTA\\| date \\=September 13, 2016\\| access\\-date \\=September 14, 2016\\| archive\\-date \\=September 14, 2016\\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914034813/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5890326/title/venus\\-issues\\-statement\\-on\\-wada\\-hack\\| url\\-status \\=live}}", "Williams failed to defend her title in Wuhan, falling in the third round to ninth seed Svetlana Kuznetsova. This pushed her outside of the top ten for a second time this year. The following week she was bundled out of the China Open in the first round by No. 223\\-ranked [Peng Shuai](/wiki/Peng_Shuai \"Peng Shuai\"). Williams qualified for the WTA Elite Trophy, where she was the defending champion, however she decided not to participate. She finished the year ranked No. 17\\.", "### 2017: Two major finals and return to the top 5", "Williams began her 2017 season at [Auckland](/wiki/2017_ASB_Classic \"2017 ASB Classic\"), winning her opening match against local wildcard [Jade Lewis](/wiki/Jade_Lewis \"Jade Lewis\") before withdrawing due to a right arm pain.Liam Napier, [Venus Williams pulls out ASB Classic](http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/88133916/venus-williams-pulls-out-asb-classic) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105032617/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/88133916/venus\\-williams\\-pulls\\-out\\-asb\\-classic \\|date\\=January 5, 2017 }}, stuff.co.nz, January 4, 2017 Seeded 13th at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2017_Australian_Open \"2017 Australian Open\"), Williams defeated [Kateryna Kozlova](/wiki/Kateryna_Kozlova \"Kateryna Kozlova\"), qualifier [Stefanie Vögele](/wiki/Stefanie_V%C3%B6gele \"Stefanie Vögele\"), [Duan Yingying](/wiki/Duan_Yingying \"Duan Yingying\") and qualifier [Mona Barthel](/wiki/Mona_Barthel \"Mona Barthel\") in the opening four rounds respectively in straight sets to advance to the quarterfinals. She defeated 24th seed [Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova](/wiki/Anastasia_Pavlyuchenkova \"Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova\") for her 50th win at the Australian Open, the first time Williams won a quarterfinal match in Melbourne since defeating [Daniela Hantuchová](/wiki/Daniela_Hantuchov%C3%A1 \"Daniela Hantuchová\") in 2003\\. Coming back from a set down in her semifinal match, Williams defeated rising American star [CoCo Vandeweghe](/wiki/CoCo_Vandeweghe \"CoCo Vandeweghe\") to advance to her first Grand Slam final since Wimbledon 2009 and her first Australian Open final since 2003\\. In doing so, she set the [Open era](/wiki/Open_era \"Open era\") record for the longest span (20 years) between grand slam singles final appearances, having first reached a Grand Slam singles final at the [1997 U.S. Open](/wiki/1997_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"1997 US Open (tennis)\"). In a closely fought final, she lost in two sets to her younger sister Serena, who made history by winning her 23rd Grand Slam singles title, surpassing the mark set by [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf \"Steffi Graf\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/38781553\\|title\\=Australian Open 2017: Serena Williams beats Venus Williams to set Grand Slam record\\|date\\=January 28, 2017\\|newspaper\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=January 28, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128104305/http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/38781553\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The following week, Williams competed in the [St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy](/wiki/2017_St._Petersburg_Ladies%27_Trophy \"2017 St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy\"), but lost in the second round to eventual champion Kristina Mladenovic. At the Indian Wells Open, Williams came back from a set down and saved three match points in the second round to defeat Jelena Janković, tying their head\\-to\\-head record at seven\\-all. This was her first win at Indian Wells since 2001\\. She defeated Lucie Šafářová and qualifier Peng Shuai in the third and fourth rounds respectively, avenging her previous losses to both players. She lost to the eventual champion, Elena Vesnina, in the quarterfinals. The following week, Williams scored her first top\\-ten win since 2015, against Svetlana Kuznetsova in the fourth round of the Miami Open. She defeated No. 1 Angelique Kerber in the quarterfinals, becoming the oldest player to beat a current No. 1\\. She lost for a third consecutive time to eventual champion Johanna Konta in straight sets in her first semifinal in Miami since 2010\\. This marked her fourth consecutive loss to eventual champions.", "The following week, after receiving a bye, Williams lost to eventual semifinalist Laura Siegemund in the [Volvo Car Open](/wiki/Volvo_Car_Open \"Volvo Car Open\"). Having saved match point in the second set, Williams forced two match points in the third set, but Siegemund saved both. After the match, Williams said, \"This could be the best match she'll ever play in her life. I basically won the match but still lost.\" Williams withdrew from the [Madrid Open](/wiki/2017_Mutua_Madrid_Open \"2017 Mutua Madrid Open\") after an injury to her right arm. She made her European clay\\-court debut at the \\|Italian Open where she defeated [Yaroslava Shvedova](/wiki/Yaroslava_Shvedova \"Yaroslava Shvedova\") and [Lesia Tsurenko](/wiki/Lesia_Tsurenko \"Lesia Tsurenko\") in straight sets. She defeated No. 6 Johanna Konta in the third round, but lost in her first quarterfinal in Rome since 2012 to [Garbiñe Muguruza](/wiki/Garbi%C3%B1e_Muguruza \"Garbiñe Muguruza\") in three sets. During this match, Williams hit a reactionary lob off an attacking forehand that was voted [WTA](/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association \"Women's Tennis Association\") shot of the month.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/wta\\-shot\\-month\\-venus\\-cambridge\\-global\\-payments\\|title\\=May Shot of the Month: Venus Williams\\|date\\=June 15, 2017\\|newspaper\\=WTA\\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=June 19, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619113106/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/wta\\-shot\\-month\\-venus\\-cambridge\\-global\\-payments\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Williams defeated Wang Qiang, [Kurumi Nara](/wiki/Kurumi_Nara \"Kurumi Nara\") and [Elise Mertens](/wiki/Elise_Mertens \"Elise Mertens\") in the first three rounds of the [French Open](/wiki/2017_French_Open \"2017 French Open\") before again losing to [Bacsinszky](/wiki/Timea_Bacsinszky \"Timea Bacsinszky\") in the fourth round, this time in three sets.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/not\\-again\\-venus\\-williams\\-sent\\-packing\\-by\\-timea\\-bacsinszky\\-in\\-french\\-open\\-4689070/\\|title\\=Not again! Venus Williams sent packing by Timea Bacsinszky in French Open\\|date\\=June 5, 2017\\|newspaper\\=Indian Express\\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=June 6, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606095958/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/not\\-again\\-venus\\-williams\\-sent\\-packing\\-by\\-timea\\-bacsinszky\\-in\\-french\\-open\\-4689070/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Williams entered [Wimbledon](/wiki/2017_Wimbledon_Championships \"2017 Wimbledon Championships\") as the number 10 seed. She defeated Elise Mertens, [Wang Qiang](/wiki/Wang_Qiang_%28tennis%29 \"Wang Qiang (tennis)\"), [Naomi Osaka](/wiki/Naomi_Osaka \"Naomi Osaka\") and [Ana Konjuh](/wiki/Ana_Konjuh \"Ana Konjuh\") to reach the quarterfinals for the 13th time in her career, where she defeated the 2017 French Open champion [Jeļena Ostapenko](/wiki/Je%C4%BCena_Ostapenko \"Jeļena Ostapenko\") in straight sets. This was also her 100th career match at Wimbledon. She advanced to her ninth Wimbledon final by defeating Johanna Konta, in straight sets in the semifinals. This marked her 87th win at Wimbledon, the third most on the all\\-time list. This also marked the first season since 2003 that Williams reached two slam finals. Williams lost the final in straight sets to Garbiñe Muguruza. She gained the No. 9 ranking by reaching the final, her second appearance in the top 10 in 2017; she had briefly returned to the top 10 in 2017 by virtue of beating Angelique Kerber in Miami.", "Williams began her play in the U.S. Open Series at the [Canadian Open](/wiki/Canadian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"Canadian Open (tennis)\"). She defeated qualifier [Irina\\-Camelia Begu](/wiki/Irina-Camelia_Begu \"Irina-Camelia Begu\") in three sets and [Kateřina Siniaková](/wiki/Kate%C5%99ina_Siniakov%C3%A1 \"Kateřina Siniaková\") in straight sets before losing to fifth seed and eventual champion [Elina Svitolina](/wiki/Elina_Svitolina \"Elina Svitolina\") in the third round. The next week, Williams competed in Cincinnati and defeated [Alison Riske](/wiki/Alison_Riske \"Alison Riske\") in the first round before losing to [Ashleigh Barty](/wiki/Ashleigh_Barty \"Ashleigh Barty\") in the second round. Barty was the first person to have defeated Williams and fail to reach at least the semifinals of the event in which they had defeated her in 2017\\. At the [2017 U.S. Open](/wiki/2017_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2017 US Open (tennis)\"), Williams defeated [Viktória Kužmová](/wiki/Vikt%C3%B3ria_Ku%C5%BEmov%C3%A1 \"Viktória Kužmová\"), [Océane Dodin](/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ane_Dodin \"Océane Dodin\"), and [Maria Sakkari](/wiki/Maria_Sakkari \"Maria Sakkari\") to reach the fourth round. Williams reached the second week of all majors in a single season for the first time since 2010, and reached the second week of seven consecutive Grand Slam tournaments, the longest streak among WTA players at that time. In the fourth round, Williams beat Suárez Navarro in three sets to reach her 12th U.S. Open quarterfinal, where she defeated Petra Kvitová in a third set tiebreak during the two\\-hour, 35 minute match. She also guaranteed her return to the top five in the WTA rankings at the conclusion of the tournament for the first time since January 2011\\. Williams then lost in three sets to fellow American and eventual champion Sloane Stephens in her first U.S. Open semifinal since 2010\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/open/2017/09/07/sloane\\-stephens\\-beats\\-venus\\-williams\\-reach\\-us\\-open\\-final/644349001/\\|title\\=Sloane Stephens beats Venus Williams to reach U.S. Open final\\|date\\=September 7, 2017\\|newspaper\\=USA Today\\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 2, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002025155/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/open/2017/09/07/sloane\\-stephens\\-beats\\-venus\\-williams\\-reach\\-us\\-open\\-final/644349001/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On September 26, Williams qualified for the [WTA Finals](/wiki/WTA_Finals \"WTA Finals\") for the first time since 2010\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.wtatennis.com/videos/venus\\-williams\\-qualifies\\-wta\\-finals/\\|title\\=Venus Williams qualifies for the WTA Finals\\|date\\=September 26, 2017\\|newspaper\\=Women's Tennis Association\\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222901/http://www.wtatennis.com/videos/venus\\-williams\\-qualifies\\-wta\\-finals\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In her first tournament after the U.S. Open, Williams defeated [Risa Ozaki](/wiki/Risa_Ozaki \"Risa Ozaki\") in the first round of the Hong Kong Open, before falling to Naomi Osaka. At the [WTA Finals](/wiki/2017_WTA_Finals_%E2%80%93_Singles \"2017 WTA Finals – Singles\"), Williams was placed in the White Group with Karolína Plíšková, Garbiñe Muguruza and Jeļena Ostapenko. After losing her first match to Pliskova in straight sets, Williams defeated Ostapenko in a marathon match lasting almost {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|2}} hours. She defeated Muguruza in straight sets to progress to the semifinals, avenging her loss to the Spaniard in the Wimbledon final. Williams then defeated [Caroline Garcia](/wiki/Caroline_Garcia \"Caroline Garcia\") in three sets to advance to her first final at the year\\-end championships since 2009, where she finished runner\\-up to sister Serena Williams. She met Caroline Wozniacki in the final, where she found herself down a set and 0–5\\. Despite winning the next four games, she lost the match in two sets. She finished the year ranked No. 5 and topped the prize money list for this year.", "### 2018: 1000th match, struggle with form", "Williams began her 2018 season at the [Sydney International](/wiki/2018_Sydney_International \"2018 Sydney International\"), where she was the second seed and received a first\\-round bye. In the second round she lost to Angelique Kerber, who went on to win the tournament. As the fifth seed and defending finalist at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2018_Australian_Open \"2018 Australian Open\"), Williams lost in straight sets to [Belinda Bencic](/wiki/Belinda_Bencic \"Belinda Bencic\") in the first round, ending her streak of seven consecutive appearances in the second week of the Grand Slams, and as a result dropping considerably in the rankings as well.", "Williams competed in the [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup \"Fed Cup\") quarterfinals against the [Dutch team](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"). She won both her singles matches in straight sets against [Arantxa Rus](/wiki/Arantxa_Rus \"Arantxa Rus\") and [Richèl Hogenkamp](/wiki/Rich%C3%A8l_Hogenkamp \"Richèl Hogenkamp\") to send the United States into the semifinals. She also played her career 1000th match and earned her 20th Fed Cup singles win.", "After receiving a first round bye at the [Indian Wells Open](/wiki/2018_BNP_Paribas_Open \"2018 BNP Paribas Open\"), Williams defeated [Sorana Cîrstea](/wiki/Sorana_C%C3%AErstea \"Sorana Cîrstea\") to set up a match with her sister Serena, in the third round. She defeated her for the 12th time in her career – her first straight sets victory against her since the [2008 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2008_Wimbledon_Championships \"2008 Wimbledon Championships\") final almost a decade earlier. She then defeated [Anastasija Sevastova](/wiki/Anastasija_Sevastova \"Anastasija Sevastova\") in the fourth round and Suarez Navarro in the quarterfinals, both in straight sets. She then fell to [Daria Kasatkina](/wiki/Daria_Kasatkina \"Daria Kasatkina\") in a close three set match in the semifinals. The following week at the [Miami Open](/wiki/2018_Miami_Open \"2018 Miami Open\"), Williams saved three match points in her third round match against Dutch woman [Kiki Bertens](/wiki/Kiki_Bertens \"Kiki Bertens\"). She subsequently knocked out defending champion Johanna Konta in the fourth round, before falling rather unexpectedly to her compatriot and qualifier [Danielle Collins](/wiki/Danielle_Collins \"Danielle Collins\") in the quarterfinals.", "Williams began her clay court season at the [Madrid Open](/wiki/2018_Mutua_Madrid_Open \"2018 Mutua Madrid Open\") where she lost to Anett Kontaveit in the first round. Seeded eighth at the [Italian Open](/wiki/2018_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2018 Italian Open (tennis)\"), she received a first round bye, before defeating Elena Vesnina in three sets. She lost to Kontaveit again in the third round. Williams also played doubles with compatriot [Madison Keys](/wiki/Madison_Keys \"Madison Keys\"), but the team withdrew after winning their first round match with Keys sustaining an injury. Williams lost to Wang Qiang in the first round of the [French Open](/wiki/2018_French_Open \"2018 French Open\"), marking the first time she has lost in the first round of consecutive Grand Slam events. Williams also reached the third round in doubles with Serena, losing to third seeds [Klepač](/wiki/Andreja_Klepa%C4%8D \"Andreja Klepač\") and [Martínez Sánchez](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_S%C3%A1nchez \"María José Martínez Sánchez\").", "The defending finalist at the [Wimbledon](/wiki/2018_Wimbledon_Championships \"2018 Wimbledon Championships\"), Williams defeated Johanna Larsson and [Alexandra Dulgheru](/wiki/Alexandra_Dulgheru \"Alexandra Dulgheru\") in the first and second rounds respectively, before losing to Kiki Bertens in the third round. As a result, she dropped out of the top ten rankings.", "Williams began her U.S. Open Series at the [Silicon Valley Classic](/wiki/2018_Silicon_Valley_Classic \"2018 Silicon Valley Classic\") after accepting a wildcard, defeating [Heather Watson](/wiki/Heather_Watson \"Heather Watson\") in the second round, before losing in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Maria Sakkari. She won her opening two rounds at the [Rogers Cup](/wiki/2018_Rogers_Cup \"2018 Rogers Cup\") before losing to the then\\-world No. 1, [Simona Halep](/wiki/Simona_Halep \"Simona Halep\"), hampered by a right knee injury. She withdrew from the [Western \\& Southern Open](/wiki/2018_Western_%26_Southern_Open \"2018 Western & Southern Open\") the following week with the same injury.", "At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2018_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2018 US Open (tennis)\"), Williams defeated [2004](/wiki/2004_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2004 US Open (tennis)\") champion Svetlana Kuznetsova and Camila Giorgi en route to a third round encounter – and 30th career match overall, with Serena, where she was handed her most\\-lopsided loss against her in five years. Following the U.S. Open, Venus withdrew from the Wuhan Open and China Open, citing \"she was not physically ready to compete\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1439354/venus\\-williams\\-pulls\\-out\\-of\\-wuhan\\-open\\|title\\=Venus Williams pulls out of Wuhan Open\\|publisher\\=Women's Tennis Association\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 18, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618121325/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1439354/venus\\-williams\\-pulls\\-out\\-of\\-wuhan\\-open\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She was scheduled to finish her season at the [Luxembourg Open](/wiki/Luxembourg_Open \"Luxembourg Open\"), but pulled out due to a knee injury. She finished the season ranked No. 40, the first time since 2013 she failed to finish the season inside the top 20\\.", "Williams parted ways with her long\\-time coach David Witt at the end of the 2018 season.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/sports/tennis/coaches\\-venus\\-williams\\-simona\\-halep\\-sloane\\-stephens.html\\|title\\=Flurry of Coaching Changes Adds to Upheaval in Women's Tennis\\|first\\=Ben\\|last\\=Rothenberg\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=December 11, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=January 2, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102002200/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/sports/tennis/coaches\\-venus\\-williams\\-simona\\-halep\\-sloane\\-stephens.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### 2019: Continued struggles, out of top 50", "Williams began her 2019 season with an exhibition match against Serena at the Mubadala [World Tennis Championship](/wiki/World_Tennis_Championship \"World Tennis Championship\"), which she won in the match tiebreak. Williams then played in the ASB Classic in Auckland, where she was seeded sixth. She defeated Victoria Azarenka and [Lauren Davis](/wiki/Lauren_Davis \"Lauren Davis\"), before losing in the quarterfinals to [Bianca Andreescu](/wiki/Bianca_Andreescu \"Bianca Andreescu\") in three sets. Unseeded at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2019_Australian_Open \"2019 Australian Open\"), Williams defeated [Mihaela Buzărnescu](/wiki/Mihaela_Buz%C4%83rnescu \"Mihaela Buzărnescu\") and Alizé Cornet, both in three sets, to set up a meeting with the topseeded Simona Halep in the third round. Williams lost to Halep in two sets.", "Ranked 36th and unseeded at [Indian Wells](/wiki/2019_BNP_Paribas_Open \"2019 BNP Paribas Open\"), Williams started with a win over Andrea Petkovic, before coming back from a set and a double break down to beat the third seed Petra Kvitová in the second round. This was Williams's first top five win since the [2017 WTA Finals](/wiki/2017_WTA_Finals \"2017 WTA Finals\"). She then defeated [Christina McHale](/wiki/Christina_McHale \"Christina McHale\") and [Mona Barthel](/wiki/Mona_Barthel \"Mona Barthel\") to advance to her third straight Indian Wells quarterfinal, where she lost to the eighth seed and eventual runner\\-up, Angelique Kerber.", "Ranked 43rd as she entered the [Miami Open](/wiki/2019_Miami_Open \"2019 Miami Open\"), Williams beat [Dalila Jakupović](/wiki/Dalila_Jakupovi%C4%87 \"Dalila Jakupović\"), Suarez Navarro and Daria Kasatkina, all in straight sets, before falling again to third ranked Simona Halep in the fourth round.", "Williams started her clay\\-court season as a wildcard at the Italian Open where she defeated Elise Mertens in a third set tiebreak (after three hours of play) to set up a second round match with her sister Serena. Due to a left knee injury, however, Serena was forced to withdraw from the match.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1448326/serena\\-withdraws\\-from\\-rome\\-venus\\-into\\-third\\-round\\|title\\=Serena withdraws from Rome, Venus into third round\\|publisher\\=Women's Tennis Association\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201856/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1448326/serena\\-withdraws\\-from\\-rome\\-venus\\-into\\-third\\-round\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Williams then fell to eventual runner\\-up Johanna Konta in the third round in straight sets. She subsequently fell to the ninth seed, [Elina Svitolina](/wiki/Elina_Svitolina \"Elina Svitolina\"), in the [French Open](/wiki/2019_French_Open \"2019 French Open\") first round, her second year in a row failing to win a match at the French Open.", "For the first time since 2011 and fourth time in her career, Williams played a Wimbledon warmup event after accepting a wildcard into the [Birmingham Classic](/wiki/2019_Birmingham_Classic \"2019 Birmingham Classic\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news\\|title\\=Women's Tennis News \\| WTA Tennis\\|publisher\\=Women's Tennis Association\\|date\\=May 16, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=June 7, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607042626/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3077955/title/serena\\-williams\\-no1\\-infographic\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She defeated [Aliaksandra Sasnovich](/wiki/Aliaksandra_Sasnovich \"Aliaksandra Sasnovich\") in the first round to set up a meeting with Wang Qiang, which Williams also won to reach the quarterfinals, where she lost to eventual champion and new world No. 1, Ashleigh Barty. However, thanks to this run, Williams returned to the top 50 in the rankings. She also accepted a wildcard to play doubles with [Harriet Dart](/wiki/Harriet_Dart \"Harriet Dart\"), losing in the first round in a match tiebreak. At [Wimbledon](/wiki/2019_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2019 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles\"), Williams, whilst unseeded, faced compatriot [Coco Gauff](/wiki/Coco_Gauff \"Coco Gauff\"), a fifteen\\-year\\-old qualifier, the youngest qualifier in the history of the event. Gauff stunned Williams in a tight two\\-set match. The loss matched [2012](/wiki/2012_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2012 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles\") as her earliest Wimbledon exit.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.wimbledon.com/en\\_GB/news/articles/2019\\-07\\-01/2019\\-07\\-01\\_williams\\_loses\\_generation\\_game\\_to\\_teenager.html \\|title\\=Williams loses generation game to teenager \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 1, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701203031/https://www.wimbledon.com/en\\_GB/news/articles/2019\\-07\\-01/2019\\-07\\-01\\_williams\\_loses\\_generation\\_game\\_to\\_teenager.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/01/tennis/gauff\\-venus\\-wimbledon\\-osaka\\-tsitsipas\\-intl\\-spt/index.html\\|title\\=Girl, 15, beats Venus and declares: I want to be the greatest\\|website\\=\\[\\[CNN]]\\|date\\=1 July 2019\\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2019\\|last\\=Ubha\\|first\\=Ravi\\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702061029/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/01/tennis/gauff\\-venus\\-wimbledon\\-osaka\\-tsitsipas\\-intl\\-spt/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### 2020: Out of top 75", "Williams was scheduled to start her 2020 season at the [Brisbane International](/wiki/2020_Brisbane_International \"2020 Brisbane International\") but withdrew before the tournament began.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/venus\\-williams\\-pulls\\-out\\-of\\-brisbane\\-following\\-unexpected\\-setback\\|title\\=Venus Williams pulls out of Brisbane following \"unexpected setback\"\\|website\\=Tennis.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 19, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619102418/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/venus\\-williams\\-pulls\\-out\\-of\\-brisbane\\-following\\-unexpected\\-setback\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She also had to withdraw from the [Adelaide International](/wiki/2020_Adelaide_International \"2020 Adelaide International\").", "At the [Australian Open](/wiki/2020_Australian_Open \"2020 Australian Open\"), Williams was beaten by [Coco Gauff](/wiki/Coco_Gauff \"Coco Gauff\") in the first round. At the [Mexican Open](/wiki/2020_Abierto_Mexicano_Telcel \"2020 Abierto Mexicano Telcel\"), where she was the fifth seed, Williams was beaten by qualifier [Kaja Juvan](/wiki/Kaja_Juvan \"Kaja Juvan\").", "After a four\\-month break due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), Williams returned to competition by playing [World TeamTennis](/wiki/World_TeamTennis \"World TeamTennis\").", "Her first official tournament back was the [Top Seed Open](/wiki/2020_Top_Seed_Open \"2020 Top Seed Open\"), where she defeated Victoria Azarenka in the first round, then took on sister Serena for the 31st time in the second round, losing to her in a tight three\\-set match. Williams then fell to [Dayana Yastremska](/wiki/Dayana_Yastremska \"Dayana Yastremska\") in the first round of the [Western \\& Southern Open](/wiki/2020_Western_%26_Southern_Open \"2020 Western & Southern Open\"). Following the tournament, Williams dropped to no. 67 in the WTA 31 August 2020 rankings.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Venus Williams {{!}} Ranking History {{!}} Weekly \\& Yearly Rankings – WTA Official\\|url\\=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/230220/venus\\-williams/rankings\\-history\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-20\\|publisher\\=Women's Tennis Association\\|archive\\-date\\=November 27, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127174048/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/230220/venus\\-williams/rankings\\-history\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2020_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2020 US Open (tennis)\"), Williams lost in straight sets against WTA No. 26, [Karolína Muchová](/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Muchov%C3%A1 \"Karolína Muchová\"), in the first round.", "Williams travelled to [Italian Open](/wiki/2020_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2020 Italian Open (tennis)\"), the week after the U.S. Open to join the rescheduled clay court swing. In the first round, she drew Azarenka for the second time in five weeks; on this occasion, Williams lost in straight sets, taking their career head\\-to\\-head record to 6–2 in Williams's favor.\nAt the [French Open](/wiki/2020_French_Open \"2020 French Open\"), Williams crashed out in straight\\-sets to [Anna Karolína Schmiedlová](/wiki/Anna_Karol%C3%ADna_Schmiedlov%C3%A1 \"Anna Karolína Schmiedlová\"). She finished the year with one match win and a 1–8 tour record. Her ranking fell to 78 in the world by the end of the season.", "### 2021–2022: Out of the top 100, 90th Grand Slam appearance", "[thumb\\|right\\|The Williams sisters in 2022 during their final doubles match together](/wiki/File:Serena_and_Venus_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Serena and Venus (cropped).jpg\")", "Williams started the 2021 season at the [Yarra Valley Classic](/wiki/2021_Yarra_Valley_Classic \"2021 Yarra Valley Classic\"), where she defeated Arantxa Rus, in straight sets, before losing in straight sets to fourth seed Petra Kvitová. She also reached the second round of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2021_Australian_Open \"2021 Australian Open\"). Since then, Williams was on a 5\\-match losing streak and dropped out of the top 100 in May, before the [French Open](/wiki/2021_French_Open \"2021 French Open\"), to her lowest ranking since 2011\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.essentiallysports.com/wta\\-tennis\\-news\\-cant\\-stop\\-progress\\-vw\\-pens\\-an\\-inspirational\\-note\\-following\\-her\\-5\\-matvh\\-losing\\-streak/\\|title\\=\"Can't Stop Progress\": Venus Williams Pens an Inspirational Note Following Her 5\\-Match Losing Streak\\|date\\=May 25, 2021\\|website\\=EssentiallySports\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 12, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612140255/https://www.essentiallysports.com/wta\\-tennis\\-news\\-cant\\-stop\\-progress\\-vw\\-pens\\-an\\-inspirational\\-note\\-following\\-her\\-5\\-matvh\\-losing\\-streak/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} At the French Open, she lost in the first round to the 32nd seed, [Ekaterina Alexandrova](/wiki/Ekaterina_Alexandrova \"Ekaterina Alexandrova\"). She received a wildcard for the main draw of [Wimbledon](/wiki/2021_Wimbledon_Championships \"2021 Wimbledon Championships\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/16/andy\\-murray\\-venus\\-williams\\-wildcard\\-wimbledon\\-queens\\-tennis\\-news\\|title\\=Andy Murray and Venus Williams handed wildcard entries for Wimbledon\\|date\\=June 16, 2021\\|website\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 19, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619194424/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/16/andy\\-murray\\-venus\\-williams\\-wildcard\\-wimbledon\\-queens\\-tennis\\-news\\|url\\-status\\=live}} but she was later upgraded to the main draw as direct entry due to Naomi Osaka's withdrawal. She won her first round match against [Mihaela Buzărnescu](/wiki/Mihaela_Buz%C4%83rnescu \"Mihaela Buzărnescu\"). This was Venus Williams's record breaking 90th Grand Slam appearance and also her 90th match win at Wimbledon.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/\\_/id/31731465/venus\\-williams\\-wins\\-90th\\-match\\-wimbledon\\-advance\\|title\\=Venus wins 90th match at Wimbledon to advance\\|date\\=June 29, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=June 29, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 29, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629182817/https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/\\_/id/31731465/venus\\-williams\\-wins\\-90th\\-match\\-wimbledon\\-advance\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "She missed the next four Grand Slam tournaments in singles, before receiving a wildcard for the 2022 U.S. Open. She lost in the first round in straight sets to [Alison Van Uytvanck](/wiki/Alison_Van_Uytvanck \"Alison Van Uytvanck\"). She also played doubles with Serena at the U.S. Open. Their first round match was the first doubles match in history to be given the nighttime slot on Center Court. The pair lost to [Lucie Hradecká](/wiki/Lucie_Hradeck%C3%A1 \"Lucie Hradecká\") and [Linda Nosková](/wiki/Linda_Noskov%C3%A1 \"Linda Nosková\"). With Serena's retirement, this was the final Grand Slam match for the 14\\-time major doubles champions. Venus later stated that when Serena retired, she too retired from playing doubles.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/news\\-venus\\-williams\\-when\\-serena\\-retired\\-i\\-retired\\-doubles\\-well\\|title\\=Venus Williams retired from doubles when Serena retired\\|date\\=June 3, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=June 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621034140/https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/news\\-venus\\-williams\\-when\\-serena\\-retired\\-i\\-retired\\-doubles\\-well\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### 2023: 30th year on the WTA Tour, ongoing struggle with injuries", "In January, she received a wildcard for the main draw of [Auckland Open](/wiki/2023_ASB_Classic_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2023 ASB Classic – Women's singles\"), and started her 30th year on the WTA Tour with a straight\\-sets victory over fellow American [Katie Volynets](/wiki/Katie_Volynets \"Katie Volynets\") in the first round.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/64144838 \\|title\\=ASB Classic: Venus Williams starts 30th year on WTA Tour with win over Katie Volynets \\|publisher\\=BBC Sports \\|date\\=2 January 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106063548/https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/64144838 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} She opened the second round by winning the first set against [Zhu Lin](/wiki/Zhu_Lin_%28tennis%29 \"Zhu Lin (tennis)\") but then went on to lose the match when she dropped the next two sets. Williams received a main draw wildcard to the 2023 Australian Open but was forced to withdraw after sustaining an injury in her second round match against Lin in Auckland.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Sridhar \\|first\\=Shrivathsa \\|date\\=January 7, 2023 \\|title\\=Venus out of Australian Open following injury in Auckland \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/venus\\-out\\-australian\\-open\\-following\\-injury\\-auckland\\-2023\\-01\\-07/ \\|work\\=Reuters}} The injury caused Williams to miss the rest of the hard court swing and the clay season.", "Williams returned to action in the grass court season. She received a wildcard at the [Rosmalen Grass Court Championships](/wiki/2023_Lib%C3%A9ma_Open \"2023 Libéma Open\") where she lost in the first round to 17 years old [Céline Naef](/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Naef \"Céline Naef\"). Venus then competed in the [2023 Birmingham Classic](/wiki/2023_Birmingham_Classic \"2023 Birmingham Classic\") and won her first match as a 43\\-year\\-old, defeating Camilla Giorgi in over three hours in an epic three\\-set thriller.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3544741/venus\\-williams\\-overcomes\\-giorgi\\-in\\-three\\-hour\\-birmingham\\-thriller \\| title\\=Venus Williams overcomes Giorgi in three\\-hour Birmingham thriller \\| access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023 \\| archive\\-date\\=June 21, 2023 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621033838/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3544741/venus\\-williams\\-overcomes\\-giorgi\\-in\\-three\\-hour\\-birmingham\\-thriller \\| url\\-status\\=live }} It was her first victory over a top 50 player in almost four years. The success was short\\-lived, and Williams fell in the second round to [Jelena Ostapenko](/wiki/Je%C4%BCena_Ostapenko \"Jeļena Ostapenko\") in another close three\\-set match. Williams continued to be hampered by injuries during the match and received an off\\-court medical timeout.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Tennis.com \\|title\\=Venus Williams loses to Jelena Ostapenko at Birmingham Classic after injury concern \\|url\\=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/krejcikova\\-continues\\-serene\\-progress\\-at\\-grass\\-court\\-birmingham\\-classic \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-24 \\|website\\=Tennis.com \\|language\\=en}} Williams received a wildcard to the 2023 Wimbledon main draw but lost in straight sets to [Elina Svitolina](/wiki/Elina_Svitolina \"Elina Svitolina\") in the first round. After going up an early break, Williams suffered a serious knee injury. Williams expressed frustration at her improving form being affected by injuries, stating in her post\\-match press conference that the injuries were \"hard to process emotionally, mentally and physically on the court.\"{{Cite web \\|title\\=Svitolina beats Venus Williams in Wimbledon opener \\|url\\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3567001/svitolina\\-beats\\-venus\\-williams\\-in\\-wimbledon\\-opener \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-24 \\|website\\=Women's Tennis Association \\|language\\=en}}", "Williams' form in the U.S. hard court swing showed glimpses of her former top form. She lost in the first round of the 2023 National Bank Open in Montreal but secured her first Top 20 win in more than four years with a straight sets win over No. 16 seed [Veronika Kudermetova](/wiki/Veronika_Kudermetova \"Veronika Kudermetova\") in the 2023 Western \\& Southern Open. She followed that win with a lopsided first set win over rising star [Zheng Qinwen](/wiki/Zheng_Qinwen \"Zheng Qinwen\") but eventually lost the next two sets and the match. The first set was described as \"vintage Venus\" and gave hope for Williams'' return to the U.S. Open.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Zheng Qinwen rallies to beat Venus Williams in Cincinnati \\|url\\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3636968/zheng\\-qinwen\\-rallies\\-to\\-beat\\-venus\\-williams\\-in\\-cincinnati \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-24 \\|website\\=Women's Tennis Association \\|language\\=en}}", "At the 2023 U.S. Open, Venus arrived to play the tournament for the 24th time. In her first round match, which was also Williams' 100th career U.S. Open match, she suffered one of her most lopsided Grand Slam losses, winning only two games against qualifier [Greet Minnen](/wiki/Greet_Minnen \"Greet Minnen\").{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Koons \\|first\\=Zach \\|date\\=2023\\-08\\-29 \\|title\\=Venus Williams Falls in Straight Sets at U.S. Open to Unranked Qualifier \\|url\\=https://www.si.com/tennis/2023/08/30/venus\\-williams\\-falls\\-straight\\-sets\\-us\\-open\\-unranked\\-qualifier\\-greet\\-minnen \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-24 \\|magazine\\=Sports Illustrated \\|language\\=en\\-us}}", "Williams ended the 2023 season ranked 412 in the world.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Tennis Explorer: Tennis Rankings, WTA \\& ATP Rankings \\|url\\=https://www.tennisexplorer.com/ranking/wta\\-women/2023/?date\\=2023\\-12\\-25\\&search\\-text\\-ran\\=williams \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-24 \\|website\\=www.tennisexplorer.com}}", "### 2024", "Despite her injury\\-plagued season in 2023, Williams announced her intention to return to action in March. While her injuries forced her to miss the Australian Summer hard court swing, she said her target was to participate in the American hard court tournaments in Indian Wells and Miami.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Tennis.com \\|title\\=Venus Williams targeting March return in 2024 \\|url\\=https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/venus\\-williams\\-targeting\\-march\\-return\\-in\\-2024 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-24 \\|website\\=Tennis.com \\|language\\=en}} She lost in the first round of both tournaments.", "" ]
### 1998: First WTA singles title, entering the top 10 and first Grand Slam doubles titles In her debut at the [Australian Open](/wiki/1998_Australian_Open "1998 Australian Open"), Williams defeated younger sister Serena Williams in the second round, which was the sisters' first professional meeting. Williams eventually lost in the quarterfinals to No. 3 Davenport. Three weeks later, Williams defeated No. 2 Davenport for the first time in the semifinals of the [Cellular South Cup](/wiki/Cellular_South_Cup "Cellular South Cup") in Oklahoma City. Williams then defeated [Joannette Kruger](/wiki/Joannette_Kruger "Joannette Kruger") in the final to win the first singles title of her career. In her first Tier I event of the year, Williams lost in the semifinals of the State Farm Evert Cup in Indian Wells to No. 1 Hingis. The following week, Williams won the Tier I [Lipton International Players Championships](/wiki/Lipton_International_Players_Championships "Lipton International Players Championships") in Key Biscayne, Florida, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals. On March 30, 1998, her ranking broke into the top 10 for the first time, at No. 10\. Williams played only one tournament on [clay](/wiki/Clay_courts "Clay courts") before the [1998 French Open](/wiki/1998_French_Open "1998 French Open"). At the [Italian Open](/wiki/Rome_Masters "Rome Masters") in Rome, she defeated her sister in the quarterfinals and No. 5, Sánchez Vicario, in the semifinals, before losing to No. 1, Hingis, in the final. She lost again to Hingis in the quarterfinals of the French Open. She lost her first match at the [Eastbourne International](/wiki/Direct_Line_International_Championships "Direct Line International Championships") on [grass](/wiki/Grass_court "Grass court"), before losing to No. 3 and eventual champion, [Jana Novotná](/wiki/Jana_Novotn%C3%A1 "Jana Novotná"), in the quarterfinals of Wimbledon. On July 27, 1998, her ranking rose to No. 5\. Williams played three tournaments during the North American 1998 summer hardcourt season. She reached her fifth final of the year at the [Stanford Classic](/wiki/Bank_of_the_West_Classic "Bank of the West Classic") in California, defeating No. 6 [Monica Seles](/wiki/Monica_Seles "Monica Seles") in the semifinals before losing to No. 1 Davenport. Patellar [tendonitis](/wiki/Tendonitis "Tendonitis") in her left knee caused her to retire from her quarterfinal match in [San Diego](/wiki/Acura_Classic "Acura Classic") while trailing [Mary Pierce](/wiki/Mary_Pierce "Mary Pierce") in the third set. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/1998_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "1998 US Open (tennis)"), Williams defeated fourth\-seeded Sánchez Vicario in the quarterfinals before losing to second seeded and eventual champion Davenport in the semifinals. 1998 was the first year that Williams reached at least the quarterfinals of all majors. Williams played four tournaments in the remainder of 1998\. She won her third title of the year at the [Grand Slam Cup](/wiki/Grand_Slam_Cup "Grand Slam Cup") in Munich in September, defeating No. 9 [Patty Schnyder](/wiki/Patty_Schnyder "Patty Schnyder") in the final. She lost in the second round of the [Porsche Tennis Grand Prix](/wiki/Porsche_Tennis_Grand_Prix "Porsche Tennis Grand Prix") in Filderstadt, before losing in the final of the Tier I [Swisscom Challenge](/wiki/Swisscom_Challenge "Swisscom Challenge") in Zürich to No. 1 Davenport and the semifinals of the Tier I Kremlin Cup in Moscow to Pierce. She had earned enough points during the year to participate in the year\-ending [WTA Tour Championships](/wiki/WTA_Tour_Championships "WTA Tour Championships") but withdrew from the tournament because of tendonitis in her knee. She finished the year ranked No. 5\. In 1998, Williams teamed with [Justin Gimelstob](/wiki/Justin_Gimelstob "Justin Gimelstob") to win the mixed doubles titles at the Australian Open and the French Open. Her sister Serena Williams won the other two Grand Slam mixed doubles titles that year, completing a "Williams Family Mixed Doubles Grand Slam". Williams won the first two women's doubles titles of her career, in Oklahoma City and Zürich. Both titles came with her sister, becoming only the third pair of sisters to win a WTA tour doubles title.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wtatennis.com/player/venus\-williams\_2257889\_9027\|title\=WTA, Info, Venus Williams\|publisher\=WTA Tour, Inc.\|access\-date\=October 4, 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926090614/http://www.wtatennis.com/player/venus\-williams\_2257889\_9027\|archive\-date\=September 26, 2011}}
[ "### 1998: First WTA singles title, entering the top 10 and first Grand Slam doubles titles", "In her debut at the [Australian Open](/wiki/1998_Australian_Open \"1998 Australian Open\"), Williams defeated younger sister Serena Williams in the second round, which was the sisters' first professional meeting. Williams eventually lost in the quarterfinals to No. 3 Davenport.", "Three weeks later, Williams defeated No. 2 Davenport for the first time in the semifinals of the [Cellular South Cup](/wiki/Cellular_South_Cup \"Cellular South Cup\") in Oklahoma City. Williams then defeated [Joannette Kruger](/wiki/Joannette_Kruger \"Joannette Kruger\") in the final to win the first singles title of her career. In her first Tier I event of the year, Williams lost in the semifinals of the State Farm Evert Cup in Indian Wells to No. 1 Hingis. The following week, Williams won the Tier I [Lipton International Players Championships](/wiki/Lipton_International_Players_Championships \"Lipton International Players Championships\") in Key Biscayne, Florida, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals. On March 30, 1998, her ranking broke into the top 10 for the first time, at No. 10\\.", "Williams played only one tournament on [clay](/wiki/Clay_courts \"Clay courts\") before the [1998 French Open](/wiki/1998_French_Open \"1998 French Open\"). At the [Italian Open](/wiki/Rome_Masters \"Rome Masters\") in Rome, she defeated her sister in the quarterfinals and No. 5, Sánchez Vicario, in the semifinals, before losing to No. 1, Hingis, in the final. She lost again to Hingis in the quarterfinals of the French Open. She lost her first match at the [Eastbourne International](/wiki/Direct_Line_International_Championships \"Direct Line International Championships\") on [grass](/wiki/Grass_court \"Grass court\"), before losing to No. 3 and eventual champion, [Jana Novotná](/wiki/Jana_Novotn%C3%A1 \"Jana Novotná\"), in the quarterfinals of Wimbledon. On July 27, 1998, her ranking rose to No. 5\\.", "Williams played three tournaments during the North American 1998 summer hardcourt season. She reached her fifth final of the year at the [Stanford Classic](/wiki/Bank_of_the_West_Classic \"Bank of the West Classic\") in California, defeating No. 6 [Monica Seles](/wiki/Monica_Seles \"Monica Seles\") in the semifinals before losing to No. 1 Davenport. Patellar [tendonitis](/wiki/Tendonitis \"Tendonitis\") in her left knee caused her to retire from her quarterfinal match in [San Diego](/wiki/Acura_Classic \"Acura Classic\") while trailing [Mary Pierce](/wiki/Mary_Pierce \"Mary Pierce\") in the third set. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/1998_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"1998 US Open (tennis)\"), Williams defeated fourth\\-seeded Sánchez Vicario in the quarterfinals before losing to second seeded and eventual champion Davenport in the semifinals. 1998 was the first year that Williams reached at least the quarterfinals of all majors.", "Williams played four tournaments in the remainder of 1998\\. She won her third title of the year at the [Grand Slam Cup](/wiki/Grand_Slam_Cup \"Grand Slam Cup\") in Munich in September, defeating No. 9 [Patty Schnyder](/wiki/Patty_Schnyder \"Patty Schnyder\") in the final. She lost in the second round of the [Porsche Tennis Grand Prix](/wiki/Porsche_Tennis_Grand_Prix \"Porsche Tennis Grand Prix\") in Filderstadt, before losing in the final of the Tier I [Swisscom Challenge](/wiki/Swisscom_Challenge \"Swisscom Challenge\") in Zürich to No. 1 Davenport and the semifinals of the Tier I Kremlin Cup in Moscow to Pierce. She had earned enough points during the year to participate in the year\\-ending [WTA Tour Championships](/wiki/WTA_Tour_Championships \"WTA Tour Championships\") but withdrew from the tournament because of tendonitis in her knee. She finished the year ranked No. 5\\.", "In 1998, Williams teamed with [Justin Gimelstob](/wiki/Justin_Gimelstob \"Justin Gimelstob\") to win the mixed doubles titles at the Australian Open and the French Open. Her sister Serena Williams won the other two Grand Slam mixed doubles titles that year, completing a \"Williams Family Mixed Doubles Grand Slam\". Williams won the first two women's doubles titles of her career, in Oklahoma City and Zürich. Both titles came with her sister, becoming only the third pair of sisters to win a WTA tour doubles title.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wtatennis.com/player/venus\\-williams\\_2257889\\_9027\\|title\\=WTA, Info, Venus Williams\\|publisher\\=WTA Tour, Inc.\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926090614/http://www.wtatennis.com/player/venus\\-williams\\_2257889\\_9027\\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2011}}", "" ]
### 1999: Three Tier I titles Williams started the 1999 tour in Australia, where she lost to No. 10 [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf "Steffi Graf") in the quarterfinals of the [Sydney International](/wiki/Sydney_International "Sydney International") and No. 1 Davenport in the quarterfinals of the [Australian Open](/wiki/1998_Australian_Open "1998 Australian Open"). However, she rebounded at the [Faber Grand Prix](/wiki/Faber_Grand_Prix "Faber Grand Prix") in [Hanover](/wiki/Hanover "Hanover"), defeating Graf for the first time in the semifinals before losing the final to No. 3 Novotná. Williams then successfully defended her titles in both Oklahoma City and Key Biscayne. She defeated Novotná and Graf to reach the final in Key Biscayne, where she defeated her sister in three sets in the first final on the WTA Tour to be contested by two sisters. Williams played four clay court events during the spring. She lost her first match at the [Amelia Island Championships](/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb_Championships "Bausch & Lomb Championships") in Florida. Three weeks later, however, she won her first title on clay at the [WTA Hamburg](/wiki/WTA_Hamburg "WTA Hamburg"), defeating [Mary Pierce](/wiki/Mary_Pierce "Mary Pierce") in the final. Williams then won the Tier I Italian Open in Rome, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals and No. 8 Pierce in the final. At the [French Open](/wiki/1999_French_Open "1999 French Open"), she extended her winning streak to 22 matches before losing in the fourth round to No. 125, [Barbara Schwartz](/wiki/Barbara_Schwartz_%28tennis%29 "Barbara Schwartz (tennis)"). Williams teamed with Serena Williams to win the women's doubles title at this event, the first Grand Slam title the pair won together. At [Wimbledon](/wiki/1999_Wimbledon_Championships "1999 Wimbledon Championships"), Williams defeated No. 17 [Anna Kournikova](/wiki/Anna_Kournikova "Anna Kournikova") in the fourth round to reach the quarterfinals for the second consecutive year, where she lost to eventual runner\-up Graf. Williams rebounded in the summer when she won two [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup "Fed Cup") matches against Italy and lost in the final of the Stanford Classic to No. 1 Davenport. One week later, Williams defeated Davenport in the semifinals of the [San Diego Classic](/wiki/Acura_Classic "Acura Classic"), before losing to No. 2 Hingis in the final. In her last tournament before the [U.S. Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 "US Open (tennis)"), Williams won the [New Haven Open](/wiki/Pilot_Pen_Tennis "Pilot Pen Tennis") in Connecticut, defeating No. 5 Seles in the semifinals and Davenport in the final. On August 30, 1999, her world ranking reached third for the first time. Seeded third at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/1999_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "1999 US Open – Women's singles"), Williams lost in the semifinals to No. 1 Hingis in three sets. However, she teamed with singles champion Serena Williams at this event to win their second Grand Slam women's doubles title. During the remainder of the year, Williams contributed to the victory of the [U.S. team](/wiki/USA_Fed_Cup_team "USA Fed Cup team") over [Russia](/wiki/Russia_Fed_Cup_team "Russia Fed Cup team") in the [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup "Fed Cup") final, winning one singles rubber before joining her sister to win the doubles rubber. At the Grand Slam Cup in Munich, Williams defeated Hingis in the semifinals before losing to her sister Serena for the first time in the final. Williams won her sixth title of the year at the Tier I event in Zurich, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the final. Four weeks later, she lost to Davenport in the semifinals of the tournament in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Advanta_Championships_of_Philadelphia "Advanta Championships of Philadelphia"). Making her debut at the year\-ending WTA Championships, Williams lost to Hingis in the semifinals. She finished the year ranked No. 3\.
[ "### 1999: Three Tier I titles", "Williams started the 1999 tour in Australia, where she lost to No. 10 [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf \"Steffi Graf\") in the quarterfinals of the [Sydney International](/wiki/Sydney_International \"Sydney International\") and No. 1 Davenport in the quarterfinals of the [Australian Open](/wiki/1998_Australian_Open \"1998 Australian Open\"). However, she rebounded at the [Faber Grand Prix](/wiki/Faber_Grand_Prix \"Faber Grand Prix\") in [Hanover](/wiki/Hanover \"Hanover\"), defeating Graf for the first time in the semifinals before losing the final to No. 3 Novotná. Williams then successfully defended her titles in both Oklahoma City and Key Biscayne. She defeated Novotná and Graf to reach the final in Key Biscayne, where she defeated her sister in three sets in the first final on the WTA Tour to be contested by two sisters.", "Williams played four clay court events during the spring. She lost her first match at the [Amelia Island Championships](/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb_Championships \"Bausch & Lomb Championships\") in Florida. Three weeks later, however, she won her first title on clay at the [WTA Hamburg](/wiki/WTA_Hamburg \"WTA Hamburg\"), defeating [Mary Pierce](/wiki/Mary_Pierce \"Mary Pierce\") in the final. Williams then won the Tier I Italian Open in Rome, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals and No. 8 Pierce in the final. At the [French Open](/wiki/1999_French_Open \"1999 French Open\"), she extended her winning streak to 22 matches before losing in the fourth round to No. 125, [Barbara Schwartz](/wiki/Barbara_Schwartz_%28tennis%29 \"Barbara Schwartz (tennis)\"). Williams teamed with Serena Williams to win the women's doubles title at this event, the first Grand Slam title the pair won together.", "At [Wimbledon](/wiki/1999_Wimbledon_Championships \"1999 Wimbledon Championships\"), Williams defeated No. 17 [Anna Kournikova](/wiki/Anna_Kournikova \"Anna Kournikova\") in the fourth round to reach the quarterfinals for the second consecutive year, where she lost to eventual runner\\-up Graf.", "Williams rebounded in the summer when she won two [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup \"Fed Cup\") matches against Italy and lost in the final of the Stanford Classic to No. 1 Davenport. One week later, Williams defeated Davenport in the semifinals of the [San Diego Classic](/wiki/Acura_Classic \"Acura Classic\"), before losing to No. 2 Hingis in the final. In her last tournament before the [U.S. Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"US Open (tennis)\"), Williams won the [New Haven Open](/wiki/Pilot_Pen_Tennis \"Pilot Pen Tennis\") in Connecticut, defeating No. 5 Seles in the semifinals and Davenport in the final. On August 30, 1999, her world ranking reached third for the first time. Seeded third at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/1999_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"1999 US Open – Women's singles\"), Williams lost in the semifinals to No. 1 Hingis in three sets. However, she teamed with singles champion Serena Williams at this event to win their second Grand Slam women's doubles title.", "During the remainder of the year, Williams contributed to the victory of the [U.S. team](/wiki/USA_Fed_Cup_team \"USA Fed Cup team\") over [Russia](/wiki/Russia_Fed_Cup_team \"Russia Fed Cup team\") in the [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup \"Fed Cup\") final, winning one singles rubber before joining her sister to win the doubles rubber. At the Grand Slam Cup in Munich, Williams defeated Hingis in the semifinals before losing to her sister Serena for the first time in the final. Williams won her sixth title of the year at the Tier I event in Zurich, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the final. Four weeks later, she lost to Davenport in the semifinals of the tournament in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Advanta_Championships_of_Philadelphia \"Advanta Championships of Philadelphia\"). Making her debut at the year\\-ending WTA Championships, Williams lost to Hingis in the semifinals. She finished the year ranked No. 3\\.", "" ]
### 2009: Four consecutive major doubles titles As the sixth seed at the [2009 Australian Open](/wiki/2009_Australian_Open "2009 Australian Open"), Williams lost in the second round to [Carla Suárez Navarro](/wiki/Carla_Su%C3%A1rez_Navarro "Carla Suárez Navarro"), after holding a match point in the third set. However, she teamed up with her sister Serena to win the women's doubles title at the event, their eighth Grand Slam doubles title together. Williams rebounded in singles play in February at the Premier 5 (formerly Tier I) [Dubai Tennis Championships](/wiki/Dubai_Tennis_Championships "Dubai Tennis Championships"), defeating defending champion and No. 4 Dementieva in the quarterfinals and No. 1 Serena Williams in the semifinals on a third set tiebreak. The latter win meant that Williams led the head\-to\-head in career matches with her sister for the first time since 2002\. Williams went on to defeat [Virginie Razzano](/wiki/Virginie_Razzano "Virginie Razzano") in the final. This win meant Williams was ranked in the top five for the first time since 2003, while it also marked her 40th professional singles title, only the twelfth player in the Open era to achieve the feat.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wtatennis.com/1/newsroom/stories/?ContentID\=3015\|title\=Williams Beats Razzano for 40th Career Singles Title}} Williams won another title the following week at the Abierto Mexicano in Acapulco defeating Pennetta in the final. This was her first title on clay since 2005\. On European clay, Williams reached the semifinals in Rome before losing to No. 1 Safina. This run meant Williams was ranked in the top three for the first time since 2003\. Seeded third at the [French Open](/wiki/2009_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2009 French Open – Women's singles"), Williams lost to [Ágnes Szávay](/wiki/%C3%81gnes_Sz%C3%A1vay "Ágnes Szávay") in the third round, the third consecutive year she had exited at that stage.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8073573\.stm\|title\=Venus crashes out of French Open\|date\=May 29, 2009\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=May 30, 2009\|archive\-date\=May 30, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530011957/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8073573\.stm\|url\-status\=live}} Williams was seeded third at [Wimbledon](/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "2009 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles"). She advanced to her eighth Wimbledon final, at which point she had won 34 straight sets (held since Wimbledon 2007\). In the final, however, she lost the first set tie\-break, and from then on lost in two sets to sister Serena. The Williams sisters teamed up to win the doubles tournament for the fourth time. In [Stanford](/wiki/2009_Bank_of_the_West_Classic "2009 Bank of the West Classic"), Williams defeated Maria Sharapova and Elena Dementieva to advance to the finals, where she would lose to [Marion Bartoli](/wiki/Marion_Bartoli "Marion Bartoli"). Teaming with her sister, she played doubles and won the title, defeating [Monica Niculescu](/wiki/Monica_Niculescu "Monica Niculescu") and [Chan Yung\-jan](/wiki/Chan_Yung-jan "Chan Yung-jan"). [thumb\|175px\|right\|Williams lost at the US Open to the eventual champion Clijsters.](/wiki/File:Venus_at_us_open_2009-cropped.jpg "Venus at us open 2009-cropped.jpg") At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2009_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2009 US Open (tennis)"), as the third seed, Williams made it to the fourth round, before losing to Kim Clijsters in three sets. Williams then teamed up with Serena Williams to play doubles at the open, where they won the title over defending champions and No. 1s in doubles, [Cara Black](/wiki/Cara_Black "Cara Black") and [Liezel Huber](/wiki/Liezel_Huber "Liezel Huber"), claiming their third major doubles title in 2009\. Williams's last tournament in 2009 was the year\-ending [Tour Championships](/wiki/2009_WTA_Tour_Championships "2009 WTA Tour Championships"), where she was the defending champion in singles. She was in the maroon group which includes her sister Serena Williams, along with Elena Dementieva and Svetlana Kuznetsova. She lost her first match against Dementieva, and her second match against her sister Serena\- both in straight sets, after taking the first set. In her third and final round\-robin match, Williams defeated Kuznetsova. Because of Dementieva's loss to Kuznetsova in their round robin match, Williams advanced to the semifinal of the championships. In her semifinal match, she defeated Jelena Janković of Serbia to advance to her second consecutive final in the tournament which she lost to her sister Serena. In doubles, Williams teamed with her sister as the second seeds. However, they lost to [Nuria Llagostera Vives](/wiki/Nuria_Llagostera_Vives "Nuria Llagostera Vives") and [María José Martínez Sánchez](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_S%C3%A1nchez "María José Martínez Sánchez") in the semifinal. Their doubles record at the end of the year stood at 24–2\. Williams finished 2009 ranked No. 6 in singles (with a winning percentage of 70 percent) and No. 3 in doubles with Serena Williams, in spite of them playing only six events together that year.
[ "### 2009: Four consecutive major doubles titles", "As the sixth seed at the [2009 Australian Open](/wiki/2009_Australian_Open \"2009 Australian Open\"), Williams lost in the second round to [Carla Suárez Navarro](/wiki/Carla_Su%C3%A1rez_Navarro \"Carla Suárez Navarro\"), after holding a match point in the third set. However, she teamed up with her sister Serena to win the women's doubles title at the event, their eighth Grand Slam doubles title together. Williams rebounded in singles play in February at the Premier 5 (formerly Tier I) [Dubai Tennis Championships](/wiki/Dubai_Tennis_Championships \"Dubai Tennis Championships\"), defeating defending champion and No. 4 Dementieva in the quarterfinals and No. 1 Serena Williams in the semifinals on a third set tiebreak. The latter win meant that Williams led the head\\-to\\-head in career matches with her sister for the first time since 2002\\. Williams went on to defeat [Virginie Razzano](/wiki/Virginie_Razzano \"Virginie Razzano\") in the final. This win meant Williams was ranked in the top five for the first time since 2003, while it also marked her 40th professional singles title, only the twelfth player in the Open era to achieve the feat.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wtatennis.com/1/newsroom/stories/?ContentID\\=3015\\|title\\=Williams Beats Razzano for 40th Career Singles Title}} Williams won another title the following week at the Abierto Mexicano in Acapulco defeating Pennetta in the final. This was her first title on clay since 2005\\.", "On European clay, Williams reached the semifinals in Rome before losing to No. 1 Safina. This run meant Williams was ranked in the top three for the first time since 2003\\. Seeded third at the [French Open](/wiki/2009_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2009 French Open – Women's singles\"), Williams lost to [Ágnes Szávay](/wiki/%C3%81gnes_Sz%C3%A1vay \"Ágnes Szávay\") in the third round, the third consecutive year she had exited at that stage.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8073573\\.stm\\|title\\=Venus crashes out of French Open\\|date\\=May 29, 2009\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=May 30, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=May 30, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530011957/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8073573\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Williams was seeded third at [Wimbledon](/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles \"2009 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles\"). She advanced to her eighth Wimbledon final, at which point she had won 34 straight sets (held since Wimbledon 2007\\). In the final, however, she lost the first set tie\\-break, and from then on lost in two sets to sister Serena. The Williams sisters teamed up to win the doubles tournament for the fourth time.", "In [Stanford](/wiki/2009_Bank_of_the_West_Classic \"2009 Bank of the West Classic\"), Williams defeated Maria Sharapova and Elena Dementieva to advance to the finals, where she would lose to [Marion Bartoli](/wiki/Marion_Bartoli \"Marion Bartoli\"). Teaming with her sister, she played doubles and won the title, defeating [Monica Niculescu](/wiki/Monica_Niculescu \"Monica Niculescu\") and [Chan Yung\\-jan](/wiki/Chan_Yung-jan \"Chan Yung-jan\").\n[thumb\\|175px\\|right\\|Williams lost at the US Open to the eventual champion Clijsters.](/wiki/File:Venus_at_us_open_2009-cropped.jpg \"Venus at us open 2009-cropped.jpg\")\nAt the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2009_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2009 US Open (tennis)\"), as the third seed, Williams made it to the fourth round, before losing to Kim Clijsters in three sets. Williams then teamed up with Serena Williams to play doubles at the open, where they won the title over defending champions and No. 1s in doubles, [Cara Black](/wiki/Cara_Black \"Cara Black\") and [Liezel Huber](/wiki/Liezel_Huber \"Liezel Huber\"), claiming their third major doubles title in 2009\\.", "Williams's last tournament in 2009 was the year\\-ending [Tour Championships](/wiki/2009_WTA_Tour_Championships \"2009 WTA Tour Championships\"), where she was the defending champion in singles. She was in the maroon group which includes her sister Serena Williams, along with Elena Dementieva and Svetlana Kuznetsova. She lost her first match against Dementieva, and her second match against her sister Serena\\- both in straight sets, after taking the first set. In her third and final round\\-robin match, Williams defeated Kuznetsova. Because of Dementieva's loss to Kuznetsova in their round robin match, Williams advanced to the semifinal of the championships. In her semifinal match, she defeated Jelena Janković of Serbia to advance to her second consecutive final in the tournament which she lost to her sister Serena. In doubles, Williams teamed with her sister as the second seeds. However, they lost to [Nuria Llagostera Vives](/wiki/Nuria_Llagostera_Vives \"Nuria Llagostera Vives\") and [María José Martínez Sánchez](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_S%C3%A1nchez \"María José Martínez Sánchez\") in the semifinal. Their doubles record at the end of the year stood at 24–2\\.", "Williams finished 2009 ranked No. 6 in singles (with a winning percentage of 70 percent) and No. 3 in doubles with Serena Williams, in spite of them playing only six events together that year.", "" ]
### 2010: No. 2 in singles and No. 1 doubles Williams played at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2010_Australian_Open "2010 Australian Open") as the sixth seed. She defeated 17th\-seeded [Francesca Schiavone](/wiki/Francesca_Schiavone "Francesca Schiavone") in the fourth round. She was two points from defeating 16th\-seeded Li Na in the quarterfinals before losing in three sets. In doubles, she teamed with her sister Serena to successfully defend their title, defeating the top\-ranked team of Cara Black and Liezel Huber in the final. She went onto the clay courts at the [Mexican Open](/wiki/2010_Abierto_Mexicano_Telcel "2010 Abierto Mexicano Telcel") in Acapulco, where she was the defending champion. She reached the semifinals after recovering from a 1–5 third set deficit to [Laura Pous Tió](/wiki/Laura_Pous_Ti%C3%B3 "Laura Pous Tió") in the quarterfinals. In the final, she defeated first\-time finalist [Polona Hercog](/wiki/Polona_Hercog "Polona Hercog") from Slovenia. This was her 43rd career title, the most among active female players. Her next tournament was the Premier Mandatory [Miami Open](/wiki/2010_Sony_Ericsson_Open "2010 Sony Ericsson Open") in Key Biscayne, where she was seeded third. She defeated No. 9, Agnieszka Radwańska, in the quarterfinals and No. 13, Marion Bartoli, in the semifinals to reach her third straight WTA Tour final and fourth Miami Open final. She was defeated by Kim Clijsters in the final in just 58 minutes, ending her 15\-match winning streak. By reaching the final, her ranking improved to No. 4 and she crossed the $26 million mark in career prize money, the only player besides Serena Williams to do so. The knee injury that hampered her during the final of the Miami Open forced her to skip the [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup "Fed Cup") tie against Russia and the [Porsche Tennis Grand Prix](/wiki/2010_Porsche_Tennis_Grand_Prix "2010 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix"). Williams returned to the tour at the Premier 5 [Italian Open](/wiki/2010_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 "2010 Italian Open (tennis)") in Rome. She suffered the worst defeat of her career in the quarterfinals, losing to No. 4 Jelena Janković. Despite this loss, her ranking improved to No. 3 on May 10\. Her next tournament was the [Madrid Open](/wiki/Madrid_Open_%28tennis%29 "Madrid Open (tennis)"), a Premier Mandatory tournament. She lost to [Aravane Rezaï](/wiki/Aravane_Reza%C3%AF "Aravane Rezaï") in the final. In doubles, she teamed with her sister Serena to win the title. On May 17, her ranking improved to No. 2, behind only Serena. This was the fourth time that the Williams sisters have occupied the top two spots, and the first time since May 2003\. Her next tournament was the [French Open](/wiki/2010_French_Open "2010 French Open"), where she played both singles and doubles despite her knee injury. Seeded second in singles, she advanced past the third round at this tournament for the first time since 2006 before losing to [Nadia Petrova](/wiki/Nadia_Petrova "Nadia Petrova") in the round of 16\. She also played doubles with Serena as the top seeds. Their defeat of Huber and [Anabel Medina Garrigues](/wiki/Anabel_Medina_Garrigues "Anabel Medina Garrigues") in the semifinals increased their doubles ranking to No. 1\. They then defeated 12th seeded [Květa Peschke](/wiki/Kv%C4%9Bta_Peschke "Květa Peschke") and [Katarina Srebotnik](/wiki/Katarina_Srebotnik "Katarina Srebotnik") in the final to win their fourth consecutive Grand Slam women's doubles title. By virtue of reaching the No. 1\-ranking in doubles on June 7, 2010, Venus and Serena became just the sixth and seventh women to reach the No. 1 ranking in both singles and doubles following in the footsteps of Martina Navratilova, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Martina Hingis, Lindsay Davenport, and Kim Clijsters. Her next tournament was the [Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships "2010 Wimbledon Championships"), where she had reached the final the previous three years. Despite her knee injury, she made it to the quarterfinals, where she lost to Tsvetana Pironkova. Pironkova was ranked No. 82 and had never gone past the second round of a Grand Slam event. As a result, Williams dropped to No. 4\. She was the defending champion in doubles with her sister Serena, having won the tournament in the previous two years. However, they lost this time in the quarterfinals to [Elena Vesnina](/wiki/Elena_Vesnina "Elena Vesnina") and Vera Zvonareva. Williams then missed all tournaments in the [U.S. Open Series](/wiki/2010_US_Open_Series "2010 US Open Series") because of a left knee injury but still participated at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2010_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2010 US Open (tennis)") as the third seed. She won three matches to move into the fourth round. Williams became one of only two women in 2010 (along with Caroline Wozniacki) to reach at least the fourth round at all four Grand Slam singles tournaments. Williams then defeated Pe'er and French Open champion Schiavone en route to her eighth U.S. Open semifinal, against defending champion Clijsters. Williams won the first set of their match and recovered from 5–2 down in the second set but ultimately double\-faulted on a key point near the end of the match and lost in three sets. Because of Serena's withdrawal from the U.S. Open, Venus did not participate at the doubles event, where she was the defending champion. The recovery of her left knee took longer than expected and it forced her to miss the rest of 2010, including the year\-ending [WTA Championships](/wiki/2010_WTA_Tour_Championships "2010 WTA Tour Championships") and [Fed Cup final](/wiki/2010_Fed_Cup "2010 Fed Cup").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.usta.com/venus\_williams\_out\_for\_the\_remainder\_of\_2010\_will\_miss\_fed\_cup\_final/ \|title\=Venus Williams out for the remainder of 2010; Will miss Fed Cup Final, Pro Tennis – News \|publisher\=USTA \|date\=October 6, 2010 \|access\-date\=May 7, 2011 \|archive\-date\=March 20, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320125146/http://www.usta.com/venus\_williams\_out\_for\_the\_remainder\_of\_2010\_will\_miss\_fed\_cup\_final/ \|url\-status\=live }} Williams ended the year ranked fifth in singles, the first time she ended a year in the top five since 2002, while playing only nine tournaments. She finished the year ranked 11th in doubles.
[ "### 2010: No. 2 in singles and No. 1 doubles", "Williams played at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2010_Australian_Open \"2010 Australian Open\") as the sixth seed. She defeated 17th\\-seeded [Francesca Schiavone](/wiki/Francesca_Schiavone \"Francesca Schiavone\") in the fourth round. She was two points from defeating 16th\\-seeded Li Na in the quarterfinals before losing in three sets. In doubles, she teamed with her sister Serena to successfully defend their title, defeating the top\\-ranked team of Cara Black and Liezel Huber in the final. She went onto the clay courts at the [Mexican Open](/wiki/2010_Abierto_Mexicano_Telcel \"2010 Abierto Mexicano Telcel\") in Acapulco, where she was the defending champion. She reached the semifinals after recovering from a 1–5 third set deficit to [Laura Pous Tió](/wiki/Laura_Pous_Ti%C3%B3 \"Laura Pous Tió\") in the quarterfinals. In the final, she defeated first\\-time finalist [Polona Hercog](/wiki/Polona_Hercog \"Polona Hercog\") from Slovenia. This was her 43rd career title, the most among active female players.", "Her next tournament was the Premier Mandatory [Miami Open](/wiki/2010_Sony_Ericsson_Open \"2010 Sony Ericsson Open\") in Key Biscayne, where she was seeded third. She defeated No. 9, Agnieszka Radwańska, in the quarterfinals and No. 13, Marion Bartoli, in the semifinals to reach her third straight WTA Tour final and fourth Miami Open final. She was defeated by Kim Clijsters in the final in just 58 minutes, ending her 15\\-match winning streak. By reaching the final, her ranking improved to No. 4 and she crossed the $26 million mark in career prize money, the only player besides Serena Williams to do so.", "The knee injury that hampered her during the final of the Miami Open forced her to skip the [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup \"Fed Cup\") tie against Russia and the [Porsche Tennis Grand Prix](/wiki/2010_Porsche_Tennis_Grand_Prix \"2010 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix\"). Williams returned to the tour at the Premier 5 [Italian Open](/wiki/2010_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2010 Italian Open (tennis)\") in Rome. She suffered the worst defeat of her career in the quarterfinals, losing to No. 4 Jelena Janković. Despite this loss, her ranking improved to No. 3 on May 10\\.", "Her next tournament was the [Madrid Open](/wiki/Madrid_Open_%28tennis%29 \"Madrid Open (tennis)\"), a Premier Mandatory tournament. She lost to [Aravane Rezaï](/wiki/Aravane_Reza%C3%AF \"Aravane Rezaï\") in the final. In doubles, she teamed with her sister Serena to win the title.", "On May 17, her ranking improved to No. 2, behind only Serena. This was the fourth time that the Williams sisters have occupied the top two spots, and the first time since May 2003\\.", "Her next tournament was the [French Open](/wiki/2010_French_Open \"2010 French Open\"), where she played both singles and doubles despite her knee injury. Seeded second in singles, she advanced past the third round at this tournament for the first time since 2006 before losing to [Nadia Petrova](/wiki/Nadia_Petrova \"Nadia Petrova\") in the round of 16\\. She also played doubles with Serena as the top seeds. Their defeat of Huber and [Anabel Medina Garrigues](/wiki/Anabel_Medina_Garrigues \"Anabel Medina Garrigues\") in the semifinals increased their doubles ranking to No. 1\\. They then defeated 12th seeded [Květa Peschke](/wiki/Kv%C4%9Bta_Peschke \"Květa Peschke\") and [Katarina Srebotnik](/wiki/Katarina_Srebotnik \"Katarina Srebotnik\") in the final to win their fourth consecutive Grand Slam women's doubles title. By virtue of reaching the No. 1\\-ranking in doubles on June 7, 2010, Venus and Serena became just the sixth and seventh women to reach the No. 1 ranking in both singles and doubles following in the footsteps of Martina Navratilova, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Martina Hingis, Lindsay Davenport, and Kim Clijsters.", "Her next tournament was the [Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships \"2010 Wimbledon Championships\"), where she had reached the final the previous three years. Despite her knee injury, she made it to the quarterfinals, where she lost to Tsvetana Pironkova. Pironkova was ranked No. 82 and had never gone past the second round of a Grand Slam event. As a result, Williams dropped to No. 4\\. She was the defending champion in doubles with her sister Serena, having won the tournament in the previous two years. However, they lost this time in the quarterfinals to [Elena Vesnina](/wiki/Elena_Vesnina \"Elena Vesnina\") and Vera Zvonareva.", "Williams then missed all tournaments in the [U.S. Open Series](/wiki/2010_US_Open_Series \"2010 US Open Series\") because of a left knee injury but still participated at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2010_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2010 US Open (tennis)\") as the third seed. She won three matches to move into the fourth round. Williams became one of only two women in 2010 (along with Caroline Wozniacki) to reach at least the fourth round at all four Grand Slam singles tournaments. Williams then defeated Pe'er and French Open champion Schiavone en route to her eighth U.S. Open semifinal, against defending champion Clijsters. Williams won the first set of their match and recovered from 5–2 down in the second set but ultimately double\\-faulted on a key point near the end of the match and lost in three sets. Because of Serena's withdrawal from the U.S. Open, Venus did not participate at the doubles event, where she was the defending champion.", "The recovery of her left knee took longer than expected and it forced her to miss the rest of 2010, including the year\\-ending [WTA Championships](/wiki/2010_WTA_Tour_Championships \"2010 WTA Tour Championships\") and [Fed Cup final](/wiki/2010_Fed_Cup \"2010 Fed Cup\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.usta.com/venus\\_williams\\_out\\_for\\_the\\_remainder\\_of\\_2010\\_will\\_miss\\_fed\\_cup\\_final/ \\|title\\=Venus Williams out for the remainder of 2010; Will miss Fed Cup Final, Pro Tennis – News \\|publisher\\=USTA \\|date\\=October 6, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 20, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320125146/http://www.usta.com/venus\\_williams\\_out\\_for\\_the\\_remainder\\_of\\_2010\\_will\\_miss\\_fed\\_cup\\_final/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Williams ended the year ranked fifth in singles, the first time she ended a year in the top five since 2002, while playing only nine tournaments. She finished the year ranked 11th in doubles.", "" ]
### 2012: Comeback and Olympic gold record Williams was scheduled to play in [Auckland](/wiki/2012_ASB_Classic "2012 ASB Classic") in preparation for the [Australian Open](/wiki/2012_Australian_Open "2012 Australian Open").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/tennis/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=94\&objectid\=10774337 \|title\=Tennis: Venus Williams pulls out of ASB Classic \|work\=NZ Herald News \|date\=December 20, 2011 \|access\-date\=January 1, 2012 \|archive\-date\=December 24, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224231854/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/tennis/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=94\&objectid\=10774337 \|url\-status\=live }} but withdrew from both tournaments due to health problems, announcing that she would return to the WTA tour in February.{{Cite web\|url\=http://venuswilliams.com/blogs.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1326141281\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=1,4\&\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120143110/http://venuswilliams.com/blogs.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1326141281\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=1%2C4\&\|title\=2012 Australia Open\|archive\-date\=January 20, 2012}} This dropped her ranking to No. 135\. In February, Williams returned to competition in the doubles match of the Fed Cup World Group II tie between USA and Belarus.["Vika, Serena to Headline Day One"](http://www.fedcup.com/en/news/articles/vika,-serena-to-headline-day-one.aspx) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822202139/http://www.fedcup.com/en/news/articles/vika%2C\-serena\-to\-headline\-day\-one.aspx \|date\=August 22, 2016 }}, FedCup, February 3, 2012\. Playing with Liezel Huber, she won the dead\-rubber in straight sets. Williams was granted wildcards to participate in the [Miami](/wiki/2012_Sony_Ericsson_Open "2012 Sony Ericsson Open"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.sonyericssonopen.com/News/Tennis/2012/Pretournament/Wildcards\-Announced.aspx\|title\=Miami Open Tennis Homepage – Miami Open\|work\=Miami Open\|access\-date\=November 15, 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130202171048/http://www.sonyericssonopen.com/News/Tennis/2012/Pretournament/Wildcards\-Announced.aspx\|archive\-date\=February 2, 2013}} and [Charleston](/wiki/2012_Family_Circle_Cup "2012 Family Circle Cup") tournaments.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.familycirclecup.com/pages/articles/20120208124939\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120061206/http://www.familycirclecup.com/pages/articles/20120208124939\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 20, 2013\|title\=Volvo Cars Open\|work\=familycirclecup.com\|access\-date\=November 15, 2015}} In the first round of Miami — her first singles match since the 2011 U.S. Open — Williams defeated Japanese veteran [Kimiko Date\-Krumm](/wiki/Kimiko_Date-Krumm "Kimiko Date-Krumm"), in straight sets. In the second round, she defeated No. 3 [Petra Kvitová](/wiki/Petra_Kvitov%C3%A1 "Petra Kvitová"), her first top\-3 victory since beating Svetlana Kuznetsova in 2009\. In the third round, she saved a match point and defeated [Aleksandra Wozniak](/wiki/Aleksandra_Wozniak "Aleksandra Wozniak") in a three\-set tiebreaker that ended a nearly three\-hour match. In the round of 16, she bested No. 15 [Ana Ivanovic](/wiki/Ana_Ivanovic "Ana Ivanovic") in three sets to reach the quarterfinals, where she lost to the eventual champion, Agnieszka Radwańska in straight sets. Her run improved her ranking to No. 87\. A week later in Charleston, she reached her second consecutive quarterfinal, where she lost in three sets to Samantha Stosur. [200px\|thumb\|left\|Williams at the 2012 French Open](/wiki/File:Venus_Williams_Serve_%281%29.jpg "Venus Williams Serve (1).jpg") Williams was granted wildcards to participate in [Madrid](/wiki/2012_Mutua_Madrid_Open "2012 Mutua Madrid Open") and [Rome](/wiki/2012_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 "2012 Italian Open (tennis)"). In Madrid, she lost in the second round to Angelique Kerber, but still improved her ranking to No. 63\. A week later in Rome, she reached her third quarterfinal of the four tournaments she had participated in with a straight\-sets victory against Samantha Stosur in the third round. She lost in the quarterfinals, in straight sets, to the No. 2, defending and eventual champion, Maria Sharapova.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/6951314/Maria\-Sharapova\-ends\-Venus\-Williams\-run\|title\=Maria Sharapova ends Venus Williams's run\|work\=Stuff\|date\=May 18, 2012\|access\-date\=November 15, 2015\|archive\-date\=September 28, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193442/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/6951314/Maria\-Sharapova\-ends\-Venus\-Williams\-run\|url\-status\=live}} Her appearance in Rome increased her ranking to No. 52, placing her as the third\-ranked American. She lost in the second round of the [French Open](/wiki/2012_French_Open "2012 French Open") to Agnieszka Radwańska, in straight sets. At [Wimbledon](/wiki/2012_Wimbledon_Championships "2012 Wimbledon Championships"), Williams was unseeded for the first time since 1997\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2012\-06\-20/wimbledon\-venus\-williams\-unseeded/55706616/1\|title\=Venus Williams\|access\-date\=June 25, 2012\|work\=USA Today\|date\=June 20, 2012\|archive\-date\=June 23, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623084158/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2012\-06\-20/wimbledon\-venus\-williams\-unseeded/55706616/1\|url\-status\=live}} She lost to [Elena Vesnina](/wiki/Elena_Vesnina "Elena Vesnina") in the first round in straight sets.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/9354440/Wimbledon\-2012\-Venus\-Williams\-suffers\-worst\-defeat\-since\-1997\-as\-Elena\-Vesnina\-knocks\-her\-out\-in\-round\-one.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/9354440/Wimbledon\-2012\-Venus\-Williams\-suffers\-worst\-defeat\-since\-1997\-as\-Elena\-Vesnina\-knocks\-her\-out\-in\-round\-one.html \|archive\-date\=January 10, 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Venus Williams\|access\-date\=June 25, 2012 \| location\=London\|work\=The Daily Telegraph\|first\=Oliver\|last\=Brown\|date\=June 25, 2012}}{{cbignore}} This was the first time Williams lost in the first round of a Grand Slam since the 2006 Australian Open, and her first opening round loss at Wimbledon since her debut in 1997\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon12/story/\_/id/8093098/2012\-wimbledon\-venus\-williams\-ousted\-first\-round\|title\=Venus ousted in first round at Wimbledon\|date\=June 25, 2012\|website\=ESPN\|access\-date\=June 20, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203411/https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon12/story/\_/id/8093098/2012\-wimbledon\-venus\-williams\-ousted\-first\-round\|url\-status\=live}} Williams fared better in her return to doubles competition where she played alongside her sister Serena. In just the pair's first tournament since [2010 Wimbledon](/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships "2010 Wimbledon Championships"), the unseeded sisters advanced to the final with victories over fourth\-seeds Maria Kirilenko and Nadia Petrova in the second round and top\-seeds Liezel Huber and Lisa Raymond in the semifinals. The Williams sisters claimed their fifth Wimbledon doubles title after defeating sixth\-seeds [Andrea Hlaváčková](/wiki/Andrea_Hlav%C3%A1%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1 "Andrea Hlaváčková") and [Lucie Hradecká](/wiki/Lucie_Hradeck%C3%A1 "Lucie Hradecká") in straight sets in the final, on the same day Serena Williams won her fifth Wimbledon singles title. Williams's next stop was the [2012 London Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics") which was held at the All England Club, Wimbledon. She entered the women's singles and women's doubles events, partnering with sister Serena in doubles. In singles, Williams defeated Sara Errani and Aleksandra Wozniak in convincing fashion to reach the third round where she faced Angelique Kerber. She lost to Kerber in two tiebreaks despite having three set points and leading in the tiebreak in the first set. In doubles, the unseeded Williams sisters advanced to the final, which was a repeat of their final at Wimbledon against Hlaváčková and Hradecká. The sisters won their third gold medal in doubles after defeating the Czech pair in straight sets. With the win (and her sister Serena's win in the singles event), the Williams sisters claimed the most Olympic gold medals of any other tennis player, male or female. Next, Williams played at [Cincinnati](/wiki/2012_Western_%26_Southern_Open "2012 Western & Southern Open") where she received a singles wild card entry. She defeated her first two opponents, Maria Kirilenko and Chanelle Scheepers, in three tight sets before eliinating eighth seed Sara Errani in the third round. In the quarterfinal, she defeated Samantha Stosur, in three sets.{{cite web \|title\=Western \& Southern Open: Main draw singles \|url\=http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour\-Archive/posting/2012/1017/MDS.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906233023/http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour\-Archive/posting/2012/1017/MDS.pdf \|publisher\=WTA\|archive\-date\=September 6, 2012}} In the semifinal Williams played through a back injury, eventually losing in three sets to Li Na.{{cite news \|title\=Williams hurts back, loses to Li \|newspaper\=The Reporter\-Times \|date\=August 19, 2012 \|page\=15}} Her semifinal run brought her ranking back within the top 50 for the first time in almost a year. At the US Open, Williams lost in a second\-round match against Angelique Kerber in three sets, despite having a lead in the third set. Williams won her 44th WTA career title and her first title in over {{frac\|2\|1\|2}} years at the [Luxembourg Open](/wiki/2012_BGL_Luxembourg_Open "2012 BGL Luxembourg Open"), where she defeated [Monica Niculescu](/wiki/Monica_Niculescu "Monica Niculescu") in straight sets. Williams also qualified for the WTA Tournament of Champions in Sofia, but withdrew as the tournament clashed with her and her sister Serena's 'Breaking the Mould' tour in Africa.["Venus Williams to Skip Sofia Tournament of Champions"](http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=144403) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055741/http://www.novinite.com/view\_news.php?id\=144403 \|date\=March 4, 2016 }}, Novinite, October 23, 2012\. With her title in Luxembourg, her ranking rose to number 24\. She ended the year with this ranking.
[ "### 2012: Comeback and Olympic gold record", "Williams was scheduled to play in [Auckland](/wiki/2012_ASB_Classic \"2012 ASB Classic\") in preparation for the [Australian Open](/wiki/2012_Australian_Open \"2012 Australian Open\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/tennis/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=94\\&objectid\\=10774337 \\|title\\=Tennis: Venus Williams pulls out of ASB Classic \\|work\\=NZ Herald News \\|date\\=December 20, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 24, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224231854/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/tennis/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=94\\&objectid\\=10774337 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} but withdrew from both tournaments due to health problems, announcing that she would return to the WTA tour in February.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://venuswilliams.com/blogs.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1326141281\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=1,4\\&\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120143110/http://venuswilliams.com/blogs.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1326141281\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=1%2C4\\&\\|title\\=2012 Australia Open\\|archive\\-date\\=January 20, 2012}} This dropped her ranking to No. 135\\. In February, Williams returned to competition in the doubles match of the Fed Cup World Group II tie between USA and Belarus.[\"Vika, Serena to Headline Day One\"](http://www.fedcup.com/en/news/articles/vika,-serena-to-headline-day-one.aspx) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822202139/http://www.fedcup.com/en/news/articles/vika%2C\\-serena\\-to\\-headline\\-day\\-one.aspx \\|date\\=August 22, 2016 }}, FedCup, February 3, 2012\\. Playing with Liezel Huber, she won the dead\\-rubber in straight sets.", "Williams was granted wildcards to participate in the [Miami](/wiki/2012_Sony_Ericsson_Open \"2012 Sony Ericsson Open\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sonyericssonopen.com/News/Tennis/2012/Pretournament/Wildcards\\-Announced.aspx\\|title\\=Miami Open Tennis Homepage – Miami Open\\|work\\=Miami Open\\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130202171048/http://www.sonyericssonopen.com/News/Tennis/2012/Pretournament/Wildcards\\-Announced.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=February 2, 2013}} and [Charleston](/wiki/2012_Family_Circle_Cup \"2012 Family Circle Cup\") tournaments.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.familycirclecup.com/pages/articles/20120208124939\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120061206/http://www.familycirclecup.com/pages/articles/20120208124939\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 20, 2013\\|title\\=Volvo Cars Open\\|work\\=familycirclecup.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2015}} In the first round of Miami — her first singles match since the 2011 U.S. Open — Williams defeated Japanese veteran [Kimiko Date\\-Krumm](/wiki/Kimiko_Date-Krumm \"Kimiko Date-Krumm\"), in straight sets. In the second round, she defeated No. 3 [Petra Kvitová](/wiki/Petra_Kvitov%C3%A1 \"Petra Kvitová\"), her first top\\-3 victory since beating Svetlana Kuznetsova in 2009\\. In the third round, she saved a match point and defeated [Aleksandra Wozniak](/wiki/Aleksandra_Wozniak \"Aleksandra Wozniak\") in a three\\-set tiebreaker that ended a nearly three\\-hour match. In the round of 16, she bested No. 15 [Ana Ivanovic](/wiki/Ana_Ivanovic \"Ana Ivanovic\") in three sets to reach the quarterfinals, where she lost to the eventual champion, Agnieszka Radwańska in straight sets. Her run improved her ranking to No. 87\\. A week later in Charleston, she reached her second consecutive quarterfinal, where she lost in three sets to Samantha Stosur.", "[200px\\|thumb\\|left\\|Williams at the 2012 French Open](/wiki/File:Venus_Williams_Serve_%281%29.jpg \"Venus Williams Serve (1).jpg\")\nWilliams was granted wildcards to participate in [Madrid](/wiki/2012_Mutua_Madrid_Open \"2012 Mutua Madrid Open\") and [Rome](/wiki/2012_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2012 Italian Open (tennis)\"). In Madrid, she lost in the second round to Angelique Kerber, but still improved her ranking to No. 63\\. A week later in Rome, she reached her third quarterfinal of the four tournaments she had participated in with a straight\\-sets victory against Samantha Stosur in the third round. She lost in the quarterfinals, in straight sets, to the No. 2, defending and eventual champion, Maria Sharapova.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/6951314/Maria\\-Sharapova\\-ends\\-Venus\\-Williams\\-run\\|title\\=Maria Sharapova ends Venus Williams's run\\|work\\=Stuff\\|date\\=May 18, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193442/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/6951314/Maria\\-Sharapova\\-ends\\-Venus\\-Williams\\-run\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Her appearance in Rome increased her ranking to No. 52, placing her as the third\\-ranked American. She lost in the second round of the [French Open](/wiki/2012_French_Open \"2012 French Open\") to Agnieszka Radwańska, in straight sets.", "At [Wimbledon](/wiki/2012_Wimbledon_Championships \"2012 Wimbledon Championships\"), Williams was unseeded for the first time since 1997\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2012\\-06\\-20/wimbledon\\-venus\\-williams\\-unseeded/55706616/1\\|title\\=Venus Williams\\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2012\\|work\\=USA Today\\|date\\=June 20, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=June 23, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623084158/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2012\\-06\\-20/wimbledon\\-venus\\-williams\\-unseeded/55706616/1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She lost to [Elena Vesnina](/wiki/Elena_Vesnina \"Elena Vesnina\") in the first round in straight sets.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/9354440/Wimbledon\\-2012\\-Venus\\-Williams\\-suffers\\-worst\\-defeat\\-since\\-1997\\-as\\-Elena\\-Vesnina\\-knocks\\-her\\-out\\-in\\-round\\-one.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/9354440/Wimbledon\\-2012\\-Venus\\-Williams\\-suffers\\-worst\\-defeat\\-since\\-1997\\-as\\-Elena\\-Vesnina\\-knocks\\-her\\-out\\-in\\-round\\-one.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 10, 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Venus Williams\\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2012 \\| location\\=London\\|work\\=The Daily Telegraph\\|first\\=Oliver\\|last\\=Brown\\|date\\=June 25, 2012}}{{cbignore}} This was the first time Williams lost in the first round of a Grand Slam since the 2006 Australian Open, and her first opening round loss at Wimbledon since her debut in 1997\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon12/story/\\_/id/8093098/2012\\-wimbledon\\-venus\\-williams\\-ousted\\-first\\-round\\|title\\=Venus ousted in first round at Wimbledon\\|date\\=June 25, 2012\\|website\\=ESPN\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203411/https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon12/story/\\_/id/8093098/2012\\-wimbledon\\-venus\\-williams\\-ousted\\-first\\-round\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Williams fared better in her return to doubles competition where she played alongside her sister Serena. In just the pair's first tournament since [2010 Wimbledon](/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships \"2010 Wimbledon Championships\"), the unseeded sisters advanced to the final with victories over fourth\\-seeds Maria Kirilenko and Nadia Petrova in the second round and top\\-seeds Liezel Huber and Lisa Raymond in the semifinals. The Williams sisters claimed their fifth Wimbledon doubles title after defeating sixth\\-seeds [Andrea Hlaváčková](/wiki/Andrea_Hlav%C3%A1%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1 \"Andrea Hlaváčková\") and [Lucie Hradecká](/wiki/Lucie_Hradeck%C3%A1 \"Lucie Hradecká\") in straight sets in the final, on the same day Serena Williams won her fifth Wimbledon singles title.", "Williams's next stop was the [2012 London Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics \"Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics\") which was held at the All England Club, Wimbledon. She entered the women's singles and women's doubles events, partnering with sister Serena in doubles. In singles, Williams defeated Sara Errani and Aleksandra Wozniak in convincing fashion to reach the third round where she faced Angelique Kerber. She lost to Kerber in two tiebreaks despite having three set points and leading in the tiebreak in the first set. In doubles, the unseeded Williams sisters advanced to the final, which was a repeat of their final at Wimbledon against Hlaváčková and Hradecká. The sisters won their third gold medal in doubles after defeating the Czech pair in straight sets. With the win (and her sister Serena's win in the singles event), the Williams sisters claimed the most Olympic gold medals of any other tennis player, male or female.", "Next, Williams played at [Cincinnati](/wiki/2012_Western_%26_Southern_Open \"2012 Western & Southern Open\") where she received a singles wild card entry. She defeated her first two opponents, Maria Kirilenko and Chanelle Scheepers, in three tight sets before eliinating eighth seed Sara Errani in the third round. In the quarterfinal, she defeated Samantha Stosur, in three sets.{{cite web \\|title\\=Western \\& Southern Open: Main draw singles \\|url\\=http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour\\-Archive/posting/2012/1017/MDS.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906233023/http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour\\-Archive/posting/2012/1017/MDS.pdf \\|publisher\\=WTA\\|archive\\-date\\=September 6, 2012}} In the semifinal Williams played through a back injury, eventually losing in three sets to Li Na.{{cite news \\|title\\=Williams hurts back, loses to Li \\|newspaper\\=The Reporter\\-Times \\|date\\=August 19, 2012 \\|page\\=15}} Her semifinal run brought her ranking back within the top 50 for the first time in almost a year. At the US Open, Williams lost in a second\\-round match against Angelique Kerber in three sets, despite having a lead in the third set.", "Williams won her 44th WTA career title and her first title in over {{frac\\|2\\|1\\|2}} years at the [Luxembourg Open](/wiki/2012_BGL_Luxembourg_Open \"2012 BGL Luxembourg Open\"), where she defeated [Monica Niculescu](/wiki/Monica_Niculescu \"Monica Niculescu\") in straight sets. Williams also qualified for the WTA Tournament of Champions in Sofia, but withdrew as the tournament clashed with her and her sister Serena's 'Breaking the Mould' tour in Africa.[\"Venus Williams to Skip Sofia Tournament of Champions\"](http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=144403) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055741/http://www.novinite.com/view\\_news.php?id\\=144403 \\|date\\=March 4, 2016 }}, Novinite, October 23, 2012\\. With her title in Luxembourg, her ranking rose to number 24\\. She ended the year with this ranking.", "" ]
### 2015: Re\-entering the top 10 Williams started off her season at the [Auckland Open](/wiki/2015_ASB_Classic "2015 ASB Classic"), where she won her 46th career singles title by defeating Caroline Wozniacki in three sets in the final. Then, at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2015_Australian_Open "2015 Australian Open"), Williams made it to the quarterfinals at a [Grand Slam championship](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28tennis%29 "Grand Slam (tennis)") for the first time since the [2010 US Open](/wiki/2010_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2010 US Open (tennis)"). She defeated [Camila Giorgi](/wiki/Camila_Giorgi "Camila Giorgi") in the third round having to recover from a set and break down to reach the second week of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time since the [2011 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2011_Wimbledon_Championships "2011 Wimbledon Championships") and then overturned a three\-match losing streak to [Agnieszka Radwańska](/wiki/Agnieszka_Radwa%C5%84ska "Agnieszka Radwańska") before losing to [Madison Keys](/wiki/Madison_Keys "Madison Keys") after being up a break in the deciding set. Williams had her 16\-match winning streak at the [Dubai Tennis Championships](/wiki/2015_Dubai_Tennis_Championships "2015 Dubai Tennis Championships") ended by Lucie Šafářová in the third round. Her next tournament was at the [Qatar Open](/wiki/2015_Qatar_Total_Open "2015 Qatar Total Open") where she saved a match point in a heated encounter versus [Barbora Záhlavová\-Strýcová](/wiki/Barbora_Z%C3%A1hlavov%C3%A1-Str%C3%BDcov%C3%A1 "Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová") in the second round before defeating Agnieszka Radwańska for a second time in 2015 to advance to the semifinals. She ended up losing in three sets to [Victoria Azarenka](/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka "Victoria Azarenka"). Williams competed at the [Miami Open](/wiki/2015_Miami_Open_presented_by_Ita%C3%BA "2015 Miami Open presented by Itaú"), where she won against Samantha Stosur in the third round and Caroline Wozniacki in the fourth round (scoring her fourth top\-10 win of the season and improving her head\-to\-head record against Wozniacki to a perfect 7–0\). In the quarterfinals, she was defeated by Suárez Navarro, in three sets. Williams began her clay\-court season at the Madrid Open where she lost in the first round to Victoria Azarenka in straight sets. She made it to the third round of the Italian Open, before losing to [Simona Halep](/wiki/Simona_Halep "Simona Halep"). Williams failed to win her opening match at the [French Open](/wiki/2015_French_Open "2015 French Open"), where she lost in straight sets to [Sloane Stephens](/wiki/Sloane_Stephens "Sloane Stephens"). She did not attend her mandatory post\-match press conference and was subsequently fined $3000\.{{cite news\|author1\=Nick McCarvel\|title\=Venus Williams fined $3,000 for snubbing media after French Open loss\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/french/2015/05/26/venus\-williams\-fine\-skip\-press\-conference/27958539/\|newspaper\=\[\[USA Today]]\|date\=May 27, 2015\|access\-date\=September 17, 2017\|archive\-date\=December 28, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228231419/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/french/2015/05/26/venus\-williams\-fine\-skip\-press\-conference/27958539/\|url\-status\=live}} Williams then played at [Wimbledon](/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships "Wimbledon Championships"), winning her first three rounds in straight sets. She then lost to her sister, Serena, in the fourth round in straight sets. Williams then played at the [İstanbul Cup](/wiki/2015_%C4%B0stanbul_Cup "2015 İstanbul Cup") where she lost in the first round to qualifier [Kateryna Bondarenko](/wiki/Kateryna_Bondarenko "Kateryna Bondarenko"). Williams began her U.S. Open series at the [Rogers Cup](/wiki/2015_Rogers_Cup "2015 Rogers Cup"), where she was a finalist last year. She lost in the first round to [Sabine Lisicki](/wiki/Sabine_Lisicki "Sabine Lisicki"). Her loss pushed her outside of the top 20\. Her next tournament was at the [Cincinnati Open](/wiki/Cincinnati_Masters "Cincinnati Masters"). She made it to the second round and was set to play Ana Ivanovic, before she withdrew due to a virus. She was seeded 23rd for the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2015_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2015 US Open (tennis)") and played [Monica Puig](/wiki/Monica_Puig "Monica Puig") in the first round. She won in three tough sets. In the second round, she overcame two costly double faults in the second set to defeat fellow American [Irina Falconi](/wiki/Irina_Falconi "Irina Falconi"). She defeated 12th seed [Belinda Bencic](/wiki/Belinda_Bencic "Belinda Bencic") and qualifier [Anett Kontaveit](/wiki/Anett_Kontaveit "Anett Kontaveit") in straight sets in the third and fourth rounds, respectively. Williams played her sister Serena in the quarterfinals in their fifth meeting at the U.S. Open and their 27th meeting overall. Williams lost the match in three sets. Williams scored her fifth top 10 win of the season by defeating No. 7, Agnieszka Radwańska, in the first round of the [Wuhan Open](/wiki/2015_Wuhan_Open "2015 Wuhan Open"). She then beat qualifier [Julia Görges](/wiki/Julia_G%C3%B6rges "Julia Görges") in the second round for her 700th career win (becoming only the ninth woman in the [Open Era](/wiki/Open_Era_%28tennis%29 "Open Era (tennis)") to achieve this feat). She landed another top 10 victory by winning against No. 10 Suárez Navarro in the third round. Williams defeated both [Johanna Konta](/wiki/Johanna_Konta "Johanna Konta") and Roberta Vinci (saving match point) in three sets to move into the championship match where she won her biggest title in more than five years when her opponent, No. 8 Garbiñe Muguruza, retired while trailing a set and a double break. The next week Williams lost to Ana Ivanovic in the second round of the [China Open](/wiki/2015_China_Open_%28tennis%29 "2015 China Open (tennis)"). She made it to the semifinals of the [Hong Kong Open](/wiki/2015_Hong_Kong_Tennis_Open "2015 Hong Kong Tennis Open") where she lost in a tight two\-setter to eventual champion Jelena Janković. With her results throughout the season, Williams became an Alternate for the [WTA Finals in Singapore](/wiki/2015_WTA_Finals "2015 WTA Finals"). Additionally, she qualified for the [WTA Elite Trophy in Zhuhai](/wiki/2015_WTA_Elite_Trophy "2015 WTA Elite Trophy") where she is the number one seed. She defeated [Madison Keys](/wiki/Madison_Keys "Madison Keys") in her first round\-robin match in three sets. In her second round\-robin match she defeated wildcard [Zheng Saisai](/wiki/Zheng_Saisai "Zheng Saisai") to advance to the semifinals, where she defeated Roberta Vinci for a fifth consecutive time. Williams captured the first WTA Elite Trophy, her third WTA title of the season and 48th title of her career by defeating [Karolína Plíšková](/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Pl%C3%AD%C5%A1kov%C3%A1 "Karolína Plíšková"), in the final. She re\-entered the top ten for the first time since 2011 and ended the year at No. 7 in the WTA rankings. Williams was the 10th most popular player of the year according to the [WTA](/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association "Women's Tennis Association")'s website and received the WTA Comeback Player of the Year award.
[ "### 2015: Re\\-entering the top 10", "Williams started off her season at the [Auckland Open](/wiki/2015_ASB_Classic \"2015 ASB Classic\"), where she won her 46th career singles title by defeating Caroline Wozniacki in three sets in the final. Then, at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2015_Australian_Open \"2015 Australian Open\"), Williams made it to the quarterfinals at a [Grand Slam championship](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28tennis%29 \"Grand Slam (tennis)\") for the first time since the [2010 US Open](/wiki/2010_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2010 US Open (tennis)\"). She defeated [Camila Giorgi](/wiki/Camila_Giorgi \"Camila Giorgi\") in the third round having to recover from a set and break down to reach the second week of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time since the [2011 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2011_Wimbledon_Championships \"2011 Wimbledon Championships\") and then overturned a three\\-match losing streak to [Agnieszka Radwańska](/wiki/Agnieszka_Radwa%C5%84ska \"Agnieszka Radwańska\") before losing to [Madison Keys](/wiki/Madison_Keys \"Madison Keys\") after being up a break in the deciding set. Williams had her 16\\-match winning streak at the [Dubai Tennis Championships](/wiki/2015_Dubai_Tennis_Championships \"2015 Dubai Tennis Championships\") ended by Lucie Šafářová in the third round. Her next tournament was at the [Qatar Open](/wiki/2015_Qatar_Total_Open \"2015 Qatar Total Open\") where she saved a match point in a heated encounter versus [Barbora Záhlavová\\-Strýcová](/wiki/Barbora_Z%C3%A1hlavov%C3%A1-Str%C3%BDcov%C3%A1 \"Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová\") in the second round before defeating Agnieszka Radwańska for a second time in 2015 to advance to the semifinals. She ended up losing in three sets to [Victoria Azarenka](/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka \"Victoria Azarenka\"). Williams competed at the [Miami Open](/wiki/2015_Miami_Open_presented_by_Ita%C3%BA \"2015 Miami Open presented by Itaú\"), where she won against Samantha Stosur in the third round and Caroline Wozniacki in the fourth round (scoring her fourth top\\-10 win of the season and improving her head\\-to\\-head record against Wozniacki to a perfect 7–0\\). In the quarterfinals, she was defeated by Suárez Navarro, in three sets.", "Williams began her clay\\-court season at the Madrid Open where she lost in the first round to Victoria Azarenka in straight sets. She made it to the third round of the Italian Open, before losing to [Simona Halep](/wiki/Simona_Halep \"Simona Halep\"). Williams failed to win her opening match at the [French Open](/wiki/2015_French_Open \"2015 French Open\"), where she lost in straight sets to [Sloane Stephens](/wiki/Sloane_Stephens \"Sloane Stephens\"). She did not attend her mandatory post\\-match press conference and was subsequently fined $3000\\.{{cite news\\|author1\\=Nick McCarvel\\|title\\=Venus Williams fined $3,000 for snubbing media after French Open loss\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/french/2015/05/26/venus\\-williams\\-fine\\-skip\\-press\\-conference/27958539/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|date\\=May 27, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 17, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=December 28, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228231419/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/french/2015/05/26/venus\\-williams\\-fine\\-skip\\-press\\-conference/27958539/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Williams then played at [Wimbledon](/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships \"Wimbledon Championships\"), winning her first three rounds in straight sets. She then lost to her sister, Serena, in the fourth round in straight sets. Williams then played at the [İstanbul Cup](/wiki/2015_%C4%B0stanbul_Cup \"2015 İstanbul Cup\") where she lost in the first round to qualifier [Kateryna Bondarenko](/wiki/Kateryna_Bondarenko \"Kateryna Bondarenko\").", "Williams began her U.S. Open series at the [Rogers Cup](/wiki/2015_Rogers_Cup \"2015 Rogers Cup\"), where she was a finalist last year. She lost in the first round to [Sabine Lisicki](/wiki/Sabine_Lisicki \"Sabine Lisicki\"). Her loss pushed her outside of the top 20\\. Her next tournament was at the [Cincinnati Open](/wiki/Cincinnati_Masters \"Cincinnati Masters\"). She made it to the second round and was set to play Ana Ivanovic, before she withdrew due to a virus. She was seeded 23rd for the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2015_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2015 US Open (tennis)\") and played [Monica Puig](/wiki/Monica_Puig \"Monica Puig\") in the first round. She won in three tough sets. In the second round, she overcame two costly double faults in the second set to defeat fellow American [Irina Falconi](/wiki/Irina_Falconi \"Irina Falconi\"). She defeated 12th seed [Belinda Bencic](/wiki/Belinda_Bencic \"Belinda Bencic\") and qualifier [Anett Kontaveit](/wiki/Anett_Kontaveit \"Anett Kontaveit\") in straight sets in the third and fourth rounds, respectively. Williams played her sister Serena in the quarterfinals in their fifth meeting at the U.S. Open and their 27th meeting overall. Williams lost the match in three sets.", "Williams scored her fifth top 10 win of the season by defeating No. 7, Agnieszka Radwańska, in the first round of the [Wuhan Open](/wiki/2015_Wuhan_Open \"2015 Wuhan Open\"). She then beat qualifier [Julia Görges](/wiki/Julia_G%C3%B6rges \"Julia Görges\") in the second round for her 700th career win (becoming only the ninth woman in the [Open Era](/wiki/Open_Era_%28tennis%29 \"Open Era (tennis)\") to achieve this feat). She landed another top 10 victory by winning against No. 10 Suárez Navarro in the third round. Williams defeated both [Johanna Konta](/wiki/Johanna_Konta \"Johanna Konta\") and Roberta Vinci (saving match point) in three sets to move into the championship match where she won her biggest title in more than five years when her opponent, No. 8 Garbiñe Muguruza, retired while trailing a set and a double break. The next week Williams lost to Ana Ivanovic in the second round of the [China Open](/wiki/2015_China_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2015 China Open (tennis)\"). She made it to the semifinals of the [Hong Kong Open](/wiki/2015_Hong_Kong_Tennis_Open \"2015 Hong Kong Tennis Open\") where she lost in a tight two\\-setter to eventual champion Jelena Janković.", "With her results throughout the season, Williams became an Alternate for the [WTA Finals in Singapore](/wiki/2015_WTA_Finals \"2015 WTA Finals\"). Additionally, she qualified for the [WTA Elite Trophy in Zhuhai](/wiki/2015_WTA_Elite_Trophy \"2015 WTA Elite Trophy\") where she is the number one seed. She defeated [Madison Keys](/wiki/Madison_Keys \"Madison Keys\") in her first round\\-robin match in three sets. In her second round\\-robin match she defeated wildcard [Zheng Saisai](/wiki/Zheng_Saisai \"Zheng Saisai\") to advance to the semifinals, where she defeated Roberta Vinci for a fifth consecutive time. Williams captured the first WTA Elite Trophy, her third WTA title of the season and 48th title of her career by defeating [Karolína Plíšková](/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Pl%C3%AD%C5%A1kov%C3%A1 \"Karolína Plíšková\"), in the final. She re\\-entered the top ten for the first time since 2011 and ended the year at No. 7 in the WTA rankings. Williams was the 10th most popular player of the year according to the [WTA](/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association \"Women's Tennis Association\")'s website and received the WTA Comeback Player of the Year award.", "" ]
### 2016: Wimbledon semifinal Williams began 2016 by playing at the World Tennis Thailand Championship – an exhibition event in Thailand – where she lost to Sara Errani and Angelique Kerber. She then entered the [Auckland Open](/wiki/2016_ASB_Classic "2016 ASB Classic"), where she was the No. 1 seed and defending champion, and lost in the first round to 18\-year\-old [Daria Kasatkina](/wiki/Daria_Kasatkina "Daria Kasatkina"). (This was also Williams's first tournament since the [2011 Australian Open](/wiki/2011_Australian_Open "2011 Australian Open") as a top\-10 player.) At the [Australian Open](/wiki/2016_Australian_Open "2016 Australian Open"), Williams, seeded 8th, lost to Johanna Konta in the first round. Afterwards, she helped the USA Fed Cup Team to a 4–0 victory over Poland, winning both of her singles matches. Williams's next tournament was at the [Taiwan Open](/wiki/2016_Taiwan_Open "2016 Taiwan Open"), where she was the No. 1 seed. She defeated [Misaki Doi](/wiki/Misaki_Doi "Misaki Doi") in the final, earning her 49th career title. Williams returned to [Indian Wells](/wiki/2016_Indian_Wells_Masters "2016 Indian Wells Masters") for the first time in 15 years after [boycotting the tournament in 2001](/wiki/Boycott_of_Indian_Wells_Masters_by_Venus_and_Serena_Williams "Boycott of Indian Wells Masters by Venus and Serena Williams"), but lost in the second round to [Kurumi Nara](/wiki/Kurumi_Nara "Kurumi Nara"). The following week, she was knocked out in the second round of the [Miami Open](/wiki/2016_Miami_Open "2016 Miami Open") by qualifier [Elena Vesnina](/wiki/Elena_Vesnina "Elena Vesnina"). Both results marked her worst exits at Indian Wells and Miami in her 23\-year career. She began the clay\-court season with a win over [Alison Riske](/wiki/Alison_Riske "Alison Riske") at the [Charleston Open](/wiki/2016_Volvo_Car_Open "2016 Volvo Car Open"), before losing to [Yulia Putintseva](/wiki/Yulia_Putintseva "Yulia Putintseva") in the third round in three tight sets. Williams was scheduled to begin her clay\-court season at the [Madrid Open](/wiki/2016_Mutua_Madrid_Open "2016 Mutua Madrid Open") but withdrew due to a hamstring injury. The following week, she lost in the second round in [Rome](/wiki/Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 "Italian Open (tennis)"). Seeded 9th at the [French Open](/wiki/2016_French_Open "2016 French Open"), Williams won her first two rounds in straight sets to set up a third\-round clash with [Alizé Cornet](/wiki/Aliz%C3%A9_Cornet "Alizé Cornet"), whom she defeated in three sets to reach the fourth round for the first time since 2010\. She recorded the 200th loss of her career against 8th\-seeded [Timea Bacsinszky](/wiki/Timea_Bacsinszky "Timea Bacsinszky"), who won in straight sets. However, her result pushed her back into the top 10 for the first time since her loss at the Australian Open. She also won her first Grand Slam doubles match with sister Serena Williams since the [2014 U.S. Open](/wiki/2014_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2014 US Open (tennis)"). [175px\|thumb\|Williams at the [2016 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2016_Wimbledon_Championships "2016 Wimbledon Championships")](/wiki/File:Williams_V._WM16_%2825%29_%2828418679505%29.jpg "Williams V. WM16 (25) (28418679505).jpg") At the [Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2016_Wimbledon_Championships "2016 Wimbledon Championships"), Williams reached the third round of the championships where she overcame the 29th seed, Daria Kasatkina, in a 2\-hour, 42\-minute marathon. She defeated 12th seed Carla Suárez Navarro in the fourth round, and now leads 4–3 in their head\-to\-head meetings. Williams advanced to the quarterfinals for the first time in six years, where she defeated [Yaroslava Shvedova](/wiki/Yaroslava_Shvedova "Yaroslava Shvedova"). In her first Grand Slam semifinal since the 2010 U.S. Open and her first Wimbledon semifinal since 2009, she lost to 4th seed Angelique Kerber in straight sets. In the doubles tournament, Venus and Serena Williams advanced to their first Grand Slam Doubles final since 2012\. They then won their 14th major title together and sixth at Wimbledon. Williams began her U.S. Open Series at the [Stanford Classic](/wiki/2016_Bank_of_the_West_Classic "2016 Bank of the West Classic"), where she was the No. 1 seed. She defeated [Magda Linette](/wiki/Magda_Linette "Magda Linette") in the second round and compatriots [Catherine Bellis](/wiki/Catherine_Bellis "Catherine Bellis") and Alison Riske in the quarterfinals and semifinals, respectively, to reach her eighth final in Stanford. She lost to Johanna Konta, in three sets. By virtue of her result, Williams ascended to No. 6 in the rankings, her highest position since being diagnosed with Sjögren's syndrome in 2011\. Williams then entered the [Rogers Cup](/wiki/2016_Rogers_Cup "2016 Rogers Cup"). Having received a bye in the first round, Williams won her second\-round match against [Barbora Strýcová](/wiki/Barbora_Str%C3%BDcov%C3%A1 "Barbora Strýcová"), in straight sets. She fell to Madison Keys in the third round in three sets. Williams failed to medal in her singles and doubles events at the [2016 Rio Summer Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics"), falling in the first round in both events, marking her worst exits of her Olympic career. She entered the mixed doubles event with [Rajeev Ram](/wiki/Rajeev_Ram "Rajeev Ram"), defeating the Netherlands in the first round after saving match point. The pair then defeated Italy in the quarterfinals and India in the semifinals to set up a clash with the United States team of [Bethanie Mattek\-Sands](/wiki/Bethanie_Mattek-Sands "Bethanie Mattek-Sands") and [Jack Sock](/wiki/Jack_Sock "Jack Sock") in the gold medal match. The duo lost to Mattek\-Sands and Sock. By winning a silver medal, Williams became the only female player (besides [Kathleen McKane Godfree](/wiki/Kathleen_McKane_Godfree "Kathleen McKane Godfree")) to win a medal in all three events (singles, doubles and mixed); her five medals mean she now shares the [record for most Olympic medals won in tennis](/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_tennis%23Athlete_medal_leaders "List of Olympic medalists in tennis#Athlete medal leaders") with Godfree. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2016_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2016 US Open (tennis)"), Williams broke the [record for the most Grand Slam appearances](/wiki/WTA_Tour_records%23Grand_Slam_singles_career_records_%281973_%E2%80%93_present%29 "WTA Tour records#Grand Slam singles career records (1973 – present)"), surpassing [Amy Frazier](/wiki/Amy_Frazier "Amy Frazier")'s record of 71\. This is also the first time that she's been seeded in the top ten at all four Grand Slam tournaments this year, having last achieved this in 2010\. She won her first three\-round matches respectively against [Kateryna Kozlova](/wiki/Kateryna_Kozlova "Kateryna Kozlova"), [Julia Görges](/wiki/Julia_G%C3%B6rges "Julia Görges") and the 26th seed [Laura Siegemund](/wiki/Laura_Siegemund "Laura Siegemund"). She lost in the fourth round to 10th seed Karolína Plíšková after failing to convert match point. In September 2016, in response to [WADA](/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency "World Anti-Doping Agency") database leak, Williams confirmed the usage of banned substances classified by WADA as [Therapeutic Use Exemptions](/wiki/Therapeutic_Use_Exemptions "Therapeutic Use Exemptions") (TUEs), stating: "The applications for TUEs under the Tennis Anti\-Doping program require a strict process for approval which I have adhered to when serious medical conditions have occurred".{{cite web\| url \=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5890326/title/venus\-issues\-statement\-on\-wada\-hack\| title \=Venus Issues Statement On WADA Hack\| publisher \=WTA\| date \=September 13, 2016\| access\-date \=September 14, 2016\| archive\-date \=September 14, 2016\| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914034813/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5890326/title/venus\-issues\-statement\-on\-wada\-hack\| url\-status \=live}} Williams failed to defend her title in Wuhan, falling in the third round to ninth seed Svetlana Kuznetsova. This pushed her outside of the top ten for a second time this year. The following week she was bundled out of the China Open in the first round by No. 223\-ranked [Peng Shuai](/wiki/Peng_Shuai "Peng Shuai"). Williams qualified for the WTA Elite Trophy, where she was the defending champion, however she decided not to participate. She finished the year ranked No. 17\.
[ "### 2016: Wimbledon semifinal", "Williams began 2016 by playing at the World Tennis Thailand Championship – an exhibition event in Thailand – where she lost to Sara Errani and Angelique Kerber. She then entered the [Auckland Open](/wiki/2016_ASB_Classic \"2016 ASB Classic\"), where she was the No. 1 seed and defending champion, and lost in the first round to 18\\-year\\-old [Daria Kasatkina](/wiki/Daria_Kasatkina \"Daria Kasatkina\"). (This was also Williams's first tournament since the [2011 Australian Open](/wiki/2011_Australian_Open \"2011 Australian Open\") as a top\\-10 player.) At the [Australian Open](/wiki/2016_Australian_Open \"2016 Australian Open\"), Williams, seeded 8th, lost to Johanna Konta in the first round. Afterwards, she helped the USA Fed Cup Team to a 4–0 victory over Poland, winning both of her singles matches. Williams's next tournament was at the [Taiwan Open](/wiki/2016_Taiwan_Open \"2016 Taiwan Open\"), where she was the No. 1 seed. She defeated [Misaki Doi](/wiki/Misaki_Doi \"Misaki Doi\") in the final, earning her 49th career title.", "Williams returned to [Indian Wells](/wiki/2016_Indian_Wells_Masters \"2016 Indian Wells Masters\") for the first time in 15 years after [boycotting the tournament in 2001](/wiki/Boycott_of_Indian_Wells_Masters_by_Venus_and_Serena_Williams \"Boycott of Indian Wells Masters by Venus and Serena Williams\"), but lost in the second round to [Kurumi Nara](/wiki/Kurumi_Nara \"Kurumi Nara\"). The following week, she was knocked out in the second round of the [Miami Open](/wiki/2016_Miami_Open \"2016 Miami Open\") by qualifier [Elena Vesnina](/wiki/Elena_Vesnina \"Elena Vesnina\"). Both results marked her worst exits at Indian Wells and Miami in her 23\\-year career. She began the clay\\-court season with a win over [Alison Riske](/wiki/Alison_Riske \"Alison Riske\") at the [Charleston Open](/wiki/2016_Volvo_Car_Open \"2016 Volvo Car Open\"), before losing to [Yulia Putintseva](/wiki/Yulia_Putintseva \"Yulia Putintseva\") in the third round in three tight sets. Williams was scheduled to begin her clay\\-court season at the [Madrid Open](/wiki/2016_Mutua_Madrid_Open \"2016 Mutua Madrid Open\") but withdrew due to a hamstring injury. The following week, she lost in the second round in [Rome](/wiki/Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"Italian Open (tennis)\"). Seeded 9th at the [French Open](/wiki/2016_French_Open \"2016 French Open\"), Williams won her first two rounds in straight sets to set up a third\\-round clash with [Alizé Cornet](/wiki/Aliz%C3%A9_Cornet \"Alizé Cornet\"), whom she defeated in three sets to reach the fourth round for the first time since 2010\\. She recorded the 200th loss of her career against 8th\\-seeded [Timea Bacsinszky](/wiki/Timea_Bacsinszky \"Timea Bacsinszky\"), who won in straight sets. However, her result pushed her back into the top 10 for the first time since her loss at the Australian Open. She also won her first Grand Slam doubles match with sister Serena Williams since the [2014 U.S. Open](/wiki/2014_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2014 US Open (tennis)\").", "[175px\\|thumb\\|Williams at the [2016 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2016_Wimbledon_Championships \"2016 Wimbledon Championships\")](/wiki/File:Williams_V._WM16_%2825%29_%2828418679505%29.jpg \"Williams V. WM16 (25) (28418679505).jpg\")\nAt the [Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2016_Wimbledon_Championships \"2016 Wimbledon Championships\"), Williams reached the third round of the championships where she overcame the 29th seed, Daria Kasatkina, in a 2\\-hour, 42\\-minute marathon. She defeated 12th seed Carla Suárez Navarro in the fourth round, and now leads 4–3 in their head\\-to\\-head meetings. Williams advanced to the quarterfinals for the first time in six years, where she defeated [Yaroslava Shvedova](/wiki/Yaroslava_Shvedova \"Yaroslava Shvedova\"). In her first Grand Slam semifinal since the 2010 U.S. Open and her first Wimbledon semifinal since 2009, she lost to 4th seed Angelique Kerber in straight sets. In the doubles tournament, Venus and Serena Williams advanced to their first Grand Slam Doubles final since 2012\\. They then won their 14th major title together and sixth at Wimbledon.", "Williams began her U.S. Open Series at the [Stanford Classic](/wiki/2016_Bank_of_the_West_Classic \"2016 Bank of the West Classic\"), where she was the No. 1 seed. She defeated [Magda Linette](/wiki/Magda_Linette \"Magda Linette\") in the second round and compatriots [Catherine Bellis](/wiki/Catherine_Bellis \"Catherine Bellis\") and Alison Riske in the quarterfinals and semifinals, respectively, to reach her eighth final in Stanford. She lost to Johanna Konta, in three sets. By virtue of her result, Williams ascended to No. 6 in the rankings, her highest position since being diagnosed with Sjögren's syndrome in 2011\\. Williams then entered the [Rogers Cup](/wiki/2016_Rogers_Cup \"2016 Rogers Cup\"). Having received a bye in the first round, Williams won her second\\-round match against [Barbora Strýcová](/wiki/Barbora_Str%C3%BDcov%C3%A1 \"Barbora Strýcová\"), in straight sets. She fell to Madison Keys in the third round in three sets.", "Williams failed to medal in her singles and doubles events at the [2016 Rio Summer Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics \"Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics\"), falling in the first round in both events, marking her worst exits of her Olympic career. She entered the mixed doubles event with [Rajeev Ram](/wiki/Rajeev_Ram \"Rajeev Ram\"), defeating the Netherlands in the first round after saving match point. The pair then defeated Italy in the quarterfinals and India in the semifinals to set up a clash with the United States team of [Bethanie Mattek\\-Sands](/wiki/Bethanie_Mattek-Sands \"Bethanie Mattek-Sands\") and [Jack Sock](/wiki/Jack_Sock \"Jack Sock\") in the gold medal match. The duo lost to Mattek\\-Sands and Sock. By winning a silver medal, Williams became the only female player (besides [Kathleen McKane Godfree](/wiki/Kathleen_McKane_Godfree \"Kathleen McKane Godfree\")) to win a medal in all three events (singles, doubles and mixed); her five medals mean she now shares the [record for most Olympic medals won in tennis](/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_tennis%23Athlete_medal_leaders \"List of Olympic medalists in tennis#Athlete medal leaders\") with Godfree.", "At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2016_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2016 US Open (tennis)\"), Williams broke the [record for the most Grand Slam appearances](/wiki/WTA_Tour_records%23Grand_Slam_singles_career_records_%281973_%E2%80%93_present%29 \"WTA Tour records#Grand Slam singles career records (1973 – present)\"), surpassing [Amy Frazier](/wiki/Amy_Frazier \"Amy Frazier\")'s record of 71\\. This is also the first time that she's been seeded in the top ten at all four Grand Slam tournaments this year, having last achieved this in 2010\\. She won her first three\\-round matches respectively against [Kateryna Kozlova](/wiki/Kateryna_Kozlova \"Kateryna Kozlova\"), [Julia Görges](/wiki/Julia_G%C3%B6rges \"Julia Görges\") and the 26th seed [Laura Siegemund](/wiki/Laura_Siegemund \"Laura Siegemund\"). She lost in the fourth round to 10th seed Karolína Plíšková after failing to convert match point.", "In September 2016, in response to [WADA](/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency \"World Anti-Doping Agency\") database leak, Williams confirmed the usage of banned substances classified by WADA as [Therapeutic Use Exemptions](/wiki/Therapeutic_Use_Exemptions \"Therapeutic Use Exemptions\") (TUEs), stating: \"The applications for TUEs under the Tennis Anti\\-Doping program require a strict process for approval which I have adhered to when serious medical conditions have occurred\".{{cite web\\| url \\=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5890326/title/venus\\-issues\\-statement\\-on\\-wada\\-hack\\| title \\=Venus Issues Statement On WADA Hack\\| publisher \\=WTA\\| date \\=September 13, 2016\\| access\\-date \\=September 14, 2016\\| archive\\-date \\=September 14, 2016\\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914034813/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5890326/title/venus\\-issues\\-statement\\-on\\-wada\\-hack\\| url\\-status \\=live}}", "Williams failed to defend her title in Wuhan, falling in the third round to ninth seed Svetlana Kuznetsova. This pushed her outside of the top ten for a second time this year. The following week she was bundled out of the China Open in the first round by No. 223\\-ranked [Peng Shuai](/wiki/Peng_Shuai \"Peng Shuai\"). Williams qualified for the WTA Elite Trophy, where she was the defending champion, however she decided not to participate. She finished the year ranked No. 17\\.", "" ]
### 2018: 1000th match, struggle with form Williams began her 2018 season at the [Sydney International](/wiki/2018_Sydney_International "2018 Sydney International"), where she was the second seed and received a first\-round bye. In the second round she lost to Angelique Kerber, who went on to win the tournament. As the fifth seed and defending finalist at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2018_Australian_Open "2018 Australian Open"), Williams lost in straight sets to [Belinda Bencic](/wiki/Belinda_Bencic "Belinda Bencic") in the first round, ending her streak of seven consecutive appearances in the second week of the Grand Slams, and as a result dropping considerably in the rankings as well. Williams competed in the [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup "Fed Cup") quarterfinals against the [Dutch team](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"). She won both her singles matches in straight sets against [Arantxa Rus](/wiki/Arantxa_Rus "Arantxa Rus") and [Richèl Hogenkamp](/wiki/Rich%C3%A8l_Hogenkamp "Richèl Hogenkamp") to send the United States into the semifinals. She also played her career 1000th match and earned her 20th Fed Cup singles win. After receiving a first round bye at the [Indian Wells Open](/wiki/2018_BNP_Paribas_Open "2018 BNP Paribas Open"), Williams defeated [Sorana Cîrstea](/wiki/Sorana_C%C3%AErstea "Sorana Cîrstea") to set up a match with her sister Serena, in the third round. She defeated her for the 12th time in her career – her first straight sets victory against her since the [2008 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2008_Wimbledon_Championships "2008 Wimbledon Championships") final almost a decade earlier. She then defeated [Anastasija Sevastova](/wiki/Anastasija_Sevastova "Anastasija Sevastova") in the fourth round and Suarez Navarro in the quarterfinals, both in straight sets. She then fell to [Daria Kasatkina](/wiki/Daria_Kasatkina "Daria Kasatkina") in a close three set match in the semifinals. The following week at the [Miami Open](/wiki/2018_Miami_Open "2018 Miami Open"), Williams saved three match points in her third round match against Dutch woman [Kiki Bertens](/wiki/Kiki_Bertens "Kiki Bertens"). She subsequently knocked out defending champion Johanna Konta in the fourth round, before falling rather unexpectedly to her compatriot and qualifier [Danielle Collins](/wiki/Danielle_Collins "Danielle Collins") in the quarterfinals. Williams began her clay court season at the [Madrid Open](/wiki/2018_Mutua_Madrid_Open "2018 Mutua Madrid Open") where she lost to Anett Kontaveit in the first round. Seeded eighth at the [Italian Open](/wiki/2018_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 "2018 Italian Open (tennis)"), she received a first round bye, before defeating Elena Vesnina in three sets. She lost to Kontaveit again in the third round. Williams also played doubles with compatriot [Madison Keys](/wiki/Madison_Keys "Madison Keys"), but the team withdrew after winning their first round match with Keys sustaining an injury. Williams lost to Wang Qiang in the first round of the [French Open](/wiki/2018_French_Open "2018 French Open"), marking the first time she has lost in the first round of consecutive Grand Slam events. Williams also reached the third round in doubles with Serena, losing to third seeds [Klepač](/wiki/Andreja_Klepa%C4%8D "Andreja Klepač") and [Martínez Sánchez](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_S%C3%A1nchez "María José Martínez Sánchez"). The defending finalist at the [Wimbledon](/wiki/2018_Wimbledon_Championships "2018 Wimbledon Championships"), Williams defeated Johanna Larsson and [Alexandra Dulgheru](/wiki/Alexandra_Dulgheru "Alexandra Dulgheru") in the first and second rounds respectively, before losing to Kiki Bertens in the third round. As a result, she dropped out of the top ten rankings. Williams began her U.S. Open Series at the [Silicon Valley Classic](/wiki/2018_Silicon_Valley_Classic "2018 Silicon Valley Classic") after accepting a wildcard, defeating [Heather Watson](/wiki/Heather_Watson "Heather Watson") in the second round, before losing in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Maria Sakkari. She won her opening two rounds at the [Rogers Cup](/wiki/2018_Rogers_Cup "2018 Rogers Cup") before losing to the then\-world No. 1, [Simona Halep](/wiki/Simona_Halep "Simona Halep"), hampered by a right knee injury. She withdrew from the [Western \& Southern Open](/wiki/2018_Western_%26_Southern_Open "2018 Western & Southern Open") the following week with the same injury. At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2018_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2018 US Open (tennis)"), Williams defeated [2004](/wiki/2004_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2004 US Open (tennis)") champion Svetlana Kuznetsova and Camila Giorgi en route to a third round encounter – and 30th career match overall, with Serena, where she was handed her most\-lopsided loss against her in five years. Following the U.S. Open, Venus withdrew from the Wuhan Open and China Open, citing "she was not physically ready to compete".{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1439354/venus\-williams\-pulls\-out\-of\-wuhan\-open\|title\=Venus Williams pulls out of Wuhan Open\|publisher\=Women's Tennis Association\|access\-date\=June 20, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 18, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618121325/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1439354/venus\-williams\-pulls\-out\-of\-wuhan\-open\|url\-status\=live}} She was scheduled to finish her season at the [Luxembourg Open](/wiki/Luxembourg_Open "Luxembourg Open"), but pulled out due to a knee injury. She finished the season ranked No. 40, the first time since 2013 she failed to finish the season inside the top 20\. Williams parted ways with her long\-time coach David Witt at the end of the 2018 season.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/sports/tennis/coaches\-venus\-williams\-simona\-halep\-sloane\-stephens.html\|title\=Flurry of Coaching Changes Adds to Upheaval in Women's Tennis\|first\=Ben\|last\=Rothenberg\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=December 11, 2018\|access\-date\=January 1, 2019\|archive\-date\=January 2, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102002200/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/sports/tennis/coaches\-venus\-williams\-simona\-halep\-sloane\-stephens.html\|url\-status\=live}}
[ "### 2018: 1000th match, struggle with form", "Williams began her 2018 season at the [Sydney International](/wiki/2018_Sydney_International \"2018 Sydney International\"), where she was the second seed and received a first\\-round bye. In the second round she lost to Angelique Kerber, who went on to win the tournament. As the fifth seed and defending finalist at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2018_Australian_Open \"2018 Australian Open\"), Williams lost in straight sets to [Belinda Bencic](/wiki/Belinda_Bencic \"Belinda Bencic\") in the first round, ending her streak of seven consecutive appearances in the second week of the Grand Slams, and as a result dropping considerably in the rankings as well.", "Williams competed in the [Fed Cup](/wiki/Fed_Cup \"Fed Cup\") quarterfinals against the [Dutch team](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"). She won both her singles matches in straight sets against [Arantxa Rus](/wiki/Arantxa_Rus \"Arantxa Rus\") and [Richèl Hogenkamp](/wiki/Rich%C3%A8l_Hogenkamp \"Richèl Hogenkamp\") to send the United States into the semifinals. She also played her career 1000th match and earned her 20th Fed Cup singles win.", "After receiving a first round bye at the [Indian Wells Open](/wiki/2018_BNP_Paribas_Open \"2018 BNP Paribas Open\"), Williams defeated [Sorana Cîrstea](/wiki/Sorana_C%C3%AErstea \"Sorana Cîrstea\") to set up a match with her sister Serena, in the third round. She defeated her for the 12th time in her career – her first straight sets victory against her since the [2008 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2008_Wimbledon_Championships \"2008 Wimbledon Championships\") final almost a decade earlier. She then defeated [Anastasija Sevastova](/wiki/Anastasija_Sevastova \"Anastasija Sevastova\") in the fourth round and Suarez Navarro in the quarterfinals, both in straight sets. She then fell to [Daria Kasatkina](/wiki/Daria_Kasatkina \"Daria Kasatkina\") in a close three set match in the semifinals. The following week at the [Miami Open](/wiki/2018_Miami_Open \"2018 Miami Open\"), Williams saved three match points in her third round match against Dutch woman [Kiki Bertens](/wiki/Kiki_Bertens \"Kiki Bertens\"). She subsequently knocked out defending champion Johanna Konta in the fourth round, before falling rather unexpectedly to her compatriot and qualifier [Danielle Collins](/wiki/Danielle_Collins \"Danielle Collins\") in the quarterfinals.", "Williams began her clay court season at the [Madrid Open](/wiki/2018_Mutua_Madrid_Open \"2018 Mutua Madrid Open\") where she lost to Anett Kontaveit in the first round. Seeded eighth at the [Italian Open](/wiki/2018_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2018 Italian Open (tennis)\"), she received a first round bye, before defeating Elena Vesnina in three sets. She lost to Kontaveit again in the third round. Williams also played doubles with compatriot [Madison Keys](/wiki/Madison_Keys \"Madison Keys\"), but the team withdrew after winning their first round match with Keys sustaining an injury. Williams lost to Wang Qiang in the first round of the [French Open](/wiki/2018_French_Open \"2018 French Open\"), marking the first time she has lost in the first round of consecutive Grand Slam events. Williams also reached the third round in doubles with Serena, losing to third seeds [Klepač](/wiki/Andreja_Klepa%C4%8D \"Andreja Klepač\") and [Martínez Sánchez](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_S%C3%A1nchez \"María José Martínez Sánchez\").", "The defending finalist at the [Wimbledon](/wiki/2018_Wimbledon_Championships \"2018 Wimbledon Championships\"), Williams defeated Johanna Larsson and [Alexandra Dulgheru](/wiki/Alexandra_Dulgheru \"Alexandra Dulgheru\") in the first and second rounds respectively, before losing to Kiki Bertens in the third round. As a result, she dropped out of the top ten rankings.", "Williams began her U.S. Open Series at the [Silicon Valley Classic](/wiki/2018_Silicon_Valley_Classic \"2018 Silicon Valley Classic\") after accepting a wildcard, defeating [Heather Watson](/wiki/Heather_Watson \"Heather Watson\") in the second round, before losing in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Maria Sakkari. She won her opening two rounds at the [Rogers Cup](/wiki/2018_Rogers_Cup \"2018 Rogers Cup\") before losing to the then\\-world No. 1, [Simona Halep](/wiki/Simona_Halep \"Simona Halep\"), hampered by a right knee injury. She withdrew from the [Western \\& Southern Open](/wiki/2018_Western_%26_Southern_Open \"2018 Western & Southern Open\") the following week with the same injury.", "At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2018_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2018 US Open (tennis)\"), Williams defeated [2004](/wiki/2004_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2004 US Open (tennis)\") champion Svetlana Kuznetsova and Camila Giorgi en route to a third round encounter – and 30th career match overall, with Serena, where she was handed her most\\-lopsided loss against her in five years. Following the U.S. Open, Venus withdrew from the Wuhan Open and China Open, citing \"she was not physically ready to compete\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1439354/venus\\-williams\\-pulls\\-out\\-of\\-wuhan\\-open\\|title\\=Venus Williams pulls out of Wuhan Open\\|publisher\\=Women's Tennis Association\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 18, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618121325/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1439354/venus\\-williams\\-pulls\\-out\\-of\\-wuhan\\-open\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She was scheduled to finish her season at the [Luxembourg Open](/wiki/Luxembourg_Open \"Luxembourg Open\"), but pulled out due to a knee injury. She finished the season ranked No. 40, the first time since 2013 she failed to finish the season inside the top 20\\.", "Williams parted ways with her long\\-time coach David Witt at the end of the 2018 season.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/sports/tennis/coaches\\-venus\\-williams\\-simona\\-halep\\-sloane\\-stephens.html\\|title\\=Flurry of Coaching Changes Adds to Upheaval in Women's Tennis\\|first\\=Ben\\|last\\=Rothenberg\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=December 11, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=January 2, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102002200/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/sports/tennis/coaches\\-venus\\-williams\\-simona\\-halep\\-sloane\\-stephens.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "" ]
### 2020: Out of top 75 Williams was scheduled to start her 2020 season at the [Brisbane International](/wiki/2020_Brisbane_International "2020 Brisbane International") but withdrew before the tournament began.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/venus\-williams\-pulls\-out\-of\-brisbane\-following\-unexpected\-setback\|title\=Venus Williams pulls out of Brisbane following "unexpected setback"\|website\=Tennis.com\|access\-date\=June 20, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 19, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619102418/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/venus\-williams\-pulls\-out\-of\-brisbane\-following\-unexpected\-setback\|url\-status\=live}} She also had to withdraw from the [Adelaide International](/wiki/2020_Adelaide_International "2020 Adelaide International"). At the [Australian Open](/wiki/2020_Australian_Open "2020 Australian Open"), Williams was beaten by [Coco Gauff](/wiki/Coco_Gauff "Coco Gauff") in the first round. At the [Mexican Open](/wiki/2020_Abierto_Mexicano_Telcel "2020 Abierto Mexicano Telcel"), where she was the fifth seed, Williams was beaten by qualifier [Kaja Juvan](/wiki/Kaja_Juvan "Kaja Juvan"). After a four\-month break due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), Williams returned to competition by playing [World TeamTennis](/wiki/World_TeamTennis "World TeamTennis"). Her first official tournament back was the [Top Seed Open](/wiki/2020_Top_Seed_Open "2020 Top Seed Open"), where she defeated Victoria Azarenka in the first round, then took on sister Serena for the 31st time in the second round, losing to her in a tight three\-set match. Williams then fell to [Dayana Yastremska](/wiki/Dayana_Yastremska "Dayana Yastremska") in the first round of the [Western \& Southern Open](/wiki/2020_Western_%26_Southern_Open "2020 Western & Southern Open"). Following the tournament, Williams dropped to no. 67 in the WTA 31 August 2020 rankings.{{Cite web\|title\=Venus Williams {{!}} Ranking History {{!}} Weekly \& Yearly Rankings – WTA Official\|url\=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/230220/venus\-williams/rankings\-history\|access\-date\=2020\-09\-20\|publisher\=Women's Tennis Association\|archive\-date\=November 27, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127174048/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/230220/venus\-williams/rankings\-history\|url\-status\=live}} At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2020_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2020 US Open (tennis)"), Williams lost in straight sets against WTA No. 26, [Karolína Muchová](/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Muchov%C3%A1 "Karolína Muchová"), in the first round. Williams travelled to [Italian Open](/wiki/2020_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 "2020 Italian Open (tennis)"), the week after the U.S. Open to join the rescheduled clay court swing. In the first round, she drew Azarenka for the second time in five weeks; on this occasion, Williams lost in straight sets, taking their career head\-to\-head record to 6–2 in Williams's favor. At the [French Open](/wiki/2020_French_Open "2020 French Open"), Williams crashed out in straight\-sets to [Anna Karolína Schmiedlová](/wiki/Anna_Karol%C3%ADna_Schmiedlov%C3%A1 "Anna Karolína Schmiedlová"). She finished the year with one match win and a 1–8 tour record. Her ranking fell to 78 in the world by the end of the season.
[ "### 2020: Out of top 75", "Williams was scheduled to start her 2020 season at the [Brisbane International](/wiki/2020_Brisbane_International \"2020 Brisbane International\") but withdrew before the tournament began.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/venus\\-williams\\-pulls\\-out\\-of\\-brisbane\\-following\\-unexpected\\-setback\\|title\\=Venus Williams pulls out of Brisbane following \"unexpected setback\"\\|website\\=Tennis.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 19, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619102418/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/venus\\-williams\\-pulls\\-out\\-of\\-brisbane\\-following\\-unexpected\\-setback\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She also had to withdraw from the [Adelaide International](/wiki/2020_Adelaide_International \"2020 Adelaide International\").", "At the [Australian Open](/wiki/2020_Australian_Open \"2020 Australian Open\"), Williams was beaten by [Coco Gauff](/wiki/Coco_Gauff \"Coco Gauff\") in the first round. At the [Mexican Open](/wiki/2020_Abierto_Mexicano_Telcel \"2020 Abierto Mexicano Telcel\"), where she was the fifth seed, Williams was beaten by qualifier [Kaja Juvan](/wiki/Kaja_Juvan \"Kaja Juvan\").", "After a four\\-month break due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), Williams returned to competition by playing [World TeamTennis](/wiki/World_TeamTennis \"World TeamTennis\").", "Her first official tournament back was the [Top Seed Open](/wiki/2020_Top_Seed_Open \"2020 Top Seed Open\"), where she defeated Victoria Azarenka in the first round, then took on sister Serena for the 31st time in the second round, losing to her in a tight three\\-set match. Williams then fell to [Dayana Yastremska](/wiki/Dayana_Yastremska \"Dayana Yastremska\") in the first round of the [Western \\& Southern Open](/wiki/2020_Western_%26_Southern_Open \"2020 Western & Southern Open\"). Following the tournament, Williams dropped to no. 67 in the WTA 31 August 2020 rankings.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Venus Williams {{!}} Ranking History {{!}} Weekly \\& Yearly Rankings – WTA Official\\|url\\=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/230220/venus\\-williams/rankings\\-history\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-20\\|publisher\\=Women's Tennis Association\\|archive\\-date\\=November 27, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127174048/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/230220/venus\\-williams/rankings\\-history\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2020_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2020 US Open (tennis)\"), Williams lost in straight sets against WTA No. 26, [Karolína Muchová](/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Muchov%C3%A1 \"Karolína Muchová\"), in the first round.", "Williams travelled to [Italian Open](/wiki/2020_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2020 Italian Open (tennis)\"), the week after the U.S. Open to join the rescheduled clay court swing. In the first round, she drew Azarenka for the second time in five weeks; on this occasion, Williams lost in straight sets, taking their career head\\-to\\-head record to 6–2 in Williams's favor.\nAt the [French Open](/wiki/2020_French_Open \"2020 French Open\"), Williams crashed out in straight\\-sets to [Anna Karolína Schmiedlová](/wiki/Anna_Karol%C3%ADna_Schmiedlov%C3%A1 \"Anna Karolína Schmiedlová\"). She finished the year with one match win and a 1–8 tour record. Her ranking fell to 78 in the world by the end of the season.", "" ]
Life ---- He was brought up by his mother at [Cockburnspath](/wiki/Cockburnspath "Cockburnspath"), Berwickshire, until he went to [Edinburgh University](/wiki/Edinburgh_University "Edinburgh University"). In 1681, he was tutor, or servant, at Edinburgh to the sons of a Mr. Gray, and took an active part in the burning of the Pope in effigy by the students; the clerk to the council wrote that Ridpath was not then a boy. He was kept in irons for some days, and was charged with threatening to burn the provost's house, but after five weeks' imprisonment he was banished from Scotland. He went to London to seek a livelihood by his pen.{{cite DNB\|wstitle\=Ridpath, George (d.1726\)}} Soon after the [Glorious Revolution](/wiki/Glorious_Revolution "Glorious Revolution") he was an active London journalist. In 1696, Ridpath was acting as a sort of spy on the [bishop of Glasgow](/wiki/Bishop_of_Glasgow "Bishop of Glasgow") and on Dr. [Alexander Monro](/wiki/Alexander_Monro_%28educator%29 "Alexander Monro (educator)"). The name George Ridpath is among those who graduated at Edinburgh in 1699\. Ridpath conducted the Whig journal the *Flying Post or Postman* which, according to [John Dunton](/wiki/John_Dunton "John Dunton"), sold well. It was established in 1695\. On 4 September 1712, William Hurt was arrested for printing in the paper scandalous and seditious reflections on Queen Anne and the government. On the 8th Ridpath was committed to [Newgate Prison](/wiki/Newgate_Prison "Newgate Prison") for being the author of three libels in the *Observator*, to which he became a contributor in succession to [John Tutchin](/wiki/John_Tutchin "John Tutchin") in 1712, and in the *Flying Post*; but he was released on bail. On 23 October Ridpath and Hurt appeared in the court of [Queen's Bench](/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_%28England%29 "Court of King's Bench (England)"), and were continued on their recognisances. [Jonathan Swift](/wiki/Jonathan_Swift "Jonathan Swift") complained about bail being allowed for the "Scotch rogue" Ridpath, who continued to write when at liberty. On 19 February 1713 Ridpath was tried at the [London Guildhall](/wiki/London_Guildhall "London Guildhall"). The trial was to a large extent a party matter, and Ridpath's counsel were [Sergeant Pratt](/wiki/Sir_John_Pratt "Sir John Pratt"), [Sir Peter King](/wiki/Sir_Peter_King "Sir Peter King"), and Messrs. [Nicholas Lechmere](/wiki/Nicholas_Lechmere%2C_1st_Baron_Lechmere "Nicholas Lechmere, 1st Baron Lechmere"), St. Leger, Fortescue, and [Spencer Cowper](/wiki/Spencer_Cowper "Spencer Cowper"). A collection had been made on Ridpath's behalf, and Whigs were told that unless they subscribed two guineas they would not be admitted to be members of the party. After a hearing of eight hours, the jury found Ridpath guilty of two of the libels, and sentence was postponed. On 1 May his recognisances of £600 were estreated, because he had failed to appear, in accordance with an order made on 27 April, and on the 25th a reward of £100 was offered by [Henry Bolingbroke](/wiki/Henry_Bolingbroke "Henry Bolingbroke") for his discovery; but without result: Ridpath had fled to Scotland, and then to Holland. In Ridpath's absence the *Flying Post* was carried on by Stephen Whatley, under his general directions. In 1714 it was found that the printer, Hurt, had dealings with [Daniel Defoe](/wiki/Daniel_Defoe "Daniel Defoe"), Ridpath's rival journalist, and the *Flying Post* was taken out of his hands. Defoe came to Hurt's assistance, and on 27 July published, through Hurt, a rival newspaper, *The Flying Post and Medley*. Ridpath by now lived at [Rotterdam](/wiki/Rotterdam "Rotterdam"), but early in 1714 feared arrest. After the accession of George I, Ridpath returned to England, and was made one of the patentees for serving the commissioners of the customs in Scotland with stationery wares. The *Flying Post* still attacked the Tories, and Ridpath made slanderous charges against [Nathaniel Mist](/wiki/Nathaniel_Mist "Nathaniel Mist") and others. In 1722 Ridpath was secretary to a lottery at [Harburg\-Wilhelmsburg](/wiki/Harburg-Wilhelmsburg "Harburg-Wilhelmsburg") in [Hanover](/wiki/Hanover "Hanover"), with a trading company. The king denied having sanctioned the lottery, and a committee of the House of Commons examined Ridpath in December and January 1723\. Most of the company's money had been lost in the [South Sea Company](/wiki/South_Sea_Company "South Sea Company"), and a bill was introduced to suppress the lottery. In February, the trustees announced, through Ridpath, that they would return all tickets on application. After this date Ridpath avoided old friends; it was alleged he had married two wives at the same time, and after his death Lord Grange repeated this report, adding that it was said that Ridpath had joined with the [Arians](/wiki/Arians "Arians") and non\-subscribers, and slighted those who once supported him. Ridpath died on 5 February 1726, the same day as his old antagonist [Abel Roper](/wiki/Abel_Roper "Abel Roper"). He left all his estate to his wife, Esther Ridpath, daughter of George Markland. His only son had died in 1706\. Ridpath's papers fell into the hands of Dr. [James Fraser](/wiki/James_Fraser_%28minister%29 "James Fraser (minister)"), one of Wodrow's correspondents.
[ "Life\n----", "He was brought up by his mother at [Cockburnspath](/wiki/Cockburnspath \"Cockburnspath\"), Berwickshire, until he went to [Edinburgh University](/wiki/Edinburgh_University \"Edinburgh University\"). In 1681, he was tutor, or servant, at Edinburgh to the sons of a Mr. Gray, and took an active part in the burning of the Pope in effigy by the students; the clerk to the council wrote that Ridpath was not then a boy. He was kept in irons for some days, and was charged with threatening to burn the provost's house, but after five weeks' imprisonment he was banished from Scotland. He went to London to seek a livelihood by his pen.{{cite DNB\\|wstitle\\=Ridpath, George (d.1726\\)}}", "Soon after the [Glorious Revolution](/wiki/Glorious_Revolution \"Glorious Revolution\") he was an active London journalist. In 1696, Ridpath was acting as a sort of spy on the [bishop of Glasgow](/wiki/Bishop_of_Glasgow \"Bishop of Glasgow\") and on Dr. [Alexander Monro](/wiki/Alexander_Monro_%28educator%29 \"Alexander Monro (educator)\"). The name George Ridpath is among those who graduated at Edinburgh in 1699\\.", "Ridpath conducted the Whig journal the *Flying Post or Postman* which, according to [John Dunton](/wiki/John_Dunton \"John Dunton\"), sold well. It was established in 1695\\.", "On 4 September 1712, William Hurt was arrested for printing in the paper scandalous and seditious reflections on Queen Anne and the government. On the 8th Ridpath was committed to [Newgate Prison](/wiki/Newgate_Prison \"Newgate Prison\") for being the author of three libels in the *Observator*, to which he became a contributor in succession to [John Tutchin](/wiki/John_Tutchin \"John Tutchin\") in 1712, and in the *Flying Post*; but he was released on bail. On 23 October Ridpath and Hurt appeared in the court of [Queen's Bench](/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_%28England%29 \"Court of King's Bench (England)\"), and were continued on their recognisances.", "[Jonathan Swift](/wiki/Jonathan_Swift \"Jonathan Swift\") complained about bail being allowed for the \"Scotch rogue\" Ridpath, who continued to write when at liberty. On 19 February 1713 Ridpath was tried at the [London Guildhall](/wiki/London_Guildhall \"London Guildhall\"). The trial was to a large extent a party matter, and Ridpath's counsel were [Sergeant Pratt](/wiki/Sir_John_Pratt \"Sir John Pratt\"), [Sir Peter King](/wiki/Sir_Peter_King \"Sir Peter King\"), and Messrs. [Nicholas Lechmere](/wiki/Nicholas_Lechmere%2C_1st_Baron_Lechmere \"Nicholas Lechmere, 1st Baron Lechmere\"), St. Leger, Fortescue, and [Spencer Cowper](/wiki/Spencer_Cowper \"Spencer Cowper\").", "A collection had been made on Ridpath's behalf, and Whigs were told that unless they subscribed two guineas they would not be admitted to be members of the party. After a hearing of eight hours, the jury found Ridpath guilty of two of the libels, and sentence was postponed. On 1 May his recognisances of £600 were estreated, because he had failed to appear, in accordance with an order made on 27 April, and on the 25th a reward of £100 was offered by [Henry Bolingbroke](/wiki/Henry_Bolingbroke \"Henry Bolingbroke\") for his discovery; but without result: Ridpath had fled to Scotland, and then to Holland.", "In Ridpath's absence the *Flying Post* was carried on by Stephen Whatley, under his general directions. In 1714 it was found that the printer, Hurt, had dealings with [Daniel Defoe](/wiki/Daniel_Defoe \"Daniel Defoe\"), Ridpath's rival journalist, and the *Flying Post* was taken out of his hands. Defoe came to Hurt's assistance, and on 27 July published, through Hurt, a rival newspaper, *The Flying Post and Medley*. Ridpath by now lived at [Rotterdam](/wiki/Rotterdam \"Rotterdam\"), but early in 1714 feared arrest.", "After the accession of George I, Ridpath returned to England, and was made one of the patentees for serving the commissioners of the customs in Scotland with stationery wares. The *Flying Post* still attacked the Tories, and Ridpath made slanderous charges against [Nathaniel Mist](/wiki/Nathaniel_Mist \"Nathaniel Mist\") and others.", "In 1722 Ridpath was secretary to a lottery at [Harburg\\-Wilhelmsburg](/wiki/Harburg-Wilhelmsburg \"Harburg-Wilhelmsburg\") in [Hanover](/wiki/Hanover \"Hanover\"), with a trading company. The king denied having sanctioned the lottery, and a committee of the House of Commons examined Ridpath in December and January 1723\\. Most of the company's money had been lost in the [South Sea Company](/wiki/South_Sea_Company \"South Sea Company\"), and a bill was introduced to suppress the lottery. In February, the trustees announced, through Ridpath, that they would return all tickets on application.", "After this date Ridpath avoided old friends; it was alleged he had married two wives at the same time, and after his death Lord Grange repeated this report, adding that it was said that Ridpath had joined with the [Arians](/wiki/Arians \"Arians\") and non\\-subscribers, and slighted those who once supported him.", "Ridpath died on 5 February 1726, the same day as his old antagonist [Abel Roper](/wiki/Abel_Roper \"Abel Roper\"). He left all his estate to his wife, Esther Ridpath, daughter of George Markland. His only son had died in 1706\\. Ridpath's papers fell into the hands of Dr. [James Fraser](/wiki/James_Fraser_%28minister%29 \"James Fraser (minister)\"), one of Wodrow's correspondents.", "" ]
Works ----- In 1687, Ridpath published a new method of shorthand, *Shorthand yet Shorter*, with a dedication to [Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton](/wiki/Philip_Wharton%2C_4th_Baron_Wharton "Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton"), under whose roof the book had been written, while Ridpath was a servant there. The author also undertook to give lessons. A second edition of his manual appeared in 1696\. In 1693, writing under the name of Will Laick, he made an attack on the [episcopal](/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church "Scottish Episcopal Church") party in Scotland in *An Answer to the Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence*, and *A Continuation of the Answer*. These were attacked in Dr. Alexander Monro's *Apology for the Clergy of Scotland*, and *The Spirit of Calumny and Slander examined, chastised, and exposed, in a letter to a malicious libeller. More particularly addressed to Mr. George Ridpath, newsmonger, near St. Martins\-in\-the\-Fields*. He replied in *The Scots Episcopal Innocence*, 1694, and *The Queries and Protestation of the Scots episcopal clergy against the authority of the Presbyterian General Assemblies*, 1694\. In 1695, Ridpath published, with a dedication to [James Johnston](/wiki/James_Johnston_%28Secretary_of_State%29 "James Johnston (Secretary of State)"), a translation of a Latin work *De hominio disputatio adversus eos qui Scotiam feudum ligium Angliae, regemque Scotorum eo nomine hominium Anglo debere asserunt* from 1605 of [Sir Thomas Craig](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Craig "Sir Thomas Craig"),{{ODNBweb\|id\=6580\|title\=Craig, Thomas\|first\=John W.\|last\=Cairns}}{{cite book\|author\=Leith Davis\|title\=Acts of Union: Scotland and the Literary Negotiation of the British Nation, 1707–1830\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3lwvTGOkFL4C\&pg\=PA28\|accessdate\=6 September 2012\|date\=1 January 1999\|publisher\=Stanford University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-8047\-3269\-7\|page\=28}} as *Scotland's Sovereignty asserted; being a dispute concerning Homage*, and in 1698 he translated N. de Souligné's *Political Mischiefs of Popery*. In *A Dialogue between Jack and Will, concerning the Lord Mayor's going to meeting\-houses with the sword carried before him*, 1697, he defended [Sir Humphry Edwin](/wiki/Sir_Humphry_Edwin "Sir Humphry Edwin"), a presbyterian lord mayor; and this was followed in 1699 by *A Rowland for an Oliver, or a sharp rebuke to a saucy Levite. In answer to a sermon preached by Edward Oliver, M.A., before Sir Humphry Edwin. By a Lover of Unity*. A book called *The Stage Condemned*, in support of [Jeremy Collier](/wiki/Jeremy_Collier "Jeremy Collier")'s *Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage*, appeared in September 1698, and the author of a reply, *The Stage Acquitted*, says it was by *Mr. R\[idpa]th, the formidable author of a scandalous newspaper, and the wretched retailer of mad [Prynne](/wiki/William_Prynne "William Prynne")'s enthusiastic cant.* Ridpath's *Scotland's Grievances relating to Darien, humbly offered to the consideration of the Parliament*, 1700, contained remarks about a foreign yoke. Next year came his *The Great Reasons and Interests considered anent the Spanish Monarchy*, and in 1702 *A Discourse upon the Union of England and Scotland. By a lover of his country*, in which Ridpath opposed a union. In 1703 he printed *The Case of Scotsmen residing in England and in the English Plantations*, and *An Historical Account of the ancient Rights and Power of the Parliament of Scotland*. These were followed by *An Account of the Proceedings of the Parliament of Scotland, 1703*, 1704, and *The reducing of Scotland by Arms … considered*, 1705\. According to one of the replies to this last pamphlet, its author and publisher were bound over to appear at the queen's bench bar. In 1706 Ridpath wrote *Considerations upon the Union of the two Kingdoms*, and was answered in Sir John Clerk's *Letter to a Friend, giving an Account how the Treaty of Union has been received here. With Remarks upon what has been written by Mr. H\[odges] and Mr. R\[idpath]*, a piece which has been erroneously attributed to Defoe. In 1704–5, Ridpath assisted [James Anderson](/wiki/James_Anderson_%28lawyer%29 "James Anderson (lawyer)"), who was then preparing his *Historical Essay showing that the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland is Imperial and Independent*; and in 1705, he commenced a correspondence with the Rev. [Robert Wodrow](/wiki/Robert_Wodrow "Robert Wodrow"), chiefly on the subject of the union and the episcopal church in Scotland. *The Scots' Representations to Her Majesty, against setting up the Common Prayer\-Book in Scotland*, 1711, was written, according to a note in the copy in the Advocates' Library, by Ridpath, [William Carstares](/wiki/William_Carstares "William Carstares"), and Defoe. Another piece attributed to Ridpath is *The Oath of Abjuration considered*, Edinburgh, 1712\. He was also employed in correcting Captain [Woodes Rogers](/wiki/Woodes_Rogers "Woodes Rogers")'s *Voyage*; assisted in writing the periodical *History of the Works of the Learned*; invented the "Polygraphy", a writing\-engine, moved by the foot, by which six or more copies could be written at once; contributed to the *Medley* in 1712; and was in constant strife with the Tory *Post Boy*, published by [Abel Roper](/wiki/Abel_Roper "Abel Roper"). [John Dunton](/wiki/John_Dunton "John Dunton"), an admirer, described his style as excellent. In 1713, Ridpath wrote *Some Thoughts concerning the Peace, and the Thanksgiving appointed by authority to be observed for it*; and certain observations on the address of the Highlanders to Queen Anne, which he complained was signed only by ten, four of whom were Catholics, called forth *The Honourable Chieftains of the Highland Clans vindicated from the false Aspersions and scurrilous Reflections thrown upon them by Ridpath, the scandalous and justly condemned Libeller*, Edinburgh, 1713\. In 1714, he published a book called *Parliamentary Right maintained, or the Hanover Succession justified*, in answer to [Hilkiah Bedford](/wiki/Hilkiah_Bedford "Hilkiah Bedford")'s *Hereditary Right to the Crown of England asserted*. His letters to the English minister at The Hague give an account of the difficulties in getting this work circulated ([Stowe MSS.](/wiki/Stowe_MSS. "Stowe MSS.")). Copies were sent by various ships to different ports in England; but many were lost or thrown overboard by the captains, or were returned because no one dared receive them. He had political correspondence with persons in Scotland, and in April he wrote *The New Project examined, or the Design of the Faction to deprive the Hanover Family of the power to name Lord Justices anatomised*, but it is doubtful whether this pamphlet was printed. In 1717 he was giving Wodrow advice in the preparation of the *History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland*, and was himself proposing to write a continuation of [George Buchanan](/wiki/George_Buchanan "George Buchanan")'s *Scotch History*. In 1719, when he was living in Greville Street, Holborn, he published *An Appeal to the Word of God for the Trinity in Unity*. [Alexander Pope](/wiki/Alexander_Pope "Alexander Pope") wrote (*[Dunciad](/wiki/Dunciad "Dunciad")*, i. 208\): To Dulness Ridpath is as dear as Mist. According to Wodrow, the dedication to the Lower House of Convocation, prefixed to the collected edition of the *Independent Whig*, 1721, is by Ridpath. It is an attack on the unscriptural claims of the clergy, who are charged with teaching the need of giving endowments rather than plain morality and religion.
[ "Works\n-----", "In 1687, Ridpath published a new method of shorthand, *Shorthand yet Shorter*, with a dedication to [Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton](/wiki/Philip_Wharton%2C_4th_Baron_Wharton \"Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton\"), under whose roof the book had been written, while Ridpath was a servant there. The author also undertook to give lessons. A second edition of his manual appeared in 1696\\.", "In 1693, writing under the name of Will Laick, he made an attack on the [episcopal](/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church \"Scottish Episcopal Church\") party in Scotland in *An Answer to the Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence*, and *A Continuation of the Answer*. These were attacked in Dr. Alexander Monro's *Apology for the Clergy of Scotland*, and *The Spirit of Calumny and Slander examined, chastised, and exposed, in a letter to a malicious libeller. More particularly addressed to Mr. George Ridpath, newsmonger, near St. Martins\\-in\\-the\\-Fields*. He replied in *The Scots Episcopal Innocence*, 1694, and *The Queries and Protestation of the Scots episcopal clergy against the authority of the Presbyterian General Assemblies*, 1694\\.", "In 1695, Ridpath published, with a dedication to [James Johnston](/wiki/James_Johnston_%28Secretary_of_State%29 \"James Johnston (Secretary of State)\"), a translation of a Latin work *De hominio disputatio adversus eos qui Scotiam feudum ligium Angliae, regemque Scotorum eo nomine hominium Anglo debere asserunt* from 1605 of [Sir Thomas Craig](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Craig \"Sir Thomas Craig\"),{{ODNBweb\\|id\\=6580\\|title\\=Craig, Thomas\\|first\\=John W.\\|last\\=Cairns}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Leith Davis\\|title\\=Acts of Union: Scotland and the Literary Negotiation of the British Nation, 1707–1830\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3lwvTGOkFL4C\\&pg\\=PA28\\|accessdate\\=6 September 2012\\|date\\=1 January 1999\\|publisher\\=Stanford University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8047\\-3269\\-7\\|page\\=28}} as *Scotland's Sovereignty asserted; being a dispute concerning Homage*, and in 1698 he translated N. de Souligné's *Political Mischiefs of Popery*. In *A Dialogue between Jack and Will, concerning the Lord Mayor's going to meeting\\-houses with the sword carried before him*, 1697, he defended [Sir Humphry Edwin](/wiki/Sir_Humphry_Edwin \"Sir Humphry Edwin\"), a presbyterian lord mayor; and this was followed in 1699 by *A Rowland for an Oliver, or a sharp rebuke to a saucy Levite. In answer to a sermon preached by Edward Oliver, M.A., before Sir Humphry Edwin. By a Lover of Unity*. A book called *The Stage Condemned*, in support of [Jeremy Collier](/wiki/Jeremy_Collier \"Jeremy Collier\")'s *Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage*, appeared in September 1698, and the author of a reply, *The Stage Acquitted*, says it was by *Mr. R\\[idpa]th, the formidable author of a scandalous newspaper, and the wretched retailer of mad [Prynne](/wiki/William_Prynne \"William Prynne\")'s enthusiastic cant.*", "Ridpath's *Scotland's Grievances relating to Darien, humbly offered to the consideration of the Parliament*, 1700, contained remarks about a foreign yoke. Next year came his *The Great Reasons and Interests considered anent the Spanish Monarchy*, and in 1702 *A Discourse upon the Union of England and Scotland. By a lover of his country*, in which Ridpath opposed a union. In 1703 he printed *The Case of Scotsmen residing in England and in the English Plantations*, and *An Historical Account of the ancient Rights and Power of the Parliament of Scotland*. These were followed by *An Account of the Proceedings of the Parliament of Scotland, 1703*, 1704, and *The reducing of Scotland by Arms … considered*, 1705\\. According to one of the replies to this last pamphlet, its author and publisher were bound over to appear at the queen's bench bar. In 1706 Ridpath wrote *Considerations upon the Union of the two Kingdoms*, and was answered in Sir John Clerk's *Letter to a Friend, giving an Account how the Treaty of Union has been received here. With Remarks upon what has been written by Mr. H\\[odges] and Mr. R\\[idpath]*, a piece which has been erroneously attributed to Defoe.", "In 1704–5, Ridpath assisted [James Anderson](/wiki/James_Anderson_%28lawyer%29 \"James Anderson (lawyer)\"), who was then preparing his *Historical Essay showing that the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland is Imperial and Independent*; and in 1705, he commenced a correspondence with the Rev. [Robert Wodrow](/wiki/Robert_Wodrow \"Robert Wodrow\"), chiefly on the subject of the union and the episcopal church in Scotland. *The Scots' Representations to Her Majesty, against setting up the Common Prayer\\-Book in Scotland*, 1711, was written, according to a note in the copy in the Advocates' Library, by Ridpath, [William Carstares](/wiki/William_Carstares \"William Carstares\"), and Defoe. Another piece attributed to Ridpath is *The Oath of Abjuration considered*, Edinburgh, 1712\\. He was also employed in correcting Captain [Woodes Rogers](/wiki/Woodes_Rogers \"Woodes Rogers\")'s *Voyage*; assisted in writing the periodical *History of the Works of the Learned*; invented the \"Polygraphy\", a writing\\-engine, moved by the foot, by which six or more copies could be written at once; contributed to the *Medley* in 1712; and was in constant strife with the Tory *Post Boy*, published by [Abel Roper](/wiki/Abel_Roper \"Abel Roper\"). [John Dunton](/wiki/John_Dunton \"John Dunton\"), an admirer, described his style as excellent.", "In 1713, Ridpath wrote *Some Thoughts concerning the Peace, and the Thanksgiving appointed by authority to be observed for it*; and certain observations on the address of the Highlanders to Queen Anne, which he complained was signed only by ten, four of whom were Catholics, called forth *The Honourable Chieftains of the Highland Clans vindicated from the false Aspersions and scurrilous Reflections thrown upon them by Ridpath, the scandalous and justly condemned Libeller*, Edinburgh, 1713\\. In 1714, he published a book called *Parliamentary Right maintained, or the Hanover Succession justified*, in answer to [Hilkiah Bedford](/wiki/Hilkiah_Bedford \"Hilkiah Bedford\")'s *Hereditary Right to the Crown of England asserted*. His letters to the English minister at The Hague give an account of the difficulties in getting this work circulated ([Stowe MSS.](/wiki/Stowe_MSS. \"Stowe MSS.\")). Copies were sent by various ships to different ports in England; but many were lost or thrown overboard by the captains, or were returned because no one dared receive them. He had political correspondence with persons in Scotland, and in April he wrote *The New Project examined, or the Design of the Faction to deprive the Hanover Family of the power to name Lord Justices anatomised*, but it is doubtful whether this pamphlet was printed.", "In 1717 he was giving Wodrow advice in the preparation of the *History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland*, and was himself proposing to write a continuation of [George Buchanan](/wiki/George_Buchanan \"George Buchanan\")'s *Scotch History*. In 1719, when he was living in Greville Street, Holborn, he published *An Appeal to the Word of God for the Trinity in Unity*. [Alexander Pope](/wiki/Alexander_Pope \"Alexander Pope\") wrote (*[Dunciad](/wiki/Dunciad \"Dunciad\")*, i. 208\\):", "To Dulness Ridpath is as dear as Mist.\nAccording to Wodrow, the dedication to the Lower House of Convocation, prefixed to the collected edition of the *Independent Whig*, 1721, is by Ridpath. It is an attack on the unscriptural claims of the clergy, who are charged with teaching the need of giving endowments rather than plain morality and religion.", "" ]
Revolutionary War ----------------- After his unit was disbanded, Shelby surveyed for the [Transylvania Company](/wiki/Transylvania_Company "Transylvania Company"), a land company that purchased much of present\-day Kentucky from the [Cherokees](/wiki/Cherokee "Cherokee") in a deal later invalidated by the government of Virginia. After fulfilling his duties with the Transylvania Company, he rejoined his family in Virginia, but returned to Kentucky the following year to claim and improve land for himself. After falling ill, he returned home in July 1776 to recover.Johnson, p. 1261 Back in Virginia, fighting in the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War") was underway, and Shelby found a commission from the Virginia Committee of Safety appointing him captain of a company of [Minutemen](/wiki/Minutemen "Minutemen"). In 1777, Virginia governor [Patrick Henry](/wiki/Patrick_Henry "Patrick Henry") appointed Shelby to a position securing provisions for the army on the frontier. He served a similar role for units in the [Continental Army](/wiki/Continental_Army "Continental Army") in 1778 and 1779\. With his money, Shelby purchased provisions for John Sevier's 1779 expedition against the [Chickamauga](/wiki/Chickamauga_Cherokee "Chickamauga Cherokee"), a band of Cherokees who were resisting colonial expansion. Shelby was elected to represent [Washington County](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_Virginia "Washington County, Virginia") in the [Virginia House of Delegates](/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates "Virginia House of Delegates") in 1779\. Later that year, he was commissioned a major by Governor [Thomas Jefferson](/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson") and charged with escorting a group of commissioners to establish a frontier boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina. Shortly after his arrival in the region, [North Carolina Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina "Governor of North Carolina") [Richard Caswell](/wiki/Richard_Caswell "Richard Caswell") made him [magistrate](/wiki/Magistrate "Magistrate") of newly formed [Sullivan County](/wiki/Sullivan_County%2C_North_Carolina "Sullivan County, North Carolina") and elevated him to the rank of colonel of the [Sullivan County Regiment](/wiki/Sullivan_County_Regiment "Sullivan County Regiment").Draper, p. 413{{cite web\|title\=Isaac Shelby\|url\=http://www.carolana.com/NC/Revolution/patriot\_leaders\_nc\_isaac\_shelby.html\|author\=Lewis, J.D.\|access\-date\=March 4, 2019}} Shelby was surveying lands in Kentucky in 1780 when he heard of the colonists' defeat at [Charleston](/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston "Siege of Charleston"). He hurried to North Carolina, where he found a request for aid from General [Charles McDowell](/wiki/Charles_McDowell_%28North_Carolina_militiaman%29 "Charles McDowell (North Carolina militiaman)") to defend the borders of North Carolina from the British. Shelby assembled three hundred militiamen and joined McDowell at Cherokee Ford in [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina"). On the morning of July 31, 1780, he surrounded the British stronghold at Thickety Fort on the [Pacolet River](/wiki/Pacolet_River "Pacolet River") with 600 men.Fredriksen, p. 627 He immediately demanded a surrender, but the British refused.Wrobel, p. 37 Shelby brought his men within [musket](/wiki/Musket "Musket") range and again demanded surrender. Though the fort likely would have withstood the attack, the British commander lost his nerve and capitulated. Without firing a shot, Shelby's men captured 94 prisoners. Following the surrender of Thickety Fort, Shelby joined a band of [partisans](/wiki/Partisan_%28military%29 "Partisan (military)") under Lieutenant [Elijah Clarke](/wiki/Elijah_Clarke "Elijah Clarke"). This unit was pursued by British Major [Patrick Ferguson](/wiki/Patrick_Ferguson "Patrick Ferguson"). On the morning of August 8, 1780, some of Shelby's men were gathering peaches from an orchard when they were surprised by some of Ferguson's men on a reconnaissance mission. Shelby's men quickly readied their arms and drove back the British patrol. Soon, however, the British were reinforced and the colonists fell back. The pattern continued, with one side being reinforced and gaining an advantage, followed by the other. Shelby's men were winning the battle when Ferguson's main force of 1,000 men arrived. Outmanned, they retreated to a nearby hill where British musket fire could not reach them. Now safe, they taunted the British, and Ferguson's force withdrew from the area. Thus ended the [Battle of Cedar Springs](/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Springs "Battle of Cedar Springs").Wrobel, pp. 38–39 General McDowell then ordered Shelby and Clarke to take Musgrove's Mill, a British encampment on the [Enoree River](/wiki/Enoree_River "Enoree River"). They rode all night with two hundred men, reaching their location about dawn on August 18, 1780\. The colonists had estimated the enemy force was of comparable size, but an advance scout brought word there were approximately 500 British soldiers in the camp who were preparing for battle. Shelby's men and horses were too tired for a retreat and they had lost the element of surprise. He ordered his men to construct a [breastwork](/wiki/Breastwork_%28fortification%29 "Breastwork (fortification)") from nearby logs and brush. In half an hour the makeshift fortifications were complete, and twenty\-five colonial riders charged the British camp to provoke the attack. The British pursued them back to the main colonial force. Despite being outnumbered, the colonists killed several British officers and put their army to flight.Wrobel, pp. 39–40 ### Battle of Kings Mountain {{main\|Battle of Kings Mountain}} Shelby and Clarke elected not to pursue the British fleeing the [Battle of Musgrove Mill](/wiki/Battle_of_Musgrove_Mill "Battle of Musgrove Mill").Wrobel, p. 41 Instead, they set their sights on a British fort at [Ninety Six, South Carolina](/wiki/Ninety_Six%2C_South_Carolina "Ninety Six, South Carolina"), where they were sure they would find Ferguson. However, while en route, Shelby and his men were met with news of General [Horatio Gates](/wiki/Horatio_Gates "Horatio Gates")' defeat at the [Battle of Camden](/wiki/Battle_of_Camden "Battle of Camden"). With the backing of General [Cornwallis](/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis%2C_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis "Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis"), Ferguson could ride to meet Shelby with his entire force, so Shelby retreated over the Appalachian Mountains into North Carolina.Wrobel, pp. 41–42 [thumb\|left\|[John Sevier](/wiki/John_Sevier "John Sevier") – he and Shelby led the colonial forces to victory at the [Battle of Kings Mountain](/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain "Battle of Kings Mountain")](/wiki/File:John_Sevier.jpg "John Sevier.jpg") Following the colonists' retreat, an emboldened Ferguson dispatched a paroled prisoner across the mountains to warn the colonists to cease their opposition or Ferguson would lay waste to the countryside.Beasley, p. 2 Angered by this act, Shelby and [John Sevier](/wiki/John_Sevier "John Sevier") began to plan another raid on the British. Shelby and Sevier raised 240 men each, and were joined by [William Campbell](/wiki/William_Campbell_%28general%29 "William Campbell (general)") with 400 from Washington County, Virginia and Charles McDowell with 160 men from [Burke](/wiki/Burke_County%2C_North_Carolina "Burke County, North Carolina") and [Rutherford](/wiki/Rutherford_County%2C_North_Carolina "Rutherford County, North Carolina") counties in North Carolina.Wrobel, p. 45 The forces mustered at [Sycamore Shoals](/wiki/Sycamore_Shoals "Sycamore Shoals") on September 25, 1780\. The troops crossed the difficult terrain of the [Blue Ridge Mountains](/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains "Blue Ridge Mountains") and arrived at McDowell's estate near [Morganton, North Carolina](/wiki/Morganton%2C_North_Carolina "Morganton, North Carolina"), on September 30, 1780\.Wrobel, p. 46 Here, they were joined by Colonel [Benjamin Cleveland](/wiki/Benjamin_Cleveland "Benjamin Cleveland") and Major [Joseph Winston](/wiki/Joseph_Winston "Joseph Winston") with 350 men from [Surry](/wiki/Surry_County%2C_North_Carolina "Surry County, North Carolina") and [Wilkes](/wiki/Wilkes_County%2C_North_Carolina "Wilkes County, North Carolina") counties. The combined force pursued Ferguson to [Kings Mountain](/wiki/Kings_Mountain%2C_North_Carolina "Kings Mountain, North Carolina"), where he had fortified himself, declaring "God Almighty and all the rebels out of hell" could not move him from it.Wrobel, p. 50 The [Battle of Kings Mountain](/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain "Battle of Kings Mountain") commenced October 7, 1780\. Shelby had ordered his men to advance from tree to tree, firing from behind each one; he called this technique "Indian play" because he had seen the Indians use it in battles with them. Ferguson ordered [bayonet](/wiki/Bayonet "Bayonet") charges that forced Shelby's men to fall back on three separate occasions, but the colonists dislodged Ferguson's men from their position. Seeing the battle was lost, Ferguson and his key officers attempted a retreat. The colonists were instructed to kill Ferguson. Simultaneous shots by Sevier's men broke both Ferguson's arms, fatally pierced his skull, and knocked him from his mount. Seeing their commander dead, the remaining British soldiers waved [white flags](/wiki/White_flag%23Contemporary_use "White flag#Contemporary use") of surrender.Wrobel, pp. 50–56 Kings Mountain was the high point of Shelby's military service, and from that point forward his men dubbed him "Old Kings Mountain". The North Carolina legislature passed a vote of thanks to Shelby and Sevier for their service and ordered each be presented a pair of pistols and a ceremonial sword.Townsend, p. 17 (Shelby did not receive these items until he requested them from the legislature in 1813\.)Draper, p. 416 As the colonists and their prisoners began the march from Kings Mountain, they learned that nine colonial prisoners had been hanged by the British at Fort Ninety\-Six. This was not the first such incident in the region, and the enraged colonists vowed they would now put a stop to the hangings in the Carolinas. Summoning a jury from their number – which was legal because two North Carolina magistrates were present – the colonists selected random prisoners and charged them with crimes ranging from theft to arson to murder. By evening, the jury had convicted thirty\-six prisoners and sentenced them to hang. After the first nine hangings, however, Shelby ordered them stopped. He never gave a reason for this action, but his order was obeyed nonetheless, and the remaining "convicts" rejoined their fellow prisoners.Wrobel, pp. 56–57 The Kings Mountain victors and their prisoners returned to McDowell's estate, early on, the morning of, October 10, 1780\. From there, the various commanders and their men went their separate ways. Shelby and his men joined General [Daniel Morgan](/wiki/Daniel_Morgan "Daniel Morgan") at New Providence, South Carolina. While there, Shelby advised Morgan to take [Fort Ninety\-Six](/wiki/Siege_of_Ninety-Six "Siege of Ninety-Six") and Augusta, because he believed the British forces there were supplying the [Cherokee](/wiki/Cherokee "Cherokee") with weapons for their raids against colonial settlers. Morgan agreed to the plan, as did General [Horatio Gates](/wiki/Horatio_Gates "Horatio Gates"), the supreme commander of colonial forces in the region. Assured that his plan would be carried out, Shelby returned home and promised to return the following spring with 300 men. On his way to Fort Ninety\-Six, Morgan was attacked by [Banastre Tarleton](/wiki/Banastre_Tarleton "Banastre Tarleton") and gained a decisive victory over him at the [Battle of Cowpens](/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens "Battle of Cowpens"). Shelby later lamented the fact, that General [Nathanael Greene](/wiki/Nathanael_Greene "Nathanael Greene"), who relieved Gates only days after Shelby departed for home, claimed the lion's share of the credit for Cowpens, when it was Shelby's plan that had put Morgan in the position to begin with.Wrobel, pp. 61–63 ### Later wartime service and settlement in Kentucky Upon his return home, Shelby and his father were named commissioners to negotiate a treaty between colonial settlers and the Chickamauga.Wrobel, p. 64 This service delayed his return to Greene, but in October 1781 he and Sevier led 600 riflemen to join Greene in South Carolina.W. Powell, p. 327 Greene had thought to use Shelby's and Sevier's men to prevent Cornwallis from returning to [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina"). However, Cornwallis was defeated at the [siege of Yorktown](/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown "Siege of Yorktown"), shortly after Shelby and Sevier arrived, and Greene sent them on to join General [Francis Marion](/wiki/Francis_Marion "Francis Marion") on the [Pee Dee River](/wiki/Pee_Dee_River "Pee Dee River"). On Marion's orders, Shelby and Colonel Hezekiah Maham captured a British fort at Fair Lawn near [Moncks Corner](/wiki/Moncks_Corner%2C_South_Carolina "Moncks Corner, South Carolina") on November 27, 1781\. While still in the field, Shelby was elected to the [House of Commons](/wiki/North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives "North Carolina House of Representatives") of the [North Carolina General Assembly](/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly "North Carolina General Assembly"). He requested and was granted a leave of absence from the Army to attend the legislative session of December 1781\. He was re\-elected in 1782 and attended the [April](/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly_of_1782 "North Carolina General Assembly of 1782") session of the legislature that year. In early 1783, he was chosen as a commissioner to survey preemption claims of soldiers along the [Cumberland River](/wiki/Cumberland_River "Cumberland River").Draper, pp. 414–415 Shelby returned to Kentucky in April 1783, settling at [Boonesborough](/wiki/Boonesborough%2C_Kentucky "Boonesborough, Kentucky"). He married Susannah Hart on April 19, 1783; the couple had eleven children. Their eldest daughter, Sarah, married Dr. [Ephraim McDowell](/wiki/Ephraim_McDowell "Ephraim McDowell"), and the youngest daughter, Letitia, married future Kentucky secretary of state [Charles Stewart Todd](/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Todd "Charles Stewart Todd").Wrobel, p. 131 On November 1, 1783, the family moved to [Lincoln County](/wiki/Lincoln_County%2C_Kentucky "Lincoln County, Kentucky"), near Knob Lick, and occupied land awarded to Shelby for his military service. Shelby was named one of the first trustees of Transylvania Seminary (later [Transylvania University](/wiki/Transylvania_University "Transylvania University")) in 1783, and on December 1, 1787, founded the [Kentucky Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge](/wiki/Kentucky_Society_for_the_Promotion_of_Useful_Knowledge "Kentucky Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge"). Shelby began working to secure Kentucky's separation from Virginia as early as 1784\.*Encyclopedia of Kentucky*, p. 71 That year, he attended a convention to consider leading an expedition against the Indians and separating Kentucky from Virginia. He was a delegate to subsequent conventions in 1787, 1788, and 1789 that worked toward a constitution for Kentucky. During these conventions he helped thwart [James Wilkinson](/wiki/James_Wilkinson "James Wilkinson")'s scheme to align Kentucky with the Spanish. In 1791 Shelby, [Charles Scott](/wiki/Charles_Scott_%28governor_of_Kentucky%29 "Charles Scott (governor of Kentucky)") and [Benjamin Logan](/wiki/Benjamin_Logan "Benjamin Logan") were among those chosen by the Virginia legislature to serve on the Board of War for the district of Kentucky. Shelby was also made [High Sheriff](/wiki/High_Sheriff "High Sheriff") on Lincoln County. In 1792, he was a delegate to the final convention that framed the first [Kentucky Constitution](/wiki/Kentucky_Constitution "Kentucky Constitution").
[ "Revolutionary War\n-----------------", "After his unit was disbanded, Shelby surveyed for the [Transylvania Company](/wiki/Transylvania_Company \"Transylvania Company\"), a land company that purchased much of present\\-day Kentucky from the [Cherokees](/wiki/Cherokee \"Cherokee\") in a deal later invalidated by the government of Virginia. After fulfilling his duties with the Transylvania Company, he rejoined his family in Virginia, but returned to Kentucky the following year to claim and improve land for himself. After falling ill, he returned home in July 1776 to recover.Johnson, p. 1261 Back in Virginia, fighting in the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\") was underway, and Shelby found a commission from the Virginia Committee of Safety appointing him captain of a company of [Minutemen](/wiki/Minutemen \"Minutemen\"). In 1777, Virginia governor [Patrick Henry](/wiki/Patrick_Henry \"Patrick Henry\") appointed Shelby to a position securing provisions for the army on the frontier. He served a similar role for units in the [Continental Army](/wiki/Continental_Army \"Continental Army\") in 1778 and 1779\\. With his money, Shelby purchased provisions for John Sevier's 1779 expedition against the [Chickamauga](/wiki/Chickamauga_Cherokee \"Chickamauga Cherokee\"), a band of Cherokees who were resisting colonial expansion.", "Shelby was elected to represent [Washington County](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_Virginia \"Washington County, Virginia\") in the [Virginia House of Delegates](/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates \"Virginia House of Delegates\") in 1779\\. Later that year, he was commissioned a major by Governor [Thomas Jefferson](/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson \"Thomas Jefferson\") and charged with escorting a group of commissioners to establish a frontier boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina. Shortly after his arrival in the region, [North Carolina Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina \"Governor of North Carolina\") [Richard Caswell](/wiki/Richard_Caswell \"Richard Caswell\") made him [magistrate](/wiki/Magistrate \"Magistrate\") of newly formed [Sullivan County](/wiki/Sullivan_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Sullivan County, North Carolina\") and elevated him to the rank of colonel of the [Sullivan County Regiment](/wiki/Sullivan_County_Regiment \"Sullivan County Regiment\").Draper, p. 413{{cite web\\|title\\=Isaac Shelby\\|url\\=http://www.carolana.com/NC/Revolution/patriot\\_leaders\\_nc\\_isaac\\_shelby.html\\|author\\=Lewis, J.D.\\|access\\-date\\=March 4, 2019}}", "Shelby was surveying lands in Kentucky in 1780 when he heard of the colonists' defeat at [Charleston](/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston \"Siege of Charleston\"). He hurried to North Carolina, where he found a request for aid from General [Charles McDowell](/wiki/Charles_McDowell_%28North_Carolina_militiaman%29 \"Charles McDowell (North Carolina militiaman)\") to defend the borders of North Carolina from the British. Shelby assembled three hundred militiamen and joined McDowell at Cherokee Ford in [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\"). On the morning of July 31, 1780, he surrounded the British stronghold at Thickety Fort on the [Pacolet River](/wiki/Pacolet_River \"Pacolet River\") with 600 men.Fredriksen, p. 627 He immediately demanded a surrender, but the British refused.Wrobel, p. 37 Shelby brought his men within [musket](/wiki/Musket \"Musket\") range and again demanded surrender. Though the fort likely would have withstood the attack, the British commander lost his nerve and capitulated. Without firing a shot, Shelby's men captured 94 prisoners.", "Following the surrender of Thickety Fort, Shelby joined a band of [partisans](/wiki/Partisan_%28military%29 \"Partisan (military)\") under Lieutenant [Elijah Clarke](/wiki/Elijah_Clarke \"Elijah Clarke\"). This unit was pursued by British Major [Patrick Ferguson](/wiki/Patrick_Ferguson \"Patrick Ferguson\"). On the morning of August 8, 1780, some of Shelby's men were gathering peaches from an orchard when they were surprised by some of Ferguson's men on a reconnaissance mission. Shelby's men quickly readied their arms and drove back the British patrol. Soon, however, the British were reinforced and the colonists fell back. The pattern continued, with one side being reinforced and gaining an advantage, followed by the other. Shelby's men were winning the battle when Ferguson's main force of 1,000 men arrived. Outmanned, they retreated to a nearby hill where British musket fire could not reach them. Now safe, they taunted the British, and Ferguson's force withdrew from the area. Thus ended the [Battle of Cedar Springs](/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Springs \"Battle of Cedar Springs\").Wrobel, pp. 38–39", "General McDowell then ordered Shelby and Clarke to take Musgrove's Mill, a British encampment on the [Enoree River](/wiki/Enoree_River \"Enoree River\"). They rode all night with two hundred men, reaching their location about dawn on August 18, 1780\\. The colonists had estimated the enemy force was of comparable size, but an advance scout brought word there were approximately 500 British soldiers in the camp who were preparing for battle. Shelby's men and horses were too tired for a retreat and they had lost the element of surprise. He ordered his men to construct a [breastwork](/wiki/Breastwork_%28fortification%29 \"Breastwork (fortification)\") from nearby logs and brush. In half an hour the makeshift fortifications were complete, and twenty\\-five colonial riders charged the British camp to provoke the attack. The British pursued them back to the main colonial force. Despite being outnumbered, the colonists killed several British officers and put their army to flight.Wrobel, pp. 39–40", "### Battle of Kings Mountain", "{{main\\|Battle of Kings Mountain}}\nShelby and Clarke elected not to pursue the British fleeing the [Battle of Musgrove Mill](/wiki/Battle_of_Musgrove_Mill \"Battle of Musgrove Mill\").Wrobel, p. 41 Instead, they set their sights on a British fort at [Ninety Six, South Carolina](/wiki/Ninety_Six%2C_South_Carolina \"Ninety Six, South Carolina\"), where they were sure they would find Ferguson. However, while en route, Shelby and his men were met with news of General [Horatio Gates](/wiki/Horatio_Gates \"Horatio Gates\")' defeat at the [Battle of Camden](/wiki/Battle_of_Camden \"Battle of Camden\"). With the backing of General [Cornwallis](/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis%2C_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis \"Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis\"), Ferguson could ride to meet Shelby with his entire force, so Shelby retreated over the Appalachian Mountains into North Carolina.Wrobel, pp. 41–42", "[thumb\\|left\\|[John Sevier](/wiki/John_Sevier \"John Sevier\") – he and Shelby led the colonial forces to victory at the [Battle of Kings Mountain](/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain \"Battle of Kings Mountain\")](/wiki/File:John_Sevier.jpg \"John Sevier.jpg\")\nFollowing the colonists' retreat, an emboldened Ferguson dispatched a paroled prisoner across the mountains to warn the colonists to cease their opposition or Ferguson would lay waste to the countryside.Beasley, p. 2 Angered by this act, Shelby and [John Sevier](/wiki/John_Sevier \"John Sevier\") began to plan another raid on the British. Shelby and Sevier raised 240 men each, and were joined by [William Campbell](/wiki/William_Campbell_%28general%29 \"William Campbell (general)\") with 400 from Washington County, Virginia and Charles McDowell with 160 men from [Burke](/wiki/Burke_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Burke County, North Carolina\") and [Rutherford](/wiki/Rutherford_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Rutherford County, North Carolina\") counties in North Carolina.Wrobel, p. 45 The forces mustered at [Sycamore Shoals](/wiki/Sycamore_Shoals \"Sycamore Shoals\") on September 25, 1780\\. The troops crossed the difficult terrain of the [Blue Ridge Mountains](/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains \"Blue Ridge Mountains\") and arrived at McDowell's estate near [Morganton, North Carolina](/wiki/Morganton%2C_North_Carolina \"Morganton, North Carolina\"), on September 30, 1780\\.Wrobel, p. 46 Here, they were joined by Colonel [Benjamin Cleveland](/wiki/Benjamin_Cleveland \"Benjamin Cleveland\") and Major [Joseph Winston](/wiki/Joseph_Winston \"Joseph Winston\") with 350 men from [Surry](/wiki/Surry_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Surry County, North Carolina\") and [Wilkes](/wiki/Wilkes_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Wilkes County, North Carolina\") counties.", "The combined force pursued Ferguson to [Kings Mountain](/wiki/Kings_Mountain%2C_North_Carolina \"Kings Mountain, North Carolina\"), where he had fortified himself, declaring \"God Almighty and all the rebels out of hell\" could not move him from it.Wrobel, p. 50 The [Battle of Kings Mountain](/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain \"Battle of Kings Mountain\") commenced October 7, 1780\\. Shelby had ordered his men to advance from tree to tree, firing from behind each one; he called this technique \"Indian play\" because he had seen the Indians use it in battles with them. Ferguson ordered [bayonet](/wiki/Bayonet \"Bayonet\") charges that forced Shelby's men to fall back on three separate occasions, but the colonists dislodged Ferguson's men from their position. Seeing the battle was lost, Ferguson and his key officers attempted a retreat. The colonists were instructed to kill Ferguson. Simultaneous shots by Sevier's men broke both Ferguson's arms, fatally pierced his skull, and knocked him from his mount. Seeing their commander dead, the remaining British soldiers waved [white flags](/wiki/White_flag%23Contemporary_use \"White flag#Contemporary use\") of surrender.Wrobel, pp. 50–56", "Kings Mountain was the high point of Shelby's military service, and from that point forward his men dubbed him \"Old Kings Mountain\". The North Carolina legislature passed a vote of thanks to Shelby and Sevier for their service and ordered each be presented a pair of pistols and a ceremonial sword.Townsend, p. 17 (Shelby did not receive these items until he requested them from the legislature in 1813\\.)Draper, p. 416", "As the colonists and their prisoners began the march from Kings Mountain, they learned that nine colonial prisoners had been hanged by the British at Fort Ninety\\-Six. This was not the first such incident in the region, and the enraged colonists vowed they would now put a stop to the hangings in the Carolinas. Summoning a jury from their number – which was legal because two North Carolina magistrates were present – the colonists selected random prisoners and charged them with crimes ranging from theft to arson to murder. By evening, the jury had convicted thirty\\-six prisoners and sentenced them to hang. After the first nine hangings, however, Shelby ordered them stopped. He never gave a reason for this action, but his order was obeyed nonetheless, and the remaining \"convicts\" rejoined their fellow prisoners.Wrobel, pp. 56–57", "The Kings Mountain victors and their prisoners returned to McDowell's estate, early on, the morning of, October 10, 1780\\. From there, the various commanders and their men went their separate ways. Shelby and his men joined General [Daniel Morgan](/wiki/Daniel_Morgan \"Daniel Morgan\") at New Providence, South Carolina. While there, Shelby advised Morgan to take [Fort Ninety\\-Six](/wiki/Siege_of_Ninety-Six \"Siege of Ninety-Six\") and Augusta, because he believed the British forces there were supplying the [Cherokee](/wiki/Cherokee \"Cherokee\") with weapons for their raids against colonial settlers. Morgan agreed to the plan, as did General [Horatio Gates](/wiki/Horatio_Gates \"Horatio Gates\"), the supreme commander of colonial forces in the region. Assured that his plan would be carried out, Shelby returned home and promised to return the following spring with 300 men. On his way to Fort Ninety\\-Six, Morgan was attacked by [Banastre Tarleton](/wiki/Banastre_Tarleton \"Banastre Tarleton\") and gained a decisive victory over him at the [Battle of Cowpens](/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens \"Battle of Cowpens\"). Shelby later lamented the fact, that General [Nathanael Greene](/wiki/Nathanael_Greene \"Nathanael Greene\"), who relieved Gates only days after Shelby departed for home, claimed the lion's share of the credit for Cowpens, when it was Shelby's plan that had put Morgan in the position to begin with.Wrobel, pp. 61–63", "### Later wartime service and settlement in Kentucky", "Upon his return home, Shelby and his father were named commissioners to negotiate a treaty between colonial settlers and the Chickamauga.Wrobel, p. 64 This service delayed his return to Greene, but in October 1781 he and Sevier led 600 riflemen to join Greene in South Carolina.W. Powell, p. 327 Greene had thought to use Shelby's and Sevier's men to prevent Cornwallis from returning to [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\"). However, Cornwallis was defeated at the [siege of Yorktown](/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown \"Siege of Yorktown\"), shortly after Shelby and Sevier arrived, and Greene sent them on to join General [Francis Marion](/wiki/Francis_Marion \"Francis Marion\") on the [Pee Dee River](/wiki/Pee_Dee_River \"Pee Dee River\"). On Marion's orders, Shelby and Colonel Hezekiah Maham captured a British fort at Fair Lawn near [Moncks Corner](/wiki/Moncks_Corner%2C_South_Carolina \"Moncks Corner, South Carolina\") on November 27, 1781\\.", "While still in the field, Shelby was elected to the [House of Commons](/wiki/North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives \"North Carolina House of Representatives\") of the [North Carolina General Assembly](/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly \"North Carolina General Assembly\"). He requested and was granted a leave of absence from the Army to attend the legislative session of December 1781\\. He was re\\-elected in 1782 and attended the [April](/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly_of_1782 \"North Carolina General Assembly of 1782\") session of the legislature that year. In early 1783, he was chosen as a commissioner to survey preemption claims of soldiers along the [Cumberland River](/wiki/Cumberland_River \"Cumberland River\").Draper, pp. 414–415", "Shelby returned to Kentucky in April 1783, settling at [Boonesborough](/wiki/Boonesborough%2C_Kentucky \"Boonesborough, Kentucky\"). He married Susannah Hart on April 19, 1783; the couple had eleven children. Their eldest daughter, Sarah, married Dr. [Ephraim McDowell](/wiki/Ephraim_McDowell \"Ephraim McDowell\"), and the youngest daughter, Letitia, married future Kentucky secretary of state [Charles Stewart Todd](/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Todd \"Charles Stewart Todd\").Wrobel, p. 131 On November 1, 1783, the family moved to [Lincoln County](/wiki/Lincoln_County%2C_Kentucky \"Lincoln County, Kentucky\"), near Knob Lick, and occupied land awarded to Shelby for his military service. Shelby was named one of the first trustees of Transylvania Seminary (later [Transylvania University](/wiki/Transylvania_University \"Transylvania University\")) in 1783, and on December 1, 1787, founded the [Kentucky Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge](/wiki/Kentucky_Society_for_the_Promotion_of_Useful_Knowledge \"Kentucky Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge\").", "Shelby began working to secure Kentucky's separation from Virginia as early as 1784\\.*Encyclopedia of Kentucky*, p. 71 That year, he attended a convention to consider leading an expedition against the Indians and separating Kentucky from Virginia. He was a delegate to subsequent conventions in 1787, 1788, and 1789 that worked toward a constitution for Kentucky. During these conventions he helped thwart [James Wilkinson](/wiki/James_Wilkinson \"James Wilkinson\")'s scheme to align Kentucky with the Spanish. In 1791 Shelby, [Charles Scott](/wiki/Charles_Scott_%28governor_of_Kentucky%29 \"Charles Scott (governor of Kentucky)\") and [Benjamin Logan](/wiki/Benjamin_Logan \"Benjamin Logan\") were among those chosen by the Virginia legislature to serve on the Board of War for the district of Kentucky. Shelby was also made [High Sheriff](/wiki/High_Sheriff \"High Sheriff\") on Lincoln County. In 1792, he was a delegate to the final convention that framed the first [Kentucky Constitution](/wiki/Kentucky_Constitution \"Kentucky Constitution\").", "" ]
History ------- [right\|thumb\|200px\|Donald Knuth in 2005](/wiki/File:KnuthAtOpenContentAlliance.jpg "KnuthAtOpenContentAlliance.jpg") After winning a [Westinghouse Talent Search](/wiki/Regeneron_Science_Talent_Search "Regeneron Science Talent Search") scholarship, Knuth enrolled at the Case Institute of Technology (now [Case Western Reserve University](/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University "Case Western Reserve University")), where his performance was so outstanding that the faculty voted to award him a [master of science](/wiki/Master_of_Science "Master of Science") upon his completion of the [bachelor's degree](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree "Bachelor's degree"). During his summer vacations, Knuth was hired by the [Burroughs Corporation](/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation "Burroughs Corporation") to write [compilers](/wiki/Compiler "Compiler"), earning more in his summer months than full professors did for an entire year.{{cite web \|url\=https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/107413 \|hdl\=11299/107413 \|title\=An Interview with Donald E. Knuth \|author\-first\=Philip L. \|author\-last\=Frana \|date\=2001\-11\-08}} Such exploits made Knuth a topic of discussion among the mathematics department, which included [Richard S. Varga](/wiki/Richard_S._Varga "Richard S. Varga"). In January 1962, when he was a graduate student in the mathematics department at Caltech, Knuth was approached by [Addison\-Wesley](/wiki/Addison-Wesley "Addison-Wesley") to write a book about compiler design, and he proposed a larger scope. He came up with a list of twelve chapter titles the same day. In the summer of 1962 he worked on a [FORTRAN](/wiki/Fortran "Fortran") compiler for [UNIVAC](/wiki/UNIVAC "UNIVAC"), considering that he had "sold my soul to the devil" to develop a FORTRAN compiler{{cite web \|last1\=Feigenbaum \|first1\=Edward\|author\-link1\=Edward Feigenbaum \|title\=Oral History of Donald Knuth \|url\=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral\_History/Knuth\_Don\_1/Knuth\_Don.oral\_history.2007\.102658053\_all.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209120854/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral\_History/Knuth\_Don\_1/Knuth\_Don.oral\_history.2007\.102658053\_all.pdf \|archive\-date\=2008\-12\-09 \|url\-status\=live \|website\=Computer History Museum \|access\-date\=17 September 2020 \|date\=2007}}{{rp\|15}} after ALGOL developments with Burroughs. He remained as a consultant to Burroughs over the period 1960 to 1968 while writing Volume 1 'Fundamental Algorithms'. During this time, he also developed a mathematical analysis of [linear probing](/wiki/Linear_probing "Linear probing"), which convinced him to present the material with a quantitative approach. After receiving his Ph.D. in June 1963, he began working on his manuscript, of which he finished his first draft in June 1965, at {{val\|3000}} hand\-written pages.{{cite web \|author\-first\=Donald E. \|author\-last\=Knuth \|author\-link\=Donald Ervin Knuth \|url\=http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1993/A1993LQ46300001\.pdf \|title\=This Week's Citation Classic \|work\=Current Contents \|number\=34 \|date\=1993\-08\-23 \|page\=8}} He had assumed that about five hand\-written pages would translate into one printed page, but his publisher said instead that about {{frac\|1\|1\|2}} hand\-written pages translated to one printed page. This meant he had approximately {{val\|2000}} printed pages of material, which closely matches the size of the first three published volumes. The first volume of ‘The Art of Computer Programming’, ‘Fundamental Algorithms’, took five years to complete between 1963 and 1968 while working at both Caltech and Burroughs. Knuth's dedication in Volume 1 reads: > This series of books is affectionately dedicated > to the [Type 650 computer](/wiki/IBM_650 "IBM 650") once installed at > [Case Institute of Technology](/wiki/Case_Institute_of_Technology "Case Institute of Technology"), > in remembrance of many pleasant evenings.The dedication was worded slightly differently in the first edition. In the preface, he thanks first his wife Jill, then Burroughs for the use of B220 and B5500 computers in testing most of the programs, and Caltech, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research.{{Cite web \|last\=Knuth \|first\=Donald Ervin \|title\=The Art of Computer Programming (TAOCP) 2nd Edition, 1973\|url\=https://cs.stanford.edu/\~knuth/taocp.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803223145/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/\~knuth/taocp.html \|archive\-date\=2019\-08\-03 \|date\=2019\-08\-03 \|access\-date\=2018\-02\-06}}{{rp\|xii}} Section 2\.5 of ‘Fundamental Algorithms’ is on [Dynamic Storage Allocation](/wiki/Dynamic_memory_allocation "Dynamic memory allocation"). Parts of this are used in the Burroughs approach to memory management. Knuth claims credit for “The “boundary\-tag” method, introduced in Section 2\.5, was designed by the author in 1962 for use in a control program for the B5000 computer.”{{r\|TAOCP\-FA\|p\=460}} Knuth received support from Richard S. Varga, who was the scientific adviser to the publisher. Varga was visiting [Olga Taussky\-Todd](/wiki/Olga_Taussky-Todd "Olga Taussky-Todd") and [John Todd](/wiki/John_Todd_%28computer_scientist%29 "John Todd (computer scientist)") at [Caltech](/wiki/Caltech "Caltech"). With Varga's enthusiastic endorsement, the publisher accepted Knuth's expanded plans. In its expanded version, the book would be published in seven volumes, each with just one or two chapters. {{Cite book \|chapter\=Donald Knuth \|author\-first\=Donald J. \|author\-last\=Albers \|title\=Mathematical People: Profiles and Interviews \|publisher\=\[\[A. K. Peters]] \|edition\=2 \|date\=2008 \|isbn\=978\-1\-56881\-340\-0 \|editor\-first1\=Donald J. \|editor\-last1\=Albers \|editor\-first2\=Gerald L. \|editor\-last2\=Alexanderson \|editor\-link2\=Gerald L. Alexanderson}} Due to the growth in Chapter 7, which was fewer than 100 pages of the 1965 manuscript, per Vol. 4A p. vi, the plan for Volume 4 has since expanded to include Volumes 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, and possibly more. In 1976, Knuth prepared a second edition of Volume 2, requiring it to be [typeset](/wiki/Typesetting "Typesetting") again, but the style of type used in the first edition (called [hot type](/wiki/Hot_metal_typesetting "Hot metal typesetting")) was no longer available. In 1977, he decided to spend some time creating something more suitable. Eight years later, he returned with [TEX](/wiki/TeX "TeX"), which is currently used for all volumes. Another characteristic of the volumes is the variation in the difficulty of the exercises including a numerical rating varying from 0 to 50, where 0 is trivial, and 50 is an open question in contemporary research.
[ "History\n-------", "[right\\|thumb\\|200px\\|Donald Knuth in 2005](/wiki/File:KnuthAtOpenContentAlliance.jpg \"KnuthAtOpenContentAlliance.jpg\")", "After winning a [Westinghouse Talent Search](/wiki/Regeneron_Science_Talent_Search \"Regeneron Science Talent Search\") scholarship, Knuth enrolled at the Case Institute of Technology (now [Case Western Reserve University](/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University \"Case Western Reserve University\")), where his performance was so outstanding that the faculty voted to award him a [master of science](/wiki/Master_of_Science \"Master of Science\") upon his completion of the [bachelor's degree](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree \"Bachelor's degree\"). During his summer vacations, Knuth was hired by the [Burroughs Corporation](/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation \"Burroughs Corporation\") to write [compilers](/wiki/Compiler \"Compiler\"), earning more in his summer months than full professors did for an entire year.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/107413 \\|hdl\\=11299/107413 \\|title\\=An Interview with Donald E. Knuth \\|author\\-first\\=Philip L. \\|author\\-last\\=Frana \\|date\\=2001\\-11\\-08}} Such exploits made Knuth a topic of discussion among the mathematics department, which included [Richard S. Varga](/wiki/Richard_S._Varga \"Richard S. Varga\").", "In January 1962, when he was a graduate student in the mathematics department at Caltech, Knuth was approached by [Addison\\-Wesley](/wiki/Addison-Wesley \"Addison-Wesley\") to write a book about compiler design, and he proposed a larger scope. He came up with a list of twelve chapter titles the same day. In the summer of 1962 he worked on a [FORTRAN](/wiki/Fortran \"Fortran\") compiler for [UNIVAC](/wiki/UNIVAC \"UNIVAC\"), considering that he had \"sold my soul to the devil\" to develop a FORTRAN compiler{{cite web \\|last1\\=Feigenbaum \\|first1\\=Edward\\|author\\-link1\\=Edward Feigenbaum \\|title\\=Oral History of Donald Knuth \\|url\\=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral\\_History/Knuth\\_Don\\_1/Knuth\\_Don.oral\\_history.2007\\.102658053\\_all.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209120854/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral\\_History/Knuth\\_Don\\_1/Knuth\\_Don.oral\\_history.2007\\.102658053\\_all.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-09 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|website\\=Computer History Museum \\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2020 \\|date\\=2007}}{{rp\\|15}} after ALGOL developments with Burroughs. He remained as a consultant to Burroughs over the period 1960 to 1968 while writing Volume 1 'Fundamental Algorithms'.", "During this time, he also developed a mathematical analysis of [linear probing](/wiki/Linear_probing \"Linear probing\"), which convinced him to present the material with a quantitative approach. After receiving his Ph.D. in June 1963, he began working on his manuscript, of which he finished his first draft in June 1965, at {{val\\|3000}} hand\\-written pages.{{cite web \\|author\\-first\\=Donald E. \\|author\\-last\\=Knuth \\|author\\-link\\=Donald Ervin Knuth \\|url\\=http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1993/A1993LQ46300001\\.pdf \\|title\\=This Week's Citation Classic \\|work\\=Current Contents \\|number\\=34 \\|date\\=1993\\-08\\-23 \\|page\\=8}} He had assumed that about five hand\\-written pages would translate into one printed page, but his publisher said instead that about {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|2}} hand\\-written pages translated to one printed page. This meant he had approximately {{val\\|2000}} printed pages of material, which closely matches the size of the first three published volumes.", "The first volume of ‘The Art of Computer Programming’, ‘Fundamental Algorithms’, took five years to complete between 1963 and 1968 while working at both Caltech and Burroughs.", "Knuth's dedication in Volume 1 reads:", "", "> This series of books is affectionately dedicated \n> to the [Type 650 computer](/wiki/IBM_650 \"IBM 650\") once installed at \n> [Case Institute of Technology](/wiki/Case_Institute_of_Technology \"Case Institute of Technology\"), \n> in remembrance of many pleasant evenings.The dedication was worded slightly differently in the first edition.", "In the preface, he thanks first his wife Jill, then Burroughs for the use of B220 and B5500 computers in testing most of the programs, and Caltech, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Knuth \\|first\\=Donald Ervin \\|title\\=The Art of Computer Programming (TAOCP) 2nd Edition, 1973\\|url\\=https://cs.stanford.edu/\\~knuth/taocp.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803223145/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/\\~knuth/taocp.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-03 \\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-03 \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-06}}{{rp\\|xii}}", "Section 2\\.5 of ‘Fundamental Algorithms’ is on [Dynamic Storage Allocation](/wiki/Dynamic_memory_allocation \"Dynamic memory allocation\"). Parts of this are used in the Burroughs approach to memory management. Knuth claims credit for “The “boundary\\-tag” method, introduced in Section 2\\.5, was designed by the author in 1962 for use in a control program for the B5000 computer.”{{r\\|TAOCP\\-FA\\|p\\=460}}", "Knuth received support from Richard S. Varga, who was the scientific adviser to the publisher. Varga was visiting [Olga Taussky\\-Todd](/wiki/Olga_Taussky-Todd \"Olga Taussky-Todd\") and [John Todd](/wiki/John_Todd_%28computer_scientist%29 \"John Todd (computer scientist)\") at [Caltech](/wiki/Caltech \"Caltech\"). With Varga's enthusiastic endorsement, the publisher accepted Knuth's expanded plans. In its expanded version, the book would be published in seven volumes, each with just one or two chapters.\n{{Cite book \\|chapter\\=Donald Knuth \\|author\\-first\\=Donald J. \\|author\\-last\\=Albers \\|title\\=Mathematical People: Profiles and Interviews \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[A. K. Peters]] \\|edition\\=2 \\|date\\=2008 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-56881\\-340\\-0 \\|editor\\-first1\\=Donald J. \\|editor\\-last1\\=Albers \\|editor\\-first2\\=Gerald L. \\|editor\\-last2\\=Alexanderson \\|editor\\-link2\\=Gerald L. Alexanderson}} Due to the growth in Chapter 7, which was fewer than 100 pages of the 1965 manuscript, per Vol. 4A p. vi, the plan for Volume 4 has since expanded to include Volumes 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, and possibly more.", "In 1976, Knuth prepared a second edition of Volume 2, requiring it to be [typeset](/wiki/Typesetting \"Typesetting\") again, but the style of type used in the first edition (called [hot type](/wiki/Hot_metal_typesetting \"Hot metal typesetting\")) was no longer available. In 1977, he decided to spend some time creating something more suitable. Eight years later, he returned with [TEX](/wiki/TeX \"TeX\"), which is currently used for all volumes.", "Another characteristic of the volumes is the variation in the difficulty of the exercises including a numerical rating varying from 0 to 50, where 0 is trivial, and 50 is an open question in contemporary research.", "" ]
Plot ---- The novel begins two years after the events of *Knights of the Old Republic* and begins with Revan living on Coruscant, now married to Bastila Shan, on the outs with the Jedi Order and experiencing horrible insomnia due to nightmares he believes are part of his forgotten past as the Sith Lord Darth Revan. Desperate for information on his past he tries to get in contact with a former subordinate of his from the Mandalorian Wars named Meetra Surik (The Exile, the main character from *Knights of the Old Republic II – The Sith Lords*) but finds out that she had been dismissed from the Jedi Order and has left Republic space. A meeting with his old friend Canderous Ordo provides Revan with another chance to regain his memories; a group of Mandalorians are searching for the mask of Mandalore The Ultimate, the traditional leader of the Mandalorian people. The mask was taken by Revan after defeating Mandalore and hidden away to prevent the Mandalorians from regrouping and to break their spirit. Before leaving, he learns from Bastila that she is pregnant; despite her protests Revan convinces her to stay as he doesn't know how long he will be gone. On the planet Dromund Kaas and unbeknownst to the Republic, the Sith Empire has rebuilt itself after being driven away by the Republic a thousand years earlier. A Sith Apprentice named Scourge is caught up in a rivalry between members of the Sith's Dark Council and is eventually employed by Darth Nyriss to root out traitors and threats to her safety. Scourge carries out his duties, despite growing concerns that Nyriss is trying to have him killed. After earning Nyriss's trust by killing Darth Xedrix, the Sith Master confides in Scourge her plan to overthrow the Emperor as she believes he is insane and will bring ruin to the Sith Empire. She takes Scourge to the Emperor's homeworld of Nathema, which he finds completely devoid of life and the Force. Nyriss explains that a thousand years ago, a Sith Lord impregnated a farmer's wife who gave birth to the Emperor. Known then as Lord Vitiate, he eventually killed his parents once the truth of his parentage was revealed and through violence and terror eventually drove out the ruling Sith Lord. And after this, he became the new ruler of Nathema. After the Sith Empire lost their war against the Republic it was Lord Vitiate who picked up the pieces and held the Empire together. Scheming to obtain immortality, he and other Sith performed a ritual that killed every living thing on the planet (the other Sith included) and transferred their life energy to Vitiate. Nyriss fears that the Emperor plans to invade the Republic and risk the stability of the Empire as well as the well\-being of the remaining Sith species, who were mercilessly hunted down by the Jedi. After locating Mandalore's mask, Revan learns of Nathema from a recording he left behind that tells him that Mandalore the Ultimate was manipulated by Sith to attack the Republic. Upon arriving at Nathema, Revan's ship *The Ebon Hawk* is shot down and Revan is captured by Scourge and Nyriss. Revan's droid, T3\-M4 manages to eventually repair the ship and head back towards Republic space. The book then jumps forward three years, right after the events of *The Sith Lords*. Meetra Surik arrives at the home of Bastila Shan and with T3\-M4 in tow shows Bastila a recording T3 made of Revan being abducted by Sith. Although jealous of the relationship Meetra and Revan had, she is relieved to hear that Meetra is set on retracing Revan's path and finding him. She arrives on Nathema and after searching through a municipal building learns of Dromund Kaas and sets out for the planet. Arriving on Dromund Kaas, she passes herself off as a mercenary and eventually makes contact with Scourge who after seeing Nathema and talking with Revan has agreed that the Emperor is a danger to the Sith and must be stopped. After Scourge has leaked information to the Emperor that Nyriss is a traitor, the Emperor decides to purge the entire Dark Council and sets his personal army upon them. During the chaos Scourge and Meetra manage to free Revan from his cell. Meetra gives Revan the mask that he wore during the Mandalorian Wars; upon wearing the mask all of Revan's memories return to him. After the end of the Mandalorian Wars, Revan and his friend Malak went out in search of the Sith Empire, but due to their corruption during the war, they were susceptible to the Emperor's will and were converted to the Dark Side and sent back to weaken the Republic so the Sith Empire could return and take over, sparking the events of *Knights of the Old Republic* and *The Sith Lords*. Meetra and Scourge are attacked by Nyriss, but before she can kill them Revan approaches them and effortlessly kills the Sith Lord by directing her force lightning back into her. This scene tells of Revan's power. After resting and watching a message from Bastila and his son Vaner, whose name Revan realizes is an anagram of his own name, the three set out to eliminate the Emperor. However, after trying to learn the ways of the Jedi, Scourge has visions where he sees a Jedi Knight and the Emperor. The three fight their way to the Emperor's throne room and Revan engages the Emperor in combat. Meanwhile, Meetra and Scourge fight the guards. The Emperor is frighteningly powerful and nearly overwhelms Revan, and is only stopped when T3 sets the Emperor on fire with his flamethrower. The Emperor directs his lightning at T3, annihilating the faithful little droid. After this, Scourge and Meetra rush to Revan's aid. At this moment Scourge receives another vision; he is seeing the death of the Emperor at the hands of a Jedi Knight, but it is neither Meetra nor Revan. Understanding what needs to be done, Scourge stabs Meetra in the back, killing her instantly. A shocked Revan is distracted by this for a moment, and Vitiate then nearly electrocutes Revan to death. The Emperor demands an explanation from Scourge, and he lies to the Emperor saying this was all a ruse to flush out every traitor in the Empire. Vitiate orders Scourge to finish the job as a test of loyalty. Scourge obeys without hesitation, but is stopped by the Emperor before he can perform the coup de grâce. Vitiate says that Scourge has proven himself and makes him his personal enforcer, the Emperor's Wrath. Revan is placed in a suspension tank where he is constantly interrogated and tortured by the Emperor for information; unknown to the Emperor is that Revan is able to slightly impose his will upon him and intends to slow down his planned invasion of the Republic as long as he can so Bastila and his son will never see war. Scourge is rewarded with the Emperor's gift of immortality, though it is very painful and eventually robs him of all feeling. The book concludes many decades later with an elderly Bastila conversing with her son. They talk of Revan, and Vaner wonders if his father would have been disappointed that he never joined the Jedi Order but went into politics instead. Bastila assures him that he did the right thing, and that despite not knowing Revan's fate she knows he succeeded because they were still alive and the darkness that Revan feared never came to pass. Bastila then goes to sleep, dreaming of her lost husband.
[ "Plot\n----", "The novel begins two years after the events of *Knights of the Old Republic* and begins with Revan living on Coruscant, now married to Bastila Shan, on the outs with the Jedi Order and experiencing horrible insomnia due to nightmares he believes are part of his forgotten past as the Sith Lord Darth Revan. Desperate for information on his past he tries to get in contact with a former subordinate of his from the Mandalorian Wars named Meetra Surik (The Exile, the main character from *Knights of the Old Republic II – The Sith Lords*) but finds out that she had been dismissed from the Jedi Order and has left Republic space. A meeting with his old friend Canderous Ordo provides Revan with another chance to regain his memories; a group of Mandalorians are searching for the mask of Mandalore The Ultimate, the traditional leader of the Mandalorian people. The mask was taken by Revan after defeating Mandalore and hidden away to prevent the Mandalorians from regrouping and to break their spirit. Before leaving, he learns from Bastila that she is pregnant; despite her protests Revan convinces her to stay as he doesn't know how long he will be gone.", "On the planet Dromund Kaas and unbeknownst to the Republic, the Sith Empire has rebuilt itself after being driven away by the Republic a thousand years earlier. A Sith Apprentice named Scourge is caught up in a rivalry between members of the Sith's Dark Council and is eventually employed by Darth Nyriss to root out traitors and threats to her safety. Scourge carries out his duties, despite growing concerns that Nyriss is trying to have him killed. After earning Nyriss's trust by killing Darth Xedrix, the Sith Master confides in Scourge her plan to overthrow the Emperor as she believes he is insane and will bring ruin to the Sith Empire. She takes Scourge to the Emperor's homeworld of Nathema, which he finds completely devoid of life and the Force. Nyriss explains that a thousand years ago, a Sith Lord impregnated a farmer's wife who gave birth to the Emperor. Known then as Lord Vitiate, he eventually killed his parents once the truth of his parentage was revealed and through violence and terror eventually drove out the ruling Sith Lord. And after this, he became the new ruler of Nathema. After the Sith Empire lost their war against the Republic it was Lord Vitiate who picked up the pieces and held the Empire together. Scheming to obtain immortality, he and other Sith performed a ritual that killed every living thing on the planet (the other Sith included) and transferred their life energy to Vitiate. Nyriss fears that the Emperor plans to invade the Republic and risk the stability of the Empire as well as the well\\-being of the remaining Sith species, who were mercilessly hunted down by the Jedi.", "After locating Mandalore's mask, Revan learns of Nathema from a recording he left behind that tells him that Mandalore the Ultimate was manipulated by Sith to attack the Republic. Upon arriving at Nathema, Revan's ship *The Ebon Hawk* is shot down and Revan is captured by Scourge and Nyriss. Revan's droid, T3\\-M4 manages to eventually repair the ship and head back towards Republic space.", "The book then jumps forward three years, right after the events of *The Sith Lords*. Meetra Surik arrives at the home of Bastila Shan and with T3\\-M4 in tow shows Bastila a recording T3 made of Revan being abducted by Sith. Although jealous of the relationship Meetra and Revan had, she is relieved to hear that Meetra is set on retracing Revan's path and finding him. She arrives on Nathema and after searching through a municipal building learns of Dromund Kaas and sets out for the planet. Arriving on Dromund Kaas, she passes herself off as a mercenary and eventually makes contact with Scourge who after seeing Nathema and talking with Revan has agreed that the Emperor is a danger to the Sith and must be stopped. After Scourge has leaked information to the Emperor that Nyriss is a traitor, the Emperor decides to purge the entire Dark Council and sets his personal army upon them. During the chaos Scourge and Meetra manage to free Revan from his cell. Meetra gives Revan the mask that he wore during the Mandalorian Wars; upon wearing the mask all of Revan's memories return to him. After the end of the Mandalorian Wars, Revan and his friend Malak went out in search of the Sith Empire, but due to their corruption during the war, they were susceptible to the Emperor's will and were converted to the Dark Side and sent back to weaken the Republic so the Sith Empire could return and take over, sparking the events of *Knights of the Old Republic* and *The Sith Lords*. Meetra and Scourge are attacked by Nyriss, but before she can kill them Revan approaches them and effortlessly kills the Sith Lord by directing her force lightning back into her. This scene tells of Revan's power.", "After resting and watching a message from Bastila and his son Vaner, whose name Revan realizes is an anagram of his own name, the three set out to eliminate the Emperor. However, after trying to learn the ways of the Jedi, Scourge has visions where he sees a Jedi Knight and the Emperor. The three fight their way to the Emperor's throne room and Revan engages the Emperor in combat. Meanwhile, Meetra and Scourge fight the guards. The Emperor is frighteningly powerful and nearly overwhelms Revan, and is only stopped when T3 sets the Emperor on fire with his flamethrower. The Emperor directs his lightning at T3, annihilating the faithful little droid. After this, Scourge and Meetra rush to Revan's aid. At this moment Scourge receives another vision; he is seeing the death of the Emperor at the hands of a Jedi Knight, but it is neither Meetra nor Revan. Understanding what needs to be done, Scourge stabs Meetra in the back, killing her instantly. A shocked Revan is distracted by this for a moment, and Vitiate then nearly electrocutes Revan to death. The Emperor demands an explanation from Scourge, and he lies to the Emperor saying this was all a ruse to flush out every traitor in the Empire. Vitiate orders Scourge to finish the job as a test of loyalty. Scourge obeys without hesitation, but is stopped by the Emperor before he can perform the coup de grâce. Vitiate says that Scourge has proven himself and makes him his personal enforcer, the Emperor's Wrath. Revan is placed in a suspension tank where he is constantly interrogated and tortured by the Emperor for information; unknown to the Emperor is that Revan is able to slightly impose his will upon him and intends to slow down his planned invasion of the Republic as long as he can so Bastila and his son will never see war. Scourge is rewarded with the Emperor's gift of immortality, though it is very painful and eventually robs him of all feeling.", "The book concludes many decades later with an elderly Bastila conversing with her son. They talk of Revan, and Vaner wonders if his father would have been disappointed that he never joined the Jedi Order but went into politics instead. Bastila assures him that he did the right thing, and that despite not knowing Revan's fate she knows he succeeded because they were still alive and the darkness that Revan feared never came to pass. Bastila then goes to sleep, dreaming of her lost husband.", "" ]
Topology -------- The topology of **CP***n* is determined inductively by the following [cell decomposition](/wiki/CW_complex "CW complex"). Let *H* be a fixed hyperplane through the origin in **C***n*\+1. Under the projection map {{nowrap\|'''C'''''n''\+1\\{0} → '''CP'''''n''}}, *H* goes into a subspace that is homeomorphic to **CP***n*−1. The complement of the image of *H* in **CP***n* is homeomorphic to **C***n*. Thus **CP***n* arises by attaching a 2*n*\-cell to **CP***n*−1: \\mathbf{CP}^n \= \\mathbf{CP}^{n\-1}\\cup \\mathbf{C}^n. Alternatively, if the 2*n*\-cell is regarded instead as the open unit ball in **C***n*, then the attaching map is the Hopf fibration of the boundary. An analogous inductive cell decomposition is true for all of the projective spaces; see {{harv\|Besse\|1978}}. ### CW\-decomposition One useful way to construct the complex projective spaces \\mathbf{CP}^n is through a recursive construction using [CW\-complexes](/wiki/CW_complex "CW complex"). Recall that there is a homeomorphism \\mathbf{CP}^1 \\cong S^2 to the 2\-sphere, giving the first space. We can then induct on the cells to get a [pushout map](/wiki/Pushout_%28category_theory%29 "Pushout (category theory)") \\begin{matrix} S^3 \& \\hookrightarrow \& D^4 \\\\ \\downarrow \& \& \\downarrow \\\\ \\mathbf{CP}^1 \& \\to \& \\mathbf{CP}^2 \\end{matrix} where D^4 is the four ball, and S^3 \\to \\mathbf{CP}^1 represents the generator in \\pi\_3(S^2\) (hence it is homotopy equivalent to the [Hopf map](/wiki/Hopf_fibration "Hopf fibration")). We can then inductively construct the spaces as pushout diagrams \\begin{matrix} S^{2n\-1} \& \\hookrightarrow \& D^{2n} \\\\ \\downarrow \& \& \\downarrow \\\\ \\mathbf{CP}^{n\-1} \& \\to \& \\mathbf{CP}^n \\end{matrix} where S^{2n\-1} \\to \\mathbf{CP}^{n\-1} represents an element in \\begin{align} \\pi\_{2n\-1}(\\mathbf{CP}^{n\-1}) \&\\cong \\pi\_{2n\-1}(S^{2n\-2}) \\\\ \&\\cong \\mathbb{Z}/2 \\end{align} The isomorphism of homotopy groups is described below, and the isomorphism of homotopy groups is a standard calculation in [stable homotopy theory](/wiki/Stable_homotopy_theory "Stable homotopy theory") (which can be done with the [Serre spectral sequence](/wiki/Serre_spectral_sequence "Serre spectral sequence"), [Freudenthal suspension theorem](/wiki/Freudenthal_suspension_theorem "Freudenthal suspension theorem"), and the [Postnikov tower](/wiki/Postnikov_tower "Postnikov tower")). The map comes from the [fiber bundle](/wiki/Fiber_bundle "Fiber bundle") S^1 \\hookrightarrow S^{2n\-1} \\twoheadrightarrow \\mathbf{CP}^{n\-1} giving a non\-contractible map, hence it represents the generator in \\mathbb{Z}/2. Otherwise, there would be a homotopy equivalence \\mathbf{CP}^n \\simeq \\mathbf{CP}^{n\-1}\\times D^n, but then it would be homotopy equivalent to S^2, a contradiction which can be seen by looking at the homotopy groups of the space. ### Point\-set topology Complex projective space is [compact](/wiki/Compact_space "Compact space") and [connected](/wiki/Connected_space "Connected space"), being a quotient of a compact, connected space. ### Homotopy groups From the fiber bundle S^1 \\hookrightarrow S^{2n\+1} \\twoheadrightarrow \\mathbf{CP}^n or more suggestively U(1\) \\hookrightarrow S^{2n\+1} \\twoheadrightarrow \\mathbf{CP}^n **CP***n* is [simply connected](/wiki/Simply_connected "Simply connected"). Moreover, by the [long exact homotopy sequence](/wiki/Long_exact_homotopy_sequence "Long exact homotopy sequence"), the second homotopy group is {{nowrap\|1\=π2('''CP'''''n'') ≅ '''Z'''}}, and all the higher homotopy groups agree with those of *S*2*n*\+1: {{nowrap\|1\=π''k''('''CP'''''n'') ≅ π''k''(''S''2''n''\+1)}} for all *k* \> 2\. ### Homology In general, the [algebraic topology](/wiki/Algebraic_topology "Algebraic topology") of **CP***n* is based on the rank of the [homology groups](/wiki/Homology_group "Homology group") being zero in odd dimensions; also *H*2*i*(**CP***n*, **Z**) is [infinite cyclic](/wiki/Infinite_cyclic "Infinite cyclic") for *i* \= 0 to *n*. Therefore, the [Betti numbers](/wiki/Betti_number "Betti number") run 1, 0, 1, 0, ..., 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, ... That is, 0 in odd dimensions, 1 in even dimensions 0 through 2n. The [Euler characteristic](/wiki/Euler_characteristic "Euler characteristic") of **CP***n* is therefore *n* \+ 1\. By [Poincaré duality](/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_duality "Poincaré duality") the same is true for the ranks of the [cohomology groups](/wiki/Cohomology_group "Cohomology group"). In the case of cohomology, one can go further, and identify the [graded ring](/wiki/Graded_ring "Graded ring") structure, for [cup product](/wiki/Cup_product "Cup product"); the generator of *H*2(**CP**n, **Z**) is the class associated to a [hyperplane](/wiki/Hyperplane "Hyperplane"), and this is a ring generator, so that the ring is isomorphic with **Z**\[*T*]/(*T**n*\+1), with *T* a degree two generator. This implies also that the [Hodge number](/wiki/Hodge_number "Hodge number") *h**i*,*i* \= 1, and all the others are zero. See {{harv\|Besse\|1978}}. ### *K*\-theory It follows from induction and [Bott periodicity](/wiki/Bott_periodicity "Bott periodicity") that K\_\\mathbf{C}^\*(\\mathbf{CP}^n) \= K\_\\mathbf{C}^0(\\mathbf{CP}^n) \= \\mathbf{Z}\[H]/(H\-1\)^{n\+1}. The [tangent bundle](/wiki/Tangent_bundle "Tangent bundle") satisfies T\\mathbf{CP}^n \\oplus \\vartheta^1 \= H^{\\oplus n\+1}, where \\vartheta^1 denotes the trivial line bundle, from the [Euler sequence](/wiki/Euler_sequence "Euler sequence"). From this, the [Chern classes](/wiki/Chern_class "Chern class") and [characteristic numbers](/wiki/Characteristic_number "Characteristic number") can be calculated explicitly. ### Classifying space There is a space \\mathbf{CP}^\\infty which, in a sense, is the [inductive limit](/wiki/Inductive_limit "Inductive limit") of \\mathbf{CP}^n as n \\to \\infty. It is [BU(1\)](/wiki/BU%281%29 "BU(1)"), the [classifying space](/wiki/Classifying_space "Classifying space") of [U(1\)](/wiki/U%281%29 "U(1)"), the circle group, in the sense of [homotopy theory](/wiki/Homotopy_theory "Homotopy theory"), and so classifies complex [line bundles](/wiki/Line_bundle "Line bundle"). Equivalently it accounts for the first [Chern class](/wiki/Chern_class "Chern class"). This can be seen heuristically by looking at the fiber bundle maps S^1 \\hookrightarrow S^{2n\+1} \\twoheadrightarrow \\mathbf{CP}^n and n \\to \\infty. This gives a fiber bundle (called the **universal circle bundle**) S^1 \\hookrightarrow S^\\infty \\twoheadrightarrow \\mathbf{CP}^\\infty constructing this space. Note using the long exact sequence of homotopy groups, we have \\pi\_2(\\mathbf{CP}^\\infty) \= \\pi\_1(S^1\) hence \\mathbf{CP}^\\infty is an [Eilenberg–MacLane space](/wiki/Eilenberg%E2%80%93MacLane_space "Eilenberg–MacLane space"), a K(\\mathbb{Z},2\). Because of this fact, and [Brown's representability theorem](/wiki/Brown%27s_representability_theorem "Brown's representability theorem"), we have the following isomorphism H^2(X;\\mathbb{Z}) \\cong \[X,\\mathbf{CP}^\\infty] for any nice CW\-complex X. Moreover, from the theory of [Chern classes](/wiki/Chern_class "Chern class"), every complex line bundle L \\to X can be represented as a pullback of the universal line bundle on \\mathbf{CP}^\\infty, meaning there is a pullback square \\begin{matrix} L \& \\to \& \\mathcal{L} \\\\ \\downarrow \& \&\\downarrow \\\\ X \& \\to \& \\mathbf{CP}^\\infty \\end{matrix} where \\mathcal{L} \\to \\mathbf{CP}^\\infty is the associated vector bundle of the principal U(1\)\-bundle S^\\infty \\to \\mathbf{CP}^\\infty. See, for instance, {{harv\|Bott\|Tu\|1982}} and {{harv\|Milnor\|Stasheff\|1974}}.
[ "Topology\n--------", "The topology of **CP***n* is determined inductively by the following [cell decomposition](/wiki/CW_complex \"CW complex\"). Let *H* be a fixed hyperplane through the origin in **C***n*\\+1. Under the projection map {{nowrap\\|'''C'''''n''\\+1\\\\{0} → '''CP'''''n''}}, *H* goes into a subspace that is homeomorphic to **CP***n*−1. The complement of the image of *H* in **CP***n* is homeomorphic to **C***n*. Thus **CP***n* arises by attaching a 2*n*\\-cell to **CP***n*−1:\n\\\\mathbf{CP}^n \\= \\\\mathbf{CP}^{n\\-1}\\\\cup \\\\mathbf{C}^n.\nAlternatively, if the 2*n*\\-cell is regarded instead as the open unit ball in **C***n*, then the attaching map is the Hopf fibration of the boundary. An analogous inductive cell decomposition is true for all of the projective spaces; see {{harv\\|Besse\\|1978}}.", "### CW\\-decomposition", "One useful way to construct the complex projective spaces \\\\mathbf{CP}^n is through a recursive construction using [CW\\-complexes](/wiki/CW_complex \"CW complex\"). Recall that there is a homeomorphism \\\\mathbf{CP}^1 \\\\cong S^2 to the 2\\-sphere, giving the first space. We can then induct on the cells to get a [pushout map](/wiki/Pushout_%28category_theory%29 \"Pushout (category theory)\") \\\\begin{matrix}\nS^3 \\& \\\\hookrightarrow \\& D^4 \\\\\\\\\n\\\\downarrow \\& \\& \\\\downarrow \\\\\\\\\n\\\\mathbf{CP}^1 \\& \\\\to \\& \\\\mathbf{CP}^2\n\\\\end{matrix} where D^4 is the four ball, and S^3 \\\\to \\\\mathbf{CP}^1 represents the generator in \\\\pi\\_3(S^2\\) (hence it is homotopy equivalent to the [Hopf map](/wiki/Hopf_fibration \"Hopf fibration\")). We can then inductively construct the spaces as pushout diagrams \\\\begin{matrix}\nS^{2n\\-1} \\& \\\\hookrightarrow \\& D^{2n} \\\\\\\\\n\\\\downarrow \\& \\& \\\\downarrow \\\\\\\\\n\\\\mathbf{CP}^{n\\-1} \\& \\\\to \\& \\\\mathbf{CP}^n\n\\\\end{matrix} where S^{2n\\-1} \\\\to \\\\mathbf{CP}^{n\\-1} represents an element in \\\\begin{align}\n\\\\pi\\_{2n\\-1}(\\\\mathbf{CP}^{n\\-1}) \\&\\\\cong \\\\pi\\_{2n\\-1}(S^{2n\\-2}) \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\\\cong \\\\mathbb{Z}/2\n\\\\end{align} The isomorphism of homotopy groups is described below, and the isomorphism of homotopy groups is a standard calculation in [stable homotopy theory](/wiki/Stable_homotopy_theory \"Stable homotopy theory\") (which can be done with the [Serre spectral sequence](/wiki/Serre_spectral_sequence \"Serre spectral sequence\"), [Freudenthal suspension theorem](/wiki/Freudenthal_suspension_theorem \"Freudenthal suspension theorem\"), and the [Postnikov tower](/wiki/Postnikov_tower \"Postnikov tower\")). The map comes from the [fiber bundle](/wiki/Fiber_bundle \"Fiber bundle\") S^1 \\\\hookrightarrow S^{2n\\-1} \\\\twoheadrightarrow \\\\mathbf{CP}^{n\\-1} giving a non\\-contractible map, hence it represents the generator in \\\\mathbb{Z}/2. Otherwise, there would be a homotopy equivalence \\\\mathbf{CP}^n \\\\simeq \\\\mathbf{CP}^{n\\-1}\\\\times D^n, but then it would be homotopy equivalent to S^2, a contradiction which can be seen by looking at the homotopy groups of the space.", "### Point\\-set topology", "Complex projective space is [compact](/wiki/Compact_space \"Compact space\") and [connected](/wiki/Connected_space \"Connected space\"), being a quotient of a compact, connected space.", "### Homotopy groups", "From the fiber bundle\nS^1 \\\\hookrightarrow S^{2n\\+1} \\\\twoheadrightarrow \\\\mathbf{CP}^n\nor more suggestively\nU(1\\) \\\\hookrightarrow S^{2n\\+1} \\\\twoheadrightarrow \\\\mathbf{CP}^n\n**CP***n* is [simply connected](/wiki/Simply_connected \"Simply connected\"). Moreover, by the [long exact homotopy sequence](/wiki/Long_exact_homotopy_sequence \"Long exact homotopy sequence\"), the second homotopy group is {{nowrap\\|1\\=π2('''CP'''''n'') ≅ '''Z'''}}, and all the higher homotopy groups agree with those of *S*2*n*\\+1: {{nowrap\\|1\\=π''k''('''CP'''''n'') ≅ π''k''(''S''2''n''\\+1)}} for all *k* \\> 2\\.", "### Homology", "In general, the [algebraic topology](/wiki/Algebraic_topology \"Algebraic topology\") of **CP***n* is based on the rank of the [homology groups](/wiki/Homology_group \"Homology group\") being zero in odd dimensions; also *H*2*i*(**CP***n*, **Z**) is [infinite cyclic](/wiki/Infinite_cyclic \"Infinite cyclic\") for *i* \\= 0 to *n*. Therefore, the [Betti numbers](/wiki/Betti_number \"Betti number\") run\n1, 0, 1, 0, ..., 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, ...\nThat is, 0 in odd dimensions, 1 in even dimensions 0 through 2n. The [Euler characteristic](/wiki/Euler_characteristic \"Euler characteristic\") of **CP***n* is therefore *n* \\+ 1\\. By [Poincaré duality](/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_duality \"Poincaré duality\") the same is true for the ranks of the [cohomology groups](/wiki/Cohomology_group \"Cohomology group\"). In the case of cohomology, one can go further, and identify the [graded ring](/wiki/Graded_ring \"Graded ring\") structure, for [cup product](/wiki/Cup_product \"Cup product\"); the generator of *H*2(**CP**n, **Z**) is the class associated to a [hyperplane](/wiki/Hyperplane \"Hyperplane\"), and this is a ring generator, so that the ring is isomorphic with\n**Z**\\[*T*]/(*T**n*\\+1),", "with *T* a degree two generator. This implies also that the [Hodge number](/wiki/Hodge_number \"Hodge number\") *h**i*,*i* \\= 1, and all the others are zero. See {{harv\\|Besse\\|1978}}.", "### *K*\\-theory", "It follows from induction and [Bott periodicity](/wiki/Bott_periodicity \"Bott periodicity\") that", "K\\_\\\\mathbf{C}^\\*(\\\\mathbf{CP}^n) \\= K\\_\\\\mathbf{C}^0(\\\\mathbf{CP}^n) \\= \\\\mathbf{Z}\\[H]/(H\\-1\\)^{n\\+1}.\nThe [tangent bundle](/wiki/Tangent_bundle \"Tangent bundle\") satisfies", "T\\\\mathbf{CP}^n \\\\oplus \\\\vartheta^1 \\= H^{\\\\oplus n\\+1},\nwhere \\\\vartheta^1 denotes the trivial line bundle, from the [Euler sequence](/wiki/Euler_sequence \"Euler sequence\"). From this, the [Chern classes](/wiki/Chern_class \"Chern class\") and [characteristic numbers](/wiki/Characteristic_number \"Characteristic number\") can be calculated explicitly.", "### Classifying space", "There is a space \\\\mathbf{CP}^\\\\infty which, in a sense, is the [inductive limit](/wiki/Inductive_limit \"Inductive limit\") of \\\\mathbf{CP}^n as n \\\\to \\\\infty. It is [BU(1\\)](/wiki/BU%281%29 \"BU(1)\"), the [classifying space](/wiki/Classifying_space \"Classifying space\") of [U(1\\)](/wiki/U%281%29 \"U(1)\"), the circle group, in the sense of [homotopy theory](/wiki/Homotopy_theory \"Homotopy theory\"), and so classifies complex [line bundles](/wiki/Line_bundle \"Line bundle\"). Equivalently it accounts for the first [Chern class](/wiki/Chern_class \"Chern class\"). This can be seen heuristically by looking at the fiber bundle maps S^1 \\\\hookrightarrow S^{2n\\+1} \\\\twoheadrightarrow \\\\mathbf{CP}^n and n \\\\to \\\\infty. This gives a fiber bundle (called the **universal circle bundle**) S^1 \\\\hookrightarrow S^\\\\infty \\\\twoheadrightarrow \\\\mathbf{CP}^\\\\infty constructing this space. Note using the long exact sequence of homotopy groups, we have \\\\pi\\_2(\\\\mathbf{CP}^\\\\infty) \\= \\\\pi\\_1(S^1\\) hence \\\\mathbf{CP}^\\\\infty is an [Eilenberg–MacLane space](/wiki/Eilenberg%E2%80%93MacLane_space \"Eilenberg–MacLane space\"), a K(\\\\mathbb{Z},2\\). Because of this fact, and [Brown's representability theorem](/wiki/Brown%27s_representability_theorem \"Brown's representability theorem\"), we have the following isomorphism H^2(X;\\\\mathbb{Z}) \\\\cong \\[X,\\\\mathbf{CP}^\\\\infty] for any nice CW\\-complex X. Moreover, from the theory of [Chern classes](/wiki/Chern_class \"Chern class\"), every complex line bundle L \\\\to X can be represented as a pullback of the universal line bundle on \\\\mathbf{CP}^\\\\infty, meaning there is a pullback square \\\\begin{matrix}\nL \\& \\\\to \\& \\\\mathcal{L} \\\\\\\\\n\\\\downarrow \\& \\&\\\\downarrow \\\\\\\\\nX \\& \\\\to \\& \\\\mathbf{CP}^\\\\infty\n\\\\end{matrix} where \\\\mathcal{L} \\\\to \\\\mathbf{CP}^\\\\infty is the associated vector bundle of the principal U(1\\)\\-bundle S^\\\\infty \\\\to \\\\mathbf{CP}^\\\\infty. See, for instance, {{harv\\|Bott\\|Tu\\|1982}} and {{harv\\|Milnor\\|Stasheff\\|1974}}.", "" ]
Algebraic geometry ------------------ Complex projective space is a special case of a [Grassmannian](/wiki/Grassmannian "Grassmannian"), and is a [homogeneous space](/wiki/Homogeneous_space "Homogeneous space") for various [Lie groups](/wiki/Lie_group "Lie group"). It is a [Kähler manifold](/wiki/K%C3%A4hler_manifold "Kähler manifold") carrying the [Fubini–Study metric](/wiki/Fubini%E2%80%93Study_metric "Fubini–Study metric"), which is essentially determined by symmetry properties. It also plays a central role in [algebraic geometry](/wiki/Algebraic_geometry "Algebraic geometry"); by [Chow's theorem](/wiki/Algebraic_geometry_and_analytic_geometry%23Chow.27s_theorem "Algebraic geometry and analytic geometry#Chow.27s theorem"), any compact complex submanifold of **CP***n* is the zero locus of a finite number of polynomials, and is thus a projective [algebraic variety](/wiki/Algebraic_variety "Algebraic variety"). See {{harv\|Griffiths\|Harris\|1994}} ### Zariski topology {{main\|Zariski topology}} In [algebraic geometry](/wiki/Algebraic_geometry "Algebraic geometry"), complex projective space can be equipped with another topology known as the [Zariski topology](/wiki/Zariski_topology "Zariski topology") {{harv\|Hartshorne\|1977\|loc\=§II.2}}. Let {{nowrap\|''S'' {{\=}} '''C'''\[''Z''0,...,''Z''''n'']}} denote the [commutative ring](/wiki/Commutative_ring "Commutative ring") of polynomials in the (*n*\+1\) variables *Z*0,...,*Z**n*. This ring is [graded](/wiki/Graded_ring "Graded ring") by the total degree of each polynomial: S \= \\bigoplus\_{n\=0}^\\infty S\_n. Define a subset of **CP***n* to be *closed* if it is the simultaneous solution set of a collection of homogeneous polynomials. Declaring the complements of the closed sets to be open, this defines a topology (the Zariski topology) on **CP***n*. ### Structure as a scheme Another construction of **CP***n* (and its Zariski topology) is possible. Let *S*\+ ⊂ *S* be the [ideal](/wiki/Ideal_%28ring_theory%29 "Ideal (ring theory)") spanned by the homogeneous polynomials of positive degree: \\bigoplus\_{n\>0}S\_n. Define [Proj *S*](/wiki/Proj "Proj") to be the set of all [homogeneous](/wiki/Homogeneous_ideal "Homogeneous ideal") [prime ideals](/wiki/Prime_ideal "Prime ideal") in *S* that do not contain *S*\+. Call a subset of Proj *S* closed if it has the form V(I) \= \\{ p\\in \\operatorname{Proj} S\\mid p\\supseteq I\\} for some ideal *I* in *S*. The complements of these closed sets define a topology on Proj *S*. The ring *S*, by [localization at a prime ideal](/wiki/Localization_of_a_ring "Localization of a ring"), determines a [sheaf](/wiki/Sheaf_%28mathematics%29 "Sheaf (mathematics)") of [local rings](/wiki/Local_ring "Local ring") on Proj *S*. The space Proj *S*, together with its topology and sheaf of local rings, is a [scheme](/wiki/Scheme_%28mathematics%29 "Scheme (mathematics)"). The subset of closed points of Proj *S* is homeomorphic to **CP***n* with its Zariski topology. Local sections of the sheaf are identified with the [rational functions](/wiki/Rational_function "Rational function") of total degree zero on **CP***n*. ### Line bundles All line bundles on complex projective space can be obtained by the following construction. A function {{nowrap\|''f'' : '''C'''''n''\+1\\{0} → '''C'''}} is called [homogeneous](/wiki/Homogeneous_function "Homogeneous function") of degree *k* if f(\\lambda z) \= \\lambda^k f(z) for all {{nowrap\|λ ∈ '''C'''\\{0}}} and {{nowrap\|''z'' ∈ '''C'''''n''\+1\\{0}}}. More generally, this definition makes sense in [cones](/wiki/Cone_%28linear_algebra%29 "Cone (linear algebra)") in {{nowrap\|'''C'''''n''\+1\\{0}}}. A set {{nowrap\|''V'' ⊂ '''C'''''n''\+1\\{0}}} is called a cone if, whenever {{nowrap\|''v'' ∈ ''V''}}, then {{nowrap\|''λv'' ∈ ''V''}} for all {{nowrap\|λ ∈ '''C'''\\{0}}}; that is, a subset is a cone if it contains the complex line through each of its points. If {{nowrap\|''U'' ⊂ '''CP'''''n''}} is an open set (in either the analytic topology or the [Zariski topology](/wiki/Zariski_topology "Zariski topology")), let {{nowrap\|''V'' ⊂ '''C'''''n''\+1\\{0}}} be the cone over *U*: the preimage of *U* under the projection {{nowrap\|'''C'''''n''\+1\\{0} → '''CP'''''n''}}. Finally, for each integer *k*, let *O*(*k*)(*U*) be the set of functions that are homogeneous of degree *k* in *V*. This defines a [sheaf](/wiki/Sheaf_%28mathematics%29 "Sheaf (mathematics)") of sections of a certain line bundle, denoted by *O*(*k*). In the special case {{nowrap\|''k'' {{\=}} −1}}, the bundle *O*(−1\) is called the [tautological line bundle](/wiki/Tautological_line_bundle "Tautological line bundle"). It is equivalently defined as the subbundle of the product \\mathbf{C}^{n\+1}\\times\\mathbf{CP}^n\\to \\mathbf{CP}^n whose fiber over {{nowrap\|''L'' ∈ '''CP'''''n''}} is the set \\{(x,L)\\mid x\\in L\\}. These line bundles can also be described in the language of [divisors](/wiki/Divisor_%28algebraic_geometry%29 "Divisor (algebraic geometry)"). Let *H* \= **CP***n*−1 be a given complex hyperplane in **CP***n*. The space of [meromorphic functions](/wiki/Meromorphic_function "Meromorphic function") on **CP***n* with at most a simple pole along *H* (and nowhere else) is a one\-dimensional space, denoted by *O*(*H*), and called the [hyperplane bundle](/wiki/Hyperplane_bundle "Hyperplane bundle"). The dual bundle is denoted *O*(−*H*), and the *k*th tensor power of *O*(*H*) is denoted by *O*(*kH*). This is the sheaf generated by holomorphic multiples of a meromorphic function with a pole of order *k* along *H*. It turns out that O(kH) \\cong O(k). Indeed, if {{nowrap\|''L''(''z'') {{\=}} 0}} is a linear defining function for *H*, then *L*−*k* is a meromorphic section of *O*(*k*), and locally the other sections of *O*(*k*) are multiples of this section. Since {{nowrap\|''H''1('''CP'''''n'','''Z''') {{\=}} 0}}, the line bundles on **CP***n* are classified up to isomorphism by their [Chern classes](/wiki/Chern_class "Chern class"), which are integers: they lie in {{nowrap\|''H''2('''CP'''''n'','''Z''') {{\=}} '''Z'''}}. In fact, the first Chern classes of complex projective space are generated under [Poincaré duality](/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_duality "Poincaré duality") by the homology class associated to a hyperplane *H*. The line bundle *O*(*kH*) has Chern class *k*. Hence every holomorphic line bundle on **CP***n* is a tensor power of *O*(*H*) or *O*(−*H*). In other words, the [Picard group](/wiki/Picard_group "Picard group") of **CP***n* is generated as an abelian group by the hyperplane class \[*H*] {{harv\|Hartshorne\|1977}}.
[ "Algebraic geometry\n------------------", "Complex projective space is a special case of a [Grassmannian](/wiki/Grassmannian \"Grassmannian\"), and is a [homogeneous space](/wiki/Homogeneous_space \"Homogeneous space\") for various [Lie groups](/wiki/Lie_group \"Lie group\"). It is a [Kähler manifold](/wiki/K%C3%A4hler_manifold \"Kähler manifold\") carrying the [Fubini–Study metric](/wiki/Fubini%E2%80%93Study_metric \"Fubini–Study metric\"), which is essentially determined by symmetry properties. It also plays a central role in [algebraic geometry](/wiki/Algebraic_geometry \"Algebraic geometry\"); by [Chow's theorem](/wiki/Algebraic_geometry_and_analytic_geometry%23Chow.27s_theorem \"Algebraic geometry and analytic geometry#Chow.27s theorem\"), any compact complex submanifold of **CP***n* is the zero locus of a finite number of polynomials, and is thus a projective [algebraic variety](/wiki/Algebraic_variety \"Algebraic variety\"). See {{harv\\|Griffiths\\|Harris\\|1994}}", "### Zariski topology", "{{main\\|Zariski topology}}\nIn [algebraic geometry](/wiki/Algebraic_geometry \"Algebraic geometry\"), complex projective space can be equipped with another topology known as the [Zariski topology](/wiki/Zariski_topology \"Zariski topology\") {{harv\\|Hartshorne\\|1977\\|loc\\=§II.2}}. Let {{nowrap\\|''S'' {{\\=}} '''C'''\\[''Z''0,...,''Z''''n'']}} denote the [commutative ring](/wiki/Commutative_ring \"Commutative ring\") of polynomials in the (*n*\\+1\\) variables *Z*0,...,*Z**n*. This ring is [graded](/wiki/Graded_ring \"Graded ring\") by the total degree of each polynomial:\nS \\= \\\\bigoplus\\_{n\\=0}^\\\\infty S\\_n.\nDefine a subset of **CP***n* to be *closed* if it is the simultaneous solution set of a collection of homogeneous polynomials. Declaring the complements of the closed sets to be open, this defines a topology (the Zariski topology) on **CP***n*.", "### Structure as a scheme", "Another construction of **CP***n* (and its Zariski topology) is possible. Let *S*\\+ ⊂ *S* be the [ideal](/wiki/Ideal_%28ring_theory%29 \"Ideal (ring theory)\") spanned by the homogeneous polynomials of positive degree:\n\\\\bigoplus\\_{n\\>0}S\\_n.\nDefine [Proj *S*](/wiki/Proj \"Proj\") to be the set of all [homogeneous](/wiki/Homogeneous_ideal \"Homogeneous ideal\") [prime ideals](/wiki/Prime_ideal \"Prime ideal\") in *S* that do not contain *S*\\+. Call a subset of Proj *S* closed if it has the form\nV(I) \\= \\\\{ p\\\\in \\\\operatorname{Proj} S\\\\mid p\\\\supseteq I\\\\}\nfor some ideal *I* in *S*. The complements of these closed sets define a topology on Proj *S*. The ring *S*, by [localization at a prime ideal](/wiki/Localization_of_a_ring \"Localization of a ring\"), determines a [sheaf](/wiki/Sheaf_%28mathematics%29 \"Sheaf (mathematics)\") of [local rings](/wiki/Local_ring \"Local ring\") on Proj *S*. The space Proj *S*, together with its topology and sheaf of local rings, is a [scheme](/wiki/Scheme_%28mathematics%29 \"Scheme (mathematics)\"). The subset of closed points of Proj *S* is homeomorphic to **CP***n* with its Zariski topology. Local sections of the sheaf are identified with the [rational functions](/wiki/Rational_function \"Rational function\") of total degree zero on **CP***n*.", "### Line bundles", "All line bundles on complex projective space can be obtained by the following construction. A function {{nowrap\\|''f'' : '''C'''''n''\\+1\\\\{0} → '''C'''}} is called [homogeneous](/wiki/Homogeneous_function \"Homogeneous function\") of degree *k* if\nf(\\\\lambda z) \\= \\\\lambda^k f(z)\nfor all {{nowrap\\|λ ∈ '''C'''\\\\{0}}} and {{nowrap\\|''z'' ∈ '''C'''''n''\\+1\\\\{0}}}. More generally, this definition makes sense in [cones](/wiki/Cone_%28linear_algebra%29 \"Cone (linear algebra)\") in {{nowrap\\|'''C'''''n''\\+1\\\\{0}}}. A set {{nowrap\\|''V'' ⊂ '''C'''''n''\\+1\\\\{0}}} is called a cone if, whenever {{nowrap\\|''v'' ∈ ''V''}}, then {{nowrap\\|''λv'' ∈ ''V''}} for all {{nowrap\\|λ ∈ '''C'''\\\\{0}}}; that is, a subset is a cone if it contains the complex line through each of its points. If {{nowrap\\|''U'' ⊂ '''CP'''''n''}} is an open set (in either the analytic topology or the [Zariski topology](/wiki/Zariski_topology \"Zariski topology\")), let {{nowrap\\|''V'' ⊂ '''C'''''n''\\+1\\\\{0}}} be the cone over *U*: the preimage of *U* under the projection {{nowrap\\|'''C'''''n''\\+1\\\\{0} → '''CP'''''n''}}. Finally, for each integer *k*, let *O*(*k*)(*U*) be the set of functions that are homogeneous of degree *k* in *V*. This defines a [sheaf](/wiki/Sheaf_%28mathematics%29 \"Sheaf (mathematics)\") of sections of a certain line bundle, denoted by *O*(*k*).", "In the special case {{nowrap\\|''k'' {{\\=}} −1}}, the bundle *O*(−1\\) is called the [tautological line bundle](/wiki/Tautological_line_bundle \"Tautological line bundle\"). It is equivalently defined as the subbundle of the product\n\\\\mathbf{C}^{n\\+1}\\\\times\\\\mathbf{CP}^n\\\\to \\\\mathbf{CP}^n\nwhose fiber over {{nowrap\\|''L'' ∈ '''CP'''''n''}} is the set\n\\\\{(x,L)\\\\mid x\\\\in L\\\\}.", "These line bundles can also be described in the language of [divisors](/wiki/Divisor_%28algebraic_geometry%29 \"Divisor (algebraic geometry)\"). Let *H* \\= **CP***n*−1 be a given complex hyperplane in **CP***n*. The space of [meromorphic functions](/wiki/Meromorphic_function \"Meromorphic function\") on **CP***n* with at most a simple pole along *H* (and nowhere else) is a one\\-dimensional space, denoted by *O*(*H*), and called the [hyperplane bundle](/wiki/Hyperplane_bundle \"Hyperplane bundle\"). The dual bundle is denoted *O*(−*H*), and the *k*th tensor power of *O*(*H*) is denoted by *O*(*kH*). This is the sheaf generated by holomorphic multiples of a meromorphic function with a pole of order *k* along *H*. It turns out that\nO(kH) \\\\cong O(k).\nIndeed, if {{nowrap\\|''L''(''z'') {{\\=}} 0}} is a linear defining function for *H*, then *L*−*k* is a meromorphic section of *O*(*k*), and locally the other sections of *O*(*k*) are multiples of this section.", "Since {{nowrap\\|''H''1('''CP'''''n'','''Z''') {{\\=}} 0}}, the line bundles on **CP***n* are classified up to isomorphism by their [Chern classes](/wiki/Chern_class \"Chern class\"), which are integers: they lie in {{nowrap\\|''H''2('''CP'''''n'','''Z''') {{\\=}} '''Z'''}}. In fact, the first Chern classes of complex projective space are generated under [Poincaré duality](/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_duality \"Poincaré duality\") by the homology class associated to a hyperplane *H*. The line bundle *O*(*kH*) has Chern class *k*. Hence every holomorphic line bundle on **CP***n* is a tensor power of *O*(*H*) or *O*(−*H*). In other words, the [Picard group](/wiki/Picard_group \"Picard group\") of **CP***n* is generated as an abelian group by the hyperplane class \\[*H*] {{harv\\|Hartshorne\\|1977}}.", "" ]
History ------- ### Formation (2006–2007\) Guitarist Mike McGovern, drummer Steve Keyes and vocalist Nate Cyphert met while working at American Eagle Outfitters. In late 2006, the three, coming out of recent band break ups, combined with guitarist Anthony Giambalvo and Nick Cantatore (who had previously played with Keyes in a band) to form a new band. In early 2007, This Condition was formed. This Condition went into the studio in the summer of 2007 to record their first demos. The demos garnered the band some attention on Long Island, inspiring one journalist to write that Cyphert's vocals both resemble those of [The Rocket Summer](/wiki/The_Rocket_Summer "The Rocket Summer")'s Bryce Avary. These positive reviews, as well as their growing popularity in their live shows carried over into their success in 2008\. ### *We Don't Have to Be Alone* and departure of Giambalvo (2008–2009\) The band branched out and grew in popularity in 2008, sharing the stage with [Yellowcard](/wiki/Yellowcard "Yellowcard") and [Brand New](/wiki/Brand_New_%28band%29 "Brand New (band)") after winning Adelphi's Battle of the Bands, and landing a cover article on Pulse Magazine. Following their month\-long East Coast tour in the summer of 2008, they returned to Killingsworth Studio in Hicksville, New York with producer Anthony Santonocito to record their 1st EP, We Don't Have to Be Alone, released on November 18, 2008\. This Condition was also selected to perform on the Zumiez Stage at The Bamboozle 2009\. They headed into Pilot Recording Studios in Boonton, NJ in early June 2009 to record three tracks with producer [Rob Freeman](/wiki/Rob_Freeman "Rob Freeman"), formerly of [Hidden in Plain View](/wiki/Hidden_in_Plain_View "Hidden in Plain View"). These three tracks were intended to be released as singles through iTunes and similar digital music retailers, with the last track, *Take, Take, Take* never making it to official digital release. The band's tour manager has been featured on MTV's reality show [Room Raiders](/wiki/Room_Raiders "Room Raiders"). The Band also performed on the Stop Stage at the tail end of the 2009 Warped Tour. At the end of 2009, the band parted ways with lead guitarist, Anthony Giambalvo, who wanted to focus on his education. ### *Spirit* (2010–2011\) Following the band's departure with Giambalvo, they headed back to Pilot Recording Studios in April 2010, recording a five\-song EP with producer [Rob Freeman](/wiki/Rob_Freeman "Rob Freeman"). It is tentatively scheduled to be released in the summer of 2010\. On April 21, 2010, they left a MySpace bulletin that stated that Steve Keyes left the band, returning to school to get his degree. During that time, drummer Devin Passariello, formerly of *The Bride Wore Black*, joined the band. The band became a five\-piece again in early May 2010, with guitarist\-vocalist Stephen Conley, formerly of *The Victory* from New Jersey, joining the band. The band released the EP, *Spirit* in July 2010\. In 2011, the band added a new member, keyboard player/backing vocalist Chris Castellino, formerly of *TV/TV*. ### *Sessions* and Breakup (2012–2013\) This Condition started writing new music with The Early November's [Ace Enders](/wiki/Ace_Enders "Ace Enders") in February 2012\. These songs were recorded in three different sessions, resulting in a seven\-song EP, entitled *Sessions*, which was released on April 23, 2013\. In a release on the band's web site on March 7, 2013, they announced their breakup. The band played two final shows in April 2013, with their final being a sold out show at Highline Ballroom in New York City on April 28, 2013\.
[ "History\n-------", "### Formation (2006–2007\\)", "Guitarist Mike McGovern, drummer Steve Keyes and vocalist Nate Cyphert met while working at American Eagle Outfitters. In late 2006, the three, coming out of recent band break ups, combined with guitarist Anthony Giambalvo and Nick Cantatore (who had previously played with Keyes in a band) to form a new band. In early 2007, This Condition was formed.", "This Condition went into the studio in the summer of 2007 to record their first demos. The demos garnered the band some attention on Long Island, inspiring one journalist to write that Cyphert's vocals both resemble those of [The Rocket Summer](/wiki/The_Rocket_Summer \"The Rocket Summer\")'s Bryce Avary. These positive reviews, as well as their growing popularity in their live shows carried over into their success in 2008\\.", "### *We Don't Have to Be Alone* and departure of Giambalvo (2008–2009\\)", "The band branched out and grew in popularity in 2008, sharing the stage with [Yellowcard](/wiki/Yellowcard \"Yellowcard\") and [Brand New](/wiki/Brand_New_%28band%29 \"Brand New (band)\") after winning Adelphi's Battle of the Bands, and landing a cover article on Pulse Magazine. Following their month\\-long East Coast tour in the summer of 2008, they returned to Killingsworth Studio in Hicksville, New York with producer Anthony Santonocito to record their 1st EP, We Don't Have to Be Alone, released on November 18, 2008\\. This Condition was also selected to perform on the Zumiez Stage at The Bamboozle 2009\\.", "They headed into Pilot Recording Studios in Boonton, NJ in early June 2009 to record three tracks with producer [Rob Freeman](/wiki/Rob_Freeman \"Rob Freeman\"), formerly of [Hidden in Plain View](/wiki/Hidden_in_Plain_View \"Hidden in Plain View\"). These three tracks were intended to be released as singles through iTunes and similar digital music retailers, with the last track, *Take, Take, Take* never making it to official digital release. The band's tour manager has been featured on MTV's reality show [Room Raiders](/wiki/Room_Raiders \"Room Raiders\"). The Band also performed on the Stop Stage at the tail end of the 2009 Warped Tour. At the end of 2009, the band parted ways with lead guitarist, Anthony Giambalvo, who wanted to focus on his education.", "### *Spirit* (2010–2011\\)", "Following the band's departure with Giambalvo, they headed back to Pilot Recording Studios in April 2010, recording a five\\-song EP with producer [Rob Freeman](/wiki/Rob_Freeman \"Rob Freeman\"). It is tentatively scheduled to be released in the summer of 2010\\. On April 21, 2010, they left a MySpace bulletin that stated that Steve Keyes left the band, returning to school to get his degree. During that time, drummer Devin Passariello, formerly of *The Bride Wore Black*, joined the band. The band became a five\\-piece again in early May 2010, with guitarist\\-vocalist Stephen Conley, formerly of *The Victory* from New Jersey, joining the band. The band released the EP, *Spirit* in July 2010\\. In 2011, the band added a new member, keyboard player/backing vocalist Chris Castellino, formerly of *TV/TV*.", "### *Sessions* and Breakup (2012–2013\\)", "This Condition started writing new music with The Early November's [Ace Enders](/wiki/Ace_Enders \"Ace Enders\") in February 2012\\. These songs were recorded in three different sessions, resulting in a seven\\-song EP, entitled *Sessions*, which was released on April 23, 2013\\. In a release on the band's web site on March 7, 2013, they announced their breakup. The band played two final shows in April 2013, with their final being a sold out show at Highline Ballroom in New York City on April 28, 2013\\.", "" ]
History ------- A federal indictment against members contends that, prior to forming the hacking collective known as LulzSec, the six members were all part of another collective called Internet Feds, a group in rivalry with [Anonymous](/wiki/Anonymous_%28group%29 "Anonymous (group)"). Under this name, the group attacked websites belonging to [Fine Gael](/wiki/Fine_Gael "Fine Gael"), [HBGary](/wiki/HBGary "HBGary"), and [Fox Broadcasting Company](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company"). This includes the alleged [incident](/wiki/Timeline_of_events_involving_Anonymous%23Attack_on_HBGary_Federal "Timeline of events involving Anonymous#Attack on HBGary Federal") in which e\-mail messages were stolen from HBGary accounts. In May 2011, following the publicity surrounding the [HBGary](/wiki/HBGary "HBGary") hacks, six members of Internet Feds founded the group LulzSec. The group's first recorded attack was against [Fox.com](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company")'s website,{{cite web \|date\=31 May 2011 \|title\=Who is LulzSec, Hacker of PBS? Are they hacking Sony again? \|url\=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/155143/20110531/pbs\-hacked\-lulzsec\-lulz\-sony.htm \|access\-date\=3 June 2011 \|work\=International Business Times \|archive\-date\=3 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603023602/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/155143/20110531/pbs\-hacked\-lulzsec\-lulz\-sony.htm \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|last\=Poulsen \|first\=Kevin \|date\=2 June 2011 \|title\=Sony Hit Yet Again; Consumer Passwords Exposed \|publisher\=Wired \|url\=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/06/sony\-lulzsec/ \|access\-date\=3 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=3 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603203348/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/06/sony\-lulzsec/ \|url\-status\=live }} though they still may have been using the name Internet Feds at the time. It claimed responsibility for leaking information, including passwords, altering several employees' [LinkedIn](/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn") profiles, and leaking a database of [X Factor](/wiki/The_X_Factor_%28U.S.%29 "The X Factor (U.S.)") contestants containing contact information of 73,000 contestants. They claimed to do so because the rapper [Common](/wiki/Common_%28rapper%29 "Common (rapper)") had been referred to as "vile" on air.{{cite news \|date\=21 June 2011 \|title\=A Brief History of the LulzSec Hackers \|publisher\=Fox News Channel \|location\=New York City \|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/06/21/brief\-history\-lulzsec\-hackers/ \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=21 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624125919/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/06/21/brief\-history\-lulzsec\-hackers/ \|archive\-date\=24 June 2011}} LulzSec drew its name from the [neologism](/wiki/Neologism "Neologism") "[lulz](/wiki/Lulz "Lulz")", (from [lol](/wiki/Lol "Lol")), "laughing out loud", which represents laughter, and "Sec", short for "Security". The *[Wall Street Journal](/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal "Wall Street Journal")* characterized its attacks as closer to Internet pranks than serious cyber\-warfare,{{cite news \|last1\=Morse \|first1\=Andrew \|last2\=Sherr \|first2\=Ian \|date\=6 June 2011 \|title\=For Some Hackers, The Goal Is Just To Play A Prank \|page\=B1 \|newspaper\=The Wall Street Journal \|url\=https://online.wsj.com/article/BT\-CO\-20110605\-702801\.html \|access\-date\=6 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=9 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609014101/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT\-CO\-20110605\-702801\.html \|url\-status\=live }} while the group itself claimed to possess the capability of stronger attacks.{{cn\|date\=December 2020}} It gained attention in part due to its brazen claims of responsibility and lighthearted taunting of corporations that were hacked. It frequently referred to [Internet memes](/wiki/Internet_meme "Internet meme") when defacing websites. The group emerged in May 2011, and successfully attacked websites of several major corporations. It specialized in finding websites with poor security, stealing and posting information from them online. It used well\-known straightforward methods, such as [SQL injection](/wiki/SQL_injection "SQL injection"), to attack its target websites. Several media sources have described their tactics as [grey hat](/wiki/Grey_hat "Grey hat") hacking.{{cite news \|last\=Mitchell \|first\=Dan \|date\=9 June 2011 \|title\=Yet another hack, yet another delay in reporting it \|newspaper\=CNN Money \|url\=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/09/yet\-another\-hack\-yet\-another\-delay\-in\-reporting\-it/?section\=magazines\_fortune \|access\-date\=11 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=16 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616124734/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/09/yet\-another\-hack\-yet\-another\-delay\-in\-reporting\-it/?section\=magazines\_fortune \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|last\=Raywood \|first\=Dan \|date\=10 June 2011 \|title\=Security expert publicly backs 'grey hats' such as LulzSec, saying that public disclosure will help businesses \|newspaper\=SC Magazine \|url\=http://www.scmagazineuk.com/security\-expert\-publicly\-backs\-grey\-hats\-such\-as\-lulzsec\-saying\-that\-public\-disclosure\-will\-help\-businesses/article/204904/ \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=11 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611225301/http://www.scmagazineuk.com/security\-expert\-publicly\-backs\-grey\-hats\-such\-as\-lulzsec\-saying\-that\-public\-disclosure\-will\-help\-businesses/article/204904/ \|archive\-date\=11 June 2011}} Members of the group may have been involved in a [previous attack](/wiki/Anonymous_%28group%29%23Attack_on_HBGary_Federal "Anonymous (group)#Attack on HBGary Federal") against the security firm [HBGary](/wiki/HBGary "HBGary").{{cite news \|last\=Acohido \|first\=Byron \|date\=20 June 2011 \|title\=Who's who among key LulzSec hackitivists \|work\=USA Today \|url\=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/technologylive/post/2011/06/whos\-who\-among\-key\-lulzsec\-hackitivists/1 \|access\-date\=21 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=23 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623044109/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/technologylive/post/2011/06/whos\-who\-among\-key\-lulzsec\-hackitivists/1? \|url\-status\=live }} The group used the motto "Laughing at your security since 2011!" and its website, created in June 2011, played the theme from *[The Love Boat](/wiki/The_Love_Boat "The Love Boat")*. It announced its exploits via Twitter and its own website, often accompanied with lighthearted [ASCII art](/wiki/ASCII_art "ASCII art") drawings of boats. Its website also included a [bitcoin](/wiki/Bitcoin "Bitcoin") donation link to help fund its activities.{{cite news \|last\=Olson \|first\=Parmy \|date\=6 June 2011 \|title\=LulzSec Hackers Post Sony Dev. Source Code, Get $7K Donation \|work\=Forbes \|url\=https://blogs.forbes.com/parmyolson/2011/06/06/lulzsec\-hackers\-posts\-sony\-dev\-source\-code\-get\-7k\-donation/ \|access\-date\=7 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=8 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608033442/http://blogs.forbes.com/parmyolson/2011/06/06/lulzsec\-hackers\-posts\-sony\-dev\-source\-code\-get\-7k\-donation/ \|url\-status\=live }} Ian Paul of *[PC World](/wiki/PC_World_%28magazine%29 "PC World (magazine)")* wrote that, "As its name suggests, LulzSec claims to be interested in mocking and embarrassing companies by exposing security flaws rather than stealing data for criminal purposes."Paul, Ian. "[Lulz Boat Hacks Sony's Harbor: FAQ](http://www.pcworld.com/article/229316/lulz_boat_hacks_sonys_harbor_faq.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606093410/http://www.pcworld.com/article/229316/lulz\_boat\_hacks\_sonys\_harbor\_faq.html\|date\=6 June 2011}}." *[PC World](/wiki/PC_World_%28magazine%29 "PC World (magazine)")*. 3 June 2011\. Retrieved on 6 June 2011\. The group was also critical of [white hat](/wiki/White_hat_%28computer_security%29 "White hat (computer security)") hackers, claiming that many of them have been corrupted by their employers. Some in the security community contended that the group raised awareness of the widespread lack of effective security against hackers.{{cite news \|last\=Ragan \|first\=Steve \|date\=8 June 2011 \|title\=One month later – LulzSec continues their personal brand of comedy \|newspaper\=The Tech Herald \|url\=http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/201123/7251/One\-month\-later\-%E2%80%93\-LulzSec\-continues\-their\-personal\-brand\-of\-comedy \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=9 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611022616/http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/201123/7251/One\-month\-later\-%E2%80%93\-LulzSec\-continues\-their\-personal\-brand\-of\-comedy \|archive\-date\=11 June 2011}} They were credited with inspiring [LulzRaft](/wiki/LulzRaft "LulzRaft"), a group implicated in several high\-profile website hacks in Canada.{{cite news \|last\=Beltrame \|first\=Julian \|date\=8 June 2011 \|title\=Hacker without a cause scores with Harper 'breakfast incident' hoax \|newspaper\=The Canadian Press \|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5haZn2PyOSvxJly0\_pPXkakAc52kA?docId\=7077370 \|access\-date\=10 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=13 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613044958/http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5haZn2PyOSvxJly0\_pPXkakAc52kA?docId\=7077370 \|url\-status\=live }} In June 2011 the group took suggestions for sites to hit with [denial\-of\-service attacks](/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack "Denial-of-service attack").{{cite news \|last\=Boscker \|first\=Bianca \|date\=15 June 2011 \|title\=LulzSec Hacker Group Now Taking Requests \|newspaper\=\[\[The Huffington Post]] \|agency\=\[\[AOL]] \|location\=New York City \|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/15/lulzsec\-hacker\-group\-now\-\_n\_877309\.html \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=15 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617231438/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/15/lulzsec\-hacker\-group\-now\-\_n\_877309\.html \|archive\-date\=17 June 2011}} The group redirected telephone numbers to different customer support lines, including the line for [World of Warcraft](/wiki/World_of_Warcraft "World of Warcraft"), magnets.com, and the FBI [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit") office. The group claimed this sent five to 20 calls per second to these sources, overwhelming their support officers.{{cite news \|last\=Albanesius \|first\=Chloe \|date\=15 June 2011 \|title\=LulzSec Call\-In Line Taking Hacking Requests \|newspaper\=\[\[PC Magazine]] \|url\=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386959,00\.asp \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=15 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102040704/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386959,00\.asp \|archive\-date\=2 November 2012}} On 24 June 2011, *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* released leaked logs of one of the group's IRC chats, revealing that the core group was a small group of hackers with a leader Sabu who exercised large control over the group's activities. It also revealed that the group had connections with [Anonymous](/wiki/Anonymous_%28group%29 "Anonymous (group)"), though was not formally affiliated with it. Some LulzSec members had once been prominent Anonymous members, including member [Topiary](/wiki/Topiary_%28hacktivist%29 "Topiary (hacktivist)"). At just after midnight (UTC) on 26 June 2011, LulzSec released a "50 days of lulz" statement, which they claimed to be their final release, confirming that LulzSec consisted of six members, and that their website was to be taken down. The group claimed that they had planned to be active for only fifty days from the beginning.{{cite news \|last\=Moyer \|first\=Edward \|date\=25 June 2011 \|title\=Hacking group LulzSec says it's calling it quits \|newspaper\=\[\[CNET.com]] \|agency\=\[\[CBS Interactive]] \|url\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\-1009\_3\-20074416\-83/hacking\-group\-lulzsec\-says\-its\-calling\-it\-quits/ \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=26 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015190803/http://news.cnet.com/8301\-1009\_3\-20074416\-83/hacking\-group\-lulzsec\-says\-its\-calling\-it\-quits/ \|archive\-date\=15 October 2011}} "We're not quitting because we're afraid of law enforcement. The press are getting bored of us, and we're getting bored of us," a group member said in an interview to the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press").{{cite news \|last\=Svensson \|first\=Peter \|date\=26 June 2011 \|title\=Hacker group LulzSec says it's disbanding \|newspaper\=\[\[USA Today]] \|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2011\-06\-26\-lulzsec\-disbands\_N.htm \|access\-date\=27 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=27 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627213324/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2011\-06\-26\-lulzsec\-disbands\_N.htm \|url\-status\=live }} Members of the group were reported to have joined with Anonymous members to continue the AntiSec operation.{{cite news \|last\=Olivarez\-Giles \|first\=Nathan \|date\=29 June 2011 \|title\=AntiSec 'hackers without borders' claim new hack on Arizona state police \|newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|location\=Los Angeles \|url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/06/antisec\-hackers\-leak\-files\-said\-to\-be\-from\-arizona\-state\-police.html \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=30 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703061036/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/06/antisec\-hackers\-leak\-files\-said\-to\-be\-from\-arizona\-state\-police.html \|archive\-date\=3 July 2011}} However, despite claiming to retire, the group remained in communication as it attacked the websites of British newspapers *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* and *[The Sun](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 "The Sun (United Kingdom)")* on 18 July, leaving a false story on the death of owner [Rupert Murdoch](/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch "Rupert Murdoch"). ### Initial targets The group's first attacks came in May 2011\. Their first recorded target was Fox.com, which they retaliated against after they called Common, a rapper and entertainer, "vile" on the [Fox News Channel](/wiki/Fox_News_Channel "Fox News Channel"). They leaked several passwords, LinkedIn profiles, and the names of 73,000 X Factor contestants. Soon after on 15 May, they released the transaction logs of 3,100 [Automated Teller Machines](/wiki/Automated_Teller_Machine "Automated Teller Machine") in the United Kingdom. In May 2011, members of Lulz Security gained international attention for hacking the American [Public Broadcasting System](/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_System "Public Broadcasting System") (PBS) website. They stole user data and posted a fake story on the site which claimed that [Tupac Shakur](/wiki/Tupac_Shakur "Tupac Shakur") and [Biggie Smalls](/wiki/Biggie_Smalls "Biggie Smalls") were still alive and living in New Zealand. In the aftermath of the attack, [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") referred to the responsible group as the "Lulz Boat".{{cite news\|title\=Hackers pirate PBS website, post fake story about Tupac still alive\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2011/TECH/web/05/30/pbs.hackers/index.html?iid\=EL\|publisher\=CNN\|access\-date\=3 June 2011\|archive\-date\=6 June 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606050823/http://www.cnn.com/2011/TECH/web/05/30/pbs.hackers/index.html?iid\=EL\|url\-status\=live}} Lulz Security claimed that some of its hacks, including its attack on PBS, were motivated by a desire to defend [WikiLeaks](/wiki/WikiLeaks "WikiLeaks") and [Chelsea Manning](/wiki/Chelsea_Manning "Chelsea Manning").{{cite news\|last\=Olson\|first\=Parmy\|title\=Interview With PBS Hackers: We Did It For 'Lulz And Justice'\|url\=https://blogs.forbes.com/parmyolson/2011/05/31/interview\-with\-pbs\-hackers\-we\-did\-it\-for\-lulz\-and\-justice/\|work\=Forbes\|access\-date\=3 June 2011\|date\=31 May 2011\|archive\-date\=8 August 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808014106/http://blogs.forbes.com/parmyolson/2011/05/31/interview\-with\-pbs\-hackers\-we\-did\-it\-for\-lulz\-and\-justice/\|url\-status\=live}} A [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News "Fox News") report on the group quoted one commentator, Brandon Pike, who claimed that Lulz Security was affiliated with the [hacktivist](/wiki/Hacktivism "Hacktivism") group [Anonymous](/wiki/Anonymous_%28group%29 "Anonymous (group)"). Lulz Security claimed that Pike had actually hired it to hack PBS. Pike denied the accusation and claimed it was leveled against him because he said Lulz Security was a splinter of Anonymous.{{cite news \|last\=Kaplan \|first\=Jeremy \|title\=Group Claims It Was 'Paid to Hack PBS,' Then Leaks a Million Sony User IDs \|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/06/02/man\-denies\-paying\-group\-to\-hack\-pbsorg/ \|publisher\=Fox News \|date\=2 June 2011 \|access\-date\=3 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=4 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604124753/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/06/02/man\-denies\-paying\-group\-to\-hack\-pbsorg/ \|url\-status\=live }} In June 2011, members of the group claimed responsibility for an attack against [Sony Pictures](/wiki/Sony_Pictures "Sony Pictures") that took data that included "names, passwords, e\-mail addresses, home addresses and dates of birth for thousands of people."{{cite news\|last\=Pepitone\|first\=Julianne\|title\=Group claims fresh hack of 1 million Sony accounts Money\|url\=https://money.cnn.com/2012/06/02/technology/sony\_lulz\_hack/?section\=money\_latest\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=2 June 2011\|access\-date\=3 June 2012}}{{Dead link\|date\=July 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} The group claimed that it used a [SQL injection attack](/wiki/SQL_injection_attack "SQL injection attack"),{{cite web\|last\=Ogg\|first\=Erica\|title\=Hackers steal more customer info from Sony servers\|url\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\-31021\_3\-20068414\-260/hackers\-steal\-more\-customer\-info\-from\-sony\-servers\|publisher\=CNET\|access\-date\=3 June 2012\|archive\-date\=1 August 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801073415/http://news.cnet.com/8301\-31021\_3\-20068414\-260/hackers\-steal\-more\-customer\-info\-from\-sony\-servers/\|url\-status\=live}} and was motivated by Sony's legal action against [George Hotz](/wiki/George_Hotz "George Hotz") for [jailbreaking](/wiki/Jailbreak_%28computer_science%29 "Jailbreak (computer science)") the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 "PlayStation 3"). The group claimed it would launch an attack that would be the "beginning of the end" for Sony.{{cite web\|last\=Reisinger\|first\=Don\|title\=Tupac hackers to Sony: 'Beginning of the end'\|url\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\-13506\_3\-20067865\-17\.html?tag\=mncol;txt\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120712031528/http://news.cnet.com/8301\-13506\_3\-20067865\-17\.html?tag\=mncol;txt\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=12 July 2012\|publisher\=CNET\|access\-date\=3 June 2012}} Some of the compromised user information was subsequently used in scams.{{cite web\|last\=Ars Staff\|title\=Lulz? Sony hackers deny responsibility for misuse of leaked data\|date\=3 June 2011\|url\=https://arstechnica.com/tech\-policy/news/2012/06/lulz\-sony\-hackers\-deny\-responsibility\-for\-misuse\-of\-leaked\-data.ars\|publisher\=Ars Technica\|access\-date\=3 June 2012\|archive\-date\=22 May 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522152042/https://arstechnica.com/tech\-policy/2011/06/lulz\-sony\-hackers\-deny\-responsibility\-for\-misuse\-of\-leaked\-data/\|url\-status\=live}} The group claimed to have compromised over 1,000,000 accounts, though Sony claimed the real number was around 37,500\.{{cite news\|last\=Olivarez\-Giles\|first\=Nathan\|title\=Sony Pictures says LulzSec hacked 37,500 user accounts, not 1 million\|url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/06/sony\-denies\-lulzsec\-hacked\-1\-million\-user\-accounts\-estimates\-it\-was\-37500\.html\|access\-date\=12 June 2012\|newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|date\=9 June 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614001856/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/06/sony\-denies\-lulzsec\-hacked\-1\-million\-user\-accounts\-estimates\-it\-was\-37500\.html\|archive\-date\=14 June 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|location\=Los Angeles}} ### Corporate attacks Lulz Security attempted to hack into [Nintendo](/wiki/Nintendo "Nintendo"), but both the group and Nintendo itself report that no particularly valuable information was found by the hackers.{{cite news\|title\=LulzSec Hacks Nintendo: No User Information Released\|url\=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386428,00\.asp\|newspaper\=PCMag\|date\=5 June 2012\|access\-date\=5 June 2011\|first\=David\|last\=Murphy\|archive\-date\=28 June 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628000744/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386428,00\.asp\|url\-status\=live}} LulzSec claimed that it did not mean to harm Nintendo, declaring: "We're not targeting Nintendo. We like the [N64](/wiki/Nintendo_64 "Nintendo 64") too much — we sincerely hope Nintendo plugs the gap."{{cite news \|title\=Nintendo Is Hit by Hackers, but Breach Is Deemed Minor \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/06/technology/06hack.html \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|date\=5 June 2012 \|access\-date\=5 June 2011 \|first\=Hiroko \|last\=Tabuchi \|author\-link\=Hiroko Tabuchi \|archive\-date\=9 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609091813/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/06/technology/06hack.html? \|url\-status\=live }} On 11 June, reports emerged that LulzSec hacked into and stole user information from the [pornography website](/wiki/Internet_pornography "Internet pornography") www.pron.com. They obtained and published around 26,000 e\-mail addresses and passwords. Among the information stolen were records of two users who subscribed using email addresses associated with the Malaysian government, three users who subscribed using United States military email addresses and 55 users who LulzSec claimed were administrators of other adult\-oriented websites. Following the breach, Facebook locked the accounts of all users who had used the published e\-mail addresses, and also blocked new Facebook accounts opened using the leaked e\-mail addresses, fearing that users of the site would get hacked after LulzSec encouraged people to try and see if these people used identical user name and password combinations on Facebook as well.{{cite news\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Keir\|title\=Porn Site Users Beware: Hacker Group LulzSec May Have Posted Your Email Address\|url\=http://www.pcworld.com/article/230122/porn\_site\_users\_beware\_hacker\_group\_lulzsec\_may\_have\_posted\_your\_email\_address.html\|access\-date\=11 June 2012\|newspaper\=\[\[PC World (magazine)\|PC World]]\|date\=11 June 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120907212709/http://www.pcworld.com/article/230122/porn\_site\_users\_beware\_hacker\_group\_lulzsec\_may\_have\_posted\_your\_email\_address.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=7 September 2012}} LulzSec hacked into the [Bethesda Game Studios](/wiki/Bethesda_Game_Studios "Bethesda Game Studios") network and posted information taken from the network onto the Internet, though they refrained from publishing 200,000 compromised accounts.{{cite news\|last\=Albanesius\|first\=Chloe\|title\=LulzSec Targets Bethesda Softworks, Porn Site\|url\=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386861,00\.asp\|publisher\=PC magazine\|access\-date\=13 June 2012\|date\=13 June 2012\|archive\-date\=14 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514023641/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386861,00\.asp\|url\-status\=live}} LulzSec posted to Twitter regarding the attack, "Bethesda, we broke into your site over two months ago. We've had all of your *[Brink](/wiki/Brink_%28video_game%29 "Brink (video game)")* users for weeks, Please fix your junk, thanks!"{{cite web\|last\=Ben\|first\=Kuchera\|title\=LulzSec hackers demand hats, threaten release of Brink user data\|date\=13 June 2011\|url\=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2011/06/hacker\-group\-lulzsec\-demands\-hats\-threatens\-release\-of\-brink\-user\-data.ars\|publisher\=Ars Technica\|access\-date\=13 June 2012\|archive\-date\=2 January 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102194039/http://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2011/06/hacker\-group\-lulzsec\-demands\-hats\-threatens\-release\-of\-brink\-user\-data.ars\|url\-status\=live}} On 14 June 2011, LulzSec took down four websites by request of fans as part of their "Titanic Take\-down Tuesday". These websites were *[Minecraft](/wiki/Minecraft "Minecraft")*, *[League of Legends](/wiki/League_of_Legends "League of Legends")*, [*The Escapist*](/wiki/The_Escapist_%28magazine%29 "The Escapist (magazine)"), and IT security company [FinFisher](/wiki/FinFisher "FinFisher").{{cite news \|last\=Bright \|first\=Peter \|title\=Titanic Takeover Tuesday: LulzSec's busy day of hacking escapades \|url\=https://arstechnica.com/tech\-policy/news/2011/06/titanic\-takeover\-tuesday\-lulzsecs\-busy\-day\-of\-hacking\-escapades.ars \|access\-date\=14 June 2011 \|newspaper\=\[\[Ars Technica]] \|date\=14 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617030647/http://arstechnica.com/tech\-policy/news/2011/06/titanic\-takeover\-tuesday\-lulzsecs\-busy\-day\-of\-hacking\-escapades.ars?comments\=1 \|archive\-date\=17 June 2011 \|url\-status\=dead}} They also attacked the login servers of the massively multiplayer online game *[EVE Online](/wiki/EVE_Online "EVE Online")*, which also disabled the game's front\-facing website, and the *[League of Legends](/wiki/League_of_Legends "League of Legends")* login servers. Most of the takedowns were performed with [distributed denial\-of\-service attacks](/wiki/Distributed_denial-of-service_attack "Distributed denial-of-service attack").{{cite magazine\|last\=Peckham\|first\=Matt\|title\=LulzSec Knocks 'Minecraft,' 'EVE Online,' 'League of Legends' and 'The Escapist' Offline\|url\=http://techland.time.com/2011/06/14/lulzsec\-knocks\-minecraft\-eve\-online\-league\-of\-legends\-and\-the\-escapist\-offline/\|access\-date\=14 June 2011\|magazine\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|date\=14 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616110019/http://techland.time.com/2011/06/14/lulzsec\-knocks\-minecraft\-eve\-online\-league\-of\-legends\-and\-the\-escapist\-offline/\|archive\-date\=16 June 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|location\=New York City}} On 15 June, LulzSec took down the main server of S2 Games' *[Heroes of Newerth](/wiki/Heroes_of_Newerth "Heroes of Newerth")* as another phone request. They claimed, "*Heroes of Newerth* master login server is down. They need some treatment. Also, [*DotA*](/wiki/Defense_of_the_Ancients "Defense of the Ancients") is better."{{cite web\|last\=LulzSec\|title\=Tweet 81036958826102784\|url\=https://twitter.com/LulzSec/status/81036958826102784\|publisher\=Twitter\|access\-date\=15 June 2011\|archive\-date\=25 October 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025151735/https://twitter.com/LulzSec/status/81036958826102784\|url\-status\=live}} On 16 June, LulzSec posted a random assortment of 62,000 emails and passwords to [MediaFire](/wiki/MediaFire "MediaFire"). LulzSec stated they released this in return for supporters flooding the [4chan](/wiki/4chan "4chan") [/b/](/wiki//b/ "/b/") board.{{cite web\|last\=LulzSec\|title\=Tweet 81327464156119040\|url\=https://twitter.com/LulzSec/status/81327464156119040\|publisher\=Twitter\|access\-date\=16 June 2012\|archive\-date\=12 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033145/https://twitter.com/lulzsec/status/81327464156119040\|url\-status\=live}} The group did not say what websites the combinations were for and encouraged followers to plug them into various sites until they gained access to an account. Some reported gaining access to Facebook accounts and changing images to sexual content and others to using the [Amazon.com](/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com") accounts of others to purchase several books.{{cite news\|last\=Kobie\|first\=Nicole\|title\=LulzSec hackers leak 62,000 email logins\|url\=http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/368122/lulzsec\-hackers\-leak\-62\-000\-email\-logins\|access\-date\=16 June 2012\|newspaper\=\[\[PC Pro]]\|date\=16 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618035059/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/368122/lulzsec\-hackers\-leak\-62\-000\-email\-logins\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=18 June 2011}} Writerspace.com, a literary website, later admitted that the addresses and passwords came from users of their site.{{cite news\|last\=Dunn\|first\=John\|title\=LulzSec Hacker Victims Alerted\|url\=http://www.pcworld.com/article/230683/lulzsec\_hacker\_victims\_alerted.html\|access\-date\=19 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[PC World (magazine)\|PC World]]\|date\=19 June 2011\|agency\=\[\[International Data Group\|IDG]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620190153/http://www.pcworld.com/article/230683/lulzsec\_hacker\_victims\_alerted.html\|archive\-date\=20 June 2011}} ### Government\-focused activities LulzSec claimed to have hacked local [InfraGard](/wiki/InfraGard "InfraGard") chapter sites, a non\-profit organization affiliated with the FBI. The group leaked some of InfraGard member e\-mails and a database of local users.{{cite news\|title\=LulzSec claims to have hacked FBI\-affiliated website\|url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/06/lulz\-security\-claims\-to\-have\-hacked\-fbi\-affiliated\-website\-.html\|newspaper\=LA Times\|access\-date\=11 November 2017\|archive\-date\=16 November 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116081929/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/06/lulz\-security\-claims\-to\-have\-hacked\-fbi\-affiliated\-website\-.html\|url\-status\=live}} The group defaced the website posting the following message, "LET IT FLOW YOU STUPID FBI BATTLESHIPS", accompanied with a video. LulzSec posted: {{quote\|It has come to our unfortunate attention that NATO and our good friend Barrack Osama\-Llama 24th\-century Obama \[sic] have recently upped the stakes with regard to hacking. They now treat hacking as an act of war. So, we just hacked an FBI affiliated website (Infragard, specifically the Atlanta chapter) and leaked its user base. We also took complete control over the site and defaced it\[.]{{cite web\|last\=Read \|first\=Max \|title\=LulzSec Hackers Go After FBI Affiliates \|url\=http://gawker.com/5808517/lulzsec\-hackers\-go\-after\-fbi\-affiliates \|publisher\=Gawker \|access\-date\=4 June 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606132545/http://gawker.com/5808517/lulzsec\-hackers\-go\-after\-fbi\-affiliates \|archive\-date\=6 June 2011 }}}} On 9 June, LulzSec sent an email to the administrators of the British [National Health Service](/wiki/National_Health_Service "National Health Service"), informing them of a security vulnerability discovered in NHS systems. LulzSec stated that they did not intend to exploit this vulnerability, saying in the email that "We mean you no harm and only want to help you fix your tech issues."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\-13712377\|access\-date\=9 June 2012\|title\=Hackers warn NHS over security\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=9 June 2012\|archive\-date\=29 November 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129221621/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\-13712377\|url\-status\=live}} On 13 June, LulzSec released the e\-mails and passwords of a number of users of [senate.gov](http://senate.gov/), the website of the [United States Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate").{{cite news\|last\=Ogg\|first\=Erica\|title\=LulzSec targets videogame maker ZeniMax Media\|url\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\-31021\_3\-20070873\-260/lulzsec\-targets\-videogame\-maker\-zenimax\-media/\|access\-date\=13 June 2011\|date\=13 June 2012\|agency\=\[\[CNET.com]]. \[\[CBS Interactive]]\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120715025034/http://news.cnet.com/8301\-31021\_3\-20070873\-260/lulzsec\-targets\-videogame\-maker\-zenimax\-media/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=15 July 2012}} The information released also included the [root directory](/wiki/Root_directory "Root directory") of parts of the website. LulzSec stated, "This is a small, just\-for\-kicks release of some internal data from senate.gov – is this an act of war, gentlemen? Problem?" referencing a recent statement by [the Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon") that some cyberattacks could be considered an [act of war](/wiki/Casus_belli "Casus belli"). No highly sensitive information appears in the release.{{cite news\|last\=Morse\|first\=Andrew\|title\=LulzSec Hacker Group Claims Attack on US Senate Website\|url\=https://online.wsj.com/article/BT\-CO\-20110613\-710201\.html\|access\-date\=13 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]\|date\=13 June 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616052812/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT\-CO\-20110613\-710201\.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=16 June 2011}} On 15 June, LulzSec launched an attack on [CIA.gov](https://www.cia.gov), the public website of the United States [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency"), taking the website offline with a distributed denial\-of\-service attack.{{cite news\|title\=CIA website hacked; LulzSec takes credit (again)\|url\=http://news.consumerreports.org/electronics/2011/06/cia\-website\-hacked\-lulzsec\-takes\-credit\-again.html\|access\-date\=16 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[Consumer Reports]]\|date\=16 June 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618033144/http://news.consumerreports.org/electronics/2011/06/cia\-website\-hacked\-lulzsec\-takes\-credit\-again.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=18 June 2011}} The website was down from 5:48 pm to 8:00 pm [eastern time](/wiki/Eastern_time "Eastern time").{{cite news\|last\=Nakashima\|first\=Ellen\|title\=CIA Web site hacked; group LulzSec takes credit\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national\-security/cia\-web\-site\-hacked/2011/06/15/AGGNphWH\_story.html\|access\-date\=16 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\|date\=15 June 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630121515/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national\-security/cia\-web\-site\-hacked/2011/06/15/AGGNphWH\_story.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=30 June 2011 }} On 2 December, an offshoot of LulzSec calling itself LulzSec Portugal, attacked several sites related to the government of Portugal. The websites for the [Bank of Portugal](/wiki/Bank_of_Portugal "Bank of Portugal"), the [Assembly of the Republic](/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_%28Portugal%29 "Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)"), and the [Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Development](/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy%2C_Innovation_and_Development "Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Development") all became unavailable for a few hours.{{cite news\|title\=Hackers voltam a atacar sites portugueses\|url\=http://www.tvi24\.iol.pt/tecnologia/lulzsec\-hackers\-tvi24/1304669\-4069\.html\|access\-date\=3 December 2012\|newspaper\=\[\[TVI 24]]\|date\=2 December 2012\|agency\=\[\[Televisão Independente]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203083010/http://www.tvi24\.iol.pt/tecnologia/lulzsec\-hackers\-tvi24/1304669\-4069\.html\|archive\-date\=3 December 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|language\=pt}} ### Relationship to WikiLeaks In June 2011, WikiLeaks representative [Sigurdur Thordarson](/wiki/Sigurdur_Thordarson "Sigurdur Thordarson") contacted members of the [Anonymous](/wiki/Anonymous_%28hacker_group%29 "Anonymous (hacker group)") group [LulzSec](/wiki/LulzSec "LulzSec") and told them to join a new [IRC server](/wiki/IRC_server "IRC server"). Thordarson said he and Assange wanted help infiltrating several Icelandic corporate and government sites. They explained that they wanted evidence of corruption or that the government was unfairly targeting WikiLeaks and that evidence could help start an uprising in [Iceland](/wiki/Iceland "Iceland"). LulzSec hackers [Sabu](/wiki/Hector_Monsegur "Hector Monsegur") and [Topiary](/wiki/Topiary_%28hacktivist%29 "Topiary (hacktivist)") were skeptical but later believed that Assange was personally part of the chat. According to another former core member of LulzSec, members of the group failed to access Icelandic government servers when the server didn't respond correctly. Thordarson offered LulzSec an encrypted spreadsheet of classified government data that needed to be decrypted and explained that WikiLeaks had computers at [MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") trying unsuccessfully for two weeks. Sabu took over communicating with WikiLeaks, and Assange visited the chat several more times in the next few weeks.{{Cite book \|last\=Olson \|first\=Parmy \|title\=We are anonymous: inside the hacker world of LulzSec, Anonymous, and the Global Cyber Insurgency \|date\=2012 \|publisher\=Little, Brown \|isbn\=978\-0\-316\-21354\-7 \|location\=New York \|author\-link\=Parmy Olson}}{{Cite web \|last\=Anderson \|first\=Nate \|date\=2012\-05\-30 \|title\=New book: WikiLeaks wanted LulzSec's help to hack Iceland \|url\=https://arstechnica.com/tech\-policy/2012/05/new\-book\-wikileaks\-wanted\-lulzsecs\-help\-to\-hack\-iceland/ \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-09 \|website\=Ars Technica \|language\=en\-us \|archive\-date\=19 September 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919103931/https://arstechnica.com/tech\-policy/2012/05/new\-book\-wikileaks\-wanted\-lulzsecs\-help\-to\-hack\-iceland/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|date\=2012\-05\-30 \|title\=Link Between WikiLeaks And Hacker Group Revealed \|language\=en \|work\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty \|url\=https://www.rferl.org/a/as\-assange\-awaits\-uk\-verdict\-link\-between\-wikileaks\-hacker\-group\-lulzsec\-revealed/24596950\.html \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-09 \|archive\-date\=19 September 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919103932/https://www.rferl.org/a/as\-assange\-awaits\-uk\-verdict\-link\-between\-wikileaks\-hacker\-group\-lulzsec\-revealed/24596950\.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Hicks \|first\=Jesse \|date\=2012\-06\-07 \|title\=Inside Anonymous: an interview with Parmy Olson \|url\=https://www.theverge.com/2012/6/7/3070945/parmy\-olson\-inside\-anonymous\-five\-minutes\-on\-the\-verge \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-09 \|website\=The Verge \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=12 April 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412123800/http://www.theverge.com/2012/6/7/3070945/parmy\-olson\-inside\-anonymous\-five\-minutes\-on\-the\-verge \|url\-status\=live }} According to chat logs, Thordarson and Sabu talked about submitting the [Syria files](/wiki/Syria_Files "Syria Files") and about recruiting Sabu to become member of WikiLeaks, and WikiLeaks gave the hackers a script to help search emails.{{Cite web \|last\=Greenberg \|first\=Andy \|title\=Here's What It Looks Like When Two Hacker FBI Informants Try To Inform On Each Other \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/06/28/heres\-what\-it\-looks\-like\-when\-two\-hacker\-fbi\-informants\-try\-to\-inform\-on\-each\-other/ \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-09 \|website\=Forbes \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=19 September 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919103931/https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/06/28/heres\-what\-it\-looks\-like\-when\-two\-hacker\-fbi\-informants\-try\-to\-inform\-on\-each\-other/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|date\=2018\-11\-17 \|title\=WikiLeaks Helped Hackers Rifle Through Stolen Emails: Leaked FBI Docs \|url\=https://gizmodo.com/wikileaks\-helped\-hackers\-rifle\-through\-stolen\-company\-e\-1830484350 \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-09 \|website\=Gizmodo \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=19 September 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919103931/https://gizmodo.com/wikileaks\-helped\-hackers\-rifle\-through\-stolen\-company\-e\-1830484350 \|url\-status\=live }} In June 2020, the Department of Justice filed an indictment against Assange that included allegations he conspired and tried to recruit Anonymous and LulzSec hackers.{{Cite web \|title\=WikiLeaks founder charged with conspiring with Anonymous and LulzSec hackers \|url\=https://www.zdnet.com/article/wikileaks\-founder\-charged\-with\-conspiring\-with\-anonymous\-and\-lulzsec\-hackers/ \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-09 \|website\=ZDNET \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=19 September 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919103931/https://www.zdnet.com/article/wikileaks\-founder\-charged\-with\-conspiring\-with\-anonymous\-and\-lulzsec\-hackers/ \|url\-status\=live }} ### Operation Anti\-Security {{main\|Operation AntiSec}} On 20 June, the group announced it had teamed up with Anonymous for "Operation Anti\-Security". They encouraged supporters to steal and publish classified government information from any source while leaving the term "AntiSec" as evidence of their intrusion. Also listed as potential targets were major banks.{{cite news\|last\=Ross\|first\=Nick\|title\=Lulzsec teams up with Anonymous\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/technology/articles/2011/06/20/3248520\.htm\|access\-date\=20 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[ABC Online]]\|date\=20 June 2011\|agency\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]\|archive\-date\=22 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622062008/http://www.abc.net.au/technology/articles/2011/06/20/3248520\.htm\|url\-status\=live}} *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")* characterized the operation as an open declaration of [cyberwarfare](/wiki/Cyberwarfare "Cyberwarfare") against big government and corporations.{{cite news\|last\=Acohido\|first\=Byron\|title\=LulzSec, Anonymous declare war against governments, corporations\|url\=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/technologylive/post/2011/06/lulzsec\-anonymous\-declare\-war\-against\-governments\-corporations/1\|access\-date\=20 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[USA Today]]\|date\=20 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623022317/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/technologylive/post/2011/06/lulzsec\-anonymous\-declare\-war\-against\-governments\-corporations/1\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=23 June 2011 }} Their first target of the operation was the [Serious Organised Crime Agency](/wiki/Serious_Organised_Crime_Agency "Serious Organised Crime Agency") (SOCA), a national [law enforcement agency](/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency "Law enforcement agency") of the United Kingdom. LulzSec claimed to have taken the website offline at about 11 am EST on 20 June 2011, though it only remained down for a few minutes.{{cite news\|last\=Meyer\|first\=David\|title\=LulzSec claims Soca hack\|url\=http://www.zdnet.co.uk/blogs/communication\-breakdown\-10000030/lulzsec\-claims\-soca\-hack\-10022772/\|access\-date\=20 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[ZDNet]]\|date\=20 June 2011\|agency\=\[\[CBS Interactive]]\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130114040522/http://www.zdnet.co.uk/blogs/communication\-breakdown\-10000030/lulzsec\-claims\-soca\-hack\-10022772/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=14 January 2013}} While the attack appeared to be a DDoS attack, LulzSec tweeted that actual hacking was taking place "behind the scenes". At about 6:10 pm EST on 20 June, SOCA's website went down yet again.{{cite news\|title\=Soca website taken down after LulzSec 'Ddos attack'\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\-13848510\|access\-date\=20 June 2011\|date\=20 June 2011\|newspaper\=BBC\|archive\-date\=21 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621114936/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\-13848510\|url\-status\=live}} SOCA's website was back online sometime between 20 and 21 June.{{cite news\|last\=Henderson \|first\=Nicole \|title\=SOCA Website Back Online After LulzSec DDoS Attack \|url\=http://www.thewhir.com/web\-hosting\-news/062111\_SOCA\_Website\_Back\_Online\_After\_LulzSec\_DDoS\_Attack \|access\-date\=21 June 2011 \|newspaper\=Web Host Industry Review \|date\=21 June 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624051904/http://www.thewhir.com/web\-hosting\-news/062111\_SOCA\_Website\_Back\_Online\_After\_LulzSec\_DDoS\_Attack \|archive\-date\=24 June 2011 }} The website of the local district government of [Jianhua District](/wiki/Jianhua_District "Jianhua District") in [Qiqihar](/wiki/Qiqihar "Qiqihar"), China, was also knocked offline.{{cite news\|last\=Ragan\|first\=Steve\|title\=LulzSec and Anonymous: Hunting for skeletons hidden in closets\|url\=http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/201125/7295/LulzSec\-and\-Anonymous\-Hunting\-for\-skeletons\-hidden\-in\-closets\|access\-date\=21 June 2011\|newspaper\=The Tech Herald\|date\=21 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627120258/http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/201125/7295/LulzSec\-and\-Anonymous\-Hunting\-for\-skeletons\-hidden\-in\-closets\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=27 June 2011}} Early in the morning on 22 June, it was revealed that LulzSec's "Brazilian unit" had taken down two Brazilian government websites, [brasil.gov.br](http://brasil.gov.br) and [presidencia.gov.br](http://presidencia.gov.br).{{cite news\|last\=Emery\|first\=Daniel\|title\=LulzSec hits Brazilian websites\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\-13878888\|access\-date\=22 June 2011\|newspaper\=BBC\|date\=22 June 2011\|archive\-date\=10 July 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710133838/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\-13878888\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|last\=Clark\|first\=Jack\|title\=LulzSec takes down Brazil government sites\|url\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\-1009\_3\-20073219\-83/lulzsec\-takes\-down\-brazil\-government\-sites/\|access\-date\=22 June 2011\|newspaper\=CNet\|date\=22 June 2011\|archive\-date\=17 October 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017022251/http://news.cnet.com/8301\-1009\_3\-20073219\-83/lulzsec\-takes\-down\-brazil\-government\-sites/\|url\-status\=live}} They also brought down the website of Brazilian energy company [Petrobras](/wiki/Petrobras "Petrobras").{{cite news\|last\=McMillan\|first\=Robert\|title\=Brazilian Government, Energy Company Latest LulzSec Victims\|url\=https://www.pcworld.com/article/230902/brazilian\_government\_energy\_company\_latest\_lulzsec\_victims.html\|access\-date\=22 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[PC World (magazine)\|PC World]]\|date\=22 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625010935/http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/230902/brazilian\_government\_energy\_company\_latest\_lulzsec\_victims.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=25 June 2011}} On 20 June, two members on the "Lulz Boat" reportedly leaked logs that LulzSec was going to leak on 21 June. They also claimed that the two had leaked information that aided authorities in locating and arresting Ryan Cleary, a man loosely affiliated with the group.{{cite news\|last\=Rodriguez\|first\=Salvador\|title\=LulzSec says it's outing two who may have led to arrest of an alleged hacker\|url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/06/lulzsec\-outs\-snitches.html\|access\-date\=22 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|date\=21 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625030729/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/06/lulzsec\-outs\-snitches.html\|archive\-date\=25 June 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=Los Angeles}} LulzSec posted various personal information about the two on [Pastebin](/wiki/Pastebin "Pastebin") including [IP addresses](/wiki/IP_address "IP address") and physical addresses. Both had been involved with cyber\-crimes in the past, and one had been involved with hacking the game *[Deus Ex](/wiki/Deus_Ex_%28video_game%29 "Deus Ex (video game)")*.{{cite news\|last\=Aamoth\|first\=Doug\|title\=Trouble in Paradise? LulzSec Outs Two Apparent 'Snitches'\|url\=http://techland.time.com/2011/06/21/trouble\-in\-paradise\-lulzsec\-outs\-two\-apparent\-snitches\-to\-the\-fbi/\#ixzz1Pwt7oST2\|access\-date\=21 June 2011\|newspaper\=TechLand (Time Magazine)\|date\=21 June 2011\|archive\-date\=24 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624233658/http://techland.time.com/2011/06/21/trouble\-in\-paradise\-lulzsec\-outs\-two\-apparent\-snitches\-to\-the\-fbi/\#ixzz1Pwt7oST2\|url\-status\=live}}{{failed verification\|date\=September 2018}} After LulzSec encouragement, some began tagging public locations with physical [graffiti](/wiki/Graffiti "Graffiti") reading "Antisec" as part of the operation. Numerous beachfronts in [Mission Beach, San Diego](/wiki/Mission_Beach%2C_San_Diego "Mission Beach, San Diego") were vandalized with the phrase.{{cite news\|last\=Gayathri\|first\=Amrutha\|title\=Operation Anti\-Security: Mysterious serial graffiti reported; LulzSec gaining mass support?\|url\=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/166507/20110621/operation\-anti\-security\-mysterious\-serial\-graffiti\-reported\-lulzsec\-gaining\-mass\-support\-anonymous\-h.htm\|access\-date\=21 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[International Business Times]]\|date\=21 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624160103/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/166507/20110621/operation\-anti\-security\-mysterious\-serial\-graffiti\-reported\-lulzsec\-gaining\-mass\-support\-anonymous\-h.htm\|archive\-date\=24 June 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=New York City}} Some local news organizations mistook the graffiti in Mission Beach as signs of the [Antisec Movement](/wiki/Antisec_Movement "Antisec Movement"). Many commenters on the local news websites corrected this.{{cite news\|title\="Anti\-Sec" group spreads message through graffiti in Mission Beach\|url\=http://www.cbs8\.com/story/14941495/anti\-sec\-group\-spreads\-message\-through\-graffiti\-in\-mission\-beach?redirected\=true\|access\-date\=21 June 2011\|newspaper\=CBS 8\|date\=20 June 2011\|archive\-date\=22 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622120742/http://www.cbs8\.com/story/14941495/anti\-sec\-group\-spreads\-message\-through\-graffiti\-in\-mission\-beach?redirected\=true\|url\-status\=live}} On 23 June, LulzSec released a number of documents pertaining to the [Arizona Department of Public Safety](/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Public_Safety "Arizona Department of Public Safety"), which they titled "chinga la migra", which roughly translates to "fuck the border patrol". The leaked items included email addresses and passwords, as well as hundreds of documents marked "sensitive" or "for official use only". LulzSec claimed that this was in protest of the [law](/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070 "Arizona SB 1070") passed in Arizona requiring some aliens to carry registration documents at all times.{{cite news\|last\=Tsotsis\|first\=Alexia\|title\=LulzSec Releases Arizona Law Enforcement Data in Retaliation For Immigration Law\|url\=https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/23/lulzsec\-releases\-arizona\-law\-enforcement\-data\-in\-retaliation\-for\-immigration\-law/\|access\-date\=23 June 2011\|newspaper\=TechCrunch\|date\=23 June 2011\|archive\-date\=17 June 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617040428/https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/23/lulzsec\-releases\-arizona\-law\-enforcement\-data\-in\-retaliation\-for\-immigration\-law/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|last\=Aamoth\|first\=Doug\|title\=LulzSec Claims Breach Against Arizona Law Enforcement\|url\=http://techland.time.com/2011/06/23/lulzsec\-claims\-breach\-against\-arizona\-law\-enforcement/\|access\-date\=23 June 2011\|newspaper\=Techland (Time)\|date\=23 June 2011\|archive\-date\=25 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625111344/http://techland.time.com/2011/06/23/lulzsec\-claims\-breach\-against\-arizona\-law\-enforcement/\|url\-status\=live}} Arizona officials have confirmed the intrusion.{{cite news\|last\=Lohr\|first\=Steve\|title\=Arrest Puts Spotlight on Brazen Hacking Group LulzSec\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/technology/24hack.html\|access\-date\=24 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=23 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624021834/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/technology/24hack.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=24 June 2011 }} Arizona police have complained that the release of officer identities and the method used to combat gangs could endanger the lives of police officers.{{cite news\|last\=Poeter\|first\=Damon\|title\=Will LulzSec's Hit on Arizona Cops be its Last Hurrah?\|url\=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2387566,00\.asp\|access\-date\=25 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[PC Magazine]]\|date\=24 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228010732/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2387566,00\.asp\|archive\-date\=28 December 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} On 24 June 2011, LulzSecBrazil published what they claimed were access codes and passwords that they used to access the Petrobras website and employee profile data they had taken using the information. Petrobras denied that any data had been stolen, and LulzSecBrazil removed the information from their Twitter feed a few hours later.{{cite news\|last\=Rapoza\|first\=Kenneth\|title\=LulzSec Strikes Brazil Again; Petrobras Denies Being Hacked\|url\=https://blogs.forbes.com/kenrapoza/2011/06/25/lulzsec\-strikes\-brazil\-again\-petrobras\-denies\-being\-hacked/\|access\-date\=26 June 2011\|work\=\[\[Forbes]]\|date\=25 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627020530/http://blogs.forbes.com/kenrapoza/2011/06/25/lulzsec\-strikes\-brazil\-again\-petrobras\-denies\-being\-hacked/\|archive\-date\=27 June 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=New York City}} The group also released personal information regarding [President of Brazil](/wiki/President_of_Brazil "President of Brazil") [Dilma Rousseff](/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff "Dilma Rousseff") and [Mayor of São Paulo](/wiki/Mayor_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo "Mayor of São Paulo") [Gilberto Kassab](/wiki/Gilberto_Kassab "Gilberto Kassab").{{cite news\|last\=Lopez\|first\=Luciana\|title\=Hackers target Brazilian statistics agency\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-cybersecurity\-brazil\-hackers\-idUSTRE75N2EK20110624\|access\-date\=26 June 2011\|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|date\=24 June 2011\|author2\=Brian Ellsworth\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627031716/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/24/us\-cybersecurity\-brazil\-hackers\-idUSTRE75N2EK20110624\|archive\-date\=27 June 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=London\|editor\=Anthony Boadle}} On 25 June 2011, LulzSec released what they described as their last data dump. The release contained an enormous amount of information from various sources. The files contained a half [gigabyte](/wiki/Gigabyte "Gigabyte") of internal information from telecommunication company [AT\&T](/wiki/AT%26T "AT&T"), including information relating to its release of [4G](/wiki/4G "4G") LTE and details pertaining to over 90,000 personal phones used by [IBM](/wiki/IBM "IBM"). The [IP addresses](/wiki/IP_address "IP address") of several large corporations including Sony, [Viacom](/wiki/Viacom_%282005%E2%80%93present%29 "Viacom (2005–present)"), and [Disney](/wiki/Disney "Disney"), [EMI](/wiki/EMI "EMI"), and [NBC Universal](/wiki/NBC_Universal "NBC Universal") were included. It also contained over 750,000 username and password combinations from several websites,{{cite news\|last\=Whittaker\|first\=Zack\|title\=LulzSec disbands: Final cache includes AT\&T internal data and 750,000 user accounts\|url\=https://www.zdnet.com/article/lulzsec\-disbands\-final\-cache\-includes\-at\-t\-internal\-data\-and\-750000\-user\-accounts/\|access\-date\=26 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[ZDNet]]\|date\=25 June 2011\|agency\=\[\[CBS Interactive]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629162328/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/igeneration/lulzsec\-disbands\-final\-cache\-includes\-at\-t\-internal\-data\-and\-750000\-user\-accounts/11134\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=29 June 2011}} including 200,000 email addresses, usernames, and encrypted passwords from hackforums.net; 12,000 names, usernames, and passwords of the [NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO") online bookshop; half a million usernames and encrypted passwords of players of the online game *[Battlefield Heroes](/wiki/Battlefield_Heroes "Battlefield Heroes")*; 50,000 usernames, email addresses, and encrypted passwords of various video game forum users; and 29 users of Priority Investigations, an Irish [private investigation](/wiki/Private_investigator "Private investigator") company. Also included were an internal manual for [AOL](/wiki/AOL "AOL") engineering staff and a screencapture of a vandalized page from [navy.mil](/wiki/Navy.mil "Navy.mil"), the website of the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy").{{cite news\|last\=Greenberg\|first\=Andy\|title\=LulzSec Says Goodbye, Dumping NATO, AT\&T, Gamer Data\|url\=https://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/06/25/lulzsec\-says\-goodbye\-dumping\-nato\-att\-gamer\-data/\|access\-date\=26 June 2011\|work\=\[\[Forbes]]\|date\=25 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627002834/http://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/06/25/lulzsec\-says\-goodbye\-dumping\-nato\-att\-gamer\-data/\|archive\-date\=27 June 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|location\=New York City}} Members of the group continued the operation with members of Anonymous after disbanding. Despite claiming to have retired, on 18 July LulzSec hacked into the website of British newspaper *[The Sun](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 "The Sun (United Kingdom)")*.{{cite magazine\|last\=Gayomail\|first\=Chris\|title\=LulzSec Hacks 'News of the World' and 'The Sun,' Plants Fake Murdoch Death Story\|url\=http://techland.time.com/2011/07/18/lulzsec\-hacks\-news\-of\-the\-world\-and\-the\-sun\-plants\-fake\-murdoch\-death\-story/\|access\-date\=18 July 2011\|magazine\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|date\=18 July 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720025516/http://techland.time.com/2011/07/18/lulzsec\-hacks\-news\-of\-the\-world\-and\-the\-sun\-plants\-fake\-murdoch\-death\-story/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=20 July 2011}} The group redirected the newspaper's website to an also\-hacked redesign website of another newspaper *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")*, altering the site to resemble *The Sun* and posting a fake story claiming that [Rupert Murdoch](/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch "Rupert Murdoch") had died after ingesting a fatal dose of [palladium](/wiki/Palladium "Palladium").{{cite news\|last\=Rovzar\|first\=Chris\|title\=Website of Murdoch's Sun Hacked\|url\=http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/07/website\_of\_murdochs\_sun\_hacked.html\|access\-date\=18 July 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[New York (magazine)\|New York Magazine]]\|date\=18 July 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721104502/http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/07/website\_of\_murdochs\_sun\_hacked.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=21 July 2011}} They objected to the involvement of [News Corporation](/wiki/News_Corporation_%281980%E2%80%932013%29 "News Corporation (1980–2013)"), the Murdoch\-owned company that publishes *The Sun* and *The Times*, in a large [phone hacking scandal](/wiki/News_International_phone_hacking_scandal "News International phone hacking scandal"). The hacked website also contained a webcomic depicting LulzSec deciding on and carrying out the attack.{{cite web\|title\=Media moguls body discovered\|url\=http://www.new\-times.co.uk/sun/\|work\=\[\[The Times]] \|access\-date\=18 July 2011\|author\=Anonymous\|author\-link\=Anonymous (group)\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240525103238/https://www.webcitation.org/60HLGySde?url\=http://www.new\-times.co.uk/sun/\|archive\-date\=25 May 2024\|url\-status\=dead\|location\=London\|date\=18 July 2011}} The group later redirected *The Sun* website to their Twitter feed. News International released a statement regarding the attacks before having the page the statement appeared on also redirected to the LulzSec Twitter page and eventually taken offline. The group also released the names and phone numbers of a reporter for *The Sun* and two others associated with the newspaper and encouraged their supporters to call them. In recent times NovaCygni of AntiSec has openly touted that the news channel Russian Television (RT) has openly stated support for the Anonymous movement and that at least one reporter for them is an active member of Anonymous. They further included an old email address and password of former News International executive [Rebekah Brooks](/wiki/Rebekah_Brooks "Rebekah Brooks").{{cite news\|last\=Mills\|first\=Elinor\|title\=Hackers target Murdoch newspaper Web site\|url\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\-27080\_3\-20080503\-245/hackers\-target\-murdoch\-newspaper\-web\-site/\|access\-date\=19 July 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[CNET]]\|date\=18 July 2011\|agency\=\[\[CBS Interactive]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109170429/http://news.cnet.com/8301\-27080\_3\-20080503\-245/hackers\-target\-murdoch\-newspaper\-web\-site/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=9 November 2011}} News Corporation took the websites offline as a precaution later in the day.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-14196327\|title\=Lulz Security hackers target Sun website\|newspaper\=\[\[BBC News]]\|publisher\=BBC\|location\=London\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719112243/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-14196327\|archive\-date\=19 July 2011\|url\-status\=live\|date\=18 July 2011\|access\-date\=19 July 2011}} ### Denied activities The media reported a number of attacks, originally attributed to LulzSec, that the group later denied involvement in. On 21 June, someone claiming to be from the group posted on Pastebin that they had stolen the entire database of the [United Kingdom Census 2011](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011 "United Kingdom Census 2011"). LulzSec responded by saying that they had obtained no such data and that whoever posted the notice was not from the group. British officials said they were investigating the incident, but have found no evidence that any databases had been compromised or any information taken.{{cite news\|last\=Paul\|first\=Ian\|title\=LulzSec Denies Taking U.K. Census Data\|url\=http://www.pcworld.com/article/230797/lulzsec\_denies\_taking\_uk\_census\_data.html\|access\-date\=21 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[PC World (magazine)\|PC World]]\|date\=21 June 2011\|agency\=\[\[International Data Group\|IDG]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623034212/http://www.pcworld.com/article/230797/lulzsec\_denies\_taking\_uk\_census\_data.html\|archive\-date\=23 June 2011}} The British government, upon concluding their investigation, called the claims that any information on the census was taken a [hoax](/wiki/Hoax "Hoax").{{cite news\|last\=Halliday\|first\=Josh\|title\=LulzSec census hacking claims 'a hoax'\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/22/lulzsec\-census\-hacking\-claims\-a\-hoax\|access\-date\=22 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=22 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623162906/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/22/lulzsec\-census\-hacking\-claims\-a\-hoax\|archive\-date\=23 June 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=London}} In June 2011, assets belonging to newspaper publisher [News International](/wiki/News_International "News International") were attacked, apparently in retaliation for reporting by [*The Sun*](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 "The Sun (United Kingdom)") of the arrest of Ryan Cleary, an associate of the group. The newspaper's website and a computer used in the publishing process of *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* were attacked.{{cite news\|last\=Rayner\|first\=Gordon\|title\=Hackers hit News International in revenge for coverage of teenager's arrest\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8594823/Hackers\-hit\-News\-International\-in\-revenge\-for\-coverage\-of\-teenagers\-arrest.html\|access\-date\=24 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|date\=23 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120918230033/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8594823/Hackers\-hit\-News\-International\-in\-revenge\-for\-coverage\-of\-teenagers\-arrest.html\|archive\-date\=18 September 2012\|url\-status\=dead\|location\=London}} However, LulzSec denied any involvement, stating "we didn't attack *The Sun* or *The Times* in any way with any kind of DDoS attack".{{cite news\|last\=Stevenson\|first\=Alastair\|title\=LulzSec deny revenge hacks on the Sun and Times newspaper websites\|url\=http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/168991/20110624/lulzsec\-lulz\-security\-operation\-anti\-ryan\-cleary\-arrest\-charge\-trial\-revenge\-attacks\-hack\-hackers\-ha.htm\|access\-date\=24 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[International Business Times]]\|date\=24 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627082025/http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/168991/20110624/lulzsec\-lulz\-security\-operation\-anti\-ryan\-cleary\-arrest\-charge\-trial\-revenge\-attacks\-hack\-hackers\-ha.htm\|archive\-date\=27 June 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|location\=New York City}} Members of AntiSec based in Essex England claimed responsibility for the attack. In June 2011, Karim Hijazi, CEO of security company Unveillance, accused the group of [blackmailing](/wiki/Extortion "Extortion") him by offering not to attack his company or its affiliates in exchange for money.{{cite news \|last\=Chapman \|first\=Stephen \|date\=22 June 2011 \|title\=LulzSec: Doing it more for the money than the lulz? \|newspaper\=\[\[ZDNet]] \|agency\=\[\[CBS Interactive]] \|url\=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/lulzsec\-doing\-it\-more\-for\-the\-money\-than\-the\-lulz/8864 \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=22 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626062246/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/lulzsec\-doing\-it\-more\-for\-the\-money\-than\-the\-lulz/8864 \|archive\-date\=26 June 2011}} LulzSec responded by claiming that Hijazi offered to pay them to attack his business opponents and that they never intended to take any money from him.{{cite news \|last\=Ragan \|first\=Steve \|date\=6 June 2011 \|title\=Unveillance faces troubled waters in the wake of LulzSec visit \|newspaper\=The Tech Herald \|url\=http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/201123/7236/Unveillance\-faces\-troubled\-waters\-in\-the\-wake\-of\-LulzSec\-visit \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=22 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608023036/http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/201123/7236/Unveillance\-faces\-troubled\-waters\-in\-the\-wake\-of\-LulzSec\-visit \|archive\-date\=8 June 2011}}
[ "History\n-------", "A federal indictment against members contends that, prior to forming the hacking collective known as LulzSec, the six members were all part of another collective called Internet Feds, a group in rivalry with [Anonymous](/wiki/Anonymous_%28group%29 \"Anonymous (group)\"). Under this name, the group attacked websites belonging to [Fine Gael](/wiki/Fine_Gael \"Fine Gael\"), [HBGary](/wiki/HBGary \"HBGary\"), and [Fox Broadcasting Company](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\"). This includes the alleged [incident](/wiki/Timeline_of_events_involving_Anonymous%23Attack_on_HBGary_Federal \"Timeline of events involving Anonymous#Attack on HBGary Federal\") in which e\\-mail messages were stolen from HBGary accounts. In May 2011, following the publicity surrounding the [HBGary](/wiki/HBGary \"HBGary\") hacks, six members of Internet Feds founded the group LulzSec.", "The group's first recorded attack was against [Fox.com](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\")'s website,{{cite web \\|date\\=31 May 2011 \\|title\\=Who is LulzSec, Hacker of PBS? Are they hacking Sony again? \\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/155143/20110531/pbs\\-hacked\\-lulzsec\\-lulz\\-sony.htm \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2011 \\|work\\=International Business Times \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603023602/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/155143/20110531/pbs\\-hacked\\-lulzsec\\-lulz\\-sony.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|last\\=Poulsen \\|first\\=Kevin \\|date\\=2 June 2011 \\|title\\=Sony Hit Yet Again; Consumer Passwords Exposed \\|publisher\\=Wired \\|url\\=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/06/sony\\-lulzsec/ \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603203348/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/06/sony\\-lulzsec/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} though they still may have been using the name Internet Feds at the time. It claimed responsibility for leaking information, including passwords, altering several employees' [LinkedIn](/wiki/LinkedIn \"LinkedIn\") profiles, and leaking a database of [X Factor](/wiki/The_X_Factor_%28U.S.%29 \"The X Factor (U.S.)\") contestants containing contact information of 73,000 contestants. They claimed to do so because the rapper [Common](/wiki/Common_%28rapper%29 \"Common (rapper)\") had been referred to as \"vile\" on air.{{cite news \\|date\\=21 June 2011 \\|title\\=A Brief History of the LulzSec Hackers \\|publisher\\=Fox News Channel \\|location\\=New York City \\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/06/21/brief\\-history\\-lulzsec\\-hackers/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624125919/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/06/21/brief\\-history\\-lulzsec\\-hackers/ \\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2011}}", "LulzSec drew its name from the [neologism](/wiki/Neologism \"Neologism\") \"[lulz](/wiki/Lulz \"Lulz\")\", (from [lol](/wiki/Lol \"Lol\")), \"laughing out loud\", which represents laughter, and \"Sec\", short for \"Security\". The *[Wall Street Journal](/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal \"Wall Street Journal\")* characterized its attacks as closer to Internet pranks than serious cyber\\-warfare,{{cite news \\|last1\\=Morse \\|first1\\=Andrew \\|last2\\=Sherr \\|first2\\=Ian \\|date\\=6 June 2011 \\|title\\=For Some Hackers, The Goal Is Just To Play A Prank \\|page\\=B1 \\|newspaper\\=The Wall Street Journal \\|url\\=https://online.wsj.com/article/BT\\-CO\\-20110605\\-702801\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609014101/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT\\-CO\\-20110605\\-702801\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} while the group itself claimed to possess the capability of stronger attacks.{{cn\\|date\\=December 2020}} It gained attention in part due to its brazen claims of responsibility and lighthearted taunting of corporations that were hacked. It frequently referred to [Internet memes](/wiki/Internet_meme \"Internet meme\") when defacing websites. The group emerged in May 2011, and successfully attacked websites of several major corporations. It specialized in finding websites with poor security, stealing and posting information from them online. It used well\\-known straightforward methods, such as [SQL injection](/wiki/SQL_injection \"SQL injection\"), to attack its target websites. Several media sources have described their tactics as [grey hat](/wiki/Grey_hat \"Grey hat\") hacking.{{cite news \\|last\\=Mitchell \\|first\\=Dan \\|date\\=9 June 2011 \\|title\\=Yet another hack, yet another delay in reporting it \\|newspaper\\=CNN Money \\|url\\=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/09/yet\\-another\\-hack\\-yet\\-another\\-delay\\-in\\-reporting\\-it/?section\\=magazines\\_fortune \\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616124734/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/09/yet\\-another\\-hack\\-yet\\-another\\-delay\\-in\\-reporting\\-it/?section\\=magazines\\_fortune \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|last\\=Raywood \\|first\\=Dan \\|date\\=10 June 2011 \\|title\\=Security expert publicly backs 'grey hats' such as LulzSec, saying that public disclosure will help businesses \\|newspaper\\=SC Magazine \\|url\\=http://www.scmagazineuk.com/security\\-expert\\-publicly\\-backs\\-grey\\-hats\\-such\\-as\\-lulzsec\\-saying\\-that\\-public\\-disclosure\\-will\\-help\\-businesses/article/204904/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611225301/http://www.scmagazineuk.com/security\\-expert\\-publicly\\-backs\\-grey\\-hats\\-such\\-as\\-lulzsec\\-saying\\-that\\-public\\-disclosure\\-will\\-help\\-businesses/article/204904/ \\|archive\\-date\\=11 June 2011}} Members of the group may have been involved in a [previous attack](/wiki/Anonymous_%28group%29%23Attack_on_HBGary_Federal \"Anonymous (group)#Attack on HBGary Federal\") against the security firm [HBGary](/wiki/HBGary \"HBGary\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Acohido \\|first\\=Byron \\|date\\=20 June 2011 \\|title\\=Who's who among key LulzSec hackitivists \\|work\\=USA Today \\|url\\=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/technologylive/post/2011/06/whos\\-who\\-among\\-key\\-lulzsec\\-hackitivists/1 \\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623044109/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/technologylive/post/2011/06/whos\\-who\\-among\\-key\\-lulzsec\\-hackitivists/1? \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "The group used the motto \"Laughing at your security since 2011!\" and its website, created in June 2011, played the theme from *[The Love Boat](/wiki/The_Love_Boat \"The Love Boat\")*. It announced its exploits via Twitter and its own website, often accompanied with lighthearted [ASCII art](/wiki/ASCII_art \"ASCII art\") drawings of boats. Its website also included a [bitcoin](/wiki/Bitcoin \"Bitcoin\") donation link to help fund its activities.{{cite news \\|last\\=Olson \\|first\\=Parmy \\|date\\=6 June 2011 \\|title\\=LulzSec Hackers Post Sony Dev. Source Code, Get $7K Donation \\|work\\=Forbes \\|url\\=https://blogs.forbes.com/parmyolson/2011/06/06/lulzsec\\-hackers\\-posts\\-sony\\-dev\\-source\\-code\\-get\\-7k\\-donation/ \\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608033442/http://blogs.forbes.com/parmyolson/2011/06/06/lulzsec\\-hackers\\-posts\\-sony\\-dev\\-source\\-code\\-get\\-7k\\-donation/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Ian Paul of *[PC World](/wiki/PC_World_%28magazine%29 \"PC World (magazine)\")* wrote that, \"As its name suggests, LulzSec claims to be interested in mocking and embarrassing companies by exposing security flaws rather than stealing data for criminal purposes.\"Paul, Ian. \"[Lulz Boat Hacks Sony's Harbor: FAQ](http://www.pcworld.com/article/229316/lulz_boat_hacks_sonys_harbor_faq.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606093410/http://www.pcworld.com/article/229316/lulz\\_boat\\_hacks\\_sonys\\_harbor\\_faq.html\\|date\\=6 June 2011}}.\" *[PC World](/wiki/PC_World_%28magazine%29 \"PC World (magazine)\")*. 3 June 2011\\. Retrieved on 6 June 2011\\. The group was also critical of [white hat](/wiki/White_hat_%28computer_security%29 \"White hat (computer security)\") hackers, claiming that many of them have been corrupted by their employers.", "Some in the security community contended that the group raised awareness of the widespread lack of effective security against hackers.{{cite news \\|last\\=Ragan \\|first\\=Steve \\|date\\=8 June 2011 \\|title\\=One month later – LulzSec continues their personal brand of comedy \\|newspaper\\=The Tech Herald \\|url\\=http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/201123/7251/One\\-month\\-later\\-%E2%80%93\\-LulzSec\\-continues\\-their\\-personal\\-brand\\-of\\-comedy \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611022616/http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/201123/7251/One\\-month\\-later\\-%E2%80%93\\-LulzSec\\-continues\\-their\\-personal\\-brand\\-of\\-comedy \\|archive\\-date\\=11 June 2011}} They were credited with inspiring [LulzRaft](/wiki/LulzRaft \"LulzRaft\"), a group implicated in several high\\-profile website hacks in Canada.{{cite news \\|last\\=Beltrame \\|first\\=Julian \\|date\\=8 June 2011 \\|title\\=Hacker without a cause scores with Harper 'breakfast incident' hoax \\|newspaper\\=The Canadian Press \\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5haZn2PyOSvxJly0\\_pPXkakAc52kA?docId\\=7077370 \\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613044958/http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5haZn2PyOSvxJly0\\_pPXkakAc52kA?docId\\=7077370 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In June 2011 the group took suggestions for sites to hit with [denial\\-of\\-service attacks](/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack \"Denial-of-service attack\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Boscker \\|first\\=Bianca \\|date\\=15 June 2011 \\|title\\=LulzSec Hacker Group Now Taking Requests \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Huffington Post]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[AOL]] \\|location\\=New York City \\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/15/lulzsec\\-hacker\\-group\\-now\\-\\_n\\_877309\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617231438/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/15/lulzsec\\-hacker\\-group\\-now\\-\\_n\\_877309\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2011}} The group redirected telephone numbers to different customer support lines, including the line for [World of Warcraft](/wiki/World_of_Warcraft \"World of Warcraft\"), magnets.com, and the FBI [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\") office. The group claimed this sent five to 20 calls per second to these sources, overwhelming their support officers.{{cite news \\|last\\=Albanesius \\|first\\=Chloe \\|date\\=15 June 2011 \\|title\\=LulzSec Call\\-In Line Taking Hacking Requests \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[PC Magazine]] \\|url\\=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386959,00\\.asp \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102040704/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386959,00\\.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=2 November 2012}} On 24 June 2011, *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* released leaked logs of one of the group's IRC chats, revealing that the core group was a small group of hackers with a leader Sabu who exercised large control over the group's activities. It also revealed that the group had connections with [Anonymous](/wiki/Anonymous_%28group%29 \"Anonymous (group)\"), though was not formally affiliated with it. Some LulzSec members had once been prominent Anonymous members, including member [Topiary](/wiki/Topiary_%28hacktivist%29 \"Topiary (hacktivist)\").", "At just after midnight (UTC) on 26 June 2011, LulzSec released a \"50 days of lulz\" statement, which they claimed to be their final release, confirming that LulzSec consisted of six members, and that their website was to be taken down. The group claimed that they had planned to be active for only fifty days from the beginning.{{cite news \\|last\\=Moyer \\|first\\=Edward \\|date\\=25 June 2011 \\|title\\=Hacking group LulzSec says it's calling it quits \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[CNET.com]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[CBS Interactive]] \\|url\\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-1009\\_3\\-20074416\\-83/hacking\\-group\\-lulzsec\\-says\\-its\\-calling\\-it\\-quits/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015190803/http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-1009\\_3\\-20074416\\-83/hacking\\-group\\-lulzsec\\-says\\-its\\-calling\\-it\\-quits/ \\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2011}} \"We're not quitting because we're afraid of law enforcement. The press are getting bored of us, and we're getting bored of us,\" a group member said in an interview to the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Svensson \\|first\\=Peter \\|date\\=26 June 2011 \\|title\\=Hacker group LulzSec says it's disbanding \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[USA Today]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2011\\-06\\-26\\-lulzsec\\-disbands\\_N.htm \\|access\\-date\\=27 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627213324/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2011\\-06\\-26\\-lulzsec\\-disbands\\_N.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Members of the group were reported to have joined with Anonymous members to continue the AntiSec operation.{{cite news \\|last\\=Olivarez\\-Giles \\|first\\=Nathan \\|date\\=29 June 2011 \\|title\\=AntiSec 'hackers without borders' claim new hack on Arizona state police \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|location\\=Los Angeles \\|url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/06/antisec\\-hackers\\-leak\\-files\\-said\\-to\\-be\\-from\\-arizona\\-state\\-police.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703061036/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/06/antisec\\-hackers\\-leak\\-files\\-said\\-to\\-be\\-from\\-arizona\\-state\\-police.html \\|archive\\-date\\=3 July 2011}} However, despite claiming to retire, the group remained in communication as it attacked the websites of British newspapers *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")* and *[The Sun](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"The Sun (United Kingdom)\")* on 18 July, leaving a false story on the death of owner [Rupert Murdoch](/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch \"Rupert Murdoch\").", "### Initial targets", "The group's first attacks came in May 2011\\. Their first recorded target was Fox.com, which they retaliated against after they called Common, a rapper and entertainer, \"vile\" on the [Fox News Channel](/wiki/Fox_News_Channel \"Fox News Channel\"). They leaked several passwords, LinkedIn profiles, and the names of 73,000 X Factor contestants. Soon after on 15 May, they released the transaction logs of 3,100 [Automated Teller Machines](/wiki/Automated_Teller_Machine \"Automated Teller Machine\") in the United Kingdom. In May 2011, members of Lulz Security gained international attention for hacking the American [Public Broadcasting System](/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_System \"Public Broadcasting System\") (PBS) website. They stole user data and posted a fake story on the site which claimed that [Tupac Shakur](/wiki/Tupac_Shakur \"Tupac Shakur\") and [Biggie Smalls](/wiki/Biggie_Smalls \"Biggie Smalls\") were still alive and living in New Zealand. In the aftermath of the attack, [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") referred to the responsible group as the \"Lulz Boat\".{{cite news\\|title\\=Hackers pirate PBS website, post fake story about Tupac still alive\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2011/TECH/web/05/30/pbs.hackers/index.html?iid\\=EL\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=6 June 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606050823/http://www.cnn.com/2011/TECH/web/05/30/pbs.hackers/index.html?iid\\=EL\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Lulz Security claimed that some of its hacks, including its attack on PBS, were motivated by a desire to defend [WikiLeaks](/wiki/WikiLeaks \"WikiLeaks\") and [Chelsea Manning](/wiki/Chelsea_Manning \"Chelsea Manning\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Olson\\|first\\=Parmy\\|title\\=Interview With PBS Hackers: We Did It For 'Lulz And Justice'\\|url\\=https://blogs.forbes.com/parmyolson/2011/05/31/interview\\-with\\-pbs\\-hackers\\-we\\-did\\-it\\-for\\-lulz\\-and\\-justice/\\|work\\=Forbes\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2011\\|date\\=31 May 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808014106/http://blogs.forbes.com/parmyolson/2011/05/31/interview\\-with\\-pbs\\-hackers\\-we\\-did\\-it\\-for\\-lulz\\-and\\-justice/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\") report on the group quoted one commentator, Brandon Pike, who claimed that Lulz Security was affiliated with the [hacktivist](/wiki/Hacktivism \"Hacktivism\") group [Anonymous](/wiki/Anonymous_%28group%29 \"Anonymous (group)\"). Lulz Security claimed that Pike had actually hired it to hack PBS. Pike denied the accusation and claimed it was leveled against him because he said Lulz Security was a splinter of Anonymous.{{cite news \\|last\\=Kaplan \\|first\\=Jeremy \\|title\\=Group Claims It Was 'Paid to Hack PBS,' Then Leaks a Million Sony User IDs \\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/06/02/man\\-denies\\-paying\\-group\\-to\\-hack\\-pbsorg/ \\|publisher\\=Fox News \\|date\\=2 June 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604124753/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/06/02/man\\-denies\\-paying\\-group\\-to\\-hack\\-pbsorg/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In June 2011, members of the group claimed responsibility for an attack against [Sony Pictures](/wiki/Sony_Pictures \"Sony Pictures\") that took data that included \"names, passwords, e\\-mail addresses, home addresses and dates of birth for thousands of people.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Pepitone\\|first\\=Julianne\\|title\\=Group claims fresh hack of 1 million Sony accounts Money\\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/2012/06/02/technology/sony\\_lulz\\_hack/?section\\=money\\_latest\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=2 June 2011\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2012}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=July 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} The group claimed that it used a [SQL injection attack](/wiki/SQL_injection_attack \"SQL injection attack\"),{{cite web\\|last\\=Ogg\\|first\\=Erica\\|title\\=Hackers steal more customer info from Sony servers\\|url\\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-31021\\_3\\-20068414\\-260/hackers\\-steal\\-more\\-customer\\-info\\-from\\-sony\\-servers\\|publisher\\=CNET\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=1 August 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801073415/http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-31021\\_3\\-20068414\\-260/hackers\\-steal\\-more\\-customer\\-info\\-from\\-sony\\-servers/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and was motivated by Sony's legal action against [George Hotz](/wiki/George_Hotz \"George Hotz\") for [jailbreaking](/wiki/Jailbreak_%28computer_science%29 \"Jailbreak (computer science)\") the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 \"PlayStation 3\"). The group claimed it would launch an attack that would be the \"beginning of the end\" for Sony.{{cite web\\|last\\=Reisinger\\|first\\=Don\\|title\\=Tupac hackers to Sony: 'Beginning of the end'\\|url\\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-13506\\_3\\-20067865\\-17\\.html?tag\\=mncol;txt\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120712031528/http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-13506\\_3\\-20067865\\-17\\.html?tag\\=mncol;txt\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2012\\|publisher\\=CNET\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2012}} Some of the compromised user information was subsequently used in scams.{{cite web\\|last\\=Ars Staff\\|title\\=Lulz? Sony hackers deny responsibility for misuse of leaked data\\|date\\=3 June 2011\\|url\\=https://arstechnica.com/tech\\-policy/news/2012/06/lulz\\-sony\\-hackers\\-deny\\-responsibility\\-for\\-misuse\\-of\\-leaked\\-data.ars\\|publisher\\=Ars Technica\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=22 May 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522152042/https://arstechnica.com/tech\\-policy/2011/06/lulz\\-sony\\-hackers\\-deny\\-responsibility\\-for\\-misuse\\-of\\-leaked\\-data/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The group claimed to have compromised over 1,000,000 accounts, though Sony claimed the real number was around 37,500\\.{{cite news\\|last\\=Olivarez\\-Giles\\|first\\=Nathan\\|title\\=Sony Pictures says LulzSec hacked 37,500 user accounts, not 1 million\\|url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/06/sony\\-denies\\-lulzsec\\-hacked\\-1\\-million\\-user\\-accounts\\-estimates\\-it\\-was\\-37500\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2012\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|date\\=9 June 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614001856/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/06/sony\\-denies\\-lulzsec\\-hacked\\-1\\-million\\-user\\-accounts\\-estimates\\-it\\-was\\-37500\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|location\\=Los Angeles}}", "### Corporate attacks", "Lulz Security attempted to hack into [Nintendo](/wiki/Nintendo \"Nintendo\"), but both the group and Nintendo itself report that no particularly valuable information was found by the hackers.{{cite news\\|title\\=LulzSec Hacks Nintendo: No User Information Released\\|url\\=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386428,00\\.asp\\|newspaper\\=PCMag\\|date\\=5 June 2012\\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2011\\|first\\=David\\|last\\=Murphy\\|archive\\-date\\=28 June 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628000744/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386428,00\\.asp\\|url\\-status\\=live}} LulzSec claimed that it did not mean to harm Nintendo, declaring: \"We're not targeting Nintendo. We like the [N64](/wiki/Nintendo_64 \"Nintendo 64\") too much — we sincerely hope Nintendo plugs the gap.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Nintendo Is Hit by Hackers, but Breach Is Deemed Minor \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/06/technology/06hack.html \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=5 June 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2011 \\|first\\=Hiroko \\|last\\=Tabuchi \\|author\\-link\\=Hiroko Tabuchi \\|archive\\-date\\=9 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609091813/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/06/technology/06hack.html? \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 11 June, reports emerged that LulzSec hacked into and stole user information from the [pornography website](/wiki/Internet_pornography \"Internet pornography\") www.pron.com. They obtained and published around 26,000 e\\-mail addresses and passwords. Among the information stolen were records of two users who subscribed using email addresses associated with the Malaysian government, three users who subscribed using United States military email addresses and 55 users who LulzSec claimed were administrators of other adult\\-oriented websites. Following the breach, Facebook locked the accounts of all users who had used the published e\\-mail addresses, and also blocked new Facebook accounts opened using the leaked e\\-mail addresses, fearing that users of the site would get hacked after LulzSec encouraged people to try and see if these people used identical user name and password combinations on Facebook as well.{{cite news\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Keir\\|title\\=Porn Site Users Beware: Hacker Group LulzSec May Have Posted Your Email Address\\|url\\=http://www.pcworld.com/article/230122/porn\\_site\\_users\\_beware\\_hacker\\_group\\_lulzsec\\_may\\_have\\_posted\\_your\\_email\\_address.html\\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2012\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[PC World (magazine)\\|PC World]]\\|date\\=11 June 2012\n\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120907212709/http://www.pcworld.com/article/230122/porn\\_site\\_users\\_beware\\_hacker\\_group\\_lulzsec\\_may\\_have\\_posted\\_your\\_email\\_address.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=7 September 2012}}", "LulzSec hacked into the [Bethesda Game Studios](/wiki/Bethesda_Game_Studios \"Bethesda Game Studios\") network and posted information taken from the network onto the Internet, though they refrained from publishing 200,000 compromised accounts.{{cite news\\|last\\=Albanesius\\|first\\=Chloe\\|title\\=LulzSec Targets Bethesda Softworks, Porn Site\\|url\\=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386861,00\\.asp\\|publisher\\=PC magazine\\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2012\\|date\\=13 June 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=14 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514023641/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386861,00\\.asp\\|url\\-status\\=live}} LulzSec posted to Twitter regarding the attack, \"Bethesda, we broke into your site over two months ago. We've had all of your *[Brink](/wiki/Brink_%28video_game%29 \"Brink (video game)\")* users for weeks, Please fix your junk, thanks!\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Ben\\|first\\=Kuchera\\|title\\=LulzSec hackers demand hats, threaten release of Brink user data\\|date\\=13 June 2011\\|url\\=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2011/06/hacker\\-group\\-lulzsec\\-demands\\-hats\\-threatens\\-release\\-of\\-brink\\-user\\-data.ars\\|publisher\\=Ars Technica\\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=2 January 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102194039/http://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2011/06/hacker\\-group\\-lulzsec\\-demands\\-hats\\-threatens\\-release\\-of\\-brink\\-user\\-data.ars\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On 14 June 2011, LulzSec took down four websites by request of fans as part of their \"Titanic Take\\-down Tuesday\". These websites were *[Minecraft](/wiki/Minecraft \"Minecraft\")*, *[League of Legends](/wiki/League_of_Legends \"League of Legends\")*, [*The Escapist*](/wiki/The_Escapist_%28magazine%29 \"The Escapist (magazine)\"), and IT security company [FinFisher](/wiki/FinFisher \"FinFisher\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Bright \\|first\\=Peter \\|title\\=Titanic Takeover Tuesday: LulzSec's busy day of hacking escapades \\|url\\=https://arstechnica.com/tech\\-policy/news/2011/06/titanic\\-takeover\\-tuesday\\-lulzsecs\\-busy\\-day\\-of\\-hacking\\-escapades.ars \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2011 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Ars Technica]] \\|date\\=14 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617030647/http://arstechnica.com/tech\\-policy/news/2011/06/titanic\\-takeover\\-tuesday\\-lulzsecs\\-busy\\-day\\-of\\-hacking\\-escapades.ars?comments\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} They also attacked the login servers of the massively multiplayer online game *[EVE Online](/wiki/EVE_Online \"EVE Online\")*, which also disabled the game's front\\-facing website, and the *[League of Legends](/wiki/League_of_Legends \"League of Legends\")* login servers. Most of the takedowns were performed with [distributed denial\\-of\\-service attacks](/wiki/Distributed_denial-of-service_attack \"Distributed denial-of-service attack\").{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Peckham\\|first\\=Matt\\|title\\=LulzSec Knocks 'Minecraft,' 'EVE Online,' 'League of Legends' and 'The Escapist' Offline\\|url\\=http://techland.time.com/2011/06/14/lulzsec\\-knocks\\-minecraft\\-eve\\-online\\-league\\-of\\-legends\\-and\\-the\\-escapist\\-offline/\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2011\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]]\\|date\\=14 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616110019/http://techland.time.com/2011/06/14/lulzsec\\-knocks\\-minecraft\\-eve\\-online\\-league\\-of\\-legends\\-and\\-the\\-escapist\\-offline/\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|location\\=New York City}} On 15 June, LulzSec took down the main server of S2 Games' *[Heroes of Newerth](/wiki/Heroes_of_Newerth \"Heroes of Newerth\")* as another phone request. They claimed, \"*Heroes of Newerth* master login server is down. They need some treatment. Also, [*DotA*](/wiki/Defense_of_the_Ancients \"Defense of the Ancients\") is better.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=LulzSec\\|title\\=Tweet 81036958826102784\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/LulzSec/status/81036958826102784\\|publisher\\=Twitter\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=25 October 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025151735/https://twitter.com/LulzSec/status/81036958826102784\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On 16 June, LulzSec posted a random assortment of 62,000 emails and passwords to [MediaFire](/wiki/MediaFire \"MediaFire\"). LulzSec stated they released this in return for supporters flooding the [4chan](/wiki/4chan \"4chan\") [/b/](/wiki//b/ \"/b/\") board.{{cite web\\|last\\=LulzSec\\|title\\=Tweet 81327464156119040\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/LulzSec/status/81327464156119040\\|publisher\\=Twitter\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=12 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033145/https://twitter.com/lulzsec/status/81327464156119040\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The group did not say what websites the combinations were for and encouraged followers to plug them into various sites until they gained access to an account. Some reported gaining access to Facebook accounts and changing images to sexual content and others to using the [Amazon.com](/wiki/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com\") accounts of others to purchase several books.{{cite news\\|last\\=Kobie\\|first\\=Nicole\\|title\\=LulzSec hackers leak 62,000 email logins\\|url\\=http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/368122/lulzsec\\-hackers\\-leak\\-62\\-000\\-email\\-logins\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2012\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[PC Pro]]\\|date\\=16 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618035059/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/368122/lulzsec\\-hackers\\-leak\\-62\\-000\\-email\\-logins\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=18 June 2011}} Writerspace.com, a literary website, later admitted that the addresses and passwords came from users of their site.{{cite news\\|last\\=Dunn\\|first\\=John\\|title\\=LulzSec Hacker Victims Alerted\\|url\\=http://www.pcworld.com/article/230683/lulzsec\\_hacker\\_victims\\_alerted.html\\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[PC World (magazine)\\|PC World]]\\|date\\=19 June 2011\\|agency\\=\\[\\[International Data Group\\|IDG]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620190153/http://www.pcworld.com/article/230683/lulzsec\\_hacker\\_victims\\_alerted.html\\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2011}}", "### Government\\-focused activities", "LulzSec claimed to have hacked local [InfraGard](/wiki/InfraGard \"InfraGard\") chapter sites, a non\\-profit organization affiliated with the FBI. The group leaked some of InfraGard member e\\-mails and a database of local users.{{cite news\\|title\\=LulzSec claims to have hacked FBI\\-affiliated website\\|url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/06/lulz\\-security\\-claims\\-to\\-have\\-hacked\\-fbi\\-affiliated\\-website\\-.html\\|newspaper\\=LA Times\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=16 November 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116081929/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/06/lulz\\-security\\-claims\\-to\\-have\\-hacked\\-fbi\\-affiliated\\-website\\-.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The group defaced the website posting the following message, \"LET IT FLOW YOU STUPID FBI BATTLESHIPS\", accompanied with a video. LulzSec posted:", "{{quote\\|It has come to our unfortunate attention that NATO and our good friend Barrack Osama\\-Llama 24th\\-century Obama \\[sic] have recently upped the stakes with regard to hacking. They now treat hacking as an act of war. So, we just hacked an FBI affiliated website (Infragard, specifically the Atlanta chapter) and leaked its user base. We also took complete control over the site and defaced it\\[.]{{cite web\\|last\\=Read \\|first\\=Max \\|title\\=LulzSec Hackers Go After FBI Affiliates \\|url\\=http://gawker.com/5808517/lulzsec\\-hackers\\-go\\-after\\-fbi\\-affiliates \\|publisher\\=Gawker \\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606132545/http://gawker.com/5808517/lulzsec\\-hackers\\-go\\-after\\-fbi\\-affiliates \\|archive\\-date\\=6 June 2011 }}}}", "On 9 June, LulzSec sent an email to the administrators of the British [National Health Service](/wiki/National_Health_Service \"National Health Service\"), informing them of a security vulnerability discovered in NHS systems. LulzSec stated that they did not intend to exploit this vulnerability, saying in the email that \"We mean you no harm and only want to help you fix your tech issues.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\\-13712377\\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2012\\|title\\=Hackers warn NHS over security\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=9 June 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129221621/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\\-13712377\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On 13 June, LulzSec released the e\\-mails and passwords of a number of users of [senate.gov](http://senate.gov/), the website of the [United States Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Ogg\\|first\\=Erica\\|title\\=LulzSec targets videogame maker ZeniMax Media\\|url\\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-31021\\_3\\-20070873\\-260/lulzsec\\-targets\\-videogame\\-maker\\-zenimax\\-media/\\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2011\\|date\\=13 June 2012\\|agency\\=\\[\\[CNET.com]]. \\[\\[CBS Interactive]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120715025034/http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-31021\\_3\\-20070873\\-260/lulzsec\\-targets\\-videogame\\-maker\\-zenimax\\-media/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=15 July 2012}} The information released also included the [root directory](/wiki/Root_directory \"Root directory\") of parts of the website. LulzSec stated, \"This is a small, just\\-for\\-kicks release of some internal data from senate.gov – is this an act of war, gentlemen? Problem?\" referencing a recent statement by [the Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon \"The Pentagon\") that some cyberattacks could be considered an [act of war](/wiki/Casus_belli \"Casus belli\"). No highly sensitive information appears in the release.{{cite news\\|last\\=Morse\\|first\\=Andrew\\|title\\=LulzSec Hacker Group Claims Attack on US Senate Website\\|url\\=https://online.wsj.com/article/BT\\-CO\\-20110613\\-710201\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\|date\\=13 June 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616052812/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT\\-CO\\-20110613\\-710201\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2011}}", "On 15 June, LulzSec launched an attack on [CIA.gov](https://www.cia.gov), the public website of the United States [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\"), taking the website offline with a distributed denial\\-of\\-service attack.{{cite news\\|title\\=CIA website hacked; LulzSec takes credit (again)\\|url\\=http://news.consumerreports.org/electronics/2011/06/cia\\-website\\-hacked\\-lulzsec\\-takes\\-credit\\-again.html\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Consumer Reports]]\\|date\\=16 June 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618033144/http://news.consumerreports.org/electronics/2011/06/cia\\-website\\-hacked\\-lulzsec\\-takes\\-credit\\-again.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=18 June 2011}} The website was down from 5:48 pm to 8:00 pm [eastern time](/wiki/Eastern_time \"Eastern time\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Nakashima\\|first\\=Ellen\\|title\\=CIA Web site hacked; group LulzSec takes credit\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national\\-security/cia\\-web\\-site\\-hacked/2011/06/15/AGGNphWH\\_story.html\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\|date\\=15 June 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630121515/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national\\-security/cia\\-web\\-site\\-hacked/2011/06/15/AGGNphWH\\_story.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=30 June 2011 }}", "On 2 December, an offshoot of LulzSec calling itself LulzSec Portugal, attacked several sites related to the government of Portugal. The websites for the [Bank of Portugal](/wiki/Bank_of_Portugal \"Bank of Portugal\"), the [Assembly of the Republic](/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_%28Portugal%29 \"Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)\"), and the [Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Development](/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy%2C_Innovation_and_Development \"Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Development\") all became unavailable for a few hours.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hackers voltam a atacar sites portugueses\\|url\\=http://www.tvi24\\.iol.pt/tecnologia/lulzsec\\-hackers\\-tvi24/1304669\\-4069\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2012\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[TVI 24]]\\|date\\=2 December 2012\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Televisão Independente]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203083010/http://www.tvi24\\.iol.pt/tecnologia/lulzsec\\-hackers\\-tvi24/1304669\\-4069\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|language\\=pt}}", "### Relationship to WikiLeaks", "In June 2011, WikiLeaks representative [Sigurdur Thordarson](/wiki/Sigurdur_Thordarson \"Sigurdur Thordarson\") contacted members of the [Anonymous](/wiki/Anonymous_%28hacker_group%29 \"Anonymous (hacker group)\") group [LulzSec](/wiki/LulzSec \"LulzSec\") and told them to join a new [IRC server](/wiki/IRC_server \"IRC server\"). Thordarson said he and Assange wanted help infiltrating several Icelandic corporate and government sites. They explained that they wanted evidence of corruption or that the government was unfairly targeting WikiLeaks and that evidence could help start an uprising in [Iceland](/wiki/Iceland \"Iceland\"). LulzSec hackers [Sabu](/wiki/Hector_Monsegur \"Hector Monsegur\") and [Topiary](/wiki/Topiary_%28hacktivist%29 \"Topiary (hacktivist)\") were skeptical but later believed that Assange was personally part of the chat. According to another former core member of LulzSec, members of the group failed to access Icelandic government servers when the server didn't respond correctly. Thordarson offered LulzSec an encrypted spreadsheet of classified government data that needed to be decrypted and explained that WikiLeaks had computers at [MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\") trying unsuccessfully for two weeks. Sabu took over communicating with WikiLeaks, and Assange visited the chat several more times in the next few weeks.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Olson \\|first\\=Parmy \\|title\\=We are anonymous: inside the hacker world of LulzSec, Anonymous, and the Global Cyber Insurgency \\|date\\=2012 \\|publisher\\=Little, Brown \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-316\\-21354\\-7 \\|location\\=New York \\|author\\-link\\=Parmy Olson}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Anderson \\|first\\=Nate \\|date\\=2012\\-05\\-30 \\|title\\=New book: WikiLeaks wanted LulzSec's help to hack Iceland \\|url\\=https://arstechnica.com/tech\\-policy/2012/05/new\\-book\\-wikileaks\\-wanted\\-lulzsecs\\-help\\-to\\-hack\\-iceland/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-09 \\|website\\=Ars Technica \\|language\\=en\\-us \\|archive\\-date\\=19 September 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919103931/https://arstechnica.com/tech\\-policy/2012/05/new\\-book\\-wikileaks\\-wanted\\-lulzsecs\\-help\\-to\\-hack\\-iceland/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|date\\=2012\\-05\\-30 \\|title\\=Link Between WikiLeaks And Hacker Group Revealed \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty \\|url\\=https://www.rferl.org/a/as\\-assange\\-awaits\\-uk\\-verdict\\-link\\-between\\-wikileaks\\-hacker\\-group\\-lulzsec\\-revealed/24596950\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-09 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 September 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919103932/https://www.rferl.org/a/as\\-assange\\-awaits\\-uk\\-verdict\\-link\\-between\\-wikileaks\\-hacker\\-group\\-lulzsec\\-revealed/24596950\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hicks \\|first\\=Jesse \\|date\\=2012\\-06\\-07 \\|title\\=Inside Anonymous: an interview with Parmy Olson \\|url\\=https://www.theverge.com/2012/6/7/3070945/parmy\\-olson\\-inside\\-anonymous\\-five\\-minutes\\-on\\-the\\-verge \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-09 \\|website\\=The Verge \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412123800/http://www.theverge.com/2012/6/7/3070945/parmy\\-olson\\-inside\\-anonymous\\-five\\-minutes\\-on\\-the\\-verge \\|url\\-status\\=live }} According to chat logs, Thordarson and Sabu talked about submitting the [Syria files](/wiki/Syria_Files \"Syria Files\") and about recruiting Sabu to become member of WikiLeaks, and WikiLeaks gave the hackers a script to help search emails.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Greenberg \\|first\\=Andy \\|title\\=Here's What It Looks Like When Two Hacker FBI Informants Try To Inform On Each Other \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/06/28/heres\\-what\\-it\\-looks\\-like\\-when\\-two\\-hacker\\-fbi\\-informants\\-try\\-to\\-inform\\-on\\-each\\-other/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-09 \\|website\\=Forbes \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=19 September 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919103931/https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/06/28/heres\\-what\\-it\\-looks\\-like\\-when\\-two\\-hacker\\-fbi\\-informants\\-try\\-to\\-inform\\-on\\-each\\-other/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-17 \\|title\\=WikiLeaks Helped Hackers Rifle Through Stolen Emails: Leaked FBI Docs \\|url\\=https://gizmodo.com/wikileaks\\-helped\\-hackers\\-rifle\\-through\\-stolen\\-company\\-e\\-1830484350 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-09 \\|website\\=Gizmodo \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=19 September 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919103931/https://gizmodo.com/wikileaks\\-helped\\-hackers\\-rifle\\-through\\-stolen\\-company\\-e\\-1830484350 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In June 2020, the Department of Justice filed an indictment against Assange that included allegations he conspired and tried to recruit Anonymous and LulzSec hackers.{{Cite web \\|title\\=WikiLeaks founder charged with conspiring with Anonymous and LulzSec hackers \\|url\\=https://www.zdnet.com/article/wikileaks\\-founder\\-charged\\-with\\-conspiring\\-with\\-anonymous\\-and\\-lulzsec\\-hackers/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-09 \\|website\\=ZDNET \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=19 September 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919103931/https://www.zdnet.com/article/wikileaks\\-founder\\-charged\\-with\\-conspiring\\-with\\-anonymous\\-and\\-lulzsec\\-hackers/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Operation Anti\\-Security", "{{main\\|Operation AntiSec}}\nOn 20 June, the group announced it had teamed up with Anonymous for \"Operation Anti\\-Security\". They encouraged supporters to steal and publish classified government information from any source while leaving the term \"AntiSec\" as evidence of their intrusion. Also listed as potential targets were major banks.{{cite news\\|last\\=Ross\\|first\\=Nick\\|title\\=Lulzsec teams up with Anonymous\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/technology/articles/2011/06/20/3248520\\.htm\\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[ABC Online]]\\|date\\=20 June 2011\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]\\|archive\\-date\\=22 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622062008/http://www.abc.net.au/technology/articles/2011/06/20/3248520\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")* characterized the operation as an open declaration of [cyberwarfare](/wiki/Cyberwarfare \"Cyberwarfare\") against big government and corporations.{{cite news\\|last\\=Acohido\\|first\\=Byron\\|title\\=LulzSec, Anonymous declare war against governments, corporations\\|url\\=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/technologylive/post/2011/06/lulzsec\\-anonymous\\-declare\\-war\\-against\\-governments\\-corporations/1\\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|date\\=20 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623022317/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/technologylive/post/2011/06/lulzsec\\-anonymous\\-declare\\-war\\-against\\-governments\\-corporations/1\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2011 }} Their first target of the operation was the [Serious Organised Crime Agency](/wiki/Serious_Organised_Crime_Agency \"Serious Organised Crime Agency\") (SOCA), a national [law enforcement agency](/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency \"Law enforcement agency\") of the United Kingdom. LulzSec claimed to have taken the website offline at about 11 am EST on 20 June 2011, though it only remained down for a few minutes.{{cite news\\|last\\=Meyer\\|first\\=David\\|title\\=LulzSec claims Soca hack\\|url\\=http://www.zdnet.co.uk/blogs/communication\\-breakdown\\-10000030/lulzsec\\-claims\\-soca\\-hack\\-10022772/\\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[ZDNet]]\\|date\\=20 June 2011\\|agency\\=\\[\\[CBS Interactive]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130114040522/http://www.zdnet.co.uk/blogs/communication\\-breakdown\\-10000030/lulzsec\\-claims\\-soca\\-hack\\-10022772/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2013}} While the attack appeared to be a DDoS attack, LulzSec tweeted that actual hacking was taking place \"behind the scenes\". At about 6:10 pm EST on 20 June, SOCA's website went down yet again.{{cite news\\|title\\=Soca website taken down after LulzSec 'Ddos attack'\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\\-13848510\\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2011\\|date\\=20 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=BBC\\|archive\\-date\\=21 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621114936/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\\-13848510\\|url\\-status\\=live}} SOCA's website was back online sometime between 20 and 21 June.{{cite news\\|last\\=Henderson \\|first\\=Nicole \\|title\\=SOCA Website Back Online After LulzSec DDoS Attack \\|url\\=http://www.thewhir.com/web\\-hosting\\-news/062111\\_SOCA\\_Website\\_Back\\_Online\\_After\\_LulzSec\\_DDoS\\_Attack \\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2011 \\|newspaper\\=Web Host Industry Review \\|date\\=21 June 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624051904/http://www.thewhir.com/web\\-hosting\\-news/062111\\_SOCA\\_Website\\_Back\\_Online\\_After\\_LulzSec\\_DDoS\\_Attack \\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2011 }} The website of the local district government of [Jianhua District](/wiki/Jianhua_District \"Jianhua District\") in [Qiqihar](/wiki/Qiqihar \"Qiqihar\"), China, was also knocked offline.{{cite news\\|last\\=Ragan\\|first\\=Steve\\|title\\=LulzSec and Anonymous: Hunting for skeletons hidden in closets\\|url\\=http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/201125/7295/LulzSec\\-and\\-Anonymous\\-Hunting\\-for\\-skeletons\\-hidden\\-in\\-closets\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Tech Herald\\|date\\=21 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627120258/http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/201125/7295/LulzSec\\-and\\-Anonymous\\-Hunting\\-for\\-skeletons\\-hidden\\-in\\-closets\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2011}} Early in the morning on 22 June, it was revealed that LulzSec's \"Brazilian unit\" had taken down two Brazilian government websites, [brasil.gov.br](http://brasil.gov.br) and [presidencia.gov.br](http://presidencia.gov.br).{{cite news\\|last\\=Emery\\|first\\=Daniel\\|title\\=LulzSec hits Brazilian websites\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\\-13878888\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=BBC\\|date\\=22 June 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=10 July 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710133838/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\\-13878888\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Clark\\|first\\=Jack\\|title\\=LulzSec takes down Brazil government sites\\|url\\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-1009\\_3\\-20073219\\-83/lulzsec\\-takes\\-down\\-brazil\\-government\\-sites/\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=CNet\\|date\\=22 June 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017022251/http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-1009\\_3\\-20073219\\-83/lulzsec\\-takes\\-down\\-brazil\\-government\\-sites/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} They also brought down the website of Brazilian energy company [Petrobras](/wiki/Petrobras \"Petrobras\").{{cite news\\|last\\=McMillan\\|first\\=Robert\\|title\\=Brazilian Government, Energy Company Latest LulzSec Victims\\|url\\=https://www.pcworld.com/article/230902/brazilian\\_government\\_energy\\_company\\_latest\\_lulzsec\\_victims.html\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[PC World (magazine)\\|PC World]]\\|date\\=22 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625010935/http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/230902/brazilian\\_government\\_energy\\_company\\_latest\\_lulzsec\\_victims.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=25 June 2011}}", "On 20 June, two members on the \"Lulz Boat\" reportedly leaked logs that LulzSec was going to leak on 21 June. They also claimed that the two had leaked information that aided authorities in locating and arresting Ryan Cleary, a man loosely affiliated with the group.{{cite news\\|last\\=Rodriguez\\|first\\=Salvador\\|title\\=LulzSec says it's outing two who may have led to arrest of an alleged hacker\\|url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/06/lulzsec\\-outs\\-snitches.html\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|date\\=21 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625030729/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/06/lulzsec\\-outs\\-snitches.html\\|archive\\-date\\=25 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=Los Angeles}} LulzSec posted various personal information about the two on [Pastebin](/wiki/Pastebin \"Pastebin\") including [IP addresses](/wiki/IP_address \"IP address\") and physical addresses. Both had been involved with cyber\\-crimes in the past, and one had been involved with hacking the game *[Deus Ex](/wiki/Deus_Ex_%28video_game%29 \"Deus Ex (video game)\")*.{{cite news\\|last\\=Aamoth\\|first\\=Doug\\|title\\=Trouble in Paradise? LulzSec Outs Two Apparent 'Snitches'\\|url\\=http://techland.time.com/2011/06/21/trouble\\-in\\-paradise\\-lulzsec\\-outs\\-two\\-apparent\\-snitches\\-to\\-the\\-fbi/\\#ixzz1Pwt7oST2\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=TechLand (Time Magazine)\\|date\\=21 June 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624233658/http://techland.time.com/2011/06/21/trouble\\-in\\-paradise\\-lulzsec\\-outs\\-two\\-apparent\\-snitches\\-to\\-the\\-fbi/\\#ixzz1Pwt7oST2\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{failed verification\\|date\\=September 2018}}", "After LulzSec encouragement, some began tagging public locations with physical [graffiti](/wiki/Graffiti \"Graffiti\") reading \"Antisec\" as part of the operation. Numerous beachfronts in [Mission Beach, San Diego](/wiki/Mission_Beach%2C_San_Diego \"Mission Beach, San Diego\") were vandalized with the phrase.{{cite news\\|last\\=Gayathri\\|first\\=Amrutha\\|title\\=Operation Anti\\-Security: Mysterious serial graffiti reported; LulzSec gaining mass support?\\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/166507/20110621/operation\\-anti\\-security\\-mysterious\\-serial\\-graffiti\\-reported\\-lulzsec\\-gaining\\-mass\\-support\\-anonymous\\-h.htm\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[International Business Times]]\\|date\\=21 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624160103/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/166507/20110621/operation\\-anti\\-security\\-mysterious\\-serial\\-graffiti\\-reported\\-lulzsec\\-gaining\\-mass\\-support\\-anonymous\\-h.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=New York City}} Some local news organizations mistook the graffiti in Mission Beach as signs of the [Antisec Movement](/wiki/Antisec_Movement \"Antisec Movement\"). Many commenters on the local news websites corrected this.{{cite news\\|title\\=\"Anti\\-Sec\" group spreads message through graffiti in Mission Beach\\|url\\=http://www.cbs8\\.com/story/14941495/anti\\-sec\\-group\\-spreads\\-message\\-through\\-graffiti\\-in\\-mission\\-beach?redirected\\=true\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=CBS 8\\|date\\=20 June 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=22 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622120742/http://www.cbs8\\.com/story/14941495/anti\\-sec\\-group\\-spreads\\-message\\-through\\-graffiti\\-in\\-mission\\-beach?redirected\\=true\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On 23 June, LulzSec released a number of documents pertaining to the [Arizona Department of Public Safety](/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Public_Safety \"Arizona Department of Public Safety\"), which they titled \"chinga la migra\", which roughly translates to \"fuck the border patrol\". The leaked items included email addresses and passwords, as well as hundreds of documents marked \"sensitive\" or \"for official use only\". LulzSec claimed that this was in protest of the [law](/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070 \"Arizona SB 1070\") passed in Arizona requiring some aliens to carry registration documents at all times.{{cite news\\|last\\=Tsotsis\\|first\\=Alexia\\|title\\=LulzSec Releases Arizona Law Enforcement Data in Retaliation For Immigration Law\\|url\\=https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/23/lulzsec\\-releases\\-arizona\\-law\\-enforcement\\-data\\-in\\-retaliation\\-for\\-immigration\\-law/\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=TechCrunch\\|date\\=23 June 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617040428/https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/23/lulzsec\\-releases\\-arizona\\-law\\-enforcement\\-data\\-in\\-retaliation\\-for\\-immigration\\-law/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Aamoth\\|first\\=Doug\\|title\\=LulzSec Claims Breach Against Arizona Law Enforcement\\|url\\=http://techland.time.com/2011/06/23/lulzsec\\-claims\\-breach\\-against\\-arizona\\-law\\-enforcement/\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=Techland (Time)\\|date\\=23 June 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=25 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625111344/http://techland.time.com/2011/06/23/lulzsec\\-claims\\-breach\\-against\\-arizona\\-law\\-enforcement/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Arizona officials have confirmed the intrusion.{{cite news\\|last\\=Lohr\\|first\\=Steve\\|title\\=Arrest Puts Spotlight on Brazen Hacking Group LulzSec\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/technology/24hack.html\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=23 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624021834/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/technology/24hack.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2011 }} Arizona police have complained that the release of officer identities and the method used to combat gangs could endanger the lives of police officers.{{cite news\\|last\\=Poeter\\|first\\=Damon\\|title\\=Will LulzSec's Hit on Arizona Cops be its Last Hurrah?\\|url\\=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2387566,00\\.asp\\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[PC Magazine]]\\|date\\=24 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228010732/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2387566,00\\.asp\\|archive\\-date\\=28 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "On 24 June 2011, LulzSecBrazil published what they claimed were access codes and passwords that they used to access the Petrobras website and employee profile data they had taken using the information. Petrobras denied that any data had been stolen, and LulzSecBrazil removed the information from their Twitter feed a few hours later.{{cite news\\|last\\=Rapoza\\|first\\=Kenneth\\|title\\=LulzSec Strikes Brazil Again; Petrobras Denies Being Hacked\\|url\\=https://blogs.forbes.com/kenrapoza/2011/06/25/lulzsec\\-strikes\\-brazil\\-again\\-petrobras\\-denies\\-being\\-hacked/\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2011\\|work\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]\\|date\\=25 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627020530/http://blogs.forbes.com/kenrapoza/2011/06/25/lulzsec\\-strikes\\-brazil\\-again\\-petrobras\\-denies\\-being\\-hacked/\\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=New York City}} The group also released personal information regarding [President of Brazil](/wiki/President_of_Brazil \"President of Brazil\") [Dilma Rousseff](/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff \"Dilma Rousseff\") and [Mayor of São Paulo](/wiki/Mayor_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo \"Mayor of São Paulo\") [Gilberto Kassab](/wiki/Gilberto_Kassab \"Gilberto Kassab\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Lopez\\|first\\=Luciana\\|title\\=Hackers target Brazilian statistics agency\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-cybersecurity\\-brazil\\-hackers\\-idUSTRE75N2EK20110624\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2011\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|date\\=24 June 2011\\|author2\\=Brian Ellsworth\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627031716/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/24/us\\-cybersecurity\\-brazil\\-hackers\\-idUSTRE75N2EK20110624\\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=London\\|editor\\=Anthony Boadle}}", "On 25 June 2011, LulzSec released what they described as their last data dump. The release contained an enormous amount of information from various sources. The files contained a half [gigabyte](/wiki/Gigabyte \"Gigabyte\") of internal information from telecommunication company [AT\\&T](/wiki/AT%26T \"AT&T\"), including information relating to its release of [4G](/wiki/4G \"4G\") LTE and details pertaining to over 90,000 personal phones used by [IBM](/wiki/IBM \"IBM\"). The [IP addresses](/wiki/IP_address \"IP address\") of several large corporations including Sony, [Viacom](/wiki/Viacom_%282005%E2%80%93present%29 \"Viacom (2005–present)\"), and [Disney](/wiki/Disney \"Disney\"), [EMI](/wiki/EMI \"EMI\"), and [NBC Universal](/wiki/NBC_Universal \"NBC Universal\") were included. It also contained over 750,000 username and password combinations from several websites,{{cite news\\|last\\=Whittaker\\|first\\=Zack\\|title\\=LulzSec disbands: Final cache includes AT\\&T internal data and 750,000 user accounts\\|url\\=https://www.zdnet.com/article/lulzsec\\-disbands\\-final\\-cache\\-includes\\-at\\-t\\-internal\\-data\\-and\\-750000\\-user\\-accounts/\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[ZDNet]]\\|date\\=25 June 2011\\|agency\\=\\[\\[CBS Interactive]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629162328/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/igeneration/lulzsec\\-disbands\\-final\\-cache\\-includes\\-at\\-t\\-internal\\-data\\-and\\-750000\\-user\\-accounts/11134\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=29 June 2011}} including 200,000 email addresses, usernames, and encrypted passwords from hackforums.net; 12,000 names, usernames, and passwords of the [NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\") online bookshop; half a million usernames and encrypted passwords of players of the online game *[Battlefield Heroes](/wiki/Battlefield_Heroes \"Battlefield Heroes\")*; 50,000 usernames, email addresses, and encrypted passwords of various video game forum users; and 29 users of Priority Investigations, an Irish [private investigation](/wiki/Private_investigator \"Private investigator\") company. Also included were an internal manual for [AOL](/wiki/AOL \"AOL\") engineering staff and a screencapture of a vandalized page from [navy.mil](/wiki/Navy.mil \"Navy.mil\"), the website of the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Greenberg\\|first\\=Andy\\|title\\=LulzSec Says Goodbye, Dumping NATO, AT\\&T, Gamer Data\\|url\\=https://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/06/25/lulzsec\\-says\\-goodbye\\-dumping\\-nato\\-att\\-gamer\\-data/\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2011\\|work\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]\\|date\\=25 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627002834/http://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/06/25/lulzsec\\-says\\-goodbye\\-dumping\\-nato\\-att\\-gamer\\-data/\\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|location\\=New York City}} Members of the group continued the operation with members of Anonymous after disbanding.", "Despite claiming to have retired, on 18 July LulzSec hacked into the website of British newspaper *[The Sun](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"The Sun (United Kingdom)\")*.{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Gayomail\\|first\\=Chris\\|title\\=LulzSec Hacks 'News of the World' and 'The Sun,' Plants Fake Murdoch Death Story\\|url\\=http://techland.time.com/2011/07/18/lulzsec\\-hacks\\-news\\-of\\-the\\-world\\-and\\-the\\-sun\\-plants\\-fake\\-murdoch\\-death\\-story/\\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2011\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]]\\|date\\=18 July 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720025516/http://techland.time.com/2011/07/18/lulzsec\\-hacks\\-news\\-of\\-the\\-world\\-and\\-the\\-sun\\-plants\\-fake\\-murdoch\\-death\\-story/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2011}} The group redirected the newspaper's website to an also\\-hacked redesign website of another newspaper *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")*, altering the site to resemble *The Sun* and posting a fake story claiming that [Rupert Murdoch](/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch \"Rupert Murdoch\") had died after ingesting a fatal dose of [palladium](/wiki/Palladium \"Palladium\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Rovzar\\|first\\=Chris\\|title\\=Website of Murdoch's Sun Hacked\\|url\\=http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/07/website\\_of\\_murdochs\\_sun\\_hacked.html\\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[New York (magazine)\\|New York Magazine]]\\|date\\=18 July 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721104502/http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/07/website\\_of\\_murdochs\\_sun\\_hacked.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=21 July 2011}} They objected to the involvement of [News Corporation](/wiki/News_Corporation_%281980%E2%80%932013%29 \"News Corporation (1980–2013)\"), the Murdoch\\-owned company that publishes *The Sun* and *The Times*, in a large [phone hacking scandal](/wiki/News_International_phone_hacking_scandal \"News International phone hacking scandal\"). The hacked website also contained a webcomic depicting LulzSec deciding on and carrying out the attack.{{cite web\\|title\\=Media moguls body discovered\\|url\\=http://www.new\\-times.co.uk/sun/\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2011\\|author\\=Anonymous\\|author\\-link\\=Anonymous (group)\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240525103238/https://www.webcitation.org/60HLGySde?url\\=http://www.new\\-times.co.uk/sun/\\|archive\\-date\\=25 May 2024\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|location\\=London\\|date\\=18 July 2011}} The group later redirected *The Sun* website to their Twitter feed. News International released a statement regarding the attacks before having the page the statement appeared on also redirected to the LulzSec Twitter page and eventually taken offline. The group also released the names and phone numbers of a reporter for *The Sun* and two others associated with the newspaper and encouraged their supporters to call them. In recent times NovaCygni of AntiSec has openly touted that the news channel Russian Television (RT) has openly stated support for the Anonymous movement and that at least one reporter for them is an active member of Anonymous. They further included an old email address and password of former News International executive [Rebekah Brooks](/wiki/Rebekah_Brooks \"Rebekah Brooks\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Mills\\|first\\=Elinor\\|title\\=Hackers target Murdoch newspaper Web site\\|url\\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-27080\\_3\\-20080503\\-245/hackers\\-target\\-murdoch\\-newspaper\\-web\\-site/\\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[CNET]]\\|date\\=18 July 2011\\|agency\\=\\[\\[CBS Interactive]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109170429/http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-27080\\_3\\-20080503\\-245/hackers\\-target\\-murdoch\\-newspaper\\-web\\-site/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=9 November 2011}} News Corporation took the websites offline as a precaution later in the day.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-14196327\\|title\\=Lulz Security hackers target Sun website\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|location\\=London\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719112243/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-14196327\\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|date\\=18 July 2011\\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2011}}", "### Denied activities", "The media reported a number of attacks, originally attributed to LulzSec, that the group later denied involvement in. On 21 June, someone claiming to be from the group posted on Pastebin that they had stolen the entire database of the [United Kingdom Census 2011](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011 \"United Kingdom Census 2011\"). LulzSec responded by saying that they had obtained no such data and that whoever posted the notice was not from the group. British officials said they were investigating the incident, but have found no evidence that any databases had been compromised or any information taken.{{cite news\\|last\\=Paul\\|first\\=Ian\\|title\\=LulzSec Denies Taking U.K. Census Data\\|url\\=http://www.pcworld.com/article/230797/lulzsec\\_denies\\_taking\\_uk\\_census\\_data.html\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[PC World (magazine)\\|PC World]]\\|date\\=21 June 2011\\|agency\\=\\[\\[International Data Group\\|IDG]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623034212/http://www.pcworld.com/article/230797/lulzsec\\_denies\\_taking\\_uk\\_census\\_data.html\\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2011}} The British government, upon concluding their investigation, called the claims that any information on the census was taken a [hoax](/wiki/Hoax \"Hoax\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Halliday\\|first\\=Josh\\|title\\=LulzSec census hacking claims 'a hoax'\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/22/lulzsec\\-census\\-hacking\\-claims\\-a\\-hoax\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=22 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623162906/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/22/lulzsec\\-census\\-hacking\\-claims\\-a\\-hoax\\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=London}}", "In June 2011, assets belonging to newspaper publisher [News International](/wiki/News_International \"News International\") were attacked, apparently in retaliation for reporting by [*The Sun*](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"The Sun (United Kingdom)\") of the arrest of Ryan Cleary, an associate of the group. The newspaper's website and a computer used in the publishing process of *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")* were attacked.{{cite news\\|last\\=Rayner\\|first\\=Gordon\\|title\\=Hackers hit News International in revenge for coverage of teenager's arrest\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8594823/Hackers\\-hit\\-News\\-International\\-in\\-revenge\\-for\\-coverage\\-of\\-teenagers\\-arrest.html\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|date\\=23 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120918230033/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8594823/Hackers\\-hit\\-News\\-International\\-in\\-revenge\\-for\\-coverage\\-of\\-teenagers\\-arrest.html\\|archive\\-date\\=18 September 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|location\\=London}} However, LulzSec denied any involvement, stating \"we didn't attack *The Sun* or *The Times* in any way with any kind of DDoS attack\".{{cite news\\|last\\=Stevenson\\|first\\=Alastair\\|title\\=LulzSec deny revenge hacks on the Sun and Times newspaper websites\\|url\\=http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/168991/20110624/lulzsec\\-lulz\\-security\\-operation\\-anti\\-ryan\\-cleary\\-arrest\\-charge\\-trial\\-revenge\\-attacks\\-hack\\-hackers\\-ha.htm\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[International Business Times]]\\|date\\=24 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627082025/http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/168991/20110624/lulzsec\\-lulz\\-security\\-operation\\-anti\\-ryan\\-cleary\\-arrest\\-charge\\-trial\\-revenge\\-attacks\\-hack\\-hackers\\-ha.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|location\\=New York City}} Members of AntiSec based in Essex England claimed responsibility for the attack.", "In June 2011, Karim Hijazi, CEO of security company Unveillance, accused the group of [blackmailing](/wiki/Extortion \"Extortion\") him by offering not to attack his company or its affiliates in exchange for money.{{cite news \\|last\\=Chapman \\|first\\=Stephen \\|date\\=22 June 2011 \\|title\\=LulzSec: Doing it more for the money than the lulz? \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[ZDNet]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[CBS Interactive]] \\|url\\=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/lulzsec\\-doing\\-it\\-more\\-for\\-the\\-money\\-than\\-the\\-lulz/8864 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626062246/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/lulzsec\\-doing\\-it\\-more\\-for\\-the\\-money\\-than\\-the\\-lulz/8864 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 June 2011}} LulzSec responded by claiming that Hijazi offered to pay them to attack his business opponents and that they never intended to take any money from him.{{cite news \\|last\\=Ragan \\|first\\=Steve \\|date\\=6 June 2011 \\|title\\=Unveillance faces troubled waters in the wake of LulzSec visit \\|newspaper\\=The Tech Herald \\|url\\=http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/201123/7236/Unveillance\\-faces\\-troubled\\-waters\\-in\\-the\\-wake\\-of\\-LulzSec\\-visit \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608023036/http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/201123/7236/Unveillance\\-faces\\-troubled\\-waters\\-in\\-the\\-wake\\-of\\-LulzSec\\-visit \\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2011}}", "" ]
Response -------- ### Hacker actions against LulzSec A number of different hackers have targeted LulzSec and its members in response to their activities. On 23 June 2011, [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News "Fox News") reported that rival hacker group [TeaMp0isoN](/wiki/TeaMp0isoN "TeaMp0isoN") were responsible for outing web designer Sven Slootweg, who they said used the online nickname Joepie91,{{cite news\|title\=LulzSec sails into sunset as TeaMp0isoN terrorizes Internet\|url\=http://sanfrancisco.ibtimes.com/articles/169577/20110625/lulzsec\-sails\-into\-sunset\-as\-teamp0ison\-terrorizes\-internet\-antisec\-anti\-security\-anonymous\-hacker.htm\|access\-date\=4 July 2011\|date\=25 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629045415/http://sanfrancisco.ibtimes.com/articles/169577/20110625/lulzsec\-sails\-into\-sunset\-as\-teamp0ison\-terrorizes\-internet\-antisec\-anti\-security\-anonymous\-hacker.htm\|archive\-date\=29 June 2011\|url\-status\=dead}} and that they have intentions to do the same with every member.{{cite news\|last\=Winter\|first\=Jana\|title\=Exclusive: Rival Hacker Group Racing Police to Expose LulzSec\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/06/23/hacker\-vs\-hacker\-group\-races\-police\-to\-expose\-lulzsec/\|access\-date\=23 June 2011\|date\=23 June 2011\|work\=Fox News\|archive\-date\=25 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625033954/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/06/23/hacker\-vs\-hacker\-group\-races\-police\-to\-expose\-lulzsec/\|url\-status\=live}} A Pastebin post in June 2011 from hacker KillerCube identified LulzSec leader Sabu as [Hector Xavier Monsegur](/wiki/Hector_Xavier_Monsegur "Hector Xavier Monsegur"), an identification later shown to be accurate.{{cite news\|last\=Mills\|first\=Elinor\|title\=Will LulzSec arrests stop high\-profile hacks? Don't bet on it\|url\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\-27080\_3\-57391872\-245/will\-lulzsec\-arrests\-stop\-high\-profile\-hacks\-dont\-bet\-on\-it/\|access\-date\=13 March 2012\|newspaper\=\[\[CNET]]\|date\=6 March 2012\|agency\=\[\[CBS Interactive]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307083545/http://news.cnet.com/8301\-27080\_3\-57391872\-245/will\-lulzsec\-arrests\-stop\-high\-profile\-hacks\-dont\-bet\-on\-it/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=7 March 2012}} A group calling themselves Team Web Ninjas appeared in June 2011 saying they were angry over the LulzSec release of the e\-mail addresses and passwords of thousands of normal Internet users. They attempted to publicly identify the online and real world identities of LulzSec leadership and claimed to do so on behalf of the group's victims. The group claimed to have identified and given to law enforcement the names of a number of the group's members, including someone they claimed to be a [United States Marine](/wiki/United_States_Marine "United States Marine").{{cite news\|last\=Mack\|first\=Eric\|title\=Hacker Civil War Heat Up\|url\=http://www.pcworld.com/article/231078/hacker\_civil\_war\_heats\_up.html\|access\-date\=25 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[PC World (magazine)\|PC World]]\|date\=24 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626031255/http://www.pcworld.com/article/231078/hacker\_civil\_war\_heats\_up.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=26 June 2011}} [The Jester](/wiki/The_Jester_%28hacktivist%29 "The Jester (hacktivist)"), a hacker who generally went by the [leetspeak](/wiki/Leetspeak "Leetspeak") handle `th3j35t3r`, vowed to find and expose members of LulzSec. Claiming to perform hacks out of a sense of American patriotism,{{cite news \|title\=WikiLeaks Struggles to Stay Online After Attacks \|first\=Ashlee \|last\=Vance \|author\-link\=Ashlee Vance \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/04/world/europe/04domain.html \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=3 December 2010 \|access\-date\=29 December 2010 \|archive\-date\=7 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107191811/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/04/world/europe/04domain.html \|url\-status\=live }} he attempted to obtain and publish the real world [personally identifiable information](/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information "Personally identifiable information") of key members, whom he described as "childish".{{cite news\|last\=Halliday\|first\=Josh\|title\=LulzSec: the members and the enemies\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/24/lulzsec\-members\-and\-enemies\|access\-date\=25 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=24 June 2011\|agency\=\[\[Guardian Media Group]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626112935/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/24/lulzsec\-members\-and\-enemies\|archive\-date\=26 June 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=London}} On 24 June 2011, he claimed to have revealed the identity of LulzSec leader Sabu as an [information technology consultant](/wiki/Information_technology_consulting "Information technology consulting") possibly from New York City.{{cite news\|last\=Chapman\|first\=Stephen\|title\=LulzSec's leader, Sabu, revealed?\|url\=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/lulzsecs\-leader\-sabu\-revealed/8905\|access\-date\=25 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[ZDNet]]\|date\=24 June 2011\|agency\=\[\[CBS Interactive]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627050312/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/lulzsecs\-leader\-sabu\-revealed/8905\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=27 June 2011}} On 24 June 2011, a hacker allegedly going by the name Oneiroi briefly took down the LulzSec website in what he labelled "Operation Supernova".{{cite news\|last\=Halliday\|first\=Josh\|title\=LulzSec site taken down by lone\-wolf hacker\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2011/jun/24/lulzsec\-site\-down\-hacker\-jester\|access\-date\=24 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=24 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624113234/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2011/jun/24/lulzsec\-site\-down\-hacker\-jester\|archive\-date\=24 June 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=London}} The Twitter page for the group also briefly became unavailable.{{cite news\|last\=Pakinkis\|first\=Tom\|title\=LulzSec hacked by anti\-hacking group?\|url\=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/308986/lulzsec\-hacked\-by\-anti\-hacking\-group/\|access\-date\=25 June 2011\|date\=24 June 2011\|agency\=\[\[ComputerAndVideoGames.com]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627111318/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/308986/lulzsec\-hacked\-by\-anti\-hacking\-group/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=27 June 2011}} On 24 June 2011, *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* published leaked logs from one of the group's IRC channels.{{cite news\|last\=Arthur\|first\=Charles\|title\=News Technology LulzSec LulzSec IRC leak: the full record\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/24/lulzsec\-irc\-leak\-the\-full\-record\|access\-date\=25 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=24 June 2011\|author2\=Ryan Gallagher\|agency\=\[\[Guardian Media Group]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626224512/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/24/lulzsec\-irc\-leak\-the\-full\-record\|archive\-date\=26 June 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=London}} The logs were originally assumed to have been leaked by a disillusioned former member of the group who went by the nickname m\_nerva,{{cite news\|last\=Gallagher\|first\=Ryan\|title\=Inside LulzSec: Chatroom logs shine a light on the secretive hackers\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/24/inside\-lulzsec\-chatroom\-logs\-hackers\|access\-date\=25 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=24 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626035503/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/24/inside\-lulzsec\-chatroom\-logs\-hackers\|archive\-date\=26 June 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=London}} yet fellow hacker Michael Major, known by his handle 'hann', later claimed responsibility.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/internet/hackers\-who\-tried\-sink\-lulz\-boat\-071289 \| title\=The Hackers Who Tried To Sink The Lulz Boat \| publisher\=The Smoking Gun \| date\=1 July 2011 \| access\-date\=2013\-04\-08 \| archive\-date\=15 April 2013 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415112231/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/internet/hackers\-who\-tried\-sink\-lulz\-boat\-071289 \| url\-status\=live }} After confirming that the leaked logs were indeed theirs, and that the logs revealed personal information on two members who had recently left the group due to the implications of attacking the FBI website, LulzSec went on to threaten m\_nerva on their Twitter feed. LulzSec claimed the logs were not from one of their core chatting channels, but rather a secondary channel used to screen potential backups and gather research. A short time before LulzSec claimed to be disbanding, a group calling itself the A\-Team posted what they claimed was a full list of LulzSec members online along with numerous chat logs of the group communicating with each other. A rival hacker going by the name of TriCk also claimed to be working to reveal the group's identities and claimed that efforts on the part of rival hackers had pushed the group to disband for fear of being caught.{{cite news\|last\=Taylor\|first\=Jerome\|title\=Hactivist collective LulzSec disbands\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/hactivist\-collective\-lulzsec\-disbands\-2303095\.html\|access\-date\=26 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]]\|date\=26 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628013411/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/hactivist\-collective\-lulzsec\-disbands\-2303095\.html\|archive\-date\=28 June 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=London}} ### Law enforcement response {{anchor\|Ryan Cleary}}On 21 June 2011, the [London Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police "Metropolitan Police") announced that they had arrested a 19\-year\-old man from [Wickford](/wiki/Wickford "Wickford"), Essex, named by LulzSec and locally as Ryan Cleary,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\-13859868\|title\=Teenager arrested on suspicion of hacking\|access\-date\=21 June 2011\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=21 June 2011\|archive\-date\=26 July 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726141348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\-13859868\|url\-status\=live}} as part of an operation carried out in cooperation with the FBI.{{cite web\|url\=http://content.met.police.uk/News/eCrime\-unit\-arrest\-man/1260269113895/1257246741786\|title\=e\-Crime unit arrest man\|access\-date\=21 June 2011\|publisher\=\[\[Metropolitan Police Service]]\|archive\-date\=12 September 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912140536/http://content.met.police.uk/News/eCrime\-unit\-arrest\-man/1260269113895/1257246741786\|url\-status\=dead}} The suspect was arrested on charges of [computer misuse](/wiki/Computer_Misuse_Act_1990 "Computer Misuse Act 1990") and [fraud](/wiki/Fraud "Fraud"),{{cite news\|last\=Schwartz\|first\=Matthew\|title\=Scotland Yard Busts Alleged LulzSec Mastermind\|url\=http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/attacks/231000063\|access\-date\=21 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[InformationWeek]]\|date\=21 June 2011\|agency\=\[\[UBM plc]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624035456/http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/attacks/231000063\|archive\-date\=24 June 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|location\=San Francisco}} and later charged with five counts of computer hacking under the [Criminal Law Act](/wiki/Criminal_Law_Act_1977 "Criminal Law Act 1977") and the Computer Misuse Act.{{cite news\|last\=Dodd\|first\=Vikram\|title\=Teenager Ryan Cleary charged over LulzSec hacking\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/22/ryan\-cleary\-charged\-lulzsec\-hacking\|access\-date\=22 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=22 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623181952/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/22/ryan\-cleary\-charged\-lulzsec\-hacking\|archive\-date\=23 June 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=London}} News reports described him as an alleged member of LulzSec.{{cite news\|last\=Williams\|first\=Christopher\|title\=Hackers 'steal entire 2011 census'\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8589078/Hackers\-steal\-entire\-2011\-census.html\|access\-date\=21 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|date\=21 June 2011\|location\=London\|archive\-date\=23 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623071846/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8589078/Hackers\-steal\-entire\-2011\-census.html\|url\-status\=live}} LulzSec denied the man arrested was a member.{{cite news\|last\=Martinez\|first\=Edecio\|title\=LulzSec responds to UK hacker arrest, says "we're all still here!"\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lulzsec\-responds\-to\-uk\-hacker\-arrest\-says\-were\-all\-still\-here/\|access\-date\=21 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[CBS News]]\|date\=21 June 2011\|agency\=\[\[CBS Corporation]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624070740/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301\-501465\_162\-20072915\-501465\.html\|archive\-date\=24 June 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=New York City}} A member of LulzSec claimed that the suspect was not part of the group, but did host one of its [IRC channels](/wiki/IRC_channel "IRC channel") on his server.{{cite news\|last\=Hardawar\|first\=Devindra\|title\=LulzSec denies involvement in UK Census hack, suspected member arrested\|url\=https://venturebeat.com/2011/06/21/lulzsec\-denies\-involvement\-in\-uk\-census\-hack\-suspected\-member\-arrested/\|access\-date\=21 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[VentureBeat]]\|date\=21 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624045255/http://venturebeat.com/2011/06/21/lulzsec\-denies\-involvement\-in\-uk\-census\-hack\-suspected\-member\-arrested/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=24 June 2011}} British police confirmed that he was being questioned regarding alleged involvement in LulzSec attacks against the Serious Organized Crime Agency (SOCA) and other targets. They also questioned him regarding an attack on the [International Federation of the Phonographic Industry](/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry "International Federation of the Phonographic Industry") in November 2010\. On 25 June 2011 the court released Cleary under the bail conditions that he not leave his house without his mother and not use any device connected to the internet. He was diagnosed the previous week with [Asperger syndrome](/wiki/Asperger_syndrome "Asperger syndrome").{{cite news\|last\=Halliday\|first\=Josh\|title\=Teen accused of attacking SOCA website released on conditional bail\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/27/teenager\-accused\-lulzsec\-hacking\-bail\|access\-date\=27 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=27 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629182226/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/27/teenager\-accused\-lulzsec\-hacking\-bail\|archive\-date\=29 June 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=London}} In June 2012 Cleary, together with another suspected LulzSec member, 19\-year\-old Jake Davis, pleaded guilty conspiring to attack government, law enforcement and media websites in 2011\.{{cite news\|title\=Two LulzSec Hackers Plead Guilty in Britain\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/26/technology/two\-lulzsec\-hackers\-plead\-guilty\-in\-britain.html?\_r\=1\|agency\=The Associated Press\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=25 June 2012\|access\-date\=25 February 2017\|archive\-date\=2 February 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202053152/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/26/technology/two\-lulzsec\-hackers\-plead\-guilty\-in\-britain.html?\_r\=1\|url\-status\=live}} At around the same time as Cleary's arrest, [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation") agents raided the [Reston, Virginia](/wiki/Reston%2C_Virginia "Reston, Virginia") facility of Swiss [web hosting service](/wiki/Web_hosting_service "Web hosting service") DigitalOne.{{cite news\|last\=Williams\|first\=Christopher\|title\=FBI seized web servers as LulzSec suspect was arrested\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8591526/FBI\-seized\-web\-servers\-as\-LulzSec\-suspect\-was\-arrested.html\|access\-date\=22 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|date\=22 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625132044/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8591526/FBI\-seized\-web\-servers\-as\-LulzSec\-suspect\-was\-arrested.html\|archive\-date\=25 June 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=London}} The raid took several legitimate websites offline for hours as the agency looked for information on an undisclosed target.{{cite news\|last\=Kopytoff\|first\=Verne\|title\=F.B.I. Seizes Web Servers, Knocking Sites Offline\|url\=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/f\-b\-i\-seizes\-web\-servers\-knocking\-sites\-offline/\|access\-date\=22 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=21 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623153728/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/f\-b\-i\-seizes\-web\-servers\-knocking\-sites\-offline/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=23 June 2011 }} Media reports speculated the raid may have been related to the LulzSec investigation. A few days before LulzSec disbanded, the FBI executed a [search warrant](/wiki/Search_warrant "Search warrant") on an [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa "Iowa") home rented by Laurelai Bailey. Authorities interviewed her for five hours and confiscated her hard drives, camera, and other electronic equipment, but no charges were filed. Bailey denied being a member of the group, but admitted chatting with members of LulzSec online and later leaking those chats.{{cite news\|last\=Paul\|first\=Ian\|title\=FBI Steps Up Hunt for LulzSec\|url\=http://www.pcworld.com/article/231381/fbi\_steps\_up\_hunt\_for\_lulzsec.html\|access\-date\=29 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[PC World (magazine)\|PC World]]\|date\=29 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701072812/http://www.pcworld.com/article/231381/fbi\_steps\_up\_hunt\_for\_lulzsec.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=1 July 2011}} The FBI was interested in having her infiltrate the group, but Bailey claimed the members hated her and would never let her in.{{cite news\|last\=Choney\|first\=Suzanne\|title\=A female hacker in the mix?\|url\=http://technolog.msnbc.msn.com/\_news/2011/06/28/6966916\-a\-female\-hacker\-in\-the\-mix\|access\-date\=30 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[MSNBC]]\|date\=28 June 2011\|agency\=\[\[NBCUniversal]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629053841/http://technolog.msnbc.msn.com/\_news/2011/06/28/6966916\-a\-female\-hacker\-in\-the\-mix\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=29 June 2011}} The questioning by the FBI led a local [technical support](/wiki/Technical_support "Technical support") company to fire Laurelai, claiming she embarrassed the company.{{cite web\|last\=Chen\|first\=Adrian\|title\=FBI Raids Iowa Woman's Home in Lulz Security Hacker Investigation\|url\=http://gawker.com/5816291/fbi\-raids\-iowa\-womans\-home\-in\-lulz\-security\-hacker\-investigation\|publisher\=\[\[Gawker]]. \[\[Gawker Media]]\|access\-date\=15 July 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701065136/http://gawker.com/5816291/fbi\-raids\-iowa\-womans\-home\-in\-lulz\-security\-hacker\-investigation\|archive\-date\=1 July 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|date\=28 June 2011}} On 27 June 2011, the FBI executed another search warrant in [Hamilton, Ohio](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Ohio "Hamilton, Ohio"). The local media connected the raid to the LulzSec investigation; however, the warrant was sealed, the name of the target was not revealed, and the FBI office in [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati "Cincinnati") refused to comment on any possible connection between the group and the raid.{{cite news\|last\=McMillan \|first\=Robert \|title\=With FBI raid, law enforcement circles LulzSec \|url\=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9218040/With\_FBI\_raid\_law\_enforcement\_circles\_LulzSec?taxonomyId\=82 \|access\-date\=30 June 2011 \|newspaper\=\[\[Computerworld]] \|date\=29 June 2011 \|agency\=\[\[International Data Group]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118172934/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9218040/With\_FBI\_raid\_law\_enforcement\_circles\_LulzSec?taxonomyId\=82 \|archive\-date\=18 November 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} No one was charged with a crime after the FBI served the warrant.{{cite news\|last\=Pack\|first\=Lauren\|title\=FBI hacking probe leads to area teen\|url\=http://www.middletownjournal.com/news/crime/fbi\-hacking\-probe\-leads\-to\-area\-teen\-1195829\.html\|access\-date\=30 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Middletown Journal]]\|date\=28 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822074049/http://www.middletownjournal.com/news/crime/fbi\-hacking\-probe\-leads\-to\-area\-teen\-1195829\.html\|archive\-date\=22 August 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|location\=\[\[Middletown, Ohio]]}} Some reports suggested the house may have belonged to former LulzSec member m\_nerva, whom was originally suspected of leaking a number of the group's logs to the press, and information leading to the warrant supplied by Ryan Cleary.{{cite news\|last\=Arthur\|first\=Charles\|title\=LulzSec hacking suspect's house searched in Hamilton, Ohio\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/29/lulzsec\-hacking\-suspect\-hamilton\-ohio\|access\-date\=30 June 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703034632/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/29/lulzsec\-hacking\-suspect\-hamilton\-ohio\|archive\-date\=3 July 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=London\|date\=29 June 2011}} On 19 July 2011, the London Metropolitan Police announced the arrest of LulzSec member Tflow. A 16\-year\-old male was arrested in South London on charges of violating the Computer Misuse Act, as part of an operation involving the arrest of several other hackers affiliated with Anonymous in the United States and United Kingdom.{{cite news\|last\=Kaplan\|first\=Jeremy\|title\=Leading Member of LulzSec Hacker Squad Arrested in London\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/07/19/leading\-member\-lulzsec\-hacker\-squad\-arrested\-in\-london/\|access\-date\=20 July 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[Fox News Channel]]\|date\=19 July 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720070005/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/07/19/leading\-member\-lulzsec\-hacker\-squad\-arrested\-in\-london/\|archive\-date\=20 July 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=New York City}}{{cite news\|last\=Greenberg\|first\=Andy\|title\=Hacker Arrests May Have Included Core Member of LulzSec\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2011/07/19/hacker\-arrests\-may\-have\-included\-core\-member\-of\-lulzsec/\|access\-date\=20 July 2011\|work\=\[\[Forbes]]\|date\=19 July 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720212717/http://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/07/19/hacker\-arrests\-may\-have\-included\-core\-member\-of\-lulzsec/\|archive\-date\=20 July 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=New York City}} LulzSec once again denied that any of their membership had been arrested, stating "there are seven of us, and we're all still here."{{cite news\|last\=Sterling\|first\=Toby\|title\=Dutch give details on 4 'Anonymous' hacker arrests\|url\=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking\-news\-technology/dutch\-give\-details\-on\-4\-anonymous\-hacker\-arrests\-20110721\-1hp9g.html\|access\-date\=21 July 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Sydney Morning Herald]]\|date\=21 July 2011\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20121230153054/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking\-news\-technology/dutch\-give\-details\-on\-4\-anonymous\-hacker\-arrests\-20110721\-1hp9g.html\|archive\-date\=30 December 2012\|url\-status\=live\|location\=\[\[Sydney]]}} On the same day the FBI arrested 21\-year\-old Lance Moore in [Las Cruces, New Mexico](/wiki/Las_Cruces%2C_New_Mexico "Las Cruces, New Mexico"), accusing him of stealing thousands of documents and applications from AT\&T that LulzSec published as part of their so called "final release". The [Police Central E\-Crime Unit](/wiki/Police_National_E-Crime_Unit "Police National E-Crime Unit") arrested an 18\-year\-old man from [Shetland](/wiki/Shetland "Shetland") on 27 July 2011 suspected of being LulzSec member [Topiary](/wiki/Topiary_%28hacktivist%29 "Topiary (hacktivist)"). They also searched the house of a 17\-year\-old from [Lincolnshire](/wiki/Lincolnshire "Lincolnshire") possibly connected to the investigation, interviewing him.{{cite news\|title\=Man arrested over computer hacking claims\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-14315442\|access\-date\=27 July 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[BBC News]]\|date\=27 July 2011\|agency\=\[\[BBC]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727170818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-14315442\|archive\-date\=27 July 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=London}} Scotland Yard later identified the man arrested as [Yell, Shetland](/wiki/Yell%2C_Shetland "Yell, Shetland") resident Jake Davis. He was charged with unauthorized access of a computer under the [Computer Misuse Act 1990](/wiki/Computer_Misuse_Act_1990 "Computer Misuse Act 1990"), encouraging or assisting criminal activity under the [Serious Crime Act 2007](/wiki/Serious_Crime_Act_2007 "Serious Crime Act 2007"), conspiracy to launch a denial\-of\-service attack against the Serious Organised Crime Unit contrary to the [Criminal Law Act 1977](/wiki/Criminal_Law_Act_1977 "Criminal Law Act 1977"), and [criminal conspiracy](/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy "Criminal conspiracy") also under the Criminal Law Act 1977\.{{cite news\|last\=Albanesius\|first\=Chloe\|title\=Report: Scotland Yard Identifies LulzSec Hacker\|url\=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2389486,00\.asp\|access\-date\=31 July 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[PC Magazine]]\|date\=31 July 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019204855/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2389486,00\.asp\|archive\-date\=19 October 2011\|url\-status\=dead}} Police confiscated a [Dell](/wiki/Dell "Dell") laptop and a 100\-gigabyte hard drive that ran 16 different [virtual machines](/wiki/Virtual_machine "Virtual machine"). Details relating to an attack on Sony and hundreds of thousands of email addresses and passwords were found on the computer.{{cite news\|last\=Prodhan\|first\=Georgina\|title\=UK teen cyber activist bailed without Internet access\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-britain\-hacking\-anonymous\-idUSTRE7702HH20110801\|access\-date\=1 August 2011\|date\=1 August 2011\|agency\=\[\[Thomson Reuters]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801170257/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/01/us\-britain\-hacking\-anonymous\-idUSTRE7702HH20110801\|archive\-date\=1 August 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=London}} A London court released Davis on bail under the conditions that he live under curfew with his parents and have no access to the internet. His lawyer Gideon Cammerman stated that, while his client did help publicize LulzSec and Anonymous attacks, he lacked the technical skills to have been anything but a sympathizer. In early September 2011, Scotland Yard made two further arrests relating to LulzSec. Police arrested a 24\-year\-old male in [Mexborough](/wiki/Mexborough "Mexborough"), [South Yorkshire](/wiki/South_Yorkshire "South Yorkshire") and a 20\-year\-old male in [Warminster](/wiki/Warminster "Warminster"), [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire "Wiltshire"). The two were accused of conspiring to commit offenses under the Computer Misuse Act of 1990; police said that the arrests related to investigations into LulzSec member Kayla.{{cite news\|title\=LulzSec and Anonymous police and FBI investigation sees two more arrested\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/sep/02/lulzsec\-anonymous\-two\-more\-arrests\|access\-date\=2 September 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=2 September 2011\|location\=London\|archive\-date\=22 May 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522152117/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/sep/02/lulzsec\-anonymous\-two\-more\-arrests\|url\-status\=live}} On 22 September 2011, the FBI arrested Cody Kretsinger, a 23\-year\-old from [Phoenix, Arizona](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona "Phoenix, Arizona") who was indicted on charges of conspiracy and the unauthorized impairment of a protected computer. He is suspected of using the name "recursion" and assisting LulzSec in their early hack against Sony Pictures Entertainment, though he allegedly erased the hard drives he used to carry out the attack.{{cite news\|title\=FBI Arrests Suspected LulzSec and Anonymous Hackers\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/09/22/fbi\-arrests\-suspected\-lulzsec\-and\-anonymous\-hackers/\|access\-date\=22 September 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[Fox News]]\|date\=22 September 2011\|location\=New York City\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923025345/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/09/22/fbi\-arrests\-suspected\-lulzsec\-and\-anonymous\-hackers/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=23 September 2011}} Kretsinger was released on his own recognizance under the conditions that he not access the internet except while at work and that he not travel to any states other than Arizona, California, or Illinois. The case against him was filed in Los Angeles, where Sony Pictures is located.{{cite news\|last\=Gorman\|first\=Steve\|title\=Suspected LulzSec hacker arrested in Sony studio breach\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-sony\-hacking\-arrest\-idUSTRE78L6QO20110923\|access\-date\=23 September 2011\|work\=\[\[Forbes]]\|date\=23 September 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923112155/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/23/us\-sony\-hacking\-arrest\-idUSTRE78L6QO20110923\|archive\-date\=23 September 2011\|url\-status\=live\|location\=New York City}} Kretsinger pleaded guilty on 5 April 2012 to one count of conspiracy and one count of unauthorized impairment of a protected computer.{{cite news\|last\=Slosson\|first\=Mary\|title\=Accused LulzSec hacker pleads guilty in Sony breach\|url\=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46971398/ns/technology\_and\_science/\#.T4diB\-2wmEl\|access\-date\=12 April 2012\|newspaper\=\[\[MSNBC]]\|date\=5 April 2012\|agency\=\[\[NBCUniversal]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406142949/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46971398/ns/technology\_and\_science/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=6 April 2012}} On 19 April 2013, Kretsinger was sentenced for the "unauthorized impairment of protected computers" to one year in federal prison, one year of home detention following the completion of his prison sentence, a fine of $605,663 in restitution to Sony Pictures and 1000 hours of community service.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.smh.com.au/it\-pro/security\-it/hacker\-gets\-a\-year\-in\-prison\-for\-sony\-attack\-20130419\-2i4hl.html \| title\=Hacker gets a year in prison for Sony attack \| work\=\[\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \| date\=19 April 2013 \| access\-date\=23 April 2013 \| author\=Whitcomb, Dan \| archive\-date\=23 April 2013 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423232133/http://www.smh.com.au/it\-pro/security\-it/hacker\-gets\-a\-year\-in\-prison\-for\-sony\-attack\-20130419\-2i4hl.html \| url\-status\=live }} On 8 August 2013, Raynaldo Rivera, age 21, known by the online moniker "neuron", of Chandler, Arizona, was sentenced to one year and one day in federal prison by United States District Judge John A. Kronstadt. In addition to the prison sentence, Judge Kronstadt ordered Rivera to serve 13 months of home detention, to perform 1,000 hours of community service and to pay $605,663 in restitution to Sony Pictures.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.fbi.gov/losangeles/press\-releases/2013/second\-member\-of\-hacking\-group\-sentenced\-to\-more\-than\-a\-year\-in\-prison\-for\-stealing\-customer\-information\-from\-sony\-pictures\-computers \| title\=Second Member of Hacking Group Sentenced to More Than a Year in Prison for Stealing Customer Information from Sony Pictures Computers \| publisher\=\[\[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] \| date\=8 August 2013 \| access\-date\=26 December 2014 \| author\=U.S. Attorney’s Office, Central District of California \| archive\-date\=15 October 2014 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015091937/http://www.fbi.gov/losangeles/press\-releases/2013/second\-member\-of\-hacking\-group\-sentenced\-to\-more\-than\-a\-year\-in\-prison\-for\-stealing\-customer\-information\-from\-sony\-pictures\-computers \| url\-status\=live }} On 6 March 2012, two men from Great Britain, one from the United States, and two from Ireland were charged in connection to their alleged involvement with LulzSec. The FBI revealed that supposed LulzSec leader Hector Xavier Monsegur, who went by the username Sabu, had been aiding law enforcement since pleading guilty to twelve counts, including conspiracy and computer hacking, on 15 August 2011 as part of a [plea deal](/wiki/Plea_deal "Plea deal").{{cite news\|last\=Winter\|first\=Jana\|title\=Infamous international hacking group LulzSec brought down by own leader\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/03/06/hacking\-group\-lulzsec\-swept\-up\-by\-law\-enforcement/\|access\-date\=13 March 2012\|newspaper\=\[\[Fox News Channel]]\|date\=6 March 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306152006/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/03/06/hacking\-group\-lulzsec\-swept\-up\-by\-law\-enforcement/\|archive\-date\=6 March 2012\|url\-status\=live\|location\=New York City}} In exchange for his cooperation, federal prosecutors agreed not to prosecute Monsegur for his computer hacking, and also not to prosecute him for two attempts to sell [marijuana](/wiki/Marijuana "Marijuana"), possession of an illegal handgun, purchasing stolen property, charging $15,000 to his former employer's credit card in a case of [identity theft](/wiki/Identity_theft "Identity theft"), and directing people to buy prescription drugs from illegal sources. He still faces a misdemeanor charge of [impersonating a federal agent](/wiki/Police_impersonation "Police impersonation").{{cite news \|last\=Caruso \|first\=David B. \|title\=Feds: NYC hacker also involved with drug dealing \|url\=http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2012/03/09/feds\_nyc\_hacker\_also\_involved\_with\_drug\_dealing/?rss\_id\=Boston\+Globe\+\-\-\+Technology\+stories \|access\-date\=13 March 2012 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Boston Globe]] \|date\=9 March 2012 \|author2\=Jennifer Peltz \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228011429/http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2012/03/09/feds\_nyc\_hacker\_also\_involved\_with\_drug\_dealing/?rss\_id\=Boston\+Globe\+\-\-\+Technology\+stories \|archive\-date\=28 December 2013 \|location\=\[\[Boston]] \|url\-status\=dead }} Five suspects were charged with conspiracy: Jake Davis, accused of being the hacker "Topiary" (who had been previously arrested); Ryan Ackroyd of London, accused of being "Kayla"; Darren Martyn of Ireland, accused of being "pwnsauce"; Donncha O’Cearrbhail of Ireland, accused of being "palladium"; and Jeremy Hammond of [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), accused of being "Anarchaos". While not a member of LulzSec, authorities suspect Hammond of being a member of Anonymous and charged him with access device fraud and hacking in relation to his supposed involvement in the December 2011 attack on intelligence company [Stratfor](/wiki/Stratfor "Stratfor") as part of Operation AntiSec. On 8 April 2013, [Jake 'Topiary' Davis](/wiki/Topiary_%28hacktivist%29 "Topiary (hacktivist)") and three other LulzSec members pleaded guilty to charges of computer hacking at Southwark Crown Court in London.{{cite news\|last\=Halliday\|first\=Josh\|title\=LulzSec hacktivists plead guilty to cyber\-attacks on NHS, Sony and NI\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/apr/09/lulzec\-hacktivists\-plead\-guilty\-cyberattacks\|access\-date\=9 April 2013\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|date\=9 April 2013\|location\=London\|archive\-date\=22 May 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522152152/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/apr/09/lulzec\-hacktivists\-plead\-guilty\-cyberattacks\|url\-status\=live}} On 24 April 2013, [Australian Federal Police](/wiki/Australian_Federal_Police "Australian Federal Police") arrested 24\-year\-old Matthew Flannery of [Point Clare](/wiki/Point_Clare "Point Clare"), who boasted on Facebook "I’m the leader of LulzSec". Flannery, who went by the username Aush0k, was arrested for the alleged hacking of the [Narrabri Shire](/wiki/Narrabri_Shire "Narrabri Shire") Council website on which homepage sexually explicit text and an image were left. On 27 August 2014, Flannery entered guilty pleas to five charges of making unauthorised modification of data to cause impairment, and dishonestly obtaining the Commonwealth Bank details of a woman. Flannery, who said the reference to LulzSec was a joke, lost his job of computer technician in a security company. On 16 October 2014, he was sentenced to 15 months of house arrest which continues until mid\-April 2016, alongside a 12 months good behaviour bond.{{cite news\|title\=Web hacker Matthew Flannery loses job, faces jail over 'joke'\|url\=https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/2522426/web\-hacker\-matthew\-flannery\-loses\-job\-faces\-jail\-over\-joke/\|access\-date\=26 December 2014\|newspaper\=The Herald\|date\=28 August 2014\|archive\-date\=6 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006125917/https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/2522426/web\-hacker\-matthew\-flannery\-loses\-job\-faces\-jail\-over\-joke/\|url\-status\=live}}
[ "Response\n--------", "### Hacker actions against LulzSec", "A number of different hackers have targeted LulzSec and its members in response to their activities. On 23 June 2011, [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\") reported that rival hacker group [TeaMp0isoN](/wiki/TeaMp0isoN \"TeaMp0isoN\") were responsible for outing web designer Sven Slootweg, who they said used the online nickname Joepie91,{{cite news\\|title\\=LulzSec sails into sunset as TeaMp0isoN terrorizes Internet\\|url\\=http://sanfrancisco.ibtimes.com/articles/169577/20110625/lulzsec\\-sails\\-into\\-sunset\\-as\\-teamp0ison\\-terrorizes\\-internet\\-antisec\\-anti\\-security\\-anonymous\\-hacker.htm\\|access\\-date\\=4 July 2011\\|date\\=25 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629045415/http://sanfrancisco.ibtimes.com/articles/169577/20110625/lulzsec\\-sails\\-into\\-sunset\\-as\\-teamp0ison\\-terrorizes\\-internet\\-antisec\\-anti\\-security\\-anonymous\\-hacker.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=29 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and that they have intentions to do the same with every member.{{cite news\\|last\\=Winter\\|first\\=Jana\\|title\\=Exclusive: Rival Hacker Group Racing Police to Expose LulzSec\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/06/23/hacker\\-vs\\-hacker\\-group\\-races\\-police\\-to\\-expose\\-lulzsec/\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2011\\|date\\=23 June 2011\\|work\\=Fox News\\|archive\\-date\\=25 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625033954/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/06/23/hacker\\-vs\\-hacker\\-group\\-races\\-police\\-to\\-expose\\-lulzsec/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A Pastebin post in June 2011 from hacker KillerCube identified LulzSec leader Sabu as [Hector Xavier Monsegur](/wiki/Hector_Xavier_Monsegur \"Hector Xavier Monsegur\"), an identification later shown to be accurate.{{cite news\\|last\\=Mills\\|first\\=Elinor\\|title\\=Will LulzSec arrests stop high\\-profile hacks? Don't bet on it\\|url\\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-27080\\_3\\-57391872\\-245/will\\-lulzsec\\-arrests\\-stop\\-high\\-profile\\-hacks\\-dont\\-bet\\-on\\-it/\\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2012\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[CNET]]\\|date\\=6 March 2012\\|agency\\=\\[\\[CBS Interactive]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307083545/http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-27080\\_3\\-57391872\\-245/will\\-lulzsec\\-arrests\\-stop\\-high\\-profile\\-hacks\\-dont\\-bet\\-on\\-it/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=7 March 2012}}", "A group calling themselves Team Web Ninjas appeared in June 2011 saying they were angry over the LulzSec release of the e\\-mail addresses and passwords of thousands of normal Internet users. They attempted to publicly identify the online and real world identities of LulzSec leadership and claimed to do so on behalf of the group's victims. The group claimed to have identified and given to law enforcement the names of a number of the group's members, including someone they claimed to be a [United States Marine](/wiki/United_States_Marine \"United States Marine\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Mack\\|first\\=Eric\\|title\\=Hacker Civil War Heat Up\\|url\\=http://www.pcworld.com/article/231078/hacker\\_civil\\_war\\_heats\\_up.html\\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[PC World (magazine)\\|PC World]]\\|date\\=24 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626031255/http://www.pcworld.com/article/231078/hacker\\_civil\\_war\\_heats\\_up.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=26 June 2011}}", "[The Jester](/wiki/The_Jester_%28hacktivist%29 \"The Jester (hacktivist)\"), a hacker who generally went by the [leetspeak](/wiki/Leetspeak \"Leetspeak\") handle `th3j35t3r`, vowed to find and expose members of LulzSec. Claiming to perform hacks out of a sense of American patriotism,{{cite news \\|title\\=WikiLeaks Struggles to Stay Online After Attacks \\|first\\=Ashlee \\|last\\=Vance \\|author\\-link\\=Ashlee Vance \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/04/world/europe/04domain.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=3 December 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107191811/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/04/world/europe/04domain.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} he attempted to obtain and publish the real world [personally identifiable information](/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information \"Personally identifiable information\") of key members, whom he described as \"childish\".{{cite news\\|last\\=Halliday\\|first\\=Josh\\|title\\=LulzSec: the members and the enemies\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/24/lulzsec\\-members\\-and\\-enemies\\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=24 June 2011\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Guardian Media Group]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626112935/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/24/lulzsec\\-members\\-and\\-enemies\\|archive\\-date\\=26 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=London}} On 24 June 2011, he claimed to have revealed the identity of LulzSec leader Sabu as an [information technology consultant](/wiki/Information_technology_consulting \"Information technology consulting\") possibly from New York City.{{cite news\\|last\\=Chapman\\|first\\=Stephen\\|title\\=LulzSec's leader, Sabu, revealed?\\|url\\=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/lulzsecs\\-leader\\-sabu\\-revealed/8905\\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[ZDNet]]\\|date\\=24 June 2011\\|agency\\=\\[\\[CBS Interactive]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627050312/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/lulzsecs\\-leader\\-sabu\\-revealed/8905\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2011}} On 24 June 2011, a hacker allegedly going by the name Oneiroi briefly took down the LulzSec website in what he labelled \"Operation Supernova\".{{cite news\\|last\\=Halliday\\|first\\=Josh\\|title\\=LulzSec site taken down by lone\\-wolf hacker\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2011/jun/24/lulzsec\\-site\\-down\\-hacker\\-jester\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=24 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624113234/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2011/jun/24/lulzsec\\-site\\-down\\-hacker\\-jester\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=London}} The Twitter page for the group also briefly became unavailable.{{cite news\\|last\\=Pakinkis\\|first\\=Tom\\|title\\=LulzSec hacked by anti\\-hacking group?\\|url\\=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/308986/lulzsec\\-hacked\\-by\\-anti\\-hacking\\-group/\\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2011\\|date\\=24 June 2011\\|agency\\=\\[\\[ComputerAndVideoGames.com]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627111318/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/308986/lulzsec\\-hacked\\-by\\-anti\\-hacking\\-group/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2011}}", "On 24 June 2011, *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* published leaked logs from one of the group's IRC channels.{{cite news\\|last\\=Arthur\\|first\\=Charles\\|title\\=News Technology LulzSec LulzSec IRC leak: the full record\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/24/lulzsec\\-irc\\-leak\\-the\\-full\\-record\\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=24 June 2011\\|author2\\=Ryan Gallagher\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Guardian Media Group]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626224512/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/24/lulzsec\\-irc\\-leak\\-the\\-full\\-record\\|archive\\-date\\=26 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=London}} The logs were originally assumed to have been leaked by a disillusioned former member of the group who went by the nickname m\\_nerva,{{cite news\\|last\\=Gallagher\\|first\\=Ryan\\|title\\=Inside LulzSec: Chatroom logs shine a light on the secretive hackers\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/24/inside\\-lulzsec\\-chatroom\\-logs\\-hackers\\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=24 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626035503/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/24/inside\\-lulzsec\\-chatroom\\-logs\\-hackers\\|archive\\-date\\=26 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=London}} yet fellow hacker Michael Major, known by his handle 'hann', later claimed responsibility.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/internet/hackers\\-who\\-tried\\-sink\\-lulz\\-boat\\-071289 \\| title\\=The Hackers Who Tried To Sink The Lulz Boat \\| publisher\\=The Smoking Gun \\| date\\=1 July 2011 \\| access\\-date\\=2013\\-04\\-08 \\| archive\\-date\\=15 April 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415112231/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/internet/hackers\\-who\\-tried\\-sink\\-lulz\\-boat\\-071289 \\| url\\-status\\=live }} After confirming that the leaked logs were indeed theirs, and that the logs revealed personal information on two members who had recently left the group due to the implications of attacking the FBI website, LulzSec went on to threaten m\\_nerva on their Twitter feed. LulzSec claimed the logs were not from one of their core chatting channels, but rather a secondary channel used to screen potential backups and gather research.", "A short time before LulzSec claimed to be disbanding, a group calling itself the A\\-Team posted what they claimed was a full list of LulzSec members online along with numerous chat logs of the group communicating with each other. A rival hacker going by the name of TriCk also claimed to be working to reveal the group's identities and claimed that efforts on the part of rival hackers had pushed the group to disband for fear of being caught.{{cite news\\|last\\=Taylor\\|first\\=Jerome\\|title\\=Hactivist collective LulzSec disbands\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/hactivist\\-collective\\-lulzsec\\-disbands\\-2303095\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\|date\\=26 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628013411/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/hactivist\\-collective\\-lulzsec\\-disbands\\-2303095\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=28 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=London}}", "### Law enforcement response", "{{anchor\\|Ryan Cleary}}On 21 June 2011, the [London Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police \"Metropolitan Police\") announced that they had arrested a 19\\-year\\-old man from [Wickford](/wiki/Wickford \"Wickford\"), Essex, named by LulzSec and locally as Ryan Cleary,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\\-13859868\\|title\\=Teenager arrested on suspicion of hacking\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2011\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=21 June 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=26 July 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726141348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology\\-13859868\\|url\\-status\\=live}} as part of an operation carried out in cooperation with the FBI.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://content.met.police.uk/News/eCrime\\-unit\\-arrest\\-man/1260269113895/1257246741786\\|title\\=e\\-Crime unit arrest man\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2011\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Metropolitan Police Service]]\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912140536/http://content.met.police.uk/News/eCrime\\-unit\\-arrest\\-man/1260269113895/1257246741786\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The suspect was arrested on charges of [computer misuse](/wiki/Computer_Misuse_Act_1990 \"Computer Misuse Act 1990\") and [fraud](/wiki/Fraud \"Fraud\"),{{cite news\\|last\\=Schwartz\\|first\\=Matthew\\|title\\=Scotland Yard Busts Alleged LulzSec Mastermind\\|url\\=http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/attacks/231000063\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[InformationWeek]]\\|date\\=21 June 2011\\|agency\\=\\[\\[UBM plc]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624035456/http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/attacks/231000063\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|location\\=San Francisco}} and later charged with five counts of computer hacking under the [Criminal Law Act](/wiki/Criminal_Law_Act_1977 \"Criminal Law Act 1977\") and the Computer Misuse Act.{{cite news\\|last\\=Dodd\\|first\\=Vikram\\|title\\=Teenager Ryan Cleary charged over LulzSec hacking\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/22/ryan\\-cleary\\-charged\\-lulzsec\\-hacking\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=22 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623181952/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/22/ryan\\-cleary\\-charged\\-lulzsec\\-hacking\\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=London}} News reports described him as an alleged member of LulzSec.{{cite news\\|last\\=Williams\\|first\\=Christopher\\|title\\=Hackers 'steal entire 2011 census'\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8589078/Hackers\\-steal\\-entire\\-2011\\-census.html\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|date\\=21 June 2011\\|location\\=London\\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623071846/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8589078/Hackers\\-steal\\-entire\\-2011\\-census.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} LulzSec denied the man arrested was a member.{{cite news\\|last\\=Martinez\\|first\\=Edecio\\|title\\=LulzSec responds to UK hacker arrest, says \"we're all still here!\"\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lulzsec\\-responds\\-to\\-uk\\-hacker\\-arrest\\-says\\-were\\-all\\-still\\-here/\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[CBS News]]\\|date\\=21 June 2011\\|agency\\=\\[\\[CBS Corporation]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624070740/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301\\-501465\\_162\\-20072915\\-501465\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=New York City}} A member of LulzSec claimed that the suspect was not part of the group, but did host one of its [IRC channels](/wiki/IRC_channel \"IRC channel\") on his server.{{cite news\\|last\\=Hardawar\\|first\\=Devindra\\|title\\=LulzSec denies involvement in UK Census hack, suspected member arrested\\|url\\=https://venturebeat.com/2011/06/21/lulzsec\\-denies\\-involvement\\-in\\-uk\\-census\\-hack\\-suspected\\-member\\-arrested/\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[VentureBeat]]\\|date\\=21 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624045255/http://venturebeat.com/2011/06/21/lulzsec\\-denies\\-involvement\\-in\\-uk\\-census\\-hack\\-suspected\\-member\\-arrested/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2011}} British police confirmed that he was being questioned regarding alleged involvement in LulzSec attacks against the Serious Organized Crime Agency (SOCA) and other targets. They also questioned him regarding an attack on the [International Federation of the Phonographic Industry](/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry \"International Federation of the Phonographic Industry\") in November 2010\\. On 25 June 2011 the court released Cleary under the bail conditions that he not leave his house without his mother and not use any device connected to the internet. He was diagnosed the previous week with [Asperger syndrome](/wiki/Asperger_syndrome \"Asperger syndrome\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Halliday\\|first\\=Josh\\|title\\=Teen accused of attacking SOCA website released on conditional bail\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/27/teenager\\-accused\\-lulzsec\\-hacking\\-bail\\|access\\-date\\=27 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=27 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629182226/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/27/teenager\\-accused\\-lulzsec\\-hacking\\-bail\\|archive\\-date\\=29 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=London}}\nIn June 2012 Cleary, together with another suspected LulzSec member, 19\\-year\\-old Jake Davis, pleaded guilty conspiring to attack government, law enforcement and media websites in 2011\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Two LulzSec Hackers Plead Guilty in Britain\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/26/technology/two\\-lulzsec\\-hackers\\-plead\\-guilty\\-in\\-britain.html?\\_r\\=1\\|agency\\=The Associated Press\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=25 June 2012\\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=2 February 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202053152/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/26/technology/two\\-lulzsec\\-hackers\\-plead\\-guilty\\-in\\-britain.html?\\_r\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "At around the same time as Cleary's arrest, [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\") agents raided the [Reston, Virginia](/wiki/Reston%2C_Virginia \"Reston, Virginia\") facility of Swiss [web hosting service](/wiki/Web_hosting_service \"Web hosting service\") DigitalOne.{{cite news\\|last\\=Williams\\|first\\=Christopher\\|title\\=FBI seized web servers as LulzSec suspect was arrested\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8591526/FBI\\-seized\\-web\\-servers\\-as\\-LulzSec\\-suspect\\-was\\-arrested.html\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|date\\=22 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625132044/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8591526/FBI\\-seized\\-web\\-servers\\-as\\-LulzSec\\-suspect\\-was\\-arrested.html\\|archive\\-date\\=25 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=London}} The raid took several legitimate websites offline for hours as the agency looked for information on an undisclosed target.{{cite news\\|last\\=Kopytoff\\|first\\=Verne\\|title\\=F.B.I. Seizes Web Servers, Knocking Sites Offline\\|url\\=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/f\\-b\\-i\\-seizes\\-web\\-servers\\-knocking\\-sites\\-offline/\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=21 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623153728/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/f\\-b\\-i\\-seizes\\-web\\-servers\\-knocking\\-sites\\-offline/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2011 }} Media reports speculated the raid may have been related to the LulzSec investigation.", "A few days before LulzSec disbanded, the FBI executed a [search warrant](/wiki/Search_warrant \"Search warrant\") on an [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa \"Iowa\") home rented by Laurelai Bailey. Authorities interviewed her for five hours and confiscated her hard drives, camera, and other electronic equipment, but no charges were filed. Bailey denied being a member of the group, but admitted chatting with members of LulzSec online and later leaking those chats.{{cite news\\|last\\=Paul\\|first\\=Ian\\|title\\=FBI Steps Up Hunt for LulzSec\\|url\\=http://www.pcworld.com/article/231381/fbi\\_steps\\_up\\_hunt\\_for\\_lulzsec.html\\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[PC World (magazine)\\|PC World]]\\|date\\=29 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701072812/http://www.pcworld.com/article/231381/fbi\\_steps\\_up\\_hunt\\_for\\_lulzsec.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=1 July 2011}} The FBI was interested in having her infiltrate the group, but Bailey claimed the members hated her and would never let her in.{{cite news\\|last\\=Choney\\|first\\=Suzanne\\|title\\=A female hacker in the mix?\\|url\\=http://technolog.msnbc.msn.com/\\_news/2011/06/28/6966916\\-a\\-female\\-hacker\\-in\\-the\\-mix\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[MSNBC]]\\|date\\=28 June 2011\\|agency\\=\\[\\[NBCUniversal]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629053841/http://technolog.msnbc.msn.com/\\_news/2011/06/28/6966916\\-a\\-female\\-hacker\\-in\\-the\\-mix\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=29 June 2011}} The questioning by the FBI led a local [technical support](/wiki/Technical_support \"Technical support\") company to fire Laurelai, claiming she embarrassed the company.{{cite web\\|last\\=Chen\\|first\\=Adrian\\|title\\=FBI Raids Iowa Woman's Home in Lulz Security Hacker Investigation\\|url\\=http://gawker.com/5816291/fbi\\-raids\\-iowa\\-womans\\-home\\-in\\-lulz\\-security\\-hacker\\-investigation\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Gawker]]. \\[\\[Gawker Media]]\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701065136/http://gawker.com/5816291/fbi\\-raids\\-iowa\\-womans\\-home\\-in\\-lulz\\-security\\-hacker\\-investigation\\|archive\\-date\\=1 July 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|date\\=28 June 2011}}", "On 27 June 2011, the FBI executed another search warrant in [Hamilton, Ohio](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Ohio \"Hamilton, Ohio\"). The local media connected the raid to the LulzSec investigation; however, the warrant was sealed, the name of the target was not revealed, and the FBI office in [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati \"Cincinnati\") refused to comment on any possible connection between the group and the raid.{{cite news\\|last\\=McMillan \\|first\\=Robert \\|title\\=With FBI raid, law enforcement circles LulzSec \\|url\\=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9218040/With\\_FBI\\_raid\\_law\\_enforcement\\_circles\\_LulzSec?taxonomyId\\=82 \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2011 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Computerworld]] \\|date\\=29 June 2011 \\|agency\\=\\[\\[International Data Group]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118172934/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9218040/With\\_FBI\\_raid\\_law\\_enforcement\\_circles\\_LulzSec?taxonomyId\\=82 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} No one was charged with a crime after the FBI served the warrant.{{cite news\\|last\\=Pack\\|first\\=Lauren\\|title\\=FBI hacking probe leads to area teen\\|url\\=http://www.middletownjournal.com/news/crime/fbi\\-hacking\\-probe\\-leads\\-to\\-area\\-teen\\-1195829\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Middletown Journal]]\\|date\\=28 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822074049/http://www.middletownjournal.com/news/crime/fbi\\-hacking\\-probe\\-leads\\-to\\-area\\-teen\\-1195829\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=22 August 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|location\\=\\[\\[Middletown, Ohio]]}} Some reports suggested the house may have belonged to former LulzSec member m\\_nerva, whom was originally suspected of leaking a number of the group's logs to the press, and information leading to the warrant supplied by Ryan Cleary.{{cite news\\|last\\=Arthur\\|first\\=Charles\\|title\\=LulzSec hacking suspect's house searched in Hamilton, Ohio\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/29/lulzsec\\-hacking\\-suspect\\-hamilton\\-ohio\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703034632/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/29/lulzsec\\-hacking\\-suspect\\-hamilton\\-ohio\\|archive\\-date\\=3 July 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=London\\|date\\=29 June 2011}}", "On 19 July 2011, the London Metropolitan Police announced the arrest of LulzSec member Tflow. A 16\\-year\\-old male was arrested in South London on charges of violating the Computer Misuse Act, as part of an operation involving the arrest of several other hackers affiliated with Anonymous in the United States and United Kingdom.{{cite news\\|last\\=Kaplan\\|first\\=Jeremy\\|title\\=Leading Member of LulzSec Hacker Squad Arrested in London\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/07/19/leading\\-member\\-lulzsec\\-hacker\\-squad\\-arrested\\-in\\-london/\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Fox News Channel]]\\|date\\=19 July 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720070005/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/07/19/leading\\-member\\-lulzsec\\-hacker\\-squad\\-arrested\\-in\\-london/\\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=New York City}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Greenberg\\|first\\=Andy\\|title\\=Hacker Arrests May Have Included Core Member of LulzSec\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2011/07/19/hacker\\-arrests\\-may\\-have\\-included\\-core\\-member\\-of\\-lulzsec/\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2011\\|work\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]\\|date\\=19 July 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720212717/http://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/07/19/hacker\\-arrests\\-may\\-have\\-included\\-core\\-member\\-of\\-lulzsec/\\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=New York City}} LulzSec once again denied that any of their membership had been arrested, stating \"there are seven of us, and we're all still here.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Sterling\\|first\\=Toby\\|title\\=Dutch give details on 4 'Anonymous' hacker arrests\\|url\\=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking\\-news\\-technology/dutch\\-give\\-details\\-on\\-4\\-anonymous\\-hacker\\-arrests\\-20110721\\-1hp9g.html\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Sydney Morning Herald]]\\|date\\=21 July 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20121230153054/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking\\-news\\-technology/dutch\\-give\\-details\\-on\\-4\\-anonymous\\-hacker\\-arrests\\-20110721\\-1hp9g.html\\|archive\\-date\\=30 December 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=\\[\\[Sydney]]}}", "On the same day the FBI arrested 21\\-year\\-old Lance Moore in [Las Cruces, New Mexico](/wiki/Las_Cruces%2C_New_Mexico \"Las Cruces, New Mexico\"), accusing him of stealing thousands of documents and applications from AT\\&T that LulzSec published as part of their so called \"final release\".", "The [Police Central E\\-Crime Unit](/wiki/Police_National_E-Crime_Unit \"Police National E-Crime Unit\") arrested an 18\\-year\\-old man from [Shetland](/wiki/Shetland \"Shetland\") on 27 July 2011 suspected of being LulzSec member [Topiary](/wiki/Topiary_%28hacktivist%29 \"Topiary (hacktivist)\"). They also searched the house of a 17\\-year\\-old from [Lincolnshire](/wiki/Lincolnshire \"Lincolnshire\") possibly connected to the investigation, interviewing him.{{cite news\\|title\\=Man arrested over computer hacking claims\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-14315442\\|access\\-date\\=27 July 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|date\\=27 July 2011\\|agency\\=\\[\\[BBC]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727170818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-14315442\\|archive\\-date\\=27 July 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=London}} Scotland Yard later identified the man arrested as [Yell, Shetland](/wiki/Yell%2C_Shetland \"Yell, Shetland\") resident Jake Davis. He was charged with unauthorized access of a computer under the [Computer Misuse Act 1990](/wiki/Computer_Misuse_Act_1990 \"Computer Misuse Act 1990\"), encouraging or assisting criminal activity under the [Serious Crime Act 2007](/wiki/Serious_Crime_Act_2007 \"Serious Crime Act 2007\"), conspiracy to launch a denial\\-of\\-service attack against the Serious Organised Crime Unit contrary to the [Criminal Law Act 1977](/wiki/Criminal_Law_Act_1977 \"Criminal Law Act 1977\"), and [criminal conspiracy](/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy \"Criminal conspiracy\") also under the Criminal Law Act 1977\\.{{cite news\\|last\\=Albanesius\\|first\\=Chloe\\|title\\=Report: Scotland Yard Identifies LulzSec Hacker\\|url\\=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2389486,00\\.asp\\|access\\-date\\=31 July 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[PC Magazine]]\\|date\\=31 July 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019204855/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2389486,00\\.asp\\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Police confiscated a [Dell](/wiki/Dell \"Dell\") laptop and a 100\\-gigabyte hard drive that ran 16 different [virtual machines](/wiki/Virtual_machine \"Virtual machine\"). Details relating to an attack on Sony and hundreds of thousands of email addresses and passwords were found on the computer.{{cite news\\|last\\=Prodhan\\|first\\=Georgina\\|title\\=UK teen cyber activist bailed without Internet access\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-britain\\-hacking\\-anonymous\\-idUSTRE7702HH20110801\\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2011\\|date\\=1 August 2011\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Thomson Reuters]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801170257/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/01/us\\-britain\\-hacking\\-anonymous\\-idUSTRE7702HH20110801\\|archive\\-date\\=1 August 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=London}} A London court released Davis on bail under the conditions that he live under curfew with his parents and have no access to the internet. His lawyer Gideon Cammerman stated that, while his client did help publicize LulzSec and Anonymous attacks, he lacked the technical skills to have been anything but a sympathizer.", "In early September 2011, Scotland Yard made two further arrests relating to LulzSec. Police arrested a 24\\-year\\-old male in [Mexborough](/wiki/Mexborough \"Mexborough\"), [South Yorkshire](/wiki/South_Yorkshire \"South Yorkshire\") and a 20\\-year\\-old male in [Warminster](/wiki/Warminster \"Warminster\"), [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire \"Wiltshire\"). The two were accused of conspiring to commit offenses under the Computer Misuse Act of 1990; police said that the arrests related to investigations into LulzSec member Kayla.{{cite news\\|title\\=LulzSec and Anonymous police and FBI investigation sees two more arrested\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/sep/02/lulzsec\\-anonymous\\-two\\-more\\-arrests\\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=2 September 2011\\|location\\=London\\|archive\\-date\\=22 May 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522152117/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/sep/02/lulzsec\\-anonymous\\-two\\-more\\-arrests\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On 22 September 2011, the FBI arrested Cody Kretsinger, a 23\\-year\\-old from [Phoenix, Arizona](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona \"Phoenix, Arizona\") who was indicted on charges of conspiracy and the unauthorized impairment of a protected computer. He is suspected of using the name \"recursion\" and assisting LulzSec in their early hack against Sony Pictures Entertainment, though he allegedly erased the hard drives he used to carry out the attack.{{cite news\\|title\\=FBI Arrests Suspected LulzSec and Anonymous Hackers\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/09/22/fbi\\-arrests\\-suspected\\-lulzsec\\-and\\-anonymous\\-hackers/\\|access\\-date\\=22 September 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Fox News]]\\|date\\=22 September 2011\\|location\\=New York City\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923025345/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/09/22/fbi\\-arrests\\-suspected\\-lulzsec\\-and\\-anonymous\\-hackers/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2011}} Kretsinger was released on his own recognizance under the conditions that he not access the internet except while at work and that he not travel to any states other than Arizona, California, or Illinois. The case against him was filed in Los Angeles, where Sony Pictures is located.{{cite news\\|last\\=Gorman\\|first\\=Steve\\|title\\=Suspected LulzSec hacker arrested in Sony studio breach\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-sony\\-hacking\\-arrest\\-idUSTRE78L6QO20110923\\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2011\\|work\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]\\|date\\=23 September 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923112155/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/23/us\\-sony\\-hacking\\-arrest\\-idUSTRE78L6QO20110923\\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=New York City}} Kretsinger pleaded guilty on 5 April 2012 to one count of conspiracy and one count of unauthorized impairment of a protected computer.{{cite news\\|last\\=Slosson\\|first\\=Mary\\|title\\=Accused LulzSec hacker pleads guilty in Sony breach\\|url\\=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46971398/ns/technology\\_and\\_science/\\#.T4diB\\-2wmEl\\|access\\-date\\=12 April 2012\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[MSNBC]]\\|date\\=5 April 2012\\|agency\\=\\[\\[NBCUniversal]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406142949/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46971398/ns/technology\\_and\\_science/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=6 April 2012}} On 19 April 2013, Kretsinger was sentenced for the \"unauthorized impairment of protected computers\" to one year in federal prison, one year of home detention following the completion of his prison sentence, a fine of $605,663 in restitution to Sony Pictures and 1000 hours of community service.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.smh.com.au/it\\-pro/security\\-it/hacker\\-gets\\-a\\-year\\-in\\-prison\\-for\\-sony\\-attack\\-20130419\\-2i4hl.html \\| title\\=Hacker gets a year in prison for Sony attack \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \\| date\\=19 April 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=23 April 2013 \\| author\\=Whitcomb, Dan \\| archive\\-date\\=23 April 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423232133/http://www.smh.com.au/it\\-pro/security\\-it/hacker\\-gets\\-a\\-year\\-in\\-prison\\-for\\-sony\\-attack\\-20130419\\-2i4hl.html \\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 8 August 2013, Raynaldo Rivera, age 21, known by the online moniker \"neuron\", of Chandler, Arizona, was sentenced to one year and one day in federal prison by United States District Judge John A. Kronstadt. In addition to the prison sentence, Judge Kronstadt ordered Rivera to serve 13 months of home detention, to perform 1,000 hours of community service and to pay $605,663 in restitution to Sony Pictures.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.fbi.gov/losangeles/press\\-releases/2013/second\\-member\\-of\\-hacking\\-group\\-sentenced\\-to\\-more\\-than\\-a\\-year\\-in\\-prison\\-for\\-stealing\\-customer\\-information\\-from\\-sony\\-pictures\\-computers \\| title\\=Second Member of Hacking Group Sentenced to More Than a Year in Prison for Stealing Customer Information from Sony Pictures Computers \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] \\| date\\=8 August 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=26 December 2014 \\| author\\=U.S. Attorney’s Office, Central District of California \\| archive\\-date\\=15 October 2014 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015091937/http://www.fbi.gov/losangeles/press\\-releases/2013/second\\-member\\-of\\-hacking\\-group\\-sentenced\\-to\\-more\\-than\\-a\\-year\\-in\\-prison\\-for\\-stealing\\-customer\\-information\\-from\\-sony\\-pictures\\-computers \\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 6 March 2012, two men from Great Britain, one from the United States, and two from Ireland were charged in connection to their alleged involvement with LulzSec. The FBI revealed that supposed LulzSec leader Hector Xavier Monsegur, who went by the username Sabu, had been aiding law enforcement since pleading guilty to twelve counts, including conspiracy and computer hacking, on 15 August 2011 as part of a [plea deal](/wiki/Plea_deal \"Plea deal\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Winter\\|first\\=Jana\\|title\\=Infamous international hacking group LulzSec brought down by own leader\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/03/06/hacking\\-group\\-lulzsec\\-swept\\-up\\-by\\-law\\-enforcement/\\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2012\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Fox News Channel]]\\|date\\=6 March 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306152006/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/03/06/hacking\\-group\\-lulzsec\\-swept\\-up\\-by\\-law\\-enforcement/\\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|location\\=New York City}} In exchange for his cooperation, federal prosecutors agreed not to prosecute Monsegur for his computer hacking, and also not to prosecute him for two attempts to sell [marijuana](/wiki/Marijuana \"Marijuana\"), possession of an illegal handgun, purchasing stolen property, charging $15,000 to his former employer's credit card in a case of [identity theft](/wiki/Identity_theft \"Identity theft\"), and directing people to buy prescription drugs from illegal sources. He still faces a misdemeanor charge of [impersonating a federal agent](/wiki/Police_impersonation \"Police impersonation\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Caruso \\|first\\=David B. \\|title\\=Feds: NYC hacker also involved with drug dealing \\|url\\=http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2012/03/09/feds\\_nyc\\_hacker\\_also\\_involved\\_with\\_drug\\_dealing/?rss\\_id\\=Boston\\+Globe\\+\\-\\-\\+Technology\\+stories \\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2012 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Boston Globe]] \\|date\\=9 March 2012 \\|author2\\=Jennifer Peltz \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228011429/http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2012/03/09/feds\\_nyc\\_hacker\\_also\\_involved\\_with\\_drug\\_dealing/?rss\\_id\\=Boston\\+Globe\\+\\-\\-\\+Technology\\+stories \\|archive\\-date\\=28 December 2013 \\|location\\=\\[\\[Boston]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Five suspects were charged with conspiracy: Jake Davis, accused of being the hacker \"Topiary\" (who had been previously arrested); Ryan Ackroyd of London, accused of being \"Kayla\"; Darren Martyn of Ireland, accused of being \"pwnsauce\"; Donncha O’Cearrbhail of Ireland, accused of being \"palladium\"; and Jeremy Hammond of [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), accused of being \"Anarchaos\". While not a member of LulzSec, authorities suspect Hammond of being a member of Anonymous and charged him with access device fraud and hacking in relation to his supposed involvement in the December 2011 attack on intelligence company [Stratfor](/wiki/Stratfor \"Stratfor\") as part of Operation AntiSec.", "On 8 April 2013, [Jake 'Topiary' Davis](/wiki/Topiary_%28hacktivist%29 \"Topiary (hacktivist)\") and three other LulzSec members pleaded guilty to charges of computer hacking at Southwark Crown Court in London.{{cite news\\|last\\=Halliday\\|first\\=Josh\\|title\\=LulzSec hacktivists plead guilty to cyber\\-attacks on NHS, Sony and NI\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/apr/09/lulzec\\-hacktivists\\-plead\\-guilty\\-cyberattacks\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2013\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=9 April 2013\\|location\\=London\\|archive\\-date\\=22 May 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522152152/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/apr/09/lulzec\\-hacktivists\\-plead\\-guilty\\-cyberattacks\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On 24 April 2013, [Australian Federal Police](/wiki/Australian_Federal_Police \"Australian Federal Police\") arrested 24\\-year\\-old Matthew Flannery of [Point Clare](/wiki/Point_Clare \"Point Clare\"), who boasted on Facebook \"I’m the leader of LulzSec\". Flannery, who went by the username Aush0k, was arrested for the alleged hacking of the [Narrabri Shire](/wiki/Narrabri_Shire \"Narrabri Shire\") Council website on which homepage sexually explicit text and an image were left. On 27 August 2014, Flannery entered guilty pleas to five charges of making unauthorised modification of data to cause impairment, and dishonestly obtaining the Commonwealth Bank details of a woman. Flannery, who said the reference to LulzSec was a joke, lost his job of computer technician in a security company. On 16 October 2014, he was sentenced to 15 months of house arrest which continues until mid\\-April 2016, alongside a 12 months good behaviour bond.{{cite news\\|title\\=Web hacker Matthew Flannery loses job, faces jail over 'joke'\\|url\\=https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/2522426/web\\-hacker\\-matthew\\-flannery\\-loses\\-job\\-faces\\-jail\\-over\\-joke/\\|access\\-date\\=26 December 2014\\|newspaper\\=The Herald\\|date\\=28 August 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006125917/https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/2522426/web\\-hacker\\-matthew\\-flannery\\-loses\\-job\\-faces\\-jail\\-over\\-joke/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "" ]
Plot ---- A 28\-year\-old engineer named Jean\-Baptiste Baratte is tasked with the removal of the [Les Innocents](/wiki/Saints_Innocents_Cemetery "Saints Innocents Cemetery") cemetery from [Les Halles](/wiki/Les_Halles "Les Halles"), Paris in 1786 (the [Place Joachim\-du\-Bellay](/wiki/Place_Joachim-du-Bellay "Place Joachim-du-Bellay") now occupies the area) and the removal of its church. Baratte is an engineer with a single decorative bridge, built in his small hometown, comprising his entire career, and, as such, is somewhat surprised by his appointment; he does, however, endeavour to complete his task. The cemetery has been in use for many years but, given the number of people buried in such a small area, the bodies have begun to overflow and fall into the neighbouring houses as greater excavations take place and basement walls are weakened. The entire area is also permeated with a foul smell, turning fresh produce rotten in far shorter times than natural and tainting the breath of those who live there. While scouting the cemetery before his work begins Baratte goes to stay with the Monnards, a middle\-class family with a beautiful young daughter, Ziguette. In the cemetery Baratte makes the acquaintance of Armand, the church organist who continues to play, but for no one as the church has long since closed, the reclusive Père Colbert, the mad church priest, and 14\-year\-old Jeanne, the granddaughter of the sexton, who has grown up in the cemetery and is instrumental to Baratte's research. Baratte initially keeps his work secret from his acquaintances but they eventually come to know of his work and most accept it reluctantly though Ziguette, in particular, seems upset about the destruction of the cemetery. For the work, Baratte hires men from a mine that he formerly worked in and also hires his former friend, Lacoeur to come as a foreman. The work goes well until suddenly one\-night Baratte is attacked by Ziguette who wounds him in his head. Ziguette is sent away and Baratte is left with permanent injuries including severe migraines, difficulty reading, and the loss of a sense of taste. After the injury, Baratte decides to move Heloïse, a known prostitute in the area, into the Monnard's home as his companion. Though all goes well for Baratte after the injury he is called to the cemetery one night where he learns that Jeanne was attacked and raped by Lacoeur who commits suicide in penance. Baratte is ordered to cover up the suicide by his superiors and a rumour develops that he killed Lacoeur defending Heloïse.
[ "Plot\n----", "A 28\\-year\\-old engineer named Jean\\-Baptiste Baratte is tasked with the removal of the [Les Innocents](/wiki/Saints_Innocents_Cemetery \"Saints Innocents Cemetery\") cemetery from [Les Halles](/wiki/Les_Halles \"Les Halles\"), Paris in 1786 (the [Place Joachim\\-du\\-Bellay](/wiki/Place_Joachim-du-Bellay \"Place Joachim-du-Bellay\") now occupies the area) and the removal of its church. Baratte is an engineer with a single decorative bridge, built in his small hometown, comprising his entire career, and, as such, is somewhat surprised by his appointment; he does, however, endeavour to complete his task.", "The cemetery has been in use for many years but, given the number of people buried in such a small area, the bodies have begun to overflow and fall into the neighbouring houses as greater excavations take place and basement walls are weakened. The entire area is also permeated with a foul smell, turning fresh produce rotten in far shorter times than natural and tainting the breath of those who live there.", "While scouting the cemetery before his work begins Baratte goes to stay with the Monnards, a middle\\-class family with a beautiful young daughter, Ziguette. In the cemetery Baratte makes the acquaintance of Armand, the church organist who continues to play, but for no one as the church has long since closed, the reclusive Père Colbert, the mad church priest, and 14\\-year\\-old Jeanne, the granddaughter of the sexton, who has grown up in the cemetery and is instrumental to Baratte's research.", "Baratte initially keeps his work secret from his acquaintances but they eventually come to know of his work and most accept it reluctantly though Ziguette, in particular, seems upset about the destruction of the cemetery.", "For the work, Baratte hires men from a mine that he formerly worked in and also hires his former friend, Lacoeur to come as a foreman. The work goes well until suddenly one\\-night Baratte is attacked by Ziguette who wounds him in his head. Ziguette is sent away and Baratte is left with permanent injuries including severe migraines, difficulty reading, and the loss of a sense of taste. After the injury, Baratte decides to move Heloïse, a known prostitute in the area, into the Monnard's home as his companion.", "Though all goes well for Baratte after the injury he is called to the cemetery one night where he learns that Jeanne was attacked and raped by Lacoeur who commits suicide in penance. Baratte is ordered to cover up the suicide by his superiors and a rumour develops that he killed Lacoeur defending Heloïse.", "" ]
Biography --------- Huard (who occasionally wrote his name "Huart" until 1890\) was born on 28 February 1853 in [Saint\-Roch](/wiki/Saint-Roch_%28Quebec_City%29 "Saint-Roch (Quebec City)"), a ward of [Quebec City](/wiki/Quebec_City "Quebec City"), [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec"). His father, Laurent Huard, was a joiner; his mother was Ursule Thérien. He attended the [Petit Séminaire of Quebec](/wiki/Petit_S%C3%A9minaire_of_Quebec "Petit Séminaire of Quebec") from 1863 to 1872, graduating with high standings. He took an interest in [natural history](/wiki/Natural_history "Natural history") as a result of an outing where he was [Léon Abel Provancher](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Abel_Provancher "Léon Abel Provancher")'s hiking companion. He would for most of his life style himself Provancher's disciple, and from 1872 until Provancher's death the men maintained a correspondence. ### Churchman at Chicoutimi There were limited numbers of priests available in the [Saguenay](/wiki/Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean "Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean") region, as it had only recently been opened for [colonization](/wiki/Colonization "Colonization"), so Huard was sent to teach at the newly opened [Seminary of Chicoutimi](/wiki/S%C3%A9minaire_de_Chicoutimi "Séminaire de Chicoutimi"), which acted as both a [minor seminary](/wiki/Minor_seminary "Minor seminary") (*Petit séminaire*, lit. "little seminary") and a seminary proper (*Grand séminaire*, lit. "great seminary"). Huard's slight stutter and shyness prevented him from ever assuming active parish duty, although he is described as an affable, passionate man and a competent musician. Huard taught a number of classes including religion, [rhetorics](/wiki/Rhetoric "Rhetoric"), zoology and geography, and took on a number of positions in both institutions. He became the first director of the Grand Séminaire, and was successively or concurrently secretary, prefect of studies, vice\-superior and superior of the Séminaire until 1899, stopping to teach in 1893 when he was vice\-superior. In addition to those duties, he founded the seminary's bookstore and choir, organized the [library](/wiki/Library "Library"), was curator of the museum, and co\-founder and co\-editor the Petit Séminaire's student newspaper. In 1895 he founded a religious publication, the *Messager de Saint\-Antoine* ("St\-Antony's Messenger"). Although he made use of his interests in natural history while teaching, it was not until 1894 that Huard had the chance to truly apply them, when he returned the *[Naturaliste Canadien](/wiki/Naturaliste_Canadien "Naturaliste Canadien")*, Provancher's monthly journal, to active publication. Although Provancher had hoped the new government would be willing to offer grants, Huard had to maintain the magazine alone until 1919 when the governments of [Lomer Gouin](/wiki/Lomer_Gouin "Lomer Gouin") and [Louis\-Alexandre Taschereau](/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Taschereau "Louis-Alexandre Taschereau") began to offer financial assistance. Under Huard, the magazine was more popular and less technical than Provancher's version, although it maintained an anti\-evolution stance. The *Naturaliste* was printed practically without interruption until Huard's death. Huard also acquired part of Provancher's papers and his [herbarium](/wiki/Herbarium "Herbarium"). Part of Provancher's last works would be published posthumously in the *Naturaliste*. ### Naturalist at Quebec In 1901 he returned to Quebec City, where his career took a definitive turn toward science. Between 1905 and 1925 he wrote a number of successful science [textbooks](/wiki/Textbook "Textbook"), mostly for [primary education](/wiki/Primary_education "Primary education"). Although some were repeatedly reissued and used as the basis of other texts, they often garnered criticism for being too technical and suited more for teachers than pupils, or for their scientific qualities. His manual of [geology](/wiki/Geology "Geology") in particular is maligned: [Marie\-Victorin](/wiki/Marie-Victorin "Marie-Victorin") declines to review it, [Germain Beaulieu](/wiki/Germain_Beaulieu "Germain Beaulieu") publicly vilipends it in *[La Patrie](/wiki/La_Patrie_%28Canadian_newspaper%29 "La Patrie (Canadian newspaper)")*, and a writer in *[Science](/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 "Science (journal)")* says it "dates from the previous century". [Joseph\-Clovis\-Kemner Laflamme](/wiki/Joseph-Clovis-Kemner_Laflamme "Joseph-Clovis-Kemner Laflamme"), another prominent naturalist, also criticized Huard's Zoology schoolbook. These disputes didn't prevent Huard from rising in visibility, mostly thanks to his work at the *Naturaliste* and textbooks. He became curator at the Musée de l'Instruction Publique, the Parliament's museum, in 1904, and would keep the post until 1927\. In 1913 he was appointed Provincial Entomologist, a nomination that surprised other naturalists, as Huard himself, despite his affinities, was not a particularly competent naturalist and never followed college\-level classes. He would last two years at the post before being replaced by [Georges Maheux](/wiki/Georges_Maheux "Georges Maheux"). He was also editor of *La Semaine religieuse de Québec* ("Quebec Weekly Religious Courier"), another periodical founded by Provancher, between 1901 and 1913\. Huard had great ambitions. He hoped to complete Provancher's great work on the insects of the provinces, but only managed before his death to finish the volume on diurnal [lepidoptera](/wiki/Lepidoptera "Lepidoptera"), leaving [moths](/wiki/Moth "Moth"), [aptera](/wiki/Apterygota "Apterygota") and [diptera](/wiki/Diptera "Diptera") unfinished. He did complete a biography of Provancher, however, which was first published in the *Naturaliste*, then in book form. This work, despite being more [hagiographic](/wiki/Hagiographic "Hagiographic") than historic, remains the only full\-blown biography of Provancher. Amongst his other publications are a history of the church in Saguenay, notes from a travel in the [Côte\-Nord](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Nord "Côte-Nord") region (one of the first natural history descriptions of that region) and the [Catholic Encyclopedia](/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia "Catholic Encyclopedia") [article](/wiki/s:Catholic_Encyclopedia_%281913%29/Chicoutimi "Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Chicoutimi") on the [Roman Catholic Diocese of Chicoutimi](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chicoutimi "Roman Catholic Diocese of Chicoutimi").
[ "Biography\n---------", "Huard (who occasionally wrote his name \"Huart\" until 1890\\) was born on 28 February 1853 in [Saint\\-Roch](/wiki/Saint-Roch_%28Quebec_City%29 \"Saint-Roch (Quebec City)\"), a ward of [Quebec City](/wiki/Quebec_City \"Quebec City\"), [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\"). His father, Laurent Huard, was a joiner; his mother was Ursule Thérien. He attended the [Petit Séminaire of Quebec](/wiki/Petit_S%C3%A9minaire_of_Quebec \"Petit Séminaire of Quebec\") from 1863 to 1872, graduating with high standings.", "He took an interest in [natural history](/wiki/Natural_history \"Natural history\") as a result of an outing where he was [Léon Abel Provancher](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Abel_Provancher \"Léon Abel Provancher\")'s hiking companion. He would for most of his life style himself Provancher's disciple, and from 1872 until Provancher's death the men maintained a correspondence.", "### Churchman at Chicoutimi", "There were limited numbers of priests available in the [Saguenay](/wiki/Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean \"Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean\") region, as it had only recently been opened for [colonization](/wiki/Colonization \"Colonization\"), so Huard was sent to teach at the newly opened [Seminary of Chicoutimi](/wiki/S%C3%A9minaire_de_Chicoutimi \"Séminaire de Chicoutimi\"), which acted as both a [minor seminary](/wiki/Minor_seminary \"Minor seminary\") (*Petit séminaire*, lit. \"little seminary\") and a seminary proper (*Grand séminaire*, lit. \"great seminary\"). Huard's slight stutter and shyness prevented him from ever assuming active parish duty, although he is described as an affable, passionate man and a competent musician.", "Huard taught a number of classes including religion, [rhetorics](/wiki/Rhetoric \"Rhetoric\"), zoology and geography, and took on a number of positions in both institutions. He became the first director of the Grand Séminaire, and was successively or concurrently secretary, prefect of studies, vice\\-superior and superior of the Séminaire until 1899, stopping to teach in 1893 when he was vice\\-superior. In addition to those duties, he founded the seminary's bookstore and choir, organized the [library](/wiki/Library \"Library\"), was curator of the museum, and co\\-founder and co\\-editor the Petit Séminaire's student newspaper. In 1895 he founded a religious publication, the *Messager de Saint\\-Antoine* (\"St\\-Antony's Messenger\").", "Although he made use of his interests in natural history while teaching, it was not until 1894 that Huard had the chance to truly apply them, when he returned the *[Naturaliste Canadien](/wiki/Naturaliste_Canadien \"Naturaliste Canadien\")*, Provancher's monthly journal, to active publication. Although Provancher had hoped the new government would be willing to offer grants, Huard had to maintain the magazine alone until 1919 when the governments of [Lomer Gouin](/wiki/Lomer_Gouin \"Lomer Gouin\") and [Louis\\-Alexandre Taschereau](/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Taschereau \"Louis-Alexandre Taschereau\") began to offer financial assistance. Under Huard, the magazine was more popular and less technical than Provancher's version, although it maintained an anti\\-evolution stance. The *Naturaliste* was printed practically without interruption until Huard's death. Huard also acquired part of Provancher's papers and his [herbarium](/wiki/Herbarium \"Herbarium\"). Part of Provancher's last works would be published posthumously in the *Naturaliste*.", "### Naturalist at Quebec", "In 1901 he returned to Quebec City, where his career took a definitive turn toward science. Between 1905 and 1925 he wrote a number of successful science [textbooks](/wiki/Textbook \"Textbook\"), mostly for [primary education](/wiki/Primary_education \"Primary education\"). Although some were repeatedly reissued and used as the basis of other texts, they often garnered criticism for being too technical and suited more for teachers than pupils, or for their scientific qualities. His manual of [geology](/wiki/Geology \"Geology\") in particular is maligned: [Marie\\-Victorin](/wiki/Marie-Victorin \"Marie-Victorin\") declines to review it, [Germain Beaulieu](/wiki/Germain_Beaulieu \"Germain Beaulieu\") publicly vilipends it in *[La Patrie](/wiki/La_Patrie_%28Canadian_newspaper%29 \"La Patrie (Canadian newspaper)\")*, and a writer in *[Science](/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 \"Science (journal)\")* says it \"dates from the previous century\". [Joseph\\-Clovis\\-Kemner Laflamme](/wiki/Joseph-Clovis-Kemner_Laflamme \"Joseph-Clovis-Kemner Laflamme\"), another prominent naturalist, also criticized Huard's Zoology schoolbook.", "These disputes didn't prevent Huard from rising in visibility, mostly thanks to his work at the *Naturaliste* and textbooks. He became curator at the Musée de l'Instruction Publique, the Parliament's museum, in 1904, and would keep the post until 1927\\. In 1913 he was appointed Provincial Entomologist, a nomination that surprised other naturalists, as Huard himself, despite his affinities, was not a particularly competent naturalist and never followed college\\-level classes. He would last two years at the post before being replaced by [Georges Maheux](/wiki/Georges_Maheux \"Georges Maheux\"). He was also editor of *La Semaine religieuse de Québec* (\"Quebec Weekly Religious Courier\"), another periodical founded by Provancher, between 1901 and 1913\\.", "Huard had great ambitions. He hoped to complete Provancher's great work on the insects of the provinces, but only managed before his death to finish the volume on diurnal [lepidoptera](/wiki/Lepidoptera \"Lepidoptera\"), leaving [moths](/wiki/Moth \"Moth\"), [aptera](/wiki/Apterygota \"Apterygota\") and [diptera](/wiki/Diptera \"Diptera\") unfinished. He did complete a biography of Provancher, however, which was first published in the *Naturaliste*, then in book form. This work, despite being more [hagiographic](/wiki/Hagiographic \"Hagiographic\") than historic, remains the only full\\-blown biography of Provancher. Amongst his other publications are a history of the church in Saguenay, notes from a travel in the [Côte\\-Nord](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Nord \"Côte-Nord\") region (one of the first natural history descriptions of that region) and the [Catholic Encyclopedia](/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia \"Catholic Encyclopedia\") [article](/wiki/s:Catholic_Encyclopedia_%281913%29/Chicoutimi \"Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Chicoutimi\") on the [Roman Catholic Diocese of Chicoutimi](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chicoutimi \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Chicoutimi\").", "" ]
Plot ---- [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis "Indianapolis") teenager Hazel Grace Lancaster is living with [thyroid cancer](/wiki/Thyroid_cancer "Thyroid cancer") that has spread to her lungs. Believing she is depressed, her mother urges her to attend a weekly cancer patient [support group](/wiki/Support_group "Support group"). There, Hazel meets Augustus "Gus" Waters who is at the support group for his friend Isaac, who has [eye cancer](/wiki/Eye_neoplasm "Eye neoplasm"). Gus lost a leg to [bone cancer](/wiki/Osteosarcoma "Osteosarcoma") but has since gone into remission. Hazel and Gus bond over their hobbies and agree to read each other's favorite books. He gives her *The Prince of Dawn*, while she recommends *An Imperial Affliction*, a novel about a cancer\-stricken girl named Anna that parallels Hazel's own experience, but has an abrupt ending. Its author, Peter Van Houten, retreated to [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") following the novel's publication and has not been heard from since. Weeks later, Gus tells Hazel he has tracked down Van Houten's assistant, Lidewij, and has been corresponding with Van Houten via email. He will only willingly answer their questions in person. Gus then surprises Hazel with tickets to Amsterdam, acquired from a wish charity organization. After a medical setback, Hazel's doctors eventually allow the trip. Hazel and Gus arrive in Amsterdam, where he declares his love for her during a romantic meal sponsored by Van Houten. The following afternoon they go to his house, but are shocked to discover he is a mean\-spirited alcoholic. It is revealed that the emails from Van Houten had actually come from Lidewij, who arranged the meeting without Van Houten's knowledge. He taunts Hazel for seeking serious answers to a piece of fiction and belittles her medical condition. Distraught, the teens leave the residence, but Lidewij follows after them and invites them to go sightseeing to compensate for their ruined experience. The three of them visit the [Anne Frank House](/wiki/Anne_Frank_House "Anne Frank House"), where Hazel and Gus share their first kiss. They return to Augustus' hotel room, where they lose their virginity to each other. The next day, Gus reveals to Hazel that his cancer has returned and [metastasized](/wiki/Metastasized "Metastasized"), so is now terminal. After their return to Indianapolis, Gus' health continues to deteriorate. Gus invites Hazel and Isaac to his "pre\-funeral" so that they can both deliver their prepared eulogies, during which she tells him she would not trade their short time together for anything. Gus dies eight days later. At his funeral, Van Houten arrives and reveals that Gus had demanded that he attend the funeral. He apologizes for his hostile treatment of them and explains that *An Imperial Affliction* was inspired by his own daughter, Anna, who died from [leukemia](/wiki/Leukemia "Leukemia") at a young age. The author gives Hazel a piece of paper, which she initially crumples up and discards in the car. She later retrieves it after Isaac reveals that it was a letter from Gus, who had asked for Van Houten's assistance in writing a eulogy for Hazel. Hazel reads the letter, in which Gus accepts his fate and professes his love for her. As she finishes the letter, she lies on her back on the lawn in her backyard and looks up at the stars, smiling.
[ "Plot\n----", "[Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis \"Indianapolis\") teenager Hazel Grace Lancaster is living with [thyroid cancer](/wiki/Thyroid_cancer \"Thyroid cancer\") that has spread to her lungs. Believing she is depressed, her mother urges her to attend a weekly cancer patient [support group](/wiki/Support_group \"Support group\").", "There, Hazel meets Augustus \"Gus\" Waters who is at the support group for his friend Isaac, who has [eye cancer](/wiki/Eye_neoplasm \"Eye neoplasm\"). Gus lost a leg to [bone cancer](/wiki/Osteosarcoma \"Osteosarcoma\") but has since gone into remission.", "Hazel and Gus bond over their hobbies and agree to read each other's favorite books. He gives her *The Prince of Dawn*, while she recommends *An Imperial Affliction*, a novel about a cancer\\-stricken girl named Anna that parallels Hazel's own experience, but has an abrupt ending. Its author, Peter Van Houten, retreated to [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") following the novel's publication and has not been heard from since.", "Weeks later, Gus tells Hazel he has tracked down Van Houten's assistant, Lidewij, and has been corresponding with Van Houten via email. He will only willingly answer their questions in person. Gus then surprises Hazel with tickets to Amsterdam, acquired from a wish charity organization. After a medical setback, Hazel's doctors eventually allow the trip.", "Hazel and Gus arrive in Amsterdam, where he declares his love for her during a romantic meal sponsored by Van Houten. The following afternoon they go to his house, but are shocked to discover he is a mean\\-spirited alcoholic. It is revealed that the emails from Van Houten had actually come from Lidewij, who arranged the meeting without Van Houten's knowledge. He taunts Hazel for seeking serious answers to a piece of fiction and belittles her medical condition.", "Distraught, the teens leave the residence, but Lidewij follows after them and invites them to go sightseeing to compensate for their ruined experience. The three of them visit the [Anne Frank House](/wiki/Anne_Frank_House \"Anne Frank House\"), where Hazel and Gus share their first kiss. They return to Augustus' hotel room, where they lose their virginity to each other. The next day, Gus reveals to Hazel that his cancer has returned and [metastasized](/wiki/Metastasized \"Metastasized\"), so is now terminal.", "After their return to Indianapolis, Gus' health continues to deteriorate. Gus invites Hazel and Isaac to his \"pre\\-funeral\" so that they can both deliver their prepared eulogies, during which she tells him she would not trade their short time together for anything. Gus dies eight days later.", "At his funeral, Van Houten arrives and reveals that Gus had demanded that he attend the funeral. He apologizes for his hostile treatment of them and explains that *An Imperial Affliction* was inspired by his own daughter, Anna, who died from [leukemia](/wiki/Leukemia \"Leukemia\") at a young age.", "The author gives Hazel a piece of paper, which she initially crumples up and discards in the car. She later retrieves it after Isaac reveals that it was a letter from Gus, who had asked for Van Houten's assistance in writing a eulogy for Hazel.", "Hazel reads the letter, in which Gus accepts his fate and professes his love for her. As she finishes the letter, she lies on her back on the lawn in her backyard and looks up at the stars, smiling.", "" ]
Clinical Trials --------------- ### Ongoing Clinical Studies As of February 2020, three clinical studies are ongoing: #### Metastatic breast carcinoma (HER2− HR\+) In the AIPAC study efti is administered in combination with paclitaxel to women with HER2− metastatic breast cancer whose disease progressed after endocrine therapy. This Phase IIb trial is a randomized, double\-blind, placebo\-controlled study aiming to enroll 241 patients. It had an open run\-in phase with 15 patients being treated and the results were published at the 2018 ASCO annual meeting. The study is ongoing and is expected to show results in the first half of 2020\.{{cn\|date\=February 2023}} #### Solid Tumors The INSIGHT Phase I study is investigating the feasibility and safety of different routes of drug delivery (e.g. intra\-tumoral, intra\-peritoneal, and subcutaneous). #### Non\-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) In the TACTI\-002 Phase II study, efti is administered in combination with [pembrolizumab](/wiki/Pembrolizumab "Pembrolizumab") in three distinct and independent cancer indications (following a basket trial design): 1. First\-line metastatic NSCLC 2. Second\-line metastatic NSCLC in patients refractory to PD\-L1 or PD\-1 therapies such as pembrolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab) 3. Second\-line HNSCC In each of the three indications, a first cohort of patients is treated and only if a certain pre\-determined number of tumor responses is reached may a second cohort of patients be enrolled. This follows the Simons two\-stage design. At the 2019 SITC meeting, Immutep released interim results from their first\-line metastatic NSCLC trial before announcing that stage 2 of the trial had officially commenced. In early 2020, Immutep also announced in a press release the continuation of their stage 2 trial in HNSCC. ### Completed Clinical Trials #### Phase I study in melanoma, 2016\-2019 The TACTI\-mel Phase I study investigated the safety and potential synergies of efti in combination with the programmed cell death (PD\-1\) antibody [pembrolizumab](/wiki/Pembrolizumab "Pembrolizumab") in unresectable or metastatic melanoma. The trial is noted as complete on clinicaltrials.gov; final results were published at the 2019 World Immunotherapy Congress in Basel, Switzerland. No major safety concerns and preliminary safety results were reported. #### Phase I study in pancreatic cancer, 2009\-2012 In April 2009, Immutep announced its involvement in a Phase I study in pancreatic cancer conducted at [Washington University School of Medicine](/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine "Washington University School of Medicine") in [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis"). This 18\-patient study{{ClinicalTrialsGov\|NCT00732082\|Lag\-3 and Gemcitabine for Treatment of Advanced Pancreas Cancer}} evaluated for safety the combination of efti with [gemcitabine](/wiki/Gemcitabine "Gemcitabine"), a chemotherapy drug, at doses up to 2 mg. The combination was found to be safe, however no significant differences were observed when comparing pre\- and post\-treatment levels of monocytes, dendritic cells, and T cells, likely due to sub\-optimal dosing. The results of the study were reported online in *Investigational New Drugs* in August 2012\. #### Phase IIa study in metastatic breast cancer, 2006\-2010 A 30\-patient Phase IIa open\-label study in HER2\-negative metastatic breast cancer{{ClinicalTrialsGov\|NCT00349934\|IMP321 Plus First\-line Paclitaxel in Metastatic Breast Carcinoma}} has suggested that efti works as a [chemo\-immunotherapeutic](/wiki/Chemoimmunotherapy "Chemoimmunotherapy") in breast cancer, whereby chemotherapy creates tumor debris (circulating tumor antigen), and efti increases activation of antigen\-presenting cells (APCs) as they take up that debris. This trial arose in part from the findings of a June 2005 online paper in *[Cancer Letters](/wiki/Cancer_Letters "Cancer Letters")* by two researchers at the Centre René Huguenin in [Saint\-Cloud](/wiki/Saint-Cloud "Saint-Cloud") near [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") who had collaborated with Frédéric Triebel. This paper demonstrated that the level of serum soluble LAG\-3 correlated with improved survival in breast cancer patients whose tumors were estrogen or progesterone receptor\-positive. In the study, patients on weekly low\-dose paclitaxel (chemotherapy) were administered ascending subcutaneous doses of efti on days 2 and 16 of a 28\-day cycle of paclitaxel over six cycles. The maximum efti dose was 6\.25 mg. Paclitaxel was given on days 1, 8, and 15, meaning that patients were administered efti the day after paclitaxel had killed some tumor cells leading to antigenic tumor debris to be processed by dendritic cells for antigen presentation to CD8\+ T cells. There were two notable outcomes to this study: * [**Response rate**](/wiki/Response_rate_%28medicine%29 "Response rate (medicine)"). At the six\-month endpoint, 90% of patients had experienced a clinical benefit. The overall response rate was 50% based on RECIST criteria, which compared favorably with the 25% response rate observed in patients on paclitaxel monotherapy in the ECOG2100 study. The lead investigators of the chemo\-immunotherapy combination trial also noted relevant differences in the two studies' patient groups: the ECOG2100 patients were on average younger than in the chemo\-immunotherapy study, and a significantly lower percentage had disease in three or more sites upon entry into the trial. * **Increase in relevant cell numbers**. There was a sustained increase in the number of [monocytes](/wiki/Monocyte "Monocyte"), [NK cells](/wiki/NK_cells "NK cells"), and activated [CD8\+ T cells](/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell "Cytotoxic T cell") in the patients' blood samples when compared with baseline data, with the increase at the six\-month mark having a statistical significance in each case. Also, the percentage of PBMCs represented by dendritic cells and terminally differentiated effector memory T cells increased, again with statistical significance. The results of this study were reported in January 2010, and following an oral presentation at the ASCO Annual Meeting in June 2010 the results were published in July 2010 in the *Journal of Translational Medicine*. The study provided the basis of a new patent filing for Eftilagimod alpha. #### Phase Ib study in renal cell carcinoma, 2005\-2009 Immutep's first Phase I study of efti in cancer patients was an open\-label study in 21 metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients, with the drug being used as a monotherapy.{{ClinicalTrialsGov\|NCT00351949\|IMP321 Phase 1 Trial in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (MRCC)}} These patients were known to be [immunocompromised](/wiki/Immunodeficiency "Immunodeficiency"). The study, which began in late 2005, saw the patients administered ascending doses of efti (up to 30 mg per subcutaneous injection) fortnightly for six injections. The drug appeared to work at the two highest doses of 6 mg and 30 mg, with the primary outcomes among the eight patients who received these doses: * **Activated T cells**. The eight patients experienced sustained CD8\+ T\-cell activation (as measured by percentage of CD8\+ T cells expressing [CD69](/wiki/CD69 "CD69"), [CD38](/wiki/CD38 "CD38"), [HLA\-DR](/wiki/HLA-DR "HLA-DR")) that was [statistically significant](/wiki/Statistical_significance "Statistical significance") compared to the lower doses (p\=0\.016\). There was a greater percentage of effector\-memory CD8\+ T cells (CD45ROhi, CD45RA\- and CD62L\-), again, statistically significant compared to the lower doses (p\=0\.008\). And there was an increase in the expression of co\-stimulatory molecules [CD27](/wiki/CD27 "CD27") and [CD28](/wiki/CD28 "CD28") (CD27\+CD28\+, p\=0\.016; and CD27\-CD28\+, p\=0\.014\). * **Stable disease**. 7 of the 8 patients dosed at 6 mg had stable disease at 3 months compared with only 3 of 11 at lower doses. This results had statistical significance (p\=0\.015\). The results were published in *[Clinical Cancer Research](/wiki/Clinical_Cancer_Research "Clinical Cancer Research")* in September 2009\. #### Early proof\-of\-concept studies, 2005\-2007 Immutep conducted two Phase I studies designed to evaluate the safety as well as immune response profile of efti in humans: * A March 2007 paper published in the *Journal of Immune Based Therapies and Vaccines* showed that efti could increase T\-cell response potentiation in healthy subjects being administered the hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg](/wiki/HBsAg "HBsAg"). This randomized and controlled study, conducted in Paris in 2005{{ClinicalTrialsGov\|NCT00354861\|A Randomized Phase I Study of a Hepatitis B Antigen Combined With IMP321}} saw 40 healthy subjects immunized with 10 μg of HBsAg, and then given either saline (8 subjects) or ascending doses of efti up to 100 μg (32 subjects). An additional 8 subjects received a conventional Hepatitis B vaccine, the Engerix\-B product of [GlaxoSmithKline](/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline "GlaxoSmithKline"). Subjects administered efti had higher levels of HBsAg antibody in their blood as well as higher levels of antigen\-specific T cells. * An April 2007 online paper in *Vaccine* showed a similar T cell response potentiation, this time with 60 healthy subjects being administered Novartis' Agrippal influenza vaccine.{{ClinicalTrialsGov\|NCT00354263\|Phase I Study of IMP321 Given Alone or as an Adjuvant to a Reference Flu Antigen}} This study, initiated in 2005 and completed in mid\-2006, compared the influenza vaccine with the vaccine plus efti at doses up to 100 μg. For subjects that received efti there were higher levels of Th1\-type CD4\+ T cells in PBMC.
[ "Clinical Trials\n---------------", "### Ongoing Clinical Studies", "As of February 2020, three clinical studies are ongoing:", "#### Metastatic breast carcinoma (HER2− HR\\+)", "In the AIPAC study efti is administered in combination with paclitaxel to women with HER2− metastatic breast cancer whose disease progressed after endocrine therapy. This Phase IIb trial is a randomized, double\\-blind, placebo\\-controlled study aiming to enroll 241 patients. It had an open run\\-in phase with 15 patients being treated and the results were published at the 2018 ASCO annual meeting. The study is ongoing and is expected to show results in the first half of 2020\\.{{cn\\|date\\=February 2023}}", "#### Solid Tumors", "The INSIGHT Phase I study is investigating the feasibility and safety of different routes of drug delivery (e.g. intra\\-tumoral, intra\\-peritoneal, and subcutaneous).", "#### Non\\-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC)", "In the TACTI\\-002 Phase II study, efti is administered in combination with [pembrolizumab](/wiki/Pembrolizumab \"Pembrolizumab\") in three distinct and independent cancer indications (following a basket trial design):", "1. First\\-line metastatic NSCLC\n2. Second\\-line metastatic NSCLC in patients refractory to PD\\-L1 or PD\\-1 therapies such as pembrolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab)\n3. Second\\-line HNSCC", "In each of the three indications, a first cohort of patients is treated and only if a certain pre\\-determined number of tumor responses is reached may a second cohort of patients be enrolled. This follows the Simons two\\-stage design. At the 2019 SITC meeting, Immutep released interim results from their first\\-line metastatic NSCLC trial before announcing that stage 2 of the trial had officially commenced. In early 2020, Immutep also announced in a press release the continuation of their stage 2 trial in HNSCC.", "### Completed Clinical Trials", "#### Phase I study in melanoma, 2016\\-2019", "The TACTI\\-mel Phase I study investigated the safety and potential synergies of efti in combination with the programmed cell death (PD\\-1\\) antibody [pembrolizumab](/wiki/Pembrolizumab \"Pembrolizumab\") in unresectable or metastatic melanoma. The trial is noted as complete on clinicaltrials.gov; final results were published at the 2019 World Immunotherapy Congress in Basel, Switzerland. No major safety concerns and preliminary safety results were reported.", "#### Phase I study in pancreatic cancer, 2009\\-2012", "In April 2009, Immutep announced its involvement in a Phase I study in pancreatic cancer conducted at [Washington University School of Medicine](/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine \"Washington University School of Medicine\") in [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis \"St. Louis\"). This 18\\-patient study{{ClinicalTrialsGov\\|NCT00732082\\|Lag\\-3 and Gemcitabine for Treatment of Advanced Pancreas Cancer}} evaluated for safety the combination of efti with [gemcitabine](/wiki/Gemcitabine \"Gemcitabine\"), a chemotherapy drug, at doses up to 2 mg. The combination was found to be safe, however no significant differences were observed when comparing pre\\- and post\\-treatment levels of monocytes, dendritic cells, and T cells, likely due to sub\\-optimal dosing. The results of the study were reported online in *Investigational New Drugs* in August 2012\\.", "#### Phase IIa study in metastatic breast cancer, 2006\\-2010", "A 30\\-patient Phase IIa open\\-label study in HER2\\-negative metastatic breast cancer{{ClinicalTrialsGov\\|NCT00349934\\|IMP321 Plus First\\-line Paclitaxel in Metastatic Breast Carcinoma}} has suggested that efti works as a [chemo\\-immunotherapeutic](/wiki/Chemoimmunotherapy \"Chemoimmunotherapy\") in breast cancer, whereby chemotherapy creates tumor debris (circulating tumor antigen), and efti increases activation of antigen\\-presenting cells (APCs) as they take up that debris. This trial arose in part from the findings of a June 2005 online paper in *[Cancer Letters](/wiki/Cancer_Letters \"Cancer Letters\")* by two researchers at the Centre René Huguenin in [Saint\\-Cloud](/wiki/Saint-Cloud \"Saint-Cloud\") near [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") who had collaborated with Frédéric Triebel. This paper demonstrated that the level of serum soluble LAG\\-3 correlated with improved survival in breast cancer patients whose tumors were estrogen or progesterone receptor\\-positive. In the study, patients on weekly low\\-dose paclitaxel (chemotherapy) were administered ascending subcutaneous doses of efti on days 2 and 16 of a 28\\-day cycle of paclitaxel over six cycles. The maximum efti dose was 6\\.25 mg. Paclitaxel was given on days 1, 8, and 15, meaning that patients were administered efti the day after paclitaxel had killed some tumor cells leading to antigenic tumor debris to be processed by dendritic cells for antigen presentation to CD8\\+ T cells. There were two notable outcomes to this study:\n* [**Response rate**](/wiki/Response_rate_%28medicine%29 \"Response rate (medicine)\"). At the six\\-month endpoint, 90% of patients had experienced a clinical benefit. The overall response rate was 50% based on RECIST criteria, which compared favorably with the 25% response rate observed in patients on paclitaxel monotherapy in the ECOG2100 study. The lead investigators of the chemo\\-immunotherapy combination trial also noted relevant differences in the two studies' patient groups: the ECOG2100 patients were on average younger than in the chemo\\-immunotherapy study, and a significantly lower percentage had disease in three or more sites upon entry into the trial.\n* **Increase in relevant cell numbers**. There was a sustained increase in the number of [monocytes](/wiki/Monocyte \"Monocyte\"), [NK cells](/wiki/NK_cells \"NK cells\"), and activated [CD8\\+ T cells](/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell \"Cytotoxic T cell\") in the patients' blood samples when compared with baseline data, with the increase at the six\\-month mark having a statistical significance in each case. Also, the percentage of PBMCs represented by dendritic cells and terminally differentiated effector memory T cells increased, again with statistical significance.", "The results of this study were reported in January 2010, and following an oral presentation at the ASCO Annual Meeting in June 2010 the results were published in July 2010 in the *Journal of Translational Medicine*. The study provided the basis of a new patent filing for Eftilagimod alpha.", "#### Phase Ib study in renal cell carcinoma, 2005\\-2009", "Immutep's first Phase I study of efti in cancer patients was an open\\-label study in 21 metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients, with the drug being used as a monotherapy.{{ClinicalTrialsGov\\|NCT00351949\\|IMP321 Phase 1 Trial in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (MRCC)}} These patients were known to be [immunocompromised](/wiki/Immunodeficiency \"Immunodeficiency\"). The study, which began in late 2005, saw the patients administered ascending doses of efti (up to 30 mg per subcutaneous injection) fortnightly for six injections. The drug appeared to work at the two highest doses of 6 mg and 30 mg, with the primary outcomes among the eight patients who received these doses:\n* **Activated T cells**. The eight patients experienced sustained CD8\\+ T\\-cell activation (as measured by percentage of CD8\\+ T cells expressing [CD69](/wiki/CD69 \"CD69\"), [CD38](/wiki/CD38 \"CD38\"), [HLA\\-DR](/wiki/HLA-DR \"HLA-DR\")) that was [statistically significant](/wiki/Statistical_significance \"Statistical significance\") compared to the lower doses (p\\=0\\.016\\). There was a greater percentage of effector\\-memory CD8\\+ T cells (CD45ROhi, CD45RA\\- and CD62L\\-), again, statistically significant compared to the lower doses (p\\=0\\.008\\). And there was an increase in the expression of co\\-stimulatory molecules [CD27](/wiki/CD27 \"CD27\") and [CD28](/wiki/CD28 \"CD28\") (CD27\\+CD28\\+, p\\=0\\.016; and CD27\\-CD28\\+, p\\=0\\.014\\).\n* **Stable disease**. 7 of the 8 patients dosed at 6 mg had stable disease at 3 months compared with only 3 of 11 at lower doses. This results had statistical significance (p\\=0\\.015\\).", "The results were published in *[Clinical Cancer Research](/wiki/Clinical_Cancer_Research \"Clinical Cancer Research\")* in September 2009\\.", "#### Early proof\\-of\\-concept studies, 2005\\-2007", "Immutep conducted two Phase I studies designed to evaluate the safety as well as immune response profile of efti in humans:\n* A March 2007 paper published in the *Journal of Immune Based Therapies and Vaccines* showed that efti could increase T\\-cell response potentiation in healthy subjects being administered the hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg](/wiki/HBsAg \"HBsAg\"). This randomized and controlled study, conducted in Paris in 2005{{ClinicalTrialsGov\\|NCT00354861\\|A Randomized Phase I Study of a Hepatitis B Antigen Combined With IMP321}} saw 40 healthy subjects immunized with 10 μg of HBsAg, and then given either saline (8 subjects) or ascending doses of efti up to 100 μg (32 subjects). An additional 8 subjects received a conventional Hepatitis B vaccine, the Engerix\\-B product of [GlaxoSmithKline](/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline \"GlaxoSmithKline\"). Subjects administered efti had higher levels of HBsAg antibody in their blood as well as higher levels of antigen\\-specific T cells.\n* An April 2007 online paper in *Vaccine* showed a similar T cell response potentiation, this time with 60 healthy subjects being administered Novartis' Agrippal influenza vaccine.{{ClinicalTrialsGov\\|NCT00354263\\|Phase I Study of IMP321 Given Alone or as an Adjuvant to a Reference Flu Antigen}} This study, initiated in 2005 and completed in mid\\-2006, compared the influenza vaccine with the vaccine plus efti at doses up to 100 μg. For subjects that received efti there were higher levels of Th1\\-type CD4\\+ T cells in PBMC.", "" ]
### Completed Clinical Trials #### Phase I study in melanoma, 2016\-2019 The TACTI\-mel Phase I study investigated the safety and potential synergies of efti in combination with the programmed cell death (PD\-1\) antibody [pembrolizumab](/wiki/Pembrolizumab "Pembrolizumab") in unresectable or metastatic melanoma. The trial is noted as complete on clinicaltrials.gov; final results were published at the 2019 World Immunotherapy Congress in Basel, Switzerland. No major safety concerns and preliminary safety results were reported. #### Phase I study in pancreatic cancer, 2009\-2012 In April 2009, Immutep announced its involvement in a Phase I study in pancreatic cancer conducted at [Washington University School of Medicine](/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine "Washington University School of Medicine") in [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis"). This 18\-patient study{{ClinicalTrialsGov\|NCT00732082\|Lag\-3 and Gemcitabine for Treatment of Advanced Pancreas Cancer}} evaluated for safety the combination of efti with [gemcitabine](/wiki/Gemcitabine "Gemcitabine"), a chemotherapy drug, at doses up to 2 mg. The combination was found to be safe, however no significant differences were observed when comparing pre\- and post\-treatment levels of monocytes, dendritic cells, and T cells, likely due to sub\-optimal dosing. The results of the study were reported online in *Investigational New Drugs* in August 2012\. #### Phase IIa study in metastatic breast cancer, 2006\-2010 A 30\-patient Phase IIa open\-label study in HER2\-negative metastatic breast cancer{{ClinicalTrialsGov\|NCT00349934\|IMP321 Plus First\-line Paclitaxel in Metastatic Breast Carcinoma}} has suggested that efti works as a [chemo\-immunotherapeutic](/wiki/Chemoimmunotherapy "Chemoimmunotherapy") in breast cancer, whereby chemotherapy creates tumor debris (circulating tumor antigen), and efti increases activation of antigen\-presenting cells (APCs) as they take up that debris. This trial arose in part from the findings of a June 2005 online paper in *[Cancer Letters](/wiki/Cancer_Letters "Cancer Letters")* by two researchers at the Centre René Huguenin in [Saint\-Cloud](/wiki/Saint-Cloud "Saint-Cloud") near [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") who had collaborated with Frédéric Triebel. This paper demonstrated that the level of serum soluble LAG\-3 correlated with improved survival in breast cancer patients whose tumors were estrogen or progesterone receptor\-positive. In the study, patients on weekly low\-dose paclitaxel (chemotherapy) were administered ascending subcutaneous doses of efti on days 2 and 16 of a 28\-day cycle of paclitaxel over six cycles. The maximum efti dose was 6\.25 mg. Paclitaxel was given on days 1, 8, and 15, meaning that patients were administered efti the day after paclitaxel had killed some tumor cells leading to antigenic tumor debris to be processed by dendritic cells for antigen presentation to CD8\+ T cells. There were two notable outcomes to this study: * [**Response rate**](/wiki/Response_rate_%28medicine%29 "Response rate (medicine)"). At the six\-month endpoint, 90% of patients had experienced a clinical benefit. The overall response rate was 50% based on RECIST criteria, which compared favorably with the 25% response rate observed in patients on paclitaxel monotherapy in the ECOG2100 study. The lead investigators of the chemo\-immunotherapy combination trial also noted relevant differences in the two studies' patient groups: the ECOG2100 patients were on average younger than in the chemo\-immunotherapy study, and a significantly lower percentage had disease in three or more sites upon entry into the trial. * **Increase in relevant cell numbers**. There was a sustained increase in the number of [monocytes](/wiki/Monocyte "Monocyte"), [NK cells](/wiki/NK_cells "NK cells"), and activated [CD8\+ T cells](/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell "Cytotoxic T cell") in the patients' blood samples when compared with baseline data, with the increase at the six\-month mark having a statistical significance in each case. Also, the percentage of PBMCs represented by dendritic cells and terminally differentiated effector memory T cells increased, again with statistical significance. The results of this study were reported in January 2010, and following an oral presentation at the ASCO Annual Meeting in June 2010 the results were published in July 2010 in the *Journal of Translational Medicine*. The study provided the basis of a new patent filing for Eftilagimod alpha. #### Phase Ib study in renal cell carcinoma, 2005\-2009 Immutep's first Phase I study of efti in cancer patients was an open\-label study in 21 metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients, with the drug being used as a monotherapy.{{ClinicalTrialsGov\|NCT00351949\|IMP321 Phase 1 Trial in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (MRCC)}} These patients were known to be [immunocompromised](/wiki/Immunodeficiency "Immunodeficiency"). The study, which began in late 2005, saw the patients administered ascending doses of efti (up to 30 mg per subcutaneous injection) fortnightly for six injections. The drug appeared to work at the two highest doses of 6 mg and 30 mg, with the primary outcomes among the eight patients who received these doses: * **Activated T cells**. The eight patients experienced sustained CD8\+ T\-cell activation (as measured by percentage of CD8\+ T cells expressing [CD69](/wiki/CD69 "CD69"), [CD38](/wiki/CD38 "CD38"), [HLA\-DR](/wiki/HLA-DR "HLA-DR")) that was [statistically significant](/wiki/Statistical_significance "Statistical significance") compared to the lower doses (p\=0\.016\). There was a greater percentage of effector\-memory CD8\+ T cells (CD45ROhi, CD45RA\- and CD62L\-), again, statistically significant compared to the lower doses (p\=0\.008\). And there was an increase in the expression of co\-stimulatory molecules [CD27](/wiki/CD27 "CD27") and [CD28](/wiki/CD28 "CD28") (CD27\+CD28\+, p\=0\.016; and CD27\-CD28\+, p\=0\.014\). * **Stable disease**. 7 of the 8 patients dosed at 6 mg had stable disease at 3 months compared with only 3 of 11 at lower doses. This results had statistical significance (p\=0\.015\). The results were published in *[Clinical Cancer Research](/wiki/Clinical_Cancer_Research "Clinical Cancer Research")* in September 2009\. #### Early proof\-of\-concept studies, 2005\-2007 Immutep conducted two Phase I studies designed to evaluate the safety as well as immune response profile of efti in humans: * A March 2007 paper published in the *Journal of Immune Based Therapies and Vaccines* showed that efti could increase T\-cell response potentiation in healthy subjects being administered the hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg](/wiki/HBsAg "HBsAg"). This randomized and controlled study, conducted in Paris in 2005{{ClinicalTrialsGov\|NCT00354861\|A Randomized Phase I Study of a Hepatitis B Antigen Combined With IMP321}} saw 40 healthy subjects immunized with 10 μg of HBsAg, and then given either saline (8 subjects) or ascending doses of efti up to 100 μg (32 subjects). An additional 8 subjects received a conventional Hepatitis B vaccine, the Engerix\-B product of [GlaxoSmithKline](/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline "GlaxoSmithKline"). Subjects administered efti had higher levels of HBsAg antibody in their blood as well as higher levels of antigen\-specific T cells. * An April 2007 online paper in *Vaccine* showed a similar T cell response potentiation, this time with 60 healthy subjects being administered Novartis' Agrippal influenza vaccine.{{ClinicalTrialsGov\|NCT00354263\|Phase I Study of IMP321 Given Alone or as an Adjuvant to a Reference Flu Antigen}} This study, initiated in 2005 and completed in mid\-2006, compared the influenza vaccine with the vaccine plus efti at doses up to 100 μg. For subjects that received efti there were higher levels of Th1\-type CD4\+ T cells in PBMC.
[ "### Completed Clinical Trials", "#### Phase I study in melanoma, 2016\\-2019", "The TACTI\\-mel Phase I study investigated the safety and potential synergies of efti in combination with the programmed cell death (PD\\-1\\) antibody [pembrolizumab](/wiki/Pembrolizumab \"Pembrolizumab\") in unresectable or metastatic melanoma. The trial is noted as complete on clinicaltrials.gov; final results were published at the 2019 World Immunotherapy Congress in Basel, Switzerland. No major safety concerns and preliminary safety results were reported.", "#### Phase I study in pancreatic cancer, 2009\\-2012", "In April 2009, Immutep announced its involvement in a Phase I study in pancreatic cancer conducted at [Washington University School of Medicine](/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine \"Washington University School of Medicine\") in [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis \"St. Louis\"). This 18\\-patient study{{ClinicalTrialsGov\\|NCT00732082\\|Lag\\-3 and Gemcitabine for Treatment of Advanced Pancreas Cancer}} evaluated for safety the combination of efti with [gemcitabine](/wiki/Gemcitabine \"Gemcitabine\"), a chemotherapy drug, at doses up to 2 mg. The combination was found to be safe, however no significant differences were observed when comparing pre\\- and post\\-treatment levels of monocytes, dendritic cells, and T cells, likely due to sub\\-optimal dosing. The results of the study were reported online in *Investigational New Drugs* in August 2012\\.", "#### Phase IIa study in metastatic breast cancer, 2006\\-2010", "A 30\\-patient Phase IIa open\\-label study in HER2\\-negative metastatic breast cancer{{ClinicalTrialsGov\\|NCT00349934\\|IMP321 Plus First\\-line Paclitaxel in Metastatic Breast Carcinoma}} has suggested that efti works as a [chemo\\-immunotherapeutic](/wiki/Chemoimmunotherapy \"Chemoimmunotherapy\") in breast cancer, whereby chemotherapy creates tumor debris (circulating tumor antigen), and efti increases activation of antigen\\-presenting cells (APCs) as they take up that debris. This trial arose in part from the findings of a June 2005 online paper in *[Cancer Letters](/wiki/Cancer_Letters \"Cancer Letters\")* by two researchers at the Centre René Huguenin in [Saint\\-Cloud](/wiki/Saint-Cloud \"Saint-Cloud\") near [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") who had collaborated with Frédéric Triebel. This paper demonstrated that the level of serum soluble LAG\\-3 correlated with improved survival in breast cancer patients whose tumors were estrogen or progesterone receptor\\-positive. In the study, patients on weekly low\\-dose paclitaxel (chemotherapy) were administered ascending subcutaneous doses of efti on days 2 and 16 of a 28\\-day cycle of paclitaxel over six cycles. The maximum efti dose was 6\\.25 mg. Paclitaxel was given on days 1, 8, and 15, meaning that patients were administered efti the day after paclitaxel had killed some tumor cells leading to antigenic tumor debris to be processed by dendritic cells for antigen presentation to CD8\\+ T cells. There were two notable outcomes to this study:\n* [**Response rate**](/wiki/Response_rate_%28medicine%29 \"Response rate (medicine)\"). At the six\\-month endpoint, 90% of patients had experienced a clinical benefit. The overall response rate was 50% based on RECIST criteria, which compared favorably with the 25% response rate observed in patients on paclitaxel monotherapy in the ECOG2100 study. The lead investigators of the chemo\\-immunotherapy combination trial also noted relevant differences in the two studies' patient groups: the ECOG2100 patients were on average younger than in the chemo\\-immunotherapy study, and a significantly lower percentage had disease in three or more sites upon entry into the trial.\n* **Increase in relevant cell numbers**. There was a sustained increase in the number of [monocytes](/wiki/Monocyte \"Monocyte\"), [NK cells](/wiki/NK_cells \"NK cells\"), and activated [CD8\\+ T cells](/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell \"Cytotoxic T cell\") in the patients' blood samples when compared with baseline data, with the increase at the six\\-month mark having a statistical significance in each case. Also, the percentage of PBMCs represented by dendritic cells and terminally differentiated effector memory T cells increased, again with statistical significance.", "The results of this study were reported in January 2010, and following an oral presentation at the ASCO Annual Meeting in June 2010 the results were published in July 2010 in the *Journal of Translational Medicine*. The study provided the basis of a new patent filing for Eftilagimod alpha.", "#### Phase Ib study in renal cell carcinoma, 2005\\-2009", "Immutep's first Phase I study of efti in cancer patients was an open\\-label study in 21 metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients, with the drug being used as a monotherapy.{{ClinicalTrialsGov\\|NCT00351949\\|IMP321 Phase 1 Trial in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (MRCC)}} These patients were known to be [immunocompromised](/wiki/Immunodeficiency \"Immunodeficiency\"). The study, which began in late 2005, saw the patients administered ascending doses of efti (up to 30 mg per subcutaneous injection) fortnightly for six injections. The drug appeared to work at the two highest doses of 6 mg and 30 mg, with the primary outcomes among the eight patients who received these doses:\n* **Activated T cells**. The eight patients experienced sustained CD8\\+ T\\-cell activation (as measured by percentage of CD8\\+ T cells expressing [CD69](/wiki/CD69 \"CD69\"), [CD38](/wiki/CD38 \"CD38\"), [HLA\\-DR](/wiki/HLA-DR \"HLA-DR\")) that was [statistically significant](/wiki/Statistical_significance \"Statistical significance\") compared to the lower doses (p\\=0\\.016\\). There was a greater percentage of effector\\-memory CD8\\+ T cells (CD45ROhi, CD45RA\\- and CD62L\\-), again, statistically significant compared to the lower doses (p\\=0\\.008\\). And there was an increase in the expression of co\\-stimulatory molecules [CD27](/wiki/CD27 \"CD27\") and [CD28](/wiki/CD28 \"CD28\") (CD27\\+CD28\\+, p\\=0\\.016; and CD27\\-CD28\\+, p\\=0\\.014\\).\n* **Stable disease**. 7 of the 8 patients dosed at 6 mg had stable disease at 3 months compared with only 3 of 11 at lower doses. This results had statistical significance (p\\=0\\.015\\).", "The results were published in *[Clinical Cancer Research](/wiki/Clinical_Cancer_Research \"Clinical Cancer Research\")* in September 2009\\.", "#### Early proof\\-of\\-concept studies, 2005\\-2007", "Immutep conducted two Phase I studies designed to evaluate the safety as well as immune response profile of efti in humans:\n* A March 2007 paper published in the *Journal of Immune Based Therapies and Vaccines* showed that efti could increase T\\-cell response potentiation in healthy subjects being administered the hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg](/wiki/HBsAg \"HBsAg\"). This randomized and controlled study, conducted in Paris in 2005{{ClinicalTrialsGov\\|NCT00354861\\|A Randomized Phase I Study of a Hepatitis B Antigen Combined With IMP321}} saw 40 healthy subjects immunized with 10 μg of HBsAg, and then given either saline (8 subjects) or ascending doses of efti up to 100 μg (32 subjects). An additional 8 subjects received a conventional Hepatitis B vaccine, the Engerix\\-B product of [GlaxoSmithKline](/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline \"GlaxoSmithKline\"). Subjects administered efti had higher levels of HBsAg antibody in their blood as well as higher levels of antigen\\-specific T cells.\n* An April 2007 online paper in *Vaccine* showed a similar T cell response potentiation, this time with 60 healthy subjects being administered Novartis' Agrippal influenza vaccine.{{ClinicalTrialsGov\\|NCT00354263\\|Phase I Study of IMP321 Given Alone or as an Adjuvant to a Reference Flu Antigen}} This study, initiated in 2005 and completed in mid\\-2006, compared the influenza vaccine with the vaccine plus efti at doses up to 100 μg. For subjects that received efti there were higher levels of Th1\\-type CD4\\+ T cells in PBMC.", "" ]
Playing career -------------- ### Club Bennett lined out with Bennettsbridge in his first championship decider in 1965, however, [Mooncoin](/wiki/Mooncoin_GAA "Mooncoin GAA") triumphed on that occasion. In spite of this both sides renewed their rivalry in the 1966 decider. A double scores 4–8 to 2–4 victory avenged the previous year's defeat and gave Bennett a first [championship](/wiki/Kilkenny_Senior_Hurling_Championship "Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship") medal.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kilkennypeople.ie/news/with\-caring\-billy\-it\-is\-all\-about\-the\-love\-of\-mooncoin\-and\-things\-mooncoin\-1\-2531816\|title\=With caring Billy it is all about the love of Mooncoin and things Mooncoin\|publisher\=Kilkenny People\|date\=24 March 2011\|accessdate\=30 June 2015\|first\=\|last\=\|archive\-date\=2 July 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702042637/http://www.kilkennypeople.ie/news/with\-caring\-billy\-it\-is\-all\-about\-the\-love\-of\-mooncoin\-and\-things\-mooncoin\-1\-2531816\|url\-status\=dead}} Bennettsbridge continued to dominate club hurling once again in 1967\. A 3–10 to 1–4 defeat of [Thomastown](/wiki/Thomastown_GAA "Thomastown GAA") earned a second championship medal for Bennett. ### Inter\-county Bennett made his senior championship debut on 27 June 1965 in a 1–20 to 3–8 Leinster semi\-final defeat of Dublin. After surrendering their provincial crown in 1965, Kilkenny bounced back the following year by reaching the final of the [National Hurling League](/wiki/National_Hurling_League "National Hurling League"). An aggregate 10–15 to 2–15 defeat of [New York](/wiki/New_York_GAA "New York GAA") gave Bennett a league medal. He was later confined to the substitutes' bench as Kilkenny went on to claim the [Leinster](/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Hurling_Championship "Leinster Senior Hurling Championship") title before losing the All\-Ireland final to [Cork](/wiki/Cork_GAA "Cork GAA").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.independent.ie/sport/hurling/kings\-for\-a\-day\-find\-it\-hard\-to\-repeat\-trick\-29889008\.html\|title\=Kings for a day find it hard to repeat trick\|newspaper\=Irish Independent\|date\=5 January 2014\|accessdate\=8 April 2015\|first\=Dermot\|last\=Crowe}} There was some consolation before the end of the year, with Bennett winning an [Oireachtas](/wiki/Oireachtas_Tournament "Oireachtas Tournament") medal following a 4–7 to 1–7 victory over [Wexford](/wiki/Wexford_GAA "Wexford GAA"). Bennett was added to the starting fifteen in 1967 and collected a Leinster medal on the field of play as Kilkenny retained their provincial crown following a 4–10 to 1–12 defeat of Wexford after a scare in the opening half. On 3 September 1967 Kilkenny faced [Tipperary](/wiki/Tipperary_GAA "Tipperary GAA") in the All\-Ireland decider. Tipperary looked like continuing their hoodoo over their near rivals as they took a 2–6 to 1–3 lead at half\-time. Goalkeeper [Ollie Walsh](/wiki/Ollie_Walsh "Ollie Walsh") was the hero for Kilkenny as he made a series of spectacular saves, however, the team lost [Eddie Keher](/wiki/Eddie_Keher "Eddie Keher") and [Tom Walsh](/wiki/Tom_Walsh_%28Thomastown_hurler%29 "Tom Walsh (Thomastown hurler)") to injury in the second half. In spite of this, Kilkenny laid to rest a bogey that Tipperary had over the team since 1922, and a 3–8 to 2–7 victory gave Bennett an [All\-Ireland](/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship "All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship") medal.{{cite web\|url\=http://eircomsports.eircom.net/News/news/gaa/famous\-five\-tipperary\-kilkenny\-all\-ireland\-finals\-.aspx \|title\=Famous Five: Tipperary\-Kilkenny All Ireland finals \|publisher\=Eircom Sports website \|date\=3 September 2010 \|accessdate\=3 July 2013 \|first\=Shane \|last\=Stapleton \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022024612/http://eircomsports.eircom.net/News/news/gaa/famous\-five\-tipperary\-kilkenny\-all\-ireland\-finals\-.aspx \|archivedate\=22 October 2013 }} He finished off the year by claiming a second successive Oireachtas medal following a 4–4 to 1–8 defeat of [Clare](/wiki/Clare_GAA "Clare GAA"). As captain of the team in 1968, Bennett's side exited the championship at the hands of Wexford in the Leinster decider. ### Inter\-provincial In 1967 Bennett was at full\-forward on the Leinster inter\-provincial team. He won a [Railway Cup](/wiki/Railway_Cup "Railway Cup") medal that year following Leinster's 2–14 to 3–5 defeat of [Munster](/wiki/Munster_GAA "Munster GAA").
[ "Playing career\n--------------", "### Club", "Bennett lined out with Bennettsbridge in his first championship decider in 1965, however, [Mooncoin](/wiki/Mooncoin_GAA \"Mooncoin GAA\") triumphed on that occasion. In spite of this both sides renewed their rivalry in the 1966 decider. A double scores 4–8 to 2–4 victory avenged the previous year's defeat and gave Bennett a first [championship](/wiki/Kilkenny_Senior_Hurling_Championship \"Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship\") medal.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kilkennypeople.ie/news/with\\-caring\\-billy\\-it\\-is\\-all\\-about\\-the\\-love\\-of\\-mooncoin\\-and\\-things\\-mooncoin\\-1\\-2531816\\|title\\=With caring Billy it is all about the love of Mooncoin and things Mooncoin\\|publisher\\=Kilkenny People\\|date\\=24 March 2011\\|accessdate\\=30 June 2015\\|first\\=\\|last\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=2 July 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702042637/http://www.kilkennypeople.ie/news/with\\-caring\\-billy\\-it\\-is\\-all\\-about\\-the\\-love\\-of\\-mooncoin\\-and\\-things\\-mooncoin\\-1\\-2531816\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Bennettsbridge continued to dominate club hurling once again in 1967\\. A 3–10 to 1–4 defeat of [Thomastown](/wiki/Thomastown_GAA \"Thomastown GAA\") earned a second championship medal for Bennett.", "### Inter\\-county", "Bennett made his senior championship debut on 27 June 1965 in a 1–20 to 3–8 Leinster semi\\-final defeat of Dublin.", "After surrendering their provincial crown in 1965, Kilkenny bounced back the following year by reaching the final of the [National Hurling League](/wiki/National_Hurling_League \"National Hurling League\"). An aggregate 10–15 to 2–15 defeat of [New York](/wiki/New_York_GAA \"New York GAA\") gave Bennett a league medal. He was later confined to the substitutes' bench as Kilkenny went on to claim the [Leinster](/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Hurling_Championship \"Leinster Senior Hurling Championship\") title before losing the All\\-Ireland final to [Cork](/wiki/Cork_GAA \"Cork GAA\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.independent.ie/sport/hurling/kings\\-for\\-a\\-day\\-find\\-it\\-hard\\-to\\-repeat\\-trick\\-29889008\\.html\\|title\\=Kings for a day find it hard to repeat trick\\|newspaper\\=Irish Independent\\|date\\=5 January 2014\\|accessdate\\=8 April 2015\\|first\\=Dermot\\|last\\=Crowe}} There was some consolation before the end of the year, with Bennett winning an [Oireachtas](/wiki/Oireachtas_Tournament \"Oireachtas Tournament\") medal following a 4–7 to 1–7 victory over [Wexford](/wiki/Wexford_GAA \"Wexford GAA\").", "Bennett was added to the starting fifteen in 1967 and collected a Leinster medal on the field of play as Kilkenny retained their provincial crown following a 4–10 to 1–12 defeat of Wexford after a scare in the opening half. On 3 September 1967 Kilkenny faced [Tipperary](/wiki/Tipperary_GAA \"Tipperary GAA\") in the All\\-Ireland decider. Tipperary looked like continuing their hoodoo over their near rivals as they took a 2–6 to 1–3 lead at half\\-time. Goalkeeper [Ollie Walsh](/wiki/Ollie_Walsh \"Ollie Walsh\") was the hero for Kilkenny as he made a series of spectacular saves, however, the team lost [Eddie Keher](/wiki/Eddie_Keher \"Eddie Keher\") and [Tom Walsh](/wiki/Tom_Walsh_%28Thomastown_hurler%29 \"Tom Walsh (Thomastown hurler)\") to injury in the second half. In spite of this, Kilkenny laid to rest a bogey that Tipperary had over the team since 1922, and a 3–8 to 2–7 victory gave Bennett an [All\\-Ireland](/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship \"All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship\") medal.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://eircomsports.eircom.net/News/news/gaa/famous\\-five\\-tipperary\\-kilkenny\\-all\\-ireland\\-finals\\-.aspx \\|title\\=Famous Five: Tipperary\\-Kilkenny All Ireland finals \\|publisher\\=Eircom Sports website \\|date\\=3 September 2010 \\|accessdate\\=3 July 2013 \\|first\\=Shane \\|last\\=Stapleton \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022024612/http://eircomsports.eircom.net/News/news/gaa/famous\\-five\\-tipperary\\-kilkenny\\-all\\-ireland\\-finals\\-.aspx \\|archivedate\\=22 October 2013 }} He finished off the year by claiming a second successive Oireachtas medal following a 4–4 to 1–8 defeat of [Clare](/wiki/Clare_GAA \"Clare GAA\").", "As captain of the team in 1968, Bennett's side exited the championship at the hands of Wexford in the Leinster decider.", "### Inter\\-provincial", "In 1967 Bennett was at full\\-forward on the Leinster inter\\-provincial team. He won a [Railway Cup](/wiki/Railway_Cup \"Railway Cup\") medal that year following Leinster's 2–14 to 3–5 defeat of [Munster](/wiki/Munster_GAA \"Munster GAA\").", "" ]
Biography --------- Zhao was born in February 1963 in [Huixian](/wiki/Huixian "Huixian"), [Henan](/wiki/Henan "Henan"). She entered the [China University of Political Science and Law](/wiki/China_University_of_Political_Science_and_Law "China University of Political Science and Law") in September 1980, majoring in law, where she graduated in July 1984\. After graduation, she entered politics as a civil servant in Henan Provincial Women's Federation. Zhao also studied at [Tsinghua University](/wiki/Tsinghua_University "Tsinghua University") from September 2005 to July 2007 as a part\-time student. In October 1998 she was promoted to become deputy party chief of [Mianchi County](/wiki/Mianchi_County "Mianchi County"), and concurrently served as magistrate in May 2000\. She was party chief of [Yima](/wiki/Yima%2C_Henan "Yima, Henan") in March 2001, and held that office until August 2002\. In August 2002, she was appointed the vice\-mayor of [Xinxiang](/wiki/Xinxiang "Xinxiang"), she remained in that position until October 2008, when she was transferred to [Jiaozuo](/wiki/Jiaozuo "Jiaozuo") and appointed vice\-mayor there. She became deputy party chief of [Sanmenxia](/wiki/Sanmenxia "Sanmenxia") in May 2011, and concurrently served as mayor of the city in July 2011, in August 2015 she was promoted again to become party chief, the top political position in the city, and served until August 2016\.{{cite news \|title\=Yangshao culture's tour in Taiwan \|url\=http://henan.chinadaily.com.cn/sanmenxia/2014\-06/13/content\_18836884\.htm \|access\-date\=11 June 2018 \|work\=Chinadaily \|date\=13 June 2014}}{{cite news \|title\=Sanmenxia opens doors for tourism and culture festivals \|url\=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/henan/sanmenxia/2016\-05/27/content\_25647850\.htm \|access\-date\=11 June 2018 \|work\=Chinadaily \|date\=27 May 2016}} During her tenure, although she has held the position for only one year, she adjusted over one hundred positions of her subordinates. Some of the people who were close to her were promoted.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2018\-05\-11/doc\-ihamfahw1666310\.shtml \|script\-title\=zh:这位女市委书记被中组部曝光 她卖官的方式很特别 \|newspaper\=sina \|date\=2018\-05\-11 \|language\=zh}} So the folk called her "Secretary of Selling Official Position" ({{zh\|s\=卖官书记\|l\=\|labels\=no}}).{{cite news\|url\=http://news.china.com/domestic/945/20180511/32399136\_all.html \|script\-title\=zh:"卖官书记"赵海燕被查：下属送百万现金获提拔 \|newspaper\=china.com \|date\=2018\-05\-11 \|language\=zh}}{{cite news\|url\=http://news.163\.com/18/0510/14/DHF0E9E40001875N.html \|script\-title\=zh:"卖官书记"赵海燕受贿细节:下属送百万现金获提拔 \|newspaper\=163\.com \|date\=2018\-05\-10 \|language\=zh}} ### Downfall On July 16, 2016, Zhao was suspected of "serious violations of discipline", said one\-sentence statement issued by the ruling Communist Party's corruption watchdog body, the [Central Commission for Discipline Inspection](/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection "Central Commission for Discipline Inspection") (CCDI).{{cite news\|url\=http://news.163\.com/16/0824/14/BV881PD500014JB5\.html \|script\-title\=zh:国资委综合局局长刘南昌调任三门峡市委书记 前任赵海燕已落马 \|newspaper\=163\.com \|date\=2016\-08\-24 \|language\=zh}} On August 24, she removed from public office. On December 25, she was removed from membership of the [National People's Congress](/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress "National People's Congress"), the national legislature of the People's Republic of China. On June 6, 2018, Zhao's husband Zhang Jin ({{zh\|s\=张锦\|l\=\|labels\=no}}; born 1956\), who formerly served as director of the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration in Henan, was put under investigation for alleged "serious violations of discipline and laws."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sohu.com/a/234278453\_440946 \|script\-title\=zh:一对夫妻两个贪官：三门峡卖官书记赵海燕正厅级官员丈夫张锦同被查 \|newspaper\=Sohu \|date\=2018\-06\-06 \|language\=zh}} On November 30, 2018, she was sentenced 11 years in prison for bribery. She was charged with accepting bribes worth 10\.25 million yuan by the Intermediate People's Court of Zhengzhou.{{cite news\|author1\=Zhong Yuhao ({{lang\|zh\|钟煜豪}})\|url\=https://news.163\.com/18/1201/12/E1UKNV760001899N.html \|script\-title\=zh:"卖官书记"赵海燕索取收受1025万 一审获刑11年 \|work\=163\.com \|date\=1 December 2018 \|access\-date\=24 October 2019 \|language\=zh}}
[ "Biography\n---------", "Zhao was born in February 1963 in [Huixian](/wiki/Huixian \"Huixian\"), [Henan](/wiki/Henan \"Henan\"). She entered the [China University of Political Science and Law](/wiki/China_University_of_Political_Science_and_Law \"China University of Political Science and Law\") in September 1980, majoring in law, where she graduated in July 1984\\. After graduation, she entered politics as a civil servant in Henan Provincial Women's Federation. Zhao also studied at [Tsinghua University](/wiki/Tsinghua_University \"Tsinghua University\") from September 2005 to July 2007 as a part\\-time student.", "In October 1998 she was promoted to become deputy party chief of [Mianchi County](/wiki/Mianchi_County \"Mianchi County\"), and concurrently served as magistrate in May 2000\\.", "She was party chief of [Yima](/wiki/Yima%2C_Henan \"Yima, Henan\") in March 2001, and held that office until August 2002\\.", "In August 2002, she was appointed the vice\\-mayor of [Xinxiang](/wiki/Xinxiang \"Xinxiang\"), she remained in that position until October 2008, when she was transferred to [Jiaozuo](/wiki/Jiaozuo \"Jiaozuo\") and appointed vice\\-mayor there.", "She became deputy party chief of [Sanmenxia](/wiki/Sanmenxia \"Sanmenxia\") in May 2011, and concurrently served as mayor of the city in July 2011, in August 2015 she was promoted again to become party chief, the top political position in the city, and served until August 2016\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Yangshao culture's tour in Taiwan \\|url\\=http://henan.chinadaily.com.cn/sanmenxia/2014\\-06/13/content\\_18836884\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2018 \\|work\\=Chinadaily \\|date\\=13 June 2014}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Sanmenxia opens doors for tourism and culture festivals \\|url\\=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/henan/sanmenxia/2016\\-05/27/content\\_25647850\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2018 \\|work\\=Chinadaily \\|date\\=27 May 2016}} During her tenure, although she has held the position for only one year, she adjusted over one hundred positions of her subordinates. Some of the people who were close to her were promoted.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2018\\-05\\-11/doc\\-ihamfahw1666310\\.shtml \\|script\\-title\\=zh:这位女市委书记被中组部曝光 她卖官的方式很特别 \\|newspaper\\=sina \\|date\\=2018\\-05\\-11 \\|language\\=zh}} So the folk called her \"Secretary of Selling Official Position\" ({{zh\\|s\\=卖官书记\\|l\\=\\|labels\\=no}}).{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.china.com/domestic/945/20180511/32399136\\_all.html \\|script\\-title\\=zh:\"卖官书记\"赵海燕被查：下属送百万现金获提拔 \\|newspaper\\=china.com \\|date\\=2018\\-05\\-11 \\|language\\=zh}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.163\\.com/18/0510/14/DHF0E9E40001875N.html \\|script\\-title\\=zh:\"卖官书记\"赵海燕受贿细节:下属送百万现金获提拔 \\|newspaper\\=163\\.com \\|date\\=2018\\-05\\-10 \\|language\\=zh}}", "### Downfall", "On July 16, 2016, Zhao was suspected of \"serious violations of discipline\", said one\\-sentence statement issued by the ruling Communist Party's corruption watchdog body, the [Central Commission for Discipline Inspection](/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection \"Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\") (CCDI).{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.163\\.com/16/0824/14/BV881PD500014JB5\\.html \\|script\\-title\\=zh:国资委综合局局长刘南昌调任三门峡市委书记 前任赵海燕已落马 \\|newspaper\\=163\\.com \\|date\\=2016\\-08\\-24 \\|language\\=zh}} On August 24, she removed from public office. On December 25, she was removed from membership of the [National People's Congress](/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress \"National People's Congress\"), the national legislature of the People's Republic of China.", "On June 6, 2018, Zhao's husband Zhang Jin ({{zh\\|s\\=张锦\\|l\\=\\|labels\\=no}}; born 1956\\), who formerly served as director of the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration in Henan, was put under investigation for alleged \"serious violations of discipline and laws.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sohu.com/a/234278453\\_440946 \\|script\\-title\\=zh:一对夫妻两个贪官：三门峡卖官书记赵海燕正厅级官员丈夫张锦同被查 \\|newspaper\\=Sohu \\|date\\=2018\\-06\\-06 \\|language\\=zh}}", "On November 30, 2018, she was sentenced 11 years in prison for bribery. She was charged with accepting bribes worth 10\\.25 million yuan by the Intermediate People's Court of Zhengzhou.{{cite news\\|author1\\=Zhong Yuhao ({{lang\\|zh\\|钟煜豪}})\\|url\\=https://news.163\\.com/18/1201/12/E1UKNV760001899N.html \\|script\\-title\\=zh:\"卖官书记\"赵海燕索取收受1025万 一审获刑11年 \\|work\\=163\\.com \\|date\\=1 December 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2019 \\|language\\=zh}}", "" ]
Fictional character biography ----------------------------- ### Early life and education Joan Holloway (born February 24, 1931\) was raised in [Spokane](/wiki/Spokane "Spokane"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 "Washington (state)"), by [Gail Holloway](/wiki/List_of_Mad_Men_characters%23Gail_Holloway "List of Mad Men characters#Gail Holloway"), a single mother. She attended college in [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston"). ### Sterling Cooper From [season 1](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_1 "Mad Men season 1") through [season 3](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_3 "Mad Men season 3"), Joan is the [office manager](/wiki/Office_manager "Office manager") at the advertising agency Sterling Cooper. Her primary responsibilities are to manage the secretarial, steno, and telephone operators pools; attend to the needs of the executives; and organize agency events. She is also seen during meetings with the heads of departments, implementing *[Roberts Rules of Order](/wiki/Roberts_Rules_of_Order "Roberts Rules of Order")*, taking notes, and reminding the male staff of their duties to their clients, and assisting creative director [Don Draper](/wiki/Don_Draper "Don Draper") ([Jon Hamm](/wiki/Jon_Hamm "Jon Hamm")) and [CFO](/wiki/Chief_financial_officer "Chief financial officer") [Lane Pryce](/wiki/Lane_Pryce "Lane Pryce") ([Jared Harris](/wiki/Jared_Harris "Jared Harris")) with Sterling Cooper financial duties. Joan is also the original supervisor of [Peggy Olson](/wiki/Peggy_Olson "Peggy Olson") ([Elisabeth Moss](/wiki/Elisabeth_Moss "Elisabeth Moss")), who starts at Sterling Cooper as a secretary and eventually becomes a copywriter. Joan and Peggy do not get along at first; Joan is contemptuous of Peggy's demure attitude and conservative dress, while Peggy is intimidated by Joan's beauty and assertiveness. Over the course of the series, however, the two become good friends, and support each other through their personal and professional struggles, with Joan being supportive of Peggy's evolution as a copywriter in the male\-dominated culture of advertising. Joan is a hyper\-feminine and charming woman, with a pragmatic view of sex and attraction. Though skilled in her career, her ultimate goal is to find a promising and devoted man to marry, and then become the strength and motivation supporting him behind the scenes as he achieves success. To this end, Joan has carefully prepared and practiced, learning the social and housewife skills necessary to be a helpful, upper\-class partner, while maintaining a beautiful appearance through self care. She has many playful affairs with powerful men who adore her, but whom she discounts as marriage material. They have already achieved their success, and with most of them being married, do not fit her romantic ideal of devoted husband. Joan has little desire to be a trophy second wife. Joan had a lengthy romantic involvement with [Roger Sterling](/wiki/Roger_Sterling "Roger Sterling") ([John Slattery](/wiki/John_Slattery "John Slattery")), which started when she was his secretary, cooled when she rose to office manager, and ended after Roger's [heart attack](/wiki/Heart_attack "Heart attack"). After [Marilyn Monroe](/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe "Marilyn Monroe")'s death, Roger walks into his office to find Joan lying on his couch and crying. Realizing she is upset over the similarities she sees between the actress's life and her own, Roger comforts Joan by assuring her she will not end up alone and in despair like Monroe. Sometime before the start of the series, Joan was briefly married to a man named Scotty. Though Scotty is never seen, she mentioned to a friend in the [season 6](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_6 "Mad Men season 6") episode "To Have and To Hold" that her marriage to him was the "worst six months of my life." Joan had also had an intimate relationship with copywriter [Paul Kinsey](/wiki/Paul_Kinsey "Paul Kinsey") ([Michael Gladis](/wiki/Michael_Gladis "Michael Gladis")) sometime before the series began. Joan ended the relationship because Paul had "a big mouth," implying that he bragged about the relationship to others. Her roommate, Carol ([Kate Norby](/wiki/Kate_Norby "Kate Norby")), who Joan knows from college, expresses romantic interest in Joan in the episode "The Long Weekend," although Joan gently rebuffs her advances. In [season 2](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_2 "Mad Men season 2"), Joan becomes engaged to Greg Harris ([Samuel Page](/wiki/Samuel_Page "Samuel Page")), a [resident physician](/wiki/Residency_%28medicine%29 "Residency (medicine)") at St. Luke's Hospital. Joan is in a difficult place when it comes to marrying Greg, as she struggles to balance both her sassy, independent personality and the traditional vulnerability of a woman being dependent on her husband. As the season goes on, Joan is clearly torn between wanting to be a well\-off, married woman (the pinnacle of her ambition) and the fear that she will become a bored, lonely housewife. Joan chose Greg over the stereotypical rich men she has affairs with because he is handsome and a promising young doctor just about to launch his career as a surgeon. Greg needs her support, and seems like a good bet that he'll become a successful, romantic, and devoted husband. He turns out to be a poor choice, when his delicate ego, anger issues, and sense of entitlement clash with his utter lack of professional skill, preventing him from being either a successful husband, or a successful doctor. Her mixed feelings about her future are exacerbated when she is briefly given additional responsibilities at Sterling Cooper reading television scripts to determine ad placement, which thrills her. However, Media Director [Harry Crane](/wiki/List_of_Mad_Men_characters%23Harry_Crane "List of Mad Men characters#Harry Crane") ([Rich Sommer](/wiki/Rich_Sommer "Rich Sommer")) ultimately hires a young, unqualified man to take over the ad placement job, to her disappointment. In "[The Mountain King](/wiki/The_Mountain_King_%28Mad_Men%29 "The Mountain King (Mad Men)")," Greg meets Joan at Sterling Cooper to take her on a dinner date. Joan introduces him to Roger for the first time, and Greg picks up on the fact that Roger knows Joan's likes and dislikes. Joan attempts to dismiss his suspicions by claiming that Roger only knows her well because of how long she has been with the agency. As she's locking up for the day, Greg follows Joan into Don's office, closes the door behind him, and tries to convince her to be intimate with him. When she playfully declines, he forces her to the floor and [rapes](/wiki/Rape "Rape") her. When season 3 premieres, Joan and Greg have recently married, and she's preparing to leave her job to become a housewife just as soon as Greg is promoted to chief resident. In "[My Old Kentucky Home](/wiki/My_Old_Kentucky_Home_%28Mad_Men%29 "My Old Kentucky Home (Mad Men)")," they host a dinner party with Greg's colleagues where Joan learns that not only has he not made chief resident, but that his skill — and thus his future — as a surgeon is in question. Nonetheless, she leaves her job at Sterling Cooper as planned. Not long after, accounts executive [Pete Campbell](/wiki/Pete_Campbell "Pete Campbell") ([Vincent Kartheiser](/wiki/Vincent_Kartheiser "Vincent Kartheiser")) runs into Joan at [Bonwit Teller](/wiki/Bonwit_Teller "Bonwit Teller"), where he's surprised to find her working as a shop assistant. Clearly embarrassed, Joan lies and says that Greg is considering going into psychiatry, so she needed to work a little longer while he continued his training. Joan helps Greg prepare for a job interview, but he fails to get the job. The two have a heated argument, ending with Joan smashing a vase over Greg's head after he says she'll never understand wanting and planning for something she always expected to get, and then realizing she'll never get it. Joan later places a call to Roger Sterling's office after hours, asking him to help her find another office manager job. Greg ultimately obtains an officer's commission in the Army where he will serve as a military surgeon, and tells Joan she will no longer have to work. Despite this, Joan comes to the aid of Don, Roger, Lane, and Bert Cooper ([Robert Morse](/wiki/Robert_Morse "Robert Morse")) to launch the new Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce by finding accounting materials and client records. When the new company sets up shop at [The Pierre](/wiki/The_Pierre "The Pierre") hotel, Joan takes the position of office manager. ### Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce (SCDP) Joan is recognized by most of the staff as being integral in SCDP's daily operations. A notable feature of Joan's new office, which is more of a thoroughfare, than a legitimate office space, is an intercom to the conference room that she can use to monitor meetings with; a feature conveniently forgotten by everyone except her and Peggy. In [season 4](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_4 "Mad Men season 4"), Joan and Greg are shown trying to conceive at child, but their marriage is strained by Greg going to [basic training](/wiki/Basic_training "Basic training") and later being sent to [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). While he's gone, Joan and Roger have a friendly dinner, but are robbed at gunpoint on the walk home and have a brief one\-night stand that leads to Joan getting pregnant. She plans to get an [abortion](/wiki/Abortion "Abortion"), and Roger insists on paying for it. She travels to a clinic for the procedure, as she waits to be called in, she's mistaken for a mother of a teen daughter getting an abortion. Joan continues with the pregnancy and lets Greg believe the child is his. At the end of season 4, Joan is promoted to director of agency operations, in recognition of her role in keeping SCDP afloat amid its recent financial troubles. However, it is in title only, without a raise in pay. At the start of [season 5](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_5 "Mad Men season 5"), Joan has recently given birth to a boy named Kevin and is nearing the end of her maternity leave from SCDP. Her mother, Gail ([Christine Estabrook](/wiki/Christine_Estabrook "Christine Estabrook")), is staying with her to help with the baby while Greg is away in Vietnam. In "[Mystery Date](/wiki/Mystery_Date_%28Mad_Men%29 "Mystery Date (Mad Men)")," Greg returns home on furlough from Vietnam, but informs Joan he is being ordered to go back for an additional year. However, at a dinner with Greg's parents, Joan learns he reenlisted voluntarily since the army makes him feel powerful and it is likely the only place where his abysmal surgical skills would be accepted. Joan becomes enraged and throws him out. Joan tells him he has never been a good man, alluding to his rape. He threatens to divorce her if he leaves, but Joan simply tells him to leave. In "[Christmas Waltz](/wiki/Christmas_Waltz_%28Mad_Men%29 "Christmas Waltz (Mad Men)")," a process server shows up at the SCDP office to serve Joan with divorce papers, which upsets her. Joan yells at SCDP's receptionist, Meredith ([Stephanie Drake](/wiki/Stephanie_Drake "Stephanie Drake")), and storms off. Don offers to take her out for the day and the two test drive a Jaguar. They spend the remainder of the afternoon drinking in a midtown bar, and she confesses to Don that she is unsure of how to start over with a baby. In "[The Other Woman](/wiki/The_Other_Woman_%28Mad_Men%29 "The Other Woman (Mad Men)")," Joan is taken aback when Pete approaches her with a proposition to sleep with Herb Rennet ([Gary Basaraba](/wiki/Gary_Basaraba "Gary Basaraba")) in order to secure the Jaguar account for SCDP. She asks if all the partners are on board with this request, and Pete lies and says yes, even though Don objected, and that they are offering her $50,000\. Lane, concerned that his embezzlement might be discovered if they try to pay Joan the cash, recommends privately that she demand a voting partnership and 5% of SCDP instead. Joan agrees to the request on the condition she be made partner, as Lane suggested. It's not until after her rendezvous with Herb that she learns Don was actually the one dissenting partner. As partner, Joan's overall role in day\-to\-day operations doesn't change much beyond the fact that she now votes in partners' meetings. Her relationships with the other partners vary. She is closest compatriots with Lane, since they frequently work together on the practical running of the business, and commiserate on keeping the flighty creatives in check and under budget. However, Lane expresses inappropriate and unappreciated sexual interest in Joan, and she resents that he feels entitled to her in that way, while she skillfully shuts him down. She gets along well with Don Draper on a friendly level since they are fellow spirits when it comes to their pragmatic views of relationships, and he was the only one who opposed the Jaguar deal, but she is wary of his changeable\-creative\-side impact on the business on a professional level. Cooper respects her as a business woman and a woman, which she appreciates, though they are not particularly close. Her relationship with Roger is fond, but distant given their past, and she views Peter Campbell as a greasy worm. She and Harry Crane (who is not a partner) are open enemies and despise each other. In "[Commissions and Fees](/wiki/Commissions_and_Fees "Commissions and Fees")," Joan discovers Lane's body after he dies by suicide in his office. She later expresses bewilderment to Don, wondering if she had slept with Lane, maybe he would not have died. Don assures her that she is worth more than her body, which she is grateful for. In the season 5 finale, Joan appears to have taken over Lane's accounting duties and presides over the acquisition of new office space for the firm. ### Sterling Cooper \& Partners (SC\&P) At the start of [season 6](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_6 "Mad Men season 6"), Joan has settled into her new role as partner at SCDP. In "To Have and To Hold," Joan discovers that Harry Crane's secretary, Scarlet ([Sadie Alexandru](/wiki/Sadie_Alexandru "Sadie Alexandru")), has been having Dawn ([Teyonah Parris](/wiki/Teyonah_Parris "Teyonah Parris")), Don's secretary, punch out her time cards. Joan confronts them and fires Scarlet, angering Harry. He yells at the other partners for letting Joan do whatever she wants, clearly resenting being passed over for partner. He implies that Joan made partner only because prostituted herself, much to Joan's humiliation. In the same episode, Joan is visited by a childhood friend, Kate ([Marley Shelton](/wiki/Marley_Shelton "Marley Shelton")), who now works for [Mary Kay Cosmetics](/wiki/Mary_Kay_Cosmetics "Mary Kay Cosmetics"). Kate expresses her admiration for Joan, believing that Joan's partnership has more power than it actually has. This causes Joan to realize that she must stop acting like a secretary. She transfers many of her office manager duties to Dawn in order to concentrate on her new role. In "For Immediate Release," Joan is outraged when Don fires Jaguar after a tense meeting with Rennett. She publicly lambasts Don for negating the sacrifice she made to ensure the account and their personal relationship permanently suffers. In "Man with a Plan," Joan presides over the complicated physical logistics of SCDP's merger with CGC. CGC's secretaries express irritation at being placed under Joan's command, but she brushes them off to warmly welcome back Peggy, who had briefly left to work for CGC. Bob Benson ([James Wolk](/wiki/James_Wolk "James Wolk")), an eager new hire in accounts, walks in on Joan, who is in extreme pain. He discreetly escorts her to the hospital and is also able to expedite her care. Joan is suspicious of Bob's motives for helping her, but her mother advises her that not every good deed is a front. In return, Joan quietly steps in to save Bob's job when he is about to be laid off. By "The Better Half," Joan and Bob have become close friends, and are preparing to go to the beach together with Kevin. Roger appears unannounced and is suspicious of Bob's presence. Roger attempts to be a part of Joan and Kevin's lives, but she tells him that she intends to let Kevin grow up thinking that Greg is his father. In "A Tale of Two Cities," Joan goes on a blind date with an Avon executive, which is arranged by Kate. However, it turns out to be a business meeting, as Avon is looking for a new direction. Joan is eager to expand her role in the firm and recruits Peggy to assist her in securing the account. However, she nearly blows it by excluding Pete from the proceedings and coming on aggressively at the meeting. Peggy is able to narrowly salvage the situation and the two women again reach an understanding. Later on, Joan easily sees the attraction between Peggy and CGC executive Ted Chaough ([Kevin Rahm](/wiki/Kevin_Rahm "Kevin Rahm")), but doesn't mention it to Don until they go over budget for a commercial. Joan is shocked when Don smooths the client's feathers by saying the expensive idea was that of the deceased Gleason. This averts the client's anger but embarrasses Ted and takes credit away from Peggy in the process. Don's punishing choice in dealing with the situation, in addition to his earlier impetuousness in firing Jaguar, makes her wary of Don. When Thanksgiving 1968 approaches, Joan agrees with Cooper, Sterling, and senior partner Jim Cutler ([Harry Hamlin](/wiki/Harry_Hamlin "Harry Hamlin")) that Don should be placed on leave, as she is concerned with Don's erratic behavior and its overall effect on the firm. Joan reveals that she has made arrangements for Creative to continue functioning, with Ted overseeing Peggy long\-distance. Joan invites Roger to spend Thanksgiving with her. When Roger responds negatively to the presence of Bob, whom Joan had also invited, she warns him that she is allowing him into Kevin's life, but not hers. In [season 7](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_7 "Mad Men season 7"), Joan completely cedes her office manager role to Dawn and takes a more active role as junior partner and account executive — handling Avon and Butler Footwear. She proves to be capable, as well as a quick study. Her personality has hardened considerably, and she seems more money\-conscious, which is likely motivated by her status as single mother. Initially, she bears a clear animus towards Don for having fired Jaguar, as it cost her a substantial amount of money when the public offering fell through. She casts a vote to fire Don for "costing me money" when he violates the terms of his return, though she later favors the sale to McCann\-Erickson because it stands to provide her with more than $1 million. Joan also rejects a marriage proposal from Bob, who is [gay](/wiki/Gay "Gay"), on the grounds that both of them deserve real love and not an "arrangement" that is meant only to cope with Joan's financial difficulties and Bob's need to be in [the closet](/wiki/The_closet "The closet"). During the second half of season 7, Joan has gained confidence in her new position. During a business trip to SCDP's West Coast office, she meets Richard ([Bruce Greenwood](/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood "Bruce Greenwood")), a wealthy and very charming real estate developer whom she begins dating (though he initially expresses regret over the fact that Joan has a small child). However, as her personal life begins to come together for the first time since her divorce from Greg, she suffers professionally when SCDP is absorbed into McCann. She takes issue with the lewd and sexist treatment that she receives from her male colleagues at the new agency and complains to Jim Hobart ([H. Richard Greene](/wiki/H._Richard_Greene "H. Richard Greene")), the director at McCann. Hobart responds first with condescension and then with contempt. When Joan threatens to take legal action and to reveal McCann's misogynistic culture to the *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times"),* Hobart offers to buy Joan's remaining contract out for half of what it's worth. Joan vows to stay at McCann and fight, but when she seeks out Roger Sterling for support, Roger instead tells her that it would be more pragmatic to take the money and walk away. Betrayed, Joan takes the payout and leaves. In the series finale, "Person to Person," Joan starts her own film production company. She attempts to recruit Peggy as a partner, but Peggy chooses to stay at McCann. Joan and Richard continue dating and become somewhat serious about one another, but he is opposed to her re\-entering the business world. When Joan announces she is starting her own company, he ends their relationship. She is last seen watching her mother and Kevin go off to the park and then resuming her work at the new venture, which is operating out of her apartment under the name Holloway\-Harris.
[ "Fictional character biography\n-----------------------------", "### Early life and education", "Joan Holloway (born February 24, 1931\\) was raised in [Spokane](/wiki/Spokane \"Spokane\"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 \"Washington (state)\"), by [Gail Holloway](/wiki/List_of_Mad_Men_characters%23Gail_Holloway \"List of Mad Men characters#Gail Holloway\"), a single mother. She attended college in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\").", "### Sterling Cooper", "From [season 1](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_1 \"Mad Men season 1\") through [season 3](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_3 \"Mad Men season 3\"), Joan is the [office manager](/wiki/Office_manager \"Office manager\") at the advertising agency Sterling Cooper. Her primary responsibilities are to manage the secretarial, steno, and telephone operators pools; attend to the needs of the executives; and organize agency events. She is also seen during meetings with the heads of departments, implementing *[Roberts Rules of Order](/wiki/Roberts_Rules_of_Order \"Roberts Rules of Order\")*, taking notes, and reminding the male staff of their duties to their clients, and assisting creative director [Don Draper](/wiki/Don_Draper \"Don Draper\") ([Jon Hamm](/wiki/Jon_Hamm \"Jon Hamm\")) and [CFO](/wiki/Chief_financial_officer \"Chief financial officer\") [Lane Pryce](/wiki/Lane_Pryce \"Lane Pryce\") ([Jared Harris](/wiki/Jared_Harris \"Jared Harris\")) with Sterling Cooper financial duties.", "Joan is also the original supervisor of [Peggy Olson](/wiki/Peggy_Olson \"Peggy Olson\") ([Elisabeth Moss](/wiki/Elisabeth_Moss \"Elisabeth Moss\")), who starts at Sterling Cooper as a secretary and eventually becomes a copywriter. Joan and Peggy do not get along at first; Joan is contemptuous of Peggy's demure attitude and conservative dress, while Peggy is intimidated by Joan's beauty and assertiveness. Over the course of the series, however, the two become good friends, and support each other through their personal and professional struggles, with Joan being supportive of Peggy's evolution as a copywriter in the male\\-dominated culture of advertising.", "Joan is a hyper\\-feminine and charming woman, with a pragmatic view of sex and attraction. Though skilled in her career, her ultimate goal is to find a promising and devoted man to marry, and then become the strength and motivation supporting him behind the scenes as he achieves success. To this end, Joan has carefully prepared and practiced, learning the social and housewife skills necessary to be a helpful, upper\\-class partner, while maintaining a beautiful appearance through self care. She has many playful affairs with powerful men who adore her, but whom she discounts as marriage material. They have already achieved their success, and with most of them being married, do not fit her romantic ideal of devoted husband. Joan has little desire to be a trophy second wife.", "Joan had a lengthy romantic involvement with [Roger Sterling](/wiki/Roger_Sterling \"Roger Sterling\") ([John Slattery](/wiki/John_Slattery \"John Slattery\")), which started when she was his secretary, cooled when she rose to office manager, and ended after Roger's [heart attack](/wiki/Heart_attack \"Heart attack\"). After [Marilyn Monroe](/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe \"Marilyn Monroe\")'s death, Roger walks into his office to find Joan lying on his couch and crying. Realizing she is upset over the similarities she sees between the actress's life and her own, Roger comforts Joan by assuring her she will not end up alone and in despair like Monroe.", "Sometime before the start of the series, Joan was briefly married to a man named Scotty. Though Scotty is never seen, she mentioned to a friend in the [season 6](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_6 \"Mad Men season 6\") episode \"To Have and To Hold\" that her marriage to him was the \"worst six months of my life.\"", "Joan had also had an intimate relationship with copywriter [Paul Kinsey](/wiki/Paul_Kinsey \"Paul Kinsey\") ([Michael Gladis](/wiki/Michael_Gladis \"Michael Gladis\")) sometime before the series began. Joan ended the relationship because Paul had \"a big mouth,\" implying that he bragged about the relationship to others. Her roommate, Carol ([Kate Norby](/wiki/Kate_Norby \"Kate Norby\")), who Joan knows from college, expresses romantic interest in Joan in the episode \"The Long Weekend,\" although Joan gently rebuffs her advances.", "In [season 2](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_2 \"Mad Men season 2\"), Joan becomes engaged to Greg Harris ([Samuel Page](/wiki/Samuel_Page \"Samuel Page\")), a [resident physician](/wiki/Residency_%28medicine%29 \"Residency (medicine)\") at St. Luke's Hospital. Joan is in a difficult place when it comes to marrying Greg, as she struggles to balance both her sassy, independent personality and the traditional vulnerability of a woman being dependent on her husband. As the season goes on, Joan is clearly torn between wanting to be a well\\-off, married woman (the pinnacle of her ambition) and the fear that she will become a bored, lonely housewife. Joan chose Greg over the stereotypical rich men she has affairs with because he is handsome and a promising young doctor just about to launch his career as a surgeon. Greg needs her support, and seems like a good bet that he'll become a successful, romantic, and devoted husband. He turns out to be a poor choice, when his delicate ego, anger issues, and sense of entitlement clash with his utter lack of professional skill, preventing him from being either a successful husband, or a successful doctor.", "Her mixed feelings about her future are exacerbated when she is briefly given additional responsibilities at Sterling Cooper reading television scripts to determine ad placement, which thrills her. However, Media Director [Harry Crane](/wiki/List_of_Mad_Men_characters%23Harry_Crane \"List of Mad Men characters#Harry Crane\") ([Rich Sommer](/wiki/Rich_Sommer \"Rich Sommer\")) ultimately hires a young, unqualified man to take over the ad placement job, to her disappointment.", "In \"[The Mountain King](/wiki/The_Mountain_King_%28Mad_Men%29 \"The Mountain King (Mad Men)\"),\" Greg meets Joan at Sterling Cooper to take her on a dinner date. Joan introduces him to Roger for the first time, and Greg picks up on the fact that Roger knows Joan's likes and dislikes. Joan attempts to dismiss his suspicions by claiming that Roger only knows her well because of how long she has been with the agency. As she's locking up for the day, Greg follows Joan into Don's office, closes the door behind him, and tries to convince her to be intimate with him. When she playfully declines, he forces her to the floor and [rapes](/wiki/Rape \"Rape\") her.", "When season 3 premieres, Joan and Greg have recently married, and she's preparing to leave her job to become a housewife just as soon as Greg is promoted to chief resident. In \"[My Old Kentucky Home](/wiki/My_Old_Kentucky_Home_%28Mad_Men%29 \"My Old Kentucky Home (Mad Men)\"),\" they host a dinner party with Greg's colleagues where Joan learns that not only has he not made chief resident, but that his skill — and thus his future — as a surgeon is in question. Nonetheless, she leaves her job at Sterling Cooper as planned. Not long after, accounts executive [Pete Campbell](/wiki/Pete_Campbell \"Pete Campbell\") ([Vincent Kartheiser](/wiki/Vincent_Kartheiser \"Vincent Kartheiser\")) runs into Joan at [Bonwit Teller](/wiki/Bonwit_Teller \"Bonwit Teller\"), where he's surprised to find her working as a shop assistant. Clearly embarrassed, Joan lies and says that Greg is considering going into psychiatry, so she needed to work a little longer while he continued his training.", "Joan helps Greg prepare for a job interview, but he fails to get the job. The two have a heated argument, ending with Joan smashing a vase over Greg's head after he says she'll never understand wanting and planning for something she always expected to get, and then realizing she'll never get it. Joan later places a call to Roger Sterling's office after hours, asking him to help her find another office manager job. Greg ultimately obtains an officer's commission in the Army where he will serve as a military surgeon, and tells Joan she will no longer have to work. Despite this, Joan comes to the aid of Don, Roger, Lane, and Bert Cooper ([Robert Morse](/wiki/Robert_Morse \"Robert Morse\")) to launch the new Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce by finding accounting materials and client records. When the new company sets up shop at [The Pierre](/wiki/The_Pierre \"The Pierre\") hotel, Joan takes the position of office manager.", "### Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce (SCDP)", "Joan is recognized by most of the staff as being integral in SCDP's daily operations. A notable feature of Joan's new office, which is more of a thoroughfare, than a legitimate office space, is an intercom to the conference room that she can use to monitor meetings with; a feature conveniently forgotten by everyone except her and Peggy.", "In [season 4](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_4 \"Mad Men season 4\"), Joan and Greg are shown trying to conceive at child, but their marriage is strained by Greg going to [basic training](/wiki/Basic_training \"Basic training\") and later being sent to [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"). While he's gone, Joan and Roger have a friendly dinner, but are robbed at gunpoint on the walk home and have a brief one\\-night stand that leads to Joan getting pregnant. She plans to get an [abortion](/wiki/Abortion \"Abortion\"), and Roger insists on paying for it. She travels to a clinic for the procedure, as she waits to be called in, she's mistaken for a mother of a teen daughter getting an abortion. Joan continues with the pregnancy and lets Greg believe the child is his.", "At the end of season 4, Joan is promoted to director of agency operations, in recognition of her role in keeping SCDP afloat amid its recent financial troubles. However, it is in title only, without a raise in pay.", "At the start of [season 5](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_5 \"Mad Men season 5\"), Joan has recently given birth to a boy named Kevin and is nearing the end of her maternity leave from SCDP. Her mother, Gail ([Christine Estabrook](/wiki/Christine_Estabrook \"Christine Estabrook\")), is staying with her to help with the baby while Greg is away in Vietnam.", "In \"[Mystery Date](/wiki/Mystery_Date_%28Mad_Men%29 \"Mystery Date (Mad Men)\"),\" Greg returns home on furlough from Vietnam, but informs Joan he is being ordered to go back for an additional year. However, at a dinner with Greg's parents, Joan learns he reenlisted voluntarily since the army makes him feel powerful and it is likely the only place where his abysmal surgical skills would be accepted. Joan becomes enraged and throws him out. Joan tells him he has never been a good man, alluding to his rape. He threatens to divorce her if he leaves, but Joan simply tells him to leave.", "In \"[Christmas Waltz](/wiki/Christmas_Waltz_%28Mad_Men%29 \"Christmas Waltz (Mad Men)\"),\" a process server shows up at the SCDP office to serve Joan with divorce papers, which upsets her. Joan yells at SCDP's receptionist, Meredith ([Stephanie Drake](/wiki/Stephanie_Drake \"Stephanie Drake\")), and storms off. Don offers to take her out for the day and the two test drive a Jaguar. They spend the remainder of the afternoon drinking in a midtown bar, and she confesses to Don that she is unsure of how to start over with a baby.", "In \"[The Other Woman](/wiki/The_Other_Woman_%28Mad_Men%29 \"The Other Woman (Mad Men)\"),\" Joan is taken aback when Pete approaches her with a proposition to sleep with Herb Rennet ([Gary Basaraba](/wiki/Gary_Basaraba \"Gary Basaraba\")) in order to secure the Jaguar account for SCDP. She asks if all the partners are on board with this request, and Pete lies and says yes, even though Don objected, and that they are offering her $50,000\\. Lane, concerned that his embezzlement might be discovered if they try to pay Joan the cash, recommends privately that she demand a voting partnership and 5% of SCDP instead. Joan agrees to the request on the condition she be made partner, as Lane suggested. It's not until after her rendezvous with Herb that she learns Don was actually the one dissenting partner.", "As partner, Joan's overall role in day\\-to\\-day operations doesn't change much beyond the fact that she now votes in partners' meetings. Her relationships with the other partners vary. She is closest compatriots with Lane, since they frequently work together on the practical running of the business, and commiserate on keeping the flighty creatives in check and under budget. However, Lane expresses inappropriate and unappreciated sexual interest in Joan, and she resents that he feels entitled to her in that way, while she skillfully shuts him down. She gets along well with Don Draper on a friendly level since they are fellow spirits when it comes to their pragmatic views of relationships, and he was the only one who opposed the Jaguar deal, but she is wary of his changeable\\-creative\\-side impact on the business on a professional level. Cooper respects her as a business woman and a woman, which she appreciates, though they are not particularly close. Her relationship with Roger is fond, but distant given their past, and she views Peter Campbell as a greasy worm. She and Harry Crane (who is not a partner) are open enemies and despise each other.", "In \"[Commissions and Fees](/wiki/Commissions_and_Fees \"Commissions and Fees\"),\" Joan discovers Lane's body after he dies by suicide in his office. She later expresses bewilderment to Don, wondering if she had slept with Lane, maybe he would not have died. Don assures her that she is worth more than her body, which she is grateful for. In the season 5 finale, Joan appears to have taken over Lane's accounting duties and presides over the acquisition of new office space for the firm.", "### Sterling Cooper \\& Partners (SC\\&P)", "At the start of [season 6](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_6 \"Mad Men season 6\"), Joan has settled into her new role as partner at SCDP. In \"To Have and To Hold,\" Joan discovers that Harry Crane's secretary, Scarlet ([Sadie Alexandru](/wiki/Sadie_Alexandru \"Sadie Alexandru\")), has been having Dawn ([Teyonah Parris](/wiki/Teyonah_Parris \"Teyonah Parris\")), Don's secretary, punch out her time cards. Joan confronts them and fires Scarlet, angering Harry. He yells at the other partners for letting Joan do whatever she wants, clearly resenting being passed over for partner. He implies that Joan made partner only because prostituted herself, much to Joan's humiliation.", "In the same episode, Joan is visited by a childhood friend, Kate ([Marley Shelton](/wiki/Marley_Shelton \"Marley Shelton\")), who now works for [Mary Kay Cosmetics](/wiki/Mary_Kay_Cosmetics \"Mary Kay Cosmetics\"). Kate expresses her admiration for Joan, believing that Joan's partnership has more power than it actually has. This causes Joan to realize that she must stop acting like a secretary. She transfers many of her office manager duties to Dawn in order to concentrate on her new role.", "In \"For Immediate Release,\" Joan is outraged when Don fires Jaguar after a tense meeting with Rennett. She publicly lambasts Don for negating the sacrifice she made to ensure the account and their personal relationship permanently suffers. In \"Man with a Plan,\" Joan presides over the complicated physical logistics of SCDP's merger with CGC. CGC's secretaries express irritation at being placed under Joan's command, but she brushes them off to warmly welcome back Peggy, who had briefly left to work for CGC. Bob Benson ([James Wolk](/wiki/James_Wolk \"James Wolk\")), an eager new hire in accounts, walks in on Joan, who is in extreme pain. He discreetly escorts her to the hospital and is also able to expedite her care. Joan is suspicious of Bob's motives for helping her, but her mother advises her that not every good deed is a front. In return, Joan quietly steps in to save Bob's job when he is about to be laid off.", "By \"The Better Half,\" Joan and Bob have become close friends, and are preparing to go to the beach together with Kevin. Roger appears unannounced and is suspicious of Bob's presence. Roger attempts to be a part of Joan and Kevin's lives, but she tells him that she intends to let Kevin grow up thinking that Greg is his father.", "In \"A Tale of Two Cities,\" Joan goes on a blind date with an Avon executive, which is arranged by Kate. However, it turns out to be a business meeting, as Avon is looking for a new direction. Joan is eager to expand her role in the firm and recruits Peggy to assist her in securing the account. However, she nearly blows it by excluding Pete from the proceedings and coming on aggressively at the meeting. Peggy is able to narrowly salvage the situation and the two women again reach an understanding.", "Later on, Joan easily sees the attraction between Peggy and CGC executive Ted Chaough ([Kevin Rahm](/wiki/Kevin_Rahm \"Kevin Rahm\")), but doesn't mention it to Don until they go over budget for a commercial. Joan is shocked when Don smooths the client's feathers by saying the expensive idea was that of the deceased Gleason. This averts the client's anger but embarrasses Ted and takes credit away from Peggy in the process. Don's punishing choice in dealing with the situation, in addition to his earlier impetuousness in firing Jaguar, makes her wary of Don. When Thanksgiving 1968 approaches, Joan agrees with Cooper, Sterling, and senior partner Jim Cutler ([Harry Hamlin](/wiki/Harry_Hamlin \"Harry Hamlin\")) that Don should be placed on leave, as she is concerned with Don's erratic behavior and its overall effect on the firm. Joan reveals that she has made arrangements for Creative to continue functioning, with Ted overseeing Peggy long\\-distance. Joan invites Roger to spend Thanksgiving with her. When Roger responds negatively to the presence of Bob, whom Joan had also invited, she warns him that she is allowing him into Kevin's life, but not hers.", "In [season 7](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_7 \"Mad Men season 7\"), Joan completely cedes her office manager role to Dawn and takes a more active role as junior partner and account executive — handling Avon and Butler Footwear. She proves to be capable, as well as a quick study. Her personality has hardened considerably, and she seems more money\\-conscious, which is likely motivated by her status as single mother. Initially, she bears a clear animus towards Don for having fired Jaguar, as it cost her a substantial amount of money when the public offering fell through. She casts a vote to fire Don for \"costing me money\" when he violates the terms of his return, though she later favors the sale to McCann\\-Erickson because it stands to provide her with more than $1 million. Joan also rejects a marriage proposal from Bob, who is [gay](/wiki/Gay \"Gay\"), on the grounds that both of them deserve real love and not an \"arrangement\" that is meant only to cope with Joan's financial difficulties and Bob's need to be in [the closet](/wiki/The_closet \"The closet\").", "During the second half of season 7, Joan has gained confidence in her new position. During a business trip to SCDP's West Coast office, she meets Richard ([Bruce Greenwood](/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood \"Bruce Greenwood\")), a wealthy and very charming real estate developer whom she begins dating (though he initially expresses regret over the fact that Joan has a small child). However, as her personal life begins to come together for the first time since her divorce from Greg, she suffers professionally when SCDP is absorbed into McCann. She takes issue with the lewd and sexist treatment that she receives from her male colleagues at the new agency and complains to Jim Hobart ([H. Richard Greene](/wiki/H._Richard_Greene \"H. Richard Greene\")), the director at McCann. Hobart responds first with condescension and then with contempt. When Joan threatens to take legal action and to reveal McCann's misogynistic culture to the *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\"),* Hobart offers to buy Joan's remaining contract out for half of what it's worth. Joan vows to stay at McCann and fight, but when she seeks out Roger Sterling for support, Roger instead tells her that it would be more pragmatic to take the money and walk away. Betrayed, Joan takes the payout and leaves.", "In the series finale, \"Person to Person,\" Joan starts her own film production company. She attempts to recruit Peggy as a partner, but Peggy chooses to stay at McCann. Joan and Richard continue dating and become somewhat serious about one another, but he is opposed to her re\\-entering the business world. When Joan announces she is starting her own company, he ends their relationship. She is last seen watching her mother and Kevin go off to the park and then resuming her work at the new venture, which is operating out of her apartment under the name Holloway\\-Harris.", "" ]
### Sterling Cooper From [season 1](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_1 "Mad Men season 1") through [season 3](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_3 "Mad Men season 3"), Joan is the [office manager](/wiki/Office_manager "Office manager") at the advertising agency Sterling Cooper. Her primary responsibilities are to manage the secretarial, steno, and telephone operators pools; attend to the needs of the executives; and organize agency events. She is also seen during meetings with the heads of departments, implementing *[Roberts Rules of Order](/wiki/Roberts_Rules_of_Order "Roberts Rules of Order")*, taking notes, and reminding the male staff of their duties to their clients, and assisting creative director [Don Draper](/wiki/Don_Draper "Don Draper") ([Jon Hamm](/wiki/Jon_Hamm "Jon Hamm")) and [CFO](/wiki/Chief_financial_officer "Chief financial officer") [Lane Pryce](/wiki/Lane_Pryce "Lane Pryce") ([Jared Harris](/wiki/Jared_Harris "Jared Harris")) with Sterling Cooper financial duties. Joan is also the original supervisor of [Peggy Olson](/wiki/Peggy_Olson "Peggy Olson") ([Elisabeth Moss](/wiki/Elisabeth_Moss "Elisabeth Moss")), who starts at Sterling Cooper as a secretary and eventually becomes a copywriter. Joan and Peggy do not get along at first; Joan is contemptuous of Peggy's demure attitude and conservative dress, while Peggy is intimidated by Joan's beauty and assertiveness. Over the course of the series, however, the two become good friends, and support each other through their personal and professional struggles, with Joan being supportive of Peggy's evolution as a copywriter in the male\-dominated culture of advertising. Joan is a hyper\-feminine and charming woman, with a pragmatic view of sex and attraction. Though skilled in her career, her ultimate goal is to find a promising and devoted man to marry, and then become the strength and motivation supporting him behind the scenes as he achieves success. To this end, Joan has carefully prepared and practiced, learning the social and housewife skills necessary to be a helpful, upper\-class partner, while maintaining a beautiful appearance through self care. She has many playful affairs with powerful men who adore her, but whom she discounts as marriage material. They have already achieved their success, and with most of them being married, do not fit her romantic ideal of devoted husband. Joan has little desire to be a trophy second wife. Joan had a lengthy romantic involvement with [Roger Sterling](/wiki/Roger_Sterling "Roger Sterling") ([John Slattery](/wiki/John_Slattery "John Slattery")), which started when she was his secretary, cooled when she rose to office manager, and ended after Roger's [heart attack](/wiki/Heart_attack "Heart attack"). After [Marilyn Monroe](/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe "Marilyn Monroe")'s death, Roger walks into his office to find Joan lying on his couch and crying. Realizing she is upset over the similarities she sees between the actress's life and her own, Roger comforts Joan by assuring her she will not end up alone and in despair like Monroe. Sometime before the start of the series, Joan was briefly married to a man named Scotty. Though Scotty is never seen, she mentioned to a friend in the [season 6](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_6 "Mad Men season 6") episode "To Have and To Hold" that her marriage to him was the "worst six months of my life." Joan had also had an intimate relationship with copywriter [Paul Kinsey](/wiki/Paul_Kinsey "Paul Kinsey") ([Michael Gladis](/wiki/Michael_Gladis "Michael Gladis")) sometime before the series began. Joan ended the relationship because Paul had "a big mouth," implying that he bragged about the relationship to others. Her roommate, Carol ([Kate Norby](/wiki/Kate_Norby "Kate Norby")), who Joan knows from college, expresses romantic interest in Joan in the episode "The Long Weekend," although Joan gently rebuffs her advances. In [season 2](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_2 "Mad Men season 2"), Joan becomes engaged to Greg Harris ([Samuel Page](/wiki/Samuel_Page "Samuel Page")), a [resident physician](/wiki/Residency_%28medicine%29 "Residency (medicine)") at St. Luke's Hospital. Joan is in a difficult place when it comes to marrying Greg, as she struggles to balance both her sassy, independent personality and the traditional vulnerability of a woman being dependent on her husband. As the season goes on, Joan is clearly torn between wanting to be a well\-off, married woman (the pinnacle of her ambition) and the fear that she will become a bored, lonely housewife. Joan chose Greg over the stereotypical rich men she has affairs with because he is handsome and a promising young doctor just about to launch his career as a surgeon. Greg needs her support, and seems like a good bet that he'll become a successful, romantic, and devoted husband. He turns out to be a poor choice, when his delicate ego, anger issues, and sense of entitlement clash with his utter lack of professional skill, preventing him from being either a successful husband, or a successful doctor. Her mixed feelings about her future are exacerbated when she is briefly given additional responsibilities at Sterling Cooper reading television scripts to determine ad placement, which thrills her. However, Media Director [Harry Crane](/wiki/List_of_Mad_Men_characters%23Harry_Crane "List of Mad Men characters#Harry Crane") ([Rich Sommer](/wiki/Rich_Sommer "Rich Sommer")) ultimately hires a young, unqualified man to take over the ad placement job, to her disappointment. In "[The Mountain King](/wiki/The_Mountain_King_%28Mad_Men%29 "The Mountain King (Mad Men)")," Greg meets Joan at Sterling Cooper to take her on a dinner date. Joan introduces him to Roger for the first time, and Greg picks up on the fact that Roger knows Joan's likes and dislikes. Joan attempts to dismiss his suspicions by claiming that Roger only knows her well because of how long she has been with the agency. As she's locking up for the day, Greg follows Joan into Don's office, closes the door behind him, and tries to convince her to be intimate with him. When she playfully declines, he forces her to the floor and [rapes](/wiki/Rape "Rape") her. When season 3 premieres, Joan and Greg have recently married, and she's preparing to leave her job to become a housewife just as soon as Greg is promoted to chief resident. In "[My Old Kentucky Home](/wiki/My_Old_Kentucky_Home_%28Mad_Men%29 "My Old Kentucky Home (Mad Men)")," they host a dinner party with Greg's colleagues where Joan learns that not only has he not made chief resident, but that his skill — and thus his future — as a surgeon is in question. Nonetheless, she leaves her job at Sterling Cooper as planned. Not long after, accounts executive [Pete Campbell](/wiki/Pete_Campbell "Pete Campbell") ([Vincent Kartheiser](/wiki/Vincent_Kartheiser "Vincent Kartheiser")) runs into Joan at [Bonwit Teller](/wiki/Bonwit_Teller "Bonwit Teller"), where he's surprised to find her working as a shop assistant. Clearly embarrassed, Joan lies and says that Greg is considering going into psychiatry, so she needed to work a little longer while he continued his training. Joan helps Greg prepare for a job interview, but he fails to get the job. The two have a heated argument, ending with Joan smashing a vase over Greg's head after he says she'll never understand wanting and planning for something she always expected to get, and then realizing she'll never get it. Joan later places a call to Roger Sterling's office after hours, asking him to help her find another office manager job. Greg ultimately obtains an officer's commission in the Army where he will serve as a military surgeon, and tells Joan she will no longer have to work. Despite this, Joan comes to the aid of Don, Roger, Lane, and Bert Cooper ([Robert Morse](/wiki/Robert_Morse "Robert Morse")) to launch the new Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce by finding accounting materials and client records. When the new company sets up shop at [The Pierre](/wiki/The_Pierre "The Pierre") hotel, Joan takes the position of office manager.
[ "### Sterling Cooper", "From [season 1](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_1 \"Mad Men season 1\") through [season 3](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_3 \"Mad Men season 3\"), Joan is the [office manager](/wiki/Office_manager \"Office manager\") at the advertising agency Sterling Cooper. Her primary responsibilities are to manage the secretarial, steno, and telephone operators pools; attend to the needs of the executives; and organize agency events. She is also seen during meetings with the heads of departments, implementing *[Roberts Rules of Order](/wiki/Roberts_Rules_of_Order \"Roberts Rules of Order\")*, taking notes, and reminding the male staff of their duties to their clients, and assisting creative director [Don Draper](/wiki/Don_Draper \"Don Draper\") ([Jon Hamm](/wiki/Jon_Hamm \"Jon Hamm\")) and [CFO](/wiki/Chief_financial_officer \"Chief financial officer\") [Lane Pryce](/wiki/Lane_Pryce \"Lane Pryce\") ([Jared Harris](/wiki/Jared_Harris \"Jared Harris\")) with Sterling Cooper financial duties.", "Joan is also the original supervisor of [Peggy Olson](/wiki/Peggy_Olson \"Peggy Olson\") ([Elisabeth Moss](/wiki/Elisabeth_Moss \"Elisabeth Moss\")), who starts at Sterling Cooper as a secretary and eventually becomes a copywriter. Joan and Peggy do not get along at first; Joan is contemptuous of Peggy's demure attitude and conservative dress, while Peggy is intimidated by Joan's beauty and assertiveness. Over the course of the series, however, the two become good friends, and support each other through their personal and professional struggles, with Joan being supportive of Peggy's evolution as a copywriter in the male\\-dominated culture of advertising.", "Joan is a hyper\\-feminine and charming woman, with a pragmatic view of sex and attraction. Though skilled in her career, her ultimate goal is to find a promising and devoted man to marry, and then become the strength and motivation supporting him behind the scenes as he achieves success. To this end, Joan has carefully prepared and practiced, learning the social and housewife skills necessary to be a helpful, upper\\-class partner, while maintaining a beautiful appearance through self care. She has many playful affairs with powerful men who adore her, but whom she discounts as marriage material. They have already achieved their success, and with most of them being married, do not fit her romantic ideal of devoted husband. Joan has little desire to be a trophy second wife.", "Joan had a lengthy romantic involvement with [Roger Sterling](/wiki/Roger_Sterling \"Roger Sterling\") ([John Slattery](/wiki/John_Slattery \"John Slattery\")), which started when she was his secretary, cooled when she rose to office manager, and ended after Roger's [heart attack](/wiki/Heart_attack \"Heart attack\"). After [Marilyn Monroe](/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe \"Marilyn Monroe\")'s death, Roger walks into his office to find Joan lying on his couch and crying. Realizing she is upset over the similarities she sees between the actress's life and her own, Roger comforts Joan by assuring her she will not end up alone and in despair like Monroe.", "Sometime before the start of the series, Joan was briefly married to a man named Scotty. Though Scotty is never seen, she mentioned to a friend in the [season 6](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_6 \"Mad Men season 6\") episode \"To Have and To Hold\" that her marriage to him was the \"worst six months of my life.\"", "Joan had also had an intimate relationship with copywriter [Paul Kinsey](/wiki/Paul_Kinsey \"Paul Kinsey\") ([Michael Gladis](/wiki/Michael_Gladis \"Michael Gladis\")) sometime before the series began. Joan ended the relationship because Paul had \"a big mouth,\" implying that he bragged about the relationship to others. Her roommate, Carol ([Kate Norby](/wiki/Kate_Norby \"Kate Norby\")), who Joan knows from college, expresses romantic interest in Joan in the episode \"The Long Weekend,\" although Joan gently rebuffs her advances.", "In [season 2](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_2 \"Mad Men season 2\"), Joan becomes engaged to Greg Harris ([Samuel Page](/wiki/Samuel_Page \"Samuel Page\")), a [resident physician](/wiki/Residency_%28medicine%29 \"Residency (medicine)\") at St. Luke's Hospital. Joan is in a difficult place when it comes to marrying Greg, as she struggles to balance both her sassy, independent personality and the traditional vulnerability of a woman being dependent on her husband. As the season goes on, Joan is clearly torn between wanting to be a well\\-off, married woman (the pinnacle of her ambition) and the fear that she will become a bored, lonely housewife. Joan chose Greg over the stereotypical rich men she has affairs with because he is handsome and a promising young doctor just about to launch his career as a surgeon. Greg needs her support, and seems like a good bet that he'll become a successful, romantic, and devoted husband. He turns out to be a poor choice, when his delicate ego, anger issues, and sense of entitlement clash with his utter lack of professional skill, preventing him from being either a successful husband, or a successful doctor.", "Her mixed feelings about her future are exacerbated when she is briefly given additional responsibilities at Sterling Cooper reading television scripts to determine ad placement, which thrills her. However, Media Director [Harry Crane](/wiki/List_of_Mad_Men_characters%23Harry_Crane \"List of Mad Men characters#Harry Crane\") ([Rich Sommer](/wiki/Rich_Sommer \"Rich Sommer\")) ultimately hires a young, unqualified man to take over the ad placement job, to her disappointment.", "In \"[The Mountain King](/wiki/The_Mountain_King_%28Mad_Men%29 \"The Mountain King (Mad Men)\"),\" Greg meets Joan at Sterling Cooper to take her on a dinner date. Joan introduces him to Roger for the first time, and Greg picks up on the fact that Roger knows Joan's likes and dislikes. Joan attempts to dismiss his suspicions by claiming that Roger only knows her well because of how long she has been with the agency. As she's locking up for the day, Greg follows Joan into Don's office, closes the door behind him, and tries to convince her to be intimate with him. When she playfully declines, he forces her to the floor and [rapes](/wiki/Rape \"Rape\") her.", "When season 3 premieres, Joan and Greg have recently married, and she's preparing to leave her job to become a housewife just as soon as Greg is promoted to chief resident. In \"[My Old Kentucky Home](/wiki/My_Old_Kentucky_Home_%28Mad_Men%29 \"My Old Kentucky Home (Mad Men)\"),\" they host a dinner party with Greg's colleagues where Joan learns that not only has he not made chief resident, but that his skill — and thus his future — as a surgeon is in question. Nonetheless, she leaves her job at Sterling Cooper as planned. Not long after, accounts executive [Pete Campbell](/wiki/Pete_Campbell \"Pete Campbell\") ([Vincent Kartheiser](/wiki/Vincent_Kartheiser \"Vincent Kartheiser\")) runs into Joan at [Bonwit Teller](/wiki/Bonwit_Teller \"Bonwit Teller\"), where he's surprised to find her working as a shop assistant. Clearly embarrassed, Joan lies and says that Greg is considering going into psychiatry, so she needed to work a little longer while he continued his training.", "Joan helps Greg prepare for a job interview, but he fails to get the job. The two have a heated argument, ending with Joan smashing a vase over Greg's head after he says she'll never understand wanting and planning for something she always expected to get, and then realizing she'll never get it. Joan later places a call to Roger Sterling's office after hours, asking him to help her find another office manager job. Greg ultimately obtains an officer's commission in the Army where he will serve as a military surgeon, and tells Joan she will no longer have to work. Despite this, Joan comes to the aid of Don, Roger, Lane, and Bert Cooper ([Robert Morse](/wiki/Robert_Morse \"Robert Morse\")) to launch the new Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce by finding accounting materials and client records. When the new company sets up shop at [The Pierre](/wiki/The_Pierre \"The Pierre\") hotel, Joan takes the position of office manager.", "" ]
### Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce (SCDP) Joan is recognized by most of the staff as being integral in SCDP's daily operations. A notable feature of Joan's new office, which is more of a thoroughfare, than a legitimate office space, is an intercom to the conference room that she can use to monitor meetings with; a feature conveniently forgotten by everyone except her and Peggy. In [season 4](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_4 "Mad Men season 4"), Joan and Greg are shown trying to conceive at child, but their marriage is strained by Greg going to [basic training](/wiki/Basic_training "Basic training") and later being sent to [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). While he's gone, Joan and Roger have a friendly dinner, but are robbed at gunpoint on the walk home and have a brief one\-night stand that leads to Joan getting pregnant. She plans to get an [abortion](/wiki/Abortion "Abortion"), and Roger insists on paying for it. She travels to a clinic for the procedure, as she waits to be called in, she's mistaken for a mother of a teen daughter getting an abortion. Joan continues with the pregnancy and lets Greg believe the child is his. At the end of season 4, Joan is promoted to director of agency operations, in recognition of her role in keeping SCDP afloat amid its recent financial troubles. However, it is in title only, without a raise in pay. At the start of [season 5](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_5 "Mad Men season 5"), Joan has recently given birth to a boy named Kevin and is nearing the end of her maternity leave from SCDP. Her mother, Gail ([Christine Estabrook](/wiki/Christine_Estabrook "Christine Estabrook")), is staying with her to help with the baby while Greg is away in Vietnam. In "[Mystery Date](/wiki/Mystery_Date_%28Mad_Men%29 "Mystery Date (Mad Men)")," Greg returns home on furlough from Vietnam, but informs Joan he is being ordered to go back for an additional year. However, at a dinner with Greg's parents, Joan learns he reenlisted voluntarily since the army makes him feel powerful and it is likely the only place where his abysmal surgical skills would be accepted. Joan becomes enraged and throws him out. Joan tells him he has never been a good man, alluding to his rape. He threatens to divorce her if he leaves, but Joan simply tells him to leave. In "[Christmas Waltz](/wiki/Christmas_Waltz_%28Mad_Men%29 "Christmas Waltz (Mad Men)")," a process server shows up at the SCDP office to serve Joan with divorce papers, which upsets her. Joan yells at SCDP's receptionist, Meredith ([Stephanie Drake](/wiki/Stephanie_Drake "Stephanie Drake")), and storms off. Don offers to take her out for the day and the two test drive a Jaguar. They spend the remainder of the afternoon drinking in a midtown bar, and she confesses to Don that she is unsure of how to start over with a baby. In "[The Other Woman](/wiki/The_Other_Woman_%28Mad_Men%29 "The Other Woman (Mad Men)")," Joan is taken aback when Pete approaches her with a proposition to sleep with Herb Rennet ([Gary Basaraba](/wiki/Gary_Basaraba "Gary Basaraba")) in order to secure the Jaguar account for SCDP. She asks if all the partners are on board with this request, and Pete lies and says yes, even though Don objected, and that they are offering her $50,000\. Lane, concerned that his embezzlement might be discovered if they try to pay Joan the cash, recommends privately that she demand a voting partnership and 5% of SCDP instead. Joan agrees to the request on the condition she be made partner, as Lane suggested. It's not until after her rendezvous with Herb that she learns Don was actually the one dissenting partner. As partner, Joan's overall role in day\-to\-day operations doesn't change much beyond the fact that she now votes in partners' meetings. Her relationships with the other partners vary. She is closest compatriots with Lane, since they frequently work together on the practical running of the business, and commiserate on keeping the flighty creatives in check and under budget. However, Lane expresses inappropriate and unappreciated sexual interest in Joan, and she resents that he feels entitled to her in that way, while she skillfully shuts him down. She gets along well with Don Draper on a friendly level since they are fellow spirits when it comes to their pragmatic views of relationships, and he was the only one who opposed the Jaguar deal, but she is wary of his changeable\-creative\-side impact on the business on a professional level. Cooper respects her as a business woman and a woman, which she appreciates, though they are not particularly close. Her relationship with Roger is fond, but distant given their past, and she views Peter Campbell as a greasy worm. She and Harry Crane (who is not a partner) are open enemies and despise each other. In "[Commissions and Fees](/wiki/Commissions_and_Fees "Commissions and Fees")," Joan discovers Lane's body after he dies by suicide in his office. She later expresses bewilderment to Don, wondering if she had slept with Lane, maybe he would not have died. Don assures her that she is worth more than her body, which she is grateful for. In the season 5 finale, Joan appears to have taken over Lane's accounting duties and presides over the acquisition of new office space for the firm.
[ "### Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce (SCDP)", "Joan is recognized by most of the staff as being integral in SCDP's daily operations. A notable feature of Joan's new office, which is more of a thoroughfare, than a legitimate office space, is an intercom to the conference room that she can use to monitor meetings with; a feature conveniently forgotten by everyone except her and Peggy.", "In [season 4](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_4 \"Mad Men season 4\"), Joan and Greg are shown trying to conceive at child, but their marriage is strained by Greg going to [basic training](/wiki/Basic_training \"Basic training\") and later being sent to [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"). While he's gone, Joan and Roger have a friendly dinner, but are robbed at gunpoint on the walk home and have a brief one\\-night stand that leads to Joan getting pregnant. She plans to get an [abortion](/wiki/Abortion \"Abortion\"), and Roger insists on paying for it. She travels to a clinic for the procedure, as she waits to be called in, she's mistaken for a mother of a teen daughter getting an abortion. Joan continues with the pregnancy and lets Greg believe the child is his.", "At the end of season 4, Joan is promoted to director of agency operations, in recognition of her role in keeping SCDP afloat amid its recent financial troubles. However, it is in title only, without a raise in pay.", "At the start of [season 5](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_5 \"Mad Men season 5\"), Joan has recently given birth to a boy named Kevin and is nearing the end of her maternity leave from SCDP. Her mother, Gail ([Christine Estabrook](/wiki/Christine_Estabrook \"Christine Estabrook\")), is staying with her to help with the baby while Greg is away in Vietnam.", "In \"[Mystery Date](/wiki/Mystery_Date_%28Mad_Men%29 \"Mystery Date (Mad Men)\"),\" Greg returns home on furlough from Vietnam, but informs Joan he is being ordered to go back for an additional year. However, at a dinner with Greg's parents, Joan learns he reenlisted voluntarily since the army makes him feel powerful and it is likely the only place where his abysmal surgical skills would be accepted. Joan becomes enraged and throws him out. Joan tells him he has never been a good man, alluding to his rape. He threatens to divorce her if he leaves, but Joan simply tells him to leave.", "In \"[Christmas Waltz](/wiki/Christmas_Waltz_%28Mad_Men%29 \"Christmas Waltz (Mad Men)\"),\" a process server shows up at the SCDP office to serve Joan with divorce papers, which upsets her. Joan yells at SCDP's receptionist, Meredith ([Stephanie Drake](/wiki/Stephanie_Drake \"Stephanie Drake\")), and storms off. Don offers to take her out for the day and the two test drive a Jaguar. They spend the remainder of the afternoon drinking in a midtown bar, and she confesses to Don that she is unsure of how to start over with a baby.", "In \"[The Other Woman](/wiki/The_Other_Woman_%28Mad_Men%29 \"The Other Woman (Mad Men)\"),\" Joan is taken aback when Pete approaches her with a proposition to sleep with Herb Rennet ([Gary Basaraba](/wiki/Gary_Basaraba \"Gary Basaraba\")) in order to secure the Jaguar account for SCDP. She asks if all the partners are on board with this request, and Pete lies and says yes, even though Don objected, and that they are offering her $50,000\\. Lane, concerned that his embezzlement might be discovered if they try to pay Joan the cash, recommends privately that she demand a voting partnership and 5% of SCDP instead. Joan agrees to the request on the condition she be made partner, as Lane suggested. It's not until after her rendezvous with Herb that she learns Don was actually the one dissenting partner.", "As partner, Joan's overall role in day\\-to\\-day operations doesn't change much beyond the fact that she now votes in partners' meetings. Her relationships with the other partners vary. She is closest compatriots with Lane, since they frequently work together on the practical running of the business, and commiserate on keeping the flighty creatives in check and under budget. However, Lane expresses inappropriate and unappreciated sexual interest in Joan, and she resents that he feels entitled to her in that way, while she skillfully shuts him down. She gets along well with Don Draper on a friendly level since they are fellow spirits when it comes to their pragmatic views of relationships, and he was the only one who opposed the Jaguar deal, but she is wary of his changeable\\-creative\\-side impact on the business on a professional level. Cooper respects her as a business woman and a woman, which she appreciates, though they are not particularly close. Her relationship with Roger is fond, but distant given their past, and she views Peter Campbell as a greasy worm. She and Harry Crane (who is not a partner) are open enemies and despise each other.", "In \"[Commissions and Fees](/wiki/Commissions_and_Fees \"Commissions and Fees\"),\" Joan discovers Lane's body after he dies by suicide in his office. She later expresses bewilderment to Don, wondering if she had slept with Lane, maybe he would not have died. Don assures her that she is worth more than her body, which she is grateful for. In the season 5 finale, Joan appears to have taken over Lane's accounting duties and presides over the acquisition of new office space for the firm.", "" ]
### Sterling Cooper \& Partners (SC\&P) At the start of [season 6](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_6 "Mad Men season 6"), Joan has settled into her new role as partner at SCDP. In "To Have and To Hold," Joan discovers that Harry Crane's secretary, Scarlet ([Sadie Alexandru](/wiki/Sadie_Alexandru "Sadie Alexandru")), has been having Dawn ([Teyonah Parris](/wiki/Teyonah_Parris "Teyonah Parris")), Don's secretary, punch out her time cards. Joan confronts them and fires Scarlet, angering Harry. He yells at the other partners for letting Joan do whatever she wants, clearly resenting being passed over for partner. He implies that Joan made partner only because prostituted herself, much to Joan's humiliation. In the same episode, Joan is visited by a childhood friend, Kate ([Marley Shelton](/wiki/Marley_Shelton "Marley Shelton")), who now works for [Mary Kay Cosmetics](/wiki/Mary_Kay_Cosmetics "Mary Kay Cosmetics"). Kate expresses her admiration for Joan, believing that Joan's partnership has more power than it actually has. This causes Joan to realize that she must stop acting like a secretary. She transfers many of her office manager duties to Dawn in order to concentrate on her new role. In "For Immediate Release," Joan is outraged when Don fires Jaguar after a tense meeting with Rennett. She publicly lambasts Don for negating the sacrifice she made to ensure the account and their personal relationship permanently suffers. In "Man with a Plan," Joan presides over the complicated physical logistics of SCDP's merger with CGC. CGC's secretaries express irritation at being placed under Joan's command, but she brushes them off to warmly welcome back Peggy, who had briefly left to work for CGC. Bob Benson ([James Wolk](/wiki/James_Wolk "James Wolk")), an eager new hire in accounts, walks in on Joan, who is in extreme pain. He discreetly escorts her to the hospital and is also able to expedite her care. Joan is suspicious of Bob's motives for helping her, but her mother advises her that not every good deed is a front. In return, Joan quietly steps in to save Bob's job when he is about to be laid off. By "The Better Half," Joan and Bob have become close friends, and are preparing to go to the beach together with Kevin. Roger appears unannounced and is suspicious of Bob's presence. Roger attempts to be a part of Joan and Kevin's lives, but she tells him that she intends to let Kevin grow up thinking that Greg is his father. In "A Tale of Two Cities," Joan goes on a blind date with an Avon executive, which is arranged by Kate. However, it turns out to be a business meeting, as Avon is looking for a new direction. Joan is eager to expand her role in the firm and recruits Peggy to assist her in securing the account. However, she nearly blows it by excluding Pete from the proceedings and coming on aggressively at the meeting. Peggy is able to narrowly salvage the situation and the two women again reach an understanding. Later on, Joan easily sees the attraction between Peggy and CGC executive Ted Chaough ([Kevin Rahm](/wiki/Kevin_Rahm "Kevin Rahm")), but doesn't mention it to Don until they go over budget for a commercial. Joan is shocked when Don smooths the client's feathers by saying the expensive idea was that of the deceased Gleason. This averts the client's anger but embarrasses Ted and takes credit away from Peggy in the process. Don's punishing choice in dealing with the situation, in addition to his earlier impetuousness in firing Jaguar, makes her wary of Don. When Thanksgiving 1968 approaches, Joan agrees with Cooper, Sterling, and senior partner Jim Cutler ([Harry Hamlin](/wiki/Harry_Hamlin "Harry Hamlin")) that Don should be placed on leave, as she is concerned with Don's erratic behavior and its overall effect on the firm. Joan reveals that she has made arrangements for Creative to continue functioning, with Ted overseeing Peggy long\-distance. Joan invites Roger to spend Thanksgiving with her. When Roger responds negatively to the presence of Bob, whom Joan had also invited, she warns him that she is allowing him into Kevin's life, but not hers. In [season 7](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_7 "Mad Men season 7"), Joan completely cedes her office manager role to Dawn and takes a more active role as junior partner and account executive — handling Avon and Butler Footwear. She proves to be capable, as well as a quick study. Her personality has hardened considerably, and she seems more money\-conscious, which is likely motivated by her status as single mother. Initially, she bears a clear animus towards Don for having fired Jaguar, as it cost her a substantial amount of money when the public offering fell through. She casts a vote to fire Don for "costing me money" when he violates the terms of his return, though she later favors the sale to McCann\-Erickson because it stands to provide her with more than $1 million. Joan also rejects a marriage proposal from Bob, who is [gay](/wiki/Gay "Gay"), on the grounds that both of them deserve real love and not an "arrangement" that is meant only to cope with Joan's financial difficulties and Bob's need to be in [the closet](/wiki/The_closet "The closet"). During the second half of season 7, Joan has gained confidence in her new position. During a business trip to SCDP's West Coast office, she meets Richard ([Bruce Greenwood](/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood "Bruce Greenwood")), a wealthy and very charming real estate developer whom she begins dating (though he initially expresses regret over the fact that Joan has a small child). However, as her personal life begins to come together for the first time since her divorce from Greg, she suffers professionally when SCDP is absorbed into McCann. She takes issue with the lewd and sexist treatment that she receives from her male colleagues at the new agency and complains to Jim Hobart ([H. Richard Greene](/wiki/H._Richard_Greene "H. Richard Greene")), the director at McCann. Hobart responds first with condescension and then with contempt. When Joan threatens to take legal action and to reveal McCann's misogynistic culture to the *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times"),* Hobart offers to buy Joan's remaining contract out for half of what it's worth. Joan vows to stay at McCann and fight, but when she seeks out Roger Sterling for support, Roger instead tells her that it would be more pragmatic to take the money and walk away. Betrayed, Joan takes the payout and leaves. In the series finale, "Person to Person," Joan starts her own film production company. She attempts to recruit Peggy as a partner, but Peggy chooses to stay at McCann. Joan and Richard continue dating and become somewhat serious about one another, but he is opposed to her re\-entering the business world. When Joan announces she is starting her own company, he ends their relationship. She is last seen watching her mother and Kevin go off to the park and then resuming her work at the new venture, which is operating out of her apartment under the name Holloway\-Harris.
[ "### Sterling Cooper \\& Partners (SC\\&P)", "At the start of [season 6](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_6 \"Mad Men season 6\"), Joan has settled into her new role as partner at SCDP. In \"To Have and To Hold,\" Joan discovers that Harry Crane's secretary, Scarlet ([Sadie Alexandru](/wiki/Sadie_Alexandru \"Sadie Alexandru\")), has been having Dawn ([Teyonah Parris](/wiki/Teyonah_Parris \"Teyonah Parris\")), Don's secretary, punch out her time cards. Joan confronts them and fires Scarlet, angering Harry. He yells at the other partners for letting Joan do whatever she wants, clearly resenting being passed over for partner. He implies that Joan made partner only because prostituted herself, much to Joan's humiliation.", "In the same episode, Joan is visited by a childhood friend, Kate ([Marley Shelton](/wiki/Marley_Shelton \"Marley Shelton\")), who now works for [Mary Kay Cosmetics](/wiki/Mary_Kay_Cosmetics \"Mary Kay Cosmetics\"). Kate expresses her admiration for Joan, believing that Joan's partnership has more power than it actually has. This causes Joan to realize that she must stop acting like a secretary. She transfers many of her office manager duties to Dawn in order to concentrate on her new role.", "In \"For Immediate Release,\" Joan is outraged when Don fires Jaguar after a tense meeting with Rennett. She publicly lambasts Don for negating the sacrifice she made to ensure the account and their personal relationship permanently suffers. In \"Man with a Plan,\" Joan presides over the complicated physical logistics of SCDP's merger with CGC. CGC's secretaries express irritation at being placed under Joan's command, but she brushes them off to warmly welcome back Peggy, who had briefly left to work for CGC. Bob Benson ([James Wolk](/wiki/James_Wolk \"James Wolk\")), an eager new hire in accounts, walks in on Joan, who is in extreme pain. He discreetly escorts her to the hospital and is also able to expedite her care. Joan is suspicious of Bob's motives for helping her, but her mother advises her that not every good deed is a front. In return, Joan quietly steps in to save Bob's job when he is about to be laid off.", "By \"The Better Half,\" Joan and Bob have become close friends, and are preparing to go to the beach together with Kevin. Roger appears unannounced and is suspicious of Bob's presence. Roger attempts to be a part of Joan and Kevin's lives, but she tells him that she intends to let Kevin grow up thinking that Greg is his father.", "In \"A Tale of Two Cities,\" Joan goes on a blind date with an Avon executive, which is arranged by Kate. However, it turns out to be a business meeting, as Avon is looking for a new direction. Joan is eager to expand her role in the firm and recruits Peggy to assist her in securing the account. However, she nearly blows it by excluding Pete from the proceedings and coming on aggressively at the meeting. Peggy is able to narrowly salvage the situation and the two women again reach an understanding.", "Later on, Joan easily sees the attraction between Peggy and CGC executive Ted Chaough ([Kevin Rahm](/wiki/Kevin_Rahm \"Kevin Rahm\")), but doesn't mention it to Don until they go over budget for a commercial. Joan is shocked when Don smooths the client's feathers by saying the expensive idea was that of the deceased Gleason. This averts the client's anger but embarrasses Ted and takes credit away from Peggy in the process. Don's punishing choice in dealing with the situation, in addition to his earlier impetuousness in firing Jaguar, makes her wary of Don. When Thanksgiving 1968 approaches, Joan agrees with Cooper, Sterling, and senior partner Jim Cutler ([Harry Hamlin](/wiki/Harry_Hamlin \"Harry Hamlin\")) that Don should be placed on leave, as she is concerned with Don's erratic behavior and its overall effect on the firm. Joan reveals that she has made arrangements for Creative to continue functioning, with Ted overseeing Peggy long\\-distance. Joan invites Roger to spend Thanksgiving with her. When Roger responds negatively to the presence of Bob, whom Joan had also invited, she warns him that she is allowing him into Kevin's life, but not hers.", "In [season 7](/wiki/Mad_Men_season_7 \"Mad Men season 7\"), Joan completely cedes her office manager role to Dawn and takes a more active role as junior partner and account executive — handling Avon and Butler Footwear. She proves to be capable, as well as a quick study. Her personality has hardened considerably, and she seems more money\\-conscious, which is likely motivated by her status as single mother. Initially, she bears a clear animus towards Don for having fired Jaguar, as it cost her a substantial amount of money when the public offering fell through. She casts a vote to fire Don for \"costing me money\" when he violates the terms of his return, though she later favors the sale to McCann\\-Erickson because it stands to provide her with more than $1 million. Joan also rejects a marriage proposal from Bob, who is [gay](/wiki/Gay \"Gay\"), on the grounds that both of them deserve real love and not an \"arrangement\" that is meant only to cope with Joan's financial difficulties and Bob's need to be in [the closet](/wiki/The_closet \"The closet\").", "During the second half of season 7, Joan has gained confidence in her new position. During a business trip to SCDP's West Coast office, she meets Richard ([Bruce Greenwood](/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood \"Bruce Greenwood\")), a wealthy and very charming real estate developer whom she begins dating (though he initially expresses regret over the fact that Joan has a small child). However, as her personal life begins to come together for the first time since her divorce from Greg, she suffers professionally when SCDP is absorbed into McCann. She takes issue with the lewd and sexist treatment that she receives from her male colleagues at the new agency and complains to Jim Hobart ([H. Richard Greene](/wiki/H._Richard_Greene \"H. Richard Greene\")), the director at McCann. Hobart responds first with condescension and then with contempt. When Joan threatens to take legal action and to reveal McCann's misogynistic culture to the *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\"),* Hobart offers to buy Joan's remaining contract out for half of what it's worth. Joan vows to stay at McCann and fight, but when she seeks out Roger Sterling for support, Roger instead tells her that it would be more pragmatic to take the money and walk away. Betrayed, Joan takes the payout and leaves.", "In the series finale, \"Person to Person,\" Joan starts her own film production company. She attempts to recruit Peggy as a partner, but Peggy chooses to stay at McCann. Joan and Richard continue dating and become somewhat serious about one another, but he is opposed to her re\\-entering the business world. When Joan announces she is starting her own company, he ends their relationship. She is last seen watching her mother and Kevin go off to the park and then resuming her work at the new venture, which is operating out of her apartment under the name Holloway\\-Harris.", "" ]
Plot ---- Vance "Van" Wilder is a confident and sardonic 7th\-year senior at Coolidge College who spends his days driving around campus in his customized golf cart, posing nude for [figure drawing](/wiki/Figure_drawing "Figure drawing") classes, and organizing soirees and fundraisers for his peers. Upon learning that his son is still in school, his father severs financial support. Van seeks a payment extension from the [registrar](/wiki/Registrar_%28education%29 "Registrar (education)"), Deloris Haver. After having sex with her, Deloris hands him the paperwork for an extension, whereupon Van realizes he only needs to ask for it. After a couple of attempts to get money fast, Van is approached by the Lambda Omega Omega [fraternity](/wiki/Fraternity "Fraternity"), offering to pay him $1000 to throw them a blowout party to boost their popularity. Gwen Pearson, a reporter for the school paper, writes a story crediting Van as the host of the party. Van, who normally refuses to do interviews for the paper, realizes the article can be the "cash cow" he needs to stay in school and agrees to sit down with Gwen for a follow\-up piece. Gwen's boyfriend, Richard "Dick" Bagg, is a pre\-med student and the president of his fraternity Delta Iota Kappa, as well as of the student government. As he learns of Gwen's work with Van, suspecting a growing bond between them, he moves to sabotage their prospective romance. Van and Richard exchange escalating pranks. Gwen learns that Van stopped attending classes years ago, 18 credits short of graduation. Angry that she dug into such personal details, Van disassociates himself from Gwen, taking a contemplative look at his life. Richard arranges to sabotage Van's latest party with Jeannie, a member of a sister sorority, by smuggling children in and getting them drunk, then calling campus police to the scene. Van is arrested for providing alcohol to minors and faces expulsion from Coolidge. He prepares to leave the college until his friend Taj inspires him to fight the charges. Van throws himself at the mercy of the court, asking that rather than expelling him, they force him to graduate; he offers to complete his remaining credits before the semester ends, earning an [degree](/wiki/Academic_degree "Academic degree") in [leisure studies](/wiki/Leisure_studies "Leisure studies"). The academic board votes 3–2 in favor of Van's reinstatement; Professor McDougal's was the decisive vote for reinstatement, surprisingly. Van begins studying for the finals, which will be held in 6 days. Outside the court, Jeannie reveals Richard's plot to Gwen, as well as his infidelity. Angered by this, Gwen pretends to forgive Richard and then spikes his protein shake with a powerful [laxative](/wiki/Laxative "Laxative") just before his entrance exam to Northwestern Medical School. While taking the exam, Richard begins to have uncontrollable [flatulence](/wiki/Flatulence "Flatulence") and hurries down the line with his exam, not even reading the questions due to his dire need for a release. As he then rushes to the bathroom, Richard is intercepted by his future alumni intending to interview him for his entrance. Unable to hold it in any longer, Richard strips off his pants and proceeds to defecate violently in a wastebasket in front of the doctors, much to their horror and disgust. Van uses the entire exam period for his last final with his least favorite professor, Prof. McDougal, who later delivers the news to Van that he passed. McDougal explains that he had been so hard on him all those years because he believed that Van was not living up to his potential, not because Van had also hooked up with McDougal's daughter in the freshmen year. Gwen finishes her article on Van for the graduation issue revealing his many contributions to the students and staff of Coolidge in the last seven years, his superhuman accomplishment of doing a semester's worth of studying in just 6 days, and Richard's plot to have Van expelled; both Richard's reputation and medical school dreams are permanently tarnished. The university celebrates Van's graduation with a wild party held in his honor. His father, having read Gwen's article, admits that he was wrong and expresses his pride in Van's success. Gwen arrives, lovingly reuniting with Van.
[ "Plot\n----", "Vance \"Van\" Wilder is a confident and sardonic 7th\\-year senior at Coolidge College who spends his days driving around campus in his customized golf cart, posing nude for [figure drawing](/wiki/Figure_drawing \"Figure drawing\") classes, and organizing soirees and fundraisers for his peers. Upon learning that his son is still in school, his father severs financial support. Van seeks a payment extension from the [registrar](/wiki/Registrar_%28education%29 \"Registrar (education)\"), Deloris Haver. After having sex with her, Deloris hands him the paperwork for an extension, whereupon Van realizes he only needs to ask for it.", "After a couple of attempts to get money fast, Van is approached by the Lambda Omega Omega [fraternity](/wiki/Fraternity \"Fraternity\"), offering to pay him $1000 to throw them a blowout party to boost their popularity. Gwen Pearson, a reporter for the school paper, writes a story crediting Van as the host of the party. Van, who normally refuses to do interviews for the paper, realizes the article can be the \"cash cow\" he needs to stay in school and agrees to sit down with Gwen for a follow\\-up piece.", "Gwen's boyfriend, Richard \"Dick\" Bagg, is a pre\\-med student and the president of his fraternity Delta Iota Kappa, as well as of the student government. As he learns of Gwen's work with Van, suspecting a growing bond between them, he moves to sabotage their prospective romance. Van and Richard exchange escalating pranks. Gwen learns that Van stopped attending classes years ago, 18 credits short of graduation. Angry that she dug into such personal details, Van disassociates himself from Gwen, taking a contemplative look at his life.", "Richard arranges to sabotage Van's latest party with Jeannie, a member of a sister sorority, by smuggling children in and getting them drunk, then calling campus police to the scene. Van is arrested for providing alcohol to minors and faces expulsion from Coolidge. He prepares to leave the college until his friend Taj inspires him to fight the charges.", "Van throws himself at the mercy of the court, asking that rather than expelling him, they force him to graduate; he offers to complete his remaining credits before the semester ends, earning an [degree](/wiki/Academic_degree \"Academic degree\") in [leisure studies](/wiki/Leisure_studies \"Leisure studies\"). The academic board votes 3–2 in favor of Van's reinstatement; Professor McDougal's was the decisive vote for reinstatement, surprisingly. Van begins studying for the finals, which will be held in 6 days.", "Outside the court, Jeannie reveals Richard's plot to Gwen, as well as his infidelity. Angered by this, Gwen pretends to forgive Richard and then spikes his protein shake with a powerful [laxative](/wiki/Laxative \"Laxative\") just before his entrance exam to Northwestern Medical School. While taking the exam, Richard begins to have uncontrollable [flatulence](/wiki/Flatulence \"Flatulence\") and hurries down the line with his exam, not even reading the questions due to his dire need for a release. As he then rushes to the bathroom, Richard is intercepted by his future alumni intending to interview him for his entrance. Unable to hold it in any longer, Richard strips off his pants and proceeds to defecate violently in a wastebasket in front of the doctors, much to their horror and disgust.", "Van uses the entire exam period for his last final with his least favorite professor, Prof. McDougal, who later delivers the news to Van that he passed. McDougal explains that he had been so hard on him all those years because he believed that Van was not living up to his potential, not because Van had also hooked up with McDougal's daughter in the freshmen year. Gwen finishes her article on Van for the graduation issue revealing his many contributions to the students and staff of Coolidge in the last seven years, his superhuman accomplishment of doing a semester's worth of studying in just 6 days, and Richard's plot to have Van expelled; both Richard's reputation and medical school dreams are permanently tarnished.", "The university celebrates Van's graduation with a wild party held in his honor. His father, having read Gwen's article, admits that he was wrong and expresses his pride in Van's success. Gwen arrives, lovingly reuniting with Van.", "" ]
Pageantry --------- ### Miss Korea Brazil 2013 Catharina joined the Miss Korea Brazil 2013 pageant where she was declared as first runner\-up. However, the winner, [Jung Eun\-ju](/wiki/Jung_Eun-ju_%28Miss_World_Korea%29 "Jung Eun-ju (Miss World Korea)"), was dethroned. Catharina took over the place and becomes Miss Korea Brazil 2013\. Catharina got her chance to compete Miss Korea 2013\. ### Miss Korea 2013 Catharina joined the Miss Korea 2013 pageant where she was declared as one of the second runners up winners. She was not originally part of the second runners up but the [Miss Korea Organization](/wiki/Miss_Korea "Miss Korea") decided to take another place for the 'overseas' candidates. Catharina, being Miss Korea Brazil 2013, filled that position. ### Miss Earth 2013 {{Quote box\|width\=250px\|align\=right\|quote\="Water is a major component of all life on Earth; save water, save life." \|source\=—Catharina Choi's message for Miss Earth.}} Catharina replaced Kim Hyo\-hee to be the Miss Earth Korea 2013 titleholder. She then flew to the Philippines to compete where she was hailed as Miss Earth 2013 \- Fire. Catharina becomes the first Korean to get an elemental title and Asian delegate to snatch the Miss Earth \- Fire title. As a Miss Earth delegate, an environmental advocacy is a must. Based from Miss Earth's website, Catharina's platform for the environment is the cleanup of [plastic wastes](/wiki/Plastic_waste "Plastic waste") in the ocean. She explained that because of these wastes, not only the marine animals are being affected by plastics but also because of its "[microplastics](/wiki/Microplastics "Microplastics") that are blocking the sun from reaching the planktons and algae, hurting the whole [marine food web](/wiki/Marine_food_web "Marine food web")." During the entire preliminary activities of Miss Earth, Catharina was able to get a silver medal for the "I Love My Planet Schools Campaign". During the coronation night of Miss Earth 2013, Catharina emerged as the Miss Earth \- Fire or equivalent to third runner up. Miss Earth 2013 was won by [Alyz Henrich](/wiki/Alyz_Henrich "Alyz Henrich") of Venezuela.{{cite news\|last\=Blanco\|first\=Eunice\|title\=Alyz Henrich of Venezuela is Miss Earth 2013\|url\=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2013/12/07/1265550/alyz\-henrich\-venezuela\-miss\-earth\-2013\|accessdate\=7 December 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[Philippine Star]]\|year\=2013}}{{cite news\|title\=Venezuela's Alyz Henrich wins Miss Earth 2013\|url\=http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/fashion/venezuelas\-alyz\-henrich\-wins\-miss\-earth\-2013\-1\|accessdate\=9 December 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[MSN]]\|year\=2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211045111/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/fashion/venezuelas\-alyz\-henrich\-wins\-miss\-earth\-2013\-1\|archive\-date\=11 December 2013\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|last\=Sinha\|first\=Sanskrity\|title\=Miss Earth 2013: Miss Venezuela Alyz Henrich Crowned Winner \[PHOTOS]\|url\=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/miss\-earth\-2013\-winner\-contestants\-venezuela\-philippines\-528512\|accessdate\=9 December 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[International Business Times]]\|year\=2013}}{{cite news\|agency\=IANS \|title\=Venezuela's Alyz Henrich Wins Miss Earth 2013 Title\|url\=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Venezuelas\-Alyz\-Henrich\-Wins\-Miss\-Earth\-2013\-Title/2013/12/07/article1933703\.ece\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209205552/http://newindianexpress.com/world/Venezuelas\-Alyz\-Henrich\-Wins\-Miss\-Earth\-2013\-Title/2013/12/07/article1933703\.ece\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=December 9, 2013\|accessdate\=7 December 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[The New Indian Express]]\|year\=2013}} ### Miss World Brazil 2015 Catharina joined the Miss World Brazil pageant in 2015\. She was proclaimed as the first runner up. However, the original winner was revealed to be married to a Belgian national. Catharina took over the place and became the new Miss World Brazil 2015\. ### Miss World 2015 She represented Brazil at the [Miss World 2015](/wiki/Miss_World_2015 "Miss World 2015") pageant.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2018}} At the Miss World, she placed in Top 20 and won the Queen of America's title.
[ "Pageantry\n---------", "### Miss Korea Brazil 2013", "Catharina joined the Miss Korea Brazil 2013 pageant where she was declared as first runner\\-up. However, the winner, [Jung Eun\\-ju](/wiki/Jung_Eun-ju_%28Miss_World_Korea%29 \"Jung Eun-ju (Miss World Korea)\"), was dethroned. Catharina took over the place and becomes Miss Korea Brazil 2013\\. Catharina got her chance to compete Miss Korea 2013\\.", "### Miss Korea 2013", "Catharina joined the Miss Korea 2013 pageant where she was declared as one of the second runners up winners. She was not originally part of the second runners up but the [Miss Korea Organization](/wiki/Miss_Korea \"Miss Korea\") decided to take another place for the 'overseas' candidates. Catharina, being Miss Korea Brazil 2013, filled that position.", "### Miss Earth 2013", "{{Quote box\\|width\\=250px\\|align\\=right\\|quote\\=\"Water is a major component of all life on Earth; save water, save life.\" \\|source\\=—Catharina Choi's message for Miss Earth.}}", "Catharina replaced Kim Hyo\\-hee to be the Miss Earth Korea 2013 titleholder. She then flew to the Philippines to compete where she was hailed as Miss Earth 2013 \\- Fire. Catharina becomes the first Korean to get an elemental title and Asian delegate to snatch the Miss Earth \\- Fire title.", "As a Miss Earth delegate, an environmental advocacy is a must. Based from Miss Earth's website, Catharina's platform for the environment is the cleanup of [plastic wastes](/wiki/Plastic_waste \"Plastic waste\") in the ocean. She explained that because of these wastes, not only the marine animals are being affected by plastics but also because of its \"[microplastics](/wiki/Microplastics \"Microplastics\") that are blocking the sun from reaching the planktons and algae, hurting the whole [marine food web](/wiki/Marine_food_web \"Marine food web\").\"", "During the entire preliminary activities of Miss Earth, Catharina was able to get a silver medal for the \"I Love My Planet Schools Campaign\".", "During the coronation night of Miss Earth 2013, Catharina emerged as the Miss Earth \\- Fire or equivalent to third runner up. Miss Earth 2013 was won by [Alyz Henrich](/wiki/Alyz_Henrich \"Alyz Henrich\") of Venezuela.{{cite news\\|last\\=Blanco\\|first\\=Eunice\\|title\\=Alyz Henrich of Venezuela is Miss Earth 2013\\|url\\=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2013/12/07/1265550/alyz\\-henrich\\-venezuela\\-miss\\-earth\\-2013\\|accessdate\\=7 December 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Philippine Star]]\\|year\\=2013}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Venezuela's Alyz Henrich wins Miss Earth 2013\\|url\\=http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/fashion/venezuelas\\-alyz\\-henrich\\-wins\\-miss\\-earth\\-2013\\-1\\|accessdate\\=9 December 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[MSN]]\\|year\\=2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211045111/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/fashion/venezuelas\\-alyz\\-henrich\\-wins\\-miss\\-earth\\-2013\\-1\\|archive\\-date\\=11 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Sinha\\|first\\=Sanskrity\\|title\\=Miss Earth 2013: Miss Venezuela Alyz Henrich Crowned Winner \\[PHOTOS]\\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/miss\\-earth\\-2013\\-winner\\-contestants\\-venezuela\\-philippines\\-528512\\|accessdate\\=9 December 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[International Business Times]]\\|year\\=2013}}{{cite news\\|agency\\=IANS \\|title\\=Venezuela's Alyz Henrich Wins Miss Earth 2013 Title\\|url\\=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Venezuelas\\-Alyz\\-Henrich\\-Wins\\-Miss\\-Earth\\-2013\\-Title/2013/12/07/article1933703\\.ece\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209205552/http://newindianexpress.com/world/Venezuelas\\-Alyz\\-Henrich\\-Wins\\-Miss\\-Earth\\-2013\\-Title/2013/12/07/article1933703\\.ece\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=December 9, 2013\\|accessdate\\=7 December 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New Indian Express]]\\|year\\=2013}}", "### Miss World Brazil 2015", "Catharina joined the Miss World Brazil pageant in 2015\\. She was proclaimed as the first runner up. However, the original winner was revealed to be married to a Belgian national. Catharina took over the place and became the new Miss World Brazil 2015\\.", "### Miss World 2015", "She represented Brazil at the [Miss World 2015](/wiki/Miss_World_2015 \"Miss World 2015\") pageant.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2018}} At the Miss World, she placed in Top 20 and won the Queen of America's title.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early years Son of Giovanni, colonel of the *Oltremarini* (or *[Schiavoni](/wiki/Schiavone "Schiavone")*), an elite infantry division of the Navy of the [Republic of Venice](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice "Republic of Venice"), and grandson of [Antonio](/wiki/Antonio_Paravia "Antonio Paravia"), also a naval officer of the Venetian Republic, he was born in [Zara](/wiki/Zadar "Zadar") (present\-day Zadar) two months after the fall of the Republic. As a child he moved to [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice"),Jacopo Bernardi, *[Vita e documenti letterari di Pier Alessandro Paravia](https://books.google.com/books?id=LCkOAAAAYAAJ&q=pier+alessandro+paravia)*, vol 1, G. Marietti, 1863 \- Harvard University where he studied at the *[Lyceum](/wiki/Lyceum "Lyceum") of Santa Caterina.* He graduated in law at [Padua](/wiki/University_of_Padua "University of Padua") in 1818, and served in Venice as a state [functionary](/wiki/Functionary "Functionary") for twelve years, until \- in 1832 \- he was called to the chair of Eloquence of the Faculty of Philosophy at the [University of Turin](/wiki/University_of_Turin "University of Turin"). He had already published several studies: mostly biographies of writers and artists, but also a popular translation of the *Letters* of [Pliny the Younger](/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger "Pliny the Younger"). ### In Turin On taking up his new post, he commenced a prolific period of production, in which he ranged from [Italian literature](/wiki/Italian_literature "Italian literature") (studies on [Torquato Tasso](/wiki/Torquato_Tasso "Torquato Tasso") and [Ariosto](/wiki/Ariosto "Ariosto")) to [Provençal literature](/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_literature "Provençal literature") and even Chinese novels (which he was one of the first to study in Italy). In addition to literature, he was also interested in history and politics, to which he dedicated an essay significantly entitled *Del Sentimento Patrio* ("On Patriotic Feeling"). He purchased a villa near [Treviso](/wiki/Treviso "Treviso") (in [Veneto](/wiki/Veneto "Veneto"), then part of the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire")), which he frequented. Although politically conservative, he was constantly monitored by the [Austro\-Hungarians](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire "Austro-Hungarian Empire"), owing to his adherence to Italian patriotic ideals He was a friend of and corresponded with many illustrious Italians \- from [Niccolò Tommaseo](/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Tommaseo "Niccolò Tommaseo") to [Silvio Pellico](/wiki/Silvio_Pellico "Silvio Pellico"), from King [Charles Albert of Sardinia](/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia "Charles Albert of Sardinia") to [Vincenzo Gioberti](/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti "Vincenzo Gioberti") \- and had a sincere and lifelong affection for [Antonio Rosmini](/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini "Antonio Rosmini"), whom he had known since his days at the University of Padua. Greatly interested in the [Italian language](/wiki/Italian_language "Italian language"), he wrote important essays about it which earned him a nomination to the [Accademia della Crusca](/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca "Accademia della Crusca"). He died in Turin on March 18, 1857\. In his honor a [herma](/wiki/Herma "Herma") was erected at the University of Turin, where is also preserved a large and valuable collection of manuscripts that had belonged to his uncle Antonio.The collection consists of several hundred charts, maps, letters and documents, which will be published in five volumes. Cf. *[Pubblicazioni](http://www.architetturamilitarepiemonte.it/html/progettipubblic.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722023755/http://www.architetturamilitarepiemonte.it/html/progettipubblic.html \|date\=2011\-07\-22 }}*.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early years", "Son of Giovanni, colonel of the *Oltremarini* (or *[Schiavoni](/wiki/Schiavone \"Schiavone\")*), an elite infantry division of the Navy of the [Republic of Venice](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice \"Republic of Venice\"), and grandson of [Antonio](/wiki/Antonio_Paravia \"Antonio Paravia\"), also a naval officer of the Venetian Republic, he was born in [Zara](/wiki/Zadar \"Zadar\") (present\\-day Zadar) two months after the fall of the Republic.", "As a child he moved to [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\"),Jacopo Bernardi, *[Vita e documenti letterari di Pier Alessandro Paravia](https://books.google.com/books?id=LCkOAAAAYAAJ&q=pier+alessandro+paravia)*, vol 1, G. Marietti, 1863 \\- Harvard University where he studied at the *[Lyceum](/wiki/Lyceum \"Lyceum\") of Santa Caterina.* He graduated in law at [Padua](/wiki/University_of_Padua \"University of Padua\") in 1818, and served in Venice as a state [functionary](/wiki/Functionary \"Functionary\") for twelve years, until \\- in 1832 \\- he was called to the chair of Eloquence of the Faculty of Philosophy at the [University of Turin](/wiki/University_of_Turin \"University of Turin\"). He had already published several studies: mostly biographies of writers and artists, but also a popular translation of the *Letters* of [Pliny the Younger](/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger \"Pliny the Younger\").", "### In Turin", "On taking up his new post, he commenced a prolific period of production, in which he ranged from [Italian literature](/wiki/Italian_literature \"Italian literature\") (studies on [Torquato Tasso](/wiki/Torquato_Tasso \"Torquato Tasso\") and [Ariosto](/wiki/Ariosto \"Ariosto\")) to [Provençal literature](/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_literature \"Provençal literature\") and even Chinese novels (which he was one of the first to study in Italy). In addition to literature, he was also interested in history and politics, to which he dedicated an essay significantly entitled *Del Sentimento Patrio* (\"On Patriotic Feeling\"). He purchased a villa near [Treviso](/wiki/Treviso \"Treviso\") (in [Veneto](/wiki/Veneto \"Veneto\"), then part of the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\")), which he frequented. Although politically conservative, he was constantly monitored by the [Austro\\-Hungarians](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire \"Austro-Hungarian Empire\"), owing to his adherence to Italian patriotic ideals", "He was a friend of and corresponded with many illustrious Italians \\- from [Niccolò Tommaseo](/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Tommaseo \"Niccolò Tommaseo\") to [Silvio Pellico](/wiki/Silvio_Pellico \"Silvio Pellico\"), from King [Charles Albert of Sardinia](/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia \"Charles Albert of Sardinia\") to [Vincenzo Gioberti](/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti \"Vincenzo Gioberti\") \\- and had a sincere and lifelong affection for [Antonio Rosmini](/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini \"Antonio Rosmini\"), whom he had known since his days at the University of Padua.", "Greatly interested in the [Italian language](/wiki/Italian_language \"Italian language\"), he wrote important essays about it which earned him a nomination to the [Accademia della Crusca](/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca \"Accademia della Crusca\").", "He died in Turin on March 18, 1857\\. In his honor a [herma](/wiki/Herma \"Herma\") was erected at the University of Turin, where is also preserved a large and valuable collection of manuscripts that had belonged to his uncle Antonio.The collection consists of several hundred charts, maps, letters and documents, which will be published in five volumes. Cf. *[Pubblicazioni](http://www.architetturamilitarepiemonte.it/html/progettipubblic.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722023755/http://www.architetturamilitarepiemonte.it/html/progettipubblic.html \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-22 }}*.", "" ]
Facilities ---------- The school sits on an approximately 312\-acre (1\.5 km2) gated campus in the northeastern part of the city. It is divided into two campuses, the West Campus and the East Campus. The two campuses are separated by about a quarter of a mile, with the library, science building, and athletic fields in between. The school buildings conform to a consistent Mediterranean\-influenced architectural style, which incorporates [brick](/wiki/Brick "Brick") buildings, arches, and tile roofs. ### West Campus The West Campus consists of eight buildings, including sixth\- and seventh\-grade classroom buildings, an administration building, a dining hall, and a gymnasium. In addition, the Visual Arts building and Natatorium are on the West Campus. All of the buildings except the Natatorium were designed by Robert McCabe of Flatow, Moore, Bryan, and Associates, and opened in 1984\. The Natatorium was added to the West Campus Gymnasium in 1997\. ### Simms Library [thumb\|150px\|right\|Simms Library](/wiki/Image:Simms_Library.jpg "Simms Library.jpg") The Dr. Albert G. Simms II and Barbara Young Simms Library (almost always shortened to "Simms Library") is the Academy's most iconic building, housing the school's collection of more than 140,000 books, periodicals, videos, and recordings. It has two wings that open onto a central lobby, with the fiction/nonfiction section housed in the larger north wing and reference materials in the east wing. The library was designed by Alexander "Sandy" Howe of the [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston") firm of [Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson and Abbott](/wiki/Shepley%2C_Bulfinch%2C_Richardson_and_Abbott "Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson and Abbott") and opened in 1991 along with the Science Building. The Library spire is the highest point on campus. The Head of School’s office, Admission office, and Common Grounds Cafe are also located in the library. ### Science Building The Science Building sits across a brick plaza from the Library. It houses the majority of the Academy's science classrooms, labs, and faculty, as well as some teachers from other departments. The building is made up of two classroom wings and two laboratory wings grouped around a square central courtyard, which includes a small pond, containing some small fish and aquatic pond snails. The main foyer houses a large [Foucault pendulum](/wiki/Foucault_pendulum "Foucault pendulum"). (Another smaller pendulum is located in Brown Hall on the East Campus). The Science Building was also designed by Howe and opened at the same time as the Library. It is adjacent to the Desert Oasis Teaching (DOT) Gardens, a resource that serves students and the community. ### East Campus The East Campus currently is home to grades 8\-12\. It includes the Academy's four original buildings, all grouped around a central quad: McKinnon Hall (formerly North Hall, the 8\-9 classroom building), Brown Hall (the 10\-12 classroom building), the Administration Building, and the gymnasium\-dining hall complex. All were designed by Edward O. Holien of Holien and Buckley and completed in 1965\. Also on the East Campus is the Simms Center for the Performing Arts, designed by George Pearl, completed in 1975, and remodeled in 2000; and the Music Building, designed by Bill Sabatini of Dekker/Perich/Sabatini and completed in 1996\. ### Athletic facilities The Academy's largest sports facilities are the Athletic Field (used for [football](/wiki/American_football "American football") and [soccer](/wiki/Soccer "Soccer") games and [track and field](/wiki/Track_and_field "Track and field") meets), the East Campus Gym ([basketball](/wiki/Basketball "Basketball") and [volleyball](/wiki/Volleyball "Volleyball")), and the Natatorium ([swimming](/wiki/Swimming_%28sport%29 "Swimming (sport)") and [diving](/wiki/Diving_%28sport%29 "Diving (sport)")). There are also several soccer, [baseball](/wiki/Baseball "Baseball"), and [softball](/wiki/Softball "Softball") fields, a [tennis](/wiki/Tennis "Tennis") complex, a [cross country](/wiki/Cross_country_running "Cross country running") course, a weight room, and basketball courts. The Experiential Education department also constructed a pump (bicycle) track used by the summer program, PE classes, and Ex Ed students on the east end of campus. ### Experiential education The Academy curriculum includes a significant experiential education component, part of which involves outdoor activities such as [backpacking](/wiki/Backpacking_%28wilderness%29 "Backpacking (wilderness)"), [rock climbing](/wiki/Rock_climbing "Rock climbing"), and [canoeing](/wiki/Canoeing "Canoeing"). The school's 270\-acre (1\.1 km2) tract in Bear Canyon is used for this purpose; trips also take place in areas throughout the state. The sixth\-grade students take an overnight trip in Bear Canyon and go on day trips. The seventh graders go to Bear Canyon for four days and three nights. The eighth graders go on a half\-week retreat together at the beginning of the year, and the ninth graders go on small\-group remote [backpacking](/wiki/Backpacking_%28wilderness%29 "Backpacking (wilderness)") trips in a regional wilderness area. The 10\-12 students may take classes in outdoor leadership as well as [kayaking](/wiki/Kayaking "Kayaking"), climbing, and mountain biking.
[ "Facilities\n----------", "The school sits on an approximately 312\\-acre (1\\.5 km2) gated campus in the northeastern part of the city. It is divided into two campuses, the West Campus and the East Campus. The two campuses are separated by about a quarter of a mile, with the library, science building, and athletic fields in between. The school buildings conform to a consistent Mediterranean\\-influenced architectural style, which incorporates [brick](/wiki/Brick \"Brick\") buildings, arches, and tile roofs.", "### West Campus", "The West Campus consists of eight buildings, including sixth\\- and seventh\\-grade classroom buildings, an administration building, a dining hall, and a gymnasium. In addition, the Visual Arts building and Natatorium are on the West Campus. All of the buildings except the Natatorium were designed by Robert McCabe of Flatow, Moore, Bryan, and Associates, and opened in 1984\\. The Natatorium was added to the West Campus Gymnasium in 1997\\.", "### Simms Library", "[thumb\\|150px\\|right\\|Simms Library](/wiki/Image:Simms_Library.jpg \"Simms Library.jpg\")\nThe Dr. Albert G. Simms II and Barbara Young Simms Library (almost always shortened to \"Simms Library\") is the Academy's most iconic building, housing the school's collection of more than 140,000 books, periodicals, videos, and recordings. It has two wings that open onto a central lobby, with the fiction/nonfiction section housed in the larger north wing and reference materials in the east wing. The library was designed by Alexander \"Sandy\" Howe of the [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") firm of [Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson and Abbott](/wiki/Shepley%2C_Bulfinch%2C_Richardson_and_Abbott \"Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson and Abbott\") and opened in 1991 along with the Science Building. The Library spire is the highest point on campus. The Head of School’s office, Admission office, and Common Grounds Cafe are also located in the library.", "### Science Building", "The Science Building sits across a brick plaza from the Library. It houses the majority of the Academy's science classrooms, labs, and faculty, as well as some teachers from other departments. The building is made up of two classroom wings and two laboratory wings grouped around a square central courtyard, which includes a small pond, containing some small fish and aquatic pond snails. The main foyer houses a large [Foucault pendulum](/wiki/Foucault_pendulum \"Foucault pendulum\"). (Another smaller pendulum is located in Brown Hall on the East Campus). The Science Building was also designed by Howe and opened at the same time as the Library. It is adjacent to the Desert Oasis Teaching (DOT) Gardens, a resource that serves students and the community.", "### East Campus", "The East Campus currently is home to grades 8\\-12\\. It includes the Academy's four original buildings, all grouped around a central quad: McKinnon Hall (formerly North Hall, the 8\\-9 classroom building), Brown Hall (the 10\\-12 classroom building), the Administration Building, and the gymnasium\\-dining hall complex. All were designed by Edward O. Holien of Holien and Buckley and completed in 1965\\. Also on the East Campus is the Simms Center for the Performing Arts, designed by George Pearl, completed in 1975, and remodeled in 2000; and the Music Building, designed by Bill Sabatini of Dekker/Perich/Sabatini and completed in 1996\\.", "### Athletic facilities", "The Academy's largest sports facilities are the Athletic Field (used for [football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") and [soccer](/wiki/Soccer \"Soccer\") games and [track and field](/wiki/Track_and_field \"Track and field\") meets), the East Campus Gym ([basketball](/wiki/Basketball \"Basketball\") and [volleyball](/wiki/Volleyball \"Volleyball\")), and the Natatorium ([swimming](/wiki/Swimming_%28sport%29 \"Swimming (sport)\") and [diving](/wiki/Diving_%28sport%29 \"Diving (sport)\")). There are also several soccer, [baseball](/wiki/Baseball \"Baseball\"), and [softball](/wiki/Softball \"Softball\") fields, a [tennis](/wiki/Tennis \"Tennis\") complex, a [cross country](/wiki/Cross_country_running \"Cross country running\") course, a weight room, and basketball courts. The Experiential Education department also constructed a pump (bicycle) track used by the summer program, PE classes, and Ex Ed students on the east end of campus.", "### Experiential education", "The Academy curriculum includes a significant experiential education component, part of which involves outdoor activities such as [backpacking](/wiki/Backpacking_%28wilderness%29 \"Backpacking (wilderness)\"), [rock climbing](/wiki/Rock_climbing \"Rock climbing\"), and [canoeing](/wiki/Canoeing \"Canoeing\"). The school's 270\\-acre (1\\.1 km2) tract in Bear Canyon is used for this purpose; trips also take place in areas throughout the state. The sixth\\-grade students take an overnight trip in Bear Canyon and go on day trips. The seventh graders go to Bear Canyon for four days and three nights. The eighth graders go on a half\\-week retreat together at the beginning of the year, and the ninth graders go on small\\-group remote [backpacking](/wiki/Backpacking_%28wilderness%29 \"Backpacking (wilderness)\") trips in a regional wilderness area. The 10\\-12 students may take classes in outdoor leadership as well as [kayaking](/wiki/Kayaking \"Kayaking\"), climbing, and mountain biking.", "" ]
Extracurricular activities -------------------------- [Extracurricular activities](/wiki/Extracurricular_activities "Extracurricular activities") at the school include state championship sports teams, *The Advocate* (a student [newsmagazine](/wiki/Newsmagazine "Newsmagazine") that has received numerous awards from the [Albuquerque Tribune](/wiki/Albuquerque_Tribune "Albuquerque Tribune") and the New Mexico Press Women), [Science Olympiad](/wiki/Science_Olympiad "Science Olympiad"), [Science Bowl](/wiki/Science_Bowl "Science Bowl"), and theater. The longest sports state championship streaks by Academy sports teams are the 21\-time[Prep tennis: ABQ High tops La Cueva for girls title \| Albuquerque Journal](http://www.abqjournal.com/582362/sports/582362.html) defending state champion boys tennis team (2003–present); the eight\-time defending state champion girls swim team (2007\-present); and the six\-time state champion boys basketball team (1989–1994\), boys swim team (2006–2011\), and boys track team (2002–2007\). The swim teams have won 48 combined state titles (24 for the boys, 24 for the girls). The school's mock trial team won the 2012 National High School Mock Trial Championship, marking the first time a New Mexican team had won the title, and the first time a team from the host state had won. In 2013, the team won the national championship again, which was only the third time in tournament history that a school won twice in a row. The program has qualified at least one team for state competition every year since the program was rebooted in 2005\. In 2016, the team finished 4th in the national competition held in Boise, ID. In 2019, Academy's mock trial team placed sixth at the National High School Mock Trial Championship. In 2021, the Academy's mock trial team placed third at the National High School Mock Trial Championship. And in 2022 the team placed seventh in the nation as well.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.aa.edu/podium/default.aspx?t\=204\&id\=625579 \|title \= Albuquerque Academy \~ Albuquerque Academy Team Wins the 2012 National… \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120718032552/http://www.aa.edu/podium/default.aspx?t\=204\&id\=625579 \|archive\-date\=18 July 2012 \|url\-status\=dead}} In 2023 the Academy's mock trial team took second at the National High School Mock Trial Championship. {{cite web\|url\=https://littlerock2023\.nhsmtc.org/\|title\=Archived copy\|access\-date\=2024\-09\-06\|archive\-date\=2024\-09\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920214641/https://littlerock2023\.nhsmtc.org/\|url\-status\=live}} In 2024, the Academy's middle school and high school Science Olympiad teams both represented New Mexico at the national tournament at Michigan State University. In May 2010, the school's Science Bowl team won the [US](/wiki/United_States "United States") [DOE](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy "United States Department of Energy") Middle School [Science Bowl](/wiki/Science_Bowl "Science Bowl") competition in [Washington, DC](/wiki/Washington%2C_DC "Washington, DC").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.scied.science.doe.gov/nsb/pdf/Champions\_2010\.pdf \|title\=DOE press release \|access\-date\=2010\-05\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527172434/http://www.scied.science.doe.gov/nsb/pdf/Champions\_2010\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2010\-05\-27 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.abqjournal.com/news/state/042322470535newsstate05\-04\-10\.htm \|title\=ABQJOURNAL NEWS/STATE: Brainpower on Display \|access\-date\=2010\-06\-29 \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-11 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511062424/http://www.abqjournal.com/news/state/042322470535newsstate05\-04\-10\.htm \|url\-status\=live }} Previous Academy Science Bowl teams had finished second (in 2006\) and fourth (in 2009\). The middle school science bowl team most recently represented New Mexico at nationals in 2019\. At the 2009 New Mexico State Speech and Debate Tournament, Albuquerque Academy won Speech Sweepstakes, Debate Sweepstakes, and Debate Coach of the Year and had five state champions. The Speech and Debate team had held the state title for 24 straight years by 2010 (winning Speech Sweepstakes and Debate Sweepstakes and having many state champions). At the 2014 New Mexico State Speech and Debate Tournament, the Albuquerque Academy Speech and Debate team reclaimed the title by winning the Speech Sweepstakes and Debate Sweepstakes and having seven state champions. In 2019, 16 members of the team qualified for nationals, and the Academy was named Overall School of Excellence. In 2022, 2023, and 2024, thespians from the Academy's theatre program were selected to represent New Mexico's Best Actress at the National HIgh School Theatre Awards at Broadway's [Minskoff Theatre](/wiki/Minskoff_Theatre "Minskoff Theatre"). In 2017 and 2018, the state's Best Actor was a student from the Academy. In the spring of 2006, the orchestra, the Chamber Players, was invited to attend the [National Orchestra Festival](/wiki/National_Orchestra_Festival "National Orchestra Festival") in Kansas City, Missouri, where they received a superior rating.[ASTA National Orchestra Festival Winners® Announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20061018134901/http://www.astaweb.com/advocacy/pressreleases/031706.htm), astaweb.com, March 17, 2006 ### Sports State Championships The Academy has won a number of state championships. {\| class\="wikitable collapsible collapsed" \|\+ !colspan\=4 align\=center bgcolor\=""\|Table of State Championships{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nmact.org/cross\_country\_state\_champions/\|title\=NM MVP Pub: Cross Country State Champions\|access\-date\=2011\-02\-17\|publisher\=\[\[New Mexico Activities Association]]\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110206170203/http://nmact.org/cross\_country\_state\_champions/\| archive\-date\= 6 February 2011 \| url\-status\= dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nmact.org/pages/athletics/football/Football\_Past\_Champs.pdf \|title\=NM MVP Pub: Football \|access\-date\=2011\-02\-17 \|publisher\=\[\[New Mexico Activities Association]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727124836/http://www.nmact.org/pages/athletics/football/Football\_Past\_Champs.pdf \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-27 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nmact.org/soccer\_state\_championship\_records/ \|title\=NM MVP Pub: Soccer Past State Champions \|access\-date\=2011\-02\-17 \|publisher\=\[\[New Mexico Activities Association]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024151702/http://www.nmact.org/soccer\_state\_championship\_records/ \|archive\-date\=2010\-10\-24 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nmact.org/pages/athletics/volleyball/Volleyball\_Champions.pdf \|title\=New Mexico State Volleyball Champions \|access\-date\=2011\-02\-17 \|publisher\=\[\[New Mexico Activities Association]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727124851/http://www.nmact.org/pages/athletics/volleyball/Volleyball\_Champions.pdf \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-27 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nmact.org/athletics/swimming\_and\_diving/ \|title\=NM MVP Pub: Swimming \& Diving \|access\-date\=2011\-02\-17 \|publisher\=\[\[New Mexico Activities Association]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315060758/http://www.nmact.org/athletics/swimming\_and\_diving/ \|archive\-date\=2011\-03\-15 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nmact.org/athletics/wrestling/ \|title\=NM MVP Pub: Wrestling Past Champions \|access\-date\=2011\-02\-17 \|publisher\=\[\[New Mexico Activities Association]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315073047/http://www.nmact.org/athletics/wrestling/ \|archive\-date\=2011\-03\-15 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nmact.org/athletics/basketball/ \|title\=NM MVP Pub: Basketball Past Champions \|access\-date\=2011\-02\-17 \|publisher\=\[\[New Mexico Activities Association]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315075132/http://www.nmact.org/athletics/basketball/ \|archive\-date\=2011\-03\-15 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nmact.org/athletics/baseball/\|title\=NM MVP Pub: Baseball Past Champions\|access\-date\=2011\-02\-17\|publisher\=\[\[New Mexico Activities Association]]\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110315053409/http://www.nmact.org/athletics/baseball/\| archive\-date\= 15 March 2011 \| url\-status\= dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nmact.org/golf\_past\_champions/\|title\=NM MVP Pub: Golf Past Champions\|access\-date\=2011\-02\-17\|publisher\=\[\[New Mexico Activities Association]]\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110206183213/http://nmact.org/golf\_past\_champions/\| archive\-date\= 6 February 2011 \| url\-status\= dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nmact.org/files/Softball\_Past\_\_Champions.pdf\|title\=New Mexico State Softball Champions\|access\-date\=2011\-02\-17\|publisher\=\[\[New Mexico Activities Association]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206193451/http://nmact.org/files/Softball\_Past\_\_Champions.pdf\|archive\-date\=2011\-02\-06\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nmact.org/athletics/tennis/\|title\=NM MVP Pub: Tennis Past Champions\|access\-date\=2011\-02\-17\|publisher\=\[\[New Mexico Activities Association]]\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110206163838/http://nmact.org/athletics/tennis/\| archive\-date\= 6 February 2011 \| url\-status\= dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nmact.org/athletics/track\_and\_field/\|title\=NM MVP Pub: Track \& Field Past Champions\|access\-date\=2011\-02\-17\|publisher\=\[\[New Mexico Activities Association]]\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110206155739/http://nmact.org/athletics/track\_and\_field/\| archive\-date\= 6 February 2011 \| url\-status\= dead}} \|\- ! width\="25"\|Season !! Sport !! width\="55";align\="center"\|Number of Championships !!width\="150";align\="center"\|Year \|\- \| rowspan\="6"\| Fall \|\| [Football](/wiki/American_Football "American Football") \|\| align\="center"\|0 \|\| \|\- \| Boys' [Cross Country](/wiki/Cross_country_running "Cross country running") \|\| align\="center"\|15 \|\| 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2017 \|\- \| Girls' Cross Country \|\| align\="center”\|7 \|\| 1993, 2005, 2008, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2023 \|\- \| Boys' [Soccer](/wiki/Soccer "Soccer") \|\| align\="center"\|14 \|\| 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020 (in 2021\), 2021 \|\- \| Girls' Soccer\|\| align\="center"\|11 \|\| 2000, 2001, 2002, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018 \|\- \| [Volleyball](/wiki/Volleyball "Volleyball")\|\| align\="center"\|2 \|\| 1998, 2020 (in 2021\) \|\- \| rowspan\="5"\|Winter \|\| Boys' [Basketball](/wiki/Basketball "Basketball")\|\| align\="center"\|10 \|\|1968, 1981, 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2023 \|\- \| Girls' Basketball \|\| align\="center"\|0 \|\| \|\- \| Boys' [Swimming](/wiki/Swimming_%28sport%29 "Swimming (sport)") \|\| align\="center"\|24 \|\| 1972, 1973, 1975, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2015, 2016, 2017 \|\- \| Girls' Swimming \|\| align\="center"\|24 \|\| 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 \|\- \| [Wrestling](/wiki/Scholastic_wrestling "Scholastic wrestling") \|\| align\="center"\|5 \|\| 1969, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1983 \|\- \| rowspan\="9"\| Spring \|\| [Baseball](/wiki/Baseball "Baseball") \|\| align\="center"\|5 \|\| 1998, 1999, 2009, 2015, 2021 \|\- \| Boys' [Golf](/wiki/Golf "Golf") \|\| align\="center"\|11 \|\| 1975, 1990, 1997, 2003, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2021, 2022, 2024 \|\- \| Girls' Golf\|\| align\="center"\|7 \|\| 1993, 1995, 2015, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 \|\- \| [Softball](/wiki/Softball "Softball")\|\| align\="center"\|0 \|\| \|\- \| [Boys' Track](/wiki/New_Mexico_Activities_Association%23Boys_Track_.26_Field "New Mexico Activities Association#Boys Track .26 Field")\|\| align\="center"\|17 \|\| 1991, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 \|\- \| Girls' Track\|\| align\="center"\|8 \|\| 1993, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2017, 2018, 2019 \|\- \| Boys' [Tennis](/wiki/Tennis "Tennis")\|\| align\="center"\|27 \|\| 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 \|\- \| Girls' Tennis\|\| align\="center"\|13 \|\| 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2016, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 \|\- \| colspan\="2" align\="center"\|**Total** \|\| align\="center"\|**200** \|\| Totals current through Spring 2024 \|}
[ "Extracurricular activities\n--------------------------", "[Extracurricular activities](/wiki/Extracurricular_activities \"Extracurricular activities\") at the school include state championship sports teams, *The Advocate* (a student [newsmagazine](/wiki/Newsmagazine \"Newsmagazine\") that has received numerous awards from the [Albuquerque Tribune](/wiki/Albuquerque_Tribune \"Albuquerque Tribune\") and the New Mexico Press Women), [Science Olympiad](/wiki/Science_Olympiad \"Science Olympiad\"), [Science Bowl](/wiki/Science_Bowl \"Science Bowl\"), and theater.", "The longest sports state championship streaks by Academy sports teams are the 21\\-time[Prep tennis: ABQ High tops La Cueva for girls title \\| Albuquerque Journal](http://www.abqjournal.com/582362/sports/582362.html) defending state champion boys tennis team (2003–present); the eight\\-time defending state champion girls swim team (2007\\-present); and the six\\-time state champion boys basketball team (1989–1994\\), boys swim team (2006–2011\\), and boys track team (2002–2007\\).", "The swim teams have won 48 combined state titles (24 for the boys, 24 for the girls).", "The school's mock trial team won the 2012 National High School Mock Trial Championship, marking the first time a New Mexican team had won the title, and the first time a team from the host state had won. In 2013, the team won the national championship again, which was only the third time in tournament history that a school won twice in a row. The program has qualified at least one team for state competition every year since the program was rebooted in 2005\\. In 2016, the team finished 4th in the national competition held in Boise, ID. In 2019, Academy's mock trial team placed sixth at the National High School Mock Trial Championship. In 2021, the Academy's mock trial team placed third at the National High School Mock Trial Championship. And in 2022 the team placed seventh in the nation as well.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aa.edu/podium/default.aspx?t\\=204\\&id\\=625579 \\|title \\= Albuquerque Academy \\~ Albuquerque Academy Team Wins the 2012 National… \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120718032552/http://www.aa.edu/podium/default.aspx?t\\=204\\&id\\=625579 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 July 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 2023 the Academy's mock trial team took second at the National High School Mock Trial Championship. {{cite web\\|url\\=https://littlerock2023\\.nhsmtc.org/\\|title\\=Archived copy\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-06\\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920214641/https://littlerock2023\\.nhsmtc.org/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2024, the Academy's middle school and high school Science Olympiad teams both represented New Mexico at the national tournament at Michigan State University.", "In May 2010, the school's Science Bowl team won the [US](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") [DOE](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy \"United States Department of Energy\") Middle School [Science Bowl](/wiki/Science_Bowl \"Science Bowl\") competition in [Washington, DC](/wiki/Washington%2C_DC \"Washington, DC\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.scied.science.doe.gov/nsb/pdf/Champions\\_2010\\.pdf \\|title\\=DOE press release \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-05\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527172434/http://www.scied.science.doe.gov/nsb/pdf/Champions\\_2010\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-05\\-27 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.abqjournal.com/news/state/042322470535newsstate05\\-04\\-10\\.htm \\|title\\=ABQJOURNAL NEWS/STATE: Brainpower on Display \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-29 \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-11 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511062424/http://www.abqjournal.com/news/state/042322470535newsstate05\\-04\\-10\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Previous Academy Science Bowl teams had finished second (in 2006\\) and fourth (in 2009\\). The middle school science bowl team most recently represented New Mexico at nationals in 2019\\.", "At the 2009 New Mexico State Speech and Debate Tournament, Albuquerque Academy won Speech Sweepstakes, Debate Sweepstakes, and Debate Coach of the Year and had five state champions. The Speech and Debate team had held the state title for 24 straight years by 2010 (winning Speech Sweepstakes and Debate Sweepstakes and having many state champions). At the 2014 New Mexico State Speech and Debate Tournament, the Albuquerque Academy Speech and Debate team reclaimed the title by winning the Speech Sweepstakes and Debate Sweepstakes and having seven state champions. In 2019, 16 members of the team qualified for nationals, and the Academy was named Overall School of Excellence.", "In 2022, 2023, and 2024, thespians from the Academy's theatre program were selected to represent New Mexico's Best Actress at the National HIgh School Theatre Awards at Broadway's [Minskoff Theatre](/wiki/Minskoff_Theatre \"Minskoff Theatre\"). In 2017 and 2018, the state's Best Actor was a student from the Academy.", "In the spring of 2006, the orchestra, the Chamber Players, was invited to attend the [National Orchestra Festival](/wiki/National_Orchestra_Festival \"National Orchestra Festival\") in Kansas City, Missouri, where they received a superior rating.[ASTA National Orchestra Festival Winners® Announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20061018134901/http://www.astaweb.com/advocacy/pressreleases/031706.htm), astaweb.com, March 17, 2006", "### Sports State Championships", "The Academy has won a number of state championships.", "{\\| class\\=\"wikitable collapsible collapsed\"\n\\|\\+\n!colspan\\=4 align\\=center bgcolor\\=\"\"\\|Table of State Championships{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nmact.org/cross\\_country\\_state\\_champions/\\|title\\=NM MVP Pub: Cross Country State Champions\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-17\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Mexico Activities Association]]\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110206170203/http://nmact.org/cross\\_country\\_state\\_champions/\\| archive\\-date\\= 6 February 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nmact.org/pages/athletics/football/Football\\_Past\\_Champs.pdf \\|title\\=NM MVP Pub: Football \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-17 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Mexico Activities Association]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727124836/http://www.nmact.org/pages/athletics/football/Football\\_Past\\_Champs.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-27 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nmact.org/soccer\\_state\\_championship\\_records/ \\|title\\=NM MVP Pub: Soccer Past State Champions \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-17 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Mexico Activities Association]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024151702/http://www.nmact.org/soccer\\_state\\_championship\\_records/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-24 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nmact.org/pages/athletics/volleyball/Volleyball\\_Champions.pdf \\|title\\=New Mexico State Volleyball Champions \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-17 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Mexico Activities Association]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727124851/http://www.nmact.org/pages/athletics/volleyball/Volleyball\\_Champions.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-27 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nmact.org/athletics/swimming\\_and\\_diving/ \\|title\\=NM MVP Pub: Swimming \\& Diving \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-17 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Mexico Activities Association]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315060758/http://www.nmact.org/athletics/swimming\\_and\\_diving/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-03\\-15 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nmact.org/athletics/wrestling/ \\|title\\=NM MVP Pub: Wrestling Past Champions \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-17 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Mexico Activities Association]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315073047/http://www.nmact.org/athletics/wrestling/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-03\\-15 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nmact.org/athletics/basketball/ \\|title\\=NM MVP Pub: Basketball Past Champions \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-17 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Mexico Activities Association]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315075132/http://www.nmact.org/athletics/basketball/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-03\\-15 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nmact.org/athletics/baseball/\\|title\\=NM MVP Pub: Baseball Past Champions\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-17\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Mexico Activities Association]]\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110315053409/http://www.nmact.org/athletics/baseball/\\| archive\\-date\\= 15 March 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nmact.org/golf\\_past\\_champions/\\|title\\=NM MVP Pub: Golf Past Champions\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-17\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Mexico Activities Association]]\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110206183213/http://nmact.org/golf\\_past\\_champions/\\| archive\\-date\\= 6 February 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nmact.org/files/Softball\\_Past\\_\\_Champions.pdf\\|title\\=New Mexico State Softball Champions\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-17\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Mexico Activities Association]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206193451/http://nmact.org/files/Softball\\_Past\\_\\_Champions.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-06\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nmact.org/athletics/tennis/\\|title\\=NM MVP Pub: Tennis Past Champions\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-17\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Mexico Activities Association]]\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110206163838/http://nmact.org/athletics/tennis/\\| archive\\-date\\= 6 February 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nmact.org/athletics/track\\_and\\_field/\\|title\\=NM MVP Pub: Track \\& Field Past Champions\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-17\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Mexico Activities Association]]\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110206155739/http://nmact.org/athletics/track\\_and\\_field/\\| archive\\-date\\= 6 February 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= dead}}\n\\|\\-\n! width\\=\"25\"\\|Season !! Sport !! width\\=\"55\";align\\=\"center\"\\|Number of Championships !!width\\=\"150\";align\\=\"center\"\\|Year\n\\|\\-\n\\| rowspan\\=\"6\"\\| Fall \\|\\| [Football](/wiki/American_Football \"American Football\") \\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|0 \\|\\|\n\\|\\-\n\\| Boys' [Cross Country](/wiki/Cross_country_running \"Cross country running\") \\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|15 \\|\\| 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2017\n\\|\\-\n\\| Girls' Cross Country \\|\\| align\\=\"center”\\|7 \\|\\| 1993, 2005, 2008, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2023\n\\|\\-\n\\| Boys' [Soccer](/wiki/Soccer \"Soccer\") \\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|14 \\|\\| 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020 (in 2021\\), 2021\n\\|\\-\n\\| Girls' Soccer\\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|11 \\|\\| 2000, 2001, 2002, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018\n\\|\\-\n\\| [Volleyball](/wiki/Volleyball \"Volleyball\")\\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|2 \\|\\| 1998, 2020 (in 2021\\)\n\\|\\-\n\\| rowspan\\=\"5\"\\|Winter \\|\\| Boys' [Basketball](/wiki/Basketball \"Basketball\")\\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|10 \\|\\|1968, 1981, 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2023\n\\|\\-\n\\| Girls' Basketball \\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|0 \\|\\|\n\\|\\-\n\\| Boys' [Swimming](/wiki/Swimming_%28sport%29 \"Swimming (sport)\") \\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|24 \\|\\| 1972, 1973, 1975, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2015, 2016, 2017\n\\|\\-\n\\| Girls' Swimming \\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|24 \\|\\| 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024\n\\|\\-\n\\| [Wrestling](/wiki/Scholastic_wrestling \"Scholastic wrestling\") \\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|5 \\|\\| 1969, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1983\n\\|\\-\n\\| rowspan\\=\"9\"\\| Spring \\|\\| [Baseball](/wiki/Baseball \"Baseball\") \\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|5 \\|\\| 1998, 1999, 2009, 2015, 2021\n\\|\\-\n\\| Boys' [Golf](/wiki/Golf \"Golf\") \\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|11 \\|\\| 1975, 1990, 1997, 2003, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2021, 2022, 2024\n\\|\\-\n\\| Girls' Golf\\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|7 \\|\\| 1993, 1995, 2015, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024\n\\|\\-\n\\| [Softball](/wiki/Softball \"Softball\")\\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|0 \\|\\|\n\\|\\-\n\\| [Boys' Track](/wiki/New_Mexico_Activities_Association%23Boys_Track_.26_Field \"New Mexico Activities Association#Boys Track .26 Field\")\\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|17 \\|\\| 1991, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019\n\\|\\-\n\\| Girls' Track\\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|8 \\|\\| 1993, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2017, 2018, 2019\n\\|\\-\n\\| Boys' [Tennis](/wiki/Tennis \"Tennis\")\\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|27 \\|\\| 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024\n\\|\\-\n\\| Girls' Tennis\\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|13 \\|\\| 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2016, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024\n\\|\\-\n\\| colspan\\=\"2\" align\\=\"center\"\\|**Total** \\|\\| align\\=\"center\"\\|**200** \n\\|\\| Totals current through Spring 2024\n\\|}" ]
Factors ------- The factors leading to the optimistic bias can be categorized into four different groups: desired end states of comparative judgment, [cognitive](/wiki/Cognitive "Cognitive") mechanisms, information about the self versus a target, and underlying [affect](/wiki/Affect_%28psychology%29 "Affect (psychology)"). These are explained more in detail below. ### Measuring Optimism bias is typically measured through two determinants of [risk](/wiki/Risk "Risk"): absolute risk, where individuals are asked to estimate their likelihood of experiencing a negative event compared to their actual chance of experiencing a negative event (comparison against self), and comparative risk, where individuals are asked to estimate the likelihood of experiencing a negative event (their personal risk estimate) compared to others of the same age and sex (a target risk estimate).{{cite journal \|last\=Helweg\-Larsen \|first\=Marie \|author2\=James A. Shepperd \|title\=Do Moderators of the Optimistic Bias Affect Personal or Target Risk Estimates? A Review of the Literature \|journal\=Personality and Social Psychology Review \|year\=2001 \|volume\=5 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=74–95 \|url\=http://users.dickinson.edu/\~helwegm/pdfversion/do\_moderators\_of\_the\_optimistic\_bias.pdf \|doi\=10\.1207/S15327957PSPR0501\_5\|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.567\.546 \|s2cid\=30461688 }} Problems can occur when trying to measure absolute risk because it is extremely difficult to determine the actual risk statistic for a person.{{cite journal \|last\=Klein \|first\=Cynthia T. F. \|author2\=Marie Helweg\-Larsen \|title\=Perceived Control and the Optimistic Bias: A Meta\-analytic Review \|journal\=Psychology and Health \|year\=2002 \|volume\=17 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=437–446 \|doi\=10\.1080/0887044022000004920 \|s2cid\=144020132 \|url\=http://www2\.dickinson.edu/departments/psych/helwegm/PDFVersion/Perceived\_control\_and\_the\_optimistic.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010114835/http://www2\.dickinson.edu/departments/psych/helwegm/PDFVersion/Perceived\_control\_and\_the\_optimistic.pdf \|archive\-date\=2016\-10\-10 }} Therefore, the optimistic bias is primarily measured in comparative risk forms, where people compare themselves against others, through direct and indirect comparisons. Direct comparisons ask whether an individual's own risk of experiencing an event is less than, greater than, or equal to someone else's risk, while indirect comparisons ask individuals to provide separate estimates of their own risk of experiencing an event and others' risk of experiencing the same event.{{cite journal \|last\=Radcliffe \|first\=Nathan M. \|author2\=William M. P. Klein \|title\=Dispositional, Unrealistic, and Comparative Optimism: Differential Relations with the Knowledge and Processing of Risk Information and Beliefs about Personal Risk \|journal\=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin \|year\=2002 \|volume\=28 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=836–846 \|doi\=10\.1177/0146167202289012\|s2cid\=146244253 }} After obtaining scores, researchers are able to use the information to determine if there is a difference in the average risk estimate of the individual compared to the average risk estimate of their peers. Generally, in negative events, the mean risk of an individual appears lower than the risk estimate of others. This is then used to demonstrate the bias' effect. The optimistic bias can only be defined at a group level, because at an individual level the positive assessment could be true. Likewise, difficulties can arise in measurement procedures, as it is difficult to determine when someone is being optimistic, realistic, or pessimistic. Research suggests that the bias comes from an overestimate of group risks rather than underestimating one's own risk. An example: participants assigned a higher probability to picking a card that had a smiling face on its reverse side than one which had a frowning face.Taylor, Nigel, *Making Actuaries Less Human: Lessons from Behavioral Finance*. The Staple Inn Actuarial Society, 2000\-01\-18\. Last accessed on 2009\-03\-16\. ### Cognitive mechanisms The optimistic bias is possibly also influenced by three cognitive mechanisms that guide judgments and decision\-making processes: the representativeness heuristic, singular target focus, and interpersonal distance. #### Representativeness heuristic The estimates of likelihood associated with the optimistic bias are based on how closely an event matches a person's overall idea of the specific event. Some researchers suggest that the [representativeness heuristic](/wiki/Representativeness_heuristic "Representativeness heuristic") is a reason for the optimistic bias: individuals tend to think in stereotypical categories rather than about their actual targets when making comparisons. For example, when drivers are asked to think about a car accident, they are more likely to associate a bad driver, rather than just the average driver. Individuals compare themselves with the negative elements that come to mind, rather than an overall accurate comparison between them and another driver. Additionally, when individuals were asked to compare themselves towards friends, they chose more vulnerable friends based on the events they were looking at.{{cite journal\|last\=Perloff\|first\=Linda S\|author2\=Barbara K. Fetzer\|year\=1986\|title\=Self\-other judgments and perceived vulnerability to victimization\|journal\=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology\|volume\=50\|issue\=3\|pages\=502–510\|doi\=10\.1037/0022\-3514\.50\.3\.502}} Individuals generally chose a specific friend based on whether they resemble a given example, rather than just an average friend. People find examples that relate directly to what they are asked, resulting in representativeness heuristics. #### Singular target focus One of the difficulties of the optimistic bias is that people know more about themselves than they do about others. While individuals know how to think about themselves as a single person, they still think of others as a generalized group, which leads to biased estimates and inabilities to sufficiently understand their target or comparison group. Likewise, when making judgments and comparisons about their risk compared to others, people generally ignore the average person, but primarily focus on their own feelings and experiences. #### Interpersonal distance Perceived risk differences occur depending on how far or close a compared target is to an individual making a risk estimate. The greater the perceived distance between the self and the comparison target, the greater the perceived difference in risk. When one brings the comparison target closer to the individual, risk estimates appear closer together than if the comparison target was someone more distant to the participant. There is support for perceived social distance in determining the optimistic bias.{{cite journal\|last\=Harris\|first\=P\|author2\=Wendy Middleton\|author3\=Richard Joiner\|year\=2000\|title\=The typical student as an in\-group member: eliminating optimistic bias by reducing social distance\|journal\=European Journal of Social Psychology\|volume\=30\|issue\=2\|pages\=235–253\|doi\=10\.1002/(SICI)1099\-0992(200003/04\)30:2\<235::AID\-EJSP990\>3\.0\.CO;2\-G}} Through looking at comparisons of personal and target risk between the in\-group level contributes to more perceived similarities than when individuals think about outer\-group comparisons which lead to greater perceived differences. In one study, researchers manipulated the social context of the comparison group, where participants made judgements for two different comparison targets: the typical student at their university and a typical student at another university. Their findings showed that not only did people work with the closer comparison first, but also had closer ratings to themselves than the "more different" group. Studies have also noticed that people demonstrate more optimistic bias when making comparisons when the other is a vague individual, but biases are reduced when the other is a familiar person, such as a friend or family member. This also is determined due to the information they have about the individuals closest to them, but not having the same information about other people.
[ "Factors\n-------", "The factors leading to the optimistic bias can be categorized into four different groups: desired end states of comparative judgment, [cognitive](/wiki/Cognitive \"Cognitive\") mechanisms, information about the self versus a target, and underlying [affect](/wiki/Affect_%28psychology%29 \"Affect (psychology)\"). These are explained more in detail below.\n### Measuring", "Optimism bias is typically measured through two determinants of [risk](/wiki/Risk \"Risk\"): absolute risk, where individuals are asked to estimate their likelihood of experiencing a negative event compared to their actual chance of experiencing a negative event (comparison against self), and comparative risk, where individuals are asked to estimate the likelihood of experiencing a negative event (their personal risk estimate) compared to others of the same age and sex (a target risk estimate).{{cite journal \\|last\\=Helweg\\-Larsen \\|first\\=Marie \\|author2\\=James A. Shepperd \\|title\\=Do Moderators of the Optimistic Bias Affect Personal or Target Risk Estimates? A Review of the Literature \\|journal\\=Personality and Social Psychology Review \\|year\\=2001 \\|volume\\=5 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=74–95 \\|url\\=http://users.dickinson.edu/\\~helwegm/pdfversion/do\\_moderators\\_of\\_the\\_optimistic\\_bias.pdf \\|doi\\=10\\.1207/S15327957PSPR0501\\_5\\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.567\\.546 \\|s2cid\\=30461688 }} Problems can occur when trying to measure absolute risk because it is extremely difficult to determine the actual risk statistic for a person.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Klein \\|first\\=Cynthia T. F. \\|author2\\=Marie Helweg\\-Larsen \\|title\\=Perceived Control and the Optimistic Bias: A Meta\\-analytic Review \\|journal\\=Psychology and Health \\|year\\=2002 \\|volume\\=17 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=437–446 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/0887044022000004920 \\|s2cid\\=144020132 \\|url\\=http://www2\\.dickinson.edu/departments/psych/helwegm/PDFVersion/Perceived\\_control\\_and\\_the\\_optimistic.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010114835/http://www2\\.dickinson.edu/departments/psych/helwegm/PDFVersion/Perceived\\_control\\_and\\_the\\_optimistic.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-10 }} Therefore, the optimistic bias is primarily measured in comparative risk forms, where people compare themselves against others, through direct and indirect comparisons. Direct comparisons ask whether an individual's own risk of experiencing an event is less than, greater than, or equal to someone else's risk, while indirect comparisons ask individuals to provide separate estimates of their own risk of experiencing an event and others' risk of experiencing the same event.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Radcliffe \\|first\\=Nathan M. \\|author2\\=William M. P. Klein \\|title\\=Dispositional, Unrealistic, and Comparative Optimism: Differential Relations with the Knowledge and Processing of Risk Information and Beliefs about Personal Risk \\|journal\\=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin \\|year\\=2002 \\|volume\\=28 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=836–846 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0146167202289012\\|s2cid\\=146244253 }}", "After obtaining scores, researchers are able to use the information to determine if there is a difference in the average risk estimate of the individual compared to the average risk estimate of their peers. Generally, in negative events, the mean risk of an individual appears lower than the risk estimate of others. This is then used to demonstrate the bias' effect. The optimistic bias can only be defined at a group level, because at an individual level the positive assessment could be true. Likewise, difficulties can arise in measurement procedures, as it is difficult to determine when someone is being optimistic, realistic, or pessimistic. Research suggests that the bias comes from an overestimate of group risks rather than underestimating one's own risk.", "An example: participants assigned a higher probability to picking a card that had a smiling face on its reverse side than one which had a frowning face.Taylor, Nigel, *Making Actuaries Less Human: Lessons from Behavioral Finance*. The Staple Inn Actuarial Society, 2000\\-01\\-18\\. Last accessed on 2009\\-03\\-16\\.", "### Cognitive mechanisms", "The optimistic bias is possibly also influenced by three cognitive mechanisms that guide judgments and decision\\-making processes: the representativeness heuristic, singular target focus, and interpersonal distance.", "#### Representativeness heuristic", "The estimates of likelihood associated with the optimistic bias are based on how closely an event matches a person's overall idea of the specific event. Some researchers suggest that the [representativeness heuristic](/wiki/Representativeness_heuristic \"Representativeness heuristic\") is a reason for the optimistic bias: individuals tend to think in stereotypical categories rather than about their actual targets when making comparisons. For example, when drivers are asked to think about a car accident, they are more likely to associate a bad driver, rather than just the average driver. Individuals compare themselves with the negative elements that come to mind, rather than an overall accurate comparison between them and another driver. Additionally, when individuals were asked to compare themselves towards friends, they chose more vulnerable friends based on the events they were looking at.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Perloff\\|first\\=Linda S\\|author2\\=Barbara K. Fetzer\\|year\\=1986\\|title\\=Self\\-other judgments and perceived vulnerability to victimization\\|journal\\=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology\\|volume\\=50\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=502–510\\|doi\\=10\\.1037/0022\\-3514\\.50\\.3\\.502}} Individuals generally chose a specific friend based on whether they resemble a given example, rather than just an average friend. People find examples that relate directly to what they are asked, resulting in representativeness heuristics.", "#### Singular target focus", "One of the difficulties of the optimistic bias is that people know more about themselves than they do about others. While individuals know how to think about themselves as a single person, they still think of others as a generalized group, which leads to biased estimates and inabilities to sufficiently understand their target or comparison group. Likewise, when making judgments and comparisons about their risk compared to others, people generally ignore the average person, but primarily focus on their own feelings and experiences.", "#### Interpersonal distance", "Perceived risk differences occur depending on how far or close a compared target is to an individual making a risk estimate. The greater the perceived distance between the self and the comparison target, the greater the perceived difference in risk. When one brings the comparison target closer to the individual, risk estimates appear closer together than if the comparison target was someone more distant to the participant. There is support for perceived social distance in determining the optimistic bias.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Harris\\|first\\=P\\|author2\\=Wendy Middleton\\|author3\\=Richard Joiner\\|year\\=2000\\|title\\=The typical student as an in\\-group member: eliminating optimistic bias by reducing social distance\\|journal\\=European Journal of Social Psychology\\|volume\\=30\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=235–253\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/(SICI)1099\\-0992(200003/04\\)30:2\\<235::AID\\-EJSP990\\>3\\.0\\.CO;2\\-G}} Through looking at comparisons of personal and target risk between the in\\-group level contributes to more perceived similarities than when individuals think about outer\\-group comparisons which lead to greater perceived differences. In one study, researchers manipulated the social context of the comparison group, where participants made judgements for two different comparison targets: the typical student at their university and a typical student at another university. Their findings showed that not only did people work with the closer comparison first, but also had closer ratings to themselves than the \"more different\" group.", "Studies have also noticed that people demonstrate more optimistic bias when making comparisons when the other is a vague individual, but biases are reduced when the other is a familiar person, such as a friend or family member. This also is determined due to the information they have about the individuals closest to them, but not having the same information about other people.", "" ]
### Cognitive mechanisms The optimistic bias is possibly also influenced by three cognitive mechanisms that guide judgments and decision\-making processes: the representativeness heuristic, singular target focus, and interpersonal distance. #### Representativeness heuristic The estimates of likelihood associated with the optimistic bias are based on how closely an event matches a person's overall idea of the specific event. Some researchers suggest that the [representativeness heuristic](/wiki/Representativeness_heuristic "Representativeness heuristic") is a reason for the optimistic bias: individuals tend to think in stereotypical categories rather than about their actual targets when making comparisons. For example, when drivers are asked to think about a car accident, they are more likely to associate a bad driver, rather than just the average driver. Individuals compare themselves with the negative elements that come to mind, rather than an overall accurate comparison between them and another driver. Additionally, when individuals were asked to compare themselves towards friends, they chose more vulnerable friends based on the events they were looking at.{{cite journal\|last\=Perloff\|first\=Linda S\|author2\=Barbara K. Fetzer\|year\=1986\|title\=Self\-other judgments and perceived vulnerability to victimization\|journal\=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology\|volume\=50\|issue\=3\|pages\=502–510\|doi\=10\.1037/0022\-3514\.50\.3\.502}} Individuals generally chose a specific friend based on whether they resemble a given example, rather than just an average friend. People find examples that relate directly to what they are asked, resulting in representativeness heuristics. #### Singular target focus One of the difficulties of the optimistic bias is that people know more about themselves than they do about others. While individuals know how to think about themselves as a single person, they still think of others as a generalized group, which leads to biased estimates and inabilities to sufficiently understand their target or comparison group. Likewise, when making judgments and comparisons about their risk compared to others, people generally ignore the average person, but primarily focus on their own feelings and experiences. #### Interpersonal distance Perceived risk differences occur depending on how far or close a compared target is to an individual making a risk estimate. The greater the perceived distance between the self and the comparison target, the greater the perceived difference in risk. When one brings the comparison target closer to the individual, risk estimates appear closer together than if the comparison target was someone more distant to the participant. There is support for perceived social distance in determining the optimistic bias.{{cite journal\|last\=Harris\|first\=P\|author2\=Wendy Middleton\|author3\=Richard Joiner\|year\=2000\|title\=The typical student as an in\-group member: eliminating optimistic bias by reducing social distance\|journal\=European Journal of Social Psychology\|volume\=30\|issue\=2\|pages\=235–253\|doi\=10\.1002/(SICI)1099\-0992(200003/04\)30:2\<235::AID\-EJSP990\>3\.0\.CO;2\-G}} Through looking at comparisons of personal and target risk between the in\-group level contributes to more perceived similarities than when individuals think about outer\-group comparisons which lead to greater perceived differences. In one study, researchers manipulated the social context of the comparison group, where participants made judgements for two different comparison targets: the typical student at their university and a typical student at another university. Their findings showed that not only did people work with the closer comparison first, but also had closer ratings to themselves than the "more different" group. Studies have also noticed that people demonstrate more optimistic bias when making comparisons when the other is a vague individual, but biases are reduced when the other is a familiar person, such as a friend or family member. This also is determined due to the information they have about the individuals closest to them, but not having the same information about other people.
[ "### Cognitive mechanisms", "The optimistic bias is possibly also influenced by three cognitive mechanisms that guide judgments and decision\\-making processes: the representativeness heuristic, singular target focus, and interpersonal distance.", "#### Representativeness heuristic", "The estimates of likelihood associated with the optimistic bias are based on how closely an event matches a person's overall idea of the specific event. Some researchers suggest that the [representativeness heuristic](/wiki/Representativeness_heuristic \"Representativeness heuristic\") is a reason for the optimistic bias: individuals tend to think in stereotypical categories rather than about their actual targets when making comparisons. For example, when drivers are asked to think about a car accident, they are more likely to associate a bad driver, rather than just the average driver. Individuals compare themselves with the negative elements that come to mind, rather than an overall accurate comparison between them and another driver. Additionally, when individuals were asked to compare themselves towards friends, they chose more vulnerable friends based on the events they were looking at.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Perloff\\|first\\=Linda S\\|author2\\=Barbara K. Fetzer\\|year\\=1986\\|title\\=Self\\-other judgments and perceived vulnerability to victimization\\|journal\\=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology\\|volume\\=50\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=502–510\\|doi\\=10\\.1037/0022\\-3514\\.50\\.3\\.502}} Individuals generally chose a specific friend based on whether they resemble a given example, rather than just an average friend. People find examples that relate directly to what they are asked, resulting in representativeness heuristics.", "#### Singular target focus", "One of the difficulties of the optimistic bias is that people know more about themselves than they do about others. While individuals know how to think about themselves as a single person, they still think of others as a generalized group, which leads to biased estimates and inabilities to sufficiently understand their target or comparison group. Likewise, when making judgments and comparisons about their risk compared to others, people generally ignore the average person, but primarily focus on their own feelings and experiences.", "#### Interpersonal distance", "Perceived risk differences occur depending on how far or close a compared target is to an individual making a risk estimate. The greater the perceived distance between the self and the comparison target, the greater the perceived difference in risk. When one brings the comparison target closer to the individual, risk estimates appear closer together than if the comparison target was someone more distant to the participant. There is support for perceived social distance in determining the optimistic bias.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Harris\\|first\\=P\\|author2\\=Wendy Middleton\\|author3\\=Richard Joiner\\|year\\=2000\\|title\\=The typical student as an in\\-group member: eliminating optimistic bias by reducing social distance\\|journal\\=European Journal of Social Psychology\\|volume\\=30\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=235–253\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/(SICI)1099\\-0992(200003/04\\)30:2\\<235::AID\\-EJSP990\\>3\\.0\\.CO;2\\-G}} Through looking at comparisons of personal and target risk between the in\\-group level contributes to more perceived similarities than when individuals think about outer\\-group comparisons which lead to greater perceived differences. In one study, researchers manipulated the social context of the comparison group, where participants made judgements for two different comparison targets: the typical student at their university and a typical student at another university. Their findings showed that not only did people work with the closer comparison first, but also had closer ratings to themselves than the \"more different\" group.", "Studies have also noticed that people demonstrate more optimistic bias when making comparisons when the other is a vague individual, but biases are reduced when the other is a familiar person, such as a friend or family member. This also is determined due to the information they have about the individuals closest to them, but not having the same information about other people.", "" ]
Desired end states of comparative judgment ------------------------------------------ Many explanations for the optimistic bias come from the goals that people want and outcomes they wish to see. People tend to view their risks as less than others because they believe that this is what other people want to see. These explanations include [self\-enhancement](/wiki/Self-enhancement "Self-enhancement"), self\-presentation, and [perceived control](/wiki/Perceived_control "Perceived control"). ### Self\-enhancement Self\-enhancement suggests that optimistic predictions are satisfying and that it feels good to think that positive events will happen. People can control their anxiety and other negative emotions if they believe they are better off than others. People tend to focus on finding information that supports what they want to see happen, rather than what will happen to them. With regards to the optimistic bias, individuals will perceive events more favorably, because that is what they would like the outcome to be. This also suggests that people might lower their risks compared to others to make themselves look better than average: they are less at risk than others and therefore better. ### Self\-presentation Studies suggest that people attempt to establish and maintain a desired personal image in social situations. People are motivated to present themselves towards others in a good light, and some researchers suggest that the optimistic bias is a representative of self\-presentational processes: people want to appear better off than others. However, this is not through conscious effort. In a study where participants believed their driving skills would be either tested in either real\-life or driving simulations, people who believed they were to be tested had less optimistic bias and were more modest about their skills than individuals who would not be tested.{{cite journal \|last\=McKenna \|first\=F. P \|author2\=R. A. Stanier \|author3\=C. Lewis \|title\=Factors underlying illusionary self\-assessment of driving skill in males and females \|journal\=Accident Analysis and Prevention \|year\=1991 \|volume\=23 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=45–52 \|doi\=10\.1016/0001\-4575(91\)90034\-3 \|pmid\=2021403}} Studies also suggest that individuals who present themselves in a pessimistic and more negative light are generally less accepted by the rest of society.{{cite journal\|last\=Helweg\-Larsen\|first\=Marie\|author2\=Pedram Sadeghian \|author3\=Mary S. Webb \|title\=The stigma of being pessimistically biased\|journal\=Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology\|year\=2002\|volume\=21\|issue\=1\|pages\=92–107\|url\=http://users.dickinson.edu/\~helwegm/PDFVersion/The\_Stigma\_of\_Being\_Pessimistically\_Biased.pdf\|doi\=10\.1521/jscp.21\.1\.92\.22405}} This might contribute to overly optimistic attitudes. ### Personal control/perceived control People tend to be more optimistically biased when they believe they have more control over events than others.{{cite journal\|last\=Harris\|first\=Peter\|title\=Sufficient grounds for optimism?: The relationship between perceived controllability and optimistic bias\|journal\=Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology\|year\=1996\|volume\=15\|issue\=1\|pages\=9–52\|doi\=10\.1521/jscp.1996\.15\.1\.9}} For example, people are more likely to think that they will not be harmed in a car accident if they are driving the vehicle. Another example is that if someone believes that they have a lot of control over becoming infected with HIV, they are more likely to view their risk of contracting the disease to be low. Studies have suggested that the greater [perceived control](/wiki/Perceived_control "Perceived control") someone has, the greater their optimistic bias.{{cite journal \|last\=Weinstein \|first\=Neil D. \|title\=Unrealistic optimism about future life events \|journal\=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology \|year\=1980 \|volume\=39 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=806–820 \|doi\=10\.1037/0022\-3514\.39\.5\.806\|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.535\.9244 \|s2cid\=14051760 }} Stemming from this, control is a stronger factor when it comes to personal risk assessments, but not when assessing others. A meta\-analysis reviewing the relationship between the optimistic bias and [perceived control](/wiki/Perceived_control "Perceived control") found that a number of moderators contribute to this relationship. In previous research, participants from the United States generally had higher levels of optimistic bias relating to perceived control than those of other nationalities. Students also showed larger levels of the optimistic bias than non\-students. The format of the study also demonstrated differences in the relationship between perceived control and the optimistic bias: direct methods of measurement suggested greater perceived control and greater optimistic bias as compared to indirect measures of the bias. The optimistic bias is strongest in situations where an individual needs to rely heavily on direct action and responsibility of situations. An opposite factor of [perceived control](/wiki/Perceived_control "Perceived control") is that of prior experience. Prior experience is typically associated with less optimistic bias, which some studies suggest is from either a decrease in the perception of personal control, or make it easier for individuals to imagine themselves at risk. Prior experience suggests that events may be less controllable than previously believed.
[ "Desired end states of comparative judgment\n------------------------------------------", "Many explanations for the optimistic bias come from the goals that people want and outcomes they wish to see. People tend to view their risks as less than others because they believe that this is what other people want to see. These explanations include [self\\-enhancement](/wiki/Self-enhancement \"Self-enhancement\"), self\\-presentation, and [perceived control](/wiki/Perceived_control \"Perceived control\").", "### Self\\-enhancement", "Self\\-enhancement suggests that optimistic predictions are satisfying and that it feels good to think that positive events will happen. People can control their anxiety and other negative emotions if they believe they are better off than others. People tend to focus on finding information that supports what they want to see happen, rather than what will happen to them. With regards to the optimistic bias, individuals will perceive events more favorably, because that is what they would like the outcome to be. This also suggests that people might lower their risks compared to others to make themselves look better than average: they are less at risk than others and therefore better.", "### Self\\-presentation", "Studies suggest that people attempt to establish and maintain a desired personal image in social situations. People are motivated to present themselves towards others in a good light, and some researchers suggest that the optimistic bias is a representative of self\\-presentational processes: people want to appear better off than others. However, this is not through conscious effort. In a study where participants believed their driving skills would be either tested in either real\\-life or driving simulations, people who believed they were to be tested had less optimistic bias and were more modest about their skills than individuals who would not be tested.{{cite journal \\|last\\=McKenna \\|first\\=F. P \\|author2\\=R. A. Stanier \\|author3\\=C. Lewis \\|title\\=Factors underlying illusionary self\\-assessment of driving skill in males and females \\|journal\\=Accident Analysis and Prevention \\|year\\=1991 \\|volume\\=23 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=45–52 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0001\\-4575(91\\)90034\\-3 \\|pmid\\=2021403}} Studies also suggest that individuals who present themselves in a pessimistic and more negative light are generally less accepted by the rest of society.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Helweg\\-Larsen\\|first\\=Marie\\|author2\\=Pedram Sadeghian \\|author3\\=Mary S. Webb \\|title\\=The stigma of being pessimistically biased\\|journal\\=Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology\\|year\\=2002\\|volume\\=21\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=92–107\\|url\\=http://users.dickinson.edu/\\~helwegm/PDFVersion/The\\_Stigma\\_of\\_Being\\_Pessimistically\\_Biased.pdf\\|doi\\=10\\.1521/jscp.21\\.1\\.92\\.22405}} This might contribute to overly optimistic attitudes.", "### Personal control/perceived control", "People tend to be more optimistically biased when they believe they have more control over events than others.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Harris\\|first\\=Peter\\|title\\=Sufficient grounds for optimism?: The relationship between perceived controllability and optimistic bias\\|journal\\=Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology\\|year\\=1996\\|volume\\=15\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=9–52\\|doi\\=10\\.1521/jscp.1996\\.15\\.1\\.9}} For example, people are more likely to think that they will not be harmed in a car accident if they are driving the vehicle. Another example is that if someone believes that they have a lot of control over becoming infected with HIV, they are more likely to view their risk of contracting the disease to be low. Studies have suggested that the greater [perceived control](/wiki/Perceived_control \"Perceived control\") someone has, the greater their optimistic bias.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Weinstein \\|first\\=Neil D. \\|title\\=Unrealistic optimism about future life events \\|journal\\=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology \\|year\\=1980 \\|volume\\=39 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=806–820 \\|doi\\=10\\.1037/0022\\-3514\\.39\\.5\\.806\\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.535\\.9244 \\|s2cid\\=14051760 }} Stemming from this, control is a stronger factor when it comes to personal risk assessments, but not when assessing others.", "A meta\\-analysis reviewing the relationship between the optimistic bias and [perceived control](/wiki/Perceived_control \"Perceived control\") found that a number of moderators contribute to this relationship. In previous research, participants from the United States generally had higher levels of optimistic bias relating to perceived control than those of other nationalities. Students also showed larger levels of the optimistic bias than non\\-students. The format of the study also demonstrated differences in the relationship between perceived control and the optimistic bias: direct methods of measurement suggested greater perceived control and greater optimistic bias as compared to indirect measures of the bias. The optimistic bias is strongest in situations where an individual needs to rely heavily on direct action and responsibility of situations.", "An opposite factor of [perceived control](/wiki/Perceived_control \"Perceived control\") is that of prior experience. Prior experience is typically associated with less optimistic bias, which some studies suggest is from either a decrease in the perception of personal control, or make it easier for individuals to imagine themselves at risk. Prior experience suggests that events may be less controllable than previously believed.", "" ]
Information about self versus target ------------------------------------ Individuals know a lot more about themselves than they do about others. Because information about others is less available, information about the self versus others leads people to make specific conclusions about their own risk, but results in them having a harder time making conclusions about the risks of others. This leads to differences in judgments and conclusions about self\-risks compared to the risks of others, leading to larger gaps in the optimistic bias. ### Person\-positivity bias Person\-[positivity bias](/wiki/Positivity_bias "Positivity bias") is the tendency to evaluate an object more favorably the more the object resembles an individual human being. Generally, the more a comparison target resembles a specific person, the more familiar it will be. However, groups of people are considered to be more abstract concepts, which leads to less favorable judgments. With regards to the optimistic bias, when people compare themselves to an average person, whether someone of the same sex or age, the target continues to be viewed as less human and less personified, which will result in less favorable comparisons between the self and others. ### Egocentric thinking {{Main\|Egotism}} "Egocentric thinking" refers to how individuals know more of their own personal information and risk that they can use to form judgments and make decisions. One difficulty, though, is that people have a large amount of knowledge about themselves, but no knowledge about others. Therefore, when making decisions, people have to use other information available to them, such as population data, in order to learn more about their comparison group. This can relate to an optimism bias because while people are using the available information they have about themselves, they have more difficulty understanding correct information about others. It is also possible that someone can escape egocentric thinking. In one study, researchers had one group of participants list all factors that influenced their chances of experiencing a variety of events, and then a second group read the list. Those who read the list showed less optimistic bias in their own reports. It's possible that greater knowledge about others and their perceptions of their chances of risk bring the comparison group closer to the participant. ### Underestimating average person's control Also regarding egocentric thinking, it is possible that individuals underestimate the amount of control the average person has. This is explained in two different ways: 1. People underestimate the control that others have in their lives. 2. People completely overlook that others have control over their own outcomes. For example, many smokers believe that they are taking all necessary precautionary measures so that they won't get lung cancer, such as smoking only once a day, or using filtered cigarettes, and believe that others are not taking the same precautionary measures. However, it is likely that many other smokers are doing the same things and taking those same precautions. ### Underlying affect The last factor of optimistic bias is that of underlying [affect](/wiki/Affect_%28psychology%29 "Affect (psychology)") and affect experience. Research has found that people show less optimistic bias when experiencing a negative mood, and more optimistic bias when in a positive mood. Sad moods reflect greater memories of negative events, which lead to more negative judgments, while positive moods promote happy memories and more positive feelings. This suggests that overall negative moods, including depression, result in increased personal risk estimates but less optimistic bias overall. Anxiety also leads to less optimistic bias, continuing to suggest that overall positive experiences and positive attitudes lead to more optimistic bias in events.
[ "Information about self versus target\n------------------------------------", "Individuals know a lot more about themselves than they do about others. Because information about others is less available, information about the self versus others leads people to make specific conclusions about their own risk, but results in them having a harder time making conclusions about the risks of others. This leads to differences in judgments and conclusions about self\\-risks compared to the risks of others, leading to larger gaps in the optimistic bias.", "### Person\\-positivity bias", "Person\\-[positivity bias](/wiki/Positivity_bias \"Positivity bias\") is the tendency to evaluate an object more favorably the more the object resembles an individual human being. Generally, the more a comparison target resembles a specific person, the more familiar it will be. However, groups of people are considered to be more abstract concepts, which leads to less favorable judgments. With regards to the optimistic bias, when people compare themselves to an average person, whether someone of the same sex or age, the target continues to be viewed as less human and less personified, which will result in less favorable comparisons between the self and others.", "### Egocentric thinking", "{{Main\\|Egotism}}\n\"Egocentric thinking\" refers to how individuals know more of their own personal information and risk that they can use to form judgments and make decisions. One difficulty, though, is that people have a large amount of knowledge about themselves, but no knowledge about others. Therefore, when making decisions, people have to use other information available to them, such as population data, in order to learn more about their comparison group. This can relate to an optimism bias because while people are using the available information they have about themselves, they have more difficulty understanding correct information about others.", "It is also possible that someone can escape egocentric thinking. In one study, researchers had one group of participants list all factors that influenced their chances of experiencing a variety of events, and then a second group read the list. Those who read the list showed less optimistic bias in their own reports. It's possible that greater knowledge about others and their perceptions of their chances of risk bring the comparison group closer to the participant.", "### Underestimating average person's control", "Also regarding egocentric thinking, it is possible that individuals underestimate the amount of control the average person has. This is explained in two different ways:\n1. People underestimate the control that others have in their lives.\n2. People completely overlook that others have control over their own outcomes.\nFor example, many smokers believe that they are taking all necessary precautionary measures so that they won't get lung cancer, such as smoking only once a day, or using filtered cigarettes, and believe that others are not taking the same precautionary measures. However, it is likely that many other smokers are doing the same things and taking those same precautions.", "### Underlying affect", "The last factor of optimistic bias is that of underlying [affect](/wiki/Affect_%28psychology%29 \"Affect (psychology)\") and affect experience. Research has found that people show less optimistic bias when experiencing a negative mood, and more optimistic bias when in a positive mood. Sad moods reflect greater memories of negative events, which lead to more negative judgments, while positive moods promote happy memories and more positive feelings. This suggests that overall negative moods, including depression, result in increased personal risk estimates but less optimistic bias overall. Anxiety also leads to less optimistic bias, continuing to suggest that overall positive experiences and positive attitudes lead to more optimistic bias in events.", "" ]
Synopsis -------- A rich man divided his property among his three sons when he died. The king offered his daughter to whoever built a ship that traveled over both land and sea. The oldest son tried, and when old men came to beg for work, sent them all away. He spent all his money on it, and a squall destroyed it. The second son tried after him, but ended up the same. The [youngest](/wiki/Youngest_son "Youngest son") thought to try as well, because he was not rich enough to support all three of them. He hired everyone, included a little old man with a white beard whom his brothers had rejected but whom he appointed as overseer. This old man was a holy hermit. When the ship was done, he told the youngest son to lay claim to the princess. The youngest son asked him to stay with him, and the hermit asked him for half of everything he got. The son agreed. As they traveled, they came across a man putting fog in a sack, and at the hermit's suggestion, the son asked him to come with them, and so with a man tearing up trees, a man drinking a stream dry, a man shooting a quail in the Underworld, and a man whose steps bestrode an island. The king did not want to give his daughter to a man of whom he knew nothing. He ordered the son to take a message to the Underworld and back in an hour. The long\-legged man brought it, but fell asleep in the Underworld, so the man who could shoot shot him, waking him. The king then demanded a man who could drink half his cellar dry in a day; the man who drank the stream drank the whole cellar dry. The king agreed to the marriage, but promised only as much [dowry](/wiki/Dowry "Dowry") as one man could carry, though it was unfit for a princess. The strong man, who had torn up trees, carried off every piece of treasure the king had. When the king chased them, the man let the fog from the sack, and they escaped. The son divided the gold with the hermit, but the hermit pointed out that he had gotten the king's daughter, too. The son drew his sword to cut her in pieces, but the hermit stopped him, and gave him back all the treasure too, promising to come to his aid if ever he needed it.
[ "Synopsis\n--------", "A rich man divided his property among his three sons when he died.", "The king offered his daughter to whoever built a ship that traveled over both land and sea. The oldest son tried, and when old men came to beg for work, sent them all away. He spent all his money on it, and a squall destroyed it. The second son tried after him, but ended up the same.", "The [youngest](/wiki/Youngest_son \"Youngest son\") thought to try as well, because he was not rich enough to support all three of them. He hired everyone, included a little old man with a white beard whom his brothers had rejected but whom he appointed as overseer. This old man was a holy hermit. When the ship was done, he told the youngest son to lay claim to the princess. The youngest son asked him to stay with him, and the hermit asked him for half of everything he got. The son agreed.", "As they traveled, they came across a man putting fog in a sack, and at the hermit's suggestion, the son asked him to come with them, and so with a man tearing up trees, a man drinking a stream dry, a man shooting a quail in the Underworld, and a man whose steps bestrode an island.", "The king did not want to give his daughter to a man of whom he knew nothing. He ordered the son to take a message to the Underworld and back in an hour. The long\\-legged man brought it, but fell asleep in the Underworld, so the man who could shoot shot him, waking him. The king then demanded a man who could drink half his cellar dry in a day; the man who drank the stream drank the whole cellar dry. The king agreed to the marriage, but promised only as much [dowry](/wiki/Dowry \"Dowry\") as one man could carry, though it was unfit for a princess. The strong man, who had torn up trees, carried off every piece of treasure the king had. When the king chased them, the man let the fog from the sack, and they escaped.", "The son divided the gold with the hermit, but the hermit pointed out that he had gotten the king's daughter, too. The son drew his sword to cut her in pieces, but the hermit stopped him, and gave him back all the treasure too, promising to come to his aid if ever he needed it.", "" ]
Service history --------------- ### French Navy When [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") began with [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany")′s [invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland "Invasion of Poland") on 1 September 1939, *Atalante* was stationed at [Bizerte](/wiki/Bizerte "Bizerte") in [Tunisia](/wiki/French_Tunisia "French Tunisia") as part of the 17th Submarine [Division](/wiki/Division_%28naval%29 "Division (naval)") in the 6th [Squadron](/wiki/Squadron_%28naval%29 "Squadron (naval)"), a component of the 4th [Flotilla](/wiki/Flotilla "Flotilla") in [Maritime Prefecture](/wiki/Maritime_prefect "Maritime prefect") IV. Also in the division were her [sister ships](/wiki/Sister_ship "Sister ship") {{ship\|French submarine\|Aréthuse\|NN7\|2}}, {{ship\|French submarine\|La Sultane\|Q177\|2}}, and {{ship\|French submarine\|La Vestale\|\|2}}. France entered the war on 3 September 1939\. The [Battle of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France "Battle of France") began when German ground forces advanced into France, the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"), and [Luxembourg](/wiki/Luxembourg "Luxembourg") on 10 May 1940, and [Italy](/wiki/Fascist_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931943%29 "Fascist Italy (1922–1943)") declared war on France on 10 June 1940 and [joined the invasion](/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France "Italian invasion of France"). *Atalante* was among nine submarines scheduled to depart [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon "Toulon"), France, on 18 June 1940 bound for [French North Africa](/wiki/French_North_Africa "French North Africa"), but the departure never took place and all nine submarines remained at Toulon. The Battle of France ended in France's defeat and [armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940 "Armistice of 22 June 1940") with Germany and Italy, which went into effect on 25 June 1940\. On that day, *Atalante* was at Toulon. ### Vichy France After the June 1940 [armistice](/wiki/Armistice "Armistice"), *Atalante* served in the naval forces of [Vichy France](/wiki/Vichy_France "Vichy France"). She was placed under guard in an unarmed and unfueled status in accordance with the terms of the armistice in June 1940 and remained in that status until December 1940\. After *Atalante* was reactivated, she proceeded to French North Africa. She called at [Casablanca](/wiki/Casablanca "Casablanca") in [French Morocco](/wiki/French_Morocco "French Morocco") from 20 to 27 January 1941, when she got back underway bound for [French West Africa](/wiki/French_West_Africa "French West Africa"). She arrived at [Dakar](/wiki/Dakar "Dakar") in [Senegal](/wiki/Senegal "Senegal") on 1 February 1941 and became part of the 17th Submarine Division there. While operating from Dakar, *Atalante* and *La Vestale* both sustained [diesel engine](/wiki/Diesel_engine "Diesel engine") damage that could not be repaired in French West Africa. The two submarines departed Dakar on 22 August 1941 bound for southern French Morocco, where *Atalante* called at [Agadir](/wiki/Agadir "Agadir") from 23 to 29 August 1941 before rendezvousing with *La Vestale* at [Safi](/wiki/Safi%2C_Morocco "Safi, Morocco") on 30 August. The two submarines arrived at Casablanca on 31 August 1941\. As part of the 17th Submarine Division, *Atalante* subsequently conducted patrols in the [Atlantic Ocean](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean"). On 4 March 1942, the four submarines of the 17th Submarine Division departed Casablanca bound for [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon "Toulon") where they were to undergo streamlining.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.u\-boote.fr/arethuse.htm\|title\=ARÉTHUSE II\|language\=fr\| date\=\|access\-date\=13 April 2023}} With the work completed on all four of its submarines, the 17th Submarine Division departed Toulon on 30 September 1942 to return to Casablanca. *Atalante* is recorded as having been at sea in the Atlantic on 1 November 1942 during a voyage from Casablanca to Dakar in company with *Aréthuse*, *La Sultane*, and *La Vestale*. On 8 November 1942, [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") forces landed in [French North Africa](/wiki/French_North_Africa "French North Africa") in [Operation Torch](/wiki/Operation_Torch "Operation Torch"). Fighting between Allied and Vichy French forces ended on 11 November 1942\. ### Free France After the cessation of hostilities between Allied and French forces in French North Africa, French forces in [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa"), including *Atalante*, joined the forces of [Free France](/wiki/Free_France "Free France"). By mid\-November 1942, *Atalante* was part of the [Free French Naval Forces](/wiki/Free_French_Naval_Forces "Free French Naval Forces") and was at the submarine base at [Oran](/wiki/Oran "Oran") in [Algeria](/wiki/French_Algeria "French Algeria") with the submarine {{ship\|French submarine\|Orphée\|Q163\|2}}. She subsequently supported activities at the sound schools in French Morocco, at Dakar, and at [Freetown](/wiki/Freetown "Freetown") in [Sierra Leone](/wiki/Sierra_Leone "Sierra Leone"). By November 1943, *Atalante* and the submarines {{ship\|French submarine\|Amphitrite\|Q159\|2}}, {{ship\|French submarine\|Le Glorieux\|\|2}}, and {{ship\|French submarine\| Marsouin\|1924\|2}} made up the Moroccan Submarine Group at Casablanca. *Atalante* was [decommissioned](/wiki/Ship_decommissioning "Ship decommissioning") at Oran in May 1944\. By August 1945, she was at [La Pallice](/wiki/La_Pallice "La Pallice"), France. She was stricken from the navy list on 23 March 1946 and condemned on 26 March 1946\.
[ "Service history\n---------------", "### French Navy", "When [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") began with [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\")′s [invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland \"Invasion of Poland\") on 1 September 1939, *Atalante* was stationed at [Bizerte](/wiki/Bizerte \"Bizerte\") in [Tunisia](/wiki/French_Tunisia \"French Tunisia\") as part of the 17th Submarine [Division](/wiki/Division_%28naval%29 \"Division (naval)\") in the 6th [Squadron](/wiki/Squadron_%28naval%29 \"Squadron (naval)\"), a component of the 4th [Flotilla](/wiki/Flotilla \"Flotilla\") in [Maritime Prefecture](/wiki/Maritime_prefect \"Maritime prefect\") IV. Also in the division were her [sister ships](/wiki/Sister_ship \"Sister ship\") {{ship\\|French submarine\\|Aréthuse\\|NN7\\|2}}, {{ship\\|French submarine\\|La Sultane\\|Q177\\|2}}, and {{ship\\|French submarine\\|La Vestale\\|\\|2}}. France entered the war on 3 September 1939\\.", "The [Battle of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France \"Battle of France\") began when German ground forces advanced into France, the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"), and [Luxembourg](/wiki/Luxembourg \"Luxembourg\") on 10 May 1940, and [Italy](/wiki/Fascist_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931943%29 \"Fascist Italy (1922–1943)\") declared war on France on 10 June 1940 and [joined the invasion](/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France \"Italian invasion of France\"). *Atalante* was among nine submarines scheduled to depart [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon \"Toulon\"), France, on 18 June 1940 bound for [French North Africa](/wiki/French_North_Africa \"French North Africa\"), but the departure never took place and all nine submarines remained at Toulon.", "The Battle of France ended in France's defeat and [armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940 \"Armistice of 22 June 1940\") with Germany and Italy, which went into effect on 25 June 1940\\. On that day, *Atalante* was at Toulon.", "### Vichy France", "After the June 1940 [armistice](/wiki/Armistice \"Armistice\"), *Atalante* served in the naval forces of [Vichy France](/wiki/Vichy_France \"Vichy France\"). She was placed under guard in an unarmed and unfueled status in accordance with the terms of the armistice in June 1940 and remained in that status until December 1940\\.", "After *Atalante* was reactivated, she proceeded to French North Africa. She called at [Casablanca](/wiki/Casablanca \"Casablanca\") in [French Morocco](/wiki/French_Morocco \"French Morocco\") from 20 to 27 January 1941, when she got back underway bound for [French West Africa](/wiki/French_West_Africa \"French West Africa\"). She arrived at [Dakar](/wiki/Dakar \"Dakar\") in [Senegal](/wiki/Senegal \"Senegal\") on 1 February 1941 and became part of the 17th Submarine Division there.", "While operating from Dakar, *Atalante* and *La Vestale* both sustained [diesel engine](/wiki/Diesel_engine \"Diesel engine\") damage that could not be repaired in French West Africa. The two submarines departed Dakar on 22 August 1941 bound for southern French Morocco, where *Atalante* called at [Agadir](/wiki/Agadir \"Agadir\") from 23 to 29 August 1941 before rendezvousing with *La Vestale* at [Safi](/wiki/Safi%2C_Morocco \"Safi, Morocco\") on 30 August. The two submarines arrived at Casablanca on 31 August 1941\\.", "As part of the 17th Submarine Division, *Atalante* subsequently conducted patrols in the [Atlantic Ocean](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\"). On 4 March 1942, the four submarines of the 17th Submarine Division departed Casablanca bound for [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon \"Toulon\") where they were to undergo streamlining.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.u\\-boote.fr/arethuse.htm\\|title\\=ARÉTHUSE II\\|language\\=fr\\| date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2023}} With the work completed on all four of its submarines, the 17th Submarine Division departed Toulon on 30 September 1942 to return to Casablanca.", "*Atalante* is recorded as having been at sea in the Atlantic on 1 November 1942 during a voyage from Casablanca to Dakar in company with *Aréthuse*, *La Sultane*, and *La Vestale*.", "On 8 November 1942, [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") forces landed in [French North Africa](/wiki/French_North_Africa \"French North Africa\") in [Operation Torch](/wiki/Operation_Torch \"Operation Torch\"). Fighting between Allied and Vichy French forces ended on 11 November 1942\\.", "### Free France", "After the cessation of hostilities between Allied and French forces in French North Africa, French forces in [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\"), including *Atalante*, joined the forces of [Free France](/wiki/Free_France \"Free France\"). By mid\\-November 1942, *Atalante* was part of the [Free French Naval Forces](/wiki/Free_French_Naval_Forces \"Free French Naval Forces\") and was at the submarine base at [Oran](/wiki/Oran \"Oran\") in [Algeria](/wiki/French_Algeria \"French Algeria\") with the submarine {{ship\\|French submarine\\|Orphée\\|Q163\\|2}}. She subsequently supported activities at the sound schools in French Morocco, at Dakar, and at [Freetown](/wiki/Freetown \"Freetown\") in [Sierra Leone](/wiki/Sierra_Leone \"Sierra Leone\"). By November 1943, *Atalante* and the submarines {{ship\\|French submarine\\|Amphitrite\\|Q159\\|2}}, {{ship\\|French submarine\\|Le Glorieux\\|\\|2}}, and {{ship\\|French submarine\\| Marsouin\\|1924\\|2}} made up the Moroccan Submarine Group at Casablanca.", "*Atalante* was [decommissioned](/wiki/Ship_decommissioning \"Ship decommissioning\") at Oran in May 1944\\. By August 1945, she was at [La Pallice](/wiki/La_Pallice \"La Pallice\"), France. She was stricken from the navy list on 23 March 1946 and condemned on 26 March 1946\\.", "" ]
### Vichy France After the June 1940 [armistice](/wiki/Armistice "Armistice"), *Atalante* served in the naval forces of [Vichy France](/wiki/Vichy_France "Vichy France"). She was placed under guard in an unarmed and unfueled status in accordance with the terms of the armistice in June 1940 and remained in that status until December 1940\. After *Atalante* was reactivated, she proceeded to French North Africa. She called at [Casablanca](/wiki/Casablanca "Casablanca") in [French Morocco](/wiki/French_Morocco "French Morocco") from 20 to 27 January 1941, when she got back underway bound for [French West Africa](/wiki/French_West_Africa "French West Africa"). She arrived at [Dakar](/wiki/Dakar "Dakar") in [Senegal](/wiki/Senegal "Senegal") on 1 February 1941 and became part of the 17th Submarine Division there. While operating from Dakar, *Atalante* and *La Vestale* both sustained [diesel engine](/wiki/Diesel_engine "Diesel engine") damage that could not be repaired in French West Africa. The two submarines departed Dakar on 22 August 1941 bound for southern French Morocco, where *Atalante* called at [Agadir](/wiki/Agadir "Agadir") from 23 to 29 August 1941 before rendezvousing with *La Vestale* at [Safi](/wiki/Safi%2C_Morocco "Safi, Morocco") on 30 August. The two submarines arrived at Casablanca on 31 August 1941\. As part of the 17th Submarine Division, *Atalante* subsequently conducted patrols in the [Atlantic Ocean](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean"). On 4 March 1942, the four submarines of the 17th Submarine Division departed Casablanca bound for [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon "Toulon") where they were to undergo streamlining.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.u\-boote.fr/arethuse.htm\|title\=ARÉTHUSE II\|language\=fr\| date\=\|access\-date\=13 April 2023}} With the work completed on all four of its submarines, the 17th Submarine Division departed Toulon on 30 September 1942 to return to Casablanca. *Atalante* is recorded as having been at sea in the Atlantic on 1 November 1942 during a voyage from Casablanca to Dakar in company with *Aréthuse*, *La Sultane*, and *La Vestale*. On 8 November 1942, [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") forces landed in [French North Africa](/wiki/French_North_Africa "French North Africa") in [Operation Torch](/wiki/Operation_Torch "Operation Torch"). Fighting between Allied and Vichy French forces ended on 11 November 1942\.
[ "### Vichy France", "After the June 1940 [armistice](/wiki/Armistice \"Armistice\"), *Atalante* served in the naval forces of [Vichy France](/wiki/Vichy_France \"Vichy France\"). She was placed under guard in an unarmed and unfueled status in accordance with the terms of the armistice in June 1940 and remained in that status until December 1940\\.", "After *Atalante* was reactivated, she proceeded to French North Africa. She called at [Casablanca](/wiki/Casablanca \"Casablanca\") in [French Morocco](/wiki/French_Morocco \"French Morocco\") from 20 to 27 January 1941, when she got back underway bound for [French West Africa](/wiki/French_West_Africa \"French West Africa\"). She arrived at [Dakar](/wiki/Dakar \"Dakar\") in [Senegal](/wiki/Senegal \"Senegal\") on 1 February 1941 and became part of the 17th Submarine Division there.", "While operating from Dakar, *Atalante* and *La Vestale* both sustained [diesel engine](/wiki/Diesel_engine \"Diesel engine\") damage that could not be repaired in French West Africa. The two submarines departed Dakar on 22 August 1941 bound for southern French Morocco, where *Atalante* called at [Agadir](/wiki/Agadir \"Agadir\") from 23 to 29 August 1941 before rendezvousing with *La Vestale* at [Safi](/wiki/Safi%2C_Morocco \"Safi, Morocco\") on 30 August. The two submarines arrived at Casablanca on 31 August 1941\\.", "As part of the 17th Submarine Division, *Atalante* subsequently conducted patrols in the [Atlantic Ocean](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\"). On 4 March 1942, the four submarines of the 17th Submarine Division departed Casablanca bound for [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon \"Toulon\") where they were to undergo streamlining.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.u\\-boote.fr/arethuse.htm\\|title\\=ARÉTHUSE II\\|language\\=fr\\| date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2023}} With the work completed on all four of its submarines, the 17th Submarine Division departed Toulon on 30 September 1942 to return to Casablanca.", "*Atalante* is recorded as having been at sea in the Atlantic on 1 November 1942 during a voyage from Casablanca to Dakar in company with *Aréthuse*, *La Sultane*, and *La Vestale*.", "On 8 November 1942, [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") forces landed in [French North Africa](/wiki/French_North_Africa \"French North Africa\") in [Operation Torch](/wiki/Operation_Torch \"Operation Torch\"). Fighting between Allied and Vichy French forces ended on 11 November 1942\\.", "" ]
Plot ---- The *first story* is about a lower\-middle\-class family staying in a cottage in a slum. On a rainy night, they are forced to leave the cottage and move to another safe shelter. They find many others had already taken shelter there before them. The *second story* is about another middle\-class family of mother \& two mature daughters who were unable to cope with the starvation \& poverty and succumbed to prostitution. It was based on the timeline of the Famine that engulfed Bengal in 1942 due to the World War II. Their cousin brother Nalinakhya, who lives in Delhi, comes to visit them \& meets the hard reality. After seeing all these he leaves to Delhi. This story is an actual short\-story by Probodh Kumar Sanyal which is named 'Angar'. The *third story* is of a rural middle\-class family where the elder son of a family is involved in smuggling rice to the city forsaking his school and education. The boys including him in the train insults rich people's way of life and attitude. One man beats one of the boys severely but as a revenge, the boy pushes that man off from the train to the station. The *fourth story* is about the Kolkata's upper class society gossiping and listening to a music concert over drinking cocktails without any exposure to the common people. An upper\-class man talks philosophies and says he is very disappointed about the condition of the poor in India. But actually he is a hypocrite, who exploits the poor employees of his factory and makes money by torturing them. This story portrays the elite of the society in a grey manner where they are aware of the misdoing in society while not reacting to rectify the same. In the final scene, the death of truth is represented in the death of a youth chased and killed by the police. There is also an optional story in the prologue which portrays a satirical courtroom drama of a young man vandalizing a statue out of unemployment\-induced frustration. The court decides the fault to lie within the society itself, but it punishes the man to death.
[ "Plot\n----", "The *first story* is about a lower\\-middle\\-class family staying in a cottage in a slum. On a rainy night, they are forced to leave the cottage and move to another safe shelter. They find many others had already taken shelter there before them.", "The *second story* is about another middle\\-class family of mother \\& two mature daughters who were unable to cope with the starvation \\& poverty and succumbed to prostitution. It was based on the timeline of the Famine that engulfed Bengal in 1942 due to the World War II. Their cousin brother Nalinakhya, who lives in Delhi, comes to visit them \\& meets the hard reality. After seeing all these he leaves to Delhi. This story is an actual short\\-story by Probodh Kumar Sanyal which is named 'Angar'.", "The *third story* is of a rural middle\\-class family where the elder son of a family is involved in smuggling rice to the city forsaking his school and education. The boys including him in the train insults rich people's way of life and attitude. One man beats one of the boys severely but as a revenge, the boy pushes that man off from the train to the station.", "The *fourth story* is about the Kolkata's upper class society gossiping and listening to a music concert over drinking cocktails without any exposure to the common people. An upper\\-class man talks philosophies and says he is very disappointed about the condition of the poor in India. But actually he is a hypocrite, who exploits the poor employees of his factory and makes money by torturing them. This story portrays the elite of the society in a grey manner where they are aware of the misdoing in society while not reacting to rectify the same.", "In the final scene, the death of truth is represented in the death of a youth chased and killed by the police.", "There is also an optional story in the prologue which portrays a satirical courtroom drama of a young man vandalizing a statue out of unemployment\\-induced frustration. The court decides the fault to lie within the society itself, but it punishes the man to death.", "" ]
History ------- ### 19th century The name was first used by [Conrail](/wiki/Conrail "Conrail") to designate a freight railway line that served several chemical plants in the area. The rail line was started by the [Perth Amboy and Elizabethport Railroad](/wiki/Perth_Amboy_and_Elizabethport_Railroad "Perth Amboy and Elizabethport Railroad") in 1871\. However, the company ran out of capital during the [panic of 1873](/wiki/Panic_of_1873 "Panic of 1873") and was purchased by the [Central Railroad of New Jersey](/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey "Central Railroad of New Jersey") (CNJ). The CNJ operated both freight and passenger service along the line into the twentieth century, referring to it as the Perth Amboy and Elizabethport Branch. Passenger trains to [Bay Head Junction](/wiki/Bay_Head_%28NJT_station%29 "Bay Head (NJT station)"), [Atlantic Highlands](/wiki/Atlantic_Highlands "Atlantic Highlands"), [Freehold](/wiki/Freehold_Borough%2C_New_Jersey "Freehold Borough, New Jersey") and [Atlantic City](/wiki/Atlantic_City "Atlantic City") (including the [Blue Comet](/wiki/Blue_Comet "Blue Comet")) utilized the line. There were passenger stations at [Newark Airport](/wiki/Newark_Airport "Newark Airport"), [Elizabethport](/wiki/Elizabethport "Elizabethport"), [Carteret](/wiki/Carteret%2C_New_Jersey "Carteret, New Jersey"), and [Sewaren](/wiki/Sewaren%2C_New_Jersey "Sewaren, New Jersey"). At Elizabethport the CNJ also operated a car repair shop. Passenger service along the line ended in 1967 with the advent of the [Aldene Plan](/wiki/Aldene_Plan "Aldene Plan") when the Bay Head trains (the line's only remaining commuter service) were moved to [Newark Penn Station](/wiki/Newark_Penn_Station "Newark Penn Station"). In 1976 Conrail took over ownership of the line and operation of the substantial freight business the line generated. The CNJ constructed a two\-track bridge over lower [Newark Bay](/wiki/Newark_Bay "Newark Bay") in 1864, and upgraded it to a dual pair of four\-track lift bridges known collectively as the [CRRNJ Newark Bay Bridge](/wiki/CRRNJ_Newark_Bay_Bridge "CRRNJ Newark Bay Bridge") in 1926\. This bridge offered a route and service through [Bayonne](/wiki/Bayonne%2C_New_Jersey "Bayonne, New Jersey") and access to the [Communipaw Terminal](/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey_Terminal "Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal") with ferry service to New York City. After the Conrail takeover the bridge between Bayonne and Elizabethport was demolished in the 1980s, but some of the stone piers were left standing along the shores of Newark Bay. In 1872, the [Singer Manufacturing Company](/wiki/Singer_Manufacturing_Company "Singer Manufacturing Company") of New York opened a factory in Elizabethport along Trumbull Street next to the intersection of the CNJ mainline with the Perth Amboy and Elizabethport Branch.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.singerco.com/company/history.html \|title\=SINGER SEWING CO. \- History \|accessdate\=2009\-04\-21 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011123556/http://singerco.com/company/history.html \|archive\-date\=2008\-10\-11 }} In 1873 Singer became a New Jersey corporation.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.opelikasewing.com/a7/History\-of\-Singer\-Sewing\-Machines/article\_info.html \|title\=History of Singer Sewing Machines \|accessdate\=2009\-04\-21 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504051245/http://www.opelikasewing.com/a7/History\-of\-Singer\-Sewing\-Machines/article\_info.html \|archive\-date\=May 4, 2009}} The factory survived a major fire May 6–7, 1890\.{{cite news \|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1890/05/07/106039313\.pdf \|title\=SINGER'S FACTORY IN FLAMES.; THE HUGE ESTABLISHMENT AT ELIZABETHPORT ON FIRE AT MIDNIGHT \|date\=May 7, 1890 \|accessdate\=2009\-04\-21 \|work\=The New York Times}} During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") much of the production capacity of the factory was shifted to war related work, with [M1911 pistols](/wiki/M1911_pistol "M1911 pistol") being one of several items produced at Elizabethport.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sightm1911\.com/lib/history/singer.htm \|title\=The Singer .45 ACP Pistol \|accessdate\=2009\-04\-21}} The factory was shut down in the late 1960s.{{cite web \|url\=http://policy.rutgers.edu/cupr/community/organizations/projcomm/bnd/intro.htm \|title\=A Retail Market Analysis for Elizabethport: Introduction \|author\=Fichtner, Aaron \|date\=May 29, 1996 \|publisher\=Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University \|accessdate\=2009\-04\-21 \|display\-authors\=etal \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231202236/http://www.policy.rutgers.edu/cupr/community/organizations/projcomm/bnd/intro.htm \|archive\-date\=2008\-12\-31 }} The brick factory built by Singer served as an [industrial park](/wiki/Industrial_park "Industrial park") in 2009\. ### 20th century In 1907, [John D. Rockefeller](/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller "John D. Rockefeller"), the founder of the [Standard Oil](/wiki/Standard_Oil "Standard Oil") company, acquired several hundred acres of the former Morse family estate between [Linden](/wiki/Linden%2C_New_Jersey "Linden, New Jersey") and [Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth%2C_New_Jersey "Elizabeth, New Jersey") for what would become the [Bayway Refinery](/wiki/Bayway_Refinery "Bayway Refinery"). Construction of the facility took place the following year and the first crude oil stills were fired up on January 2, 1909\.{{cite news \|title\=William C. Koehler, Retired Oil Official \|url\=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=FB0814FF395A107B93CAAB178AD95F478585F9\&scp\=1\&sq\=William%20C.%20Koehler\&st\=cse \|quote\=William C. Koehler, who rose from carrier to a directorship of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, died late yesterday at his home of a ... \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|page\=15 \|date\=November 28, 1953 \|accessdate\=2009\-04\-18}} The facility underwent a series of ownership changes and capacity expansions throughout the twentieth century. By 2002 it was owned by [ConocoPhillips](/wiki/ConocoPhillips "ConocoPhillips").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.conocophillips.com/about/worldwide\_ops/major\_businesses/rmt/index.htm \|title\=Refining, Marketing and Transportation \|publisher\=\[\[ConocoPhillips]] \|accessdate\=2009\-04\-18 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207151621/http://www.conocophillips.com/about/worldwide\_ops/major\_businesses/rmt/index.htm \|archive\-date\=December 7, 2008}} The [Shell Oil Company](/wiki/Shell_Oil_Company "Shell Oil Company") opened a terminal facility on a {{convert\|145\|acre\|ha\|adj\=on}} former Boynton farm property along Arbor Street in Sewaren in 1928\. The terminal was transferred to the [Motiva Enterprises](/wiki/Motiva_Enterprises "Motiva Enterprises") Shell subsidiary during the 20th century and expanded to a {{convert\|4\.2\|Moilbbl\|Ml}} storage capacity with connections to the [Colonial pipeline](/wiki/Colonial_pipeline "Colonial pipeline") and [barge](/wiki/Liquid_cargo_barge "Liquid cargo barge") docks on the Arthur Kill in addition to the rail connections.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.motivaenterprises.com/static/motiva\-en/downloads/motiva\_businesses/terminal\_info130607\.pdf \|title\=Motiva Enterprises LLC Products Terminals \|publisher\=\[\[Motiva Enterprises]] \|year\=2006 \|accessdate\=2009\-04\-12 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009081034/http://www.motivaenterprises.com/static/motiva\-en/downloads/motiva\_businesses/terminal\_info130607\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2007\-10\-09 }} The facility now handles [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline "Gasoline"), [diesel fuel](/wiki/Diesel_fuel "Diesel fuel"), [jet fuel](/wiki/Jet_fuel "Jet fuel"), [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol "Ethanol"), and fuel mixtures. Emissions from the area's chemical plants have been blamed for some serious health problems that have been observed among residents of neighborhoods on [Staten Island](/wiki/Staten_Island "Staten Island") situated directly across the Arthur Kill, specifically an elevated rate of [cancer](/wiki/Cancer "Cancer") found to exist among long\-time denizens of [Travis](/wiki/Travis%2C_Staten_Island "Travis, Staten Island"). Strange—though not necessarily unpleasant—odors often waft across the Arthur Kill, and affect air quality not only on Staten Island's [West Shore](/wiki/West_Shore%2C_Staten_Island "West Shore, Staten Island"), where Travis is located, but parts of the island's [South Shore](/wiki/South_Shore%2C_Staten_Island "South Shore, Staten Island") and [Mid\-Island](/wiki/Mid-Island%2C_Staten_Island "Mid-Island, Staten Island") regions as well. ### 21st century [thumb\|[Tank cars](/wiki/Tank_car "Tank car") parked on a spur of the Chemical Coast Line that passes under the [Staten Island Railway](/wiki/Staten_Island_Railway "Staten Island Railway") in [Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth%2C_New_Jersey "Elizabeth, New Jersey") in November 2006 with a [container ship](/wiki/Container_ship "Container ship") being unloaded at [Howland Hook](/wiki/Howland_Hook_Marine_Terminal "Howland Hook Marine Terminal") on the right](/wiki/File:ElizabethNJIndustry.JPG "ElizabethNJIndustry.JPG") A freight line connection from New Jersey to the [Staten Island Railway](/wiki/Staten_Island_Railway "Staten Island Railway"), via the Chemical Coast line, has been restored as of late 2006, and is operated by the [Morristown and Erie Railway](/wiki/Morristown_and_Erie_Railway "Morristown and Erie Railway") under contract with the State of [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey"). The railroad bridge over the [Arthur Kill](/wiki/Arthur_Kill "Arthur Kill") waterway has also been restored, and at least one freight train has made the crossing in 2006 from New Jersey to Staten Island. Plans are to reactivate the North Shore of the Staten Island Railway to allow freight shipments to and from the recently revamped [Howland Hook Marine Terminal](/wiki/Howland_Hook_Marine_Terminal "Howland Hook Marine Terminal").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.panynj.gov/DoingBusinessWith/seaport/html/howland\_hook.html \|title\=Howland Hook Marine Terminal \|publisher\=\[\[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] \|accessdate\=2009\-04\-04 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331104302/http://www.panynj.gov/DoingBusinessWith/seaport/html/howland\_hook.html \|archive\-date\=March 31, 2009}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.dmjmharris.com/MarketsAndServices/39/42/index.html \|title\=Port Ivory New Intermodal Container Transfer Facility \|publisher\=AECOM \|accessdate\=2009\-04\-04 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304154748/http://www.dmjmharris.com/MarketsAndServices/39/42/index.html \|archive\-date\=2009\-03\-04 }} The current Chemical Coast connection to Staten Island is freight service only, although separate plans are also being studied to reactivate passenger service on the North Shore Branch on Staten Island. Some of these latter proposals would run passenger trains to [Cranford Junction](/wiki/Cranford%2C_New_Jersey "Cranford, New Jersey"), while others call for a western terminus at either the former [Arlington](/wiki/Arlington_%28Staten_Island_Railway_station%29 "Arlington (Staten Island Railway station)") or [Port Ivory](/wiki/Port_Ivory%2C_Staten_Island "Port Ivory, Staten Island") stations on Staten Island.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.silive.com/transportation/index.ssf/2008/07/reality\_check\_for\_staten\_islan.html \|title\=Reality check for Staten Island's rail plans \|author\=Maura Yates and Phil Helsel \|date\=July 12, 2008 \|accessdate\=2009\-02\-24}}
[ "History\n-------", "### 19th century", "The name was first used by [Conrail](/wiki/Conrail \"Conrail\") to designate a freight railway line that served several chemical plants in the area. The rail line was started by the [Perth Amboy and Elizabethport Railroad](/wiki/Perth_Amboy_and_Elizabethport_Railroad \"Perth Amboy and Elizabethport Railroad\") in 1871\\. However, the company ran out of capital during the [panic of 1873](/wiki/Panic_of_1873 \"Panic of 1873\") and was purchased by the [Central Railroad of New Jersey](/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey \"Central Railroad of New Jersey\") (CNJ).", "The CNJ operated both freight and passenger service along the line into the twentieth century, referring to it as the Perth Amboy and Elizabethport Branch. Passenger trains to [Bay Head Junction](/wiki/Bay_Head_%28NJT_station%29 \"Bay Head (NJT station)\"), [Atlantic Highlands](/wiki/Atlantic_Highlands \"Atlantic Highlands\"), [Freehold](/wiki/Freehold_Borough%2C_New_Jersey \"Freehold Borough, New Jersey\") and [Atlantic City](/wiki/Atlantic_City \"Atlantic City\") (including the [Blue Comet](/wiki/Blue_Comet \"Blue Comet\")) utilized the line. There were passenger stations at [Newark Airport](/wiki/Newark_Airport \"Newark Airport\"), [Elizabethport](/wiki/Elizabethport \"Elizabethport\"), [Carteret](/wiki/Carteret%2C_New_Jersey \"Carteret, New Jersey\"), and [Sewaren](/wiki/Sewaren%2C_New_Jersey \"Sewaren, New Jersey\"). At Elizabethport the CNJ also operated a car repair shop. Passenger service along the line ended in 1967 with the advent of the [Aldene Plan](/wiki/Aldene_Plan \"Aldene Plan\") when the Bay Head trains (the line's only remaining commuter service) were moved to [Newark Penn Station](/wiki/Newark_Penn_Station \"Newark Penn Station\"). In 1976 Conrail took over ownership of the line and operation of the substantial freight business the line generated.", "The CNJ constructed a two\\-track bridge over lower [Newark Bay](/wiki/Newark_Bay \"Newark Bay\") in 1864, and upgraded it to a dual pair of four\\-track lift bridges known collectively as the [CRRNJ Newark Bay Bridge](/wiki/CRRNJ_Newark_Bay_Bridge \"CRRNJ Newark Bay Bridge\") in 1926\\. This bridge offered a route and service through [Bayonne](/wiki/Bayonne%2C_New_Jersey \"Bayonne, New Jersey\") and access to the [Communipaw Terminal](/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey_Terminal \"Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal\") with ferry service to New York City. After the Conrail takeover the bridge between Bayonne and Elizabethport was demolished in the 1980s, but some of the stone piers were left standing along the shores of Newark Bay.", "In 1872, the [Singer Manufacturing Company](/wiki/Singer_Manufacturing_Company \"Singer Manufacturing Company\") of New York opened a factory in Elizabethport along Trumbull Street next to the intersection of\nthe CNJ mainline with the Perth Amboy and Elizabethport Branch.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.singerco.com/company/history.html \\|title\\=SINGER SEWING CO. \\- History \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011123556/http://singerco.com/company/history.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-11 }} In 1873 Singer became a New Jersey corporation.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.opelikasewing.com/a7/History\\-of\\-Singer\\-Sewing\\-Machines/article\\_info.html \\|title\\=History of Singer Sewing Machines \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504051245/http://www.opelikasewing.com/a7/History\\-of\\-Singer\\-Sewing\\-Machines/article\\_info.html \\|archive\\-date\\=May 4, 2009}}", "The factory survived a major fire May 6–7, 1890\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1890/05/07/106039313\\.pdf \\|title\\=SINGER'S FACTORY IN FLAMES.; THE HUGE ESTABLISHMENT AT ELIZABETHPORT ON FIRE AT MIDNIGHT \\|date\\=May 7, 1890 \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-21 \\|work\\=The New York Times}} During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") much of the production capacity of the factory was shifted to\nwar related work, with [M1911 pistols](/wiki/M1911_pistol \"M1911 pistol\") being one of several items produced at Elizabethport.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sightm1911\\.com/lib/history/singer.htm \\|title\\=The Singer .45 ACP Pistol \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-21}}\nThe factory was shut down in the late 1960s.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://policy.rutgers.edu/cupr/community/organizations/projcomm/bnd/intro.htm \\|title\\=A Retail Market Analysis for Elizabethport: Introduction \\|author\\=Fichtner, Aaron \\|date\\=May 29, 1996 \\|publisher\\=Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-21 \\|display\\-authors\\=etal \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231202236/http://www.policy.rutgers.edu/cupr/community/organizations/projcomm/bnd/intro.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-31 }}\nThe brick factory built by Singer served as an [industrial park](/wiki/Industrial_park \"Industrial park\") in 2009\\.", "### 20th century", "In 1907, [John D. Rockefeller](/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller \"John D. Rockefeller\"), the founder of the [Standard Oil](/wiki/Standard_Oil \"Standard Oil\") company, acquired several hundred acres of the former Morse family estate between [Linden](/wiki/Linden%2C_New_Jersey \"Linden, New Jersey\") and [Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth%2C_New_Jersey \"Elizabeth, New Jersey\") for what would become the [Bayway Refinery](/wiki/Bayway_Refinery \"Bayway Refinery\"). Construction of the facility took place the following year and the first crude oil stills were fired up on January 2, 1909\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=William C. Koehler, Retired Oil Official \\|url\\=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=FB0814FF395A107B93CAAB178AD95F478585F9\\&scp\\=1\\&sq\\=William%20C.%20Koehler\\&st\\=cse \\|quote\\=William C. Koehler, who rose from carrier to a directorship of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, died late yesterday at his home of a ... \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|page\\=15 \\|date\\=November 28, 1953 \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-18}} The facility underwent\na series of ownership changes and capacity expansions throughout the twentieth century. By 2002 it was owned by [ConocoPhillips](/wiki/ConocoPhillips \"ConocoPhillips\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.conocophillips.com/about/worldwide\\_ops/major\\_businesses/rmt/index.htm \\|title\\=Refining, Marketing and Transportation \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ConocoPhillips]] \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-18 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207151621/http://www.conocophillips.com/about/worldwide\\_ops/major\\_businesses/rmt/index.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=December 7, 2008}}", "The [Shell Oil Company](/wiki/Shell_Oil_Company \"Shell Oil Company\") opened a terminal facility on a {{convert\\|145\\|acre\\|ha\\|adj\\=on}} former Boynton farm property along Arbor Street in Sewaren in 1928\\. The terminal was transferred to the [Motiva Enterprises](/wiki/Motiva_Enterprises \"Motiva Enterprises\") Shell subsidiary during the 20th century and expanded to a {{convert\\|4\\.2\\|Moilbbl\\|Ml}} storage capacity with connections to the [Colonial pipeline](/wiki/Colonial_pipeline \"Colonial pipeline\") and [barge](/wiki/Liquid_cargo_barge \"Liquid cargo barge\") docks on the Arthur Kill in addition to the rail connections.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.motivaenterprises.com/static/motiva\\-en/downloads/motiva\\_businesses/terminal\\_info130607\\.pdf \\|title\\=Motiva Enterprises LLC Products Terminals \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motiva Enterprises]] \\|year\\=2006 \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009081034/http://www.motivaenterprises.com/static/motiva\\-en/downloads/motiva\\_businesses/terminal\\_info130607\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-10\\-09 }} The facility now handles [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline \"Gasoline\"), [diesel fuel](/wiki/Diesel_fuel \"Diesel fuel\"), [jet fuel](/wiki/Jet_fuel \"Jet fuel\"), [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol \"Ethanol\"), and fuel mixtures.", "Emissions from the area's chemical plants have been blamed for some serious health problems that have been observed among residents of neighborhoods on [Staten Island](/wiki/Staten_Island \"Staten Island\") situated directly across the Arthur Kill, specifically an elevated rate of [cancer](/wiki/Cancer \"Cancer\") found to exist among long\\-time denizens of [Travis](/wiki/Travis%2C_Staten_Island \"Travis, Staten Island\"). Strange—though not necessarily unpleasant—odors often waft across the Arthur Kill, and affect air quality not only on Staten Island's [West Shore](/wiki/West_Shore%2C_Staten_Island \"West Shore, Staten Island\"), where Travis is located, but parts of the island's [South Shore](/wiki/South_Shore%2C_Staten_Island \"South Shore, Staten Island\") and [Mid\\-Island](/wiki/Mid-Island%2C_Staten_Island \"Mid-Island, Staten Island\") regions as well.", "### 21st century", "[thumb\\|[Tank cars](/wiki/Tank_car \"Tank car\") parked on a spur of the Chemical Coast Line that passes under the [Staten Island Railway](/wiki/Staten_Island_Railway \"Staten Island Railway\") in [Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth%2C_New_Jersey \"Elizabeth, New Jersey\") in November 2006 with a [container ship](/wiki/Container_ship \"Container ship\") being unloaded at [Howland Hook](/wiki/Howland_Hook_Marine_Terminal \"Howland Hook Marine Terminal\") on the right](/wiki/File:ElizabethNJIndustry.JPG \"ElizabethNJIndustry.JPG\")\nA freight line connection from New Jersey to the [Staten Island Railway](/wiki/Staten_Island_Railway \"Staten Island Railway\"), via the Chemical Coast line, has been restored as of late 2006, and is operated by the [Morristown and Erie Railway](/wiki/Morristown_and_Erie_Railway \"Morristown and Erie Railway\") under contract with the State of [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\"). The railroad bridge over the [Arthur Kill](/wiki/Arthur_Kill \"Arthur Kill\") waterway has also been restored, and at least one freight train has made the crossing in 2006 from New Jersey to Staten Island. Plans are to reactivate the North Shore of the Staten Island Railway to allow freight shipments to and from the recently revamped [Howland Hook Marine Terminal](/wiki/Howland_Hook_Marine_Terminal \"Howland Hook Marine Terminal\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.panynj.gov/DoingBusinessWith/seaport/html/howland\\_hook.html \\|title\\=Howland Hook Marine Terminal \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-04 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331104302/http://www.panynj.gov/DoingBusinessWith/seaport/html/howland\\_hook.html \\|archive\\-date\\=March 31, 2009}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dmjmharris.com/MarketsAndServices/39/42/index.html \\|title\\=Port Ivory New Intermodal Container Transfer Facility \\|publisher\\=AECOM \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-04 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304154748/http://www.dmjmharris.com/MarketsAndServices/39/42/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-04 }}", "The current Chemical Coast connection to Staten Island is freight service only, although separate plans are also being studied to reactivate passenger service on the North Shore Branch on Staten Island. Some of these latter proposals would run passenger trains to [Cranford Junction](/wiki/Cranford%2C_New_Jersey \"Cranford, New Jersey\"), while others call for a western terminus at either the former [Arlington](/wiki/Arlington_%28Staten_Island_Railway_station%29 \"Arlington (Staten Island Railway station)\") or [Port Ivory](/wiki/Port_Ivory%2C_Staten_Island \"Port Ivory, Staten Island\") stations on Staten Island.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.silive.com/transportation/index.ssf/2008/07/reality\\_check\\_for\\_staten\\_islan.html \\|title\\=Reality check for Staten Island's rail plans \\|author\\=Maura Yates and Phil Helsel \\|date\\=July 12, 2008 \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-24}}", "" ]
The Armistice era ----------------- {{See also\|tr:Mütareke (dönem)}} ### Politics of de\-Ittihadification Following the occupation of Constantinople, [Mehmed VI Vahdettin](/wiki/Mehmed_VI "Mehmed VI") dissolved the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 "Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)") which was dominated by Unionists [elected back in 1914](/wiki/1914_Ottoman_general_election "1914 Ottoman general election"), promising elections for the next year.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=201}} Vahdettin just ascended to the throne only months earlier with the death of [Mehmed V Reşad](/wiki/Mehmed_V_Re%C5%9Fad "Mehmed V Reşad"). He was disgusted with the policies of the CUP, and wished to be a more assertive sovereign than his diseased half brother. [Greek](/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks "Ottoman Greeks") and [Armenian Ottomans](/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire "Armenians in the Ottoman Empire") declared the termination of their relationship with the Ottoman Empire through their respective [patriarchates](/wiki/Patriarchate "Patriarchate"), and refused to partake in any future election.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=210}} With the collapse of the CUP and its censorship regime, an outpouring of condemnation against the party came from all parts of [Ottoman media](/wiki/Media_of_the_Ottoman_Empire "Media of the Ottoman Empire").{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=94}} [thumb\|Grand Vizier [Ferid Pasha](/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha "Damat Ferid Pasha"), leader of the [Freedom and Accord Party](/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party "Freedom and Accord Party"), and [damat](/wiki/Damat "Damat") of the [royal family](/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty "Ottoman dynasty")](/wiki/File:Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg "Damad Ferid Pasha 1919.jpg") A general amnesty was soon issued, allowing the exiled and imprisoned dissidents persecuted by the CUP to return to Constantinople. Vahdettin invited the pro\-[Palace](/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty "Ottoman dynasty") politician [Damat Ferid Pasha](/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha "Damat Ferid Pasha"), leader of the reconstituted [Freedom and Accord Party](/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party "Freedom and Accord Party"), to form a government, whose members quickly set out to purge the [Unionists](/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress "Committee of Union and Progress") from the [Ottoman government](/wiki/Government_of_the_late_Ottoman_Empire "Government of the late Ottoman Empire"). Ferid Pasha hoped that his [Anglophilia](/wiki/Anglophile "Anglophile") and an attitude of [appeasement](/wiki/Appeasement "Appeasement") would induce less harsh peace terms from the Allied powers. However, his appointment was problematic for the Unionists, many being members of the liquidated committee that were surely to face trial. Years of corruption, unconstitutional acts, war profiteering, and enrichment from ethnic cleansing and [genocide](/wiki/Armenian_genocide "Armenian genocide") by the Unionists soon became basis of [war crimes trials](/wiki/Prosecution_of_Ottoman_war_criminals "Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals") and [courts martial trials held in Constantinople](/wiki/Istanbul_trials_of_1919%E2%80%931920 "Istanbul trials of 1919–1920").{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2021}} While many leading Unionists were sentenced lengthy prison sentences, many made sure to escape the country before Allied occupation or to regions that the government now had minimal control over; thus most were sentenced *[in absentia](/wiki/Trial_in_absentia "Trial in absentia")*. The Allies encouragement of the proceedings and the use of British [Malta](/wiki/Malta_exiles "Malta exiles") as their holding ground made the trials unpopular. The partisan nature of the trials was not lost on observers either.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=96}} The hanging of the [Kaymakam](/wiki/Kaymakam "Kaymakam") of [Boğazlıyan](/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazl%C4%B1yan "Boğazlıyan") district [Mehmed Kemal](/wiki/Mehmet_Kemal "Mehmet Kemal") resulted in a demonstration against the courts martials trials. With all the chaotic politics in the capital and uncertainty of the severity of the incoming peace treaty, many Ottomans looked to Washington with the hope that the application of [Wilsonian principles](/wiki/Fourteen_Points "Fourteen Points") would mean Constantinople would stay Turkish, as Muslims outnumbered Christians 2:1\. The [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") never declared war on the Ottoman Empire, so many imperial elite believed Washington could be a neutral arbiter that could fix the empire's problems. [Halide Edip (Adıvar)](/wiki/Halide_Edib_Ad%C4%B1var "Halide Edib Adıvar") and her [Wilsonian Principles Society](/wiki/Wilson_Prensipleri_Cemiyeti "Wilson Prensipleri Cemiyeti") led the movement that advocated for the empire to be governed by an American [League of Nations Mandate](/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate "League of Nations mandate") (see [United States during the Turkish War of Independence](/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence "United States during the Turkish War of Independence")).{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=97}} American diplomats attempted to ascertain a role they could play in the area with the [Harbord](/wiki/Harbord_Commission "Harbord Commission") and [King–Crane Commissions](/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission "King–Crane Commission"). However, with the collapse of [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson")'s health, the United States diplomatically withdrew from the Middle East to focus on Europe, leaving the Entente powers to construct a post\-Ottoman [order](/wiki/International_order "International order"). ### Banditry and the refugee crisis [thumb\|[Muhacirs](/wiki/Muhacir "Muhacir") from the [Balkan Wars](/wiki/Balkan_Wars "Balkan Wars") waiting to cross the [Bosphorus](/wiki/Bosporus "Bosporus") to Anatolia, [Sirkeci](/wiki/Sirkeci "Sirkeci"), [Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul "Istanbul"), 1912](/wiki/File:Balkan_G%C3%B6%C3%A7menleri_Sirkeci%27de_%281912%29.jpg "Balkan Göçmenleri Sirkeci'de (1912).jpg") The Entente would have arrived at Constantinople to discover an administration attempting to deal with decades of accumulated refugee crisis. The new government issued a proclamation allowing for deportees to [return to their homes](/wiki/Right_of_return "Right of return"), but many Greeks and Armenians found their old homes occupied by desperate [Rumelian and Caucasian Muslim refugees](/wiki/Muhacir "Muhacir") which were settled in their properties during the First World War. Ethnic conflict restarted in Anatolia; government officials responsible for resettling Christian refugees often assisted Muslim refugees in these disputes, prompting European powers to continue bringing Ottoman territory under their control.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=193, 197, 210, 212, 213}}{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=103}} Of the 800,000 Ottoman Christian refugees, approximately over half returned to their homes by 1920\. Meanwhile 1\.4 million refugees from the [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War "Russian Civil War") would pass through the Turkish straits and Anatolia, with 150,000 [White émigrés](/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9 "White émigré") choosing to settle in Istanbul for short or long term (see [Evacuation of the Crimea](/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Crimea "Evacuation of the Crimea")).{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=104}} Many provinces were simply depopulated from years of fighting, conscription, and ethnic cleansing (see [Ottoman casualties of World War I](/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I "Ottoman casualties of World War I")). The province of [Yozgat](/wiki/Yozgat "Yozgat") lost 50% of its Muslim population from conscription, while according to the governor of [Van](/wiki/Van%2C_Turkey "Van, Turkey"), almost 95% of its prewar residents were dead or [internally displaced](/wiki/Internally_displaced_person "Internally displaced person").{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=102–105}} Administration in much of the Anatolian and Thracian countryside would soon all but collapse by 1919\. Army deserters who turned to [banditry](/wiki/Banditry "Banditry") essentially controlled fiefdoms with tacit approval from bureaucrats and local elites.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2014\|p\=34}} An amnesty issued in late 1918 saw these bandits strengthen their positions and fight amongst each other instead of returning to civilian life.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=108}} [Albanian](/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey "Albanians in Turkey") and [Circassian](/wiki/Circassians_in_Turkey "Circassians in Turkey") [muhacirs](/wiki/Muhacir "Muhacir") resettled by the government in northwestern Anatolia and [Kurds](/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey "Kurds in Turkey") in southeastern Anatolia were engaged in [blood feuds](/wiki/Blood_feuds "Blood feuds") that intensified during the war and were hesitant to pledge allegiance to the Defence of Rights movement, and only would if officials could facilitate truces. Various Muhacir groups were suspicious of the continued [Unionist](/wiki/%C4%B0ttihadism "İttihadism") ideology in the Defence of Rights movement, and the potential for themselves to meet fates 'like the Armenians' especially as warlords hailing from those communities assisted the deportations of the Christians even though as many commanders in the Nationalist movement also had Caucasian and Balkan Muslim ancestry.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=148}} ### Mustafa Kemal's mission [thumb\|Sultan Mehmed VI after his sword girding](/wiki/File:Sultan_Mehmed_VI_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg "Sultan Mehmed VI of the Ottoman Empire.jpg") With Anatolia in practical anarchy and the Ottoman army being questionably loyal in reaction to Allied land seizures, Mehmed VI established the military inspectorate system to reestablish authority over the remaining empire. Encouraged by Karabekir and [Edmund Allenby](/wiki/Edmund_Allenby%2C_1st_Viscount_Allenby "Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby"), he assigned{{Cite journal \|last\=Jäschke \|first\=Gotthard \|date\=1957 \|title\=Beiträge zur Geschichte des Kampfes der Türkei um ihre Unabhängigkeit \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570253 \|journal\=Die Welt des Islams \|volume\=5 \|issue\=1/2 \|pages\=1–64 \|doi\=10\.2307/1570253 \|issn\=0043\-2539 \|jstor\=1570253 \|access\-date\=25 September 2021 \|archive\-date\=25 September 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925062833/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570253 \|url\-status\=live }} [Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk)](/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk") as the inspector of the [Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate](/wiki/Ninth_Army_%28Ottoman_Empire%29%23After_Mudros "Ninth Army (Ottoman Empire)#After Mudros") –based in [Erzurum](/wiki/Erzurum "Erzurum")– to restore order to Ottoman military units and to improve internal security on 30 April 1919, with his first assignment to suppress a rebellion by Greek rebels around the city of [Samsun](/wiki/Samsun "Samsun").Andrew Mango, *Atatürk*, John Murray, 1999, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-7195\-6592\-2}}, p. 214\. Mustafa Kemal was a well known, well respected, and well connected army commander, with much prestige coming from his status as the "Hero of [Anafartalar](/wiki/Battle_of_Anfartalar "Battle of Anfartalar")"—for his role in the [Gallipoli Campaign](/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign "Gallipoli Campaign")—and his title of "Honorary Aide\-de\-camp to His Majesty Sultan" gained in the last months of WWI. This choice would seem curious, as he was a nationalist and a fierce critic of the government's accommodating policy to the Entente powers. He was also an early member of the CUP. However Kemal Pasha did not associate himself with the fanatical faction of the CUP, many knew that he frequently clashed with the radicals of the [Central Committee](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Committee_of_Union_and_Progress "Central Committee of the Committee of Union and Progress") like Enver. He was therefore sidelined to the periphery of power throughout the Great War; after the CUP's dissolution he vocally aligned himself with moderates that formed the [Liberal People's Party](/wiki/Ottoman_Liberal_People%27s_Party "Ottoman Liberal People's Party") instead of the rump radical faction which formed the [Renewal Party](/wiki/Renewal_Party_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 "Renewal Party (Ottoman Empire)") (both parties would be banned in May 1919 for being successors of the CUP). All these reasons allowed him to be the most legitimate nationalist for the sultan to placate.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=171}} In this new political climate, he sought to capitalize on his war exploits to attain a better job, indeed several times he unsuccessfully lobbied for his inclusion in cabinet as [War Minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_War_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 "Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)").{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=187, 219}} His new assignment gave him effective [plenipotentiary](/wiki/Plenipotentiary "Plenipotentiary") powers over all of Anatolia which was meant to accommodate him and other nationalists to keep them loyal to the government.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=214}} Mustafa Kemal had earlier declined to become the leader of the [Sixth Army](/wiki/Sixth_Army_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 "Sixth Army (Ottoman Empire)") headquartered in [Nusaybin](/wiki/Nusaybin "Nusaybin").Jäschke, Gotthard (1957\), p.29 But according to [Patrick Balfour](/wiki/Patrick_Balfour%2C_3rd_Baron_Kinross "Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross"), through manipulation and the help of friends and sympathizers, he became the inspector of virtually all of the Ottoman forces in Anatolia, tasked with overseeing the disbanding process of remaining Ottoman forces.Lord Kinross. *The Rebirth of a Nation*, Chap 19\. "Kinross writes that the Erkân\-ı Harbiye Reis Muavini, ie the General Commander of the Ottoman Empire at the time was Fevzi Paşa, and old friend. Although he was temporarily absent, his substitute was Kâzım (İnanç) Paşa, another old friend. Neither Mehmet VI, nor the Prime Minister Damat Ferit had actually seen the actual order." Kemal had an abundance of connections and personal friends concentrated in the post\-armistice War Ministry, a powerful tool that would help him accomplish his secret goal: to lead a nationalist movement to safeguard Turkish interests against the Allied powers and a collaborative Ottoman government. The day before his departure to [Samsun](/wiki/Samsun "Samsun") on the remote Black Sea coast, Kemal had one last audience with Sultan Vahdettin, where he affirmed his loyalty to the sultan\-caliph. It was in this meeting that they were informed of the botched [occupation ceremony of Smyrna](/wiki/Greek_landing_at_Smyrna "Greek landing at Smyrna") (İzmir) by the Greeks.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=218}} He and his carefully selected staff left Constantinople aboard the old steamer {{SS\|Bandırma\|\|6}} on the evening of 16 May 1919\.Lord Kinross. *The Rebirth of a Nation*, chap 19\. ### Negotiations for Ottoman partition {{Main\|Partition of the Ottoman Empire}} [thumb\|[Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (Okday)](/wiki/Ahmet_Tevfik_Pasha "Ahmet Tevfik Pasha") and [Rıza Tevfik (Bölükbaşı)](/wiki/R%C4%B1za_Tevfik_B%C3%B6l%C3%BCkba%C5%9F%C4%B1 "Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı") at the [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_%281919%E2%80%931920%29 "Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)")](/wiki/File:Img010GeneralBougrain.jpg "Img010GeneralBougrain.jpg") On 19 January 1919, the [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference%2C_1919 "Paris Peace Conference, 1919") was first held, at which Allied nations set the peace terms for the defeated [Central Powers](/wiki/Central_Powers "Central Powers"), including the Ottoman Empire.{{cite book\|title\=Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History\|last\=Kaufman\|first\=Will\|author2\=Macpherson, Heidi Slettedahl \|year\=2007\|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO \|isbn\=978\-1\-85109\-431\-8\|page\=696}} As a special body of the Paris Conference, "The Inter\-Allied Commission on Mandates in Turkey", was established to pursue the secret treaties they had signed between 1915 and 1917\.The activities of commission is reported in Henry Churchill King, Charles Richard Crane ([King\-Crane Commission](/wiki/King-Crane_Commission "King-Crane Commission")), "Report of American Section of Inter\-allied Commission of Mandates in Turkey" published by American Section in 1919\. Italy sought control over the southern part of Anatolia under the [Agreement of St.\-Jean\-de\-Maurienne](/wiki/Agreement_of_St.-Jean-de-Maurienne "Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne"). France expected to exercise control over [Hatay](/wiki/Hatay_Province "Hatay Province"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"), [Syria](/wiki/Syria_%28region%29 "Syria (region)"), and a portion of southeastern Anatolia based on the [Sykes–Picot Agreement](/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement "Sykes–Picot Agreement"). Greece justified their territorial claims of Ottoman land not least from Greece's entrance to WWI on the Allied side but also through the [Megali Idea](/wiki/Megali_Idea "Megali Idea") as well as international sympathy from the suffering of [Ottoman Greeks](/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks "Ottoman Greeks") in [1914](/wiki/1914_Greek_deportations "1914 Greek deportations") and [1917–1918](/wiki/Pontic_genocide "Pontic genocide"). Privately, Greek prime minister [Eleftherios Venizelos](/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos "Eleftherios Venizelos") had British prime minister [David Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George "David Lloyd George")'s backing because of his [Philhellenism](/wiki/Philhellenism "Philhellenism"), and from his charisma and charming personality.Erickson, *Ordered To Die*, chap. 8, extended story at the Cost section. Greece's participation in the Allies' [Southern Russian intervention](/wiki/Southern_Russia_intervention "Southern Russia intervention") also earned it favors in Paris. Venizelos' demands included parts of eastern Thrace, the islands of Imbros ([Gökçeada](/wiki/G%C3%B6k%C3%A7eada "Gökçeada")), Tenedos ([Bozcaada](/wiki/Bozcaada "Bozcaada")), and parts of Western Anatolia around the city of Smyrna ([İzmir](/wiki/%C4%B0zmir "İzmir")), all of which had large Greek populations. Venizelos also advocated a large Armenian state to check a post\-war Ottoman Empire. Greece wanted to incorporate Constantinople, but Entente powers did not give permission. Damat Ferid Pasha went to Paris on behalf of the Ottoman Empire hoping to minimize territorial losses using [Fourteen Points](/wiki/Fourteen_Points "Fourteen Points") rhetoric, wishing for a return to *[status quo ante bellum](/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum "Status quo ante bellum")*, on the basis that every province of the Empire holds Muslim majorities. This plea was met with ridicule.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=99}} At the Paris Peace Conference, competing claims over [Western Anatolia](/wiki/Anatolia "Anatolia") by Greek and Italian delegations led Greece to land the flagship of the [Greek Navy](/wiki/Greek_Navy "Greek Navy") at Smyrna, resulting in the Italian delegation walking out of the peace talks. On 30 April, Italy responded to the possible idea of Greek incorporation of Western Anatolia by sending a warship to Smyrna as a show of force against the Greek campaign. A large Italian force also landed in [Antalya](/wiki/Antalya "Antalya"). Faced with Italian annexation of parts of Asia Minor with a significant ethnic Greek population, Venizelos secured Allied permission for Greek troops to land in Smyrna per Article VII, ostensibly as a [peacekeeping](/wiki/Peacekeeping "Peacekeeping") force to keep stability in the region. Venizelos's rhetoric was more directed against the CUP regime than the Turks as a whole, an attitude not always shared in the Greek military: "Greece is not making war against Islam, but against the anachronistic \[[Unionist](/wiki/%C4%B0ttihadism "İttihadism")] Government, and its corrupt, ignominious, and bloody administration, with a view to the expelling it from those territories where the majority of the population consists of Greeks.""Not War Against Islam\-Statement by Greek Prime Minister" in *The Scotsman*, 29 June 1920 p. 5 It was decided by the Triple Entente that Greece would control a zone around Smyrna and [Ayvalık](/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k "Ayvalık") in western Asia Minor.
[ "The Armistice era\n-----------------", "{{See also\\|tr:Mütareke (dönem)}}", "### Politics of de\\-Ittihadification", "Following the occupation of Constantinople, [Mehmed VI Vahdettin](/wiki/Mehmed_VI \"Mehmed VI\") dissolved the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 \"Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)\") which was dominated by Unionists [elected back in 1914](/wiki/1914_Ottoman_general_election \"1914 Ottoman general election\"), promising elections for the next year.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=201}} Vahdettin just ascended to the throne only months earlier with the death of [Mehmed V Reşad](/wiki/Mehmed_V_Re%C5%9Fad \"Mehmed V Reşad\"). He was disgusted with the policies of the CUP, and wished to be a more assertive sovereign than his diseased half brother. [Greek](/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks \"Ottoman Greeks\") and [Armenian Ottomans](/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire \"Armenians in the Ottoman Empire\") declared the termination of their relationship with the Ottoman Empire through their respective [patriarchates](/wiki/Patriarchate \"Patriarchate\"), and refused to partake in any future election.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=210}} With the collapse of the CUP and its censorship regime, an outpouring of condemnation against the party came from all parts of [Ottoman media](/wiki/Media_of_the_Ottoman_Empire \"Media of the Ottoman Empire\").{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=94}}\n[thumb\\|Grand Vizier [Ferid Pasha](/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha \"Damat Ferid Pasha\"), leader of the [Freedom and Accord Party](/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party \"Freedom and Accord Party\"), and [damat](/wiki/Damat \"Damat\") of the [royal family](/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty \"Ottoman dynasty\")](/wiki/File:Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg \"Damad Ferid Pasha 1919.jpg\")\nA general amnesty was soon issued, allowing the exiled and imprisoned dissidents persecuted by the CUP to return to Constantinople. Vahdettin invited the pro\\-[Palace](/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty \"Ottoman dynasty\") politician [Damat Ferid Pasha](/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha \"Damat Ferid Pasha\"), leader of the reconstituted [Freedom and Accord Party](/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party \"Freedom and Accord Party\"), to form a government, whose members quickly set out to purge the [Unionists](/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress \"Committee of Union and Progress\") from the [Ottoman government](/wiki/Government_of_the_late_Ottoman_Empire \"Government of the late Ottoman Empire\"). Ferid Pasha hoped that his [Anglophilia](/wiki/Anglophile \"Anglophile\") and an attitude of [appeasement](/wiki/Appeasement \"Appeasement\") would induce less harsh peace terms from the Allied powers. However, his appointment was problematic for the Unionists, many being members of the liquidated committee that were surely to face trial. Years of corruption, unconstitutional acts, war profiteering, and enrichment from ethnic cleansing and [genocide](/wiki/Armenian_genocide \"Armenian genocide\") by the Unionists soon became basis of [war crimes trials](/wiki/Prosecution_of_Ottoman_war_criminals \"Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals\") and [courts martial trials held in Constantinople](/wiki/Istanbul_trials_of_1919%E2%80%931920 \"Istanbul trials of 1919–1920\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2021}} While many leading Unionists were sentenced lengthy prison sentences, many made sure to escape the country before Allied occupation or to regions that the government now had minimal control over; thus most were sentenced *[in absentia](/wiki/Trial_in_absentia \"Trial in absentia\")*. The Allies encouragement of the proceedings and the use of British [Malta](/wiki/Malta_exiles \"Malta exiles\") as their holding ground made the trials unpopular. The partisan nature of the trials was not lost on observers either.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=96}} The hanging of the [Kaymakam](/wiki/Kaymakam \"Kaymakam\") of [Boğazlıyan](/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazl%C4%B1yan \"Boğazlıyan\") district [Mehmed Kemal](/wiki/Mehmet_Kemal \"Mehmet Kemal\") resulted in a demonstration against the courts martials trials.", "With all the chaotic politics in the capital and uncertainty of the severity of the incoming peace treaty, many Ottomans looked to Washington with the hope that the application of [Wilsonian principles](/wiki/Fourteen_Points \"Fourteen Points\") would mean Constantinople would stay Turkish, as Muslims outnumbered Christians 2:1\\. The [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") never declared war on the Ottoman Empire, so many imperial elite believed Washington could be a neutral arbiter that could fix the empire's problems. [Halide Edip (Adıvar)](/wiki/Halide_Edib_Ad%C4%B1var \"Halide Edib Adıvar\") and her [Wilsonian Principles Society](/wiki/Wilson_Prensipleri_Cemiyeti \"Wilson Prensipleri Cemiyeti\") led the movement that advocated for the empire to be governed by an American [League of Nations Mandate](/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate \"League of Nations mandate\") (see [United States during the Turkish War of Independence](/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence \"United States during the Turkish War of Independence\")).{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=97}} American diplomats attempted to ascertain a role they could play in the area with the [Harbord](/wiki/Harbord_Commission \"Harbord Commission\") and [King–Crane Commissions](/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission \"King–Crane Commission\"). However, with the collapse of [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson \"Woodrow Wilson\")'s health, the United States diplomatically withdrew from the Middle East to focus on Europe, leaving the Entente powers to construct a post\\-Ottoman [order](/wiki/International_order \"International order\").", "### Banditry and the refugee crisis", "[thumb\\|[Muhacirs](/wiki/Muhacir \"Muhacir\") from the [Balkan Wars](/wiki/Balkan_Wars \"Balkan Wars\") waiting to cross the [Bosphorus](/wiki/Bosporus \"Bosporus\") to Anatolia, [Sirkeci](/wiki/Sirkeci \"Sirkeci\"), [Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul \"Istanbul\"), 1912](/wiki/File:Balkan_G%C3%B6%C3%A7menleri_Sirkeci%27de_%281912%29.jpg \"Balkan Göçmenleri Sirkeci'de (1912).jpg\")\nThe Entente would have arrived at Constantinople to discover an administration attempting to deal with decades of accumulated refugee crisis. The new government issued a proclamation allowing for deportees to [return to their homes](/wiki/Right_of_return \"Right of return\"), but many Greeks and Armenians found their old homes occupied by desperate [Rumelian and Caucasian Muslim refugees](/wiki/Muhacir \"Muhacir\") which were settled in their properties during the First World War. Ethnic conflict restarted in Anatolia; government officials responsible for resettling Christian refugees often assisted Muslim refugees in these disputes, prompting European powers to continue bringing Ottoman territory under their control.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=193, 197, 210, 212, 213}}{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=103}} Of the 800,000 Ottoman Christian refugees, approximately over half returned to their homes by 1920\\. Meanwhile 1\\.4 million refugees from the [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War \"Russian Civil War\") would pass through the Turkish straits and Anatolia, with 150,000 [White émigrés](/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9 \"White émigré\") choosing to settle in Istanbul for short or long term (see [Evacuation of the Crimea](/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Crimea \"Evacuation of the Crimea\")).{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=104}} Many provinces were simply depopulated from years of fighting, conscription, and ethnic cleansing (see [Ottoman casualties of World War I](/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I \"Ottoman casualties of World War I\")). The province of [Yozgat](/wiki/Yozgat \"Yozgat\") lost 50% of its Muslim population from conscription, while according to the governor of [Van](/wiki/Van%2C_Turkey \"Van, Turkey\"), almost 95% of its prewar residents were dead or [internally displaced](/wiki/Internally_displaced_person \"Internally displaced person\").{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=102–105}}", "Administration in much of the Anatolian and Thracian countryside would soon all but collapse by 1919\\. Army deserters who turned to [banditry](/wiki/Banditry \"Banditry\") essentially controlled fiefdoms with tacit approval from bureaucrats and local elites.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2014\\|p\\=34}} An amnesty issued in late 1918 saw these bandits strengthen their positions and fight amongst each other instead of returning to civilian life.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=108}} [Albanian](/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey \"Albanians in Turkey\") and [Circassian](/wiki/Circassians_in_Turkey \"Circassians in Turkey\") [muhacirs](/wiki/Muhacir \"Muhacir\") resettled by the government in northwestern Anatolia and [Kurds](/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey \"Kurds in Turkey\") in southeastern Anatolia were engaged in [blood feuds](/wiki/Blood_feuds \"Blood feuds\") that intensified during the war and were hesitant to pledge allegiance to the Defence of Rights movement, and only would if officials could facilitate truces. Various Muhacir groups were suspicious of the continued [Unionist](/wiki/%C4%B0ttihadism \"İttihadism\") ideology in the Defence of Rights movement, and the potential for themselves to meet fates 'like the Armenians' especially as warlords hailing from those communities assisted the deportations of the Christians even though as many commanders in the Nationalist movement also had Caucasian and Balkan Muslim ancestry.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=148}}", "### Mustafa Kemal's mission", "[thumb\\|Sultan Mehmed VI after his sword girding](/wiki/File:Sultan_Mehmed_VI_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg \"Sultan Mehmed VI of the Ottoman Empire.jpg\")\nWith Anatolia in practical anarchy and the Ottoman army being questionably loyal in reaction to Allied land seizures, Mehmed VI established the military inspectorate system to reestablish authority over the remaining empire. Encouraged by Karabekir and [Edmund Allenby](/wiki/Edmund_Allenby%2C_1st_Viscount_Allenby \"Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby\"), he assigned{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Jäschke \\|first\\=Gotthard \\|date\\=1957 \\|title\\=Beiträge zur Geschichte des Kampfes der Türkei um ihre Unabhängigkeit \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570253 \\|journal\\=Die Welt des Islams \\|volume\\=5 \\|issue\\=1/2 \\|pages\\=1–64 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/1570253 \\|issn\\=0043\\-2539 \\|jstor\\=1570253 \\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925062833/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570253 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk)](/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk \"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk\") as the inspector of the [Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate](/wiki/Ninth_Army_%28Ottoman_Empire%29%23After_Mudros \"Ninth Army (Ottoman Empire)#After Mudros\") –based in [Erzurum](/wiki/Erzurum \"Erzurum\")– to restore order to Ottoman military units and to improve internal security on 30 April 1919, with his first assignment to suppress a rebellion by Greek rebels around the city of [Samsun](/wiki/Samsun \"Samsun\").Andrew Mango, *Atatürk*, John Murray, 1999, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-7195\\-6592\\-2}}, p. 214\\.", "Mustafa Kemal was a well known, well respected, and well connected army commander, with much prestige coming from his status as the \"Hero of [Anafartalar](/wiki/Battle_of_Anfartalar \"Battle of Anfartalar\")\"—for his role in the [Gallipoli Campaign](/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign \"Gallipoli Campaign\")—and his title of \"Honorary Aide\\-de\\-camp to His Majesty Sultan\" gained in the last months of WWI. This choice would seem curious, as he was a nationalist and a fierce critic of the government's accommodating policy to the Entente powers. He was also an early member of the CUP. However Kemal Pasha did not associate himself with the fanatical faction of the CUP, many knew that he frequently clashed with the radicals of the [Central Committee](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Committee_of_Union_and_Progress \"Central Committee of the Committee of Union and Progress\") like Enver. He was therefore sidelined to the periphery of power throughout the Great War; after the CUP's dissolution he vocally aligned himself with moderates that formed the [Liberal People's Party](/wiki/Ottoman_Liberal_People%27s_Party \"Ottoman Liberal People's Party\") instead of the rump radical faction which formed the [Renewal Party](/wiki/Renewal_Party_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 \"Renewal Party (Ottoman Empire)\") (both parties would be banned in May 1919 for being successors of the CUP). All these reasons allowed him to be the most legitimate nationalist for the sultan to placate.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=171}} In this new political climate, he sought to capitalize on his war exploits to attain a better job, indeed several times he unsuccessfully lobbied for his inclusion in cabinet as [War Minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_War_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 \"Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)\").{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=187, 219}} His new assignment gave him effective [plenipotentiary](/wiki/Plenipotentiary \"Plenipotentiary\") powers over all of Anatolia which was meant to accommodate him and other nationalists to keep them loyal to the government.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=214}}", "Mustafa Kemal had earlier declined to become the leader of the [Sixth Army](/wiki/Sixth_Army_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 \"Sixth Army (Ottoman Empire)\") headquartered in [Nusaybin](/wiki/Nusaybin \"Nusaybin\").Jäschke, Gotthard (1957\\), p.29 But according to [Patrick Balfour](/wiki/Patrick_Balfour%2C_3rd_Baron_Kinross \"Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross\"), through manipulation and the help of friends and sympathizers, he became the inspector of virtually all of the Ottoman forces in Anatolia, tasked with overseeing the disbanding process of remaining Ottoman forces.Lord Kinross. *The Rebirth of a Nation*, Chap 19\\. \"Kinross writes that the Erkân\\-ı Harbiye Reis Muavini, ie the General Commander of the Ottoman Empire at the time was Fevzi Paşa, and old friend. Although he was temporarily absent, his substitute was Kâzım (İnanç) Paşa, another old friend. Neither Mehmet VI, nor the Prime Minister Damat Ferit had actually seen the actual order.\" Kemal had an abundance of connections and personal friends concentrated in the post\\-armistice War Ministry, a powerful tool that would help him accomplish his secret goal: to lead a nationalist movement to safeguard Turkish interests against the Allied powers and a collaborative Ottoman government.", "The day before his departure to [Samsun](/wiki/Samsun \"Samsun\") on the remote Black Sea coast, Kemal had one last audience with Sultan Vahdettin, where he affirmed his loyalty to the sultan\\-caliph. It was in this meeting that they were informed of the botched [occupation ceremony of Smyrna](/wiki/Greek_landing_at_Smyrna \"Greek landing at Smyrna\") (İzmir) by the Greeks.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=218}} He and his carefully selected staff left Constantinople aboard the old steamer {{SS\\|Bandırma\\|\\|6}} on the evening of 16 May 1919\\.Lord Kinross. *The Rebirth of a Nation*, chap 19\\.", "### Negotiations for Ottoman partition", "{{Main\\|Partition of the Ottoman Empire}}\n[thumb\\|[Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (Okday)](/wiki/Ahmet_Tevfik_Pasha \"Ahmet Tevfik Pasha\") and [Rıza Tevfik (Bölükbaşı)](/wiki/R%C4%B1za_Tevfik_B%C3%B6l%C3%BCkba%C5%9F%C4%B1 \"Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı\") at the [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_%281919%E2%80%931920%29 \"Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)\")](/wiki/File:Img010GeneralBougrain.jpg \"Img010GeneralBougrain.jpg\")\nOn 19 January 1919, the [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference%2C_1919 \"Paris Peace Conference, 1919\") was first held, at which Allied nations set the peace terms for the defeated [Central Powers](/wiki/Central_Powers \"Central Powers\"), including the Ottoman Empire.{{cite book\\|title\\=Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History\\|last\\=Kaufman\\|first\\=Will\\|author2\\=Macpherson, Heidi Slettedahl \\|year\\=2007\\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-85109\\-431\\-8\\|page\\=696}} As a special body of the Paris Conference, \"The Inter\\-Allied Commission on Mandates in Turkey\", was established to pursue the secret treaties they had signed between 1915 and 1917\\.The activities of commission is reported in Henry Churchill King, Charles Richard Crane ([King\\-Crane Commission](/wiki/King-Crane_Commission \"King-Crane Commission\")), \"Report of American Section of Inter\\-allied Commission of Mandates in Turkey\" published by American Section in 1919\\. Italy sought control over the southern part of Anatolia under the [Agreement of St.\\-Jean\\-de\\-Maurienne](/wiki/Agreement_of_St.-Jean-de-Maurienne \"Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne\"). France expected to exercise control over [Hatay](/wiki/Hatay_Province \"Hatay Province\"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"), [Syria](/wiki/Syria_%28region%29 \"Syria (region)\"), and a portion of southeastern Anatolia based on the [Sykes–Picot Agreement](/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement \"Sykes–Picot Agreement\").", "Greece justified their territorial claims of Ottoman land not least from Greece's entrance to WWI on the Allied side but also through the [Megali Idea](/wiki/Megali_Idea \"Megali Idea\") as well as international sympathy from the suffering of [Ottoman Greeks](/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks \"Ottoman Greeks\") in [1914](/wiki/1914_Greek_deportations \"1914 Greek deportations\") and [1917–1918](/wiki/Pontic_genocide \"Pontic genocide\"). Privately, Greek prime minister [Eleftherios Venizelos](/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos \"Eleftherios Venizelos\") had British prime minister [David Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George \"David Lloyd George\")'s backing because of his [Philhellenism](/wiki/Philhellenism \"Philhellenism\"), and from his charisma and charming personality.Erickson, *Ordered To Die*, chap. 8, extended story at the Cost section. Greece's participation in the Allies' [Southern Russian intervention](/wiki/Southern_Russia_intervention \"Southern Russia intervention\") also earned it favors in Paris. Venizelos' demands included parts of eastern Thrace, the islands of Imbros ([Gökçeada](/wiki/G%C3%B6k%C3%A7eada \"Gökçeada\")), Tenedos ([Bozcaada](/wiki/Bozcaada \"Bozcaada\")), and parts of Western Anatolia around the city of Smyrna ([İzmir](/wiki/%C4%B0zmir \"İzmir\")), all of which had large Greek populations. Venizelos also advocated a large Armenian state to check a post\\-war Ottoman Empire. Greece wanted to incorporate Constantinople, but Entente powers did not give permission. Damat Ferid Pasha went to Paris on behalf of the Ottoman Empire hoping to minimize territorial losses using [Fourteen Points](/wiki/Fourteen_Points \"Fourteen Points\") rhetoric, wishing for a return to *[status quo ante bellum](/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum \"Status quo ante bellum\")*, on the basis that every province of the Empire holds Muslim majorities. This plea was met with ridicule.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=99}}", "At the Paris Peace Conference, competing claims over [Western Anatolia](/wiki/Anatolia \"Anatolia\") by Greek and Italian delegations led Greece to land the flagship of the [Greek Navy](/wiki/Greek_Navy \"Greek Navy\") at Smyrna, resulting in the Italian delegation walking out of the peace talks. On 30 April, Italy responded to the possible idea of Greek incorporation of Western Anatolia by sending a warship to Smyrna as a show of force against the Greek campaign. A large Italian force also landed in [Antalya](/wiki/Antalya \"Antalya\"). Faced with Italian annexation of parts of Asia Minor with a significant ethnic Greek population, Venizelos secured Allied permission for Greek troops to land in Smyrna per Article VII, ostensibly as a [peacekeeping](/wiki/Peacekeeping \"Peacekeeping\") force to keep stability in the region. Venizelos's rhetoric was more directed against the CUP regime than the Turks as a whole, an attitude not always shared in the Greek military: \"Greece is not making war against Islam, but against the anachronistic \\[[Unionist](/wiki/%C4%B0ttihadism \"İttihadism\")] Government, and its corrupt, ignominious, and bloody administration, with a view to the expelling it from those territories where the majority of the population consists of Greeks.\"\"Not War Against Islam\\-Statement by Greek Prime Minister\" in *The Scotsman*, 29 June 1920 p. 5 It was decided by the Triple Entente that Greece would control a zone around Smyrna and [Ayvalık](/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k \"Ayvalık\") in western Asia Minor.", "" ]
Organizational phase: May 1919 – March 1920 ------------------------------------------- {{Main articles\|Turkish National Movement\|Kuva\-yi Milliye}} ### Greek landing at Smyrna {{Main\|Greek landing at Smyrna}} [thumb\|Greek troops marching on [İzmir](/wiki/%C4%B0zmir "İzmir")'s coastal street, May 1919\.](/wiki/File:Greek_army_Smyrne_1919.jpg "Greek army Smyrne 1919.jpg") Most historians mark the Greek landing at Smyrna on 15 May 1919 as the start date of the Turkish War of Independence as well as the start of the "[Kuva\-yi Milliye](/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye "Kuva-yi Milliye") Phase". The occupation ceremony from the outset was tense from nationalist fervor, with Ottoman Greeks greeting the soldiers with an ecstatic welcome, and Ottoman Muslims protesting the landing. A miscommunication in Greek high command led to an [Evzone](/wiki/Evzones "Evzones") column marching by the municipal Turkish barracks. The nationalist journalist [Hasan Tahsin](/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin "Hasan Tahsin") fired the "first bullet"Mehmet Çavuş's fire against the French in Dörtyol was misknown until near past. But Hasan Tahsin's firing was the first bullet in Western Front. at the Greek standard bearer at the head of the troops, turning the city into a warzone. [Süleyman Fethi Bey](/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Fethi_Bey "Süleyman Fethi Bey") was murdered by bayonet for refusing to shout "Zito [Venizelos](/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos "Eleftherios Venizelos")" (meaning "long live Venizelos"), and 300–400 unarmed Turkish soldiers and civilians and 100 Greek soldiers and civilians were killed or wounded.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=217}} Greek troops moved from Smyrna outwards to towns on the [Karaburun](/wiki/Karaburun_Peninsula%2C_Turkey "Karaburun Peninsula, Turkey") peninsula; to [Selçuk](/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk "Selçuk"), situated a hundred kilometres south of the city at a key location that commands the fertile [Küçük Menderes River](/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Menderes_River "Küçük Menderes River") valley; and to [Menemen](/wiki/Menemen "Menemen") towards the north. [Guerilla warfare](/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare "Guerrilla warfare") commenced in the countryside, as Turks began to organize themselves into irregular guerilla groups known as [Kuva\-yi Milliye](/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye "Kuva-yi Milliye") (national forces), which were soon joined by Ottoman soldiers, bandits, and disaffected farmers. Most Kuva\-yi Milliye bands were led by rogue military commanders and members of the [Special Organization](/wiki/Special_Organization_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 "Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)"). The Greek troops based in cosmopolitan Smyrna soon found themselves conducting counterinsurgency operations in a hostile, dominantly Muslim hinterland. Groups of Ottoman Greeks also formed contingents that cooperated with the [Greek Army](/wiki/Army_of_Asia_Minor "Army of Asia Minor") to combat Kuva\-yi Milliye within the zone of control. A [massacre of Turks at Menemen](/wiki/Menemen_massacre "Menemen massacre") was followed up with a [battle for the town of Aydın](/wiki/Battle_of_Ayd%C4%B1n "Battle of Aydın"), which saw intense intercommunal violence and the razing of the city. What was supposed to be a peacekeeping mission of Western Anatolia instead inflamed ethnic tensions and became a [counterinsurgency](/wiki/Counterinsurgency "Counterinsurgency"). [thumb\|[Sultanahmet demonstration](/wiki/Sultanahmet_demonstrations "Sultanahmet demonstrations"), 25 May 1919](/wiki/File:SultanahmetMitingi.jpg "SultanahmetMitingi.jpg") The reaction of Greek landing at Smyrna and continued Allied seizures of land served to destabilize Turkish civil society. Ottoman bureaucrats, military, and [bourgeoisie](/wiki/Bourgeoisie "Bourgeoisie") trusted the Allies to bring peace, and thought the terms offered at Mudros were considerably more lenient than they actually were.{{Cite book \|last\=Fromkin \|first\=David \|title\=\[\[A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East]] \|publisher\=Macmillan \|year\=2009 \|isbn\=978\-0\-8050\-8809\-0 \|pages\=360–373 \|author\-link\=David Fromkin}} Pushback was potent in the capital, with 23 May 1919 being largest of the [Sultanahmet Square demonstrations](/wiki/Sultanahmet_demonstrations "Sultanahmet demonstrations") organized by the [Turkish Hearths](/wiki/Turkish_Hearths "Turkish Hearths") against the Greek occupation of Smyrna, the largest act of [civil disobedience](/wiki/Civil_disobedience "Civil disobedience") in Turkish history at that point.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=223}} The Ottoman government condemned the landing, but could do little about it. Ferid Pasha tried to resign, but was urged by the sultan to stay in his office. ### Organizing resistance Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his colleagues stepped ashore in [Samsun](/wiki/Samsun "Samsun") on 19 May and set up their first quarters in the Mıntıka Palace Hotel. British troops were present in Samsun,{{Cite journal\|last\=Jäschke\|first\=Gotthard\|date\=1975\|title\=Mustafa Kemal und England in Neuer Sicht\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1569959\|journal\=Die Welt des Islams\|volume\=16\|issue\=1/4\|pages\=185\|doi\=10\.2307/1569959\|jstor\=1569959\|issn\=0043\-2539\|access\-date\=25 September 2021\|archive\-date\=25 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925074533/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1569959\|url\-status\=live}} and he initially maintained cordial contact.Jäschke, Gotthard (1975\), p.186 He had assured Damat Ferid about the army's loyalty towards the new government in Constantinople.Jäschke, Gotthard (1975\), pp.186–187 However, behind the government's back, Kemal made the people of Samsun aware of the Greek and Italian landings, staged discreet mass meetings, made fast connections via telegraph with the army units in Anatolia, and began to form links with various Nationalist groups. He sent telegrams of protest to foreign embassies and the War Ministry about British reinforcements in the area and about British aid to Greek brigand gangs. After a week in Samsun, Kemal and his staff moved to [Havza](/wiki/Havza "Havza"). It was there that he first showed the flag of the resistance.Jäschke, Gotthard (1975\), p.188 [thumb\|[Kuva\-yi Milliye](/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye "Kuva-yi Milliye")](/wiki/File:Turkish_revolutionaries-Kuvva-i_Milliye.ogg "Turkish revolutionaries-Kuvva-i Milliye.ogg") Mustafa Kemal wrote in his memoir that he needed nationwide support to justify armed resistance against the Allied occupation. His credentials and the importance of his position were not enough to inspire everyone. While officially occupied with the disarming of the army, he met with various contacts in order to build his movement's momentum. He met with [Rauf Pasha](/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Rauf_Orbay "Hüseyin Rauf Orbay"), Karabekir Pasha, [Ali Fuat Pasha](/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy "Ali Fuat Cebesoy"), and [Refet Pasha](/wiki/Refet_Bele "Refet Bele") and issued the [Amasya Circular](/wiki/Amasya_Circular "Amasya Circular") (22 June 1919\). Ottoman provincial authorities were notified via telegraph that the unity and independence of the nation was at risk, and that the government in Constantinople was compromised. To remedy this, a congress was to take place in Erzurum between delegates of the [Six Vilayets](/wiki/Six_vilayets "Six vilayets") to decide on a response, and another congress would take place in Sivas where every [Vilayet](/wiki/Vilayet "Vilayet") should send delegates.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=230}} Sympathy and an lack of coordination from the capital gave Mustafa Kemal freedom of movement and telegraph use despite his implied anti\-government tone.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=230, 232}} On 23 June, High Commissioner Admiral Calthorpe, realising the significance of Mustafa Kemal's discreet activities in Anatolia, sent a report about the Pasha to the [Foreign Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"). His remarks were downplayed by George Kidson of the Eastern Department. Captain Hurst of the British occupation force in Samsun warned Admiral Calthorpe one more time, but Hurst's units were replaced with the [Brigade of Gurkhas](/wiki/Brigade_of_Gurkhas "Brigade of Gurkhas").{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=234–235}} When the British landed in [Alexandretta](/wiki/Alexandretta "Alexandretta"), Admiral Calthorpe resigned on the basis that this was against the armistice that he had signed and was assigned to another position on 5 August 1919\.Lord Kinross. (1999\) *Atatürk: The Re\-birth of a Nation*, chap. 16\. The movement of British units alarmed the population of the region and convinced them that Mustafa Kemal was right. ### Consolidation through congresses [thumb\|Mustafa Kemal and his colleagues in [Erzurum](/wiki/Erzurum_Congress "Erzurum Congress"), 5 July 1919By](/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa%2C_Erzurum%2C_5_Temmuz_1919.png "Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Erzurum, 5 Temmuz 1919.png") early July, Mustafa Kemal Pasha received telegrams from the sultan and Calthorpe, asking him and Refet to cease his activities in Anatolia and return to the capital. Kemal was in [Erzincan](/wiki/Erzincan "Erzincan") and did not want to return to Constantinople, concerned that the foreign authorities might have designs for him beyond the sultan's plans. Before resigning from his position, he dispatched a circular to all nationalist organizations and military commanders to not disband or surrender unless for the latter if they could be replaced by cooperative nationalist commanders.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=235}} Now only a civilian stripped of his command, Mustafa Kemal was at the mercy of the new inspector of [Third Army](/wiki/Third_Army_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 "Third Army (Ottoman Empire)") (renamed from Ninth Army) Karabekir Pasha, indeed the War Ministry ordered him to arrest Kemal, an order which Karabekir refused.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=235}} The [Erzurum Congress](/wiki/Erzurum_Congress "Erzurum Congress") was a meeting of delegates and governors from the six Eastern Vilayets.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=238}} They drafted the [National Pact](/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE "Misak-ı Millî") (*Misak\-ı Millî)*, which envisioned new borders for the Ottoman Empire by applying principles of [national self\-determination](/wiki/Self-determination "Self-determination") per [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson")'s [Fourteen Points](/wiki/Fourteen_Points "Fourteen Points") and the abolition of [the capitulations](/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire "Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire").{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=239}} The Erzurum Congress concluded with a circular that was effectively a declaration of independence: All regions within Ottoman borders upon the signing of the Mudros Armistice were indivisible from the Ottoman state –Greek and Armenian claims on Thrace and Anatolia were moot– and assistance from any country not coveting Ottoman territory was welcome.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=240–241}} If the government in Constantinople was not able to attain this after electing a new parliament, they insisted a [provisional government](/wiki/Provisional_government "Provisional government") should be promulgated to defend Turkish sovereignty. The [Committee of Representation](/wiki/Committee_of_Representation "Committee of Representation") was established as a provisional executive body based in Anatolia, with Mustafa Kemal Pasha as its chairman.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=239}}[thumb\|282x282px\|Borders and plebiscites of the [National Pact](/wiki/National_Pact_%28Turkey%29 "National Pact (Turkey)") outlined in the [Erzurum Congress](/wiki/Erzurum_Congress "Erzurum Congress")Following](/wiki/File:Misak-i_milli.png "Misak-i milli.png") the congress, the Committee of Representation relocated to Sivas. As announced in the Amasya Circular, a new congress was held there in September with delegates from all Anatolian and Thracian provinces. The [Sivas Congress](/wiki/Sivas_Congress "Sivas Congress") repeated the points of the National Pact agreed to in Erzurum, and united the various regional [Defence of National Rights Associations](/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights "Association for Defence of National Rights") organizations, into a united political organisation: [Anatolia and Rumeli Defence of Rights Association](/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights "Association for Defence of National Rights") (A\-RMHC), with Mustafa Kemal as its chairman. In an effort show his movement was in fact a new and unifying movement, the delegates had to swear an oath to discontinue their relations with the CUP and to never revive the party (despite most present in Sivas being previous members).{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=245}} It was also decided there that the Ottoman Empire should not be a League of Nations mandate under the United States, especially after the [U.S Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") failed to ratify American membership in the League.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=247–248}} Momentum was now on the Nationalists' side. A [plot](/wiki/Ali_Galip_Olay%C4%B1 "Ali Galip Olayı") by a [loyalist Ottoman governor](/wiki/Ali_Galip_%28Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_valisi%29 "Ali Galip (Elazığ valisi)") and a [British intelligence officer](/wiki/Edward_Noel_%28Indian_Army_officer%29 "Edward Noel (Indian Army officer)") to arrest Kemal before the Sivas Congress led to the cutting of all ties with the Ottoman government until a new election would be held in the lower house of parliament, the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 "Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)"). In October 1919, the last Ottoman governor loyal to Constantinople fled his province. Fearing the outbreak of hostilities, all British troops stationed in the Black Sea coast and [Kütahya](/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya "Kütahya") were evacuated. Damat Ferid Pasha resigned, and the sultan replaced him with a general with nationalist credentials: [Ali Rıza Pasha](/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha "Ali Rıza Pasha").{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=249–252}} On 16 October 1919, Ali Rıza and the Nationalists held negotiations in Amasya. They agreed in the [Amasya Protocol](/wiki/Amasya_Protocol "Amasya Protocol") that an election would be called for the Ottoman Parliament to establish national unity by upholding the resolutions made in the Sivas Congress, including the National Pact. By October 1919, the Ottoman government only held *de facto* control over Constantinople; the rest of the Ottoman Empire was loyal to Kemal's movement to resist a partition of Anatolia and Thrace. Within a few months Mustafa Kemal went from General Inspector of the Ninth Army to a renegade military commander discharged for insubordination to leading a homegrown anti\-Entente movement that overthrew a government and driven it into resistance.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=255–256}} ### Last Ottoman parliament {{More citations needed section\|date\=April 2022}} [thumb\|Fire caused by the British bombardment in [Mudanya](/wiki/Mudanya "Mudanya") (6 July 1920\)](/wiki/File:Mudanya_July_1920_%281%29.jpg "Mudanya July 1920 (1).jpg") In December 1919, an [election was held for the Ottoman parliament](/wiki/1919_Ottoman_general_election "1919 Ottoman general election"), with polls only open in unoccupied Anatolia and Thrace. It was boycotted by Ottoman Greeks, [Ottoman Armenians](/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire "Armenians in the Ottoman Empire") and the [Freedom and Accord Party](/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party "Freedom and Accord Party"), resulting in groups associated with the [Turkish Nationalist Movement](/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement "Turkish National Movement") winning, including the A\-RMHC.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=253}}{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=138}} The Nationalists' obvious links to the CUP made the election especially polarizing and [voter intimidation](/wiki/Voter_intimidation "Voter intimidation") and [ballot box stuffing](/wiki/Ballot_box_stuffing "Ballot box stuffing") in favor of the Kemalists were regular occurrences in rural provinces.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=138}} This controversy led to many of the nationalist MPs organizing the [National Salvation Group](/wiki/Fel%C3%A2h-%C4%B1_Vatan "Felâh-ı Vatan") separate from Kemal's movement, which risked the nationalist movement splitting in two.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=168}} Mustafa Kemal was elected an MP from Erzurum, but he expected the Allies neither to accept the [Harbord report](/wiki/Harbord_Commission "Harbord Commission") nor to respect his parliamentary immunity if he went to the Ottoman capital, hence he remained in Anatolia. Mustafa Kemal and the Committee of Representation moved from Sivas to [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara "Ankara") so that he could keep in touch with as many deputies as possible as they traveled to Constantinople to attend the parliament. Though Ali Rıza Pasha called the election as per the Amasya Protocol to keep unity between the "[Istanbul government](/wiki/Istanbul_Government "Istanbul Government")" and "[Ankara government](/wiki/Ankara_government "Ankara government")", he was wrong to think the election could bring him any legitimacy. The Ottoman parliament was under the *de facto* control of the British battalion stationed at Constantinople and any decisions by the parliament had to have the signatures of both Ali Rıza Pasha and the battalion's commanding officer. The only laws that passed were those acceptable to, or specifically ordered by the British. On 12 January 1920, the last session of the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 "Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)") met in the capital. First the sultan's speech was presented, and then a telegram from Mustafa Kemal, manifesting the claim that the rightful government of Turkey was in Ankara in the name of the Committee of Representation. On 28 January the MPs from both sides of the isle secretly met to endorse the [National Pact](/wiki/National_Pact_%28Turkey%29 "National Pact (Turkey)") as a peace settlement.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=139}} They added to the points passed in Sivas, calling for plebiscites to be held in West Thrace; Batum, Kars, and Ardahan, and Arab lands on whether to stay in the Empire or not.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=141}} Proposals were also made to elect Kemal president of the Chamber;{{Clarify\|date\=January 2010}} however, this was deferred in the certain knowledge that the British would prorogue the Chamber. The Chamber of Deputies would be forcefully dissolved for passing the National Pact anyway. The National Pact solidified Nationalist interests, which were in conflict with the Allied plans. From February to April, leaders of Britain, France, and Italy [met in London](/wiki/Conference_of_London_%281920%29 "Conference of London (1920)") to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and the crisis in Anatolia. The British began to sense that the elected Ottoman government was under Kemalist influence and if left unchecked, the Entente could once again find themselves at war with the Empire. The Ottoman government was not doing all that it could to suppress the Nationalists. Mustafa Kemal manufactured a crisis to pressure the Istanbul government to pick a side by deploying Kuva\-yi Milliye [towards İzmit](/wiki/Ali_Galip_Olay%C4%B1%23Kuv%C3%A2-yi_Milliye%27nin_G%C3%BC%C3%A7lenmesi "Ali Galip Olayı#Kuvâ-yi Milliye'nin Güçlenmesi"). The British, concerned about the security of the [Bosporus Strait](/wiki/Bosporus "Bosporus"), demanded Ali Rıza Pasha to reassert control over the area, to which he responded with his resignation to the sultan.
[ "Organizational phase: May 1919 – March 1920\n-------------------------------------------", "{{Main articles\\|Turkish National Movement\\|Kuva\\-yi Milliye}}", "### Greek landing at Smyrna", "{{Main\\|Greek landing at Smyrna}}\n[thumb\\|Greek troops marching on [İzmir](/wiki/%C4%B0zmir \"İzmir\")'s coastal street, May 1919\\.](/wiki/File:Greek_army_Smyrne_1919.jpg \"Greek army Smyrne 1919.jpg\")\nMost historians mark the Greek landing at Smyrna on 15 May 1919 as the start date of the Turkish War of Independence as well as the start of the \"[Kuva\\-yi Milliye](/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye \"Kuva-yi Milliye\") Phase\". The occupation ceremony from the outset was tense from nationalist fervor, with Ottoman Greeks greeting the soldiers with an ecstatic welcome, and Ottoman Muslims protesting the landing. A miscommunication in Greek high command led to an [Evzone](/wiki/Evzones \"Evzones\") column marching by the municipal Turkish barracks. The nationalist journalist [Hasan Tahsin](/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin \"Hasan Tahsin\") fired the \"first bullet\"Mehmet Çavuş's fire against the French in Dörtyol was misknown until near past. But Hasan Tahsin's firing was the first bullet in Western Front. at the Greek standard bearer at the head of the troops, turning the city into a warzone. [Süleyman Fethi Bey](/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Fethi_Bey \"Süleyman Fethi Bey\") was murdered by bayonet for refusing to shout \"Zito [Venizelos](/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos \"Eleftherios Venizelos\")\" (meaning \"long live Venizelos\"), and 300–400 unarmed Turkish soldiers and civilians and 100 Greek soldiers and civilians were killed or wounded.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=217}}", "Greek troops moved from Smyrna outwards to towns on the [Karaburun](/wiki/Karaburun_Peninsula%2C_Turkey \"Karaburun Peninsula, Turkey\") peninsula; to [Selçuk](/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk \"Selçuk\"), situated a hundred kilometres south of the city at a key location that commands the fertile [Küçük Menderes River](/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Menderes_River \"Küçük Menderes River\") valley; and to [Menemen](/wiki/Menemen \"Menemen\") towards the north. [Guerilla warfare](/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare \"Guerrilla warfare\") commenced in the countryside, as Turks began to organize themselves into irregular guerilla groups known as [Kuva\\-yi Milliye](/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye \"Kuva-yi Milliye\") (national forces), which were soon joined by Ottoman soldiers, bandits, and disaffected farmers. Most Kuva\\-yi Milliye bands were led by rogue military commanders and members of the [Special Organization](/wiki/Special_Organization_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 \"Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)\"). The Greek troops based in cosmopolitan Smyrna soon found themselves conducting counterinsurgency operations in a hostile, dominantly Muslim hinterland. Groups of Ottoman Greeks also formed contingents that cooperated with the [Greek Army](/wiki/Army_of_Asia_Minor \"Army of Asia Minor\") to combat Kuva\\-yi Milliye within the zone of control. A [massacre of Turks at Menemen](/wiki/Menemen_massacre \"Menemen massacre\") was followed up with a [battle for the town of Aydın](/wiki/Battle_of_Ayd%C4%B1n \"Battle of Aydın\"), which saw intense intercommunal violence and the razing of the city. What was supposed to be a peacekeeping mission of Western Anatolia instead inflamed ethnic tensions and became a [counterinsurgency](/wiki/Counterinsurgency \"Counterinsurgency\").\n[thumb\\|[Sultanahmet demonstration](/wiki/Sultanahmet_demonstrations \"Sultanahmet demonstrations\"), 25 May 1919](/wiki/File:SultanahmetMitingi.jpg \"SultanahmetMitingi.jpg\")\nThe reaction of Greek landing at Smyrna and continued Allied seizures of land served to destabilize Turkish civil society. Ottoman bureaucrats, military, and [bourgeoisie](/wiki/Bourgeoisie \"Bourgeoisie\") trusted the Allies to bring peace, and thought the terms offered at Mudros were considerably more lenient than they actually were.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Fromkin \\|first\\=David \\|title\\=\\[\\[A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East]] \\|publisher\\=Macmillan \\|year\\=2009 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8050\\-8809\\-0 \\|pages\\=360–373 \\|author\\-link\\=David Fromkin}} Pushback was potent in the capital, with 23 May 1919 being largest of the [Sultanahmet Square demonstrations](/wiki/Sultanahmet_demonstrations \"Sultanahmet demonstrations\") organized by the [Turkish Hearths](/wiki/Turkish_Hearths \"Turkish Hearths\") against the Greek occupation of Smyrna, the largest act of [civil disobedience](/wiki/Civil_disobedience \"Civil disobedience\") in Turkish history at that point.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=223}} The Ottoman government condemned the landing, but could do little about it. Ferid Pasha tried to resign, but was urged by the sultan to stay in his office.", "### Organizing resistance", "Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his colleagues stepped ashore in [Samsun](/wiki/Samsun \"Samsun\") on 19 May and set up their first quarters in the Mıntıka Palace Hotel. British troops were present in Samsun,{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Jäschke\\|first\\=Gotthard\\|date\\=1975\\|title\\=Mustafa Kemal und England in Neuer Sicht\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1569959\\|journal\\=Die Welt des Islams\\|volume\\=16\\|issue\\=1/4\\|pages\\=185\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/1569959\\|jstor\\=1569959\\|issn\\=0043\\-2539\\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925074533/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1569959\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and he initially maintained cordial contact.Jäschke, Gotthard (1975\\), p.186 He had assured Damat Ferid about the army's loyalty towards the new government in Constantinople.Jäschke, Gotthard (1975\\), pp.186–187 However, behind the government's back, Kemal made the people of Samsun aware of the Greek and Italian landings, staged discreet mass meetings, made fast connections via telegraph with the army units in Anatolia, and began to form links with various Nationalist groups. He sent telegrams of protest to foreign embassies and the War Ministry about British reinforcements in the area and about British aid to Greek brigand gangs. After a week in Samsun, Kemal and his staff moved to [Havza](/wiki/Havza \"Havza\"). It was there that he first showed the flag of the resistance.Jäschke, Gotthard (1975\\), p.188", "[thumb\\|[Kuva\\-yi Milliye](/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye \"Kuva-yi Milliye\")](/wiki/File:Turkish_revolutionaries-Kuvva-i_Milliye.ogg \"Turkish revolutionaries-Kuvva-i Milliye.ogg\")", "Mustafa Kemal wrote in his memoir that he needed nationwide support to justify armed resistance against the Allied occupation. His credentials and the importance of his position were not enough to inspire everyone. While officially occupied with the disarming of the army, he met with various contacts in order to build his movement's momentum. He met with [Rauf Pasha](/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Rauf_Orbay \"Hüseyin Rauf Orbay\"), Karabekir Pasha, [Ali Fuat Pasha](/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy \"Ali Fuat Cebesoy\"), and [Refet Pasha](/wiki/Refet_Bele \"Refet Bele\") and issued the [Amasya Circular](/wiki/Amasya_Circular \"Amasya Circular\") (22 June 1919\\). Ottoman provincial authorities were notified via telegraph that the unity and independence of the nation was at risk, and that the government in Constantinople was compromised. To remedy this, a congress was to take place in Erzurum between delegates of the [Six Vilayets](/wiki/Six_vilayets \"Six vilayets\") to decide on a response, and another congress would take place in Sivas where every [Vilayet](/wiki/Vilayet \"Vilayet\") should send delegates.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=230}} Sympathy and an lack of coordination from the capital gave Mustafa Kemal freedom of movement and telegraph use despite his implied anti\\-government tone.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=230, 232}}", "On 23 June, High Commissioner Admiral Calthorpe, realising the significance of Mustafa Kemal's discreet activities in Anatolia, sent a report about the Pasha to the [Foreign Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign and Commonwealth Office\"). His remarks were downplayed by George Kidson of the Eastern Department. Captain Hurst of the British occupation force in Samsun warned Admiral Calthorpe one more time, but Hurst's units were replaced with the [Brigade of Gurkhas](/wiki/Brigade_of_Gurkhas \"Brigade of Gurkhas\").{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=234–235}} When the British landed in [Alexandretta](/wiki/Alexandretta \"Alexandretta\"), Admiral Calthorpe resigned on the basis that this was against the armistice that he had signed and was assigned to another position on 5 August 1919\\.Lord Kinross. (1999\\) *Atatürk: The Re\\-birth of a Nation*, chap. 16\\. The movement of British units alarmed the population of the region and convinced them that Mustafa Kemal was right.", "### Consolidation through congresses", "[thumb\\|Mustafa Kemal and his colleagues in [Erzurum](/wiki/Erzurum_Congress \"Erzurum Congress\"), 5 July 1919By](/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa%2C_Erzurum%2C_5_Temmuz_1919.png \"Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Erzurum, 5 Temmuz 1919.png\") early July, Mustafa Kemal Pasha received telegrams from the sultan and Calthorpe, asking him and Refet to cease his activities in Anatolia and return to the capital. Kemal was in [Erzincan](/wiki/Erzincan \"Erzincan\") and did not want to return to Constantinople, concerned that the foreign authorities might have designs for him beyond the sultan's plans. Before resigning from his position, he dispatched a circular to all nationalist organizations and military commanders to not disband or surrender unless for the latter if they could be replaced by cooperative nationalist commanders.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=235}} Now only a civilian stripped of his command, Mustafa Kemal was at the mercy of the new inspector of [Third Army](/wiki/Third_Army_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 \"Third Army (Ottoman Empire)\") (renamed from Ninth Army) Karabekir Pasha, indeed the War Ministry ordered him to arrest Kemal, an order which Karabekir refused.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=235}}", "The [Erzurum Congress](/wiki/Erzurum_Congress \"Erzurum Congress\") was a meeting of delegates and governors from the six Eastern Vilayets.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=238}} They drafted the [National Pact](/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE \"Misak-ı Millî\") (*Misak\\-ı Millî)*, which envisioned new borders for the Ottoman Empire by applying principles of [national self\\-determination](/wiki/Self-determination \"Self-determination\") per [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson \"Woodrow Wilson\")'s [Fourteen Points](/wiki/Fourteen_Points \"Fourteen Points\") and the abolition of [the capitulations](/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire \"Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire\").{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=239}} The Erzurum Congress concluded with a circular that was effectively a declaration of independence: All regions within Ottoman borders upon the signing of the Mudros Armistice were indivisible from the Ottoman state –Greek and Armenian claims on Thrace and Anatolia were moot– and assistance from any country not coveting Ottoman territory was welcome.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=240–241}} If the government in Constantinople was not able to attain this after electing a new parliament, they insisted a [provisional government](/wiki/Provisional_government \"Provisional government\") should be promulgated to defend Turkish sovereignty. The [Committee of Representation](/wiki/Committee_of_Representation \"Committee of Representation\") was established as a provisional executive body based in Anatolia, with Mustafa Kemal Pasha as its chairman.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=239}}[thumb\\|282x282px\\|Borders and plebiscites of the [National Pact](/wiki/National_Pact_%28Turkey%29 \"National Pact (Turkey)\") outlined in the [Erzurum Congress](/wiki/Erzurum_Congress \"Erzurum Congress\")Following](/wiki/File:Misak-i_milli.png \"Misak-i milli.png\") the congress, the Committee of Representation relocated to Sivas. As announced in the Amasya Circular, a new congress was held there in September with delegates from all Anatolian and Thracian provinces. The [Sivas Congress](/wiki/Sivas_Congress \"Sivas Congress\") repeated the points of the National Pact agreed to in Erzurum, and united the various regional [Defence of National Rights Associations](/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights \"Association for Defence of National Rights\") organizations, into a united political organisation: [Anatolia and Rumeli Defence of Rights Association](/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights \"Association for Defence of National Rights\") (A\\-RMHC), with Mustafa Kemal as its chairman. In an effort show his movement was in fact a new and unifying movement, the delegates had to swear an oath to discontinue their relations with the CUP and to never revive the party (despite most present in Sivas being previous members).{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=245}} It was also decided there that the Ottoman Empire should not be a League of Nations mandate under the United States, especially after the [U.S Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") failed to ratify American membership in the League.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=247–248}}", "Momentum was now on the Nationalists' side. A [plot](/wiki/Ali_Galip_Olay%C4%B1 \"Ali Galip Olayı\") by a [loyalist Ottoman governor](/wiki/Ali_Galip_%28Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_valisi%29 \"Ali Galip (Elazığ valisi)\") and a [British intelligence officer](/wiki/Edward_Noel_%28Indian_Army_officer%29 \"Edward Noel (Indian Army officer)\") to arrest Kemal before the Sivas Congress led to the cutting of all ties with the Ottoman government until a new election would be held in the lower house of parliament, the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 \"Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)\"). In October 1919, the last Ottoman governor loyal to Constantinople fled his province. Fearing the outbreak of hostilities, all British troops stationed in the Black Sea coast and [Kütahya](/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya \"Kütahya\") were evacuated. Damat Ferid Pasha resigned, and the sultan replaced him with a general with nationalist credentials: [Ali Rıza Pasha](/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha \"Ali Rıza Pasha\").{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=249–252}} On 16 October 1919, Ali Rıza and the Nationalists held negotiations in Amasya. They agreed in the [Amasya Protocol](/wiki/Amasya_Protocol \"Amasya Protocol\") that an election would be called for the Ottoman Parliament to establish national unity by upholding the resolutions made in the Sivas Congress, including the National Pact.", "By October 1919, the Ottoman government only held *de facto* control over Constantinople; the rest of the Ottoman Empire was loyal to Kemal's movement to resist a partition of Anatolia and Thrace. Within a few months Mustafa Kemal went from General Inspector of the Ninth Army to a renegade military commander discharged for insubordination to leading a homegrown anti\\-Entente movement that overthrew a government and driven it into resistance.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=255–256}}", "### Last Ottoman parliament", "{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=April 2022}}\n[thumb\\|Fire caused by the British bombardment in [Mudanya](/wiki/Mudanya \"Mudanya\") (6 July 1920\\)](/wiki/File:Mudanya_July_1920_%281%29.jpg \"Mudanya July 1920 (1).jpg\")\nIn December 1919, an [election was held for the Ottoman parliament](/wiki/1919_Ottoman_general_election \"1919 Ottoman general election\"), with polls only open in unoccupied Anatolia and Thrace. It was boycotted by Ottoman Greeks, [Ottoman Armenians](/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire \"Armenians in the Ottoman Empire\") and the [Freedom and Accord Party](/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party \"Freedom and Accord Party\"), resulting in groups associated with the [Turkish Nationalist Movement](/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement \"Turkish National Movement\") winning, including the A\\-RMHC.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=253}}{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=138}} The Nationalists' obvious links to the CUP made the election especially polarizing and [voter intimidation](/wiki/Voter_intimidation \"Voter intimidation\") and [ballot box stuffing](/wiki/Ballot_box_stuffing \"Ballot box stuffing\") in favor of the Kemalists were regular occurrences in rural provinces.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=138}} This controversy led to many of the nationalist MPs organizing the [National Salvation Group](/wiki/Fel%C3%A2h-%C4%B1_Vatan \"Felâh-ı Vatan\") separate from Kemal's movement, which risked the nationalist movement splitting in two.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=168}}", "Mustafa Kemal was elected an MP from Erzurum, but he expected the Allies neither to accept the [Harbord report](/wiki/Harbord_Commission \"Harbord Commission\") nor to respect his parliamentary immunity if he went to the Ottoman capital, hence he remained in Anatolia. Mustafa Kemal and the Committee of Representation moved from Sivas to [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara \"Ankara\") so that he could keep in touch with as many deputies as possible as they traveled to Constantinople to attend the parliament.", "Though Ali Rıza Pasha called the election as per the Amasya Protocol to keep unity between the \"[Istanbul government](/wiki/Istanbul_Government \"Istanbul Government\")\" and \"[Ankara government](/wiki/Ankara_government \"Ankara government\")\", he was wrong to think the election could bring him any legitimacy. The Ottoman parliament was under the *de facto* control of the British battalion stationed at Constantinople and any decisions by the parliament had to have the signatures of both Ali Rıza Pasha and the battalion's commanding officer. The only laws that passed were those acceptable to, or specifically ordered by the British.", "On 12 January 1920, the last session of the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 \"Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)\") met in the capital. First the sultan's speech was presented, and then a telegram from Mustafa Kemal, manifesting the claim that the rightful government of Turkey was in Ankara in the name of the Committee of Representation. On 28 January the MPs from both sides of the isle secretly met to endorse the [National Pact](/wiki/National_Pact_%28Turkey%29 \"National Pact (Turkey)\") as a peace settlement.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=139}} They added to the points passed in Sivas, calling for plebiscites to be held in West Thrace; Batum, Kars, and Ardahan, and Arab lands on whether to stay in the Empire or not.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=141}} Proposals were also made to elect Kemal president of the Chamber;{{Clarify\\|date\\=January 2010}} however, this was deferred in the certain knowledge that the British would prorogue the Chamber. The Chamber of Deputies would be forcefully dissolved for passing the National Pact anyway. The National Pact solidified Nationalist interests, which were in conflict with the Allied plans.", "From February to April, leaders of Britain, France, and Italy [met in London](/wiki/Conference_of_London_%281920%29 \"Conference of London (1920)\") to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and the crisis in Anatolia. The British began to sense that the elected Ottoman government was under Kemalist influence and if left unchecked, the Entente could once again find themselves at war with the Empire. The Ottoman government was not doing all that it could to suppress the Nationalists.", "Mustafa Kemal manufactured a crisis to pressure the Istanbul government to pick a side by deploying Kuva\\-yi Milliye [towards İzmit](/wiki/Ali_Galip_Olay%C4%B1%23Kuv%C3%A2-yi_Milliye%27nin_G%C3%BC%C3%A7lenmesi \"Ali Galip Olayı#Kuvâ-yi Milliye'nin Güçlenmesi\"). The British, concerned about the security of the [Bosporus Strait](/wiki/Bosporus \"Bosporus\"), demanded Ali Rıza Pasha to reassert control over the area, to which he responded with his resignation to the sultan.", "" ]
### Last Ottoman parliament {{More citations needed section\|date\=April 2022}} [thumb\|Fire caused by the British bombardment in [Mudanya](/wiki/Mudanya "Mudanya") (6 July 1920\)](/wiki/File:Mudanya_July_1920_%281%29.jpg "Mudanya July 1920 (1).jpg") In December 1919, an [election was held for the Ottoman parliament](/wiki/1919_Ottoman_general_election "1919 Ottoman general election"), with polls only open in unoccupied Anatolia and Thrace. It was boycotted by Ottoman Greeks, [Ottoman Armenians](/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire "Armenians in the Ottoman Empire") and the [Freedom and Accord Party](/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party "Freedom and Accord Party"), resulting in groups associated with the [Turkish Nationalist Movement](/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement "Turkish National Movement") winning, including the A\-RMHC.{{Sfn\|Mango\|2002\|p\=253}}{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=138}} The Nationalists' obvious links to the CUP made the election especially polarizing and [voter intimidation](/wiki/Voter_intimidation "Voter intimidation") and [ballot box stuffing](/wiki/Ballot_box_stuffing "Ballot box stuffing") in favor of the Kemalists were regular occurrences in rural provinces.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=138}} This controversy led to many of the nationalist MPs organizing the [National Salvation Group](/wiki/Fel%C3%A2h-%C4%B1_Vatan "Felâh-ı Vatan") separate from Kemal's movement, which risked the nationalist movement splitting in two.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=168}} Mustafa Kemal was elected an MP from Erzurum, but he expected the Allies neither to accept the [Harbord report](/wiki/Harbord_Commission "Harbord Commission") nor to respect his parliamentary immunity if he went to the Ottoman capital, hence he remained in Anatolia. Mustafa Kemal and the Committee of Representation moved from Sivas to [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara "Ankara") so that he could keep in touch with as many deputies as possible as they traveled to Constantinople to attend the parliament. Though Ali Rıza Pasha called the election as per the Amasya Protocol to keep unity between the "[Istanbul government](/wiki/Istanbul_Government "Istanbul Government")" and "[Ankara government](/wiki/Ankara_government "Ankara government")", he was wrong to think the election could bring him any legitimacy. The Ottoman parliament was under the *de facto* control of the British battalion stationed at Constantinople and any decisions by the parliament had to have the signatures of both Ali Rıza Pasha and the battalion's commanding officer. The only laws that passed were those acceptable to, or specifically ordered by the British. On 12 January 1920, the last session of the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 "Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)") met in the capital. First the sultan's speech was presented, and then a telegram from Mustafa Kemal, manifesting the claim that the rightful government of Turkey was in Ankara in the name of the Committee of Representation. On 28 January the MPs from both sides of the isle secretly met to endorse the [National Pact](/wiki/National_Pact_%28Turkey%29 "National Pact (Turkey)") as a peace settlement.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=139}} They added to the points passed in Sivas, calling for plebiscites to be held in West Thrace; Batum, Kars, and Ardahan, and Arab lands on whether to stay in the Empire or not.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=141}} Proposals were also made to elect Kemal president of the Chamber;{{Clarify\|date\=January 2010}} however, this was deferred in the certain knowledge that the British would prorogue the Chamber. The Chamber of Deputies would be forcefully dissolved for passing the National Pact anyway. The National Pact solidified Nationalist interests, which were in conflict with the Allied plans. From February to April, leaders of Britain, France, and Italy [met in London](/wiki/Conference_of_London_%281920%29 "Conference of London (1920)") to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and the crisis in Anatolia. The British began to sense that the elected Ottoman government was under Kemalist influence and if left unchecked, the Entente could once again find themselves at war with the Empire. The Ottoman government was not doing all that it could to suppress the Nationalists. Mustafa Kemal manufactured a crisis to pressure the Istanbul government to pick a side by deploying Kuva\-yi Milliye [towards İzmit](/wiki/Ali_Galip_Olay%C4%B1%23Kuv%C3%A2-yi_Milliye%27nin_G%C3%BC%C3%A7lenmesi "Ali Galip Olayı#Kuvâ-yi Milliye'nin Güçlenmesi"). The British, concerned about the security of the [Bosporus Strait](/wiki/Bosporus "Bosporus"), demanded Ali Rıza Pasha to reassert control over the area, to which he responded with his resignation to the sultan.
[ "### Last Ottoman parliament", "{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=April 2022}}\n[thumb\\|Fire caused by the British bombardment in [Mudanya](/wiki/Mudanya \"Mudanya\") (6 July 1920\\)](/wiki/File:Mudanya_July_1920_%281%29.jpg \"Mudanya July 1920 (1).jpg\")\nIn December 1919, an [election was held for the Ottoman parliament](/wiki/1919_Ottoman_general_election \"1919 Ottoman general election\"), with polls only open in unoccupied Anatolia and Thrace. It was boycotted by Ottoman Greeks, [Ottoman Armenians](/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire \"Armenians in the Ottoman Empire\") and the [Freedom and Accord Party](/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party \"Freedom and Accord Party\"), resulting in groups associated with the [Turkish Nationalist Movement](/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement \"Turkish National Movement\") winning, including the A\\-RMHC.{{Sfn\\|Mango\\|2002\\|p\\=253}}{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=138}} The Nationalists' obvious links to the CUP made the election especially polarizing and [voter intimidation](/wiki/Voter_intimidation \"Voter intimidation\") and [ballot box stuffing](/wiki/Ballot_box_stuffing \"Ballot box stuffing\") in favor of the Kemalists were regular occurrences in rural provinces.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=138}} This controversy led to many of the nationalist MPs organizing the [National Salvation Group](/wiki/Fel%C3%A2h-%C4%B1_Vatan \"Felâh-ı Vatan\") separate from Kemal's movement, which risked the nationalist movement splitting in two.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=168}}", "Mustafa Kemal was elected an MP from Erzurum, but he expected the Allies neither to accept the [Harbord report](/wiki/Harbord_Commission \"Harbord Commission\") nor to respect his parliamentary immunity if he went to the Ottoman capital, hence he remained in Anatolia. Mustafa Kemal and the Committee of Representation moved from Sivas to [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara \"Ankara\") so that he could keep in touch with as many deputies as possible as they traveled to Constantinople to attend the parliament.", "Though Ali Rıza Pasha called the election as per the Amasya Protocol to keep unity between the \"[Istanbul government](/wiki/Istanbul_Government \"Istanbul Government\")\" and \"[Ankara government](/wiki/Ankara_government \"Ankara government\")\", he was wrong to think the election could bring him any legitimacy. The Ottoman parliament was under the *de facto* control of the British battalion stationed at Constantinople and any decisions by the parliament had to have the signatures of both Ali Rıza Pasha and the battalion's commanding officer. The only laws that passed were those acceptable to, or specifically ordered by the British.", "On 12 January 1920, the last session of the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 \"Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)\") met in the capital. First the sultan's speech was presented, and then a telegram from Mustafa Kemal, manifesting the claim that the rightful government of Turkey was in Ankara in the name of the Committee of Representation. On 28 January the MPs from both sides of the isle secretly met to endorse the [National Pact](/wiki/National_Pact_%28Turkey%29 \"National Pact (Turkey)\") as a peace settlement.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=139}} They added to the points passed in Sivas, calling for plebiscites to be held in West Thrace; Batum, Kars, and Ardahan, and Arab lands on whether to stay in the Empire or not.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=141}} Proposals were also made to elect Kemal president of the Chamber;{{Clarify\\|date\\=January 2010}} however, this was deferred in the certain knowledge that the British would prorogue the Chamber. The Chamber of Deputies would be forcefully dissolved for passing the National Pact anyway. The National Pact solidified Nationalist interests, which were in conflict with the Allied plans.", "From February to April, leaders of Britain, France, and Italy [met in London](/wiki/Conference_of_London_%281920%29 \"Conference of London (1920)\") to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and the crisis in Anatolia. The British began to sense that the elected Ottoman government was under Kemalist influence and if left unchecked, the Entente could once again find themselves at war with the Empire. The Ottoman government was not doing all that it could to suppress the Nationalists.", "Mustafa Kemal manufactured a crisis to pressure the Istanbul government to pick a side by deploying Kuva\\-yi Milliye [towards İzmit](/wiki/Ali_Galip_Olay%C4%B1%23Kuv%C3%A2-yi_Milliye%27nin_G%C3%BC%C3%A7lenmesi \"Ali Galip Olayı#Kuvâ-yi Milliye'nin Güçlenmesi\"). The British, concerned about the security of the [Bosporus Strait](/wiki/Bosporus \"Bosporus\"), demanded Ali Rıza Pasha to reassert control over the area, to which he responded with his resignation to the sultan.", "" ]
Jurisdictional conflict: March 1920 – January 1921 -------------------------------------------------- {{More citations needed section\|date\=December 2021}} ### Decapitation of the Istanbul government {{Main articles\|Occupation of Istanbul}} [thumb\|British occupation troops marching in Istanbul's Pera ([Beyoğlu](/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu "Beyoğlu")) quarter](/wiki/File:British_occupation_troops_marching_in_Beyoglu.jpg "British occupation troops marching in Beyoglu.jpg") As they were negotiating the [partition of the Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire "Partition of the Ottoman Empire"), the Allies were growing increasingly concerned about the Turkish National Movement. To this end, the Allied occupational authorities in Istanbul began to plan a raid to arrest nationalist politicians and journalists along with occupying military and police installations and government buildings. On 16 March 1920, the coup was carried out; several [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") warships were anchored in the [Galata Bridge](/wiki/Galata_Bridge "Galata Bridge") to support British forces, including the [Indian Army](/wiki/British_Indian_Army "British Indian Army"), while they carried out the arrests and occupied several government buildings in the early hours of the morning.{{Cite book\|first\=Sina\|last\=Aksin\|title\=Turkey, from Empire to Revolutionary Republic: The Emergence of the Turkish Nation from 1789 to Present\|publisher\=\[\[New York University Press]]\|year\=2007\|isbn\=978\-0\-8147\-0722\-7}} An Indian Army operation, the [Şehzadebaşı raid](/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1_raid "Şehzadebaşı raid"), resulted in 5 Ottoman soldiers from the [10th Infantry Division](/wiki/10th_Infantry_Division_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 "10th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)") being killed when troops raided their barracks. Among those arrested were the senior leadership of the Turkish National Movement and former members of the CUP. 150 arrested Turkish politicians accused of [war crimes](/wiki/War_crime "War crime") were interned in Malta and became known as the [Malta exiles](/wiki/Malta_exiles "Malta exiles"). Mustafa Kemal was ready for this move. He warned all the Nationalist organisations that there would be misleading declarations from the capital. He warned that the only way to counter Allied movements was to organise protests. He declared "Today the Turkish nation is called to defend its capacity for civilization, its right to life and independence{{spaced ndash}}its entire future". On 18 March, the Chamber of Deputies declared that it was unacceptable to arrest five of its members, and dissolved itself. Mehmed VI confirmed this and declared the end of [Constitutional Monarchy](/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era "Second Constitutional Era") and a return to absolutism. University students were forbidden from joining political associations inside and outside the classroom.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=156}} With the lower elected Chamber of Deputies shuttered, the [Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire "Constitution of the Ottoman Empire") terminated, and the capital occupied; Sultan Vahdettin, his cabinet, and the appointed [Senate](/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire "Senate of the Ottoman Empire") were all that remained of the Ottoman government, and were basically a puppet regime of the Allied powers. Grand Vizier [Salih Hulusi Pasha](/wiki/Salih_Hulusi_Pasha "Salih Hulusi Pasha") declared Mustafa Kemal's struggle legitimate, and resigned after less than a month in office. In his place, Damat Ferid Pasha returned to the premiership. The [Sublime Porte](/wiki/Sublime_Porte "Sublime Porte")'s decapitation by the Entente allowed Mustafa Kemal to consolidate his position as the sole leader of Turkish resistance against the Allies, and to that end made him the legitimate representative of the Turkish people. ### Promulgation of the Grand National Assembly {{Main\|Government of the Grand National Assembly}} {{See also\|Grand National Assembly of Turkey}} [thumb\|Opening of the [Grand National Assembly](/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey "Grand National Assembly of Turkey")](/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly%2C_23_April_1920.jpg "Opening of the Grand National Assembly, 23 April 1920.jpg") The strong measures taken against the Nationalists by the Allies in March 1920 began a distinct new phase of the conflict. Mustafa Kemal sent a note to the governors and force commanders, asking them to [conduct elections](/wiki/1920_Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly_election "1920 Turkish Grand National Assembly election") to provide delegates for a new parliament to represent the Ottoman (Turkish) people, which would convene in Ankara. With the proclamation of the counter\-government, Kemal would then ask the sultan to accept its authority.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=169}} Mustafa Kemal appealed to the [Islamic world](/wiki/Islamic_world "Islamic world"), asking for help to make sure that everyone knew he was still fighting in the name of the sultan who was also the caliph. He stated he wanted to free the caliph from the Allies. He found an ally in the [Khilafat movement](/wiki/Khilafat_Movement "Khilafat Movement") of [British India](/wiki/British_India "British India"), where Indians protested Britain's planned dismemberment of Turkey.{{cite book \|last1\=Hutchinson \|first1\=J. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NN0m\_c8p6fgC\&pg\=PA926 \|title\=Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science \|last2\=Smith \|first2\=A.D. \|publisher\=Routledge \|year\=2000 \|isbn\=978\-0\-415\-20112\-4 \|page\=926 \|quote\=Khilafat movement which was primarily designed to prevent the allied dismemberment of Turkey after World War One. \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-09 \|issue\=v. 3}}{{cite book \|last1\=Ali \|first1\=A. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ABvzDwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA273 \|title\=IAS Mains Paper 1 Indian Heritage \& Culture History \& Geography of the world \& Society 2020 \|last2\=Sahni \|first2\=J. \|last3\=Sharma \|first3\=M. \|last4\=Sharma \|first4\=P. \|last5\=Goel \|first5\=P. \|publisher\=Arihant Publications India limited \|year\=2019 \|isbn\=978\-93\-241\-9210\-3 \|page\=273}}{{cite book \|last\=Vipul \|first\=S. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=RX4OiM0MGZUC\&pg\=PA88 \|title\=Longman History \& Civics Icse 10 \|publisher\=Pearson Education \|year\=2009 \|isbn\=978\-81\-317\-2042\-4 \|page\=88}} A committee was also started for sending funds to help the soon to be proclaimed Ankara government of Mustafa Kemal.{{cite book \|last\=Minault \|first\=G. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=gAW8GreFqjkC\&pg\=PA137 \|title\=The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India \|publisher\=Columbia University Press \|year\=1982 \|isbn\=978\-0\-231\-51539\-9 \|page\=137 \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-10}} A flood of supporters moved to Ankara just ahead of the Allied dragnets. Included among them were [Halide Edip](/wiki/Halide_Edib_Ad%C4%B1var "Halide Edib Adıvar") and [Abdülhak Adnan (Adıvar)](/wiki/Adnan_Ad%C4%B1var "Adnan Adıvar"), [Mustafa İsmet Pasha (İnönü)](/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC "İsmet İnönü"), [Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak)](/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak "Fevzi Çakmak"),[Macfie, A.L.](/wiki/A._L._Macfie "A. L. Macfie") (2014\). *Atatürk*. p.94 many of Kemal's allies in the Ministry of War, and [Celalettin Arif](/wiki/Celalettin_Arif "Celalettin Arif"), the president of the now shuttered Chamber of Deputies. Celaleddin Arif's desertion of the capital was of great significance, as he declared that the Ottoman Parliament had been dissolved illegally. [thumb\|Zones of control held by the [Ankara government](/wiki/Ankara_government "Ankara government") and the Allies. Istanbul contemptuously referred to anyone who supported the nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kemal as "*Kemalî*s" or "*Kemalci*s". *Kemalî* was used pejoratively as a reference to the [Celalî rebels](/wiki/Celali_rebellions "Celali rebellions"). The foreign press used the term "Kemalists" interchangeably with the word "nationalists" to denote the Ankara\-based movement and its armed strength.](/wiki/File:The_Angora_Government_and_its_Claims.jpg "The Angora Government and its Claims.jpg") Some 100 members of the Chamber of Deputies were able to escape the Allied roundup and joined 190 deputies elected. In March 1920, Turkish revolutionaries announced the establishment of a new parliament in Ankara known as the [Grand National Assembly of Turkey](/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey "Grand National Assembly of Turkey") (GNA) that was dominated by the A\-RMHC.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2021}} The [parliament](/wiki/Meclis-i_Meb%C3%BBsan_6._d%C3%B6nem_mebuslar%C4%B1_listesi "Meclis-i Mebûsan 6. dönem mebusları listesi") included Turks, Circassians, Kurds, and one Jew. They met in a [building](/wiki/War_of_Independence_Museum "War of Independence Museum") that used to serve as the provincial headquarters of the local CUP chapter.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=169}} The inclusion of "Turkey" in its name reflected a increasing trend of new ways Ottoman citizens thought of their country, and was the first time it was formally used as the name of the country.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=169}} On 23 April, the assembly, assuming full governmental powers, gathered for the first time, electing Mustafa Kemal its first [Speaker](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly "Speaker of the Grand National Assembly") and [Prime Minister](/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers%23Prime_Minister_of_the_Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly_%281920%E2%80%931923%29 "List of Ottoman grand viziers#Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly (1920–1923)").{{Cite book\|last1\=Heper\|first1\=Metin\|title\=The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey\|last2\=Sayari\|first2\=Sabri\|date\=7 May 2013\|publisher\=Routledge\|isbn\=978\-1\-136\-30964\-9\|pages\=41\|language\=en}} Hoping to undermine the Nationalist Movement, Mehmed VI issued a [fatwa](/wiki/Fatwa "Fatwa") to qualify the Turkish revolutionaries as [infidels](/wiki/Infidel "Infidel"), calling for the death of its leaders.{{cite book\|last1\=Ardic\|first1\=Nurullah\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZAXNxxkJKYsC\&q\=fatwa\+of\+ankara\&pg\=PA251\|title\=Islam and the Politics of Secularism\|date\=21 August 2012\|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=9781136489846\|access\-date\=21 August 2014\|archive\-date\=15 January 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124338/https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZAXNxxkJKYsC\&q\=fatwa\+of\+ankara\&pg\=PA251\|url\-status\=live}} The fatwa stated that true believers should not go along with the Nationalist Movement as they committed [apostasy](/wiki/Apostasy "Apostasy"). The [mufti](/wiki/Mufti "Mufti") of Ankara [Rifat Börekçi](/wiki/Mehmet_Rifat_B%C3%B6rek%C3%A7i "Mehmet Rifat Börekçi") issued a simultaneous fatwa, declaring that the caliphate was under the control of the [Entente](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I "Allies of World War I") and the [Ferid Pasha](/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha "Damat Ferid Pasha") government.{{cite book\|last1\=Vahide\|first1\=Sukran\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=fdX\-iggjrxwC\&q\=fatwa\+of\+ankara\&pg\=PA140\|title\=Islam in Modern Turkey\|date\=2012\|publisher\=SUNY Press\|isbn\=9780791482971\|pages\=140\|access\-date\=21 August 2014\|archive\-date\=15 January 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124343/https://books.google.com/books?id\=fdX\-iggjrxwC\&q\=fatwa\+of\+ankara\&pg\=PA140\|url\-status\=live}} In this text, the Nationalist Movement's goal was stated as freeing the sultanate and the caliphate from its enemies. In reaction to the desertion of several prominent figures to the Nationalist Movement, Ferid Pasha ordered Halide Edip, [Ali Fuat](/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy "Ali Fuat Cebesoy") and Mustafa Kemal to be sentenced to death in absentia for treason.{{Cite book\|last\=Macfie\|first\=A.L.\|title\=Atatürk\|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]]\|year\=2014\|isbn\=978\-1\-138\-83\-647\-1\|pages\=97\|author\-link\=A. L. Macfie}} ### Clashes in İzmit {{More citations needed section\|date\=February 2023}} {{Main\|Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence\|Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur\|Kuva\-yi Inzibatiye}} [thumb\|right\|A British officer inspecting Greek troops and trenches in Anatolia](/wiki/File:British_officer_inspecting_Greek_troops_%28Anatolia_1919-1922%29.jpg "British officer inspecting Greek troops (Anatolia 1919-1922).jpg") The Istanbul government finally found an ally outside of the city walls in [Ahmet Anzavur](/wiki/Anzavur_Ahmed_Pasha "Anzavur Ahmed Pasha"). Throughout late 1919 and early 1920 the warlord recruited fellow Circassian bandits, decrying Kemal's nationalists as 'wicked Unionists and freemasons'.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=155}} On 28 April the sultan raised 4,000 soldiers known as the [Kuva\-yi İnzibatiye](/wiki/Kuva-i_Inzibatiye "Kuva-i Inzibatiye") (Caliphate Army) to combat the Nationalists. Then using money from the Allies, another force about 2,000 strong from non\-Muslim inhabitants were initially deployed in [İznik](/wiki/Iznik "Iznik"). The sultan's government sent the forces under the name of the Caliphate Army to the revolutionaries to arouse counterrevolutionary sympathy.George F. Nafziger, *Islam at War: A History*, p. 132\. The British, being skeptical of how formidable these insurgents were, decided to use irregular power to counteract the revolutionaries. The Nationalist forces were distributed all around Turkey, so many smaller units were dispatched to face them. In İzmit there were two battalions of the British army. These units were to be used to rout the partisans under the command of Ali Fuat and Refet Pasha. [thumb\|right\|Execution of a Kemalist by the British forces in Izmit (1920\)](/wiki/File:Execution_of_a_Kemalist_Turk_in_Izmit_1920.jpg "Execution of a Kemalist Turk in Izmit 1920.jpg") Anatolia had many competing forces on its soil: British troops, Nationalist militia (Kuva\-yi Milliye), the sultan's army (Kuva\-yi İnzibatiye), and Anzavur's bands. On 13 April 1920, an uprising supported by Anzavur against the GNA [occurred at Düzce](/wiki/First_conflict_occurred_at_D%C3%BCzce "First conflict occurred at Düzce") as a direct consequence of the fatwa. Within days the rebellion spread to [Bolu](/wiki/Bolu "Bolu") and [Gerede](/wiki/Gerede "Gerede"). The movement engulfed northwestern Anatolia for about a month. On 14 June, Nationalist militia fought a pitched battle near İzmit against the Kuva\-yi İnzibatiye, Anzavur's bands, and British units. Yet under heavy attack some of the Kuva\-yi İnzibatiye deserted and joined the Nationalist militia. Anzavur was not so lucky, as the Nationalists tasked [Ethem the Circassian](/wiki/Ethem_the_Circassian "Ethem the Circassian") with crushing Anzavur's revolt. This revealed the sultan did not have the unwavering support of his own men and allies. Meanwhile, the rest of these forces withdrew behind the British lines which held their position. For now, Istanbul was out of Ankara's grasp. The clash outside İzmit brought serious consequences. British forces conducted combat operations on the Nationalists and the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force") carried out aerial bombardments against the positions, which forced Nationalist forces to temporarily retreat to more secure missions. The British commander in Turkey, General [George Milne](/wiki/George_Milne%2C_1st_Baron_Milne "George Milne, 1st Baron Milne")—, asked for reinforcements. This led to a study to determine what would be required to defeat the Turkish Nationalists. The report, signed by French Field Marshal [Ferdinand Foch](/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch "Ferdinand Foch"), concluded that 27 divisions were necessary, but the British army did not have 27 divisions to spare. Also, a deployment of this size could have disastrous political consequences back home. World War I had just ended, and the British public would not support another lengthy and costly expedition. The British accepted the fact that a nationalist movement could not be defeated without deployment of consistent and well\-trained forces. On 25 June, the forces originating from Kuva\-i İnzibatiye were dismantled under British supervision. The British realised that the best option to overcome these Turkish Nationalists was to use a force that was battle\-tested and fierce enough to fight the Turks on their own soil. The British had to look no further than Turkey's neighbor already occupying its territory: Greece. ### Treaty of Sèvres {{More citations needed section\|date\=December 2021}} {{Main\|Treaty of Sèvres}} [thumb\|275x275px\|Borders (spheres of influence not shown) of the Ottoman Empire according to the unratified [Treaty of Sèvres](/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres "Treaty of Sèvres") (1920\) which was annulled and replaced by the [Treaty of Lausanne](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne "Treaty of Lausanne") in 1923](/wiki/File:SevresTreaty.png "SevresTreaty.png") Eleftherios Venizelos, pessimistic of the rapidly deteriorating situation in Anatolia, requested to the Allies that a peace treaty be drawn up with the hope that fighting would stop. The subsequent treaty of Sèvres in August 1920 confirmed the Arab [provinces](/wiki/Vilayet "Vilayet") of the empire would be reorganized into new nations given to Britain and France in the form of [Mandates](/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate "League of Nations mandate") by the [League of Nations](/wiki/League_of_Nations "League of Nations"), while the rest of the Empire would be partitioned between Greece, Italy, [France (via Syrian mandate)](/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon "Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon"), [Britain (via Iraqi mandate)](/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq "Mandatory Iraq"), [Armenia (potentially under an American mandate)](/wiki/Wilsonian_Armenia "Wilsonian Armenia"), and [Georgia](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia "Democratic Republic of Georgia"). Smyrna would hold a plebiscite on whether to stay with Greece or Turkey, and the Kurdistan region would hold one on the question of independence. British, French, and Italian [spheres of influence](/wiki/Sphere_of_influence "Sphere of influence") would also extend into Anatolia beyond the land concessions. The old capital of Constantinople as well as the Dardanelles would be under international League of Nations control. However, the treaty could never come into effect. The treaty was extremely unpopular, with protests against the final document held even before its release in Sultanahmet square. Though Mehmed VI and Ferid Pasha loathed the treaty, they did not want Istanbul to join Ankara in nationalist struggle.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=213}} The Ottoman government and Greece never ratified it. Though Ferid Pasha signed the treaty, the Ottoman Senate, the upper house with seats appointed by the sultan, refused to ratify the treaty. Greece disagreed on the borders drawn. The other allies began to fracture their support of the settlement immediately. Italy started openly supporting the Nationalists with arms by the end of 1920, and the French signed another [separate peace treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_%281921%29 "Treaty of Ankara (1921)") with Ankara only months later. Kemal's GNA Government responded to the Treaty of Sèvres by promulgating [a new constitution in January 1921](/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1921 "Turkish Constitution of 1921"). The resulting constitution consecrated the principle of popular sovereignty; authority not deriving from the unelected sultan, but from the Turkish people who elect governments representative of their interests. This document became the legal basis for the war of independence by the GNA, as the sultan's signature of the Treaty of Sèvres would be unconstitutional as his position was not elected. While the constitution did not specify a future role of the sultan, the document gave Kemal ever more legitimacy in the eyes of Turks for justified resistance against Istanbul.
[ "Jurisdictional conflict: March 1920 – January 1921\n--------------------------------------------------", "{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=December 2021}}", "### Decapitation of the Istanbul government", "{{Main articles\\|Occupation of Istanbul}}", "[thumb\\|British occupation troops marching in Istanbul's Pera ([Beyoğlu](/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu \"Beyoğlu\")) quarter](/wiki/File:British_occupation_troops_marching_in_Beyoglu.jpg \"British occupation troops marching in Beyoglu.jpg\")\nAs they were negotiating the [partition of the Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire \"Partition of the Ottoman Empire\"), the Allies were growing increasingly concerned about the Turkish National Movement. To this end, the Allied occupational authorities in Istanbul began to plan a raid to arrest nationalist politicians and journalists along with occupying military and police installations and government buildings. On 16 March 1920, the coup was carried out; several [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") warships were anchored in the [Galata Bridge](/wiki/Galata_Bridge \"Galata Bridge\") to support British forces, including the [Indian Army](/wiki/British_Indian_Army \"British Indian Army\"), while they carried out the arrests and occupied several government buildings in the early hours of the morning.{{Cite book\\|first\\=Sina\\|last\\=Aksin\\|title\\=Turkey, from Empire to Revolutionary Republic: The Emergence of the Turkish Nation from 1789 to Present\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York University Press]]\\|year\\=2007\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8147\\-0722\\-7}}", "An Indian Army operation, the [Şehzadebaşı raid](/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1_raid \"Şehzadebaşı raid\"), resulted in 5 Ottoman soldiers from the [10th Infantry Division](/wiki/10th_Infantry_Division_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 \"10th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)\") being killed when troops raided their barracks. Among those arrested were the senior leadership of the Turkish National Movement and former members of the CUP. 150 arrested Turkish politicians accused of [war crimes](/wiki/War_crime \"War crime\") were interned in Malta and became known as the [Malta exiles](/wiki/Malta_exiles \"Malta exiles\").", "Mustafa Kemal was ready for this move. He warned all the Nationalist organisations that there would be misleading declarations from the capital. He warned that the only way to counter Allied movements was to organise protests. He declared \"Today the Turkish nation is called to defend its capacity for civilization, its right to life and independence{{spaced ndash}}its entire future\".", "On 18 March, the Chamber of Deputies declared that it was unacceptable to arrest five of its members, and dissolved itself. Mehmed VI confirmed this and declared the end of [Constitutional Monarchy](/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era \"Second Constitutional Era\") and a return to absolutism. University students were forbidden from joining political associations inside and outside the classroom.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=156}} With the lower elected Chamber of Deputies shuttered, the [Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire \"Constitution of the Ottoman Empire\") terminated, and the capital occupied; Sultan Vahdettin, his cabinet, and the appointed [Senate](/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire \"Senate of the Ottoman Empire\") were all that remained of the Ottoman government, and were basically a puppet regime of the Allied powers. Grand Vizier [Salih Hulusi Pasha](/wiki/Salih_Hulusi_Pasha \"Salih Hulusi Pasha\") declared Mustafa Kemal's struggle legitimate, and resigned after less than a month in office. In his place, Damat Ferid Pasha returned to the premiership. The [Sublime Porte](/wiki/Sublime_Porte \"Sublime Porte\")'s decapitation by the Entente allowed Mustafa Kemal to consolidate his position as the sole leader of Turkish resistance against the Allies, and to that end made him the legitimate representative of the Turkish people.", "### Promulgation of the Grand National Assembly", "{{Main\\|Government of the Grand National Assembly}}", "{{See also\\|Grand National Assembly of Turkey}}\n[thumb\\|Opening of the [Grand National Assembly](/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey \"Grand National Assembly of Turkey\")](/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly%2C_23_April_1920.jpg \"Opening of the Grand National Assembly, 23 April 1920.jpg\")\nThe strong measures taken against the Nationalists by the Allies in March 1920 began a distinct new phase of the conflict. Mustafa Kemal sent a note to the governors and force commanders, asking them to [conduct elections](/wiki/1920_Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly_election \"1920 Turkish Grand National Assembly election\") to provide delegates for a new parliament to represent the Ottoman (Turkish) people, which would convene in Ankara. With the proclamation of the counter\\-government, Kemal would then ask the sultan to accept its authority.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=169}} Mustafa Kemal appealed to the [Islamic world](/wiki/Islamic_world \"Islamic world\"), asking for help to make sure that everyone knew he was still fighting in the name of the sultan who was also the caliph. He stated he wanted to free the caliph from the Allies. He found an ally in the [Khilafat movement](/wiki/Khilafat_Movement \"Khilafat Movement\") of [British India](/wiki/British_India \"British India\"), where Indians protested Britain's planned dismemberment of Turkey.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Hutchinson \\|first1\\=J. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NN0m\\_c8p6fgC\\&pg\\=PA926 \\|title\\=Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science \\|last2\\=Smith \\|first2\\=A.D. \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|year\\=2000 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-415\\-20112\\-4 \\|page\\=926 \\|quote\\=Khilafat movement which was primarily designed to prevent the allied dismemberment of Turkey after World War One. \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-09 \\|issue\\=v. 3}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Ali \\|first1\\=A. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ABvzDwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA273 \\|title\\=IAS Mains Paper 1 Indian Heritage \\& Culture History \\& Geography of the world \\& Society 2020 \\|last2\\=Sahni \\|first2\\=J. \\|last3\\=Sharma \\|first3\\=M. \\|last4\\=Sharma \\|first4\\=P. \\|last5\\=Goel \\|first5\\=P. \\|publisher\\=Arihant Publications India limited \\|year\\=2019 \\|isbn\\=978\\-93\\-241\\-9210\\-3 \\|page\\=273}}{{cite book \\|last\\=Vipul \\|first\\=S. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=RX4OiM0MGZUC\\&pg\\=PA88 \\|title\\=Longman History \\& Civics Icse 10 \\|publisher\\=Pearson Education \\|year\\=2009 \\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-317\\-2042\\-4 \\|page\\=88}} A committee was also started for sending funds to help the soon to be proclaimed Ankara government of Mustafa Kemal.{{cite book \\|last\\=Minault \\|first\\=G. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gAW8GreFqjkC\\&pg\\=PA137 \\|title\\=The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India \\|publisher\\=Columbia University Press \\|year\\=1982 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-231\\-51539\\-9 \\|page\\=137 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-10}}\nA flood of supporters moved to Ankara just ahead of the Allied dragnets. Included among them were [Halide Edip](/wiki/Halide_Edib_Ad%C4%B1var \"Halide Edib Adıvar\") and [Abdülhak Adnan (Adıvar)](/wiki/Adnan_Ad%C4%B1var \"Adnan Adıvar\"), [Mustafa İsmet Pasha (İnönü)](/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC \"İsmet İnönü\"), [Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak)](/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak \"Fevzi Çakmak\"),[Macfie, A.L.](/wiki/A._L._Macfie \"A. L. Macfie\") (2014\\). *Atatürk*. p.94 many of Kemal's allies in the Ministry of War, and [Celalettin Arif](/wiki/Celalettin_Arif \"Celalettin Arif\"), the president of the now shuttered Chamber of Deputies. Celaleddin Arif's desertion of the capital was of great significance, as he declared that the Ottoman Parliament had been dissolved illegally.", "[thumb\\|Zones of control held by the [Ankara government](/wiki/Ankara_government \"Ankara government\") and the Allies. Istanbul contemptuously referred to anyone who supported the nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kemal as \"*Kemalî*s\" or \"*Kemalci*s\". *Kemalî* was used pejoratively as a reference to the [Celalî rebels](/wiki/Celali_rebellions \"Celali rebellions\"). The foreign press used the term \"Kemalists\" interchangeably with the word \"nationalists\" to denote the Ankara\\-based movement and its armed strength.](/wiki/File:The_Angora_Government_and_its_Claims.jpg \"The Angora Government and its Claims.jpg\")", "Some 100 members of the Chamber of Deputies were able to escape the Allied roundup and joined 190 deputies elected. In March 1920, Turkish revolutionaries announced the establishment of a new parliament in Ankara known as the [Grand National Assembly of Turkey](/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey \"Grand National Assembly of Turkey\") (GNA) that was dominated by the A\\-RMHC.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2021}} The [parliament](/wiki/Meclis-i_Meb%C3%BBsan_6._d%C3%B6nem_mebuslar%C4%B1_listesi \"Meclis-i Mebûsan 6. dönem mebusları listesi\") included Turks, Circassians, Kurds, and one Jew. They met in a [building](/wiki/War_of_Independence_Museum \"War of Independence Museum\") that used to serve as the provincial headquarters of the local CUP chapter.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=169}} The inclusion of \"Turkey\" in its name reflected a increasing trend of new ways Ottoman citizens thought of their country, and was the first time it was formally used as the name of the country.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=169}} On 23 April, the assembly, assuming full governmental powers, gathered for the first time, electing Mustafa Kemal its first [Speaker](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly \"Speaker of the Grand National Assembly\") and [Prime Minister](/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers%23Prime_Minister_of_the_Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly_%281920%E2%80%931923%29 \"List of Ottoman grand viziers#Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly (1920–1923)\").{{Cite book\\|last1\\=Heper\\|first1\\=Metin\\|title\\=The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey\\|last2\\=Sayari\\|first2\\=Sabri\\|date\\=7 May 2013\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-136\\-30964\\-9\\|pages\\=41\\|language\\=en}}", "Hoping to undermine the Nationalist Movement, Mehmed VI issued a [fatwa](/wiki/Fatwa \"Fatwa\") to qualify the Turkish revolutionaries as [infidels](/wiki/Infidel \"Infidel\"), calling for the death of its leaders.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Ardic\\|first1\\=Nurullah\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZAXNxxkJKYsC\\&q\\=fatwa\\+of\\+ankara\\&pg\\=PA251\\|title\\=Islam and the Politics of Secularism\\|date\\=21 August 2012\\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=9781136489846\\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124338/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZAXNxxkJKYsC\\&q\\=fatwa\\+of\\+ankara\\&pg\\=PA251\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The fatwa stated that true believers should not go along with the Nationalist Movement as they committed [apostasy](/wiki/Apostasy \"Apostasy\"). The [mufti](/wiki/Mufti \"Mufti\") of Ankara [Rifat Börekçi](/wiki/Mehmet_Rifat_B%C3%B6rek%C3%A7i \"Mehmet Rifat Börekçi\") issued a simultaneous fatwa, declaring that the caliphate was under the control of the [Entente](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I \"Allies of World War I\") and the [Ferid Pasha](/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha \"Damat Ferid Pasha\") government.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Vahide\\|first1\\=Sukran\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fdX\\-iggjrxwC\\&q\\=fatwa\\+of\\+ankara\\&pg\\=PA140\\|title\\=Islam in Modern Turkey\\|date\\=2012\\|publisher\\=SUNY Press\\|isbn\\=9780791482971\\|pages\\=140\\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124343/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fdX\\-iggjrxwC\\&q\\=fatwa\\+of\\+ankara\\&pg\\=PA140\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In this text, the Nationalist Movement's goal was stated as freeing the sultanate and the caliphate from its enemies. In reaction to the desertion of several prominent figures to the Nationalist Movement, Ferid Pasha ordered Halide Edip, [Ali Fuat](/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy \"Ali Fuat Cebesoy\") and Mustafa Kemal to be sentenced to death in absentia for treason.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Macfie\\|first\\=A.L.\\|title\\=Atatürk\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]]\\|year\\=2014\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-138\\-83\\-647\\-1\\|pages\\=97\\|author\\-link\\=A. L. Macfie}}", "### Clashes in İzmit", "{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=February 2023}}\n{{Main\\|Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence\\|Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur\\|Kuva\\-yi Inzibatiye}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|A British officer inspecting Greek troops and trenches in Anatolia](/wiki/File:British_officer_inspecting_Greek_troops_%28Anatolia_1919-1922%29.jpg \"British officer inspecting Greek troops (Anatolia 1919-1922).jpg\")\nThe Istanbul government finally found an ally outside of the city walls in [Ahmet Anzavur](/wiki/Anzavur_Ahmed_Pasha \"Anzavur Ahmed Pasha\"). Throughout late 1919 and early 1920 the warlord recruited fellow Circassian bandits, decrying Kemal's nationalists as 'wicked Unionists and freemasons'.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=155}}", "On 28 April the sultan raised 4,000 soldiers known as the [Kuva\\-yi İnzibatiye](/wiki/Kuva-i_Inzibatiye \"Kuva-i Inzibatiye\") (Caliphate Army) to combat the Nationalists. Then using money from the Allies, another force about 2,000 strong from non\\-Muslim inhabitants were initially deployed in [İznik](/wiki/Iznik \"Iznik\"). The sultan's government sent the forces under the name of the Caliphate Army to the revolutionaries to arouse counterrevolutionary sympathy.George F. Nafziger, *Islam at War: A History*, p. 132\\. The British, being skeptical of how formidable these insurgents were, decided to use irregular power to counteract the revolutionaries. The Nationalist forces were distributed all around Turkey, so many smaller units were dispatched to face them. In İzmit there were two battalions of the British army. These units were to be used to rout the partisans under the command of Ali Fuat and Refet Pasha.\n[thumb\\|right\\|Execution of a Kemalist by the British forces in Izmit (1920\\)](/wiki/File:Execution_of_a_Kemalist_Turk_in_Izmit_1920.jpg \"Execution of a Kemalist Turk in Izmit 1920.jpg\")", "Anatolia had many competing forces on its soil: British troops, Nationalist militia (Kuva\\-yi Milliye), the sultan's army (Kuva\\-yi İnzibatiye), and Anzavur's bands. On 13 April 1920, an uprising supported by Anzavur against the GNA [occurred at Düzce](/wiki/First_conflict_occurred_at_D%C3%BCzce \"First conflict occurred at Düzce\") as a direct consequence of the fatwa. Within days the rebellion spread to [Bolu](/wiki/Bolu \"Bolu\") and [Gerede](/wiki/Gerede \"Gerede\"). The movement engulfed northwestern Anatolia for about a month. On 14 June, Nationalist militia fought a pitched battle near İzmit against the Kuva\\-yi İnzibatiye, Anzavur's bands, and British units. Yet under heavy attack some of the Kuva\\-yi İnzibatiye deserted and joined the Nationalist militia. Anzavur was not so lucky, as the Nationalists tasked [Ethem the Circassian](/wiki/Ethem_the_Circassian \"Ethem the Circassian\") with crushing Anzavur's revolt. This revealed the sultan did not have the unwavering support of his own men and allies. Meanwhile, the rest of these forces withdrew behind the British lines which held their position. For now, Istanbul was out of Ankara's grasp.", "The clash outside İzmit brought serious consequences. British forces conducted combat operations on the Nationalists and the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") carried out aerial bombardments against the positions, which forced Nationalist forces to temporarily retreat to more secure missions. The British commander in Turkey, General [George Milne](/wiki/George_Milne%2C_1st_Baron_Milne \"George Milne, 1st Baron Milne\")—, asked for reinforcements. This led to a study to determine what would be required to defeat the Turkish Nationalists. The report, signed by French Field Marshal [Ferdinand Foch](/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch \"Ferdinand Foch\"), concluded that 27 divisions were necessary, but the British army did not have 27 divisions to spare. Also, a deployment of this size could have disastrous political consequences back home. World War I had just ended, and the British public would not support another lengthy and costly expedition.", "The British accepted the fact that a nationalist movement could not be defeated without deployment of consistent and well\\-trained forces. On 25 June, the forces originating from Kuva\\-i İnzibatiye were dismantled under British supervision. The British realised that the best option to overcome these Turkish Nationalists was to use a force that was battle\\-tested and fierce enough to fight the Turks on their own soil. The British had to look no further than Turkey's neighbor already occupying its territory: Greece.", "### Treaty of Sèvres", "{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=December 2021}}\n{{Main\\|Treaty of Sèvres}}", "[thumb\\|275x275px\\|Borders (spheres of influence not shown) of the Ottoman Empire according to the unratified [Treaty of Sèvres](/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres \"Treaty of Sèvres\") (1920\\) which was annulled and replaced by the [Treaty of Lausanne](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne \"Treaty of Lausanne\") in 1923](/wiki/File:SevresTreaty.png \"SevresTreaty.png\")\nEleftherios Venizelos, pessimistic of the rapidly deteriorating situation in Anatolia, requested to the Allies that a peace treaty be drawn up with the hope that fighting would stop. The subsequent treaty of Sèvres in August 1920 confirmed the Arab [provinces](/wiki/Vilayet \"Vilayet\") of the empire would be reorganized into new nations given to Britain and France in the form of [Mandates](/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate \"League of Nations mandate\") by the [League of Nations](/wiki/League_of_Nations \"League of Nations\"), while the rest of the Empire would be partitioned between Greece, Italy, [France (via Syrian mandate)](/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon \"Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon\"), [Britain (via Iraqi mandate)](/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq \"Mandatory Iraq\"), [Armenia (potentially under an American mandate)](/wiki/Wilsonian_Armenia \"Wilsonian Armenia\"), and [Georgia](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia \"Democratic Republic of Georgia\"). Smyrna would hold a plebiscite on whether to stay with Greece or Turkey, and the Kurdistan region would hold one on the question of independence. British, French, and Italian [spheres of influence](/wiki/Sphere_of_influence \"Sphere of influence\") would also extend into Anatolia beyond the land concessions. The old capital of Constantinople as well as the Dardanelles would be under international League of Nations control.", "However, the treaty could never come into effect. The treaty was extremely unpopular, with protests against the final document held even before its release in Sultanahmet square. Though Mehmed VI and Ferid Pasha loathed the treaty, they did not want Istanbul to join Ankara in nationalist struggle.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=213}} The Ottoman government and Greece never ratified it. Though Ferid Pasha signed the treaty, the Ottoman Senate, the upper house with seats appointed by the sultan, refused to ratify the treaty. Greece disagreed on the borders drawn. The other allies began to fracture their support of the settlement immediately. Italy started openly supporting the Nationalists with arms by the end of 1920, and the French signed another [separate peace treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_%281921%29 \"Treaty of Ankara (1921)\") with Ankara only months later.", "Kemal's GNA Government responded to the Treaty of Sèvres by promulgating [a new constitution in January 1921](/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1921 \"Turkish Constitution of 1921\"). The resulting constitution consecrated the principle of popular sovereignty; authority not deriving from the unelected sultan, but from the Turkish people who elect governments representative of their interests. This document became the legal basis for the war of independence by the GNA, as the sultan's signature of the Treaty of Sèvres would be unconstitutional as his position was not elected. While the constitution did not specify a future role of the sultan, the document gave Kemal ever more legitimacy in the eyes of Turks for justified resistance against Istanbul.", "" ]
Fighting -------- ### Southern Front {{Main\|Franco\-Turkish War\|}} {{See also\|Franco\-Syrian War\|Hananu Revolt\|Alawite revolt of 1919}} [thumb\|Military situation of Syria and Cilicia, January 1920](/wiki/File:Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria.png "Arab Kingdom of Syria.png")[thumb\|Turkish militias in CiliciaIn](/wiki/File:Kuvai-milliye-Millitias-from_Turkish_wikipedia.png "Kuvai-milliye-Millitias-from Turkish wikipedia.png") contrast to the Eastern and Western fronts, it was mostly unorganized Kuva\-yi Milliye which were fighting in the [Southern Front](/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War "Franco-Turkish War") against France. They had help from the Syrians, who were fighting [their own war](/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War "Franco-Syrian War") with the French. The British troops which occupied coastal Syria by the end of World War I were [replaced by French troops over 1919](/wiki/1918_Anglo-French_Modus_Vivendi "1918 Anglo-French Modus Vivendi"), with the Syrian interior going to [Faisal bin Al\-Hussein](/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq "Faisal I of Iraq")'s self\-proclaimed [Arab Kingdom of Syria](/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria "Arab Kingdom of Syria"). France which wanted to take control of all of [Syria](/wiki/Ottoman_Syria "Ottoman Syria") and [Cilicia](/wiki/Cilicia "Cilicia"). There was also a desire facilitate the return of Armenian refugees in the region to their homes, and the occupation force consisted of the [French Armenian Legion](/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion "French Armenian Legion") as well as various Armenian militia groups. 150,000 Armenians were repatriated to their homes within months of French occupation. On 21 January 1920, a Turkish Nationalist [uprising and siege](/wiki/Battle_of_Marash "Battle of Marash") occurred against the French garrison in [Marash](/wiki/Marash "Marash"). The French position untenable they retreated to [Islahiye](/wiki/%C4%B0slahiye "İslahiye"), resulting in a massacre of many Armenians by Turkish militia.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=161}} A grueling siege followed in [Antep](/wiki/Siege_of_Aintab "Siege of Aintab") which featured intense sectarian violence between Turks and Armenians.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=176}} After a failed uprising by the Nationalists in Adana, by 1921, the French and Turks signed an [armistice](/wiki/Cilicia_Peace_Treaty "Cilicia Peace Treaty") and eventually a [treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_%281921%29 "Treaty of Ankara (1921)") was brokered demarcating the border between the Ankara government and French controlled Syria. In the end, there was a mass exodus of Cilician Armenians to French controlled Syria, Previous Armenian survivors of deportation found themselves again as refugees and families which avoided the worst of the six years violence were forced from their homes, ending thousands of years of Christian presence in Southern Anatolia.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=185}} With France being the first Allied power to recognize and negotiate with the Ankara government only months after signing the Treaty of Sèvres, it was the first to break from the coordinated Allied approach to the [Eastern question](/wiki/Eastern_question "Eastern question"). In 1923 the [Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon](/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon "Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon") under French authority would be proclaimed in former Ottoman territory. Some efforts to coordinate between Turkish Nationalists and the Syrian rebels persisted from 1920 to 1921, with the Nationalists supporting the Faisal's kingdom through [Ibrahim Hanunu](/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu "Ibrahim Hananu") and [Alawite groups](/wiki/Alawite_revolt_of_1919 "Alawite revolt of 1919") which were also fighting the French.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|pp\=204–206}} While the French conquered Syria, Cilicia had to be abandoned. ### Al\-Jazira Front {{Main\|United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence\#Al Jazira front\|Mahmud Barzanji revolts}} Kuva\-yi Milliye also engaged with British forces in the "[Al\-Jazira Front](/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence%23Al_Jazira_front "United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence#Al Jazira front")," primarily in [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul "Mosul"). [Ali İhsan Pasha (Sabis)](/wiki/Ali_%C4%B0hsan_Pasha "Ali İhsan Pasha") and his forces defending Mosul would surrender to the British in October 1918, but the British ignored the armistice and seized the city, following which the pasha also ignored the armistice and distributed weapons to the locals.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=198}} Even before Mustafa Kemal's movement was fully organized, rogue commanders found allies in Kurdish tribes. The Kurds detested the taxes and centralization the British demanded, including [Shaykh Mahmud](/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji "Mahmud Barzanji") of the [Barzani family](/wiki/Barzani_Family "Barzani Family"). Having previously supported the British invasion of Mesopotamia to become the governor of South Kurdistan, Mahmud revolted but was apprehended by 1919\. Without legitimacy to govern the region, he was released from captivity to [Sulaymaniyah](/wiki/Sulaymaniyah "Sulaymaniyah"), where he again declared an uprising against the British as the [King of Kurdistan](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan "Kingdom of Kurdistan"). Though an alliance existed with the Turks, little material support came to him from Ankara, and by 1923 there was a desire to cease hostilities between the Turks and British at Barzanji's expense. Mahmud was overthrown in 1924, and after a [1926 plebiscite](/wiki/Mosul_question "Mosul question"), Mosul was awarded to [British\-controlled Iraq](/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq "Mandatory Iraq").{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=199–202}} ### Eastern Front {{More citations needed section\|date\=June 2023}} {{Main\|Turkish–Armenian War}} {{See also\|Soviet Union–Turkey relations\#Bolshevik support for Turkish revolutionaries\|Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920\)\|Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan}} [thumb\|Fundraising poster by the [American Committee for Relief in the Near East](/wiki/American_Committee_for_Relief_in_the_Near_East "American Committee for Relief in the Near East")](/wiki/File:Ethel_Franklin_Betts%2C_Save_the_Survivors%2C_1918_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2029_01.jpg "Ethel Franklin Betts, Save the Survivors, 1918 Cornell CUL PJM 2029 01.jpg") Since 1917, the Caucasus was in a chaotic state. The border of newly independent [Armenia](/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia "First Republic of Armenia") and the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") was defined in the [Treaty of Brest\-Litovsk](/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk") (3 March 1918\) after the [Bolshevik revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution "October Revolution"), and later by the [Treaty of Batum](/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum "Treaty of Batum") (4 June 1918\). To the east, Armenia was [at war](/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_%281918%E2%80%931920%29 "Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)") with the [Azerbaijan Democratic Republic](/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic") after the breakup of the [Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic](/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic "Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic"), and received support from [Anton Denikin](/wiki/Anton_Denikin "Anton Denikin")'s [White Russian Army](/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia "Armed Forces of South Russia"). It was obvious that after the Armistice of Mudros (30 October 1918\) the eastern border was not going to stay as it was drawn, which mandated the evacuation of the Ottoman army back to its 1914 borders. Right after the Armistice of Mudros was signed, pro\-Ottoman provisional republics were proclaimed in [Kars](/wiki/Provisional_National_Government_of_the_Southwestern_Caucasus "Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus") and [Aras](/wiki/Republic_of_Aras "Republic of Aras") which were subsequently invaded by Armenia. Ottoman soldiers were convinced not to demobilize lest the area become a 'second [Macedonia](/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle "Macedonian Struggle")'.{{Sfn\|Gingeras\|2022\|p\=181}} Both sides of the new borders had massive refugee populations and famine, which were compounded by the renewed and more symmetric sectarian violence (See [Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia (1917–1921\)](/wiki/Massacres_of_Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia_%281917%E2%80%931921%29 "Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia (1917–1921)") and [Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan](/wiki/Muslim_uprisings_in_Kars_and_Sharur%E2%80%93Nakhichevan "Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan")). There were talks going on with the [Armenian Diaspora](/wiki/Armenian_diaspora "Armenian diaspora") and Allied Powers on reshaping the border. Woodrow Wilson agreed to transfer territories to Armenia based on the principles of national self\-determination. The results of these talks were to be reflected on the [Treaty of Sèvres](/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres "Treaty of Sèvres") (10 August 1920\). [Kâzım Karabekir Pasha](/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir "Kâzım Karabekir"), commander of the [XV corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 "XV Corps (Ottoman Empire)"), encountered Muslim refugees fleeing from the Armenian army, but did not have the authority to cross the border. Karabekir's two reports (30 May and 4 June 1920\) outlined the situation in the region. He recommended redrawing the eastern borders, especially around Erzurum. The Russian government was receptive to this and demanded that [Van](/wiki/Van%2C_Turkey "Van, Turkey") and [Bitlis](/wiki/Bitlis "Bitlis") be transferred to Armenia. This was unacceptable to the Turkish revolutionaries. However, Soviet support was absolutely vital for the Turkish Nationalist movement, as Turkey was underdeveloped and had no domestic armaments industry. [Bakir Sami (Kunduh)](/wiki/Bekir_Sami_Kunduh "Bekir Sami Kunduh") was assigned to negotiate with the Bolsheviks. On 24 September 1920, Karabekir's [XV corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 "XV Corps (Ottoman Empire)") and Kurdish militia advance on [Kars](/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_%281920%29 "Battle of Kars (1920)"), blowing through Armenian opposition, and then [Alexandropol](/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandropol "Battle of Alexandropol"). With an advance on Yerevan imminent, on 28 November 1920, the [11th Red Army](/wiki/11th_Army_%28RSFSR%29 "11th Army (RSFSR)") under the command of [Anatoliy Gekker](/wiki/Anatoliy_Gekker "Anatoliy Gekker") crossed over into Armenia from [Soviet Azerbaijan](/wiki/Soviet_Azerbaijan "Soviet Azerbaijan"), and the Armenian government surrendered to Bolshevik forces, ending the conflict. The [Treaty of Alexandropol](/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol "Treaty of Alexandropol") (2—3 December 1920\) was the first treaty (although illegitimate) signed by the Turkish revolutionaries. The 10th article in the Treaty of Alexandropol stated that Armenia renounced the Treaty of Sèvres and its allotted partition of Anatolia. The agreement was signed with representatives of the former government of Armenia, which by that time had no *de jure* or *de facto* power in Armenia, since Soviet rule was already established in the country. On 16 March 1921, the Bolsheviks and Turkey signed a more comprehensive agreement, the [Treaty of Kars](/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars "Treaty of Kars"), which involved representatives of [Soviet Armenia](/wiki/Soviet_Armenia "Soviet Armenia"), [Soviet Azerbaijan](/wiki/Soviet_Azerbaijan "Soviet Azerbaijan"), and [Soviet Georgia](/wiki/Soviet_Georgia "Soviet Georgia"). ### Revolts {{Main articles\|Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence}} {{Expand section\|date\=August 2023}} ### Western Front {{More citations needed section\|date\=June 2023}} {{Main\|Greco\-Turkish War (1919–1922\)}} [thumb\|right\|A photograph of [Hellenic Army](/wiki/Hellenic_Army "Hellenic Army") troops advancing on Nationalist positions during the 1920 [Greek Summer Offensive](/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive "Greek Summer Offensive")](/wiki/File:Ermoscharge.JPG "Ermoscharge.JPG") The Greco\-Turkish War—referred to as the "Western Front" by the Turks and the "Asia Minor Campaign" by the Greeks—started when Greek forces landed in [Smyrna](/wiki/Smyrna "Smyrna") (now İzmir), on 15 May 1919\. A perimeter around the city known as the Milne Line was established in which low\-intensity guerilla war commenced. The conflict escalated when Greece and Britain performed a joint [offensive over the summer](/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive "Greek Summer Offensive") of 1920, which Istanbul condemned, that took control over the Marmara coast and provided strategic depth to the İzmir occupation zone. The cities of İzmit, [Manisa](/wiki/Manisa "Manisa"), [Balıkesir](/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir "Balıkesir"), [Aydın](/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n "Aydın"), and [Bursa](/wiki/Bursa "Bursa") were taken with little Turkish resistance. A second Greek offensive in autumn was launched with the goal to pressure Istanbul and Ankara to sign the Sèvres Treaty. This peace process was temporarily halted with the fall of Venizelos when the pro\-Entente [King Alexander](/wiki/Alexander_of_Greece "Alexander of Greece") died from sepsis after being bitten by a monkey. Much to Allied chagrin he was replaced by his anti\-Entente father [King Constantine](/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece "Constantine I of Greece"). Greece ceased to receive much Allied support after the change in power. The [Army of Asia Minor](/wiki/Army_of_Asia_Minor "Army of Asia Minor") was purged of Venizelist officers, their replacements being less competent. [thumb\|Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his comrades\-in\-arms at the end of the [First Battle of İnönü](/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC "First Battle of İnönü")](/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_at_the_end_of_the_First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.png "Mustafa Kemal at the end of the First Battle of İnönü.png") When the offensive resumed, the Turks received their first victory when the Greeks encountered stiff resistance in the battles of [First](/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC "First Battle of İnönü") and [Second İnönü](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC "Second Battle of İnönü"), due to İsmet Pasha's organization of an irregular militia into a regular army. The two victories led to Allied proposals to amend the Treaty of Sèvres where both Ankara and Istanbul were represented, but Greece refused. With the conclusion of the Southern and Eastern fronts, Ankara was able to concentrate more forces on the West against the Greeks. They also began to receive [support from Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations%23Bolshevik_support_for_Turkish_revolutionaries "Soviet Union–Turkey relations#Bolshevik support for Turkish revolutionaries"), as well as France and Italy, who sought to check British influence in the Near East. June–July 1921 saw heavy fighting in the [Battle of Kütahya\-Eskişehir](/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir "Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir"). While it was an eventual Greek victory, the Turkish army withdrew in good order to the [Sakarya river](/wiki/Sakarya_River "Sakarya River"), their last line of defence. Mustafa Kemal Pasha [replaced](/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fkumandanl%C4%B1k_Kanunu "Başkumandanlık Kanunu") İsmet Pasha after the defeat as commander\-in\-chief as well as his political duties. The decision was made in the Greek military command to march on the Nationalist capital of Ankara to force Mustafa Kemal to the negotiating table. For 21 days, the Turks and Greeks fought a pitched [battle at the Sakarya river](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya "Battle of the Sakarya"), which ended in Greek withdrawal. Almost of year of stalemate without much fighting followed, during which Greek morale and discipline faltered while Turkish strength increased. French and Italian forces evacuated Anatolia. The Allies offered an armistice to the Turks, which Mustafa Kemal refused. #### Peace negotiations and the Great Offensive (1921–1922\) {{Further\|Conference of London of 1921–1922\|Chanak Crisis}}[thumb\|A political cartoon: Greek king Constantine runs away from the bomb which reads "KEMAL"](/wiki/File:Turkije_verjaagt_Griekenland_In_Klein-Azi%C3%AB_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_NG-505-108.jpg "Turkije verjaagt Griekenland In Klein-Azië (titel op object), NG-505-108.jpg") In salvaging the Treaty of Sèvres, The Triple Entente forced the Turkish revolutionaries to agree with the terms through a series of conferences in London. The conference of London gave the Triple Entente an opportunity to reverse some of its policies. In October, parties to the conference received a report from Admiral [Mark Lambert Bristol](/wiki/Mark_Lambert_Bristol "Mark Lambert Bristol"). He organised a commission to analyse the situation, and inquire into the bloodshed during the Occupation of İzmir and the following activities in the region. The commission reported that if annexation would not follow, Greece should not be the only occupation force in this area. Admiral Bristol was not so sure how to explain this annexation to [U.S. President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") Woodrow Wilson as he insisted on "respect for nationalities" in the Fourteen Points. He believed that the sentiments of the Turks "will never accept this annexation".{{cite book \| last\=Buzanski \| first\=P.M. \| title\=Admiral Mark L. Bristol and Turkish\-American Relations, 1919\-1922 \| publisher\=University of California, Berkeley \| year\=1960 \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5mtKAQAAMAAJ \| page\=62}} Neither the Conference of London nor Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol's report changed British prime minister [David Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George "David Lloyd George")'s position. On 12 February 1921, he went with the annexation of the Aegean coast which was followed by the Greek offensive. David Lloyd George acted with his sentiments, which were developed during [Battle of Gallipoli](/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign "Gallipoli campaign"), as opposed to [General Milne](/wiki/George_Milne%2C_1st_Baron_Milne "George Milne, 1st Baron Milne"), who was his officer on the ground. [thumb\|right\|Turkish troops enter Constantinople on 6 October 1923](/wiki/File:Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg "Liberation of Istanbul on October 6, 1923.jpg") First negotiations between the sides failed during the Conference of London. The stage for peace was set after the Triple Entente's decision to make an arrangement with the Turkish revolutionaries. Before the talks with the Entente, the Nationalists partially settled their eastern borders with the Democratic Republic of Armenia, signing the [Treaty of Alexandropol](/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol "Treaty of Alexandropol"), but changes in the Caucasus—especially the establishment of the [Armenian SSR](/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic")—required one more round of talks. The outcome was the [Treaty of Kars](/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars "Treaty of Kars"), a successor treaty to the earlier [Treaty of Moscow](/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_%281921%29 "Treaty of Moscow (1921)") of March 1921\. It was signed in [Kars](/wiki/Kars "Kars") with the [Russian SFSR](/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic") on 13 October 1921{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/yarsi.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424044332/http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/yarsi.html\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=ყარსის ხელშეკრულება\|archive\-date\=24 April 2007\|website\=www.amsi.ge}} and ratified in [Yerevan](/wiki/Yerevan "Yerevan") on 11 September 1922\.{{cite web\|url\=http://groong.usc.edu/treaties/kars.html\|title\=ANN/Groong \-\- Treaty of Berlin \- 07/13/1878\|access\-date\=17 September 2016\|archive\-date\=11 May 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142658/http://groong.usc.edu/treaties/kars.html\|url\-status\=live}} With the borders secured with treaties and agreements at east and south, Mustafa Kemal was now in a commanding position. On August 26, 1922, in the [Battle of Dumlupınar](/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar "Battle of Dumlupınar"), the Turks routed the Greek positions and launched the [Great Offensive](/wiki/Great_Offensive "Great Offensive"). The Nationalists demanded that the Greek army{{clarify\|date\=January 2019}} evacuate East Thrace, Imbros, and Tenedos as well as Asia Minor. Mustafa Kemal sent a telegram to his commanders: "Armies! Your first goal is the Mediterranean, onwards!" The Turks recaptured all of Greece's gains in the span of three weeks, and resulted in the [recapture of Smyrna](/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna "Turkish capture of Smyrna") by Turkish forces right after which occurred the [great fire of Smyrna](/wiki/Great_fire_of_Smyrna "Great fire of Smyrna"). Greece's retreat from Anatolia saw its army committing scorched earth tactics and the depopulation of Muslim villages. The British were prepared to defend the neutral zone of [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople "Constantinople") and the Straits and the French asked Kemal to respect it,{{Cite book \|last\=Psomiades \|first\=Harry J. \|title\=The Eastern Question, the Last Phase: a Study in Greek\-Turkish Diplomacy \|publisher\=Pella \|year\=2000 \|publication\-place\=New York \|publication\-date\=2000 \|page\=33}} to which he agreed on 28 September.A. L. Macfie, 'The Chanak affair (September–October 1922\)' *Balkan Studies* 20(2\) (1979\), 332\. However, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, and the British Dominions objected to a new war.Psomiades, 27\-8\. France, Italy and Britain called on Mustafa Kemal to enter into cease\-fire negotiations. In return, on 29 September Kemal asked for the negotiations to be started at [Mudanya](/wiki/Mudanya "Mudanya"). This was agreed on 11 October, two [hours before the British intended to engage Nationalist forces at Çanak](/wiki/Chanak_Crisis "Chanak Crisis"), and signed the next day. The Greeks initially refused to agree but did so on 13 October.Psomiades, 35\. Factors persuading Turkey to sign may have included the arrival of British reinforcements.Macfie, 336\. With the British government and public firmly anti\-war, the [Chanak Crisis](/wiki/Chanak_Crisis "Chanak Crisis") led to the collapse of David Lloyd George's coalition government. #### Armistice of Mudanya {{More citations needed section\|date\=December 2021}}{{Further\|Armistice of Mudanya}} The Marmara sea resort town of [Mudanya](/wiki/Mudanya "Mudanya") hosted the conference to arrange the armistice on 3 October 1922\. İsmet Pasha—commander of the western armies—was in front of the Allies. The scene was unlike Mudros as the British and the Greeks were on the defence. Greece was represented by the Allies. The British still expected the GNA to make concessions. From the first speech, the British were startled as Ankara demanded fulfillment of the National Pact. During the conference, the British troops in Constantinople were preparing for a Kemalist attack. There was never any fighting in Thrace, as Greek units withdrew before the Turks crossed the straits from Asia Minor. The only concession that İsmet made to the British was an agreement that his troops would not advance any farther toward the Dardanelles, which gave a safe haven for the British troops as long as the conference continued. The conference dragged on far beyond the original expectations. In the end, it was the British who yielded to Ankara's advances. [thumb\|Kemal Pasha inspects the Turkish troops (18 June 1922\)](/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png "Atatürk askerî birlikleri denetlerken, İzmit, 18 Haziran 1922.png") The [Armistice of Mudanya](/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya "Armistice of Mudanya") was signed on 11 October. By its terms, the Greek army would move west of the [Maritsa](/wiki/Maritsa "Maritsa"), clearing eastern Thrace to the Allies. The famous American author [Ernest Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway "Ernest Hemingway") was in Thrace at the time, and he covered the evacuation of eastern Thrace of its Greek population. He has several short stories written about Thrace and Smyrna, which appear in his book *[In Our Time](/wiki/In_Our_Time_%28short_story_collection%29 "In Our Time (short story collection)")*. The agreement came into force starting 15 October. Allied forces would stay in eastern Thrace for a month to assure law and order. In return, Ankara would recognise continued British occupation of Constantinople and the Straits zones until the final treaty was signed. Refet Bele was assigned to seize control of eastern Thrace from the Allies. He was the first representative to reach the old capital. The British did not allow the hundred gendarmes who came with him. That resistance lasted until the next day.
[ "Fighting\n--------", "### Southern Front", "{{Main\\|Franco\\-Turkish War\\|}}", "{{See also\\|Franco\\-Syrian War\\|Hananu Revolt\\|Alawite revolt of 1919}}\n[thumb\\|Military situation of Syria and Cilicia, January 1920](/wiki/File:Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria.png \"Arab Kingdom of Syria.png\")[thumb\\|Turkish militias in CiliciaIn](/wiki/File:Kuvai-milliye-Millitias-from_Turkish_wikipedia.png \"Kuvai-milliye-Millitias-from Turkish wikipedia.png\") contrast to the Eastern and Western fronts, it was mostly unorganized Kuva\\-yi Milliye which were fighting in the [Southern Front](/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War \"Franco-Turkish War\") against France. They had help from the Syrians, who were fighting [their own war](/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War \"Franco-Syrian War\") with the French.", "The British troops which occupied coastal Syria by the end of World War I were [replaced by French troops over 1919](/wiki/1918_Anglo-French_Modus_Vivendi \"1918 Anglo-French Modus Vivendi\"), with the Syrian interior going to [Faisal bin Al\\-Hussein](/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq \"Faisal I of Iraq\")'s self\\-proclaimed [Arab Kingdom of Syria](/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria \"Arab Kingdom of Syria\"). France which wanted to take control of all of [Syria](/wiki/Ottoman_Syria \"Ottoman Syria\") and [Cilicia](/wiki/Cilicia \"Cilicia\"). There was also a desire facilitate the return of Armenian refugees in the region to their homes, and the occupation force consisted of the [French Armenian Legion](/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion \"French Armenian Legion\") as well as various Armenian militia groups. 150,000 Armenians were repatriated to their homes within months of French occupation. On 21 January 1920, a Turkish Nationalist [uprising and siege](/wiki/Battle_of_Marash \"Battle of Marash\") occurred against the French garrison in [Marash](/wiki/Marash \"Marash\"). The French position untenable they retreated to [Islahiye](/wiki/%C4%B0slahiye \"İslahiye\"), resulting in a massacre of many Armenians by Turkish militia.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=161}} A grueling siege followed in [Antep](/wiki/Siege_of_Aintab \"Siege of Aintab\") which featured intense sectarian violence between Turks and Armenians.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=176}} After a failed uprising by the Nationalists in Adana, by 1921, the French and Turks signed an [armistice](/wiki/Cilicia_Peace_Treaty \"Cilicia Peace Treaty\") and eventually a [treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_%281921%29 \"Treaty of Ankara (1921)\") was brokered demarcating the border between the Ankara government and French controlled Syria. In the end, there was a mass exodus of Cilician Armenians to French controlled Syria, Previous Armenian survivors of deportation found themselves again as refugees and families which avoided the worst of the six years violence were forced from their homes, ending thousands of years of Christian presence in Southern Anatolia.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=185}} With France being the first Allied power to recognize and negotiate with the Ankara government only months after signing the Treaty of Sèvres, it was the first to break from the coordinated Allied approach to the [Eastern question](/wiki/Eastern_question \"Eastern question\"). In 1923 the [Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon](/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon \"Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon\") under French authority would be proclaimed in former Ottoman territory.", "Some efforts to coordinate between Turkish Nationalists and the Syrian rebels persisted from 1920 to 1921, with the Nationalists supporting the Faisal's kingdom through [Ibrahim Hanunu](/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu \"Ibrahim Hananu\") and [Alawite groups](/wiki/Alawite_revolt_of_1919 \"Alawite revolt of 1919\") which were also fighting the French.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|pp\\=204–206}} While the French conquered Syria, Cilicia had to be abandoned.", "### Al\\-Jazira Front", "{{Main\\|United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence\\#Al Jazira front\\|Mahmud Barzanji revolts}}", "Kuva\\-yi Milliye also engaged with British forces in the \"[Al\\-Jazira Front](/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence%23Al_Jazira_front \"United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence#Al Jazira front\"),\" primarily in [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul \"Mosul\"). [Ali İhsan Pasha (Sabis)](/wiki/Ali_%C4%B0hsan_Pasha \"Ali İhsan Pasha\") and his forces defending Mosul would surrender to the British in October 1918, but the British ignored the armistice and seized the city, following which the pasha also ignored the armistice and distributed weapons to the locals.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=198}} Even before Mustafa Kemal's movement was fully organized, rogue commanders found allies in Kurdish tribes. The Kurds detested the taxes and centralization the British demanded, including [Shaykh Mahmud](/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji \"Mahmud Barzanji\") of the [Barzani family](/wiki/Barzani_Family \"Barzani Family\"). Having previously supported the British invasion of Mesopotamia to become the governor of South Kurdistan, Mahmud revolted but was apprehended by 1919\\. Without legitimacy to govern the region, he was released from captivity to [Sulaymaniyah](/wiki/Sulaymaniyah \"Sulaymaniyah\"), where he again declared an uprising against the British as the [King of Kurdistan](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan \"Kingdom of Kurdistan\"). Though an alliance existed with the Turks, little material support came to him from Ankara, and by 1923 there was a desire to cease hostilities between the Turks and British at Barzanji's expense. Mahmud was overthrown in 1924, and after a [1926 plebiscite](/wiki/Mosul_question \"Mosul question\"), Mosul was awarded to [British\\-controlled Iraq](/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq \"Mandatory Iraq\").{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=199–202}}", "### Eastern Front", "{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=June 2023}}\n{{Main\\|Turkish–Armenian War}}", "{{See also\\|Soviet Union–Turkey relations\\#Bolshevik support for Turkish revolutionaries\\|Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920\\)\\|Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan}}\n[thumb\\|Fundraising poster by the [American Committee for Relief in the Near East](/wiki/American_Committee_for_Relief_in_the_Near_East \"American Committee for Relief in the Near East\")](/wiki/File:Ethel_Franklin_Betts%2C_Save_the_Survivors%2C_1918_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2029_01.jpg \"Ethel Franklin Betts, Save the Survivors, 1918 Cornell CUL PJM 2029 01.jpg\")\nSince 1917, the Caucasus was in a chaotic state. The border of newly independent [Armenia](/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia \"First Republic of Armenia\") and the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") was defined in the [Treaty of Brest\\-Litovsk](/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk \"Treaty of Brest-Litovsk\") (3 March 1918\\) after the [Bolshevik revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution \"October Revolution\"), and later by the [Treaty of Batum](/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum \"Treaty of Batum\") (4 June 1918\\). To the east, Armenia was [at war](/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_%281918%E2%80%931920%29 \"Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)\") with the [Azerbaijan Democratic Republic](/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic \"Azerbaijan Democratic Republic\") after the breakup of the [Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic](/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic \"Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic\"), and received support from [Anton Denikin](/wiki/Anton_Denikin \"Anton Denikin\")'s [White Russian Army](/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia \"Armed Forces of South Russia\"). It was obvious that after the Armistice of Mudros (30 October 1918\\) the eastern border was not going to stay as it was drawn, which mandated the evacuation of the Ottoman army back to its 1914 borders. Right after the Armistice of Mudros was signed, pro\\-Ottoman provisional republics were proclaimed in [Kars](/wiki/Provisional_National_Government_of_the_Southwestern_Caucasus \"Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus\") and [Aras](/wiki/Republic_of_Aras \"Republic of Aras\") which were subsequently invaded by Armenia. Ottoman soldiers were convinced not to demobilize lest the area become a 'second [Macedonia](/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle \"Macedonian Struggle\")'.{{Sfn\\|Gingeras\\|2022\\|p\\=181}} Both sides of the new borders had massive refugee populations and famine, which were compounded by the renewed and more symmetric sectarian violence (See [Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia (1917–1921\\)](/wiki/Massacres_of_Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia_%281917%E2%80%931921%29 \"Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia (1917–1921)\") and [Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan](/wiki/Muslim_uprisings_in_Kars_and_Sharur%E2%80%93Nakhichevan \"Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan\")). There were talks going on with the [Armenian Diaspora](/wiki/Armenian_diaspora \"Armenian diaspora\") and Allied Powers on reshaping the border. Woodrow Wilson agreed to transfer territories to Armenia based on the principles of national self\\-determination. The results of these talks were to be reflected on the [Treaty of Sèvres](/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres \"Treaty of Sèvres\") (10 August 1920\\).", "[Kâzım Karabekir Pasha](/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir \"Kâzım Karabekir\"), commander of the [XV corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 \"XV Corps (Ottoman Empire)\"), encountered Muslim refugees fleeing from the Armenian army, but did not have the authority to cross the border. Karabekir's two reports (30 May and 4 June 1920\\) outlined the situation in the region. He recommended redrawing the eastern borders, especially around Erzurum. The Russian government was receptive to this and demanded that [Van](/wiki/Van%2C_Turkey \"Van, Turkey\") and [Bitlis](/wiki/Bitlis \"Bitlis\") be transferred to Armenia. This was unacceptable to the Turkish revolutionaries. However, Soviet support was absolutely vital for the Turkish Nationalist movement, as Turkey was underdeveloped and had no domestic armaments industry. [Bakir Sami (Kunduh)](/wiki/Bekir_Sami_Kunduh \"Bekir Sami Kunduh\") was assigned to negotiate with the Bolsheviks.", "On 24 September 1920, Karabekir's [XV corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28Ottoman_Empire%29 \"XV Corps (Ottoman Empire)\") and Kurdish militia advance on [Kars](/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_%281920%29 \"Battle of Kars (1920)\"), blowing through Armenian opposition, and then [Alexandropol](/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandropol \"Battle of Alexandropol\"). With an advance on Yerevan imminent, on 28 November 1920, the [11th Red Army](/wiki/11th_Army_%28RSFSR%29 \"11th Army (RSFSR)\") under the command of [Anatoliy Gekker](/wiki/Anatoliy_Gekker \"Anatoliy Gekker\") crossed over into Armenia from [Soviet Azerbaijan](/wiki/Soviet_Azerbaijan \"Soviet Azerbaijan\"), and the Armenian government surrendered to Bolshevik forces, ending the conflict.", "The [Treaty of Alexandropol](/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol \"Treaty of Alexandropol\") (2—3 December 1920\\) was the first treaty (although illegitimate) signed by the Turkish revolutionaries. The 10th article in the Treaty of Alexandropol stated that Armenia renounced the Treaty of Sèvres and its allotted partition of Anatolia. The agreement was signed with representatives of the former government of Armenia, which by that time had no *de jure* or *de facto* power in Armenia, since Soviet rule was already established in the country. On 16 March 1921, the Bolsheviks and Turkey signed a more comprehensive agreement, the [Treaty of Kars](/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars \"Treaty of Kars\"), which involved representatives of [Soviet Armenia](/wiki/Soviet_Armenia \"Soviet Armenia\"), [Soviet Azerbaijan](/wiki/Soviet_Azerbaijan \"Soviet Azerbaijan\"), and [Soviet Georgia](/wiki/Soviet_Georgia \"Soviet Georgia\").", "### Revolts", "{{Main articles\\|Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence}}", "{{Expand section\\|date\\=August 2023}}", "### Western Front", "{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=June 2023}}\n{{Main\\|Greco\\-Turkish War (1919–1922\\)}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|A photograph of [Hellenic Army](/wiki/Hellenic_Army \"Hellenic Army\") troops advancing on Nationalist positions during the 1920 [Greek Summer Offensive](/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive \"Greek Summer Offensive\")](/wiki/File:Ermoscharge.JPG \"Ermoscharge.JPG\")\nThe Greco\\-Turkish War—referred to as the \"Western Front\" by the Turks and the \"Asia Minor Campaign\" by the Greeks—started when Greek forces landed in [Smyrna](/wiki/Smyrna \"Smyrna\") (now İzmir), on 15 May 1919\\. A perimeter around the city known as the Milne Line was established in which low\\-intensity guerilla war commenced.", "The conflict escalated when Greece and Britain performed a joint [offensive over the summer](/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive \"Greek Summer Offensive\") of 1920, which Istanbul condemned, that took control over the Marmara coast and provided strategic depth to the İzmir occupation zone. The cities of İzmit, [Manisa](/wiki/Manisa \"Manisa\"), [Balıkesir](/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir \"Balıkesir\"), [Aydın](/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n \"Aydın\"), and [Bursa](/wiki/Bursa \"Bursa\") were taken with little Turkish resistance.", "A second Greek offensive in autumn was launched with the goal to pressure Istanbul and Ankara to sign the Sèvres Treaty. This peace process was temporarily halted with the fall of Venizelos when the pro\\-Entente [King Alexander](/wiki/Alexander_of_Greece \"Alexander of Greece\") died from sepsis after being bitten by a monkey. Much to Allied chagrin he was replaced by his anti\\-Entente father [King Constantine](/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece \"Constantine I of Greece\"). Greece ceased to receive much Allied support after the change in power. The [Army of Asia Minor](/wiki/Army_of_Asia_Minor \"Army of Asia Minor\") was purged of Venizelist officers, their replacements being less competent.", "[thumb\\|Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his comrades\\-in\\-arms at the end of the [First Battle of İnönü](/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC \"First Battle of İnönü\")](/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_at_the_end_of_the_First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.png \"Mustafa Kemal at the end of the First Battle of İnönü.png\")", "When the offensive resumed, the Turks received their first victory when the Greeks encountered stiff resistance in the battles of [First](/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC \"First Battle of İnönü\") and [Second İnönü](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC \"Second Battle of İnönü\"), due to İsmet Pasha's organization of an irregular militia into a regular army. The two victories led to Allied proposals to amend the Treaty of Sèvres where both Ankara and Istanbul were represented, but Greece refused. With the conclusion of the Southern and Eastern fronts, Ankara was able to concentrate more forces on the West against the Greeks. They also began to receive [support from Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations%23Bolshevik_support_for_Turkish_revolutionaries \"Soviet Union–Turkey relations#Bolshevik support for Turkish revolutionaries\"), as well as France and Italy, who sought to check British influence in the Near East.", "June–July 1921 saw heavy fighting in the [Battle of Kütahya\\-Eskişehir](/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir \"Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir\"). While it was an eventual Greek victory, the Turkish army withdrew in good order to the [Sakarya river](/wiki/Sakarya_River \"Sakarya River\"), their last line of defence. Mustafa Kemal Pasha [replaced](/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fkumandanl%C4%B1k_Kanunu \"Başkumandanlık Kanunu\") İsmet Pasha after the defeat as commander\\-in\\-chief as well as his political duties. The decision was made in the Greek military command to march on the Nationalist capital of Ankara to force Mustafa Kemal to the negotiating table. For 21 days, the Turks and Greeks fought a pitched [battle at the Sakarya river](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya \"Battle of the Sakarya\"), which ended in Greek withdrawal. Almost of year of stalemate without much fighting followed, during which Greek morale and discipline faltered while Turkish strength increased. French and Italian forces evacuated Anatolia. The Allies offered an armistice to the Turks, which Mustafa Kemal refused.", "#### Peace negotiations and the Great Offensive (1921–1922\\)", "{{Further\\|Conference of London of 1921–1922\\|Chanak Crisis}}[thumb\\|A political cartoon: Greek king Constantine runs away from the bomb which reads \"KEMAL\"](/wiki/File:Turkije_verjaagt_Griekenland_In_Klein-Azi%C3%AB_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_NG-505-108.jpg \"Turkije verjaagt Griekenland In Klein-Azië (titel op object), NG-505-108.jpg\")\nIn salvaging the Treaty of Sèvres, The Triple Entente forced the Turkish revolutionaries to agree with the terms through a series of conferences in London. The conference of London gave the Triple Entente an opportunity to reverse some of its policies. In October, parties to the conference received a report from Admiral [Mark Lambert Bristol](/wiki/Mark_Lambert_Bristol \"Mark Lambert Bristol\"). He organised a commission to analyse the situation, and inquire into the bloodshed during the Occupation of İzmir and the following activities in the region. The commission reported that if annexation would not follow, Greece should not be the only occupation force in this area. Admiral Bristol was not so sure how to explain this annexation to [U.S. President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") Woodrow Wilson as he insisted on \"respect for nationalities\" in the Fourteen Points. He believed that the sentiments of the Turks \"will never accept this annexation\".{{cite book \\| last\\=Buzanski \\| first\\=P.M. \\| title\\=Admiral Mark L. Bristol and Turkish\\-American Relations, 1919\\-1922 \\| publisher\\=University of California, Berkeley \\| year\\=1960 \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5mtKAQAAMAAJ \\| page\\=62}}", "Neither the Conference of London nor Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol's report changed British prime minister [David Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George \"David Lloyd George\")'s position. On 12 February 1921, he went with the annexation of the Aegean coast which was followed by the Greek offensive. David Lloyd George acted with his sentiments, which were developed during [Battle of Gallipoli](/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign \"Gallipoli campaign\"), as opposed to [General Milne](/wiki/George_Milne%2C_1st_Baron_Milne \"George Milne, 1st Baron Milne\"), who was his officer on the ground.", "[thumb\\|right\\|Turkish troops enter Constantinople on 6 October 1923](/wiki/File:Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg \"Liberation of Istanbul on October 6, 1923.jpg\")", "First negotiations between the sides failed during the Conference of London. The stage for peace was set after the Triple Entente's decision to make an arrangement with the Turkish revolutionaries. Before the talks with the Entente, the Nationalists partially settled their eastern borders with the Democratic Republic of Armenia, signing the [Treaty of Alexandropol](/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol \"Treaty of Alexandropol\"), but changes in the Caucasus—especially the establishment of the [Armenian SSR](/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic\")—required one more round of talks. The outcome was the [Treaty of Kars](/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars \"Treaty of Kars\"), a successor treaty to the earlier [Treaty of Moscow](/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_%281921%29 \"Treaty of Moscow (1921)\") of March 1921\\. It was signed in [Kars](/wiki/Kars \"Kars\") with the [Russian SFSR](/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic \"Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\") on 13 October 1921{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/yarsi.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424044332/http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/yarsi.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=ყარსის ხელშეკრულება\\|archive\\-date\\=24 April 2007\\|website\\=www.amsi.ge}} and ratified in [Yerevan](/wiki/Yerevan \"Yerevan\") on 11 September 1922\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://groong.usc.edu/treaties/kars.html\\|title\\=ANN/Groong \\-\\- Treaty of Berlin \\- 07/13/1878\\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142658/http://groong.usc.edu/treaties/kars.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "With the borders secured with treaties and agreements at east and south, Mustafa Kemal was now in a commanding position. On August 26, 1922, in the [Battle of Dumlupınar](/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar \"Battle of Dumlupınar\"), the Turks routed the Greek positions and launched the [Great Offensive](/wiki/Great_Offensive \"Great Offensive\"). The Nationalists demanded that the Greek army{{clarify\\|date\\=January 2019}} evacuate East Thrace, Imbros, and Tenedos as well as Asia Minor. Mustafa Kemal sent a telegram to his commanders: \"Armies! Your first goal is the Mediterranean, onwards!\" The Turks recaptured all of Greece's gains in the span of three weeks, and resulted in the [recapture of Smyrna](/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna \"Turkish capture of Smyrna\") by Turkish forces right after which occurred the [great fire of Smyrna](/wiki/Great_fire_of_Smyrna \"Great fire of Smyrna\"). Greece's retreat from Anatolia saw its army committing scorched earth tactics and the depopulation of Muslim villages.", "The British were prepared to defend the neutral zone of [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople \"Constantinople\") and the Straits and the French asked Kemal to respect it,{{Cite book \\|last\\=Psomiades \\|first\\=Harry J. \\|title\\=The Eastern Question, the Last Phase: a Study in Greek\\-Turkish Diplomacy \\|publisher\\=Pella \\|year\\=2000 \\|publication\\-place\\=New York \\|publication\\-date\\=2000 \\|page\\=33}} to which he agreed on 28 September.A. L. Macfie, 'The Chanak affair (September–October 1922\\)' *Balkan Studies* 20(2\\) (1979\\), 332\\. However, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, and the British Dominions objected to a new war.Psomiades, 27\\-8\\. France, Italy and Britain called on Mustafa Kemal to enter into cease\\-fire negotiations. In return, on 29 September Kemal asked for the negotiations to be started at [Mudanya](/wiki/Mudanya \"Mudanya\"). This was agreed on 11 October, two [hours before the British intended to engage Nationalist forces at Çanak](/wiki/Chanak_Crisis \"Chanak Crisis\"), and signed the next day. The Greeks initially refused to agree but did so on 13 October.Psomiades, 35\\. Factors persuading Turkey to sign may have included the arrival of British reinforcements.Macfie, 336\\. With the British government and public firmly anti\\-war, the [Chanak Crisis](/wiki/Chanak_Crisis \"Chanak Crisis\") led to the collapse of David Lloyd George's coalition government.", "#### Armistice of Mudanya", "{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=December 2021}}{{Further\\|Armistice of Mudanya}}\nThe Marmara sea resort town of [Mudanya](/wiki/Mudanya \"Mudanya\") hosted the conference to arrange the armistice on 3 October 1922\\. İsmet Pasha—commander of the western armies—was in front of the Allies. The scene was unlike Mudros as the British and the Greeks were on the defence. Greece was represented by the Allies.", "The British still expected the GNA to make concessions. From the first speech, the British were startled as Ankara demanded fulfillment of the National Pact. During the conference, the British troops in Constantinople were preparing for a Kemalist attack. There was never any fighting in Thrace, as Greek units withdrew before the Turks crossed the straits from Asia Minor. The only concession that İsmet made to the British was an agreement that his troops would not advance any farther toward the Dardanelles, which gave a safe haven for the British troops as long as the conference continued. The conference dragged on far beyond the original expectations. In the end, it was the British who yielded to Ankara's advances.", "[thumb\\|Kemal Pasha inspects the Turkish troops (18 June 1922\\)](/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png \"Atatürk askerî birlikleri denetlerken, İzmit, 18 Haziran 1922.png\")", "The [Armistice of Mudanya](/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya \"Armistice of Mudanya\") was signed on 11 October. By its terms, the Greek army would move west of the [Maritsa](/wiki/Maritsa \"Maritsa\"), clearing eastern Thrace to the Allies. The famous American author [Ernest Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway \"Ernest Hemingway\") was in Thrace at the time, and he covered the evacuation of eastern Thrace of its Greek population. He has several short stories written about Thrace and Smyrna, which appear in his book *[In Our Time](/wiki/In_Our_Time_%28short_story_collection%29 \"In Our Time (short story collection)\")*. The agreement came into force starting 15 October. Allied forces would stay in eastern Thrace for a month to assure law and order. In return, Ankara would recognise continued British occupation of Constantinople and the Straits zones until the final treaty was signed.", "Refet Bele was assigned to seize control of eastern Thrace from the Allies. He was the first representative to reach the old capital. The British did not allow the hundred gendarmes who came with him. That resistance lasted until the next day.", "" ]
### Western Front {{More citations needed section\|date\=June 2023}} {{Main\|Greco\-Turkish War (1919–1922\)}} [thumb\|right\|A photograph of [Hellenic Army](/wiki/Hellenic_Army "Hellenic Army") troops advancing on Nationalist positions during the 1920 [Greek Summer Offensive](/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive "Greek Summer Offensive")](/wiki/File:Ermoscharge.JPG "Ermoscharge.JPG") The Greco\-Turkish War—referred to as the "Western Front" by the Turks and the "Asia Minor Campaign" by the Greeks—started when Greek forces landed in [Smyrna](/wiki/Smyrna "Smyrna") (now İzmir), on 15 May 1919\. A perimeter around the city known as the Milne Line was established in which low\-intensity guerilla war commenced. The conflict escalated when Greece and Britain performed a joint [offensive over the summer](/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive "Greek Summer Offensive") of 1920, which Istanbul condemned, that took control over the Marmara coast and provided strategic depth to the İzmir occupation zone. The cities of İzmit, [Manisa](/wiki/Manisa "Manisa"), [Balıkesir](/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir "Balıkesir"), [Aydın](/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n "Aydın"), and [Bursa](/wiki/Bursa "Bursa") were taken with little Turkish resistance. A second Greek offensive in autumn was launched with the goal to pressure Istanbul and Ankara to sign the Sèvres Treaty. This peace process was temporarily halted with the fall of Venizelos when the pro\-Entente [King Alexander](/wiki/Alexander_of_Greece "Alexander of Greece") died from sepsis after being bitten by a monkey. Much to Allied chagrin he was replaced by his anti\-Entente father [King Constantine](/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece "Constantine I of Greece"). Greece ceased to receive much Allied support after the change in power. The [Army of Asia Minor](/wiki/Army_of_Asia_Minor "Army of Asia Minor") was purged of Venizelist officers, their replacements being less competent. [thumb\|Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his comrades\-in\-arms at the end of the [First Battle of İnönü](/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC "First Battle of İnönü")](/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_at_the_end_of_the_First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.png "Mustafa Kemal at the end of the First Battle of İnönü.png") When the offensive resumed, the Turks received their first victory when the Greeks encountered stiff resistance in the battles of [First](/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC "First Battle of İnönü") and [Second İnönü](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC "Second Battle of İnönü"), due to İsmet Pasha's organization of an irregular militia into a regular army. The two victories led to Allied proposals to amend the Treaty of Sèvres where both Ankara and Istanbul were represented, but Greece refused. With the conclusion of the Southern and Eastern fronts, Ankara was able to concentrate more forces on the West against the Greeks. They also began to receive [support from Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations%23Bolshevik_support_for_Turkish_revolutionaries "Soviet Union–Turkey relations#Bolshevik support for Turkish revolutionaries"), as well as France and Italy, who sought to check British influence in the Near East. June–July 1921 saw heavy fighting in the [Battle of Kütahya\-Eskişehir](/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir "Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir"). While it was an eventual Greek victory, the Turkish army withdrew in good order to the [Sakarya river](/wiki/Sakarya_River "Sakarya River"), their last line of defence. Mustafa Kemal Pasha [replaced](/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fkumandanl%C4%B1k_Kanunu "Başkumandanlık Kanunu") İsmet Pasha after the defeat as commander\-in\-chief as well as his political duties. The decision was made in the Greek military command to march on the Nationalist capital of Ankara to force Mustafa Kemal to the negotiating table. For 21 days, the Turks and Greeks fought a pitched [battle at the Sakarya river](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya "Battle of the Sakarya"), which ended in Greek withdrawal. Almost of year of stalemate without much fighting followed, during which Greek morale and discipline faltered while Turkish strength increased. French and Italian forces evacuated Anatolia. The Allies offered an armistice to the Turks, which Mustafa Kemal refused. #### Peace negotiations and the Great Offensive (1921–1922\) {{Further\|Conference of London of 1921–1922\|Chanak Crisis}}[thumb\|A political cartoon: Greek king Constantine runs away from the bomb which reads "KEMAL"](/wiki/File:Turkije_verjaagt_Griekenland_In_Klein-Azi%C3%AB_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_NG-505-108.jpg "Turkije verjaagt Griekenland In Klein-Azië (titel op object), NG-505-108.jpg") In salvaging the Treaty of Sèvres, The Triple Entente forced the Turkish revolutionaries to agree with the terms through a series of conferences in London. The conference of London gave the Triple Entente an opportunity to reverse some of its policies. In October, parties to the conference received a report from Admiral [Mark Lambert Bristol](/wiki/Mark_Lambert_Bristol "Mark Lambert Bristol"). He organised a commission to analyse the situation, and inquire into the bloodshed during the Occupation of İzmir and the following activities in the region. The commission reported that if annexation would not follow, Greece should not be the only occupation force in this area. Admiral Bristol was not so sure how to explain this annexation to [U.S. President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") Woodrow Wilson as he insisted on "respect for nationalities" in the Fourteen Points. He believed that the sentiments of the Turks "will never accept this annexation".{{cite book \| last\=Buzanski \| first\=P.M. \| title\=Admiral Mark L. Bristol and Turkish\-American Relations, 1919\-1922 \| publisher\=University of California, Berkeley \| year\=1960 \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5mtKAQAAMAAJ \| page\=62}} Neither the Conference of London nor Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol's report changed British prime minister [David Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George "David Lloyd George")'s position. On 12 February 1921, he went with the annexation of the Aegean coast which was followed by the Greek offensive. David Lloyd George acted with his sentiments, which were developed during [Battle of Gallipoli](/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign "Gallipoli campaign"), as opposed to [General Milne](/wiki/George_Milne%2C_1st_Baron_Milne "George Milne, 1st Baron Milne"), who was his officer on the ground. [thumb\|right\|Turkish troops enter Constantinople on 6 October 1923](/wiki/File:Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg "Liberation of Istanbul on October 6, 1923.jpg") First negotiations between the sides failed during the Conference of London. The stage for peace was set after the Triple Entente's decision to make an arrangement with the Turkish revolutionaries. Before the talks with the Entente, the Nationalists partially settled their eastern borders with the Democratic Republic of Armenia, signing the [Treaty of Alexandropol](/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol "Treaty of Alexandropol"), but changes in the Caucasus—especially the establishment of the [Armenian SSR](/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic")—required one more round of talks. The outcome was the [Treaty of Kars](/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars "Treaty of Kars"), a successor treaty to the earlier [Treaty of Moscow](/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_%281921%29 "Treaty of Moscow (1921)") of March 1921\. It was signed in [Kars](/wiki/Kars "Kars") with the [Russian SFSR](/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic") on 13 October 1921{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/yarsi.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424044332/http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/yarsi.html\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=ყარსის ხელშეკრულება\|archive\-date\=24 April 2007\|website\=www.amsi.ge}} and ratified in [Yerevan](/wiki/Yerevan "Yerevan") on 11 September 1922\.{{cite web\|url\=http://groong.usc.edu/treaties/kars.html\|title\=ANN/Groong \-\- Treaty of Berlin \- 07/13/1878\|access\-date\=17 September 2016\|archive\-date\=11 May 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142658/http://groong.usc.edu/treaties/kars.html\|url\-status\=live}} With the borders secured with treaties and agreements at east and south, Mustafa Kemal was now in a commanding position. On August 26, 1922, in the [Battle of Dumlupınar](/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar "Battle of Dumlupınar"), the Turks routed the Greek positions and launched the [Great Offensive](/wiki/Great_Offensive "Great Offensive"). The Nationalists demanded that the Greek army{{clarify\|date\=January 2019}} evacuate East Thrace, Imbros, and Tenedos as well as Asia Minor. Mustafa Kemal sent a telegram to his commanders: "Armies! Your first goal is the Mediterranean, onwards!" The Turks recaptured all of Greece's gains in the span of three weeks, and resulted in the [recapture of Smyrna](/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna "Turkish capture of Smyrna") by Turkish forces right after which occurred the [great fire of Smyrna](/wiki/Great_fire_of_Smyrna "Great fire of Smyrna"). Greece's retreat from Anatolia saw its army committing scorched earth tactics and the depopulation of Muslim villages. The British were prepared to defend the neutral zone of [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople "Constantinople") and the Straits and the French asked Kemal to respect it,{{Cite book \|last\=Psomiades \|first\=Harry J. \|title\=The Eastern Question, the Last Phase: a Study in Greek\-Turkish Diplomacy \|publisher\=Pella \|year\=2000 \|publication\-place\=New York \|publication\-date\=2000 \|page\=33}} to which he agreed on 28 September.A. L. Macfie, 'The Chanak affair (September–October 1922\)' *Balkan Studies* 20(2\) (1979\), 332\. However, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, and the British Dominions objected to a new war.Psomiades, 27\-8\. France, Italy and Britain called on Mustafa Kemal to enter into cease\-fire negotiations. In return, on 29 September Kemal asked for the negotiations to be started at [Mudanya](/wiki/Mudanya "Mudanya"). This was agreed on 11 October, two [hours before the British intended to engage Nationalist forces at Çanak](/wiki/Chanak_Crisis "Chanak Crisis"), and signed the next day. The Greeks initially refused to agree but did so on 13 October.Psomiades, 35\. Factors persuading Turkey to sign may have included the arrival of British reinforcements.Macfie, 336\. With the British government and public firmly anti\-war, the [Chanak Crisis](/wiki/Chanak_Crisis "Chanak Crisis") led to the collapse of David Lloyd George's coalition government. #### Armistice of Mudanya {{More citations needed section\|date\=December 2021}}{{Further\|Armistice of Mudanya}} The Marmara sea resort town of [Mudanya](/wiki/Mudanya "Mudanya") hosted the conference to arrange the armistice on 3 October 1922\. İsmet Pasha—commander of the western armies—was in front of the Allies. The scene was unlike Mudros as the British and the Greeks were on the defence. Greece was represented by the Allies. The British still expected the GNA to make concessions. From the first speech, the British were startled as Ankara demanded fulfillment of the National Pact. During the conference, the British troops in Constantinople were preparing for a Kemalist attack. There was never any fighting in Thrace, as Greek units withdrew before the Turks crossed the straits from Asia Minor. The only concession that İsmet made to the British was an agreement that his troops would not advance any farther toward the Dardanelles, which gave a safe haven for the British troops as long as the conference continued. The conference dragged on far beyond the original expectations. In the end, it was the British who yielded to Ankara's advances. [thumb\|Kemal Pasha inspects the Turkish troops (18 June 1922\)](/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png "Atatürk askerî birlikleri denetlerken, İzmit, 18 Haziran 1922.png") The [Armistice of Mudanya](/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya "Armistice of Mudanya") was signed on 11 October. By its terms, the Greek army would move west of the [Maritsa](/wiki/Maritsa "Maritsa"), clearing eastern Thrace to the Allies. The famous American author [Ernest Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway "Ernest Hemingway") was in Thrace at the time, and he covered the evacuation of eastern Thrace of its Greek population. He has several short stories written about Thrace and Smyrna, which appear in his book *[In Our Time](/wiki/In_Our_Time_%28short_story_collection%29 "In Our Time (short story collection)")*. The agreement came into force starting 15 October. Allied forces would stay in eastern Thrace for a month to assure law and order. In return, Ankara would recognise continued British occupation of Constantinople and the Straits zones until the final treaty was signed. Refet Bele was assigned to seize control of eastern Thrace from the Allies. He was the first representative to reach the old capital. The British did not allow the hundred gendarmes who came with him. That resistance lasted until the next day.
[ "### Western Front", "{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=June 2023}}\n{{Main\\|Greco\\-Turkish War (1919–1922\\)}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|A photograph of [Hellenic Army](/wiki/Hellenic_Army \"Hellenic Army\") troops advancing on Nationalist positions during the 1920 [Greek Summer Offensive](/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive \"Greek Summer Offensive\")](/wiki/File:Ermoscharge.JPG \"Ermoscharge.JPG\")\nThe Greco\\-Turkish War—referred to as the \"Western Front\" by the Turks and the \"Asia Minor Campaign\" by the Greeks—started when Greek forces landed in [Smyrna](/wiki/Smyrna \"Smyrna\") (now İzmir), on 15 May 1919\\. A perimeter around the city known as the Milne Line was established in which low\\-intensity guerilla war commenced.", "The conflict escalated when Greece and Britain performed a joint [offensive over the summer](/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive \"Greek Summer Offensive\") of 1920, which Istanbul condemned, that took control over the Marmara coast and provided strategic depth to the İzmir occupation zone. The cities of İzmit, [Manisa](/wiki/Manisa \"Manisa\"), [Balıkesir](/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir \"Balıkesir\"), [Aydın](/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n \"Aydın\"), and [Bursa](/wiki/Bursa \"Bursa\") were taken with little Turkish resistance.", "A second Greek offensive in autumn was launched with the goal to pressure Istanbul and Ankara to sign the Sèvres Treaty. This peace process was temporarily halted with the fall of Venizelos when the pro\\-Entente [King Alexander](/wiki/Alexander_of_Greece \"Alexander of Greece\") died from sepsis after being bitten by a monkey. Much to Allied chagrin he was replaced by his anti\\-Entente father [King Constantine](/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece \"Constantine I of Greece\"). Greece ceased to receive much Allied support after the change in power. The [Army of Asia Minor](/wiki/Army_of_Asia_Minor \"Army of Asia Minor\") was purged of Venizelist officers, their replacements being less competent.", "[thumb\\|Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his comrades\\-in\\-arms at the end of the [First Battle of İnönü](/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC \"First Battle of İnönü\")](/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_at_the_end_of_the_First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.png \"Mustafa Kemal at the end of the First Battle of İnönü.png\")", "When the offensive resumed, the Turks received their first victory when the Greeks encountered stiff resistance in the battles of [First](/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC \"First Battle of İnönü\") and [Second İnönü](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC \"Second Battle of İnönü\"), due to İsmet Pasha's organization of an irregular militia into a regular army. The two victories led to Allied proposals to amend the Treaty of Sèvres where both Ankara and Istanbul were represented, but Greece refused. With the conclusion of the Southern and Eastern fronts, Ankara was able to concentrate more forces on the West against the Greeks. They also began to receive [support from Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations%23Bolshevik_support_for_Turkish_revolutionaries \"Soviet Union–Turkey relations#Bolshevik support for Turkish revolutionaries\"), as well as France and Italy, who sought to check British influence in the Near East.", "June–July 1921 saw heavy fighting in the [Battle of Kütahya\\-Eskişehir](/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir \"Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir\"). While it was an eventual Greek victory, the Turkish army withdrew in good order to the [Sakarya river](/wiki/Sakarya_River \"Sakarya River\"), their last line of defence. Mustafa Kemal Pasha [replaced](/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fkumandanl%C4%B1k_Kanunu \"Başkumandanlık Kanunu\") İsmet Pasha after the defeat as commander\\-in\\-chief as well as his political duties. The decision was made in the Greek military command to march on the Nationalist capital of Ankara to force Mustafa Kemal to the negotiating table. For 21 days, the Turks and Greeks fought a pitched [battle at the Sakarya river](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya \"Battle of the Sakarya\"), which ended in Greek withdrawal. Almost of year of stalemate without much fighting followed, during which Greek morale and discipline faltered while Turkish strength increased. French and Italian forces evacuated Anatolia. The Allies offered an armistice to the Turks, which Mustafa Kemal refused.", "#### Peace negotiations and the Great Offensive (1921–1922\\)", "{{Further\\|Conference of London of 1921–1922\\|Chanak Crisis}}[thumb\\|A political cartoon: Greek king Constantine runs away from the bomb which reads \"KEMAL\"](/wiki/File:Turkije_verjaagt_Griekenland_In_Klein-Azi%C3%AB_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_NG-505-108.jpg \"Turkije verjaagt Griekenland In Klein-Azië (titel op object), NG-505-108.jpg\")\nIn salvaging the Treaty of Sèvres, The Triple Entente forced the Turkish revolutionaries to agree with the terms through a series of conferences in London. The conference of London gave the Triple Entente an opportunity to reverse some of its policies. In October, parties to the conference received a report from Admiral [Mark Lambert Bristol](/wiki/Mark_Lambert_Bristol \"Mark Lambert Bristol\"). He organised a commission to analyse the situation, and inquire into the bloodshed during the Occupation of İzmir and the following activities in the region. The commission reported that if annexation would not follow, Greece should not be the only occupation force in this area. Admiral Bristol was not so sure how to explain this annexation to [U.S. President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") Woodrow Wilson as he insisted on \"respect for nationalities\" in the Fourteen Points. He believed that the sentiments of the Turks \"will never accept this annexation\".{{cite book \\| last\\=Buzanski \\| first\\=P.M. \\| title\\=Admiral Mark L. Bristol and Turkish\\-American Relations, 1919\\-1922 \\| publisher\\=University of California, Berkeley \\| year\\=1960 \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5mtKAQAAMAAJ \\| page\\=62}}", "Neither the Conference of London nor Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol's report changed British prime minister [David Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George \"David Lloyd George\")'s position. On 12 February 1921, he went with the annexation of the Aegean coast which was followed by the Greek offensive. David Lloyd George acted with his sentiments, which were developed during [Battle of Gallipoli](/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign \"Gallipoli campaign\"), as opposed to [General Milne](/wiki/George_Milne%2C_1st_Baron_Milne \"George Milne, 1st Baron Milne\"), who was his officer on the ground.", "[thumb\\|right\\|Turkish troops enter Constantinople on 6 October 1923](/wiki/File:Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg \"Liberation of Istanbul on October 6, 1923.jpg\")", "First negotiations between the sides failed during the Conference of London. The stage for peace was set after the Triple Entente's decision to make an arrangement with the Turkish revolutionaries. Before the talks with the Entente, the Nationalists partially settled their eastern borders with the Democratic Republic of Armenia, signing the [Treaty of Alexandropol](/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol \"Treaty of Alexandropol\"), but changes in the Caucasus—especially the establishment of the [Armenian SSR](/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic\")—required one more round of talks. The outcome was the [Treaty of Kars](/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars \"Treaty of Kars\"), a successor treaty to the earlier [Treaty of Moscow](/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_%281921%29 \"Treaty of Moscow (1921)\") of March 1921\\. It was signed in [Kars](/wiki/Kars \"Kars\") with the [Russian SFSR](/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic \"Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\") on 13 October 1921{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/yarsi.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424044332/http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/yarsi.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=ყარსის ხელშეკრულება\\|archive\\-date\\=24 April 2007\\|website\\=www.amsi.ge}} and ratified in [Yerevan](/wiki/Yerevan \"Yerevan\") on 11 September 1922\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://groong.usc.edu/treaties/kars.html\\|title\\=ANN/Groong \\-\\- Treaty of Berlin \\- 07/13/1878\\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142658/http://groong.usc.edu/treaties/kars.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "With the borders secured with treaties and agreements at east and south, Mustafa Kemal was now in a commanding position. On August 26, 1922, in the [Battle of Dumlupınar](/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar \"Battle of Dumlupınar\"), the Turks routed the Greek positions and launched the [Great Offensive](/wiki/Great_Offensive \"Great Offensive\"). The Nationalists demanded that the Greek army{{clarify\\|date\\=January 2019}} evacuate East Thrace, Imbros, and Tenedos as well as Asia Minor. Mustafa Kemal sent a telegram to his commanders: \"Armies! Your first goal is the Mediterranean, onwards!\" The Turks recaptured all of Greece's gains in the span of three weeks, and resulted in the [recapture of Smyrna](/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna \"Turkish capture of Smyrna\") by Turkish forces right after which occurred the [great fire of Smyrna](/wiki/Great_fire_of_Smyrna \"Great fire of Smyrna\"). Greece's retreat from Anatolia saw its army committing scorched earth tactics and the depopulation of Muslim villages.", "The British were prepared to defend the neutral zone of [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople \"Constantinople\") and the Straits and the French asked Kemal to respect it,{{Cite book \\|last\\=Psomiades \\|first\\=Harry J. \\|title\\=The Eastern Question, the Last Phase: a Study in Greek\\-Turkish Diplomacy \\|publisher\\=Pella \\|year\\=2000 \\|publication\\-place\\=New York \\|publication\\-date\\=2000 \\|page\\=33}} to which he agreed on 28 September.A. L. Macfie, 'The Chanak affair (September–October 1922\\)' *Balkan Studies* 20(2\\) (1979\\), 332\\. However, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, and the British Dominions objected to a new war.Psomiades, 27\\-8\\. France, Italy and Britain called on Mustafa Kemal to enter into cease\\-fire negotiations. In return, on 29 September Kemal asked for the negotiations to be started at [Mudanya](/wiki/Mudanya \"Mudanya\"). This was agreed on 11 October, two [hours before the British intended to engage Nationalist forces at Çanak](/wiki/Chanak_Crisis \"Chanak Crisis\"), and signed the next day. The Greeks initially refused to agree but did so on 13 October.Psomiades, 35\\. Factors persuading Turkey to sign may have included the arrival of British reinforcements.Macfie, 336\\. With the British government and public firmly anti\\-war, the [Chanak Crisis](/wiki/Chanak_Crisis \"Chanak Crisis\") led to the collapse of David Lloyd George's coalition government.", "#### Armistice of Mudanya", "{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=December 2021}}{{Further\\|Armistice of Mudanya}}\nThe Marmara sea resort town of [Mudanya](/wiki/Mudanya \"Mudanya\") hosted the conference to arrange the armistice on 3 October 1922\\. İsmet Pasha—commander of the western armies—was in front of the Allies. The scene was unlike Mudros as the British and the Greeks were on the defence. Greece was represented by the Allies.", "The British still expected the GNA to make concessions. From the first speech, the British were startled as Ankara demanded fulfillment of the National Pact. During the conference, the British troops in Constantinople were preparing for a Kemalist attack. There was never any fighting in Thrace, as Greek units withdrew before the Turks crossed the straits from Asia Minor. The only concession that İsmet made to the British was an agreement that his troops would not advance any farther toward the Dardanelles, which gave a safe haven for the British troops as long as the conference continued. The conference dragged on far beyond the original expectations. In the end, it was the British who yielded to Ankara's advances.", "[thumb\\|Kemal Pasha inspects the Turkish troops (18 June 1922\\)](/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png \"Atatürk askerî birlikleri denetlerken, İzmit, 18 Haziran 1922.png\")", "The [Armistice of Mudanya](/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya \"Armistice of Mudanya\") was signed on 11 October. By its terms, the Greek army would move west of the [Maritsa](/wiki/Maritsa \"Maritsa\"), clearing eastern Thrace to the Allies. The famous American author [Ernest Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway \"Ernest Hemingway\") was in Thrace at the time, and he covered the evacuation of eastern Thrace of its Greek population. He has several short stories written about Thrace and Smyrna, which appear in his book *[In Our Time](/wiki/In_Our_Time_%28short_story_collection%29 \"In Our Time (short story collection)\")*. The agreement came into force starting 15 October. Allied forces would stay in eastern Thrace for a month to assure law and order. In return, Ankara would recognise continued British occupation of Constantinople and the Straits zones until the final treaty was signed.", "Refet Bele was assigned to seize control of eastern Thrace from the Allies. He was the first representative to reach the old capital. The British did not allow the hundred gendarmes who came with him. That resistance lasted until the next day.", "" ]
Biography --------- Lollar was born in [Durham, Arkansas](/wiki/Durham%2C_Arkansas "Durham, Arkansas") in the rural Ozark mountains. He was a [batboy](/wiki/Batboy "Batboy") for the Fayetteville, Arkansas [Class D](/wiki/Minor_league_baseball "Minor league baseball") minor league team in the [Arkansas–Missouri League](/wiki/Arkansas%E2%80%93Missouri_League "Arkansas–Missouri League") in the 1930s. In 1943 Lollar was signed as an 18\-year\-old by the Baltimore Orioles, which then was a minor league franchise in the [International League](/wiki/International_League "International League").{{cite magazine \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=KiwDAAAAMBAJ\&q\=sherm\+lollar\&pg\=PA31 \|title\=It's General Sherman of the White Sox \|author\=Dexter, Charles \|date\=October 1953 \|work\=Baseball Digest \|access\-date\=November 14, 2010 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.baseball\-almanac.com/players/trades.php?p\=lollash01 \|title\=Sherm Lollar Trades and Transactions \|publisher\=Baseball Almanac \|access\-date\=November 14, 2010 }} In 1945 he hit 34 home runs and led the [International League](/wiki/International_League "International League") with a .364 [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)"), winning the league's [Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player "Most Valuable Player") award.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/minors/league.cgi?id\=11891\#league\_batting \|title\=1945 International League Batting Leaders \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} Baltimore had a working agreement with the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians "Cleveland Indians"), and sold Lollar to the Indians after the 1945 season. ### MLB career #### Cleveland Indians (1946\) Lollar made his major league debut on April 20, [1946](/wiki/1946_Cleveland_Indians_season "1946 Cleveland Indians season"). He was a backup catcher for the Cleveland Indians behind catchers [Frankie Hayes](/wiki/Frankie_Hayes "Frankie Hayes") and then [Jim Hegan](/wiki/Jim_Hegan "Jim Hegan"). His playing time as a third string catcher was minimal so, he requested to be sent back to the minor leagues. #### New York Yankees (1947–1948\) Lollar was traded to the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees") along with [Ray Mack](/wiki/Ray_Mack "Ray Mack") after the 1946 season,{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=2206\&dat\=19461206\&id\=xFEtAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4929,2983650 \|title\=Yanks Trade Three Men For Mack, Lollar\|first\=Leo H.\|last\=Petersen\|agency\=United Press International\|date\=December 6, 1946\|page\=7\-B\|newspaper\=The Miami News \|access\-date\=January 7, 2014}} and competed with [Yogi Berra](/wiki/Yogi_Berra "Yogi Berra") in 1947 for the Yankee catching job. Both Lollar and Berra were considered excellent hitting prospects but defensive liabilities, although both eventually would become outstanding receivers. Lollar started two games in the [1947 World Series](/wiki/1947_World_Series "1947 World Series") for the Yankees against the [Brooklyn Dodgers](/wiki/1947_Brooklyn_Dodgers_season "1947 Brooklyn Dodgers season") and went 3 for 4 with two [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/1947\_WS.shtml \|title\=1947 World Series \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} Yankee coach and [Hall of Fame](/wiki/Hall_of_Fame "Hall of Fame") catching great, [Bill Dickey](/wiki/Bill_Dickey "Bill Dickey"), advised the Yankees that Berra's left\-hand bat was more suited to the dimensions of [Yankee Stadium](/wiki/Yankee_Stadium "Yankee Stadium") (301'\-457'\-461'\-407'\-296' LF\-LCF\-CF\-RCF\-RF) than Lollar's right\-hand bat. During the 1948 season, Lollar suffered a hand injury due to a foul tip, resulting in limited action for the rest of the [year](/wiki/1948_New_York_Yankees_season "1948 New York Yankees season"). #### St. Louis Browns (1949–1951\) Lollar was traded to the [St. Louis Browns](/wiki/St._Louis_Browns "St. Louis Browns") and replaced [Les Moss](/wiki/Les_Moss "Les Moss") as their starting catcher for the [1949 season](/wiki/1949_St._Louis_Browns_season "1949 St. Louis Browns season"). In 1950, Lollar was hitting .314 in mid\-July and earned his first of seven [All\-Star](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "Major League Baseball All-Star Game") selections (nine total games).{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?id\=lollash01\&t\=b\&year\=1950 \|title\=1950 Sherm Lollar Batting Log \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=November 21, 2010 }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/ALS/ALS195007110\.shtml \|title\=1950 All\-Star Game \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=November 21, 2010 }} He ended the season hitting .280 with a career\-high .391 [on\-base percentage](/wiki/On-base_percentage "On-base percentage"). In 1951, Lollar hit .252 for the season and was traded to the White Sox that November. #### Chicago White Sox (1952–1963\) [thumb\|180px\|Lollar in 1958](/wiki/File:Sherman_Lollar_-_Chicago_White_Sox_-_1958.jpg "Sherman Lollar - Chicago White Sox - 1958.jpg") In 1952, Lollar took over the season's regular catching job for the White Sox from catcher [Phil Masi](/wiki/Phil_Masi "Phil Masi"). His defensive skills improved under the tutelage of manager and former major league catcher [Paul Richards](/wiki/Paul_Richards_%28baseball%29 "Paul Richards (baseball)").{{cite book \|author\=James, Bill \|title\=The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract \|publisher\=Free Press \|location\=New York \|year\=2001 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/newbilljameshist00jame/page/407 407] \|isbn\=0\-684\-80697\-5 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/newbilljameshist00jame/page/407 }} Lollar, whom Richards called "a manager on the field", was a quiet workhorse who led by example and was an excellent handler of pitchers.{{cite magazine \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=qzQDAAAAMBAJ\&q\=sherm\+lollar\&pg\=PA79 \|title\=Sam Esposito Recalls White Sox Pennant Year \|author\=Grosshandler, Stan \|date\=October 1979 \|work\=Baseball Digest \|access\-date\=November 14, 2010 }} In [1954](/wiki/1954_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1954 Chicago White Sox season"), after allowing a stolen base to Al Smith on May 25, he threw out all 18 would\-be base stealers during the remainder of the year. He became a mainstay behind the plate for the [Go\-Go White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox%231950%E2%80%9367:%22Go-Go_Sox%22_and_the_Bridesmaid_Years) teams of the 1950s and early 1960s, which included future [Hall of Fame](/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame "Baseball Hall of Fame") members [Luis Aparicio](/wiki/Luis_Aparicio "Luis Aparicio"), [Nellie Fox](/wiki/Nellie_Fox "Nellie Fox"), [George Kell](/wiki/George_Kell "George Kell"), [Hoyt Wilhelm](/wiki/Hoyt_Wilhelm "Hoyt Wilhelm"), and [Early Wynn](/wiki/Early_Wynn "Early Wynn"). Described as a dangerous hitter with power in *Who's Who in Baseball History*,Johnson, Lloyd and Ward, Linda. S. *Who's Who in Baseball History*, Brompton Books, 1994\. {{ISBN\|1\-56619\-469\-5}} Lollar played most of his career in cavernous Comiskey Park, whose dimensions were 352'\-415'\-352' LF\-CF\-RF. He tied a major League record on April 23, [1955](/wiki/1955_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1955 Chicago White Sox season") when he got hits twice in two different [innings](/wiki/Inning "Inning") of the same game.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/KC1/KC1195504230\.shtml \|title\=April 23, 1955 White Sox\-Athletics box score \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=November 14, 2010 }}{{cite magazine \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=lysDAAAAMBAJ\&q\=sherm\+lollar\&pg\=PA11 \|title\=Letters To The Editor \|date\=July 2000 \|work\=Baseball Digest \|access\-date\=November 14, 2010 }} Lollar never struck out more than 50 times in a season and walked more than he struck out in each of the 15 seasons he played after becoming an every day player.{{cite book \|editor\-last\=Wolff \|editor\-first\=Rick \|title\=The Baseball Encyclopedia \|edition\=9th \|publisher\=Macmillan \|location\=New York \|year\=1993 \|isbn\=0\-02\-579041\-2 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/baseballencyclop93newy }} His career on\-base percentage was higher than Berra's (.357 *versus* .348\).*BaseballReference.com* www.baseball\-reference.com He hit a career\-high .293 with 28 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)") in 1956\. The White Sox finished in third place for five consecutive seasons until [1957](/wiki/1957_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1957 Chicago White Sox season"), when the Sox held first place until late June, before finishing the season in second place behind the [Yankees](/wiki/1957_New_York_Yankees_season "1957 New York Yankees season").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/CHW/1957\-schedule\-scores.shtml \|title\=1957 Chicago White Sox Season \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} Lollar won the first [Gold Glove Award](/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award "Gold Glove Award") for catcher in {{mlby\|1957}}, which initially had one recipient per position for both leagues.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/awards/gold\_glove\_al.shtml \|title\=Gold Glove Award winners \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=November 14, 2010 }} That year he caught [Bob Keegan](/wiki/Bob_Keegan "Bob Keegan")'s [no\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter "No-hitter") on August 20\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/CHA/CHA195708202\.shtml \|title\=August 20, 1957 Senators\-White Sox box score \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} In [1958](/wiki/1958_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1958 Chicago White Sox season"), the White Sox would battle back from being in last place on June 14 to once again finish the season in second place behind the [Yankees](/wiki/1958_New_York_Yankees_season "1958 New York Yankees season").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/CHW/1958\-schedule\-scores.shtml \|title\=1958 Chicago White Sox Schedule, Box Scores and Splits \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} Lollar led the team with 20 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run "Home run") and 84 [runs batted in](/wiki/Runs_batted_in "Runs batted in").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/CHW/1958\.shtml \|title\=1958 Chicago White Sox Season \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} In [1959](/wiki/1959_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1959 Chicago White Sox season"), the White Sox won their first American League [pennant](/wiki/Pennant_%28sports%29 "Pennant (sports)") since the [Black Sox scandal](/wiki/Black_Sox_scandal "Black Sox scandal") in {{mlby\|1919}}, finishing the regular season five games ahead of the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/1959_Cleveland_Indians_season "1959 Cleveland Indians season").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/leagues/AL/1959\.shtml \|title\=1959 American League Final Standings \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} Lollar helped guide the White Sox pitching staff to the lowest [earned run average](/wiki/Earned_run_average "Earned run average") in the American League.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/leagues/AL/1959\.shtml\#teams\_standard\_pitching::none \|title\=1959 American League Team Statistics and Standings \|publisher\=baseball\-reference.com \|access\-date\=June 25, 2011 }} He also led the team once again with a career\-high 22 home runs and 84 runs batted in and winning his third consecutive Gold Glove Award. He had 5 hits and 5 runs batted in, including a home run, in the [1959 World Series](/wiki/1959_World_Series "1959 World Series"), as the White Sox were defeated by the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/1959_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "1959 Los Angeles Dodgers season") in a six\-game series.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/1959\_WS.shtml \|title\=1959 World Series \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} Lollar remained the White Sox starting catcher through the [1962 season](/wiki/1961_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1961 Chicago White Sox season"). In [1962](/wiki/1962_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1962 Chicago White Sox season"), he fractured his thumb on June 20 when he was hit by a pitch by [Ted Sadowski](/wiki/Ted_Sadowski "Ted Sadowski") of the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins"). He did not return until July 25, and appeared in only 84 total games during the season. Lollar retired from playing at the end of the [1963 season](/wiki/1963_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1963 Chicago White Sox season") at the age of 38\. [Ned Garver](/wiki/Ned_Garver "Ned Garver") enjoyed working with Lollar, recalling that he would often pitch entire games throwing the first pitch Lollar flashed a sign for.{{cite book\|last1\=Garver\|first1\=Ned\|last2\=Bozman\|first2\=Bill\|last3\=Joyner\|first3\=Ronnie\|title\=Touching All the Bases\|publisher\=Pepperpot Productions, Inc.\|year\=2003\|asin\=B00B6JBVV6\|page\=52}}
[ "Biography\n---------", "Lollar was born in [Durham, Arkansas](/wiki/Durham%2C_Arkansas \"Durham, Arkansas\") in the rural Ozark mountains. He was a [batboy](/wiki/Batboy \"Batboy\") for the Fayetteville, Arkansas [Class D](/wiki/Minor_league_baseball \"Minor league baseball\") minor league team in the [Arkansas–Missouri League](/wiki/Arkansas%E2%80%93Missouri_League \"Arkansas–Missouri League\") in the 1930s. In 1943 Lollar was signed as an 18\\-year\\-old by the Baltimore Orioles, which then was a minor league franchise in the [International League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\").{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=KiwDAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=sherm\\+lollar\\&pg\\=PA31 \\|title\\=It's General Sherman of the White Sox \\|author\\=Dexter, Charles \\|date\\=October 1953 \\|work\\=Baseball Digest \\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2010 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.baseball\\-almanac.com/players/trades.php?p\\=lollash01 \\|title\\=Sherm Lollar Trades and Transactions \\|publisher\\=Baseball Almanac \\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2010 }} In 1945 he hit 34 home runs and led the [International League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\") with a .364 [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\"), winning the league's [Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player \"Most Valuable Player\") award.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/minors/league.cgi?id\\=11891\\#league\\_batting \\|title\\=1945 International League Batting Leaders \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }} Baltimore had a working agreement with the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians \"Cleveland Indians\"), and sold Lollar to the Indians after the 1945 season.", "### MLB career", "#### Cleveland Indians (1946\\)", "Lollar made his major league debut on April 20, [1946](/wiki/1946_Cleveland_Indians_season \"1946 Cleveland Indians season\"). He was a backup catcher for the Cleveland Indians behind catchers [Frankie Hayes](/wiki/Frankie_Hayes \"Frankie Hayes\") and then [Jim Hegan](/wiki/Jim_Hegan \"Jim Hegan\"). His playing time as a third string catcher was minimal so, he requested to be sent back to the minor leagues.", "#### New York Yankees (1947–1948\\)", "Lollar was traded to the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\") along with [Ray Mack](/wiki/Ray_Mack \"Ray Mack\") after the 1946 season,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=2206\\&dat\\=19461206\\&id\\=xFEtAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4929,2983650 \\|title\\=Yanks Trade Three Men For Mack, Lollar\\|first\\=Leo H.\\|last\\=Petersen\\|agency\\=United Press International\\|date\\=December 6, 1946\\|page\\=7\\-B\\|newspaper\\=The Miami News \\|access\\-date\\=January 7, 2014}} and competed with [Yogi Berra](/wiki/Yogi_Berra \"Yogi Berra\") in 1947 for the Yankee catching job. Both Lollar and Berra were considered excellent hitting prospects but defensive liabilities, although both eventually would become outstanding receivers. Lollar started two games in the [1947 World Series](/wiki/1947_World_Series \"1947 World Series\") for the Yankees against the [Brooklyn Dodgers](/wiki/1947_Brooklyn_Dodgers_season \"1947 Brooklyn Dodgers season\") and went 3 for 4 with two [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/1947\\_WS.shtml \\|title\\=1947 World Series \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }} Yankee coach and [Hall of Fame](/wiki/Hall_of_Fame \"Hall of Fame\") catching great, [Bill Dickey](/wiki/Bill_Dickey \"Bill Dickey\"), advised the Yankees that Berra's left\\-hand bat was more suited to the dimensions of [Yankee Stadium](/wiki/Yankee_Stadium \"Yankee Stadium\") (301'\\-457'\\-461'\\-407'\\-296' LF\\-LCF\\-CF\\-RCF\\-RF) than Lollar's right\\-hand bat. During the 1948 season, Lollar suffered a hand injury due to a foul tip, resulting in limited action for the rest of the [year](/wiki/1948_New_York_Yankees_season \"1948 New York Yankees season\").", "#### St. Louis Browns (1949–1951\\)", "Lollar was traded to the [St. Louis Browns](/wiki/St._Louis_Browns \"St. Louis Browns\") and replaced [Les Moss](/wiki/Les_Moss \"Les Moss\") as their starting catcher for the [1949 season](/wiki/1949_St._Louis_Browns_season \"1949 St. Louis Browns season\"). In 1950, Lollar was hitting .314 in mid\\-July and earned his first of seven [All\\-Star](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"Major League Baseball All-Star Game\") selections (nine total games).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?id\\=lollash01\\&t\\=b\\&year\\=1950 \\|title\\=1950 Sherm Lollar Batting Log \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=November 21, 2010 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/ALS/ALS195007110\\.shtml \\|title\\=1950 All\\-Star Game \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=November 21, 2010 }} He ended the season hitting .280 with a career\\-high .391 [on\\-base percentage](/wiki/On-base_percentage \"On-base percentage\"). In 1951, Lollar hit .252 for the season and was traded to the White Sox that November.", "#### Chicago White Sox (1952–1963\\)", "[thumb\\|180px\\|Lollar in 1958](/wiki/File:Sherman_Lollar_-_Chicago_White_Sox_-_1958.jpg \"Sherman Lollar - Chicago White Sox - 1958.jpg\")\nIn 1952, Lollar took over the season's regular catching job for the White Sox from catcher [Phil Masi](/wiki/Phil_Masi \"Phil Masi\"). His defensive skills improved under the tutelage of manager and former major league catcher [Paul Richards](/wiki/Paul_Richards_%28baseball%29 \"Paul Richards (baseball)\").{{cite book \\|author\\=James, Bill \\|title\\=The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract \\|publisher\\=Free Press \\|location\\=New York \\|year\\=2001 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/newbilljameshist00jame/page/407 407] \\|isbn\\=0\\-684\\-80697\\-5 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/newbilljameshist00jame/page/407 }} Lollar, whom Richards called \"a manager on the field\", was a quiet workhorse who led by example and was an excellent handler of pitchers.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=qzQDAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=sherm\\+lollar\\&pg\\=PA79 \\|title\\=Sam Esposito Recalls White Sox Pennant Year \\|author\\=Grosshandler, Stan \\|date\\=October 1979 \\|work\\=Baseball Digest \\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2010 }} In [1954](/wiki/1954_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1954 Chicago White Sox season\"), after allowing a stolen base to Al Smith on May 25, he threw out all 18 would\\-be base stealers during the remainder of the year. He became a mainstay behind the plate for the [Go\\-Go White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox%231950%E2%80%9367:%22Go-Go_Sox%22_and_the_Bridesmaid_Years) teams of the 1950s and early 1960s, which included future [Hall of Fame](/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame \"Baseball Hall of Fame\") members [Luis Aparicio](/wiki/Luis_Aparicio \"Luis Aparicio\"), [Nellie Fox](/wiki/Nellie_Fox \"Nellie Fox\"), [George Kell](/wiki/George_Kell \"George Kell\"), [Hoyt Wilhelm](/wiki/Hoyt_Wilhelm \"Hoyt Wilhelm\"), and [Early Wynn](/wiki/Early_Wynn \"Early Wynn\").", "Described as a dangerous hitter with power in *Who's Who in Baseball History*,Johnson, Lloyd and Ward, Linda. S. *Who's Who in Baseball History*, Brompton Books, 1994\\. {{ISBN\\|1\\-56619\\-469\\-5}} Lollar played most of his career in cavernous Comiskey Park, whose dimensions were 352'\\-415'\\-352' LF\\-CF\\-RF. He tied a major League record on April 23, [1955](/wiki/1955_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1955 Chicago White Sox season\") when he got hits twice in two different [innings](/wiki/Inning \"Inning\") of the same game.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/KC1/KC1195504230\\.shtml \\|title\\=April 23, 1955 White Sox\\-Athletics box score \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2010 }}{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lysDAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=sherm\\+lollar\\&pg\\=PA11 \\|title\\=Letters To The Editor \\|date\\=July 2000 \\|work\\=Baseball Digest \\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2010 }} Lollar never struck out more than 50 times in a season and walked more than he struck out in each of the 15 seasons he played after becoming an every day player.{{cite book \\|editor\\-last\\=Wolff \\|editor\\-first\\=Rick \\|title\\=The Baseball Encyclopedia \\|edition\\=9th \\|publisher\\=Macmillan \\|location\\=New York \\|year\\=1993 \\|isbn\\=0\\-02\\-579041\\-2 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/baseballencyclop93newy }} His career on\\-base percentage was higher than Berra's (.357 *versus* .348\\).*BaseballReference.com* www.baseball\\-reference.com He hit a career\\-high .293 with 28 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\") in 1956\\.", "The White Sox finished in third place for five consecutive seasons until [1957](/wiki/1957_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1957 Chicago White Sox season\"), when the Sox held first place until late June, before finishing the season in second place behind the [Yankees](/wiki/1957_New_York_Yankees_season \"1957 New York Yankees season\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/CHW/1957\\-schedule\\-scores.shtml \\|title\\=1957 Chicago White Sox Season \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }} Lollar won the first [Gold Glove Award](/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award \"Gold Glove Award\") for catcher in {{mlby\\|1957}}, which initially had one recipient per position for both leagues.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/awards/gold\\_glove\\_al.shtml \\|title\\=Gold Glove Award winners \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2010 }} That year he caught [Bob Keegan](/wiki/Bob_Keegan \"Bob Keegan\")'s [no\\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter \"No-hitter\") on August 20\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/CHA/CHA195708202\\.shtml \\|title\\=August 20, 1957 Senators\\-White Sox box score \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }} In [1958](/wiki/1958_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1958 Chicago White Sox season\"), the White Sox would battle back from being in last place on June 14 to once again finish the season in second place behind the [Yankees](/wiki/1958_New_York_Yankees_season \"1958 New York Yankees season\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/CHW/1958\\-schedule\\-scores.shtml \\|title\\=1958 Chicago White Sox Schedule, Box Scores and Splits \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }} Lollar led the team with 20 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\") and 84 [runs batted in](/wiki/Runs_batted_in \"Runs batted in\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/CHW/1958\\.shtml \\|title\\=1958 Chicago White Sox Season \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }}", "In [1959](/wiki/1959_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1959 Chicago White Sox season\"), the White Sox won their first American League [pennant](/wiki/Pennant_%28sports%29 \"Pennant (sports)\") since the [Black Sox scandal](/wiki/Black_Sox_scandal \"Black Sox scandal\") in {{mlby\\|1919}}, finishing the regular season five games ahead of the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/1959_Cleveland_Indians_season \"1959 Cleveland Indians season\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/leagues/AL/1959\\.shtml \\|title\\=1959 American League Final Standings \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }} Lollar helped guide the White Sox pitching staff to the lowest [earned run average](/wiki/Earned_run_average \"Earned run average\") in the American League.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/leagues/AL/1959\\.shtml\\#teams\\_standard\\_pitching::none \\|title\\=1959 American League Team Statistics and Standings\n \\|publisher\\=baseball\\-reference.com \\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2011 }} He also led the team once again with a career\\-high 22 home runs and 84 runs batted in and winning his third consecutive Gold Glove Award. He had 5 hits and 5 runs batted in, including a home run, in the [1959 World Series](/wiki/1959_World_Series \"1959 World Series\"), as the White Sox were defeated by the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/1959_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"1959 Los Angeles Dodgers season\") in a six\\-game series.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/1959\\_WS.shtml \\|title\\=1959 World Series \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }}", "Lollar remained the White Sox starting catcher through the [1962 season](/wiki/1961_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1961 Chicago White Sox season\"). In [1962](/wiki/1962_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1962 Chicago White Sox season\"), he fractured his thumb on June 20 when he was hit by a pitch by [Ted Sadowski](/wiki/Ted_Sadowski \"Ted Sadowski\") of the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\"). He did not return until July 25, and appeared in only 84 total games during the season. Lollar retired from playing at the end of the [1963 season](/wiki/1963_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1963 Chicago White Sox season\") at the age of 38\\.", "[Ned Garver](/wiki/Ned_Garver \"Ned Garver\") enjoyed working with Lollar, recalling that he would often pitch entire games throwing the first pitch Lollar flashed a sign for.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Garver\\|first1\\=Ned\\|last2\\=Bozman\\|first2\\=Bill\\|last3\\=Joyner\\|first3\\=Ronnie\\|title\\=Touching All the Bases\\|publisher\\=Pepperpot Productions, Inc.\\|year\\=2003\\|asin\\=B00B6JBVV6\\|page\\=52}}", "" ]
### MLB career #### Cleveland Indians (1946\) Lollar made his major league debut on April 20, [1946](/wiki/1946_Cleveland_Indians_season "1946 Cleveland Indians season"). He was a backup catcher for the Cleveland Indians behind catchers [Frankie Hayes](/wiki/Frankie_Hayes "Frankie Hayes") and then [Jim Hegan](/wiki/Jim_Hegan "Jim Hegan"). His playing time as a third string catcher was minimal so, he requested to be sent back to the minor leagues. #### New York Yankees (1947–1948\) Lollar was traded to the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees") along with [Ray Mack](/wiki/Ray_Mack "Ray Mack") after the 1946 season,{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=2206\&dat\=19461206\&id\=xFEtAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4929,2983650 \|title\=Yanks Trade Three Men For Mack, Lollar\|first\=Leo H.\|last\=Petersen\|agency\=United Press International\|date\=December 6, 1946\|page\=7\-B\|newspaper\=The Miami News \|access\-date\=January 7, 2014}} and competed with [Yogi Berra](/wiki/Yogi_Berra "Yogi Berra") in 1947 for the Yankee catching job. Both Lollar and Berra were considered excellent hitting prospects but defensive liabilities, although both eventually would become outstanding receivers. Lollar started two games in the [1947 World Series](/wiki/1947_World_Series "1947 World Series") for the Yankees against the [Brooklyn Dodgers](/wiki/1947_Brooklyn_Dodgers_season "1947 Brooklyn Dodgers season") and went 3 for 4 with two [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/1947\_WS.shtml \|title\=1947 World Series \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} Yankee coach and [Hall of Fame](/wiki/Hall_of_Fame "Hall of Fame") catching great, [Bill Dickey](/wiki/Bill_Dickey "Bill Dickey"), advised the Yankees that Berra's left\-hand bat was more suited to the dimensions of [Yankee Stadium](/wiki/Yankee_Stadium "Yankee Stadium") (301'\-457'\-461'\-407'\-296' LF\-LCF\-CF\-RCF\-RF) than Lollar's right\-hand bat. During the 1948 season, Lollar suffered a hand injury due to a foul tip, resulting in limited action for the rest of the [year](/wiki/1948_New_York_Yankees_season "1948 New York Yankees season"). #### St. Louis Browns (1949–1951\) Lollar was traded to the [St. Louis Browns](/wiki/St._Louis_Browns "St. Louis Browns") and replaced [Les Moss](/wiki/Les_Moss "Les Moss") as their starting catcher for the [1949 season](/wiki/1949_St._Louis_Browns_season "1949 St. Louis Browns season"). In 1950, Lollar was hitting .314 in mid\-July and earned his first of seven [All\-Star](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "Major League Baseball All-Star Game") selections (nine total games).{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?id\=lollash01\&t\=b\&year\=1950 \|title\=1950 Sherm Lollar Batting Log \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=November 21, 2010 }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/ALS/ALS195007110\.shtml \|title\=1950 All\-Star Game \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=November 21, 2010 }} He ended the season hitting .280 with a career\-high .391 [on\-base percentage](/wiki/On-base_percentage "On-base percentage"). In 1951, Lollar hit .252 for the season and was traded to the White Sox that November. #### Chicago White Sox (1952–1963\) [thumb\|180px\|Lollar in 1958](/wiki/File:Sherman_Lollar_-_Chicago_White_Sox_-_1958.jpg "Sherman Lollar - Chicago White Sox - 1958.jpg") In 1952, Lollar took over the season's regular catching job for the White Sox from catcher [Phil Masi](/wiki/Phil_Masi "Phil Masi"). His defensive skills improved under the tutelage of manager and former major league catcher [Paul Richards](/wiki/Paul_Richards_%28baseball%29 "Paul Richards (baseball)").{{cite book \|author\=James, Bill \|title\=The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract \|publisher\=Free Press \|location\=New York \|year\=2001 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/newbilljameshist00jame/page/407 407] \|isbn\=0\-684\-80697\-5 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/newbilljameshist00jame/page/407 }} Lollar, whom Richards called "a manager on the field", was a quiet workhorse who led by example and was an excellent handler of pitchers.{{cite magazine \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=qzQDAAAAMBAJ\&q\=sherm\+lollar\&pg\=PA79 \|title\=Sam Esposito Recalls White Sox Pennant Year \|author\=Grosshandler, Stan \|date\=October 1979 \|work\=Baseball Digest \|access\-date\=November 14, 2010 }} In [1954](/wiki/1954_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1954 Chicago White Sox season"), after allowing a stolen base to Al Smith on May 25, he threw out all 18 would\-be base stealers during the remainder of the year. He became a mainstay behind the plate for the [Go\-Go White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox%231950%E2%80%9367:%22Go-Go_Sox%22_and_the_Bridesmaid_Years) teams of the 1950s and early 1960s, which included future [Hall of Fame](/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame "Baseball Hall of Fame") members [Luis Aparicio](/wiki/Luis_Aparicio "Luis Aparicio"), [Nellie Fox](/wiki/Nellie_Fox "Nellie Fox"), [George Kell](/wiki/George_Kell "George Kell"), [Hoyt Wilhelm](/wiki/Hoyt_Wilhelm "Hoyt Wilhelm"), and [Early Wynn](/wiki/Early_Wynn "Early Wynn"). Described as a dangerous hitter with power in *Who's Who in Baseball History*,Johnson, Lloyd and Ward, Linda. S. *Who's Who in Baseball History*, Brompton Books, 1994\. {{ISBN\|1\-56619\-469\-5}} Lollar played most of his career in cavernous Comiskey Park, whose dimensions were 352'\-415'\-352' LF\-CF\-RF. He tied a major League record on April 23, [1955](/wiki/1955_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1955 Chicago White Sox season") when he got hits twice in two different [innings](/wiki/Inning "Inning") of the same game.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/KC1/KC1195504230\.shtml \|title\=April 23, 1955 White Sox\-Athletics box score \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=November 14, 2010 }}{{cite magazine \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=lysDAAAAMBAJ\&q\=sherm\+lollar\&pg\=PA11 \|title\=Letters To The Editor \|date\=July 2000 \|work\=Baseball Digest \|access\-date\=November 14, 2010 }} Lollar never struck out more than 50 times in a season and walked more than he struck out in each of the 15 seasons he played after becoming an every day player.{{cite book \|editor\-last\=Wolff \|editor\-first\=Rick \|title\=The Baseball Encyclopedia \|edition\=9th \|publisher\=Macmillan \|location\=New York \|year\=1993 \|isbn\=0\-02\-579041\-2 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/baseballencyclop93newy }} His career on\-base percentage was higher than Berra's (.357 *versus* .348\).*BaseballReference.com* www.baseball\-reference.com He hit a career\-high .293 with 28 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)") in 1956\. The White Sox finished in third place for five consecutive seasons until [1957](/wiki/1957_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1957 Chicago White Sox season"), when the Sox held first place until late June, before finishing the season in second place behind the [Yankees](/wiki/1957_New_York_Yankees_season "1957 New York Yankees season").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/CHW/1957\-schedule\-scores.shtml \|title\=1957 Chicago White Sox Season \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} Lollar won the first [Gold Glove Award](/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award "Gold Glove Award") for catcher in {{mlby\|1957}}, which initially had one recipient per position for both leagues.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/awards/gold\_glove\_al.shtml \|title\=Gold Glove Award winners \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=November 14, 2010 }} That year he caught [Bob Keegan](/wiki/Bob_Keegan "Bob Keegan")'s [no\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter "No-hitter") on August 20\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/CHA/CHA195708202\.shtml \|title\=August 20, 1957 Senators\-White Sox box score \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} In [1958](/wiki/1958_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1958 Chicago White Sox season"), the White Sox would battle back from being in last place on June 14 to once again finish the season in second place behind the [Yankees](/wiki/1958_New_York_Yankees_season "1958 New York Yankees season").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/CHW/1958\-schedule\-scores.shtml \|title\=1958 Chicago White Sox Schedule, Box Scores and Splits \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} Lollar led the team with 20 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run "Home run") and 84 [runs batted in](/wiki/Runs_batted_in "Runs batted in").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/CHW/1958\.shtml \|title\=1958 Chicago White Sox Season \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} In [1959](/wiki/1959_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1959 Chicago White Sox season"), the White Sox won their first American League [pennant](/wiki/Pennant_%28sports%29 "Pennant (sports)") since the [Black Sox scandal](/wiki/Black_Sox_scandal "Black Sox scandal") in {{mlby\|1919}}, finishing the regular season five games ahead of the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/1959_Cleveland_Indians_season "1959 Cleveland Indians season").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/leagues/AL/1959\.shtml \|title\=1959 American League Final Standings \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} Lollar helped guide the White Sox pitching staff to the lowest [earned run average](/wiki/Earned_run_average "Earned run average") in the American League.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/leagues/AL/1959\.shtml\#teams\_standard\_pitching::none \|title\=1959 American League Team Statistics and Standings \|publisher\=baseball\-reference.com \|access\-date\=June 25, 2011 }} He also led the team once again with a career\-high 22 home runs and 84 runs batted in and winning his third consecutive Gold Glove Award. He had 5 hits and 5 runs batted in, including a home run, in the [1959 World Series](/wiki/1959_World_Series "1959 World Series"), as the White Sox were defeated by the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/1959_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "1959 Los Angeles Dodgers season") in a six\-game series.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/1959\_WS.shtml \|title\=1959 World Series \|publisher\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=August 30, 2010 }} Lollar remained the White Sox starting catcher through the [1962 season](/wiki/1961_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1961 Chicago White Sox season"). In [1962](/wiki/1962_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1962 Chicago White Sox season"), he fractured his thumb on June 20 when he was hit by a pitch by [Ted Sadowski](/wiki/Ted_Sadowski "Ted Sadowski") of the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins"). He did not return until July 25, and appeared in only 84 total games during the season. Lollar retired from playing at the end of the [1963 season](/wiki/1963_Chicago_White_Sox_season "1963 Chicago White Sox season") at the age of 38\. [Ned Garver](/wiki/Ned_Garver "Ned Garver") enjoyed working with Lollar, recalling that he would often pitch entire games throwing the first pitch Lollar flashed a sign for.{{cite book\|last1\=Garver\|first1\=Ned\|last2\=Bozman\|first2\=Bill\|last3\=Joyner\|first3\=Ronnie\|title\=Touching All the Bases\|publisher\=Pepperpot Productions, Inc.\|year\=2003\|asin\=B00B6JBVV6\|page\=52}}
[ "### MLB career", "#### Cleveland Indians (1946\\)", "Lollar made his major league debut on April 20, [1946](/wiki/1946_Cleveland_Indians_season \"1946 Cleveland Indians season\"). He was a backup catcher for the Cleveland Indians behind catchers [Frankie Hayes](/wiki/Frankie_Hayes \"Frankie Hayes\") and then [Jim Hegan](/wiki/Jim_Hegan \"Jim Hegan\"). His playing time as a third string catcher was minimal so, he requested to be sent back to the minor leagues.", "#### New York Yankees (1947–1948\\)", "Lollar was traded to the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\") along with [Ray Mack](/wiki/Ray_Mack \"Ray Mack\") after the 1946 season,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=2206\\&dat\\=19461206\\&id\\=xFEtAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4929,2983650 \\|title\\=Yanks Trade Three Men For Mack, Lollar\\|first\\=Leo H.\\|last\\=Petersen\\|agency\\=United Press International\\|date\\=December 6, 1946\\|page\\=7\\-B\\|newspaper\\=The Miami News \\|access\\-date\\=January 7, 2014}} and competed with [Yogi Berra](/wiki/Yogi_Berra \"Yogi Berra\") in 1947 for the Yankee catching job. Both Lollar and Berra were considered excellent hitting prospects but defensive liabilities, although both eventually would become outstanding receivers. Lollar started two games in the [1947 World Series](/wiki/1947_World_Series \"1947 World Series\") for the Yankees against the [Brooklyn Dodgers](/wiki/1947_Brooklyn_Dodgers_season \"1947 Brooklyn Dodgers season\") and went 3 for 4 with two [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/1947\\_WS.shtml \\|title\\=1947 World Series \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }} Yankee coach and [Hall of Fame](/wiki/Hall_of_Fame \"Hall of Fame\") catching great, [Bill Dickey](/wiki/Bill_Dickey \"Bill Dickey\"), advised the Yankees that Berra's left\\-hand bat was more suited to the dimensions of [Yankee Stadium](/wiki/Yankee_Stadium \"Yankee Stadium\") (301'\\-457'\\-461'\\-407'\\-296' LF\\-LCF\\-CF\\-RCF\\-RF) than Lollar's right\\-hand bat. During the 1948 season, Lollar suffered a hand injury due to a foul tip, resulting in limited action for the rest of the [year](/wiki/1948_New_York_Yankees_season \"1948 New York Yankees season\").", "#### St. Louis Browns (1949–1951\\)", "Lollar was traded to the [St. Louis Browns](/wiki/St._Louis_Browns \"St. Louis Browns\") and replaced [Les Moss](/wiki/Les_Moss \"Les Moss\") as their starting catcher for the [1949 season](/wiki/1949_St._Louis_Browns_season \"1949 St. Louis Browns season\"). In 1950, Lollar was hitting .314 in mid\\-July and earned his first of seven [All\\-Star](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"Major League Baseball All-Star Game\") selections (nine total games).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?id\\=lollash01\\&t\\=b\\&year\\=1950 \\|title\\=1950 Sherm Lollar Batting Log \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=November 21, 2010 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/ALS/ALS195007110\\.shtml \\|title\\=1950 All\\-Star Game \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=November 21, 2010 }} He ended the season hitting .280 with a career\\-high .391 [on\\-base percentage](/wiki/On-base_percentage \"On-base percentage\"). In 1951, Lollar hit .252 for the season and was traded to the White Sox that November.", "#### Chicago White Sox (1952–1963\\)", "[thumb\\|180px\\|Lollar in 1958](/wiki/File:Sherman_Lollar_-_Chicago_White_Sox_-_1958.jpg \"Sherman Lollar - Chicago White Sox - 1958.jpg\")\nIn 1952, Lollar took over the season's regular catching job for the White Sox from catcher [Phil Masi](/wiki/Phil_Masi \"Phil Masi\"). His defensive skills improved under the tutelage of manager and former major league catcher [Paul Richards](/wiki/Paul_Richards_%28baseball%29 \"Paul Richards (baseball)\").{{cite book \\|author\\=James, Bill \\|title\\=The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract \\|publisher\\=Free Press \\|location\\=New York \\|year\\=2001 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/newbilljameshist00jame/page/407 407] \\|isbn\\=0\\-684\\-80697\\-5 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/newbilljameshist00jame/page/407 }} Lollar, whom Richards called \"a manager on the field\", was a quiet workhorse who led by example and was an excellent handler of pitchers.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=qzQDAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=sherm\\+lollar\\&pg\\=PA79 \\|title\\=Sam Esposito Recalls White Sox Pennant Year \\|author\\=Grosshandler, Stan \\|date\\=October 1979 \\|work\\=Baseball Digest \\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2010 }} In [1954](/wiki/1954_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1954 Chicago White Sox season\"), after allowing a stolen base to Al Smith on May 25, he threw out all 18 would\\-be base stealers during the remainder of the year. He became a mainstay behind the plate for the [Go\\-Go White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox%231950%E2%80%9367:%22Go-Go_Sox%22_and_the_Bridesmaid_Years) teams of the 1950s and early 1960s, which included future [Hall of Fame](/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame \"Baseball Hall of Fame\") members [Luis Aparicio](/wiki/Luis_Aparicio \"Luis Aparicio\"), [Nellie Fox](/wiki/Nellie_Fox \"Nellie Fox\"), [George Kell](/wiki/George_Kell \"George Kell\"), [Hoyt Wilhelm](/wiki/Hoyt_Wilhelm \"Hoyt Wilhelm\"), and [Early Wynn](/wiki/Early_Wynn \"Early Wynn\").", "Described as a dangerous hitter with power in *Who's Who in Baseball History*,Johnson, Lloyd and Ward, Linda. S. *Who's Who in Baseball History*, Brompton Books, 1994\\. {{ISBN\\|1\\-56619\\-469\\-5}} Lollar played most of his career in cavernous Comiskey Park, whose dimensions were 352'\\-415'\\-352' LF\\-CF\\-RF. He tied a major League record on April 23, [1955](/wiki/1955_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1955 Chicago White Sox season\") when he got hits twice in two different [innings](/wiki/Inning \"Inning\") of the same game.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/KC1/KC1195504230\\.shtml \\|title\\=April 23, 1955 White Sox\\-Athletics box score \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2010 }}{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lysDAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=sherm\\+lollar\\&pg\\=PA11 \\|title\\=Letters To The Editor \\|date\\=July 2000 \\|work\\=Baseball Digest \\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2010 }} Lollar never struck out more than 50 times in a season and walked more than he struck out in each of the 15 seasons he played after becoming an every day player.{{cite book \\|editor\\-last\\=Wolff \\|editor\\-first\\=Rick \\|title\\=The Baseball Encyclopedia \\|edition\\=9th \\|publisher\\=Macmillan \\|location\\=New York \\|year\\=1993 \\|isbn\\=0\\-02\\-579041\\-2 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/baseballencyclop93newy }} His career on\\-base percentage was higher than Berra's (.357 *versus* .348\\).*BaseballReference.com* www.baseball\\-reference.com He hit a career\\-high .293 with 28 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\") in 1956\\.", "The White Sox finished in third place for five consecutive seasons until [1957](/wiki/1957_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1957 Chicago White Sox season\"), when the Sox held first place until late June, before finishing the season in second place behind the [Yankees](/wiki/1957_New_York_Yankees_season \"1957 New York Yankees season\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/CHW/1957\\-schedule\\-scores.shtml \\|title\\=1957 Chicago White Sox Season \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }} Lollar won the first [Gold Glove Award](/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award \"Gold Glove Award\") for catcher in {{mlby\\|1957}}, which initially had one recipient per position for both leagues.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/awards/gold\\_glove\\_al.shtml \\|title\\=Gold Glove Award winners \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2010 }} That year he caught [Bob Keegan](/wiki/Bob_Keegan \"Bob Keegan\")'s [no\\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter \"No-hitter\") on August 20\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/CHA/CHA195708202\\.shtml \\|title\\=August 20, 1957 Senators\\-White Sox box score \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }} In [1958](/wiki/1958_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1958 Chicago White Sox season\"), the White Sox would battle back from being in last place on June 14 to once again finish the season in second place behind the [Yankees](/wiki/1958_New_York_Yankees_season \"1958 New York Yankees season\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/CHW/1958\\-schedule\\-scores.shtml \\|title\\=1958 Chicago White Sox Schedule, Box Scores and Splits \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }} Lollar led the team with 20 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\") and 84 [runs batted in](/wiki/Runs_batted_in \"Runs batted in\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/CHW/1958\\.shtml \\|title\\=1958 Chicago White Sox Season \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }}", "In [1959](/wiki/1959_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1959 Chicago White Sox season\"), the White Sox won their first American League [pennant](/wiki/Pennant_%28sports%29 \"Pennant (sports)\") since the [Black Sox scandal](/wiki/Black_Sox_scandal \"Black Sox scandal\") in {{mlby\\|1919}}, finishing the regular season five games ahead of the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/1959_Cleveland_Indians_season \"1959 Cleveland Indians season\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/leagues/AL/1959\\.shtml \\|title\\=1959 American League Final Standings \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }} Lollar helped guide the White Sox pitching staff to the lowest [earned run average](/wiki/Earned_run_average \"Earned run average\") in the American League.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/leagues/AL/1959\\.shtml\\#teams\\_standard\\_pitching::none \\|title\\=1959 American League Team Statistics and Standings\n \\|publisher\\=baseball\\-reference.com \\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2011 }} He also led the team once again with a career\\-high 22 home runs and 84 runs batted in and winning his third consecutive Gold Glove Award. He had 5 hits and 5 runs batted in, including a home run, in the [1959 World Series](/wiki/1959_World_Series \"1959 World Series\"), as the White Sox were defeated by the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/1959_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"1959 Los Angeles Dodgers season\") in a six\\-game series.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/1959\\_WS.shtml \\|title\\=1959 World Series \\|publisher\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2010 }}", "Lollar remained the White Sox starting catcher through the [1962 season](/wiki/1961_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1961 Chicago White Sox season\"). In [1962](/wiki/1962_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1962 Chicago White Sox season\"), he fractured his thumb on June 20 when he was hit by a pitch by [Ted Sadowski](/wiki/Ted_Sadowski \"Ted Sadowski\") of the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\"). He did not return until July 25, and appeared in only 84 total games during the season. Lollar retired from playing at the end of the [1963 season](/wiki/1963_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"1963 Chicago White Sox season\") at the age of 38\\.", "[Ned Garver](/wiki/Ned_Garver \"Ned Garver\") enjoyed working with Lollar, recalling that he would often pitch entire games throwing the first pitch Lollar flashed a sign for.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Garver\\|first1\\=Ned\\|last2\\=Bozman\\|first2\\=Bill\\|last3\\=Joyner\\|first3\\=Ronnie\\|title\\=Touching All the Bases\\|publisher\\=Pepperpot Productions, Inc.\\|year\\=2003\\|asin\\=B00B6JBVV6\\|page\\=52}}", "" ]
Event ----- | \+ **Other on\-screen personnel** | Role | Name | | [Commentators](/wiki/Commentator_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Commentator (professional wrestling)") | [Excalibur](/wiki/Excalibur_%28wrestler%29 "Excalibur (wrestler)") {{small\|(Pre\-show and PPV)}} | | [Nigel McGuinness](/wiki/Nigel_McGuinness "Nigel McGuinness") {{small\|(Pre\-show and PPV)}} | | [Tony Schiavone](/wiki/Tony_Schiavone "Tony Schiavone") {{small\|(Pre\-show and PPV)}} | | [Taz](/wiki/Taz_%28wrestler%29 "Taz (wrestler)") {{small\|(PPV)}} | | [Don Callis](/wiki/Don_Callis "Don Callis") {{small\|(The Golden Jets vs. The Young Bucks)}} | |[Ring announcers](/wiki/Ring_announcer "Ring announcer") [Justin Roberts](/wiki/Justin_Roberts "Justin Roberts") | | [Dasha Gonzalez](/wiki/Dasha_Gonzalez "Dasha Gonzalez") | | [Bobby Cruise](/wiki/Bobby_Cruise "Bobby Cruise") | |[Referees](/wiki/Referee_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Referee (professional wrestling)") [Aubrey Edwards](/wiki/Aubrey_Edwards "Aubrey Edwards") | | [Bryce Remsburg](/wiki/Bryce_Remsburg "Bryce Remsburg") | | [Paul Turner](/wiki/Paul_Turner_%28referee%29 "Paul Turner (referee)") | | [Rick Knox](/wiki/Rick_Knox "Rick Knox") | | [Stephon Smith](/wiki/Stephon_Smith "Stephon Smith") | | Brandon Martinez | |Pre\-show hosts [Renee Paquette](/wiki/Renee_Paquette "Renee Paquette") | | [RJ City](/wiki/RJ_City "RJ City") | | [Stokely Hathaway](/wiki/Stokely_Hathaway "Stokely Hathaway") | ### Pre\-show There were three matches that took place on the Zero Hour pre\-show. In the first match, [Eddie Kingston](/wiki/Eddie_Kingston "Eddie Kingston") defended the [ROH World Championship](/wiki/ROH_World_Championship "ROH World Championship") against [Jay Lethal](/wiki/Jay_Lethal "Jay Lethal") (accompanied by [Jeff Jarrett](/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett "Jeff Jarrett"), [Sonjay Dutt](/wiki/Sonjay_Dutt "Sonjay Dutt"), [Karen Jarrett](/wiki/Karen_Jarrett "Karen Jarrett"), and [Satnam Singh](/wiki/Satnam_Singh "Satnam Singh")). During the match, Kingston performed an exploder suplex on Lethal for a nearfall. Kingston then delivered a hurricarana to Lethal for a nearfall. In the end, as Lethal attempted the Lethal Injection, Kingston caught him and countered with a half\-and\-half suplex and the Backfist to the Future to retain his title. Following the match, Kingston and [Ortiz](/wiki/Santana_and_Ortiz "Santana and Ortiz") thanked the crowd. Next, Claudio Castagnoli faced [Buddy Matthews](/wiki/Buddy_Matthews "Buddy Matthews"). In the closing stages, Matthews delivered an uppercut and diving knee strikes to Castagnoli. Matthews then performed a Tenryu powerbomb and the Jackhammer for a nearfall. In the end, Castagnoli then delivered a pop\-up uppercut, a Ricola bomb, and applied in the Sharpshooter on Matthews, who submitted, giving Castagnoli the victory. In the final pre\-show match, MJF and Samoa Joe defended the ROH World Tag Team Championship against The Gunns (Austin Gunn and Colten Gunn). During the match, as The Gunns attempted the 3:10 to Joe, MJF intercepted them with a double DDT. The Gunns then delivered 3:10 to Joe only for MJF to break up the pin attempt. Adam Cole then made his return and distracted Austin, allowing Joe to apply in the Coquina Clutch on Colten who submitted, thus MJF and Joe retained the title. Following the match, as MJF embraced Cole, The Gunns attacked MJF with a chair and attacked his leg several times with chairs. Medical personnel tended to MJF who was taken on a stretcher and in an [ambulance](/wiki/Ambulance "Ambulance"), thus MJF was deemed unable to defend the AEW World Championship against Jay White in the main event. Cole then stated that he would defend the title on behalf of MJF. ### Preliminary matches The main card opened with Sting, Adam Copeland, and Darby Allin (accompanied by [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair "Ric Flair")) facing The Patriarchy (Christian Cage, Luchasaurus, and Nick Wayne). During the match, Copeland delivered a Russian leg sweep and a swinging neckbreaker to Luchasaurus for a nearfall. Wayne performed an uppercut on Allin from the top rope, however, Allin delivered an avalanche Code Red to Wayne for a nearfall. Copeland then performed an impaler DDT to Luchasaurus. Allin then delivered a suicide dive to Luchasaurus and Wayne. Luchasaurus then performed a lariat on Copeland for a nearfall. As Flair was distracting Cage, Cage attacked Flair with a [low blow](/wiki/Low_blow_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Low blow (professional wrestling)"). Cage then accidentally struck Luchasaurus with the AEW TNT Championship belt and then left the arena. Sting then delivered a Stinger Splash on Luchasaurus, followed by Copeland performing a Spear. In the end, Allin performed the Coffin Drop to Luchasaurus to win the match.{{cite web \|last1\=Brandon \|first1\=Leclair \|title\=Leclair's AEW Full Gear 2023 Report: Alt perspective, detailed coverage of MJF vs. White, Page vs. Strickland, Cassidy vs. Moxley, more \|url\=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2023/11/18/leclairs\-aew\-full\-gear\-2023\-report\-alt\-perspective\-detailed\-coverage\-of\-mjf\-vs\-white\-page\-vs\-strickland\-cassidy\-vs\-moxley\-more/ \|access\-date\=November 25, 2023 \|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch \|date\=November 18, 2023}}{{cite web \|last1\=Keller \|first1\=Wade \|title\=AEW Full Gear PPV results (11/18\): Keller’s report on MJF vs. Jay White, Cassidy vs. Moxley, Omega \& Jericho vs. Young Bucks, Shida vs. Toni Storm, Sting \& Darby \& Copeland vs. Christian \& Wayne \& Luchasaurus, more \|url\=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2023/11/18/aew\-full\-gear\-ppv\-results\-11\-18\-kellers\-report\-on\-mjf\-vs\-jay\-white\-cassidy\-vs\-moxley\-omega\-jericho\-vs\-young\-bucks\-shida\-vs\-toni\-storm\-sting\-darby\-copeland\-vs\-christian\-wayne\-lu/ \|access\-date\=November 25, 2023 \|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch \|date\=November 18, 2023}}{{cite web \|last1\=Pulido \|first1\=Luis \|title\=AEW Full Gear (11/18/2023\) Results: MJF vs Jay White, Texas Death Match, Young Bucks vs Golden Jets \|url\=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew\-full\-gear\-11182023\-results\-mjf\-vs\-jay\-white\-texas\-death\-match\-young\-bucks\-vs\-golden\-jets \|website\=Fightful \|access\-date\=November 25, 2023 \|date\=November 18, 2023}} Next, Orange Cassidy (accompanied by [Hook](/wiki/Hook_%28wrestler%29 "Hook (wrestler)")) defended the AEW International Championship against Jon Moxley (accompanied by [Wheeler Yuta](/wiki/Wheeler_Yuta "Wheeler Yuta")). During the match, Moxley delivered a Bossman slam and applied in the Texas Cloverleaf on Cassidy, who managed to escape. Cassidy then performed a superplex and a satellite DDT to Moxley for a nearfall. As Moxley attempted the Death Rider, Cassidy countered it into an attempted Stundog Millionaire; however, Moxley countered into a bulldog choke on Cassidy who escaped. As Cassidy then attempted the Orange Punch, Moxley countered Cassidy with an Ace Crusher in mid\-air. Moxley then performed a Gotch\-style Piledriver on Cassidy for a nearfall. Cassidy then delivered three consecutive Orange Punches to Moxley and used a victory roll pin resulting in a nearfall. In the climax, Cassidy then performed two more Orange Punches and a Beach Break before pinning Moxley to retain the title. After that, [Hikaru Shida](/wiki/Hikaru_Shida "Hikaru Shida") defended the [AEW Women's World Championship](/wiki/AEW_Women%27s_World_Championship "AEW Women's World Championship") against ["Timeless" Toni Storm](/wiki/%22Timeless%22_Toni_Storm) (accompanied by [Luther the Butler](/wiki/Dr._Luther "Dr. Luther")). During the match, Shida delivered a jumping knee strike and Storm Zero on Storm for a nearfall. Shida then performed a Falcon Arrow on Storm for a nearfall. As Shida then attempted a Michinoku Driver, Storm avoided and applied in an ankle lock on Shida, however, Shida escaped. As Shida attacked Luther with a kendo stick, Storm performed a deadlift German suplex and a running hip attack (later revealed to be a frying pan hidden in Storm's tights that was unbeknownst to the referee) on Shida to win the AEW Women's World Championship for a record\-tying third time. In the fourth match, [Ricky Starks](/wiki/Ricky_Starks "Ricky Starks") and [Big Bill](/wiki/W._Morrissey "W. Morrissey") defended the [AEW World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/AEW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "AEW World Tag Team Championship") against [FTR](/wiki/FTR_%28professional_wrestling%29 "FTR (professional wrestling)") ([Cash Wheeler](/wiki/Cash_Wheeler "Cash Wheeler") and [Dax Harwood](/wiki/Dax_Harwood "Dax Harwood")), [La Facción Ingobernable](/wiki/La_Facci%C3%B3n_Ingobernable "La Facción Ingobernable") ([Rush](/wiki/Rush_%28wrestler%29 "Rush (wrestler)") and [Dralístico](/wiki/Dral%C3%ADstico "Dralístico"), accompanied by [José the Assistant](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_the_Assistant "José the Assistant") and Preston Vance), and [Kings of The Black Throne](/wiki/The_House_of_Black%23Sub-groups "The House of Black#Sub-groups") ([Malakai Black](/wiki/Malakai_Black "Malakai Black") and [Brody King](/wiki/Brody_King "Brody King")) in a [four\-way tag team](/wiki/Fatal_four-way_match "Fatal four-way match") [ladder match](/wiki/Ladder_match "Ladder match"). During the match, Black delivered a moonsault from the top of the ladder onto the other competitors. Rush then performed a punt kick to Wheeler. Wheeler then attacked Black with a low blow and performed a piledriver on Black onto a ladder. Dralístico then performed a dropkick on Wheeler, whose head was wedged in a ladder. Starks then delivered a spear to Rush and a tornado DDT to Wheeler. King then performed a back body drop to Harwood through a ladder. Dralístico delivered a springboard Codebreaker to Bill, who immediately performed a chokeslam to Dralístico. Rush performed Bull's Horns to Bill with a ladder. As Dralístico delivered a poisonrana to Black, King performed a Ganso Bomb to Dralístico through a ladder. Wheeler then delivered a diving splash on King through a ladder and Black performed Black Mass to Harwood. In the end, as Starks and Wheeler as ascended the ladder, Bill caught Wheeler and intercepted him, allowing Starks to unhook the titles to retain. In the next match, [Kris Statlander](/wiki/Kris_Statlander "Kris Statlander") defended the [AEW TBS Championship](/wiki/AEW_TBS_Championship "AEW TBS Championship") against [Julia Hart](/wiki/Julia_Hart_%28wrestler%29 "Julia Hart (wrestler)") and [Skye Blue](/wiki/Skye_Blue "Skye Blue"). During the match, Statlander delivered a back suplex to Blue for a nearfall. Statlander and Blue performed a roundhouse kick/neckbreaker combination to Hart. Blue performed a superkick and a powerbomb to Hart for a nearfall. As Statlander attempted a powerbomb, Blue countered into Code Blue on Statlander for a nearfall. In the end, as Statlander attempted a pin on Blue, Hart clotheslined Statlander and pinned Blue to win the TBS Championship. After that was a [Texas Death match](/wiki/Texas_Death_match "Texas Death match") contested between [Swerve Strickland](/wiki/Swerve_Strickland "Swerve Strickland") (accompanied by [Prince Nana](/wiki/Prince_Nana "Prince Nana")) and ["Hangman" Adam Page](/wiki/%22Hangman%22_Adam_Page), who ran out and attacked Strickland to start the match, delivering a Buckshot Lariat within the first minute. Page tied up Strickland's arms, repeatedly used a [staple gun](/wiki/Staple_gun "Staple gun") on him, used chair attacks to draw blood from Strickland's head, and drank the blood. Strickland retaliated with a low blow, and was cut free by Nana. Strickland shrugged off further staples, then stapled himself and grinned. Page also bled after barbed wire was used against his head. Swerve gave Page a Death Valley Driver onto a cinderblock and a piledriver onto the [guard rail](/wiki/Guard_rail "Guard rail"). Page performed on Strickland a moonsault with a barbed wire chair, then Nana disrupted another Buckshot Lariat. Page performed on Strickland a tombstone piledriver onto a chair; Strickland beat the count. Strickland sprinkled broken glass on Page's back, performed a 450° splash, then landed a JML Driver, but Page beat the count. Page put barbed wire around Strickland's neck and landed another Buckshot Lariat, but Nana pulled Strickland to stand on the floor to beat the count. Both [Brian Cage](/wiki/Brian_Cage "Brian Cage") and Nana attacked Page, who fended off both by delivering a barbed wire\-assisted lariat on Cage, and then driving Nana through a table onto the floor with a Deadeye. Strickland shattered a cinderblock on Page's back, then hung Page by the neck using a metal chain wrapped around the top turnbuckle. The choke was released, but Page failed to answer the 10 count, granting Strickland victory via [knockout](/wiki/Knockout_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Knockout (professional wrestling)"). In the penultimate match, The Golden Jets ([Chris Jericho](/wiki/Chris_Jericho "Chris Jericho") and [Kenny Omega](/wiki/Kenny_Omega "Kenny Omega")) faced [The Young Bucks](/wiki/The_Young_Bucks "The Young Bucks") ([Matt Jackson](/wiki/Matt_Jackson_%28wrestler%29 "Matt Jackson (wrestler)") and [Nick Jackson](/wiki/Nick_Jackson "Nick Jackson")) with the stipulation that if The Golden Jets won, they would receive The Young Bucks' AEW World Tag Team Championship opportunity, but if The Young Bucks won, The Golden Jets would have to disband as a team. During the match, Matt performed double northern lights suplexes to Jericho and Omega. Nick then performed a senton atomico to Jericho, however, Omega broke up the pin attempt. The Young Bucks then delivered the BTE Trigger to Jericho for a nearfall. Jericho then attacked Nick with a low blow as the referee was distracted by Omega. Nick delivered a poisonrana to Jericho, while Matt performed the One\-Winged Angel on Omega for another nearfall. As The Young Bucks attempted the Meltzer Driver, Jericho responded by performing a Codebreaker on Nick. In the end, Jericho delivered the Judas Effect to Nick, while Omega performed a ripcord V\-Trigger and the One\-Winged Angel on Matt to win the match, thus Omega and Jericho earned The Young Bucks' future AEW World Tag Team Championship opportunity. ### Main event In the main event, Adam Cole came out to defend the AEW World Championship against Jay White (accompanied by Austin Gunn and Colten Gunn) on behalf of MJF due to MJF suffering an injury on the pre\-show; however, MJF was shown driving the ambulance to the arena, thus MJF defended his title. During the match, as The Gunns attempted to attack MJF again with a chair, the referee noticed and ejected them from ringside. MJF bit White in the face and delivered a Kangaroo Kick. White then performed an uranage on MJF for a nearfall. As MJF placed White on the announce table, the table collapsed, but MJF still performed a diving elbow drop on White onto the remnants of the table. White then performed a dragon screw to MJF in between the ropes and an uranage for a nearfall. White then delivered a Complete Shot and a deadlift German suplex to MJF for a nearfall. As White attempted the Bladerunner, MJF countered it with a schoolboy pin for a nearfall. MJF delivered a tombstone piledriver and a running cutter to the outside to White for another nearfall. White then applied the figure four leglock on MJF, however, MJF reversed it and White escaped. Unbeknownst to the referee, White collected the ROH World Tag Team Championship belt and struck MJF with it for a nearfall. As White then kicked MJF's leg repeatedly, the referee tried to stop White, after which, White stumbled and accidentally incapacitated the referee. As Cole then inadvertently slid the [AEW Dynamite Diamond Ring](/wiki/AEW_Dynamite_Diamond_Ring "AEW Dynamite Diamond Ring") to White, MJF delivered a low blow on White. Austin and Colten then returned, they were tossed out of the ring by MJF. In the end, MJF then attacked White with the Dynamite Diamond Ring to retain the title and go a full year as AEW World Champion.
[ "Event\n-----", "", "| \\+ **Other on\\-screen personnel** | Role | Name |", "| [Commentators](/wiki/Commentator_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Commentator (professional wrestling)\") | [Excalibur](/wiki/Excalibur_%28wrestler%29 \"Excalibur (wrestler)\") {{small\\|(Pre\\-show and PPV)}} |\n| [Nigel McGuinness](/wiki/Nigel_McGuinness \"Nigel McGuinness\") {{small\\|(Pre\\-show and PPV)}} |\n| [Tony Schiavone](/wiki/Tony_Schiavone \"Tony Schiavone\") {{small\\|(Pre\\-show and PPV)}} |\n| [Taz](/wiki/Taz_%28wrestler%29 \"Taz (wrestler)\") {{small\\|(PPV)}} |\n| [Don Callis](/wiki/Don_Callis \"Don Callis\") {{small\\|(The Golden Jets vs. The Young Bucks)}} |\n|[Ring announcers](/wiki/Ring_announcer \"Ring announcer\")", "[Justin Roberts](/wiki/Justin_Roberts \"Justin Roberts\") |\n| [Dasha Gonzalez](/wiki/Dasha_Gonzalez \"Dasha Gonzalez\") |\n| [Bobby Cruise](/wiki/Bobby_Cruise \"Bobby Cruise\") |\n|[Referees](/wiki/Referee_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Referee (professional wrestling)\")", "[Aubrey Edwards](/wiki/Aubrey_Edwards \"Aubrey Edwards\") |\n| [Bryce Remsburg](/wiki/Bryce_Remsburg \"Bryce Remsburg\") |\n| [Paul Turner](/wiki/Paul_Turner_%28referee%29 \"Paul Turner (referee)\") |\n| [Rick Knox](/wiki/Rick_Knox \"Rick Knox\") |\n| [Stephon Smith](/wiki/Stephon_Smith \"Stephon Smith\") |\n| Brandon Martinez |\n|Pre\\-show hosts", "[Renee Paquette](/wiki/Renee_Paquette \"Renee Paquette\") |\n| [RJ City](/wiki/RJ_City \"RJ City\") |\n| [Stokely Hathaway](/wiki/Stokely_Hathaway \"Stokely Hathaway\") |", "### Pre\\-show", "There were three matches that took place on the Zero Hour pre\\-show. In the first match, [Eddie Kingston](/wiki/Eddie_Kingston \"Eddie Kingston\") defended the [ROH World Championship](/wiki/ROH_World_Championship \"ROH World Championship\") against [Jay Lethal](/wiki/Jay_Lethal \"Jay Lethal\") (accompanied by [Jeff Jarrett](/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett \"Jeff Jarrett\"), [Sonjay Dutt](/wiki/Sonjay_Dutt \"Sonjay Dutt\"), [Karen Jarrett](/wiki/Karen_Jarrett \"Karen Jarrett\"), and [Satnam Singh](/wiki/Satnam_Singh \"Satnam Singh\")). During the match, Kingston performed an exploder suplex on Lethal for a nearfall. Kingston then delivered a hurricarana to Lethal for a nearfall. In the end, as Lethal attempted the Lethal Injection, Kingston caught him and countered with a half\\-and\\-half suplex and the Backfist to the Future to retain his title. Following the match, Kingston and [Ortiz](/wiki/Santana_and_Ortiz \"Santana and Ortiz\") thanked the crowd.", "Next, Claudio Castagnoli faced [Buddy Matthews](/wiki/Buddy_Matthews \"Buddy Matthews\"). In the closing stages, Matthews delivered an uppercut and diving knee strikes to Castagnoli. Matthews then performed a Tenryu powerbomb and the Jackhammer for a nearfall. In the end, Castagnoli then delivered a pop\\-up uppercut, a Ricola bomb, and applied in the Sharpshooter on Matthews, who submitted, giving Castagnoli the victory.", "In the final pre\\-show match, MJF and Samoa Joe defended the ROH World Tag Team Championship against The Gunns (Austin Gunn and Colten Gunn). During the match, as The Gunns attempted the 3:10 to Joe, MJF intercepted them with a double DDT. The Gunns then delivered 3:10 to Joe only for MJF to break up the pin attempt. Adam Cole then made his return and distracted Austin, allowing Joe to apply in the Coquina Clutch on Colten who submitted, thus MJF and Joe retained the title. Following the match, as MJF embraced Cole, The Gunns attacked MJF with a chair and attacked his leg several times with chairs. Medical personnel tended to MJF who was taken on a stretcher and in an [ambulance](/wiki/Ambulance \"Ambulance\"), thus MJF was deemed unable to defend the AEW World Championship against Jay White in the main event. Cole then stated that he would defend the title on behalf of MJF.", "### Preliminary matches", "The main card opened with Sting, Adam Copeland, and Darby Allin (accompanied by [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair \"Ric Flair\")) facing The Patriarchy (Christian Cage, Luchasaurus, and Nick Wayne). During the match, Copeland delivered a Russian leg sweep and a swinging neckbreaker to Luchasaurus for a nearfall. Wayne performed an uppercut on Allin from the top rope, however, Allin delivered an avalanche Code Red to Wayne for a nearfall. Copeland then performed an impaler DDT to Luchasaurus. Allin then delivered a suicide dive to Luchasaurus and Wayne. Luchasaurus then performed a lariat on Copeland for a nearfall. As Flair was distracting Cage, Cage attacked Flair with a [low blow](/wiki/Low_blow_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Low blow (professional wrestling)\"). Cage then accidentally struck Luchasaurus with the AEW TNT Championship belt and then left the arena. Sting then delivered a Stinger Splash on Luchasaurus, followed by Copeland performing a Spear. In the end, Allin performed the Coffin Drop to Luchasaurus to win the match.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Brandon \\|first1\\=Leclair \\|title\\=Leclair's AEW Full Gear 2023 Report: Alt perspective, detailed coverage of MJF vs. White, Page vs. Strickland, Cassidy vs. Moxley, more \\|url\\=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2023/11/18/leclairs\\-aew\\-full\\-gear\\-2023\\-report\\-alt\\-perspective\\-detailed\\-coverage\\-of\\-mjf\\-vs\\-white\\-page\\-vs\\-strickland\\-cassidy\\-vs\\-moxley\\-more/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2023 \\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch \\|date\\=November 18, 2023}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Keller \\|first1\\=Wade \\|title\\=AEW Full Gear PPV results (11/18\\): Keller’s report on MJF vs. Jay White, Cassidy vs. Moxley, Omega \\& Jericho vs. Young Bucks, Shida vs. Toni Storm, Sting \\& Darby \\& Copeland vs. Christian \\& Wayne \\& Luchasaurus, more \\|url\\=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2023/11/18/aew\\-full\\-gear\\-ppv\\-results\\-11\\-18\\-kellers\\-report\\-on\\-mjf\\-vs\\-jay\\-white\\-cassidy\\-vs\\-moxley\\-omega\\-jericho\\-vs\\-young\\-bucks\\-shida\\-vs\\-toni\\-storm\\-sting\\-darby\\-copeland\\-vs\\-christian\\-wayne\\-lu/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2023 \\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch \\|date\\=November 18, 2023}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Pulido \\|first1\\=Luis \\|title\\=AEW Full Gear (11/18/2023\\) Results: MJF vs Jay White, Texas Death Match, Young Bucks vs Golden Jets \\|url\\=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew\\-full\\-gear\\-11182023\\-results\\-mjf\\-vs\\-jay\\-white\\-texas\\-death\\-match\\-young\\-bucks\\-vs\\-golden\\-jets \\|website\\=Fightful \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2023 \\|date\\=November 18, 2023}}", "Next, Orange Cassidy (accompanied by [Hook](/wiki/Hook_%28wrestler%29 \"Hook (wrestler)\")) defended the AEW International Championship against Jon Moxley (accompanied by [Wheeler Yuta](/wiki/Wheeler_Yuta \"Wheeler Yuta\")). During the match, Moxley delivered a Bossman slam and applied in the Texas Cloverleaf on Cassidy, who managed to escape. Cassidy then performed a superplex and a satellite DDT to Moxley for a nearfall. As Moxley attempted the Death Rider, Cassidy countered it into an attempted Stundog Millionaire; however, Moxley countered into a bulldog choke on Cassidy who escaped. As Cassidy then attempted the Orange Punch, Moxley countered Cassidy with an Ace Crusher in mid\\-air. Moxley then performed a Gotch\\-style Piledriver on Cassidy for a nearfall. Cassidy then delivered three consecutive Orange Punches to Moxley and used a victory roll pin resulting in a nearfall. In the climax, Cassidy then performed two more Orange Punches and a Beach Break before pinning Moxley to retain the title.", "After that, [Hikaru Shida](/wiki/Hikaru_Shida \"Hikaru Shida\") defended the [AEW Women's World Championship](/wiki/AEW_Women%27s_World_Championship \"AEW Women's World Championship\") against [\"Timeless\" Toni Storm](/wiki/%22Timeless%22_Toni_Storm) (accompanied by [Luther the Butler](/wiki/Dr._Luther \"Dr. Luther\")). During the match, Shida delivered a jumping knee strike and Storm Zero on Storm for a nearfall. Shida then performed a Falcon Arrow on Storm for a nearfall. As Shida then attempted a Michinoku Driver, Storm avoided and applied in an ankle lock on Shida, however, Shida escaped. As Shida attacked Luther with a kendo stick, Storm performed a deadlift German suplex and a running hip attack (later revealed to be a frying pan hidden in Storm's tights that was unbeknownst to the referee) on Shida to win the AEW Women's World Championship for a record\\-tying third time.", "In the fourth match, [Ricky Starks](/wiki/Ricky_Starks \"Ricky Starks\") and [Big Bill](/wiki/W._Morrissey \"W. Morrissey\") defended the [AEW World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/AEW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"AEW World Tag Team Championship\") against [FTR](/wiki/FTR_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"FTR (professional wrestling)\") ([Cash Wheeler](/wiki/Cash_Wheeler \"Cash Wheeler\") and [Dax Harwood](/wiki/Dax_Harwood \"Dax Harwood\")), [La Facción Ingobernable](/wiki/La_Facci%C3%B3n_Ingobernable \"La Facción Ingobernable\") ([Rush](/wiki/Rush_%28wrestler%29 \"Rush (wrestler)\") and [Dralístico](/wiki/Dral%C3%ADstico \"Dralístico\"), accompanied by [José the Assistant](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_the_Assistant \"José the Assistant\") and Preston Vance), and [Kings of The Black Throne](/wiki/The_House_of_Black%23Sub-groups \"The House of Black#Sub-groups\") ([Malakai Black](/wiki/Malakai_Black \"Malakai Black\") and [Brody King](/wiki/Brody_King \"Brody King\")) in a [four\\-way tag team](/wiki/Fatal_four-way_match \"Fatal four-way match\") [ladder match](/wiki/Ladder_match \"Ladder match\"). During the match, Black delivered a moonsault from the top of the ladder onto the other competitors. Rush then performed a punt kick to Wheeler. Wheeler then attacked Black with a low blow and performed a piledriver on Black onto a ladder. Dralístico then performed a dropkick on Wheeler, whose head was wedged in a ladder. Starks then delivered a spear to Rush and a tornado DDT to Wheeler. King then performed a back body drop to Harwood through a ladder. Dralístico delivered a springboard Codebreaker to Bill, who immediately performed a chokeslam to Dralístico. Rush performed Bull's Horns to Bill with a ladder. As Dralístico delivered a poisonrana to Black, King performed a Ganso Bomb to Dralístico through a ladder. Wheeler then delivered a diving splash on King through a ladder and Black performed Black Mass to Harwood. In the end, as Starks and Wheeler as ascended the ladder, Bill caught Wheeler and intercepted him, allowing Starks to unhook the titles to retain.", "In the next match, [Kris Statlander](/wiki/Kris_Statlander \"Kris Statlander\") defended the [AEW TBS Championship](/wiki/AEW_TBS_Championship \"AEW TBS Championship\") against [Julia Hart](/wiki/Julia_Hart_%28wrestler%29 \"Julia Hart (wrestler)\") and [Skye Blue](/wiki/Skye_Blue \"Skye Blue\"). During the match, Statlander delivered a back suplex to Blue for a nearfall. Statlander and Blue performed a roundhouse kick/neckbreaker combination to Hart. Blue performed a superkick and a powerbomb to Hart for a nearfall. As Statlander attempted a powerbomb, Blue countered into Code Blue on Statlander for a nearfall. In the end, as Statlander attempted a pin on Blue, Hart clotheslined Statlander and pinned Blue to win the TBS Championship.", "After that was a [Texas Death match](/wiki/Texas_Death_match \"Texas Death match\") contested between [Swerve Strickland](/wiki/Swerve_Strickland \"Swerve Strickland\") (accompanied by [Prince Nana](/wiki/Prince_Nana \"Prince Nana\")) and [\"Hangman\" Adam Page](/wiki/%22Hangman%22_Adam_Page), who ran out and attacked Strickland to start the match, delivering a Buckshot Lariat within the first minute. Page tied up Strickland's arms, repeatedly used a [staple gun](/wiki/Staple_gun \"Staple gun\") on him, used chair attacks to draw blood from Strickland's head, and drank the blood. Strickland retaliated with a low blow, and was cut free by Nana. Strickland shrugged off further staples, then stapled himself and grinned. Page also bled after barbed wire was used against his head. Swerve gave Page a Death Valley Driver onto a cinderblock and a piledriver onto the [guard rail](/wiki/Guard_rail \"Guard rail\"). Page performed on Strickland a moonsault with a barbed wire chair, then Nana disrupted another Buckshot Lariat. Page performed on Strickland a tombstone piledriver onto a chair; Strickland beat the count. Strickland sprinkled broken glass on Page's back, performed a 450° splash, then landed a JML Driver, but Page beat the count. Page put barbed wire around Strickland's neck and landed another Buckshot Lariat, but Nana pulled Strickland to stand on the floor to beat the count. Both [Brian Cage](/wiki/Brian_Cage \"Brian Cage\") and Nana attacked Page, who fended off both by delivering a barbed wire\\-assisted lariat on Cage, and then driving Nana through a table onto the floor with a Deadeye. Strickland shattered a cinderblock on Page's back, then hung Page by the neck using a metal chain wrapped around the top turnbuckle. The choke was released, but Page failed to answer the 10 count, granting Strickland victory via [knockout](/wiki/Knockout_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Knockout (professional wrestling)\").", "In the penultimate match, The Golden Jets ([Chris Jericho](/wiki/Chris_Jericho \"Chris Jericho\") and [Kenny Omega](/wiki/Kenny_Omega \"Kenny Omega\")) faced [The Young Bucks](/wiki/The_Young_Bucks \"The Young Bucks\") ([Matt Jackson](/wiki/Matt_Jackson_%28wrestler%29 \"Matt Jackson (wrestler)\") and [Nick Jackson](/wiki/Nick_Jackson \"Nick Jackson\")) with the stipulation that if The Golden Jets won, they would receive The Young Bucks' AEW World Tag Team Championship opportunity, but if The Young Bucks won, The Golden Jets would have to disband as a team. During the match, Matt performed double northern lights suplexes to Jericho and Omega. Nick then performed a senton atomico to Jericho, however, Omega broke up the pin attempt. The Young Bucks then delivered the BTE Trigger to Jericho for a nearfall. Jericho then attacked Nick with a low blow as the referee was distracted by Omega. Nick delivered a poisonrana to Jericho, while Matt performed the One\\-Winged Angel on Omega for another nearfall. As The Young Bucks attempted the Meltzer Driver, Jericho responded by performing a Codebreaker on Nick. In the end, Jericho delivered the Judas Effect to Nick, while Omega performed a ripcord V\\-Trigger and the One\\-Winged Angel on Matt to win the match, thus Omega and Jericho earned The Young Bucks' future AEW World Tag Team Championship opportunity.", "### Main event", "In the main event, Adam Cole came out to defend the AEW World Championship against Jay White (accompanied by Austin Gunn and Colten Gunn) on behalf of MJF due to MJF suffering an injury on the pre\\-show; however, MJF was shown driving the ambulance to the arena, thus MJF defended his title. During the match, as The Gunns attempted to attack MJF again with a chair, the referee noticed and ejected them from ringside. MJF bit White in the face and delivered a Kangaroo Kick. White then performed an uranage on MJF for a nearfall. As MJF placed White on the announce table, the table collapsed, but MJF still performed a diving elbow drop on White onto the remnants of the table. White then performed a dragon screw to MJF in between the ropes and an uranage for a nearfall. White then delivered a Complete Shot and a deadlift German suplex to MJF for a nearfall. As White attempted the Bladerunner, MJF countered it with a schoolboy pin for a nearfall. MJF delivered a tombstone piledriver and a running cutter to the outside to White for another nearfall. White then applied the figure four leglock on MJF, however, MJF reversed it and White escaped. Unbeknownst to the referee, White collected the ROH World Tag Team Championship belt and struck MJF with it for a nearfall. As White then kicked MJF's leg repeatedly, the referee tried to stop White, after which, White stumbled and accidentally incapacitated the referee. As Cole then inadvertently slid the [AEW Dynamite Diamond Ring](/wiki/AEW_Dynamite_Diamond_Ring \"AEW Dynamite Diamond Ring\") to White, MJF delivered a low blow on White. Austin and Colten then returned, they were tossed out of the ring by MJF. In the end, MJF then attacked White with the Dynamite Diamond Ring to retain the title and go a full year as AEW World Champion.", "" ]
### Preliminary matches The main card opened with Sting, Adam Copeland, and Darby Allin (accompanied by [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair "Ric Flair")) facing The Patriarchy (Christian Cage, Luchasaurus, and Nick Wayne). During the match, Copeland delivered a Russian leg sweep and a swinging neckbreaker to Luchasaurus for a nearfall. Wayne performed an uppercut on Allin from the top rope, however, Allin delivered an avalanche Code Red to Wayne for a nearfall. Copeland then performed an impaler DDT to Luchasaurus. Allin then delivered a suicide dive to Luchasaurus and Wayne. Luchasaurus then performed a lariat on Copeland for a nearfall. As Flair was distracting Cage, Cage attacked Flair with a [low blow](/wiki/Low_blow_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Low blow (professional wrestling)"). Cage then accidentally struck Luchasaurus with the AEW TNT Championship belt and then left the arena. Sting then delivered a Stinger Splash on Luchasaurus, followed by Copeland performing a Spear. In the end, Allin performed the Coffin Drop to Luchasaurus to win the match.{{cite web \|last1\=Brandon \|first1\=Leclair \|title\=Leclair's AEW Full Gear 2023 Report: Alt perspective, detailed coverage of MJF vs. White, Page vs. Strickland, Cassidy vs. Moxley, more \|url\=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2023/11/18/leclairs\-aew\-full\-gear\-2023\-report\-alt\-perspective\-detailed\-coverage\-of\-mjf\-vs\-white\-page\-vs\-strickland\-cassidy\-vs\-moxley\-more/ \|access\-date\=November 25, 2023 \|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch \|date\=November 18, 2023}}{{cite web \|last1\=Keller \|first1\=Wade \|title\=AEW Full Gear PPV results (11/18\): Keller’s report on MJF vs. Jay White, Cassidy vs. Moxley, Omega \& Jericho vs. Young Bucks, Shida vs. Toni Storm, Sting \& Darby \& Copeland vs. Christian \& Wayne \& Luchasaurus, more \|url\=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2023/11/18/aew\-full\-gear\-ppv\-results\-11\-18\-kellers\-report\-on\-mjf\-vs\-jay\-white\-cassidy\-vs\-moxley\-omega\-jericho\-vs\-young\-bucks\-shida\-vs\-toni\-storm\-sting\-darby\-copeland\-vs\-christian\-wayne\-lu/ \|access\-date\=November 25, 2023 \|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch \|date\=November 18, 2023}}{{cite web \|last1\=Pulido \|first1\=Luis \|title\=AEW Full Gear (11/18/2023\) Results: MJF vs Jay White, Texas Death Match, Young Bucks vs Golden Jets \|url\=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew\-full\-gear\-11182023\-results\-mjf\-vs\-jay\-white\-texas\-death\-match\-young\-bucks\-vs\-golden\-jets \|website\=Fightful \|access\-date\=November 25, 2023 \|date\=November 18, 2023}} Next, Orange Cassidy (accompanied by [Hook](/wiki/Hook_%28wrestler%29 "Hook (wrestler)")) defended the AEW International Championship against Jon Moxley (accompanied by [Wheeler Yuta](/wiki/Wheeler_Yuta "Wheeler Yuta")). During the match, Moxley delivered a Bossman slam and applied in the Texas Cloverleaf on Cassidy, who managed to escape. Cassidy then performed a superplex and a satellite DDT to Moxley for a nearfall. As Moxley attempted the Death Rider, Cassidy countered it into an attempted Stundog Millionaire; however, Moxley countered into a bulldog choke on Cassidy who escaped. As Cassidy then attempted the Orange Punch, Moxley countered Cassidy with an Ace Crusher in mid\-air. Moxley then performed a Gotch\-style Piledriver on Cassidy for a nearfall. Cassidy then delivered three consecutive Orange Punches to Moxley and used a victory roll pin resulting in a nearfall. In the climax, Cassidy then performed two more Orange Punches and a Beach Break before pinning Moxley to retain the title. After that, [Hikaru Shida](/wiki/Hikaru_Shida "Hikaru Shida") defended the [AEW Women's World Championship](/wiki/AEW_Women%27s_World_Championship "AEW Women's World Championship") against ["Timeless" Toni Storm](/wiki/%22Timeless%22_Toni_Storm) (accompanied by [Luther the Butler](/wiki/Dr._Luther "Dr. Luther")). During the match, Shida delivered a jumping knee strike and Storm Zero on Storm for a nearfall. Shida then performed a Falcon Arrow on Storm for a nearfall. As Shida then attempted a Michinoku Driver, Storm avoided and applied in an ankle lock on Shida, however, Shida escaped. As Shida attacked Luther with a kendo stick, Storm performed a deadlift German suplex and a running hip attack (later revealed to be a frying pan hidden in Storm's tights that was unbeknownst to the referee) on Shida to win the AEW Women's World Championship for a record\-tying third time. In the fourth match, [Ricky Starks](/wiki/Ricky_Starks "Ricky Starks") and [Big Bill](/wiki/W._Morrissey "W. Morrissey") defended the [AEW World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/AEW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "AEW World Tag Team Championship") against [FTR](/wiki/FTR_%28professional_wrestling%29 "FTR (professional wrestling)") ([Cash Wheeler](/wiki/Cash_Wheeler "Cash Wheeler") and [Dax Harwood](/wiki/Dax_Harwood "Dax Harwood")), [La Facción Ingobernable](/wiki/La_Facci%C3%B3n_Ingobernable "La Facción Ingobernable") ([Rush](/wiki/Rush_%28wrestler%29 "Rush (wrestler)") and [Dralístico](/wiki/Dral%C3%ADstico "Dralístico"), accompanied by [José the Assistant](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_the_Assistant "José the Assistant") and Preston Vance), and [Kings of The Black Throne](/wiki/The_House_of_Black%23Sub-groups "The House of Black#Sub-groups") ([Malakai Black](/wiki/Malakai_Black "Malakai Black") and [Brody King](/wiki/Brody_King "Brody King")) in a [four\-way tag team](/wiki/Fatal_four-way_match "Fatal four-way match") [ladder match](/wiki/Ladder_match "Ladder match"). During the match, Black delivered a moonsault from the top of the ladder onto the other competitors. Rush then performed a punt kick to Wheeler. Wheeler then attacked Black with a low blow and performed a piledriver on Black onto a ladder. Dralístico then performed a dropkick on Wheeler, whose head was wedged in a ladder. Starks then delivered a spear to Rush and a tornado DDT to Wheeler. King then performed a back body drop to Harwood through a ladder. Dralístico delivered a springboard Codebreaker to Bill, who immediately performed a chokeslam to Dralístico. Rush performed Bull's Horns to Bill with a ladder. As Dralístico delivered a poisonrana to Black, King performed a Ganso Bomb to Dralístico through a ladder. Wheeler then delivered a diving splash on King through a ladder and Black performed Black Mass to Harwood. In the end, as Starks and Wheeler as ascended the ladder, Bill caught Wheeler and intercepted him, allowing Starks to unhook the titles to retain. In the next match, [Kris Statlander](/wiki/Kris_Statlander "Kris Statlander") defended the [AEW TBS Championship](/wiki/AEW_TBS_Championship "AEW TBS Championship") against [Julia Hart](/wiki/Julia_Hart_%28wrestler%29 "Julia Hart (wrestler)") and [Skye Blue](/wiki/Skye_Blue "Skye Blue"). During the match, Statlander delivered a back suplex to Blue for a nearfall. Statlander and Blue performed a roundhouse kick/neckbreaker combination to Hart. Blue performed a superkick and a powerbomb to Hart for a nearfall. As Statlander attempted a powerbomb, Blue countered into Code Blue on Statlander for a nearfall. In the end, as Statlander attempted a pin on Blue, Hart clotheslined Statlander and pinned Blue to win the TBS Championship. After that was a [Texas Death match](/wiki/Texas_Death_match "Texas Death match") contested between [Swerve Strickland](/wiki/Swerve_Strickland "Swerve Strickland") (accompanied by [Prince Nana](/wiki/Prince_Nana "Prince Nana")) and ["Hangman" Adam Page](/wiki/%22Hangman%22_Adam_Page), who ran out and attacked Strickland to start the match, delivering a Buckshot Lariat within the first minute. Page tied up Strickland's arms, repeatedly used a [staple gun](/wiki/Staple_gun "Staple gun") on him, used chair attacks to draw blood from Strickland's head, and drank the blood. Strickland retaliated with a low blow, and was cut free by Nana. Strickland shrugged off further staples, then stapled himself and grinned. Page also bled after barbed wire was used against his head. Swerve gave Page a Death Valley Driver onto a cinderblock and a piledriver onto the [guard rail](/wiki/Guard_rail "Guard rail"). Page performed on Strickland a moonsault with a barbed wire chair, then Nana disrupted another Buckshot Lariat. Page performed on Strickland a tombstone piledriver onto a chair; Strickland beat the count. Strickland sprinkled broken glass on Page's back, performed a 450° splash, then landed a JML Driver, but Page beat the count. Page put barbed wire around Strickland's neck and landed another Buckshot Lariat, but Nana pulled Strickland to stand on the floor to beat the count. Both [Brian Cage](/wiki/Brian_Cage "Brian Cage") and Nana attacked Page, who fended off both by delivering a barbed wire\-assisted lariat on Cage, and then driving Nana through a table onto the floor with a Deadeye. Strickland shattered a cinderblock on Page's back, then hung Page by the neck using a metal chain wrapped around the top turnbuckle. The choke was released, but Page failed to answer the 10 count, granting Strickland victory via [knockout](/wiki/Knockout_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Knockout (professional wrestling)"). In the penultimate match, The Golden Jets ([Chris Jericho](/wiki/Chris_Jericho "Chris Jericho") and [Kenny Omega](/wiki/Kenny_Omega "Kenny Omega")) faced [The Young Bucks](/wiki/The_Young_Bucks "The Young Bucks") ([Matt Jackson](/wiki/Matt_Jackson_%28wrestler%29 "Matt Jackson (wrestler)") and [Nick Jackson](/wiki/Nick_Jackson "Nick Jackson")) with the stipulation that if The Golden Jets won, they would receive The Young Bucks' AEW World Tag Team Championship opportunity, but if The Young Bucks won, The Golden Jets would have to disband as a team. During the match, Matt performed double northern lights suplexes to Jericho and Omega. Nick then performed a senton atomico to Jericho, however, Omega broke up the pin attempt. The Young Bucks then delivered the BTE Trigger to Jericho for a nearfall. Jericho then attacked Nick with a low blow as the referee was distracted by Omega. Nick delivered a poisonrana to Jericho, while Matt performed the One\-Winged Angel on Omega for another nearfall. As The Young Bucks attempted the Meltzer Driver, Jericho responded by performing a Codebreaker on Nick. In the end, Jericho delivered the Judas Effect to Nick, while Omega performed a ripcord V\-Trigger and the One\-Winged Angel on Matt to win the match, thus Omega and Jericho earned The Young Bucks' future AEW World Tag Team Championship opportunity.
[ "### Preliminary matches", "The main card opened with Sting, Adam Copeland, and Darby Allin (accompanied by [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair \"Ric Flair\")) facing The Patriarchy (Christian Cage, Luchasaurus, and Nick Wayne). During the match, Copeland delivered a Russian leg sweep and a swinging neckbreaker to Luchasaurus for a nearfall. Wayne performed an uppercut on Allin from the top rope, however, Allin delivered an avalanche Code Red to Wayne for a nearfall. Copeland then performed an impaler DDT to Luchasaurus. Allin then delivered a suicide dive to Luchasaurus and Wayne. Luchasaurus then performed a lariat on Copeland for a nearfall. As Flair was distracting Cage, Cage attacked Flair with a [low blow](/wiki/Low_blow_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Low blow (professional wrestling)\"). Cage then accidentally struck Luchasaurus with the AEW TNT Championship belt and then left the arena. Sting then delivered a Stinger Splash on Luchasaurus, followed by Copeland performing a Spear. In the end, Allin performed the Coffin Drop to Luchasaurus to win the match.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Brandon \\|first1\\=Leclair \\|title\\=Leclair's AEW Full Gear 2023 Report: Alt perspective, detailed coverage of MJF vs. White, Page vs. Strickland, Cassidy vs. Moxley, more \\|url\\=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2023/11/18/leclairs\\-aew\\-full\\-gear\\-2023\\-report\\-alt\\-perspective\\-detailed\\-coverage\\-of\\-mjf\\-vs\\-white\\-page\\-vs\\-strickland\\-cassidy\\-vs\\-moxley\\-more/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2023 \\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch \\|date\\=November 18, 2023}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Keller \\|first1\\=Wade \\|title\\=AEW Full Gear PPV results (11/18\\): Keller’s report on MJF vs. Jay White, Cassidy vs. Moxley, Omega \\& Jericho vs. Young Bucks, Shida vs. Toni Storm, Sting \\& Darby \\& Copeland vs. Christian \\& Wayne \\& Luchasaurus, more \\|url\\=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2023/11/18/aew\\-full\\-gear\\-ppv\\-results\\-11\\-18\\-kellers\\-report\\-on\\-mjf\\-vs\\-jay\\-white\\-cassidy\\-vs\\-moxley\\-omega\\-jericho\\-vs\\-young\\-bucks\\-shida\\-vs\\-toni\\-storm\\-sting\\-darby\\-copeland\\-vs\\-christian\\-wayne\\-lu/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2023 \\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch \\|date\\=November 18, 2023}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Pulido \\|first1\\=Luis \\|title\\=AEW Full Gear (11/18/2023\\) Results: MJF vs Jay White, Texas Death Match, Young Bucks vs Golden Jets \\|url\\=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew\\-full\\-gear\\-11182023\\-results\\-mjf\\-vs\\-jay\\-white\\-texas\\-death\\-match\\-young\\-bucks\\-vs\\-golden\\-jets \\|website\\=Fightful \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2023 \\|date\\=November 18, 2023}}", "Next, Orange Cassidy (accompanied by [Hook](/wiki/Hook_%28wrestler%29 \"Hook (wrestler)\")) defended the AEW International Championship against Jon Moxley (accompanied by [Wheeler Yuta](/wiki/Wheeler_Yuta \"Wheeler Yuta\")). During the match, Moxley delivered a Bossman slam and applied in the Texas Cloverleaf on Cassidy, who managed to escape. Cassidy then performed a superplex and a satellite DDT to Moxley for a nearfall. As Moxley attempted the Death Rider, Cassidy countered it into an attempted Stundog Millionaire; however, Moxley countered into a bulldog choke on Cassidy who escaped. As Cassidy then attempted the Orange Punch, Moxley countered Cassidy with an Ace Crusher in mid\\-air. Moxley then performed a Gotch\\-style Piledriver on Cassidy for a nearfall. Cassidy then delivered three consecutive Orange Punches to Moxley and used a victory roll pin resulting in a nearfall. In the climax, Cassidy then performed two more Orange Punches and a Beach Break before pinning Moxley to retain the title.", "After that, [Hikaru Shida](/wiki/Hikaru_Shida \"Hikaru Shida\") defended the [AEW Women's World Championship](/wiki/AEW_Women%27s_World_Championship \"AEW Women's World Championship\") against [\"Timeless\" Toni Storm](/wiki/%22Timeless%22_Toni_Storm) (accompanied by [Luther the Butler](/wiki/Dr._Luther \"Dr. Luther\")). During the match, Shida delivered a jumping knee strike and Storm Zero on Storm for a nearfall. Shida then performed a Falcon Arrow on Storm for a nearfall. As Shida then attempted a Michinoku Driver, Storm avoided and applied in an ankle lock on Shida, however, Shida escaped. As Shida attacked Luther with a kendo stick, Storm performed a deadlift German suplex and a running hip attack (later revealed to be a frying pan hidden in Storm's tights that was unbeknownst to the referee) on Shida to win the AEW Women's World Championship for a record\\-tying third time.", "In the fourth match, [Ricky Starks](/wiki/Ricky_Starks \"Ricky Starks\") and [Big Bill](/wiki/W._Morrissey \"W. Morrissey\") defended the [AEW World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/AEW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"AEW World Tag Team Championship\") against [FTR](/wiki/FTR_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"FTR (professional wrestling)\") ([Cash Wheeler](/wiki/Cash_Wheeler \"Cash Wheeler\") and [Dax Harwood](/wiki/Dax_Harwood \"Dax Harwood\")), [La Facción Ingobernable](/wiki/La_Facci%C3%B3n_Ingobernable \"La Facción Ingobernable\") ([Rush](/wiki/Rush_%28wrestler%29 \"Rush (wrestler)\") and [Dralístico](/wiki/Dral%C3%ADstico \"Dralístico\"), accompanied by [José the Assistant](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_the_Assistant \"José the Assistant\") and Preston Vance), and [Kings of The Black Throne](/wiki/The_House_of_Black%23Sub-groups \"The House of Black#Sub-groups\") ([Malakai Black](/wiki/Malakai_Black \"Malakai Black\") and [Brody King](/wiki/Brody_King \"Brody King\")) in a [four\\-way tag team](/wiki/Fatal_four-way_match \"Fatal four-way match\") [ladder match](/wiki/Ladder_match \"Ladder match\"). During the match, Black delivered a moonsault from the top of the ladder onto the other competitors. Rush then performed a punt kick to Wheeler. Wheeler then attacked Black with a low blow and performed a piledriver on Black onto a ladder. Dralístico then performed a dropkick on Wheeler, whose head was wedged in a ladder. Starks then delivered a spear to Rush and a tornado DDT to Wheeler. King then performed a back body drop to Harwood through a ladder. Dralístico delivered a springboard Codebreaker to Bill, who immediately performed a chokeslam to Dralístico. Rush performed Bull's Horns to Bill with a ladder. As Dralístico delivered a poisonrana to Black, King performed a Ganso Bomb to Dralístico through a ladder. Wheeler then delivered a diving splash on King through a ladder and Black performed Black Mass to Harwood. In the end, as Starks and Wheeler as ascended the ladder, Bill caught Wheeler and intercepted him, allowing Starks to unhook the titles to retain.", "In the next match, [Kris Statlander](/wiki/Kris_Statlander \"Kris Statlander\") defended the [AEW TBS Championship](/wiki/AEW_TBS_Championship \"AEW TBS Championship\") against [Julia Hart](/wiki/Julia_Hart_%28wrestler%29 \"Julia Hart (wrestler)\") and [Skye Blue](/wiki/Skye_Blue \"Skye Blue\"). During the match, Statlander delivered a back suplex to Blue for a nearfall. Statlander and Blue performed a roundhouse kick/neckbreaker combination to Hart. Blue performed a superkick and a powerbomb to Hart for a nearfall. As Statlander attempted a powerbomb, Blue countered into Code Blue on Statlander for a nearfall. In the end, as Statlander attempted a pin on Blue, Hart clotheslined Statlander and pinned Blue to win the TBS Championship.", "After that was a [Texas Death match](/wiki/Texas_Death_match \"Texas Death match\") contested between [Swerve Strickland](/wiki/Swerve_Strickland \"Swerve Strickland\") (accompanied by [Prince Nana](/wiki/Prince_Nana \"Prince Nana\")) and [\"Hangman\" Adam Page](/wiki/%22Hangman%22_Adam_Page), who ran out and attacked Strickland to start the match, delivering a Buckshot Lariat within the first minute. Page tied up Strickland's arms, repeatedly used a [staple gun](/wiki/Staple_gun \"Staple gun\") on him, used chair attacks to draw blood from Strickland's head, and drank the blood. Strickland retaliated with a low blow, and was cut free by Nana. Strickland shrugged off further staples, then stapled himself and grinned. Page also bled after barbed wire was used against his head. Swerve gave Page a Death Valley Driver onto a cinderblock and a piledriver onto the [guard rail](/wiki/Guard_rail \"Guard rail\"). Page performed on Strickland a moonsault with a barbed wire chair, then Nana disrupted another Buckshot Lariat. Page performed on Strickland a tombstone piledriver onto a chair; Strickland beat the count. Strickland sprinkled broken glass on Page's back, performed a 450° splash, then landed a JML Driver, but Page beat the count. Page put barbed wire around Strickland's neck and landed another Buckshot Lariat, but Nana pulled Strickland to stand on the floor to beat the count. Both [Brian Cage](/wiki/Brian_Cage \"Brian Cage\") and Nana attacked Page, who fended off both by delivering a barbed wire\\-assisted lariat on Cage, and then driving Nana through a table onto the floor with a Deadeye. Strickland shattered a cinderblock on Page's back, then hung Page by the neck using a metal chain wrapped around the top turnbuckle. The choke was released, but Page failed to answer the 10 count, granting Strickland victory via [knockout](/wiki/Knockout_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Knockout (professional wrestling)\").", "In the penultimate match, The Golden Jets ([Chris Jericho](/wiki/Chris_Jericho \"Chris Jericho\") and [Kenny Omega](/wiki/Kenny_Omega \"Kenny Omega\")) faced [The Young Bucks](/wiki/The_Young_Bucks \"The Young Bucks\") ([Matt Jackson](/wiki/Matt_Jackson_%28wrestler%29 \"Matt Jackson (wrestler)\") and [Nick Jackson](/wiki/Nick_Jackson \"Nick Jackson\")) with the stipulation that if The Golden Jets won, they would receive The Young Bucks' AEW World Tag Team Championship opportunity, but if The Young Bucks won, The Golden Jets would have to disband as a team. During the match, Matt performed double northern lights suplexes to Jericho and Omega. Nick then performed a senton atomico to Jericho, however, Omega broke up the pin attempt. The Young Bucks then delivered the BTE Trigger to Jericho for a nearfall. Jericho then attacked Nick with a low blow as the referee was distracted by Omega. Nick delivered a poisonrana to Jericho, while Matt performed the One\\-Winged Angel on Omega for another nearfall. As The Young Bucks attempted the Meltzer Driver, Jericho responded by performing a Codebreaker on Nick. In the end, Jericho delivered the Judas Effect to Nick, while Omega performed a ripcord V\\-Trigger and the One\\-Winged Angel on Matt to win the match, thus Omega and Jericho earned The Young Bucks' future AEW World Tag Team Championship opportunity.", "" ]
Construction ------------ There was an inauspicious start. Excessive rains during August and September 1872, held up surveying. Then it was found that the route originally proposed was "impracticable". Mr J.W Reeve, engineer and managing partner in Tasmania for the London contractors Clarke, Punchard \& Reeve, arrived in Hobart in June 1872\. Reeve and his engineering staff believed they could complete the railway, telegraph and all works by late 1874\. In mid\-1872, two 0\-6\-0T engines built by Fox and Walker of Bristol, arrived in Launceston on the barque Westbury. They were used by the contractors as construction engines. On 3 January 1873, blasting had begun to create a cutting in the Hobart Domain. During the same month, the barques *Fugitive* and *Araunah*, operated by the T.B. Walker line, arrived in Launceston with a cargo of 610 tonnes of deep web rail. This type matched that of the L.W.R. These rails were stockpiled alongside the L.W.R. line ready for construction of a third rail between Launceston and Western Junction. Inadequate passenger services from England saw the T.M.L.R. charter a ship from John Patton \& Co of Liverpool. The *[Northfleet](/wiki/Northfleet_%28ship%29 "Northfleet (ship)")* was a 955\-ton ship and had been in service for twenty years. With 350 navvies on board, including some of their families, a total of 412 people, as well as 417 tonnes of railway equipment and rail, set sail from London. On 21 January 1873, the ship was anchored off of Dover, waiting for favourable winds. In clear conditions, a steam ship later identified as the *Murillo*, rammed the *Northfleet* and shattered the timbers of the hull. In the panic caused, the captain of the *Northfleet* fired his handgun, and some of the men on board forced their way into lifeboats ahead of women and children. The *Murillo* did not stop, and 300 perished as the *Northfleet* sank. Despite this, the contractors office in London was besieged daily by men anxious to leave and work in Tasmania. By February 1873, 225 labourers had arrived in nine ships from England. Eventually 1,000 men would venture across to the island, not including local and interstate labourers. Local workers were paid 50c per hour, but many men from England deserted as the promise of 70c per hour did not materialise. Construction proceeded until the link was made with the broad gauge Launceston and Western Railway at Evandale in March 1876\. [thumb\|Accident on T.M.L. Railway at Coal Mine Bend between Colebrook and Rhyndaston on 24 April 1877](/wiki/File:Accident_on_T.M.L._Railway_at_Coal_Mine_Bend_between_Colebrook_and_Rhyndaston_on_24_April_1877.jpg "Accident on T.M.L. Railway at Coal Mine Bend between Colebrook and Rhyndaston on 24 April 1877.jpg") Connecting broad gauge trains operated into Launceston until the third rail was completed on 1 November 1876, enabling the Main Line Company's trains to run through. This arrangement was not without its difficulties as the Government, who now owned the Launceston and Western railway line, wanted to charge tolls and other rates for the use of its facilities. To clear the impasse, the Main Line Company built its own sheds at Launceston and laid the extra rail at its expense. The question of tolls remained unresolved for years, as did interpretations of the Act in regard to the obligations for other payments.
[ "Construction\n------------", "There was an inauspicious start. Excessive rains during August and September 1872, held up surveying. Then it was found that the route originally proposed was \"impracticable\". Mr J.W Reeve, engineer and managing partner in Tasmania for the London contractors Clarke, Punchard \\& Reeve, arrived in Hobart in June 1872\\. Reeve and his engineering staff believed they could complete the railway, telegraph and all works by late 1874\\. In mid\\-1872, two 0\\-6\\-0T engines built by Fox and Walker of Bristol, arrived in Launceston on the barque Westbury. They were used by the contractors as construction engines.", "On 3 January 1873, blasting had begun to create a cutting in the Hobart Domain. During the same month, the barques *Fugitive* and *Araunah*, operated by the T.B. Walker line, arrived in Launceston with a cargo of 610 tonnes of deep web rail. This type matched that of the L.W.R. These rails were stockpiled alongside the L.W.R. line ready for construction of a third rail between Launceston and Western Junction.", "Inadequate passenger services from England saw the T.M.L.R. charter a ship from John Patton \\& Co of Liverpool. The *[Northfleet](/wiki/Northfleet_%28ship%29 \"Northfleet (ship)\")* was a 955\\-ton ship and had been in service for twenty years. With 350 navvies on board, including some of their families, a total of 412 people, as well as 417 tonnes of railway equipment and rail, set sail from London. On 21 January 1873, the ship was anchored off of Dover, waiting for favourable winds. In clear conditions, a steam ship later identified as the *Murillo*, rammed the *Northfleet* and shattered the timbers of the hull. In the panic caused, the captain of the *Northfleet* fired his handgun, and some of the men on board forced their way into lifeboats ahead of women and children. The *Murillo* did not stop, and 300 perished as the *Northfleet* sank. Despite this, the contractors office in London was besieged daily by men anxious to leave and work in Tasmania.", "By February 1873, 225 labourers had arrived in nine ships from England. Eventually 1,000 men would venture across to the island, not including local and interstate labourers. Local workers were paid 50c per hour, but many men from England deserted as the promise of 70c per hour did not materialise.", "Construction proceeded until the link was made with the broad gauge Launceston and Western Railway at Evandale in March 1876\\.", "[thumb\\|Accident on T.M.L. Railway at Coal Mine Bend between Colebrook and Rhyndaston on 24 April 1877](/wiki/File:Accident_on_T.M.L._Railway_at_Coal_Mine_Bend_between_Colebrook_and_Rhyndaston_on_24_April_1877.jpg \"Accident on T.M.L. Railway at Coal Mine Bend between Colebrook and Rhyndaston on 24 April 1877.jpg\")", "Connecting broad gauge trains operated into Launceston until the third rail was completed on 1 November 1876, enabling the Main Line Company's trains to run through. This arrangement was not without its difficulties as the Government, who now owned the Launceston and Western railway line, wanted to charge tolls and other rates for the use of its facilities. To clear the impasse, the Main Line Company built its own sheds at Launceston and laid the extra rail at its expense. The question of tolls remained unresolved for years, as did interpretations of the Act in regard to the obligations for other payments.", "" ]
Career ------ He began tattooing out of his apartment in Cleveland, but quickly outgrew his premises and got a job at the Toledo Tattoo Company, the oldest tattoo studio in the region.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.toledotattoocompany.com \|title\=Toledo Tattoo Company \|accessdate\=2008\-08\-13 }} In 1997 Timman moved to Los Angeles and got a job at one of the most famous tattoo parlors in the world,Milligan, Laura. ["Gettin’ Inked: 20 of the World’s Most Famous Tattoo Parlors"](http://texasbodyartnews.blogspot.com/2008/02/ranked-in-top-20-best-tattoo-studios-in.html), *[Texas Body Art News](/wiki/Texas_Body_Art_News "Texas Body Art News")*, 2008\-02\-02\. Retrieved on 2008\-06\-05\. Sunset Strip Tattoo in [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles "Hollywood, Los Angeles"). ### Hollywood While working at Sunset Strip Tattoo, Timman acquired a number of celebrity clients.Lucille, Diego. ["Tattoo Pricing"](http://mag.rankmytattoos.com/tattoo-pricing-guidelines.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227013950/http://mag.rankmytattoos.com/tattoo\-pricing\-guidelines.html \|date\=2009\-02\-27 }}, *[Rank My Tattoos](/wiki/Rank_My_Tattoos "Rank My Tattoos")*. Retrieved on 2008\-02\-12\. Notable tattoos include a tribal dragon on [Angelina Jolie](/wiki/Angelina_Jolie "Angelina Jolie")'s lower back, a cross on [Ben Affleck](/wiki/Ben_Affleck "Ben Affleck")'s biceps, a large tribal tattoo on [Busta Rhymes](/wiki/Busta_Rhymes "Busta Rhymes")'s back, a ring on Pamela Anderson's finger, a banner design on [Mark Wahlberg](/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg "Mark Wahlberg"), and a magic mushroom on [Billy Bob Thornton](/wiki/Billy_Bob_Thornton "Billy Bob Thornton").People ["Star couple stats for summer \- Hot couples or not couples?"](http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/News/07/22/cel.summer.couples/index.html), *[People](/wiki/People_%28magazine%29 "People (magazine)")*, 2002\-07\-22\. Retrieved on 2008\-09\-11\. Timman's client list has led to work in film, television, and commercials painting temporary tattoos,Barrera, Sandra. ["For a fake tattoo you need a real artist"](http://www.seattlepi.com/movies/83474_temptattoos21.shtml), *[Los Angeles Daily News](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News "Los Angeles Daily News")*, 2002\-08\-21\. Retrieved on 2008\-06\-03\. and giving technical advice on the industry. Television credits include: HBO's [Big Love](/wiki/Big_Love "Big Love") and [Mad About You](/wiki/Mad_About_You "Mad About You"). Advertising campaigns include [Dunlop Tires](/wiki/Dunlop_Tires "Dunlop Tires")Dunlop Tires ["Sunset Strip Artist To Ink Dunlop Treads At SEMA Show"](http://www.dunloptires.com/news/2005/press11_01_05_sunsetStrip.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602114611/http://www.dunloptires.com/news/2005/press11\_01\_05\_sunsetStrip.html \|date\=2007\-06\-02 }}, Press release, November 1, 2005\. Accessed June 3, 2008\. and the "Fairy Snapmother"{{cite press release\|publisher\=ConAgra Foods\=November 15, 2005\|url\=http://investor.conagrafoods.com/phoenix.zhtml?c\=97518\&p\=irol\-newsArticlebra\&ID\=785140 \|title\=SNAP! Slim Jim's Fairy Snapmother Flies Into Convenience Stores\|accessdate\=2008\-09\-08}} for [Slim Jim (snack food)](/wiki/Slim_Jim_%28snack_food%29 "Slim Jim (snack food)"). Timman currently works on the [Sunset Strip](/wiki/Sunset_Strip "Sunset Strip") as an acknowledged specialist in tribal work,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wwtattootour.com/winners \|title\=Contest Winners \|accessdate\=2008\-06\-03 \|publisher\=Inkslingers Ball \|date\=2005\-09\-17 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20130209190749/http://www.wwtattootour.com/winners \|archivedate\=2013\-02\-09 }} traditional Japanese and Americana designs. ### TV appearances Since 2000 Timman has been featured on multiple television programs. Appearances include: the Pamela Anderson [True Hollywood Story](/wiki/True_Hollywood_Story "True Hollywood Story"),{{cite web \|url\=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3133867 \|title\=IMDB Paul Timman \|accessdate\=2009\-02\-12}} VH1's All Access: Where the stars get their tats in L.A.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.vh1\.com/video/play.jhtml?id\=1521529\&vid\=73054 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611072422/http://www.vh1\.com/video/play.jhtml?id\=1521529\&vid\=73054 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=June 11, 2008 \|title\=Watch where the stars get their tats in LA \|accessdate\=2008\-06\-03 \|publisher\=VH1 \|date\= }} where he talked about his celebrity encounters,{{cite web \|url\=http://mag.rankmytattoos.com/top\-five\-celebrity\-tattoo\-artists.html \|title\=Top Five Celebrity Tattoo Artists \|accessdate\=2008\-08\-19 \|author\=Diego Lucille \|publisher\=Rank My Tattoos Magazine \|archive\-date\=2008\-08\-28 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828033924/http://mag.rankmytattoos.com/top\-five\-celebrity\-tattoo\-artists.html \|url\-status\=dead }} from making house calls to [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez "Jennifer Lopez") and [Marc Anthony](/wiki/Marc_Anthony "Marc Anthony")'s home to tattooing [Tommy Lee](/wiki/Tommy_Lee "Tommy Lee")VH1 ["Motley Crue Little Black Book"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050523060614/http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/fabulous_life_of/89285/episode_featured_copy.jhtml), ''VH1\.com", Accessed June 3, 2008\. at his kitchen table. He was also featured on A\&E's The Star Treatment: "Meet Paul Timman, who talks about creating tattoos for [Drew Barrymore](/wiki/Drew_Barrymore "Drew Barrymore") and [Angelina Jolie](/wiki/Angelina_Jolie "Angelina Jolie")".{{cite web \|url\=http://community.tvguide.com/thread/Paul\-Timman/Paul\-Timman\-Star/800041599 \|title\=Paul Timman \|accessdate\=2008\-08\-13 \|publisher\=TV Guide }}{{dead link\|date\=March 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} ### Dinnerware Design In 2008 Paul Timman partnered with [Ink Dish](/wiki/Ink_Dish "Ink Dish") to create a line of porcelain dinnerware. "I knew that if I did my job well, I could bridge the gap between mainstream society and help to introduce tattooing into every day life \-\- without the process of getting tattooed," says Timman.{{cite news \|url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/home\_blog/2009/05/china\-tattoos\-plates\-dishes\-.html \|title\=Paul Timman gives dishware a tattoo makeover \|author\=Barbara Thornburg \|accessdate\=2009\-06\-25 \|work\=Los Angeles Times \| date\=2009\-05\-28}} Paul's Irezumi design was named to Metropolitan Home's 2009 Design 100 list.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.pointclickhome.com/image/tid/4752?mag\=PointClickHome\&page\=3\&pause\=1 \|title\= Design 100 \|accessdate\=2009\-06\-25 \|publisher\=Metropolitan Home}} The design "is based on the Japanese style of tattooing known as Irezumi. Vibrant dragons, colourful Koi, cherry blossoms and waves weave together organically to exhibit this ancient style of tattooing, blending in the same way on porcelain as they would on a body."{{cite press release\|publisher\=Ink Dish\=October 29, 2008\|url\=http://www.inkdish.com/php/index.php?id\=media\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713034853/http://www.inkdish.com/php/index.php?id\=media\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-13\|title\=You are what you eat off\|accessdate\=2009\-02\-09}} The dinnerware is sold at [Fred Segal](/wiki/Fred_Segal "Fred Segal") and other retailers.
[ "Career\n------", "He began tattooing out of his apartment in Cleveland, but quickly outgrew his premises and got a job at the Toledo Tattoo Company, the oldest tattoo studio in the region.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.toledotattoocompany.com \\|title\\=Toledo Tattoo Company \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-08\\-13 }} In 1997 Timman moved to Los Angeles and got a job at one of the most famous tattoo parlors in the world,Milligan, Laura. [\"Gettin’ Inked: 20 of the World’s Most Famous Tattoo Parlors\"](http://texasbodyartnews.blogspot.com/2008/02/ranked-in-top-20-best-tattoo-studios-in.html), *[Texas Body Art News](/wiki/Texas_Body_Art_News \"Texas Body Art News\")*, 2008\\-02\\-02\\. Retrieved on 2008\\-06\\-05\\. Sunset Strip Tattoo in [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles \"Hollywood, Los Angeles\").", "### Hollywood", "While working at Sunset Strip Tattoo, Timman acquired a number of celebrity clients.Lucille, Diego. [\"Tattoo Pricing\"](http://mag.rankmytattoos.com/tattoo-pricing-guidelines.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227013950/http://mag.rankmytattoos.com/tattoo\\-pricing\\-guidelines.html \\|date\\=2009\\-02\\-27 }}, *[Rank My Tattoos](/wiki/Rank_My_Tattoos \"Rank My Tattoos\")*. Retrieved on 2008\\-02\\-12\\. Notable tattoos include a tribal dragon on [Angelina Jolie](/wiki/Angelina_Jolie \"Angelina Jolie\")'s lower back, a cross on [Ben Affleck](/wiki/Ben_Affleck \"Ben Affleck\")'s biceps, a large tribal tattoo on [Busta Rhymes](/wiki/Busta_Rhymes \"Busta Rhymes\")'s back, a ring on Pamela Anderson's finger, a banner design on [Mark Wahlberg](/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg \"Mark Wahlberg\"), and a magic mushroom on [Billy Bob Thornton](/wiki/Billy_Bob_Thornton \"Billy Bob Thornton\").People [\"Star couple stats for summer \\- Hot couples or not couples?\"](http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/News/07/22/cel.summer.couples/index.html), *[People](/wiki/People_%28magazine%29 \"People (magazine)\")*, 2002\\-07\\-22\\. Retrieved on 2008\\-09\\-11\\.", "Timman's client list has led to work in film, television, and commercials painting temporary tattoos,Barrera, Sandra. [\"For a fake tattoo you need a real artist\"](http://www.seattlepi.com/movies/83474_temptattoos21.shtml), *[Los Angeles Daily News](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News \"Los Angeles Daily News\")*, 2002\\-08\\-21\\. Retrieved on 2008\\-06\\-03\\. and giving technical advice on the industry. Television credits include: HBO's [Big Love](/wiki/Big_Love \"Big Love\") and [Mad About You](/wiki/Mad_About_You \"Mad About You\"). Advertising campaigns include [Dunlop Tires](/wiki/Dunlop_Tires \"Dunlop Tires\")Dunlop Tires [\"Sunset Strip Artist To Ink Dunlop Treads At SEMA Show\"](http://www.dunloptires.com/news/2005/press11_01_05_sunsetStrip.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602114611/http://www.dunloptires.com/news/2005/press11\\_01\\_05\\_sunsetStrip.html \\|date\\=2007\\-06\\-02 }}, Press release, November 1, 2005\\. Accessed June 3, 2008\\. and the \"Fairy Snapmother\"{{cite press release\\|publisher\\=ConAgra Foods\\=November 15, 2005\\|url\\=http://investor.conagrafoods.com/phoenix.zhtml?c\\=97518\\&p\\=irol\\-newsArticlebra\\&ID\\=785140 \\|title\\=SNAP! Slim Jim's Fairy Snapmother Flies Into Convenience Stores\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-09\\-08}} for [Slim Jim (snack food)](/wiki/Slim_Jim_%28snack_food%29 \"Slim Jim (snack food)\").", "Timman currently works on the [Sunset Strip](/wiki/Sunset_Strip \"Sunset Strip\") as an acknowledged specialist in tribal work,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wwtattootour.com/winners \\|title\\=Contest Winners \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-06\\-03 \\|publisher\\=Inkslingers Ball \\|date\\=2005\\-09\\-17 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20130209190749/http://www.wwtattootour.com/winners \\|archivedate\\=2013\\-02\\-09 }} traditional Japanese and Americana designs.", "### TV appearances", "Since 2000 Timman has been featured on multiple television programs. Appearances include: the Pamela Anderson [True Hollywood Story](/wiki/True_Hollywood_Story \"True Hollywood Story\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3133867 \\|title\\=IMDB Paul Timman \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-12}} VH1's All Access: Where the stars get their tats in L.A.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.vh1\\.com/video/play.jhtml?id\\=1521529\\&vid\\=73054 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611072422/http://www.vh1\\.com/video/play.jhtml?id\\=1521529\\&vid\\=73054 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=June 11, 2008 \\|title\\=Watch where the stars get their tats in LA \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-06\\-03 \\|publisher\\=VH1 \\|date\\= }} where he talked about his celebrity encounters,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://mag.rankmytattoos.com/top\\-five\\-celebrity\\-tattoo\\-artists.html \\|title\\=Top Five Celebrity Tattoo Artists \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-08\\-19 \\|author\\=Diego Lucille \\|publisher\\=Rank My Tattoos Magazine \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-08\\-28 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828033924/http://mag.rankmytattoos.com/top\\-five\\-celebrity\\-tattoo\\-artists.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} from making house calls to [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez \"Jennifer Lopez\") and [Marc Anthony](/wiki/Marc_Anthony \"Marc Anthony\")'s home to tattooing [Tommy Lee](/wiki/Tommy_Lee \"Tommy Lee\")VH1 [\"Motley Crue Little Black Book\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050523060614/http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/fabulous_life_of/89285/episode_featured_copy.jhtml), ''VH1\\.com\", Accessed June 3, 2008\\. at his kitchen table. He was also featured on A\\&E's The Star Treatment: \"Meet Paul Timman, who talks about creating tattoos for [Drew Barrymore](/wiki/Drew_Barrymore \"Drew Barrymore\") and [Angelina Jolie](/wiki/Angelina_Jolie \"Angelina Jolie\")\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://community.tvguide.com/thread/Paul\\-Timman/Paul\\-Timman\\-Star/800041599 \\|title\\=Paul Timman \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-08\\-13 \\|publisher\\=TV Guide }}{{dead link\\|date\\=March 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "### Dinnerware Design", "In 2008 Paul Timman partnered with [Ink Dish](/wiki/Ink_Dish \"Ink Dish\") to create a line of porcelain dinnerware. \"I knew that if I did my job well, I could bridge the gap between mainstream society and help to introduce tattooing into every day life \\-\\- without the process of getting tattooed,\" says Timman.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/home\\_blog/2009/05/china\\-tattoos\\-plates\\-dishes\\-.html \\|title\\=Paul Timman gives dishware a tattoo makeover \\|author\\=Barbara Thornburg \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-06\\-25 \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\| date\\=2009\\-05\\-28}}", "Paul's Irezumi design was named to Metropolitan Home's 2009 Design 100 list.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pointclickhome.com/image/tid/4752?mag\\=PointClickHome\\&page\\=3\\&pause\\=1 \\|title\\= Design 100 \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-06\\-25 \\|publisher\\=Metropolitan Home}} The design \"is based on the Japanese style of tattooing known as Irezumi. Vibrant dragons, colourful Koi, cherry blossoms and waves weave together organically to exhibit this ancient style of tattooing, blending in the same way on porcelain as they would on a body.\"{{cite press release\\|publisher\\=Ink Dish\\=October 29, 2008\\|url\\=http://www.inkdish.com/php/index.php?id\\=media\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713034853/http://www.inkdish.com/php/index.php?id\\=media\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-13\\|title\\=You are what you eat off\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-09}} The dinnerware is sold at [Fred Segal](/wiki/Fred_Segal \"Fred Segal\") and other retailers.", "" ]
Plot ---- At the start of the film, the main character, Iguchi Seibei, becomes a widower when his wife succumbs to [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis"). His wife receives a grand funeral, more than Seibei, a low\-ranking [samurai](/wiki/Samurai "Samurai"), can afford. Seibei works in the grain warehouse, keeping inventory for the [clan](/wiki/Clan "Clan"). His samurai colleagues mock him behind his back with the nickname Tasogare (Twilight): when evening approaches, Seibei rushes home to look after his elderly mother, who has dementia, and two young daughters, Kayano and Ito, instead of bonding with his supervisor and other samurai colleagues over customary nights of dinner, [geisha](/wiki/Geisha "Geisha") entertainment, and [sake](/wiki/Sake "Sake") drinking. Even though he is a samurai, Seibei neglects his appearance, failing to bathe or shave his head, and being shabbily dressed. The well\-being of his young daughters and medicine for his mother take priority over new clothes or the monthly bath fee, and his daughters say they are both happy, even without a mother. Things change when Seibei's childhood friend Tomoe (sister of Iinuma Michinojo, one of his better, kinder samurai friends and much higher ranked in the clan) returns to town. Tomoe is atypical in that she was a tom\-boy as a child and as an adult questions points of etiquette, such as obeying her elder brother's wife and not attending peasant festivals. Recently divorced from an abusive alcoholic husband (Koda, a samurai captain), Tomoe finds comfort and solace with Seibei's daughters. Tomoe's ex\-husband Koda barges into the household of Michinojo in the middle of night in a drunken demand for Tomoe and challenges Michinojo to a [duel](/wiki/Duel "Duel") which Seibei, believing Michinojo could not win, accepts on Michinojo's behalf, although Seibei knows his clan forbids duels and the penalty is usually death for the winner as the loser is already dead. Michinojo arrives before Seibei and is facing Koda. Seibei interrupts and decides to use only a wooden stick whilst Koda brandishes a steel [katana](/wiki/Katana "Katana"). Koda, after being disarmed and asked if that can be the end of it, picks up his sword so Seibei knocks him unconscious, sparing both their lives. A few days later, Captain of the Guard Yogo passes by Seibei while Seibei is working in the stores and quietly announces he is friends with Koda who has asked him for help in seeking vengeance on Seibei. Recognising that Seibei has some skill and learning that Seibei has learnt a particular style of fighting, Yogo hopes they can duel someday. Seibei's workmates learn of the duel and wonder if they should stop calling him by his nickname. When Iinuma Michinojo asks Seibei to marry his sister, saying she has turned down many offers and he will not force her, Seibei feels that Iinuma is teasing him for his strong feelings for Tomoe, like when he, Iinuma, and Tomoe were children. Iinuma knows Tomoe's feeling for Seibei, and Seibei is a kind man who would treat Tomoe better than Koda. With much deep regret, Seibei declines Iinuma's offer of his sister's hand in marriage, citing his inferior social status and how he did not want to see Tomoe share the burden of poverty despite Michinojo's protest that Tomoe is a grown woman who knows what she is in for. Seibei stoically regrets how his departed wife suffered in his care who, like Tomoe, came from a wealthier family. Iinuma talks no more of it. Tomoe stops visiting Kayano and Ito. In the final act, the ranking official of Seibei's clan, having heard of his prowess with a sword, orders Seibei to kill Yogo, who has been "disowned" and who stubbornly refuses to resign his post by committing [seppuku](/wiki/Seppuku "Seppuku"). The young lord of the clan had died from measles and there was a succession struggle behind the scenes over who will be the new lord. Yogo ended up on the losing side of this conflict, hence his ordered suicide. Yogo has already killed a formidable samurai that was sent to kill him. Seibei is promised a rise in rank and pay if he accepts the dangerous mission. Seibei is very reluctant to fight Yogo at first, requesting one month to prepare for it. He says that, because of great hardship in his life, he has lost all resolve to fight with ferocity and disregard for his own life, because of the experience of watching his two girls grow. As they continue to insist, he requests two days to get himself up to the task. The new clan leader is furious over this answer and orders him expelled from the clan. Seibei is finally forced to agree to attempt the mission. Upon parting that evening, Seibei's supervisor (who was present during the meeting) promises him that he will make sure the girls will be taken care of if the worst comes to pass. The following morning, Seibei attempts to get ready, but there is no one to help him with the rituals of samurai before battle. With no one to turn to, he asks Tomoe for her assistance. Before he leaves, he tells Tomoe that he was wrong to decline the offer of marriage. He says that if he lives, he would like to ask for her hand in marriage now that there is promise of a promotion. She regretfully tells Seibei she has accepted another proposal. Seibei, feeling like a fool, tells Tomoe to forget about the silly conversation. Tomoe says that she will not be waiting at his household for him to return but that she hopes from her heart that he will return safely. Seibei says he understands completely. He thanks Tomoe for her generosity for assisting him in this final ritual. At Yogo's house, Seibei finds his target drinking alcohol in a dark, fly\-infested room. Yogo recognizes Seibei and invites him to sit and drink. He then asks Seibei to allow him to run away. He explains he was only faithfully serving his master and describes how his wife and daughter also died of tuberculosis due to hardship and spending seven years as a [rōnin](/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin "Rōnin"). Only thanks to his master's generosity could he afford a proper funeral. Yogo tells Seibei that he expects Seibei was promised a reward for this errand and that he too performed errands for his superior, taking the word of his superior as the word of the clan. Seibei commiserates and reveals further parallels in the two men's stories, such as that his wife's family demanded she have an expensive funeral and so he sold his katana to pay for it. He reveals that his long [scabbard](/wiki/Scabbard "Scabbard") contains a fake bamboo sword. This angers Yogo who believes Seibei is mocking him: the short [kodachi](/wiki/Kodachi "Kodachi") can be carried even by common people who are not samurai. Seibei explains he has been trained with the short sword, which he still carries, but Yogo is not placated. Seibei's [kodachi](/wiki/Kodachi "Kodachi") fighting style is matched up against Yogo's [ittō\-ryū](/wiki/Itt%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB "Ittō-ryū") (single long sword) swordsmanship in an intense close quarters duel. Despite allowing Yogo to slash him several times and offering him chances to flee, Yogo presses the attack and Seibei kills Yogo when his longer sword gets caught in the rafters. Despite his wounds, Seibei limps home. Kayano and Ito rush to him in the courtyard, happy to see him. Tomoe is still there, waiting in the house. They have an emotional reunion. In a brief epilogue set many years later, Seibei's younger daughter, Ito, now elderly, visits the grave of Seibei and Tomoe. Narrating, she explains they married but that their happiness was not to last: He died three years later in the [Boshin War](/wiki/Boshin_War "Boshin War"), Japan's last civil war. Tomoe took care of Seibei's daughters until they were both married. Ito often heard that Tasogare Seibei was a very unfortunate character, a most pathetic samurai with no luck at all. Ito disagrees: Her father never had any ambition to become anything special; he loved his two daughters, and was loved by the beautiful Tomoe.
[ "Plot\n----", "At the start of the film, the main character, Iguchi Seibei, becomes a widower when his wife succumbs to [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\"). His wife receives a grand funeral, more than Seibei, a low\\-ranking [samurai](/wiki/Samurai \"Samurai\"), can afford. Seibei works in the grain warehouse, keeping inventory for the [clan](/wiki/Clan \"Clan\"). His samurai colleagues mock him behind his back with the nickname Tasogare (Twilight): when evening approaches, Seibei rushes home to look after his elderly mother, who has dementia, and two young daughters, Kayano and Ito, instead of bonding with his supervisor and other samurai colleagues over customary nights of dinner, [geisha](/wiki/Geisha \"Geisha\") entertainment, and [sake](/wiki/Sake \"Sake\") drinking. Even though he is a samurai, Seibei neglects his appearance, failing to bathe or shave his head, and being shabbily dressed. The well\\-being of his young daughters and medicine for his mother take priority over new clothes or the monthly bath fee, and his daughters say they are both happy, even without a mother.", "Things change when Seibei's childhood friend Tomoe (sister of Iinuma Michinojo, one of his better, kinder samurai friends and much higher ranked in the clan) returns to town. Tomoe is atypical in that she was a tom\\-boy as a child and as an adult questions points of etiquette, such as obeying her elder brother's wife and not attending peasant festivals. Recently divorced from an abusive alcoholic husband (Koda, a samurai captain), Tomoe finds comfort and solace with Seibei's daughters. Tomoe's ex\\-husband Koda barges into the household of Michinojo in the middle of night in a drunken demand for Tomoe and challenges Michinojo to a [duel](/wiki/Duel \"Duel\") which Seibei, believing Michinojo could not win, accepts on Michinojo's behalf, although Seibei knows his clan forbids duels and the penalty is usually death for the winner as the loser is already dead. Michinojo arrives before Seibei and is facing Koda. Seibei interrupts and decides to use only a wooden stick whilst Koda brandishes a steel [katana](/wiki/Katana \"Katana\"). Koda, after being disarmed and asked if that can be the end of it, picks up his sword so Seibei knocks him unconscious, sparing both their lives. A few days later, Captain of the Guard Yogo passes by Seibei while Seibei is working in the stores and quietly announces he is friends with Koda who has asked him for help in seeking vengeance on Seibei. Recognising that Seibei has some skill and learning that Seibei has learnt a particular style of fighting, Yogo hopes they can duel someday. Seibei's workmates learn of the duel and wonder if they should stop calling him by his nickname.", "When Iinuma Michinojo asks Seibei to marry his sister, saying she has turned down many offers and he will not force her, Seibei feels that Iinuma is teasing him for his strong feelings for Tomoe, like when he, Iinuma, and Tomoe were children. Iinuma knows Tomoe's feeling for Seibei, and Seibei is a kind man who would treat Tomoe better than Koda. With much deep regret, Seibei declines Iinuma's offer of his sister's hand in marriage, citing his inferior social status and how he did not want to see Tomoe share the burden of poverty despite Michinojo's protest that Tomoe is a grown woman who knows what she is in for. Seibei stoically regrets how his departed wife suffered in his care who, like Tomoe, came from a wealthier family. Iinuma talks no more of it. Tomoe stops visiting Kayano and Ito.", "In the final act, the ranking official of Seibei's clan, having heard of his prowess with a sword, orders Seibei to kill Yogo, who has been \"disowned\" and who stubbornly refuses to resign his post by committing [seppuku](/wiki/Seppuku \"Seppuku\"). The young lord of the clan had died from measles and there was a succession struggle behind the scenes over who will be the new lord. Yogo ended up on the losing side of this conflict, hence his ordered suicide. Yogo has already killed a formidable samurai that was sent to kill him. Seibei is promised a rise in rank and pay if he accepts the dangerous mission.", "Seibei is very reluctant to fight Yogo at first, requesting one month to prepare for it. He says that, because of great hardship in his life, he has lost all resolve to fight with ferocity and disregard for his own life, because of the experience of watching his two girls grow. As they continue to insist, he requests two days to get himself up to the task. The new clan leader is furious over this answer and orders him expelled from the clan. Seibei is finally forced to agree to attempt the mission. Upon parting that evening, Seibei's supervisor (who was present during the meeting) promises him that he will make sure the girls will be taken care of if the worst comes to pass.", "The following morning, Seibei attempts to get ready, but there is no one to help him with the rituals of samurai before battle. With no one to turn to, he asks Tomoe for her assistance. Before he leaves, he tells Tomoe that he was wrong to decline the offer of marriage. He says that if he lives, he would like to ask for her hand in marriage now that there is promise of a promotion. She regretfully tells Seibei she has accepted another proposal. Seibei, feeling like a fool, tells Tomoe to forget about the silly conversation. Tomoe says that she will not be waiting at his household for him to return but that she hopes from her heart that he will return safely. Seibei says he understands completely. He thanks Tomoe for her generosity for assisting him in this final ritual.", "At Yogo's house, Seibei finds his target drinking alcohol in a dark, fly\\-infested room. Yogo recognizes Seibei and invites him to sit and drink. He then asks Seibei to allow him to run away. He explains he was only faithfully serving his master and describes how his wife and daughter also died of tuberculosis due to hardship and spending seven years as a [rōnin](/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin \"Rōnin\"). Only thanks to his master's generosity could he afford a proper funeral. Yogo tells Seibei that he expects Seibei was promised a reward for this errand and that he too performed errands for his superior, taking the word of his superior as the word of the clan. Seibei commiserates and reveals further parallels in the two men's stories, such as that his wife's family demanded she have an expensive funeral and so he sold his katana to pay for it. He reveals that his long [scabbard](/wiki/Scabbard \"Scabbard\") contains a fake bamboo sword. This angers Yogo who believes Seibei is mocking him: the short [kodachi](/wiki/Kodachi \"Kodachi\") can be carried even by common people who are not samurai. Seibei explains he has been trained with the short sword, which he still carries, but Yogo is not placated.", "Seibei's [kodachi](/wiki/Kodachi \"Kodachi\") fighting style is matched up against Yogo's [ittō\\-ryū](/wiki/Itt%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB \"Ittō-ryū\") (single long sword) swordsmanship in an intense close quarters duel. Despite allowing Yogo to slash him several times and offering him chances to flee, Yogo presses the attack and Seibei kills Yogo when his longer sword gets caught in the rafters. Despite his wounds, Seibei limps home. Kayano and Ito rush to him in the courtyard, happy to see him. Tomoe is still there, waiting in the house. They have an emotional reunion.", "In a brief epilogue set many years later, Seibei's younger daughter, Ito, now elderly, visits the grave of Seibei and Tomoe. Narrating, she explains they married but that their happiness was not to last: He died three years later in the [Boshin War](/wiki/Boshin_War \"Boshin War\"), Japan's last civil war. Tomoe took care of Seibei's daughters until they were both married. Ito often heard that Tasogare Seibei was a very unfortunate character, a most pathetic samurai with no luck at all. Ito disagrees: Her father never had any ambition to become anything special; he loved his two daughters, and was loved by the beautiful Tomoe.", "" ]
History ------- The history of the Rostock port goes back to the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages") , especially in the days of the [Hanseatic League](/wiki/Hanseatic_League "Hanseatic League") , the port was an important hub of trade with [Scandinavia](/wiki/Scandinavia "Scandinavia") and the [Baltic States](/wiki/Baltic_States "Baltic States") . With the decline of the Hanseatic League, the port lost its importance. The relocation of (world) trade to the area of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, connected with the discovery of America and the sea route to India, led to the descent of the port. After a brief boom due to grain exports in the mid\-19th century, it was only of local importance. At the change from the 19th to the 20th century, a modest port expansion began. Under the leadership of the city and port construction director Kerner, the port was expanded to the west, the coal quay and the Haedgehafen were built. The port received the first modern port crane and crane bridges for handling coal. At the same time the construction of railway – ferry began from Warnemünde to Gedser, as part of the Copenhagen – Berlin route, which greatly improved the access to the port. In Warnemünde estuary, a channel was created as a wider and, above all, better entrance to the Rostock port.The [fairway](/wiki/Fairway_%28navigation%29 "Fairway (navigation)") in the port was deepened to 4\.1 m to 6\.7 m, so that the ships common in the Baltic Sea at that time could now call at the port without any problems. In the years up to the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War") , the quays at Eschenbrücke and Kehrwieder were built to the west of the Haedgehafen. The New Land in the east of the port was planned as an expansion area for the Holzhafen and the Osthafen expansion area was prepared on the eastern bank of the Unterwarnow. The outbreak of war in August 1914 initially put an end to all expansion plans. In the years before the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), the development of the aircraft industry also gave the port an upswing, albeit a small one. As part of the Nazi government's Reich Storage Program, modern grain silos and a new oil mill were built on the Silo Peninsula in the 1930s . During the war, the Allied air raids, which were primarily aimed at the aircraft industry and the residential areas of Rostock, also hit and damaged the port. The division of Germany made it necessary to build an efficient seaport on the Baltic Sea coast of [East Germany](/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany"). In 1950 Walter Ulbricht had also stated: “We examined the project of a high sea port on the Baltic coast and came to the conclusion that we should refrain from building a new high sea port because we are convinced that the time will come when the foreign trade of a democratic Germany will again Ports of Hamburg and Lübeck are available. Until then, on the basis of an agreement with the Polish government, we will use part of the Polish port of Szczecin for our deep\-sea fleet.” However, this decision was quickly revised. After examining several options, the decision was made in favor of the Rostock port.Walter Ulbricht: *Der Fünfjahrplan und die Perspektiven der Volkswirtschaft*, in: *[Neues Deutschland](/wiki/Neues_Deutschland "Neues Deutschland")*, 23\. Juli 1950, S. 6 As early as 1951, the press reported on the first construction work in Rostock. "In Rostock, large excavators are at work and are creating the most powerful sea port in our republic." However, there were significant delays in construction as a result. The New Germany wrote in 1957: "So far, some of the tasks of the centrally managed industry have not been fulfilled because the cooperation with the districts has been inadequate. The involvement of the local organs was neglected. Now that is being changed. \[…] For example, shipping was previously planned by departments, which has led to a delay in the expansion of our deep\-sea ports. Only now is there a uniform plan that corresponds to the plan for economic development in the Rostock district."[Neues Deutschland](/wiki/Neues_Deutschland "Neues Deutschland"), 20\. Oktober 1957, S. 7 [185px\|right\|thumb\|The former Logo during the GDR time.](/wiki/File:Seehafen_Rostock_VEB_Logo.svg "Seehafen Rostock VEB Logo.svg") The new port was opened on 30 April 1960 and operated by the VEB Seehafen Rostock. The port became the home port of the ships of the Deutsche Seereederei (DSR) and was able to record a steady growth in throughput until 1989, mainly through bulk cargo. With the [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification"), a repositioning of the port was necessary. The ferry traffic to Gedser (Denmark) and Trelleborg (Sweden), temporarily also to Helsinki or Hanko (Finland), Gdynia (Poland) and the Baltic States was expanded. [Roll\-on/roll\-off](/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off "Roll-on/roll-off") traffic also gained in importance, especially for the transport of forest products from Finland. ### Privatisation In 1996, following several years of decline in port traffic, the Rostock city council agreed to sell the port to Kent Investments Ltd., a company headed by the British politician and businessman [David Young, Baron Young of Graffham](/wiki/David_Young%2C_Baron_Young_of_Graffham "David Young, Baron Young of Graffham").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12039036\.transportation\-a\-new\-shipping\-service\-for\-the\-clyde\-in\-august/\|title\=TRANSPORTATION A new shipping service for the Clyde in August\|date\=21 June 1996\|website\=The Herald}} Together with two Israeli businessmen Menachem Atzmon, and Ezra Harel.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.joc.com/rostock\-sell\-cargo\-company\_19960521\.html\|title\=ROSTOCK TO SELL CARGO COMPANY\|date\=21 May 1996\|website\=ROC.com\|last\=KOENIG\|first\=ROBERT}} It was later discovered that Lord Young was only a frontman for the Israeli investors. The two were later under investigation by Israel Securities Authority, suspected of fraud and breach of trust. They acquired the port by obtaining a loan from Rogosin Industries, a public company they controlled, which raised the money by issuing bonds. Rogosin Industries then received an option to buy 25 percent of the port in exchange for forgiving the loan. Rogosin Industries eventually exercised this option, which left Harel and Atzmon owning 75 percent of Rostock Port using Rogosin's funds.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.haaretz.com/1\.5471711\|title\=Rogosin's Ex\-owner, Father Held on Fraud Suspicions\|date\=23 May 2003\|website\=\[\[Haaretz]]\|last\=Shtarkman\|first\=Rotem\|last2\=Bergerfreund\|first2\=Assaf}} The case was investigated after Rogosin Industries defaulted on its bonds, as it run out of cash to pay its bondholders.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.themarker.com/misc/1\.114738\|title\=Angry bond\-holders vow to extract money from Rogosin – Company defaulted on its first debt payment yesterday\|date\=2 July 2002\|website\=\[\[TheMarker]]}} The company later went into liquidation.{{Cite web\|url\=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article\-623672\|title\=No alternative to liquidation, Rogosin tells court\|access\-date\=6 October 2002\|website\=\[\[Globes (newspaper)\|Globes]]\|last\=Friedman\|first\=Yaron\|last2\=Danon\|first2\=Yitzhak}} In 2012, the Rostock city council decided to buy back the port and bring it back again under public ownership{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.svz.de/lokales/rostock/stadt\-will\-hafen\-umschlag\-zurueck\-id4285086\.html\|title\=City wants port handling back\|date\=12 January 2012\|website\=SVG}}
[ "History\n-------", "The history of the Rostock port goes back to the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\") , especially in the days of the [Hanseatic League](/wiki/Hanseatic_League \"Hanseatic League\") , the port was an important hub of trade with [Scandinavia](/wiki/Scandinavia \"Scandinavia\") and the [Baltic States](/wiki/Baltic_States \"Baltic States\") . With the decline of the Hanseatic League, the port lost its importance. The relocation of (world) trade to the area of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, connected with the discovery of America and the sea route to India, led to the descent of the port. After a brief boom due to grain exports in the mid\\-19th century, it was only of local importance.", "At the change from the 19th to the 20th century, a modest port expansion began. Under the leadership of the city and port construction director Kerner, the port was expanded to the west, the coal quay and the Haedgehafen were built. The port received the first modern port crane and crane bridges for handling coal. At the same time the construction of railway – ferry began from Warnemünde to Gedser, as part of the Copenhagen – Berlin route, which greatly improved the access to the port. In Warnemünde estuary, a channel was created as a wider and, above all, better entrance to the Rostock port.The [fairway](/wiki/Fairway_%28navigation%29 \"Fairway (navigation)\") in the port was deepened to 4\\.1 m to 6\\.7 m, so that the ships common in the Baltic Sea at that time could now call at the port without any problems. In the years up to the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\") , the quays at Eschenbrücke and Kehrwieder were built to the west of the Haedgehafen. The New Land in the east of the port was planned as an expansion area for the Holzhafen and the Osthafen expansion area was prepared on the eastern bank of the Unterwarnow. The outbreak of war in August 1914 initially put an end to all expansion plans.", "In the years before the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), the development of the aircraft industry also gave the port an upswing, albeit a small one. As part of the Nazi government's Reich Storage Program, modern grain silos and a new oil mill were built on the Silo Peninsula in the 1930s . During the war, the Allied air raids, which were primarily aimed at the aircraft industry and the residential areas of Rostock, also hit and damaged the port.", "The division of Germany made it necessary to build an efficient seaport on the Baltic Sea coast of [East Germany](/wiki/East_Germany \"East Germany\"). In 1950 Walter Ulbricht had also stated: “We examined the project of a high sea port on the Baltic coast and came to the conclusion that we should refrain from building a new high sea port because we are convinced that the time will come when the foreign trade of a democratic Germany will again Ports of Hamburg and Lübeck are available. Until then, on the basis of an agreement with the Polish government, we will use part of the Polish port of Szczecin for our deep\\-sea fleet.” However, this decision was quickly revised. After examining several options, the decision was made in favor of the Rostock port.Walter Ulbricht: *Der Fünfjahrplan und die Perspektiven der Volkswirtschaft*, in: *[Neues Deutschland](/wiki/Neues_Deutschland \"Neues Deutschland\")*, 23\\. Juli 1950, S. 6", "As early as 1951, the press reported on the first construction work in Rostock. \"In Rostock, large excavators are at work and are creating the most powerful sea port in our republic.\" However, there were significant delays in construction as a result. The New Germany wrote in 1957: \"So far, some of the tasks of the centrally managed industry have not been fulfilled because the cooperation with the districts has been inadequate. The involvement of the local organs was neglected. Now that is being changed. \\[…] For example, shipping was previously planned by departments, which has led to a delay in the expansion of our deep\\-sea ports. Only now is there a uniform plan that corresponds to the plan for economic development in the Rostock district.\"[Neues Deutschland](/wiki/Neues_Deutschland \"Neues Deutschland\"), 20\\. Oktober 1957, S. 7\n[185px\\|right\\|thumb\\|The former Logo during the GDR time.](/wiki/File:Seehafen_Rostock_VEB_Logo.svg \"Seehafen Rostock VEB Logo.svg\")\nThe new port was opened on 30 April 1960 and operated by the VEB Seehafen Rostock. The port became the home port of the ships of the Deutsche Seereederei (DSR) and was able to record a steady growth in throughput until 1989, mainly through bulk cargo.", "With the [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification \"German reunification\"), a repositioning of the port was necessary. The ferry traffic to Gedser (Denmark) and Trelleborg (Sweden), temporarily also to Helsinki or Hanko (Finland), Gdynia (Poland) and the Baltic States was expanded. [Roll\\-on/roll\\-off](/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off \"Roll-on/roll-off\") traffic also gained in importance, especially for the transport of forest products from Finland.", "### Privatisation", "In 1996, following several years of decline in port traffic, the Rostock city council agreed to sell the port to Kent Investments Ltd., a company headed by the British politician and businessman [David Young, Baron Young of Graffham](/wiki/David_Young%2C_Baron_Young_of_Graffham \"David Young, Baron Young of Graffham\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12039036\\.transportation\\-a\\-new\\-shipping\\-service\\-for\\-the\\-clyde\\-in\\-august/\\|title\\=TRANSPORTATION A new shipping service for the Clyde in August\\|date\\=21 June 1996\\|website\\=The Herald}} Together with two Israeli businessmen Menachem Atzmon, and Ezra Harel.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.joc.com/rostock\\-sell\\-cargo\\-company\\_19960521\\.html\\|title\\=ROSTOCK TO SELL CARGO COMPANY\\|date\\=21 May 1996\\|website\\=ROC.com\\|last\\=KOENIG\\|first\\=ROBERT}} It was later discovered that Lord Young was only a frontman for the Israeli investors. The two were later under investigation by Israel Securities Authority, suspected of fraud and breach of trust. They acquired the port by obtaining a loan from Rogosin Industries, a public company they controlled, which raised the money by issuing bonds. Rogosin Industries then received an option to buy 25 percent of the port in exchange for forgiving the loan. Rogosin Industries eventually exercised this option, which left Harel and Atzmon owning 75 percent of Rostock Port using Rogosin's funds.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.com/1\\.5471711\\|title\\=Rogosin's Ex\\-owner, Father Held on Fraud Suspicions\\|date\\=23 May 2003\\|website\\=\\[\\[Haaretz]]\\|last\\=Shtarkman\\|first\\=Rotem\\|last2\\=Bergerfreund\\|first2\\=Assaf}} The case was investigated after Rogosin Industries defaulted on its bonds, as it run out of cash to pay its bondholders.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.themarker.com/misc/1\\.114738\\|title\\=Angry bond\\-holders vow to extract money from Rogosin – Company defaulted on its first debt payment yesterday\\|date\\=2 July 2002\\|website\\=\\[\\[TheMarker]]}} The company later went into liquidation.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article\\-623672\\|title\\=No alternative to liquidation, Rogosin tells court\\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2002\\|website\\=\\[\\[Globes (newspaper)\\|Globes]]\\|last\\=Friedman\\|first\\=Yaron\\|last2\\=Danon\\|first2\\=Yitzhak}}", "In 2012, the Rostock city council decided to buy back the port and bring it back again under public ownership{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.svz.de/lokales/rostock/stadt\\-will\\-hafen\\-umschlag\\-zurueck\\-id4285086\\.html\\|title\\=City wants port handling back\\|date\\=12 January 2012\\|website\\=SVG}}", "" ]
Papen's and Hindenburg's approach --------------------------------- A center\-right government in Prussia consisting of the NSDAP (162 seats) and the Centre Party (67 seats) with a 53% majority was technically possible. Together with the 31 seats of the nationalist\-conservative [German National People's Party](/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party "German National People's Party") (DNVP), the coalition would have had as many as 260 of 423 seats. Reich Chancellor von Papen sought such a coalition, but the NSDAP claimed power for itself alone. On 7 June 1932, Papen, although not formally authorized to do so, asked [Hanns Kerrl](/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl "Hanns Kerrl"), president of the state parliament and a member of the NSDAP, to replace the caretaker Prussian government with an elected one, something Kerrl was unable to guarantee due to the failure of coalition negotiations to that point. [thumb\|left\|Paul von Hindenburg in 1931](/wiki/File:Erich_Salomon_Paul_von_Hindenburg_20.jpg "Erich Salomon Paul von Hindenburg 20.jpg") As a result, Papen considered other possibilities. The first was to carry out the long\-debated Reich reform which would have dissolved or divided Prussia. Because such a path would have achieved its goal only in the long term, was difficult to accomplish and highly controversial, he favored another option. He planned to appoint a Reich commissioner in place of the previous government and to enforce the new order, if necessary with the help of the [Reichswehr](/wiki/Reichswehr "Reichswehr"). For this he had certain precedents. Reich President [Friedrich Ebert](/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert "Friedrich Ebert") of the SPD had issued a [Reich execution](/wiki/Reichsexekution "Reichsexekution") ({{Lang\|de\|Reichsexekution}}) – an intervention against an individual state led by the central government to enforce national law – during 1923's [German October](/wiki/German_October "German October"). In the face of Communist Party participation in democratically elected left\-wing governments in [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony "Saxony") and [Thuringia](/wiki/Thuringia "Thuringia"), the forcible removal of the governments had been justified by the fact that peace and order were endangered in the two states. Papen found an analogous justification for Prussia in the clashes culminating in the [Altona Bloody Sunday](/wiki/Altona_Bloody_Sunday "Altona Bloody Sunday") of 17 July 1932 which involved the [Nazi SA](/wiki/Sturmabteilung "Sturmabteilung"), which had just had the ban against it lifted by the Papen government, and the Communists and their supporters. The deadly confrontations and ensuing police action differed markedly from the Reich execution against Saxony in 1923\. Then there had indeed been doubts about the loyalty of Saxony's left\-wing government to the constitution and its willingness to take police action,{{Cite web \|last\= \|first\= \|date\=14 September 2014 \|title\=Der 'deutsche Oktober' 1923 \|trans\-title\=The 'German October' 1923 \|url\=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer\-republik/innenpolitik/deutscher\-oktober\-1923\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-22 \|website\=Deutsches Historisches Museum \|language\=de}} but there was no question of this in Prussia's case. Three days earlier, on 14 July, Reich President Paul von Hindenburg had at Papen's request signed an undated emergency decree pursuant to [Article 48](/wiki/Article_48_%28Weimar_Constitution%29 "Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)") of the [Weimar Constitution](/wiki/Weimar_Constitution "Weimar Constitution"), which allowed the Reich president, with the chancellor's co\-signature, to take the necessary measures, including use of the military, to restore public security and order if they were endangered. By means of the decree Hindenburg authorized the Reich Chancellor to become Reich Commissioner for Prussia and enabled him to remove the caretaker Prussian government from office.{{Cite book \|last\=Pyta \|first\=Wolfram \|title\=Hindenburg. Herrschaft zwischen Hohenzollern und Hitler \|publisher\=Siedler \|year\=2007 \|isbn\=978\-3\-88680\-865\-6 \|location\=Munich \|pages\=712 f \|language\=de \|trans\-title\=Hindenburg. Rule between Hohenzollerns and Hitler}} By not dating the decree, Hindenburg left to Papen the choice of the time at which to make use of the power. Papen chose 20 July. The third option, which would have consisted of waiting and leaving Prussia's caretaker minority government in office and trusting that it would get the situation under control even without a parliamentary majority, was one that Papen from the outset did not consider.
[ "Papen's and Hindenburg's approach\n---------------------------------", "A center\\-right government in Prussia consisting of the NSDAP (162 seats) and the Centre Party (67 seats) with a 53% majority was technically possible. Together with the 31 seats of the nationalist\\-conservative [German National People's Party](/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party \"German National People's Party\") (DNVP), the coalition would have had as many as 260 of 423 seats. Reich Chancellor von Papen sought such a coalition, but the NSDAP claimed power for itself alone. On 7 June 1932, Papen, although not formally authorized to do so, asked [Hanns Kerrl](/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl \"Hanns Kerrl\"), president of the state parliament and a member of the NSDAP, to replace the caretaker Prussian government with an elected one, something Kerrl was unable to guarantee due to the failure of coalition negotiations to that point.\n[thumb\\|left\\|Paul von Hindenburg in 1931](/wiki/File:Erich_Salomon_Paul_von_Hindenburg_20.jpg \"Erich Salomon Paul von Hindenburg 20.jpg\")\nAs a result, Papen considered other possibilities. The first was to carry out the long\\-debated Reich reform which would have dissolved or divided Prussia. Because such a path would have achieved its goal only in the long term, was difficult to accomplish and highly controversial, he favored another option. He planned to appoint a Reich commissioner in place of the previous government and to enforce the new order, if necessary with the help of the [Reichswehr](/wiki/Reichswehr \"Reichswehr\").", "For this he had certain precedents. Reich President [Friedrich Ebert](/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert \"Friedrich Ebert\") of the SPD had issued a [Reich execution](/wiki/Reichsexekution \"Reichsexekution\") ({{Lang\\|de\\|Reichsexekution}}) – an intervention against an individual state led by the central government to enforce national law – during 1923's [German October](/wiki/German_October \"German October\"). In the face of Communist Party participation in democratically elected left\\-wing governments in [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony \"Saxony\") and [Thuringia](/wiki/Thuringia \"Thuringia\"), the forcible removal of the governments had been justified by the fact that peace and order were endangered in the two states.", "Papen found an analogous justification for Prussia in the clashes culminating in the [Altona Bloody Sunday](/wiki/Altona_Bloody_Sunday \"Altona Bloody Sunday\") of 17 July 1932 which involved the [Nazi SA](/wiki/Sturmabteilung \"Sturmabteilung\"), which had just had the ban against it lifted by the Papen government, and the Communists and their supporters. The deadly confrontations and ensuing police action differed markedly from the Reich execution against Saxony in 1923\\. Then there had indeed been doubts about the loyalty of Saxony's left\\-wing government to the constitution and its willingness to take police action,{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\=14 September 2014 \\|title\\=Der 'deutsche Oktober' 1923 \\|trans\\-title\\=The 'German October' 1923 \\|url\\=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer\\-republik/innenpolitik/deutscher\\-oktober\\-1923\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-22 \\|website\\=Deutsches Historisches Museum \\|language\\=de}} but there was no question of this in Prussia's case.", "Three days earlier, on 14 July, Reich President Paul von Hindenburg had at Papen's request signed an undated emergency decree pursuant to [Article 48](/wiki/Article_48_%28Weimar_Constitution%29 \"Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)\") of the [Weimar Constitution](/wiki/Weimar_Constitution \"Weimar Constitution\"), which allowed the Reich president, with the chancellor's co\\-signature, to take the necessary measures, including use of the military, to restore public security and order if they were endangered. By means of the decree Hindenburg authorized the Reich Chancellor to become Reich Commissioner for Prussia and enabled him to remove the caretaker Prussian government from office.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Pyta \\|first\\=Wolfram \\|title\\=Hindenburg. Herrschaft zwischen Hohenzollern und Hitler \\|publisher\\=Siedler \\|year\\=2007 \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-88680\\-865\\-6 \\|location\\=Munich \\|pages\\=712 f \\|language\\=de \\|trans\\-title\\=Hindenburg. Rule between Hohenzollerns and Hitler}} By not dating the decree, Hindenburg left to Papen the choice of the time at which to make use of the power. Papen chose 20 July.", "The third option, which would have consisted of waiting and leaving Prussia's caretaker minority government in office and trusting that it would get the situation under control even without a parliamentary majority, was one that Papen from the outset did not consider.", "" ]
SSI message structure --------------------- An SSI message consists of a 2\-byte header and an *n*\-byte payload. The header consists of a one byte address (wildcard is '?', 0x3F in [ASCII](/wiki/ASCII "ASCII")) and a one byte message/command type. The different possible values for the message/command type are presented in SSI v1\.2 command base. ### SSI v1\.2 command base | Command byte | Direction | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | Q,q (0x51, 0x71\) | C\-\> | Query | | A,a (0x41, 0x61\) | \<\-S | Query reply | | C,c (0x43, 0x63\) | C\-\> | Discover sensors | | N,n (0x4E, 0x6E) | \<\-S | Discovery reply | | Z,z (0x5A, 0x7A) | C\-\> | Reset sensor device | | G,g (0x47, 0x67\) | C\-\> | Get configuration data for a sensor. | | X,x (0x58, 0x78\) | \<\-S | Configuration data response | | S,s (0x53, 0x73\) | C\-\> | Set configuration data for a sensor | | R,r (0x52, 0x72\) | C\-\> | Request sensor data | | V,v (0x56, 0x76\) | \<\-S | Sensor data response | | D,d (0x44, 0x64\) | \<\-S | Sensor response with one byte status field | | M,m (0x4D, 0x6D) | \<\-S | Sensor response with many data points | | O,o (0x4F, 0x6F) | C\-\> | Create sensor observer | | Y,y (0x59, 0x79\) | \<\-S | Observer created | | K,k (0x4B, 0x6B) | \<\-\> | Delete sensor observer / listener | | U,u (0x55, 0x75\) | \<\-\> | Observer / listener finished | | L,l (0x4C, 0x6C) | \<\-S | Request sensor listener | | J,j (0x4A, 0x6A) | C\-\> | Sensor listener created | | E,e (0x45, 0x65\) | \<\-\> | Error | | F,f (0x46, 0x66\) | \<\-\> | Free data for custom purposes | The group of commands: * Q – query * A – query reply * C – sensor discovery * N – discovery reply * Z – reset * G – get sensor configuration * S – set sensor configuration are used to find and configure sensor units utilizing the SSI\-protocol. The group of commands: * R – request sensor data * V – data response * D – data response with status field are used to read sensor data infrequently. For data streaming purposes defined commands are: * O – create sensor observer * Y – observer created * K – delete observer * U – observer finished * L – request sensor listener * J – sensor listener created. * V – data response * M – data response with many data points ### Point\-to\-point SSI Point\-to\-point messaging with SSI can be done with SSI/UART. An SSI UART message consists of a 3\-byte UART header, an SSI message as the payload and an optional [Cyclic redundancy check](/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check "Cyclic redundancy check") [checksum](/wiki/Checksum "Checksum"). The use of a checksum is defined by the SSI message/command type, with lower case commands indicating the use of CRC. The header consists of a start byte (0xFE), a 2\-byte (total) length of the message and a 2\-byte [bitwise](/wiki/Bitwise_operation "Bitwise operation") [Negation](/wiki/Negation "Negation") length to help identify the frame start. ### Networking SSI SSI networking in a variable environment is done using nanoIP. In a typical case using SSI, an individual message is not important, and so nanoUDP (simplified [UDP](/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol "User Datagram Protocol") defined by nanoIP) is used as the message format. If individual messages are important, nanoTCP can be used, as it provides flow control and retransmission at a cost of message size and increase in network traffic. A nanoUDP message consists of a 5\-byte nanoUDP header, an *n*\-byte message payload and an optional 2\-byte CRC checksum. The header consists of one protocol byte, a 2\-byte message length (total length, including header and CRC), a 1\-byte source port and a 1\-byte destination port number. The destination port number should be 0x28 for SSI messages.
[ "SSI message structure\n---------------------", "An SSI message consists of a 2\\-byte header and an *n*\\-byte payload. The header consists of a one byte address (wildcard is '?', 0x3F in [ASCII](/wiki/ASCII \"ASCII\")) and a one byte message/command type. The different possible values for the message/command type are presented in SSI v1\\.2 command base.", "### SSI v1\\.2 command base", "", "| Command byte | Direction | Description |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Q,q (0x51, 0x71\\) | C\\-\\> | Query |\n| A,a (0x41, 0x61\\) | \\<\\-S | Query reply |\n| C,c (0x43, 0x63\\) | C\\-\\> | Discover sensors |\n| N,n (0x4E, 0x6E) | \\<\\-S | Discovery reply |\n| Z,z (0x5A, 0x7A) | C\\-\\> | Reset sensor device |\n| G,g (0x47, 0x67\\) | C\\-\\> | Get configuration data for a sensor. |\n| X,x (0x58, 0x78\\) | \\<\\-S | Configuration data response |\n| S,s (0x53, 0x73\\) | C\\-\\> | Set configuration data for a sensor |\n| R,r (0x52, 0x72\\) | C\\-\\> | Request sensor data |\n| V,v (0x56, 0x76\\) | \\<\\-S | Sensor data response |\n| D,d (0x44, 0x64\\) | \\<\\-S | Sensor response with one byte status field |\n| M,m (0x4D, 0x6D) | \\<\\-S | Sensor response with many data points |\n| O,o (0x4F, 0x6F) | C\\-\\> | Create sensor observer |\n| Y,y (0x59, 0x79\\) | \\<\\-S | Observer created |\n| K,k (0x4B, 0x6B) | \\<\\-\\> | Delete sensor observer / listener |\n| U,u (0x55, 0x75\\) | \\<\\-\\> | Observer / listener finished |\n| L,l (0x4C, 0x6C) | \\<\\-S | Request sensor listener |\n| J,j (0x4A, 0x6A) | C\\-\\> | Sensor listener created |\n| E,e (0x45, 0x65\\) | \\<\\-\\> | Error |\n| F,f (0x46, 0x66\\) | \\<\\-\\> | Free data for custom purposes |", "The group of commands:\n* Q – query\n* A – query reply\n* C – sensor discovery\n* N – discovery reply\n* Z – reset\n* G – get sensor configuration\n* S – set sensor configuration\nare used to find and configure sensor units utilizing the SSI\\-protocol.", "The group of commands:\n* R – request sensor data\n* V – data response\n* D – data response with status field\nare used to read sensor data infrequently.", "For data streaming purposes defined commands are:\n* O – create sensor observer\n* Y – observer created\n* K – delete observer\n* U – observer finished\n* L – request sensor listener\n* J – sensor listener created.\n* V – data response\n* M – data response with many data points", "### Point\\-to\\-point SSI", "Point\\-to\\-point messaging with SSI can be done with SSI/UART. An SSI UART message consists of a 3\\-byte UART header, an SSI message as the payload and an optional [Cyclic redundancy check](/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check \"Cyclic redundancy check\") [checksum](/wiki/Checksum \"Checksum\"). The use of a checksum is defined by the SSI message/command type, with lower case commands indicating the use of CRC. The header consists of a start byte (0xFE), a 2\\-byte (total) length of the message and a 2\\-byte [bitwise](/wiki/Bitwise_operation \"Bitwise operation\") [Negation](/wiki/Negation \"Negation\") length to help identify the frame start.", "### Networking SSI", "SSI networking in a variable environment is done using nanoIP. In a typical case using SSI, an individual message is not important, and so nanoUDP (simplified [UDP](/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol \"User Datagram Protocol\") defined by nanoIP) is used as the message format. If individual messages are important, nanoTCP can be used, as it provides flow control and retransmission at a cost of message size and increase in network traffic.", "A nanoUDP message consists of a 5\\-byte nanoUDP header, an *n*\\-byte message payload and an optional 2\\-byte CRC checksum. The header consists of one protocol byte, a 2\\-byte message length (total length, including header and CRC), a 1\\-byte source port and a 1\\-byte destination port number. The destination port number should be 0x28 for SSI messages.", "" ]
History ------- ### Village The first traces of human habitation go back to [prehistoric times](/wiki/Prehistory "Prehistory"). Unearthed in the Vierherrenwald (“Four\-Lord Forest”) was a [stone axe](/wiki/Stone_axe "Stone axe") from the [New Stone Age](/wiki/New_Stone_Age "New Stone Age") (about 3500–1800 BC). Most [archaeological](/wiki/Archaeology "Archaeology") finds, though, come from [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") times. As the Hottenbach church was being torn down in 1903, Roman brickwork was discovered along with [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") blocks and a [hypocaust](/wiki/Hypocaust "Hypocaust"), which all point to a Roman [villa rustica](/wiki/Villa_rustica "Villa rustica"). On Langmes, not far from the old long\-distance path from the [Nahe](/wiki/Nahe_%28Rhine%29 "Nahe (Rhine)") to the [Moselle](/wiki/Moselle "Moselle"), a burying ground with 60 to 70 cremation pits was found. At the municipal limit with [Oberhosenbach](/wiki/Oberhosenbach "Oberhosenbach") once stood a small temple. Roman life is believed to have ended when the [Germanic](/wiki/Germanic_peoples "Germanic peoples") invaders came in AD 275 and 276\. The village that stands now had its first documentary mention in 1181 under the name *Hattinbach*. The name itself comes from the personal name Hatto, which has been linked with the [Hattonids](/wiki/Hattonids "Hattonids"), a comital house in [Carolingian](/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty "Carolingian dynasty") times whose influence stretched through the years 756 to 843\. The seeds from which the village sprang were the two lordly estates down from and up from the church, which were held by the Hunsrück noble family of Wiltberg, who also had at their disposal the local lordship and the church patronage. In the 14th century, a number of sales led to a change in fiefholders at the two estates to which lordly rights to the village were also attached. Hereafter, the village had four lords: the [Archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop "Archbishop") of [Trier](/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier "Electorate of Trier"), the [Waldgraves](/wiki/Waldgrave "Waldgrave") and Rhinegraves, the “Further” [County of Sponheim](/wiki/County_of_Sponheim "County of Sponheim") and the Lords Cratz von Scharfenstein. After this last named noble house died out in its male line in 1718, the Electorate of Trier took over their share of the lordship. In the 18th century, many families [emigrated](/wiki/Emigration "Emigration") from Hottenbach. Their destinations were the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), [West Prussia](/wiki/West_Prussia "West Prussia"), [East Prussia](/wiki/East_Prussia "East Prussia") and later [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Eastern_Europe%29 "Galicia (Eastern Europe)"). Beginning in 1794, Hottenbach, along with the rest of the lands on the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine")’s left bank, was [occupied](/wiki/Military_occupation "Military occupation") by the [French](/wiki/France "France"). On 17 December 1795, during fighting between French and [Austrian](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy "Habsburg monarchy") troops, the village was plundered. In 1800, the former *Unter[schultheißerei](/wiki/Schulthei%C3%9F "Schultheiß")* of Hottenbach was raised to seat of a *mairie* (“mayoralty”) made up of not only Hottenbach but also [Hellertshausen](/wiki/Hellertshausen "Hellertshausen"), [Asbach](/wiki/Asbach%2C_Birkenfeld "Asbach, Birkenfeld"), [Weiden](/wiki/Weiden%2C_Rhineland-Palatinate "Weiden, Rhineland-Palatinate"), [Schauren](/wiki/Schauren "Schauren"), [Bruchweiler](/wiki/Bruchweiler "Bruchweiler"), [Kempfeld](/wiki/Kempfeld "Kempfeld"), [Breitenthal](/wiki/Breitenthal%2C_Rhineland-Palatinate "Breitenthal, Rhineland-Palatinate"), [Wickenrodt](/wiki/Wickenrodt "Wickenrodt") and [Oberhosenbach](/wiki/Oberhosenbach "Oberhosenbach"). After Hottenbach was transferred to [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") as a result of the [Congress of Vienna](/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna "Congress of Vienna") in 1815, it became part of the *Bürgermeisterei* (“Mayoralty”) of Rhaunen in the newly formed Bernkastel district in the *[Regierungsbezirk](/wiki/Regierungsbezirk "Regierungsbezirk")* of Trier. In 1867, Hottenbach's population figure peaked, at 917 inhabitants. However, the nearby Asbach Ironworks was shut down in 1872 and this led in the years that followed to migration to the [Saarland](/wiki/Saarland "Saarland") and further emigration to the United States. In the course of administrative restructuring in [Rhineland\-Palatinate](/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate "Rhineland-Palatinate") in 1969 and 1970, Hottenbach passed along with the *Verbandsgemeinde* of Rhaunen to the Birkenfeld district. ### Church The parish of Hottenbach, to which the villages of Hellertshausen, Asbach and Weiden also belonged, had its first documentary mention in 1247\. In the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages") it belonged to the rural chapter of Kirn within the Bishopric of Mainz. The church patronage was first held by the family von Wiltberg, who in 1290 built a new parish church. On 21 October 1342, Volker von Wiltberg ceded his rights to the church to [Archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop "Archbishop") of [Trier](/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier "Electorate of Trier") [Baldwin](/wiki/Baldwin_of_Luxembourg "Baldwin of Luxembourg"). At first, the right to name the parish priest seems to have alternated between the two estates. The [Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation") came relatively late to Hottenbach because of the denominational rift in Hottenbach: the Electorate of Trier and the Lords Cratz von Scharfenstein clung to the old belief ([Catholicism](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church")), the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves were [Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheranism "Lutheranism") and the “Further” County of Sponheim was [Reformed](/wiki/Reformed_churches "Reformed churches"). About 1600, there is known to have been a Lutheran pastor in the village. It also seems that in these years the church was renovated after a fire. About 1608, the [Electorate of the Palatinate](/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate "Electorate of the Palatinate"), over resistance from the other local lords, posted a Reformed preacher in the village. No later than 1621, though, Hottenbach was once again Lutheran. Twice during the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War") there were attempts at a [counterreformation](/wiki/Counter-Reformation "Counter-Reformation"): from 1625 to 1629 and from 1636 to 1640, Hottenbach had a Catholic pastor. In 1701, more pews were added to the church and the galleries were expanded. Furthermore, the church received an ornate pulpit and a [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_architecture "Baroque architecture") church door with a porch. In French times, the parish of Hottenbach belonged to the [Wirschweiler](/wiki/Wirschweiler "Wirschweiler") [consistorial](/wiki/Consistory_%28Protestantism%29%23Reformed_usage "Consistory (Protestantism)#Reformed usage") church. This was united in 1817 along with the [Trarbach](/wiki/Traben-Trarbach "Traben-Trarbach") consistorial church with the Trier District Synod. When the Synod was deemed to have become too big, it was sundered in 1825, and the parishes in the Bernkastel and Trier districts then formed the Wolf District Synod, whose name became Trier District Synod in 1843, after the biggest place within its limits. The branch parish of Weiden was separated from Hottenbach in 1817 when the terms of the agreements made at the [Congress of Vienna](/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna "Congress of Vienna") came into force, putting Weiden in the Principality of Birkenfeld, an [exclave](/wiki/Exclave "Exclave") of the [Grand Duchy of Oldenburg](/wiki/Duchy_of_Oldenburg "Duchy of Oldenburg"), most of whose territory was in what is now northwest Germany, with a coastline on the [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea "North Sea"). In 1819, the parishes of Hottenbach and [Stipshausen](/wiki/Stipshausen "Stipshausen") were bound to each other. In 1903, the church's old nave, which had fallen into disrepair, was torn down, while the former quire tower from 1290 was left standing. On 1 August 1904, the new church building, designed by architect August Senz, was consecrated. The new central structure combined the traditional with the modern, incorporating many parts of the old building while also meeting [Protestant](/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism") requirements. ### Jewish life Historical records show that so\-called *[Schutzjuden](/wiki/Schutzjude "Schutzjude")* (“Protected Jews”) had settled in the Waldgraviate\-Rhinegraviate as early as the 14th century, which also explains the relatively high [Jewish](/wiki/Jew "Jew") populations in some [Hunsrück](/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCck "Hunsrück") villages. Before 1700, the Jews of the *[Amt](/wiki/Amt_%28country_subdivision%29 "Amt (country subdivision)")* of Wildenburg – more than 20 families – lived exclusively in Hottenbach. When the new, more liberal spirit set in under [French](/wiki/France "France") rule, the Jews were given leave to build a [synagogue](/wiki/Synagogue "Synagogue") with a [mikveh](/wiki/Mikveh "Mikveh"). The place of worship was also used as a [cheder](/wiki/Cheder "Cheder"). Moreover, there was a [Jewish](/wiki/Judaism "Judaism") graveyard outside the village.[Bericht und Bilder bei Alemannia\-Judaica.de](http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/hottenbach_synagoge.htm) In 1808, there were 116 Jewish men, women and children living in Hottenbach, giving the village the biggest Jewish community in what is now the Birkenfeld district. In 1880, Hottenbach's Jewish population amounted to 17% of the village's inhabitants. Hottenbach and Stipshausen together formed a [qahal](/wiki/Qahal "Qahal"). In 1875, the Jews of [Bruchweiler](/wiki/Bruchweiler "Bruchweiler"), [Sensweiler](/wiki/Sensweiler "Sensweiler") and [Wirschweiler](/wiki/Wirschweiler "Wirschweiler") also belonged to the synagogical region, which was overseen by the [Chief Rabbi](/wiki/Chief_Rabbi "Chief Rabbi") of Trier. In the late 19th century, many of the Jews [emigrated](/wiki/Emigration "Emigration") to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") or joined the [Idar\-Oberstein](/wiki/Idar-Oberstein "Idar-Oberstein") jewellery industry. When the Jewish community was dissolved in 1932, sixteen Jews were still living in Hottenbach. On 3 March 1940, the village's last Jewish family fled the country for the United States. The memorial book *Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945* ("Victims of the [Persecution](/wiki/Persecution "Persecution") of Jews under the [National Socialist](/wiki/Nazi_Party "Nazi Party") [Dictatorship in Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany")") in the [German Federal Archives](/wiki/German_Federal_Archives "German Federal Archives") lists 16 names of Jewish citizens who either were born in Hottenbach (14\) or lived there (2\), and who were murdered in [the Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust "The Holocaust").[Gedenkbuch des Bundesarchives](https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/directory.html) The former synagogue is today a privately owned house. The Jewish graveyard is administered and maintained by the municipality of Hottenbach.
[ "History\n-------", "### Village", "The first traces of human habitation go back to [prehistoric times](/wiki/Prehistory \"Prehistory\"). Unearthed in the Vierherrenwald (“Four\\-Lord Forest”) was a [stone axe](/wiki/Stone_axe \"Stone axe\") from the [New Stone Age](/wiki/New_Stone_Age \"New Stone Age\") (about 3500–1800 BC). Most [archaeological](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\") finds, though, come from [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") times. As the Hottenbach church was being torn down in 1903, Roman brickwork was discovered along with [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone \"Sandstone\") blocks and a [hypocaust](/wiki/Hypocaust \"Hypocaust\"), which all point to a Roman [villa rustica](/wiki/Villa_rustica \"Villa rustica\"). On Langmes, not far from the old long\\-distance path from the [Nahe](/wiki/Nahe_%28Rhine%29 \"Nahe (Rhine)\") to the [Moselle](/wiki/Moselle \"Moselle\"), a burying ground with 60 to 70 cremation pits was found. At the municipal limit with [Oberhosenbach](/wiki/Oberhosenbach \"Oberhosenbach\") once stood a small temple. Roman life is believed to have ended when the [Germanic](/wiki/Germanic_peoples \"Germanic peoples\") invaders came in AD 275 and 276\\.", "The village that stands now had its first documentary mention in 1181 under the name *Hattinbach*. The name itself comes from the personal name Hatto, which has been linked with the [Hattonids](/wiki/Hattonids \"Hattonids\"), a comital house in [Carolingian](/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty \"Carolingian dynasty\") times whose influence stretched through the years 756 to 843\\. The seeds from which the village sprang were the two lordly estates down from and up from the church, which were held by the Hunsrück noble family of Wiltberg, who also had at their disposal the local lordship and the church patronage.", "In the 14th century, a number of sales led to a change in fiefholders at the two estates to which lordly rights to the village were also attached. Hereafter, the village had four lords: the [Archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop \"Archbishop\") of [Trier](/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier \"Electorate of Trier\"), the [Waldgraves](/wiki/Waldgrave \"Waldgrave\") and Rhinegraves, the “Further” [County of Sponheim](/wiki/County_of_Sponheim \"County of Sponheim\") and the Lords Cratz von Scharfenstein. After this last named noble house died out in its male line in 1718, the Electorate of Trier took over their share of the lordship.", "In the 18th century, many families [emigrated](/wiki/Emigration \"Emigration\") from Hottenbach. Their destinations were the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), [West Prussia](/wiki/West_Prussia \"West Prussia\"), [East Prussia](/wiki/East_Prussia \"East Prussia\") and later [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Eastern_Europe%29 \"Galicia (Eastern Europe)\").", "Beginning in 1794, Hottenbach, along with the rest of the lands on the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\")’s left bank, was [occupied](/wiki/Military_occupation \"Military occupation\") by the [French](/wiki/France \"France\"). On 17 December 1795, during fighting between French and [Austrian](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy \"Habsburg monarchy\") troops, the village was plundered. In 1800, the former *Unter[schultheißerei](/wiki/Schulthei%C3%9F \"Schultheiß\")* of Hottenbach was raised to seat of a *mairie* (“mayoralty”) made up of not only Hottenbach but also [Hellertshausen](/wiki/Hellertshausen \"Hellertshausen\"), [Asbach](/wiki/Asbach%2C_Birkenfeld \"Asbach, Birkenfeld\"), [Weiden](/wiki/Weiden%2C_Rhineland-Palatinate \"Weiden, Rhineland-Palatinate\"), [Schauren](/wiki/Schauren \"Schauren\"), [Bruchweiler](/wiki/Bruchweiler \"Bruchweiler\"), [Kempfeld](/wiki/Kempfeld \"Kempfeld\"), [Breitenthal](/wiki/Breitenthal%2C_Rhineland-Palatinate \"Breitenthal, Rhineland-Palatinate\"), [Wickenrodt](/wiki/Wickenrodt \"Wickenrodt\") and [Oberhosenbach](/wiki/Oberhosenbach \"Oberhosenbach\").", "After Hottenbach was transferred to [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") as a result of the [Congress of Vienna](/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna \"Congress of Vienna\") in 1815, it became part of the *Bürgermeisterei* (“Mayoralty”) of Rhaunen in the newly formed Bernkastel district in the *[Regierungsbezirk](/wiki/Regierungsbezirk \"Regierungsbezirk\")* of Trier. In 1867, Hottenbach's population figure peaked, at 917 inhabitants. However, the nearby Asbach Ironworks was shut down in 1872 and this led in the years that followed to migration to the [Saarland](/wiki/Saarland \"Saarland\") and further emigration to the United States.", "In the course of administrative restructuring in [Rhineland\\-Palatinate](/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate \"Rhineland-Palatinate\") in 1969 and 1970, Hottenbach passed along with the *Verbandsgemeinde* of Rhaunen to the Birkenfeld district.", "### Church", "The parish of Hottenbach, to which the villages of Hellertshausen, Asbach and Weiden also belonged, had its first documentary mention in 1247\\. In the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\") it belonged to the rural chapter of Kirn within the Bishopric of Mainz. The church patronage was first held by the family von Wiltberg, who in 1290 built a new parish church. On 21 October 1342, Volker von Wiltberg ceded his rights to the church to [Archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop \"Archbishop\") of [Trier](/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier \"Electorate of Trier\") [Baldwin](/wiki/Baldwin_of_Luxembourg \"Baldwin of Luxembourg\"). At first, the right to name the parish priest seems to have alternated between the two estates.", "The [Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\") came relatively late to Hottenbach because of the denominational rift in Hottenbach: the Electorate of Trier and the Lords Cratz von Scharfenstein clung to the old belief ([Catholicism](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\")), the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves were [Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheranism \"Lutheranism\") and the “Further” County of Sponheim was [Reformed](/wiki/Reformed_churches \"Reformed churches\"). About 1600, there is known to have been a Lutheran pastor in the village. It also seems that in these years the church was renovated after a fire. About 1608, the [Electorate of the Palatinate](/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate \"Electorate of the Palatinate\"), over resistance from the other local lords, posted a Reformed preacher in the village. No later than 1621, though, Hottenbach was once again Lutheran. Twice during the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\") there were attempts at a [counterreformation](/wiki/Counter-Reformation \"Counter-Reformation\"): from 1625 to 1629 and from 1636 to 1640, Hottenbach had a Catholic pastor.", "In 1701, more pews were added to the church and the galleries were expanded. Furthermore, the church received an ornate pulpit and a [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_architecture \"Baroque architecture\") church door with a porch. In French times, the parish of Hottenbach belonged to the [Wirschweiler](/wiki/Wirschweiler \"Wirschweiler\") [consistorial](/wiki/Consistory_%28Protestantism%29%23Reformed_usage \"Consistory (Protestantism)#Reformed usage\") church. This was united in 1817 along with the [Trarbach](/wiki/Traben-Trarbach \"Traben-Trarbach\") consistorial church with the Trier District Synod. When the Synod was deemed to have become too big, it was sundered in 1825, and the parishes in the Bernkastel and Trier districts then formed the Wolf District Synod, whose name became Trier District Synod in 1843, after the biggest place within its limits. The branch parish of Weiden was separated from Hottenbach in 1817 when the terms of the agreements made at the [Congress of Vienna](/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna \"Congress of Vienna\") came into force, putting Weiden in the Principality of Birkenfeld, an [exclave](/wiki/Exclave \"Exclave\") of the [Grand Duchy of Oldenburg](/wiki/Duchy_of_Oldenburg \"Duchy of Oldenburg\"), most of whose territory was in what is now northwest Germany, with a coastline on the [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea \"North Sea\"). In 1819, the parishes of Hottenbach and [Stipshausen](/wiki/Stipshausen \"Stipshausen\") were bound to each other. In 1903, the church's old nave, which had fallen into disrepair, was torn down, while the former quire tower from 1290 was left standing. On 1 August 1904, the new church building, designed by architect August Senz, was consecrated. The new central structure combined the traditional with the modern, incorporating many parts of the old building while also meeting [Protestant](/wiki/Protestantism \"Protestantism\") requirements.", "### Jewish life", "Historical records show that so\\-called *[Schutzjuden](/wiki/Schutzjude \"Schutzjude\")* (“Protected Jews”) had settled in the Waldgraviate\\-Rhinegraviate as early as the 14th century, which also explains the relatively high [Jewish](/wiki/Jew \"Jew\") populations in some [Hunsrück](/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCck \"Hunsrück\") villages. Before 1700, the Jews of the *[Amt](/wiki/Amt_%28country_subdivision%29 \"Amt (country subdivision)\")* of Wildenburg – more than 20 families – lived exclusively in Hottenbach. When the new, more liberal spirit set in under [French](/wiki/France \"France\") rule, the Jews were given leave to build a [synagogue](/wiki/Synagogue \"Synagogue\") with a [mikveh](/wiki/Mikveh \"Mikveh\"). The place of worship was also used as a [cheder](/wiki/Cheder \"Cheder\"). Moreover, there was a [Jewish](/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\") graveyard outside the village.[Bericht und Bilder bei Alemannia\\-Judaica.de](http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/hottenbach_synagoge.htm) In 1808, there were 116 Jewish men, women and children living in Hottenbach, giving the village the biggest Jewish community in what is now the Birkenfeld district.", "In 1880, Hottenbach's Jewish population amounted to 17% of the village's inhabitants. Hottenbach and Stipshausen together formed a [qahal](/wiki/Qahal \"Qahal\"). In 1875, the Jews of [Bruchweiler](/wiki/Bruchweiler \"Bruchweiler\"), [Sensweiler](/wiki/Sensweiler \"Sensweiler\") and [Wirschweiler](/wiki/Wirschweiler \"Wirschweiler\") also belonged to the synagogical region, which was overseen by the [Chief Rabbi](/wiki/Chief_Rabbi \"Chief Rabbi\") of Trier. In the late 19th century, many of the Jews [emigrated](/wiki/Emigration \"Emigration\") to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") or joined the [Idar\\-Oberstein](/wiki/Idar-Oberstein \"Idar-Oberstein\") jewellery industry. When the Jewish community was dissolved in 1932, sixteen Jews were still living in Hottenbach. On 3 March 1940, the village's last Jewish family fled the country for the United States. The memorial book *Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945* (\"Victims of the [Persecution](/wiki/Persecution \"Persecution\") of Jews under the [National Socialist](/wiki/Nazi_Party \"Nazi Party\") [Dictatorship in Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\")\") in the [German Federal Archives](/wiki/German_Federal_Archives \"German Federal Archives\") lists 16 names of Jewish citizens who either were born in Hottenbach (14\\) or lived there (2\\), and who were murdered in [the Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust \"The Holocaust\").[Gedenkbuch des Bundesarchives](https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/directory.html)", "The former synagogue is today a privately owned house. The Jewish graveyard is administered and maintained by the municipality of Hottenbach.", "" ]
### Village The first traces of human habitation go back to [prehistoric times](/wiki/Prehistory "Prehistory"). Unearthed in the Vierherrenwald (“Four\-Lord Forest”) was a [stone axe](/wiki/Stone_axe "Stone axe") from the [New Stone Age](/wiki/New_Stone_Age "New Stone Age") (about 3500–1800 BC). Most [archaeological](/wiki/Archaeology "Archaeology") finds, though, come from [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") times. As the Hottenbach church was being torn down in 1903, Roman brickwork was discovered along with [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") blocks and a [hypocaust](/wiki/Hypocaust "Hypocaust"), which all point to a Roman [villa rustica](/wiki/Villa_rustica "Villa rustica"). On Langmes, not far from the old long\-distance path from the [Nahe](/wiki/Nahe_%28Rhine%29 "Nahe (Rhine)") to the [Moselle](/wiki/Moselle "Moselle"), a burying ground with 60 to 70 cremation pits was found. At the municipal limit with [Oberhosenbach](/wiki/Oberhosenbach "Oberhosenbach") once stood a small temple. Roman life is believed to have ended when the [Germanic](/wiki/Germanic_peoples "Germanic peoples") invaders came in AD 275 and 276\. The village that stands now had its first documentary mention in 1181 under the name *Hattinbach*. The name itself comes from the personal name Hatto, which has been linked with the [Hattonids](/wiki/Hattonids "Hattonids"), a comital house in [Carolingian](/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty "Carolingian dynasty") times whose influence stretched through the years 756 to 843\. The seeds from which the village sprang were the two lordly estates down from and up from the church, which were held by the Hunsrück noble family of Wiltberg, who also had at their disposal the local lordship and the church patronage. In the 14th century, a number of sales led to a change in fiefholders at the two estates to which lordly rights to the village were also attached. Hereafter, the village had four lords: the [Archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop "Archbishop") of [Trier](/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier "Electorate of Trier"), the [Waldgraves](/wiki/Waldgrave "Waldgrave") and Rhinegraves, the “Further” [County of Sponheim](/wiki/County_of_Sponheim "County of Sponheim") and the Lords Cratz von Scharfenstein. After this last named noble house died out in its male line in 1718, the Electorate of Trier took over their share of the lordship. In the 18th century, many families [emigrated](/wiki/Emigration "Emigration") from Hottenbach. Their destinations were the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), [West Prussia](/wiki/West_Prussia "West Prussia"), [East Prussia](/wiki/East_Prussia "East Prussia") and later [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Eastern_Europe%29 "Galicia (Eastern Europe)"). Beginning in 1794, Hottenbach, along with the rest of the lands on the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine")’s left bank, was [occupied](/wiki/Military_occupation "Military occupation") by the [French](/wiki/France "France"). On 17 December 1795, during fighting between French and [Austrian](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy "Habsburg monarchy") troops, the village was plundered. In 1800, the former *Unter[schultheißerei](/wiki/Schulthei%C3%9F "Schultheiß")* of Hottenbach was raised to seat of a *mairie* (“mayoralty”) made up of not only Hottenbach but also [Hellertshausen](/wiki/Hellertshausen "Hellertshausen"), [Asbach](/wiki/Asbach%2C_Birkenfeld "Asbach, Birkenfeld"), [Weiden](/wiki/Weiden%2C_Rhineland-Palatinate "Weiden, Rhineland-Palatinate"), [Schauren](/wiki/Schauren "Schauren"), [Bruchweiler](/wiki/Bruchweiler "Bruchweiler"), [Kempfeld](/wiki/Kempfeld "Kempfeld"), [Breitenthal](/wiki/Breitenthal%2C_Rhineland-Palatinate "Breitenthal, Rhineland-Palatinate"), [Wickenrodt](/wiki/Wickenrodt "Wickenrodt") and [Oberhosenbach](/wiki/Oberhosenbach "Oberhosenbach"). After Hottenbach was transferred to [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") as a result of the [Congress of Vienna](/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna "Congress of Vienna") in 1815, it became part of the *Bürgermeisterei* (“Mayoralty”) of Rhaunen in the newly formed Bernkastel district in the *[Regierungsbezirk](/wiki/Regierungsbezirk "Regierungsbezirk")* of Trier. In 1867, Hottenbach's population figure peaked, at 917 inhabitants. However, the nearby Asbach Ironworks was shut down in 1872 and this led in the years that followed to migration to the [Saarland](/wiki/Saarland "Saarland") and further emigration to the United States. In the course of administrative restructuring in [Rhineland\-Palatinate](/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate "Rhineland-Palatinate") in 1969 and 1970, Hottenbach passed along with the *Verbandsgemeinde* of Rhaunen to the Birkenfeld district.
[ "### Village", "The first traces of human habitation go back to [prehistoric times](/wiki/Prehistory \"Prehistory\"). Unearthed in the Vierherrenwald (“Four\\-Lord Forest”) was a [stone axe](/wiki/Stone_axe \"Stone axe\") from the [New Stone Age](/wiki/New_Stone_Age \"New Stone Age\") (about 3500–1800 BC). Most [archaeological](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\") finds, though, come from [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") times. As the Hottenbach church was being torn down in 1903, Roman brickwork was discovered along with [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone \"Sandstone\") blocks and a [hypocaust](/wiki/Hypocaust \"Hypocaust\"), which all point to a Roman [villa rustica](/wiki/Villa_rustica \"Villa rustica\"). On Langmes, not far from the old long\\-distance path from the [Nahe](/wiki/Nahe_%28Rhine%29 \"Nahe (Rhine)\") to the [Moselle](/wiki/Moselle \"Moselle\"), a burying ground with 60 to 70 cremation pits was found. At the municipal limit with [Oberhosenbach](/wiki/Oberhosenbach \"Oberhosenbach\") once stood a small temple. Roman life is believed to have ended when the [Germanic](/wiki/Germanic_peoples \"Germanic peoples\") invaders came in AD 275 and 276\\.", "The village that stands now had its first documentary mention in 1181 under the name *Hattinbach*. The name itself comes from the personal name Hatto, which has been linked with the [Hattonids](/wiki/Hattonids \"Hattonids\"), a comital house in [Carolingian](/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty \"Carolingian dynasty\") times whose influence stretched through the years 756 to 843\\. The seeds from which the village sprang were the two lordly estates down from and up from the church, which were held by the Hunsrück noble family of Wiltberg, who also had at their disposal the local lordship and the church patronage.", "In the 14th century, a number of sales led to a change in fiefholders at the two estates to which lordly rights to the village were also attached. Hereafter, the village had four lords: the [Archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop \"Archbishop\") of [Trier](/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier \"Electorate of Trier\"), the [Waldgraves](/wiki/Waldgrave \"Waldgrave\") and Rhinegraves, the “Further” [County of Sponheim](/wiki/County_of_Sponheim \"County of Sponheim\") and the Lords Cratz von Scharfenstein. After this last named noble house died out in its male line in 1718, the Electorate of Trier took over their share of the lordship.", "In the 18th century, many families [emigrated](/wiki/Emigration \"Emigration\") from Hottenbach. Their destinations were the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), [West Prussia](/wiki/West_Prussia \"West Prussia\"), [East Prussia](/wiki/East_Prussia \"East Prussia\") and later [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Eastern_Europe%29 \"Galicia (Eastern Europe)\").", "Beginning in 1794, Hottenbach, along with the rest of the lands on the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\")’s left bank, was [occupied](/wiki/Military_occupation \"Military occupation\") by the [French](/wiki/France \"France\"). On 17 December 1795, during fighting between French and [Austrian](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy \"Habsburg monarchy\") troops, the village was plundered. In 1800, the former *Unter[schultheißerei](/wiki/Schulthei%C3%9F \"Schultheiß\")* of Hottenbach was raised to seat of a *mairie* (“mayoralty”) made up of not only Hottenbach but also [Hellertshausen](/wiki/Hellertshausen \"Hellertshausen\"), [Asbach](/wiki/Asbach%2C_Birkenfeld \"Asbach, Birkenfeld\"), [Weiden](/wiki/Weiden%2C_Rhineland-Palatinate \"Weiden, Rhineland-Palatinate\"), [Schauren](/wiki/Schauren \"Schauren\"), [Bruchweiler](/wiki/Bruchweiler \"Bruchweiler\"), [Kempfeld](/wiki/Kempfeld \"Kempfeld\"), [Breitenthal](/wiki/Breitenthal%2C_Rhineland-Palatinate \"Breitenthal, Rhineland-Palatinate\"), [Wickenrodt](/wiki/Wickenrodt \"Wickenrodt\") and [Oberhosenbach](/wiki/Oberhosenbach \"Oberhosenbach\").", "After Hottenbach was transferred to [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") as a result of the [Congress of Vienna](/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna \"Congress of Vienna\") in 1815, it became part of the *Bürgermeisterei* (“Mayoralty”) of Rhaunen in the newly formed Bernkastel district in the *[Regierungsbezirk](/wiki/Regierungsbezirk \"Regierungsbezirk\")* of Trier. In 1867, Hottenbach's population figure peaked, at 917 inhabitants. However, the nearby Asbach Ironworks was shut down in 1872 and this led in the years that followed to migration to the [Saarland](/wiki/Saarland \"Saarland\") and further emigration to the United States.", "In the course of administrative restructuring in [Rhineland\\-Palatinate](/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate \"Rhineland-Palatinate\") in 1969 and 1970, Hottenbach passed along with the *Verbandsgemeinde* of Rhaunen to the Birkenfeld district.", "" ]
Pageantry --------- ### Miss Manawatu 2007 Kirby beat 28 other girls for the title of Miss [Manawatu](/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui "Manawatū-Whanganui") 2007, including her older sister, Charlotte Kirby. The crowning ceremony was held on 7 July 2007, at the Regent Theatre on Broadway, [Palmerston North](/wiki/Palmerston_North "Palmerston North").["You Beauty!"](http://feildingbrass.org.nz/news_2007.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527055000/http://www.feildingbrass.org.nz/news\_2007\.html \|date\=27 May 2010 }}, *[Manawatu Standard](/wiki/Manawatu_Standard "Manawatu Standard")*, 9 July 2007\. Retrieved 2010\-12\-08\. She was crowned by Miss Manawatu 2006, [Rachel Crofts](/wiki/Rachel_Crofts "Rachel Crofts"). ### Miss Earth New Zealand 2007 Kirby represented the [Manawatu](/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui "Manawatū-Whanganui") district at Miss Earth New Zealand 2007 where she was crowned the winner on 2 September 2007\. First runner up went to Miss Manawatu 2006 winner, [Rachel Crofts](/wiki/Rachel_Crofts "Rachel Crofts").["Manawatu the best"](http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/tribune/25190.htm), *[The Tribune](/wiki/The_Tribune_%28Manawatu%29 "The Tribune (Manawatu)")*, 10 September 2007\. Retrieved 2010\-12\-08\.["Teen representing NZ at Miss Earth"](http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/feilding-herald/50461.htm), *[Feilding Herald](/wiki/Feilding_Herald "Feilding Herald")*, 6 September 2007\. Retrieved 2010\-12\-08\. ### Miss Earth 2007 Kirby represented New Zealand at the seventh [Miss Earth](/wiki/Miss_Earth "Miss Earth") [beauty pageant](/wiki/Beauty_pageant "Beauty pageant") held on 11 November 2007 at the [UP Theatre](/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines "University of the Philippines") in [Quezon City](/wiki/Quezon_City "Quezon City"), Philippines. 88 delegates competed for the title, making it the largest [Miss Earth](/wiki/Miss_Earth "Miss Earth") since its creation. Kirby's environmental platform was [natural burial](/wiki/Natural_burial "Natural burial"). 28 delegates, including Kirby, were selected for a publicity tour of [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam") and pre\-coronation show televised live from VinPearl Land, [Nha Trang](/wiki/Nha_Trang "Nha Trang"), [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"). Kirby's roommate, [Jessica Trisko](/wiki/Jessica_Trisko "Jessica Trisko") of Canada was eventually crowned [Miss Earth 2007](/wiki/Miss_Earth_2007 "Miss Earth 2007").Soul, John ["Miss Earth 2007"](http://womanoftheearth.tv/essentials/2007.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818005300/http://www.womanoftheearth.tv/essentials/2007\.html \|date\=18 August 2010 }}, *[Woman of the Earth News](/wiki/Woman_of_the_Earth_News "Woman of the Earth News")*, 11 November 2007\. Retrieved 2010\-12\-08\. ### Miss Manawatu 2008 Kirby crowned her regional successor, Samantha Elvy from [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington "Wellington"), as Miss [Manawatu](/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui "Manawatū-Whanganui") 2008 at the Regent Theatre on Broadway, Palmerston North, on 11 July 2008\.["Capital night"](http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/530234.htm), *[Manawatu Standard](/wiki/Manawatu_Standard "Manawatu Standard")*, 12 July 2008\. Retrieved 2010\-12\-08\. ### Miss Earth New Zealand 2008 Kirby crowned her successor, [Rachel Crofts](/wiki/Rachel_Crofts "Rachel Crofts") (Miss Manawatu 2006 and Miss Earth New Zealand 2007 first runner up), as Miss Earth New Zealand 2008 on 23 August 2008 at Centrestage Theatre, [Orewa](/wiki/Orewa "Orewa").["Manawatu beauty wins again"](http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/597330.htm), *[Manawatu Standard](/wiki/Manawatu_Standard "Manawatu Standard")*, 26 August 2008\. Retrieved 2010\-12\-08\. ### Miss New Zealand Festival of Beauty 2011 Miss New Zealand Festival of Beauty 2011 was held on 30 April 2011 in the Tasman Ballroom at Alexandra Park, Greenlane. Kirby's scores put her in second place, however she was unable to be awarded the second place title of Miss Earth New Zealand 2011 due to having competed at [Miss Earth 2007](/wiki/Miss_Earth_2007 "Miss Earth 2007"). She was awarded the third place title of [Miss New Zealand International](/wiki/Miss_New_Zealand_International "Miss New Zealand International") 2011\.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2014}} ### Miss International 2011 Kirby represented New Zealand at Miss International 2011 in [Chengdu](/wiki/Chengdu "Chengdu"), China. The preliminary events and coronation night were televised live on CDTV. Scores released after the event announced her final placing as 22nd from 69 delegates.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2014}}
[ "Pageantry\n---------", "### Miss Manawatu 2007", "Kirby beat 28 other girls for the title of Miss [Manawatu](/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui \"Manawatū-Whanganui\") 2007, including her older sister, Charlotte Kirby. The crowning ceremony was held on 7 July 2007, at the Regent Theatre on Broadway, [Palmerston North](/wiki/Palmerston_North \"Palmerston North\").[\"You Beauty!\"](http://feildingbrass.org.nz/news_2007.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527055000/http://www.feildingbrass.org.nz/news\\_2007\\.html \\|date\\=27 May 2010 }}, *[Manawatu Standard](/wiki/Manawatu_Standard \"Manawatu Standard\")*, 9 July 2007\\. Retrieved 2010\\-12\\-08\\. She was crowned by Miss Manawatu 2006, [Rachel Crofts](/wiki/Rachel_Crofts \"Rachel Crofts\").", "### Miss Earth New Zealand 2007", "Kirby represented the [Manawatu](/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui \"Manawatū-Whanganui\") district at Miss Earth New Zealand 2007 where she was crowned the winner on 2 September 2007\\. First runner up went to Miss Manawatu 2006 winner, [Rachel Crofts](/wiki/Rachel_Crofts \"Rachel Crofts\").[\"Manawatu the best\"](http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/tribune/25190.htm), *[The Tribune](/wiki/The_Tribune_%28Manawatu%29 \"The Tribune (Manawatu)\")*, 10 September 2007\\. Retrieved 2010\\-12\\-08\\.[\"Teen representing NZ at Miss Earth\"](http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/feilding-herald/50461.htm), *[Feilding Herald](/wiki/Feilding_Herald \"Feilding Herald\")*, 6 September 2007\\. Retrieved 2010\\-12\\-08\\.", "### Miss Earth 2007", "Kirby represented New Zealand at the seventh [Miss Earth](/wiki/Miss_Earth \"Miss Earth\") [beauty pageant](/wiki/Beauty_pageant \"Beauty pageant\") held on 11 November 2007 at the [UP Theatre](/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines \"University of the Philippines\") in [Quezon City](/wiki/Quezon_City \"Quezon City\"), Philippines. 88 delegates competed for the title, making it the largest [Miss Earth](/wiki/Miss_Earth \"Miss Earth\") since its creation. Kirby's environmental platform was [natural burial](/wiki/Natural_burial \"Natural burial\"). 28 delegates, including Kirby, were selected for a publicity tour of [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\") and pre\\-coronation show televised live from VinPearl Land, [Nha Trang](/wiki/Nha_Trang \"Nha Trang\"), [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\").\nKirby's roommate, [Jessica Trisko](/wiki/Jessica_Trisko \"Jessica Trisko\") of Canada was eventually crowned [Miss Earth 2007](/wiki/Miss_Earth_2007 \"Miss Earth 2007\").Soul, John [\"Miss Earth 2007\"](http://womanoftheearth.tv/essentials/2007.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818005300/http://www.womanoftheearth.tv/essentials/2007\\.html \\|date\\=18 August 2010 }}, *[Woman of the Earth News](/wiki/Woman_of_the_Earth_News \"Woman of the Earth News\")*, 11 November 2007\\. Retrieved 2010\\-12\\-08\\.", "### Miss Manawatu 2008", "Kirby crowned her regional successor, Samantha Elvy from [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington \"Wellington\"), as Miss [Manawatu](/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui \"Manawatū-Whanganui\") 2008 at the Regent Theatre on Broadway, Palmerston North, on 11 July 2008\\.[\"Capital night\"](http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/530234.htm), *[Manawatu Standard](/wiki/Manawatu_Standard \"Manawatu Standard\")*, 12 July 2008\\. Retrieved 2010\\-12\\-08\\.", "### Miss Earth New Zealand 2008", "Kirby crowned her successor, [Rachel Crofts](/wiki/Rachel_Crofts \"Rachel Crofts\") (Miss Manawatu 2006 and Miss Earth New Zealand 2007 first runner up), as Miss Earth New Zealand 2008 on 23 August 2008 at Centrestage Theatre, [Orewa](/wiki/Orewa \"Orewa\").[\"Manawatu beauty wins again\"](http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/597330.htm), *[Manawatu Standard](/wiki/Manawatu_Standard \"Manawatu Standard\")*, 26 August 2008\\. Retrieved 2010\\-12\\-08\\.", "### Miss New Zealand Festival of Beauty 2011", "Miss New Zealand Festival of Beauty 2011 was held on 30 April 2011 in the Tasman Ballroom at Alexandra Park, Greenlane. Kirby's scores put her in second place, however she was unable to be awarded the second place title of Miss Earth New Zealand 2011 due to having competed at [Miss Earth 2007](/wiki/Miss_Earth_2007 \"Miss Earth 2007\"). She was awarded the third place title of [Miss New Zealand International](/wiki/Miss_New_Zealand_International \"Miss New Zealand International\") 2011\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2014}}", "### Miss International 2011", "Kirby represented New Zealand at Miss International 2011 in [Chengdu](/wiki/Chengdu \"Chengdu\"), China. The preliminary events and coronation night were televised live on CDTV. Scores released after the event announced her final placing as 22nd from 69 delegates.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2014}}", "" ]
Career ------ After receiving her master's degree in Social Work from [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University"), Judith began her work with young children who had [developmental delays](/wiki/Global_developmental_delay "Global developmental delay") and disabilities. During her training and early work with children, Judith recognized the value of early intervention and collaborating with parents. These ideas, integral to the way in which children with special needs are educated today, planted the seeds for The [Home School Collaborative Model](/wiki/Home_School_Collaborative_Model "Home School Collaborative Model") (HSCM), an [educational model](/wiki/Educational_model "Educational model") that has been implemented by [New York State](/wiki/New_York_State "New York State"). In 1966, Bloch established Variety Child Learning Center (VCLC) one of the first [special education](/wiki/Special_education "Special education") [preschools](/wiki/Preschool "Preschool") in the nation for children with learning, language and behavior problems, including [autism](/wiki/Autism "Autism"), that included programs and support for families. Bloch oversaw every step of the school's expansion and growth, from its one classroom beginning, as Pre\-Schooler's Workshop in [Garden City, New York](/wiki/Garden_City%2C_New_York "Garden City, New York"), to the move to the current location in Syosset as Variety Child Learning Center to the current full\-service Variety Child Learning Center the agency is today. Each year, VCLC provides special education, evaluations, early intervention, therapeutic services and support, respite, recreational and enrichment programs to thousands of children with developmental disabilities, including autism, and their families, on\- and off\-site. VCLC also provides [professional development](/wiki/Professional_development "Professional development") workshops and training, and collaborates with [Winthrop University Hospital Pediatric Residency Program](/wiki/Winthrop_University_Hospital_Pediatric_Residency_Program "Winthrop University Hospital Pediatric Residency Program"), providing [pediatric residents](/wiki/Pediatric_medicine "Pediatric medicine") with invaluable learning experiences. In 1997, Bloch's educational model, The Home School Collaborative Model(HSCM)was awarded as a “Sharing Success Validated Program” by New York State and, VCLC was designated a training site and “Developer/ Demonstrator" for the state. Featured at national and international professional conferences in Sweden, England, Russia, Budapest, Prague, Chicago, Atlanta, New York and Washington DC, Bloch has presented on [child development](/wiki/Child_development "Child development") practices and trends including her acclaimed \[Home/School Collaborative Model (HSCM)] and The Five P's (Parent/Professional Preschool Performance Profile) System. Judith Bloch served as chief executive officer (CEO) of Variety Child Learning Center since founding the school in 1966 until her retirement in December 2008\. During her tenure as CEO, Bloch promoted the value of early identification and intervention and advocated for entitlements to children and families.
[ "Career\n------", "After receiving her master's degree in Social Work from [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\"), Judith began her work with young children who had [developmental delays](/wiki/Global_developmental_delay \"Global developmental delay\") and disabilities. During her training and early work with children, Judith recognized the value of early intervention and collaborating with parents. These ideas, integral to the way in which children with special needs are educated today, planted the seeds for The [Home School Collaborative Model](/wiki/Home_School_Collaborative_Model \"Home School Collaborative Model\") (HSCM), an [educational model](/wiki/Educational_model \"Educational model\") that has been implemented by [New York State](/wiki/New_York_State \"New York State\").", "In 1966, Bloch established Variety Child Learning Center (VCLC) one of the first [special education](/wiki/Special_education \"Special education\") [preschools](/wiki/Preschool \"Preschool\") in the nation for children with learning, language and behavior problems, including [autism](/wiki/Autism \"Autism\"), that included programs and support for families. Bloch oversaw every step of the school's expansion and growth, from its one classroom beginning, as Pre\\-Schooler's Workshop in [Garden City, New York](/wiki/Garden_City%2C_New_York \"Garden City, New York\"), to the move to the current location in Syosset as Variety Child Learning Center to the current full\\-service Variety Child Learning Center the agency is today.", "Each year, VCLC provides special education, evaluations, early intervention, therapeutic services and support, respite, recreational and enrichment programs to thousands of children with developmental disabilities, including autism, and their families, on\\- and off\\-site. VCLC also provides [professional development](/wiki/Professional_development \"Professional development\") workshops and training, and collaborates with [Winthrop University Hospital Pediatric Residency Program](/wiki/Winthrop_University_Hospital_Pediatric_Residency_Program \"Winthrop University Hospital Pediatric Residency Program\"), providing [pediatric residents](/wiki/Pediatric_medicine \"Pediatric medicine\") with invaluable learning experiences.", "In 1997, Bloch's educational model, The Home School Collaborative Model(HSCM)was awarded as a “Sharing Success Validated Program” by New York State and, VCLC was designated a training site and “Developer/ Demonstrator\" for the state.", "Featured at national and international professional conferences in Sweden, England, Russia, Budapest, Prague, Chicago, Atlanta, New York and Washington DC, Bloch has presented on [child development](/wiki/Child_development \"Child development\") practices and trends including her acclaimed \\[Home/School Collaborative Model (HSCM)] and The Five P's (Parent/Professional Preschool Performance Profile) System.", "Judith Bloch served as chief executive officer (CEO) of Variety Child Learning Center since founding the school in 1966 until her retirement in December 2008\\. During her tenure as CEO, Bloch promoted the value of early identification and intervention and advocated for entitlements to children and families.", "" ]