Datasets:
tom-010
/
diffusing-embeddings-sections-and-paragraphs

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
Community
text
stringlengths
791
228k
parts
listlengths
6
567
Biography --------- Born in [Elmira, New York](/wiki/Elmira%2C_New_York "Elmira, New York"), Roe entered the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") as a [midshipman](/wiki/Midshipman "Midshipman") on October 19, 1841, and graduated from the [United States Naval Academy](/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy") in [Annapolis](/wiki/Annapolis%2C_Maryland "Annapolis, Maryland"), [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland "Maryland") in 1848\.{{Cite DANFS \| title \= Roe \| url \= http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/r8/roe\-i.htm \| date\=20 October 2005 \| accessdate \= 30 October 2010 }} Roe left the Navy for eleven months, from June 1848 to May 1849, serving aboard the mail steamer SS *Georgia*. After he returned to the Navy, he was assigned to the [brigantine](/wiki/Brigantine "Brigantine") {{USS\|Porpoise\|1836\|2}} and served in an expedition to chart the [North Pacific](/wiki/North_Pacific "North Pacific"). Cape Roe on the [Japanese](/wiki/Japan "Japan") island of [Tanegashima](/wiki/Tanegashima "Tanegashima") was named for him during this expedition. In 1854, while serving in *Porpoise* on the Asiatic Station, he participated in an engagement with 13 [Chinese](/wiki/China "China") armored [junks](/wiki/Junk_%28ship%29 "Junk (ship)") off [Macau](/wiki/Macau "Macau"). Six of the junks were sunk and the others were scattered. Roe received his commission as master on August 8, 1855, and as [lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant "Lieutenant") on September 14 of the same year. From 1857 to 1858 he served in the [United States Coast Survey](/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey "United States Coast and Geodetic Survey"). During the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), in April 1862, he was recommended for promotion for gallantry for his actions on board the [screw steamer](/wiki/Screw_steamer "Screw steamer") {{USS\|Pensacola\|1859\|2}} while serving as executive officer, as that ship led [Admiral](/wiki/Admiral "Admiral") [David Farragut](/wiki/David_Farragut "David Farragut")'s starboard column past [Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip](/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip "Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip"). He was promoted to [lieutenant commander](/wiki/Lieutenant_commander "Lieutenant commander") on July 16, 1862, and placed in command of the gunboat {{USS\|Katahdin\|1861\|2}} on the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River"). While commanding *Katahdin*, Roe defeated [Confederate](/wiki/Confederate_States "Confederate States") [general](/wiki/General_officer "General officer") [John C. Breckinridge](/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge "John C. Breckinridge")'s attack on [Baton Rouge](/wiki/Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana "Baton Rouge, Louisiana"), [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana"). Roe was ordered to command the [side\-wheel steamer](/wiki/Side-wheel_steamer "Side-wheel steamer") {{USS\|Sassacus\|1862\|2}} on the [North Atlantic Blockading Squadron](/wiki/North_Atlantic_Blockading_Squadron "North Atlantic Blockading Squadron") in September 1863, and captured and destroyed several blockade runners in the sounds of [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina"). Eight months later he was again commended for gallantry for engaging the Confederate [ram](/wiki/Naval_ram "Naval ram") {{Ship\|CSS\|Albemarle\|\|2}} and capturing the [gunboat](/wiki/Gunboat "Gunboat") {{Ship\|CSS\|Bombshell\|\|2}} on May 5, 1864\. After the end of the war, Roe commanded the iron\-hulled warship {{USS\|Michigan\|1843\|2}} on the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes "Great Lakes"). He was promoted to [commander](/wiki/Commander "Commander") on July 25, 1866, and given command of the steamer {{USS\|Tacony\|1863\|2}} on a special mission to [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico"). Roe served as fleet captain for the Asiatic Station from 1868 to 1871\. Roe was promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28naval%29 "Captain (naval)") on April 1, 1872, and commanded the [screw sloop](/wiki/Screw_sloop "Screw sloop") {{USS\|Lancaster\|1858\|2}} on the [Brazil Station](/wiki/Brazil_Squadron "Brazil Squadron") from 1874 to 1875\. He was promoted to [commodore](/wiki/Commodore_%28United_States%29 "Commodore (United States)") on November 26, 1880, and to [rear admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28United_States%29 "Rear admiral (United States)") on November 3, 1884, while serving as governor of the [Naval Asylum](/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Asylum "Philadelphia Naval Asylum") at [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"). He was transferred to the retired list on October 4, 1885\. Roe died in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), on December 28, 1901, aged 78, and is buried in [Arlington National Cemetery](/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery "Arlington National Cemetery").
[ "Biography\n---------", "Born in [Elmira, New York](/wiki/Elmira%2C_New_York \"Elmira, New York\"), Roe entered the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") as a [midshipman](/wiki/Midshipman \"Midshipman\") on October 19, 1841, and graduated from the [United States Naval Academy](/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy \"United States Naval Academy\") in [Annapolis](/wiki/Annapolis%2C_Maryland \"Annapolis, Maryland\"), [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\") in 1848\\.{{Cite DANFS \\| title \\= Roe \\| url \\= http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/r8/roe\\-i.htm \\| date\\=20 October 2005 \\| accessdate \\= 30 October 2010 }}", "Roe left the Navy for eleven months, from June 1848 to May 1849, serving aboard the mail steamer SS *Georgia*.", "After he returned to the Navy, he was assigned to the [brigantine](/wiki/Brigantine \"Brigantine\") {{USS\\|Porpoise\\|1836\\|2}} and served in an expedition to chart the [North Pacific](/wiki/North_Pacific \"North Pacific\"). Cape Roe on the [Japanese](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") island of [Tanegashima](/wiki/Tanegashima \"Tanegashima\") was named for him during this expedition. In 1854, while serving in *Porpoise* on the Asiatic Station, he participated in an engagement with 13 [Chinese](/wiki/China \"China\") armored [junks](/wiki/Junk_%28ship%29 \"Junk (ship)\") off [Macau](/wiki/Macau \"Macau\"). Six of the junks were sunk and the others were scattered.", "Roe received his commission as master on August 8, 1855, and as [lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant \"Lieutenant\") on September 14 of the same year. From 1857 to 1858 he served in the [United States Coast Survey](/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey \"United States Coast and Geodetic Survey\").", "During the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), in April 1862, he was recommended for promotion for gallantry for his actions on board the [screw steamer](/wiki/Screw_steamer \"Screw steamer\") {{USS\\|Pensacola\\|1859\\|2}} while serving as executive officer, as that ship led [Admiral](/wiki/Admiral \"Admiral\") [David Farragut](/wiki/David_Farragut \"David Farragut\")'s starboard column past [Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip](/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip \"Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip\"). He was promoted to [lieutenant commander](/wiki/Lieutenant_commander \"Lieutenant commander\") on July 16, 1862, and placed in command of the gunboat {{USS\\|Katahdin\\|1861\\|2}} on the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\"). While commanding *Katahdin*, Roe defeated [Confederate](/wiki/Confederate_States \"Confederate States\") [general](/wiki/General_officer \"General officer\") [John C. Breckinridge](/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge \"John C. Breckinridge\")'s attack on [Baton Rouge](/wiki/Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana \"Baton Rouge, Louisiana\"), [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\").", "Roe was ordered to command the [side\\-wheel steamer](/wiki/Side-wheel_steamer \"Side-wheel steamer\") {{USS\\|Sassacus\\|1862\\|2}} on the [North Atlantic Blockading Squadron](/wiki/North_Atlantic_Blockading_Squadron \"North Atlantic Blockading Squadron\") in September 1863, and captured and destroyed several blockade runners in the sounds of [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"). Eight months later he was again commended for gallantry for engaging the Confederate [ram](/wiki/Naval_ram \"Naval ram\") {{Ship\\|CSS\\|Albemarle\\|\\|2}} and capturing the [gunboat](/wiki/Gunboat \"Gunboat\") {{Ship\\|CSS\\|Bombshell\\|\\|2}} on May 5, 1864\\.", "After the end of the war, Roe commanded the iron\\-hulled warship {{USS\\|Michigan\\|1843\\|2}} on the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes \"Great Lakes\"). He was promoted to [commander](/wiki/Commander \"Commander\") on July 25, 1866, and given command of the steamer {{USS\\|Tacony\\|1863\\|2}} on a special mission to [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"). Roe served as fleet captain for the Asiatic Station from 1868 to 1871\\.", "Roe was promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28naval%29 \"Captain (naval)\") on April 1, 1872, and commanded the [screw sloop](/wiki/Screw_sloop \"Screw sloop\") {{USS\\|Lancaster\\|1858\\|2}} on the [Brazil Station](/wiki/Brazil_Squadron \"Brazil Squadron\") from 1874 to 1875\\. He was promoted to [commodore](/wiki/Commodore_%28United_States%29 \"Commodore (United States)\") on November 26, 1880, and to [rear admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28United_States%29 \"Rear admiral (United States)\") on November 3, 1884, while serving as governor of the [Naval Asylum](/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Asylum \"Philadelphia Naval Asylum\") at [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"). He was transferred to the retired list on October 4, 1885\\.", "Roe died in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), on December 28, 1901, aged 78, and is buried in [Arlington National Cemetery](/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery \"Arlington National Cemetery\").", "" ]
History of The Plain Tribe -------------------------- According to Dr. P. Potter Pajibo, the Plain Tribe derives its origin from the [Cavalla River](/wiki/Cavalla_River "Cavalla River") (Jubu), which is in the eastern part of Sinoe County. It's descendants link with the Grebo tribe, because of which the tribe is usually referred to as Bush Grebo. The continued rift between the Grebo tribe and the Plain tribe stirred up a series of inter\-tribal wars, and the latter was forced to leave in search of a suitable place of abode under the leadership of Tarjuo, a [doctor](/wiki/Doctor_%28title%29 "Doctor (title)") and [warrior](/wiki/Warrior "Warrior"). The people of the Plain tribe travelled for months and at last reached a mountain, now called “Tarjuo Mountain” in honor of their leader Tarjuo. He is also the person after whom the Tarjuozon tribes are named where they decided to settle. The decision to make Tarjuo Mountain their home was unanimous among the people of the Plain tribe. They settled and remained there for a few years until the death of Tarjuo. When Tarjuo died, the Plain tribe people felt discouraged; and after a deep contemplation, decided to leave the Tarjuo Mountain. Because of their strong conviction in superstition, the tribal people found the mountain unsuitable to live, and felt that upon their failure to leave, they would suffer an untimely death. Under the leadership of one of Tarjuo's sons, Plain, after whom the tribe is named, the group left the Tarjuo Mountain in search of another place for settlement. For months they travelled many miles and finally reached a certain creek, called “Slae\-Nee” meaning Magic Creek. This was their final destination and settlement. Tribal legend has it that when they reached this area, a vision of a bright future was formed; previous conflicts and disturbances were decreased. They believed that this creek also greatly and surprisingly aided their tribe during a war between them and the Krahn people. The main cause of the tribe's decision to settle around the Slae\-Nee Creek was for protection. Since the organization and establishment of the Plain tribe, its people have been worshipping the Slae – Nee Creek as one of their tribal gods. The following chiefs are said to have been some of the most outstanding and influential leaders of the tribe: Jowiehfueh, Sworrfueh, Gbartieh Jarfue, Gborpannon, Gbarweh Nuon, Karjah, Dopaetron, Wiehkue and Kujah Sworrfueh. Because of lack of written records, nothing much can be said about the contributions they made. However, it is said that they had ably conducted and protected the affairs of the tribe. Since its establishment, there have been diverse kinds of tribal governments. Since there was no mentioned central government at the time, the tribesmen organized themselves into a strong body of local tribal government and elected Jowiehfueh as their first chief or king. He is said to have faithfully conducted the affairs of the tribe to the best of his ability and remained in power until his death. Since the death of the first king Jowiehfueh, there has been a succession of others up to the present as listed below: Paramount Chiefs: Pantonteh, Jarkue Wolloh, Teah\-Deboe Pajibo, Wrogbo Jah, Weagbah, Tanneh Weah and Torteh. Clan Chiefs: Pantonteh, Kietegbeh, Nyonuwion, Nyenfueh, Tanneh Weah – Plahn, Weagbah – Kulu, Pobleh – Nyarn, Pallaywion \- Shoah, Tanneh Weah \- Plahn, Torteh \- Nyarn, Falleh – Puea \- Kulu, Garsaylee Toryen– Buer – Shoah, David Pyne \- Plahn, Torteh \- Nyarn, Wionjuo \- Kulu, Garsaylee Toryen– Buer \-Shoah, Brown Nyenfueh – Plahn/Nyarn
[ "History of The Plain Tribe\n--------------------------", "According to Dr. P. Potter Pajibo, the Plain Tribe derives its origin from the [Cavalla River](/wiki/Cavalla_River \"Cavalla River\") (Jubu), which is in the eastern part of Sinoe County. It's descendants link with the Grebo tribe, because of which the tribe is usually referred to as Bush Grebo.", "The continued rift between the Grebo tribe and the Plain tribe stirred up a series of inter\\-tribal wars, and the latter was forced to leave in search of a suitable place of abode under the leadership of Tarjuo, a [doctor](/wiki/Doctor_%28title%29 \"Doctor (title)\") and [warrior](/wiki/Warrior \"Warrior\"). The people of the Plain tribe travelled for months and at last reached a mountain, now called “Tarjuo Mountain” in honor of their leader Tarjuo. He is also the person after whom the Tarjuozon tribes are named where they decided to settle.", "The decision to make Tarjuo Mountain their home was unanimous among the people of the Plain tribe. They settled and remained there for a few years until the death of Tarjuo.", "When Tarjuo died, the Plain tribe people felt discouraged; and after a deep contemplation, decided to leave the Tarjuo Mountain. Because of their strong conviction in superstition, the tribal people found the mountain unsuitable to live, and felt that upon their failure to leave, they would suffer an untimely death.", "Under the leadership of one of Tarjuo's sons, Plain, after whom the tribe is named, the group left the Tarjuo Mountain in search of another place for settlement. For months they travelled many miles and finally reached a certain creek, called “Slae\\-Nee” meaning Magic Creek. This was their final destination and settlement. Tribal legend has it that when they reached this area, a vision of a bright future was formed; previous conflicts and disturbances were decreased. They believed that this creek also greatly and surprisingly aided their tribe during a war between them and the Krahn people.", "The main cause of the tribe's decision to settle around the Slae\\-Nee Creek was for protection. Since the organization and establishment of the Plain tribe, its people have been worshipping the Slae – Nee Creek as one of their tribal gods.", "The following chiefs are said to have been some of the most outstanding and influential leaders of the tribe:", "Jowiehfueh, Sworrfueh, Gbartieh Jarfue, Gborpannon, Gbarweh Nuon, Karjah, Dopaetron, Wiehkue and Kujah Sworrfueh.", "Because of lack of written records, nothing much can be said about the contributions they made. However, it is said that they had ably conducted and protected the affairs of the tribe.", "Since its establishment, there have been diverse kinds of tribal governments. Since there was no mentioned central government at the time, the tribesmen organized themselves into a strong body of local tribal government and elected Jowiehfueh as their first chief or king. He is said to have faithfully conducted the affairs of the tribe to the best of his ability and remained in power until his death.", "Since the death of the first king Jowiehfueh, there has been a succession of others up to the present as listed below:", "Paramount Chiefs: Pantonteh, Jarkue Wolloh, Teah\\-Deboe Pajibo, Wrogbo Jah, Weagbah, Tanneh Weah and Torteh.", "Clan Chiefs: Pantonteh, Kietegbeh, Nyonuwion, Nyenfueh, Tanneh Weah – Plahn, Weagbah – Kulu, Pobleh – Nyarn, Pallaywion \\- Shoah, Tanneh Weah \\- Plahn, Torteh \\- Nyarn, Falleh – Puea \\- Kulu, Garsaylee Toryen– Buer – Shoah, David Pyne \\- Plahn, Torteh \\- Nyarn, Wionjuo \\- Kulu, Garsaylee Toryen– Buer \\-Shoah, Brown Nyenfueh – Plahn/Nyarn", "" ]
Definitions by places --------------------- {{Expand section\|date\=June 2008}} ### United States **Maryland:** In [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland "Maryland"), the legal definition of a sedan service is the operation of a motor [vehicle for hire](/wiki/Vehicle_for_hire "Vehicle for hire") using a motor vehicle designed to carry 15 or fewer persons, including the driver.[Primary Law \- State \& Federal Case Law and more at Loislaw](http://www.loislaw.com/ogpc/login.htp?WSRet=12&dockey=4751632@MDCODE&OLDURL=/gpc/index.htp&OLDREFURL=http%3A//news.google.com/archivesearch%3Fq%3D%2522sedan%2Bservice%2522%26hl%3Den%26um%3D1%26sa%3DN%26start%3D40) ### California In [California](/wiki/California "California"), sedan services are regulated by the [California Public Utilities Commission](/wiki/California_Public_Utilities_Commission "California Public Utilities Commission") (CPUC). These services are defined as "charter\-party carriers" and must operate under a permit or certificate issued by the CPUC. Sedan services in California must be prearranged, and the fares are typically based on vehicle mileage or hourly rates, not on metered distances like traditional taxicabs. ### New York City In New York City, sedan services are known as [For\-Hire Vehicles](/wiki/For_hire_vehicle "For hire vehicle") (FHVs), which include black cars, luxury limousines, and community cars. The [Taxi and Limousine Commission](/wiki/New_York_City_Taxi_and_Limousine_Commission "New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission") (TLC) oversees these services, requiring them to be licensed. Fares for sedan services in NYC must be prearranged and are often calculated based on time and distance, rather than using a taxi meter. ### Canada **Toronto**: In [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), Bylaw (Toronto Municipal Code 546\) provides for sedan services as a vehicle\-for\-hire license for limousine, taxicab, and private transportation companies such as Lyft, Uber, and private limo service companies. These services are designed to carry four or more passengers, including the driver. ### United Kingdom In [the UK](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), sedan services are commonly referred to as private hire vehicles (PHVs) or minicabs. These vehicles must be pre\-booked through a licensed private hire operator and cannot be hailed on the street. The regulation of PHVs is managed by local councils, and in London, [Transport for London](/wiki/Transport_for_London "Transport for London") (TfL) oversees the licensing and operation of these services. Fares for PHVs are determined by the operator and are typically based on distance and time. ### Australia In [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), sedan services are regulated by state and territory governments. In [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales") (NSW), for example, sedan services fall under the category of "booked hire services" and must be prearranged through an accredited booking service provider. The Point to Point Transport Commission regulates these services, ensuring that vehicles meet safety standards and drivers are properly accredited. Similar regulations apply in other states, with variations in specific licensing and fare calculation methods. ### Singapore In [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), sedan services are part of the private hire car sector, which includes services like Grab and Gojek. The [Land Transport Authority](/wiki/Land_Transport_Authority "Land Transport Authority") (LTA) regulates these services, requiring drivers to obtain a Private Hire Car Driver's Vocational Licence (PDVL). Fares for private hire cars in Singapore are typically dynamic, based on demand, distance, and time, and must be prearranged through the respective platform's app.
[ "Definitions by places\n---------------------", "{{Expand section\\|date\\=June 2008}}", "### United States", "**Maryland:** In [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\"), the legal definition of a sedan service is the operation of a motor [vehicle for hire](/wiki/Vehicle_for_hire \"Vehicle for hire\") using a motor vehicle designed to carry 15 or fewer persons, including the driver.[Primary Law \\- State \\& Federal Case Law and more at Loislaw](http://www.loislaw.com/ogpc/login.htp?WSRet=12&dockey=4751632@MDCODE&OLDURL=/gpc/index.htp&OLDREFURL=http%3A//news.google.com/archivesearch%3Fq%3D%2522sedan%2Bservice%2522%26hl%3Den%26um%3D1%26sa%3DN%26start%3D40)", "### California", "In [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), sedan services are regulated by the [California Public Utilities Commission](/wiki/California_Public_Utilities_Commission \"California Public Utilities Commission\") (CPUC). These services are defined as \"charter\\-party carriers\" and must operate under a permit or certificate issued by the CPUC. Sedan services in California must be prearranged, and the fares are typically based on vehicle mileage or hourly rates, not on metered distances like traditional taxicabs.", "### New York City", "In New York City, sedan services are known as [For\\-Hire Vehicles](/wiki/For_hire_vehicle \"For hire vehicle\") (FHVs), which include black cars, luxury limousines, and community cars. The [Taxi and Limousine Commission](/wiki/New_York_City_Taxi_and_Limousine_Commission \"New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission\") (TLC) oversees these services, requiring them to be licensed. Fares for sedan services in NYC must be prearranged and are often calculated based on time and distance, rather than using a taxi meter.", "### Canada", "**Toronto**: In [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), Bylaw (Toronto Municipal Code 546\\) provides for sedan services as a vehicle\\-for\\-hire license for limousine, taxicab, and private transportation companies such as Lyft, Uber, and private limo service companies. These services are designed to carry four or more passengers, including the driver.", "### United Kingdom", "In [the UK](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), sedan services are commonly referred to as private hire vehicles (PHVs) or minicabs. These vehicles must be pre\\-booked through a licensed private hire operator and cannot be hailed on the street. The regulation of PHVs is managed by local councils, and in London, [Transport for London](/wiki/Transport_for_London \"Transport for London\") (TfL) oversees the licensing and operation of these services. Fares for PHVs are determined by the operator and are typically based on distance and time.", "### Australia", "In [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), sedan services are regulated by state and territory governments. In [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\") (NSW), for example, sedan services fall under the category of \"booked hire services\" and must be prearranged through an accredited booking service provider. The Point to Point Transport Commission regulates these services, ensuring that vehicles meet safety standards and drivers are properly accredited. Similar regulations apply in other states, with variations in specific licensing and fare calculation methods.", "### Singapore", "In [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"), sedan services are part of the private hire car sector, which includes services like Grab and Gojek. The [Land Transport Authority](/wiki/Land_Transport_Authority \"Land Transport Authority\") (LTA) regulates these services, requiring drivers to obtain a Private Hire Car Driver's Vocational Licence (PDVL). Fares for private hire cars in Singapore are typically dynamic, based on demand, distance, and time, and must be prearranged through the respective platform's app.", "" ]
Biography --------- Alfons Goppel was born in Reinhausen (now [Regensburg](/wiki/Regensburg "Regensburg")), one of the nine children of the [baker](/wiki/Baker "Baker") Ludwig Goppel and his wife Barbara. He married Gertrud Wittenbrink in 1935 and they had six sons. Goppel studied law in [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich") from 1925 to 1929 and, after graduating, moved back to Regensburg, where he became a lawyer. He joined the state [prosecutors](/wiki/Prosecutor "Prosecutor") office in 1934 and was posted to [Mainburg](/wiki/Mainburg "Mainburg"), [Kaiserslautern](/wiki/Kaiserslautern "Kaiserslautern") and finally [Aschaffenburg](/wiki/Aschaffenburg "Aschaffenburg"). He joined the conservative [Bavarian People's Party](/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party "Bavarian People's Party") in 1930 and was a member until the party's self\-dissolution in November 1933\. He joined the [SA](/wiki/Sturmabteilung "Sturmabteilung") (1933\) and the [NSDAP](/wiki/NSDAP "NSDAP") (1937\) in the following years. He took part in the campaigns in France and Russia in the German [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht") during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") and later became an instructor at the *Infanterieschule Döberitz*, near Berlin, a training camp of the German army. Returning from the war, he became an official at the city of Aschaffenburg, responsible for housing and refugees. He was elected to the Bavarian *[Landtag](/wiki/Landtag "Landtag")* in October 1947 but barred from taking up his seat due to his political past. He, unsuccessfully, campaigned for the *Landtag* in 1950 again, became second mayor of Aschaffenburg in 1952 and finally, in 1954, was elected to the *Landtag* and permitted to take up his seat. He remained in the Bavarian parliament until 1978, when he gave it up to become a member of the European Parliament. He unsuccessfully ran for mayor of [Würzburg](/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg "Würzburg") in 1956 and became an under secretary in the Bavarian [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice "Ministry of Justice") the year after. He was Bavarian Minister of the Interior (1958–1962\) and [prime minister](/wiki/List_of_Premiers_of_Bavaria "List of Premiers of Bavaria") of [Bavaria](/wiki/Bavaria "Bavaria") from 11 December 1962 to 7 November 1978, serving as [President](/wiki/President_of_the_German_Bundesrat "President of the German Bundesrat") of the [Bundesrat](/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany "Bundesrat of Germany") in 1972/73\. In 1974 he gained the highest election victory for the CSU in Bavarian history with 62\.1% of the votes. From 1979 to 1984 he was a member of the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament"), as such being part of the first freely elected group of MPs in 1979\.[Official website of the European Parliament \- Alfons Goppel](http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/archive/alphaOrder/view.do?language=EN&id=842) He died, aged 86, in [Johannesberg](/wiki/Johannesberg%2C_Bavaria "Johannesberg, Bavaria"), near [Aschaffenburg](/wiki/Aschaffenburg "Aschaffenburg"). One of his sons, [Thomas Goppel](/wiki/Thomas_Goppel "Thomas Goppel"), later served amongst others as Minister of Science, Research and the Arts (2003–2008\). The *Alfons\-Goppel\-Stiftung* (*Alfons Goppel Foundation*), formed in 1980 and named after him, supports needy children in [third\-world](/wiki/Third-world "Third-world") countries.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Alfons Goppel was born in Reinhausen (now [Regensburg](/wiki/Regensburg \"Regensburg\")), one of the nine children of the [baker](/wiki/Baker \"Baker\") Ludwig Goppel and his wife Barbara.", "He married Gertrud Wittenbrink in 1935 and they had six sons.", "Goppel studied law in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\") from 1925 to 1929 and, after graduating, moved back to Regensburg, where he became a lawyer. He joined the state [prosecutors](/wiki/Prosecutor \"Prosecutor\") office in 1934 and was posted to [Mainburg](/wiki/Mainburg \"Mainburg\"), [Kaiserslautern](/wiki/Kaiserslautern \"Kaiserslautern\") and finally [Aschaffenburg](/wiki/Aschaffenburg \"Aschaffenburg\"). He joined the conservative [Bavarian People's Party](/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party \"Bavarian People's Party\") in 1930 and was a member until the party's self\\-dissolution in November 1933\\. He joined the [SA](/wiki/Sturmabteilung \"Sturmabteilung\") (1933\\) and the [NSDAP](/wiki/NSDAP \"NSDAP\") (1937\\) in the following years.", "He took part in the campaigns in France and Russia in the German [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") and later became an instructor at the *Infanterieschule Döberitz*, near Berlin, a training camp of the German army.", "Returning from the war, he became an official at the city of Aschaffenburg, responsible for housing and refugees. He was elected to the Bavarian *[Landtag](/wiki/Landtag \"Landtag\")* in October 1947 but barred from taking up his seat due to his political past. He, unsuccessfully, campaigned for the *Landtag* in 1950 again, became second mayor of Aschaffenburg in 1952 and finally, in 1954, was elected to the *Landtag* and permitted to take up his seat. He remained in the Bavarian parliament until 1978, when he gave it up to become a member of the European Parliament.", "He unsuccessfully ran for mayor of [Würzburg](/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg \"Würzburg\") in 1956 and became an under secretary in the Bavarian [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice \"Ministry of Justice\") the year after. He was Bavarian Minister of the Interior (1958–1962\\) and [prime minister](/wiki/List_of_Premiers_of_Bavaria \"List of Premiers of Bavaria\") of [Bavaria](/wiki/Bavaria \"Bavaria\") from 11 December 1962 to 7 November 1978, serving as [President](/wiki/President_of_the_German_Bundesrat \"President of the German Bundesrat\") of the [Bundesrat](/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany \"Bundesrat of Germany\") in 1972/73\\. In 1974 he gained the highest election victory for the CSU in Bavarian history with 62\\.1% of the votes.", "From 1979 to 1984 he was a member of the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\"), as such being part of the first freely elected group of MPs in 1979\\.[Official website of the European Parliament \\- Alfons Goppel](http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/archive/alphaOrder/view.do?language=EN&id=842) He died, aged 86, in [Johannesberg](/wiki/Johannesberg%2C_Bavaria \"Johannesberg, Bavaria\"), near [Aschaffenburg](/wiki/Aschaffenburg \"Aschaffenburg\").", "One of his sons, [Thomas Goppel](/wiki/Thomas_Goppel \"Thomas Goppel\"), later served amongst others as Minister of Science, Research and the Arts (2003–2008\\).", "The *Alfons\\-Goppel\\-Stiftung* (*Alfons Goppel Foundation*), formed in 1980 and named after him, supports needy children in [third\\-world](/wiki/Third-world \"Third-world\") countries.", "" ]
Career ------ O'Donnell had already appeared in numerous commercials as a teenager, advertising [Cap'n Crunch](/wiki/Cap%27n_Crunch "Cap'n Crunch") cereal and [Fruit Roll\-Ups](/wiki/Fruit_Roll-Ups "Fruit Roll-Ups") snacks. In a [McDonald's](/wiki/McDonald%27s "McDonald's") fast food commercial, he served [NBA](/wiki/NBA "NBA") great [Michael Jordan](/wiki/Michael_Jordan "Michael Jordan"). An early television series role was an appearance on the TV series *[Jack and Mike](/wiki/Jack_and_Mike "Jack and Mike")* in 1986\. In the early 1990s, he appeared in several films including *[Men Don't Leave](/wiki/Men_Don%27t_Leave "Men Don't Leave")* (1990\), starring [Jessica Lange](/wiki/Jessica_Lange "Jessica Lange"); *[Fried Green Tomatoes](/wiki/Fried_Green_Tomatoes "Fried Green Tomatoes")* (1991\), appearing again with [Kathy Bates](/wiki/Kathy_Bates "Kathy Bates") from *Men Don't Leave*; *[School Ties](/wiki/School_Ties "School Ties")* (1992\); and *[Scent of a Woman](/wiki/Scent_of_a_Woman_%281992_film%29 "Scent of a Woman (1992 film)")* (1992\) with [Al Pacino](/wiki/Al_Pacino "Al Pacino"). For the latter he received two nominations: one for a [Golden Globe Award](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award "Golden Globe Award") for Best Supporting Actor\-Motion Picture (which was won by [Gene Hackman](/wiki/Gene_Hackman "Gene Hackman") for *[Unforgiven](/wiki/Unforgiven "Unforgiven")*), and one for a [Chicago Film Critics Association Award](/wiki/Chicago_Film_Critics_Association_Award "Chicago Film Critics Association Award") for Most Promising Actor (which he won). He was also named one of the 12 Promising New Actors of 1992 in John Willis's *Screen World*, Vol. 44\. After appearing in the film *[Blue Sky](/wiki/Blue_Sky_%281994_film%29 "Blue Sky (1994 film)")* (1994\), reuniting him with Jessica Lange, he starred in *[Circle of Friends](/wiki/Circle_of_Friends_%281995_film%29 "Circle of Friends (1995 film)")* (1995\) with [Minnie Driver](/wiki/Minnie_Driver "Minnie Driver"), *[Mad Love](/wiki/Mad_Love_%281995_film%29 "Mad Love (1995 film)")* (1995\) with [Drew Barrymore](/wiki/Drew_Barrymore "Drew Barrymore"), and *[In Love and War](/wiki/In_Love_and_War_%281996_film%29 "In Love and War (1996 film)")* (1996\) with [Sandra Bullock](/wiki/Sandra_Bullock "Sandra Bullock"). O'Donnell played the character of Dick Grayson/Robin in *[Batman Forever](/wiki/Batman_Forever "Batman Forever")*, in which Barrymore also had a role. Reportedly the field of candidates for the role of Robin included [Leonardo DiCaprio](/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio "Leonardo DiCaprio"), [Matt Damon](/wiki/Matt_Damon "Matt Damon"), [Jude Law](/wiki/Jude_Law "Jude Law"), [Ewan McGregor](/wiki/Ewan_McGregor "Ewan McGregor"), [Corey Haim](/wiki/Corey_Haim "Corey Haim"), [Corey Feldman](/wiki/Corey_Feldman "Corey Feldman"), [Toby Stephens](/wiki/Toby_Stephens "Toby Stephens"), and [Scott Speedman](/wiki/Scott_Speedman "Scott Speedman").{{citation needed\|date\=April 2012}} Casting directors narrowed their choices to O'Donnell and DiCaprio, and finally selected O'Donnell. He reportedly was considered by [20th Century Fox](/wiki/20th_Century_Fox "20th Century Fox") studios to play the lead role of Jack Dawson in *[Titanic](/wiki/Titanic_%281997_film%29 "Titanic (1997 film)")* (1997\), but that role was won by DiCaprio.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/titanic\-casting\-james\-cameron\-christian\-bale\_n\_1619006\|title\='Titanic' Casting: What Other Stars Were Considered For James Cameron's Masterpiece? \|date\=June 22, 2012 \|website\=HuffPost\|access\-date\=November 11, 2019}} O'Donnell had a starring role in 1996's *[The Chamber](/wiki/The_Chamber_%281996_film%29 "The Chamber (1996 film)")*, based on the [John Grisham](/wiki/John_Grisham "John Grisham") novel of the same name. He reprised his role as Robin in 1997's *[Batman \& Robin](/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_%28film%29 "Batman & Robin (film)")*. Although it was a box\-office success, the movie was critically panned. O'Donnell later said that he did not believe it turned out well.<http://www.theinsider.com/news/3363538_Chris_O_Donnell_Agrees_with_George_Clooney_Batman_Robin_Didn_t_Turn_Out_Well> {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918222955/http://www.theinsider.com/news/3363538\_Chris\_O\_Donnell\_Agrees\_with\_George\_Clooney\_Batman\_Robin\_Didn\_t\_Turn\_Out\_Well\|date\=September 18, 2010}} {{Dead link\|date\=December 2021}} O'Donnell did not appear in another movie for two years. He was the choice of one of the producers for the role of James Darrell Edwards III/Agent J in *[Men in Black](/wiki/Men_in_Black_%281997_film%29 "Men in Black (1997 film)")* (1997\), but he turned it down as being too similar to his role in *Batman Forever*. [Will Smith](/wiki/Will_Smith "Will Smith") played this role.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119654/trivia \| title\=Trivia for ''Men in Black'' \| publisher\=at the \[\[Internet Movie Database]] \| access\-date\=October 21, 2007 }}{{better source needed\|date\=April 2012}} The subsequent films *[Cookie's Fortune](/wiki/Cookie%27s_Fortune "Cookie's Fortune")* (1999\) and *[The Bachelor](/wiki/The_Bachelor_%281999_film%29 "The Bachelor (1999 film)")* (1999\) were moderately successful, while *[Vertical Limit](/wiki/Vertical_Limit "Vertical Limit")* (2000\) was a box office hit. Following a four\-year hiatus, O'Donnell returned in 2004 with the widely praised *[Kinsey](/wiki/Kinsey_%28film%29 "Kinsey (film)")*. He also appeared in the 2004 episode of *[Two and a Half Men](/wiki/Two_and_a_Half_Men "Two and a Half Men")*, entitled "An Old Flame with a New Wick." O'Donnell took a lead role in the [Fox Network](/wiki/Fox_Network "Fox Network") television series *[Head Cases](/wiki/Head_Cases "Head Cases")* in 2005\. The show was the first of the fall 2005 season to be canceled, and only two episodes were aired. He was subsequently cast as [veterinarian](/wiki/Veterinarian "Veterinarian") [Finn Dandridge](/wiki/Finn_Dandridge "Finn Dandridge") on the [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company") medical drama *[Grey's Anatomy](/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy "Grey's Anatomy")*. [thumb\|right\|150px\|O'Donnell and [Mark Harmon](/wiki/Mark_Harmon "Mark Harmon") filming in 2009](/wiki/File:Mark_Harmon_and_Chris_ODonnell_%288_March_2009%29_6.jpg "Mark Harmon and Chris ODonnell (8 March 2009) 6.jpg") O'Donnell featured prominently in the [TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28American_TV_network%29 "TNT (American TV network)") miniseries *[The Company](/wiki/The_Company_%28TV_miniseries%29 "The Company (TV miniseries)")* as [CIA](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") case officer Jack McAuliffe, a character who progressed from spoonfed Yale elitist to jaded, post\-Cold War cynic. In 2008 O'Donnell appeared in *[Kit Kittredge: An American Girl](/wiki/Kit_Kittredge:An_American_Girl "An American Girl")* as [the titular character](/wiki/Kit_Kittredge "Kit Kittredge")'s father Jack Kittredge, and in *[Max Payne](/wiki/Max_Payne_%28film%29 "Max Payne (film)")* as Jason Colvin. Between 2009 and 2023, O'Donnell starred on *[NCIS: Los Angeles](/wiki/NCIS:Los_Angeles "Los Angeles")*, a spinoff of *[NCIS](/wiki/NCIS_%28TV_series%29 "NCIS (TV series)")*, as [G. Callen](/wiki/G._Callen "G. Callen"),{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/televisionNews/idUSTRRRE51Q13620090227 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107002102/http://www.reuters.com/article/televisionNews/idUSTRRRE51Q13620090227 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=January 7, 2016 \|title\=O'Donnell nabs lead role in "NCIS" spin\-off \|date\=February 27, 2009 \|access\-date\=February 27, 2009 \|work\=Reuters \|first\=Nellie \|last\=Andreeva}} an NCIS Special Agent in charge of the Office of Special Projects Team stationed in Los Angeles. [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") describes Callen as "a chameleon who transforms himself into whomever he needs to be to infiltrate the criminal underworld."{{cite web \|title\=NCIS Los Angeles \|url\=http://www.cbs.com/primetime/ncis\_los\_angeles/about/ \|publisher\=CBS \|access\-date\=August 11, 2009}} In 2010, O'Donnell appeared in the sequel to the 2001 movie *[Cats \& Dogs](/wiki/Cats_%26_Dogs "Cats & Dogs")*, *[The Revenge of Kitty Galore](/wiki/Cats_%26_Dogs:The_Revenge_of_Kitty_Galore "The Revenge of Kitty Galore")*.
[ "Career\n------", "O'Donnell had already appeared in numerous commercials as a teenager, advertising [Cap'n Crunch](/wiki/Cap%27n_Crunch \"Cap'n Crunch\") cereal and [Fruit Roll\\-Ups](/wiki/Fruit_Roll-Ups \"Fruit Roll-Ups\") snacks. In a [McDonald's](/wiki/McDonald%27s \"McDonald's\") fast food commercial, he served [NBA](/wiki/NBA \"NBA\") great [Michael Jordan](/wiki/Michael_Jordan \"Michael Jordan\").", "An early television series role was an appearance on the TV series *[Jack and Mike](/wiki/Jack_and_Mike \"Jack and Mike\")* in 1986\\. In the early 1990s, he appeared in several films including *[Men Don't Leave](/wiki/Men_Don%27t_Leave \"Men Don't Leave\")* (1990\\), starring [Jessica Lange](/wiki/Jessica_Lange \"Jessica Lange\"); *[Fried Green Tomatoes](/wiki/Fried_Green_Tomatoes \"Fried Green Tomatoes\")* (1991\\), appearing again with [Kathy Bates](/wiki/Kathy_Bates \"Kathy Bates\") from *Men Don't Leave*; *[School Ties](/wiki/School_Ties \"School Ties\")* (1992\\); and *[Scent of a Woman](/wiki/Scent_of_a_Woman_%281992_film%29 \"Scent of a Woman (1992 film)\")* (1992\\) with [Al Pacino](/wiki/Al_Pacino \"Al Pacino\"). For the latter he received two nominations: one for a [Golden Globe Award](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award \"Golden Globe Award\") for Best Supporting Actor\\-Motion Picture (which was won by [Gene Hackman](/wiki/Gene_Hackman \"Gene Hackman\") for *[Unforgiven](/wiki/Unforgiven \"Unforgiven\")*), and one for a [Chicago Film Critics Association Award](/wiki/Chicago_Film_Critics_Association_Award \"Chicago Film Critics Association Award\") for Most Promising Actor (which he won). He was also named one of the 12 Promising New Actors of 1992 in John Willis's *Screen World*, Vol. 44\\.", "After appearing in the film *[Blue Sky](/wiki/Blue_Sky_%281994_film%29 \"Blue Sky (1994 film)\")* (1994\\), reuniting him with Jessica Lange, he starred in *[Circle of Friends](/wiki/Circle_of_Friends_%281995_film%29 \"Circle of Friends (1995 film)\")* (1995\\) with [Minnie Driver](/wiki/Minnie_Driver \"Minnie Driver\"), *[Mad Love](/wiki/Mad_Love_%281995_film%29 \"Mad Love (1995 film)\")* (1995\\) with [Drew Barrymore](/wiki/Drew_Barrymore \"Drew Barrymore\"), and *[In Love and War](/wiki/In_Love_and_War_%281996_film%29 \"In Love and War (1996 film)\")* (1996\\) with [Sandra Bullock](/wiki/Sandra_Bullock \"Sandra Bullock\").", "O'Donnell played the character of Dick Grayson/Robin in *[Batman Forever](/wiki/Batman_Forever \"Batman Forever\")*, in which Barrymore also had a role. Reportedly the field of candidates for the role of Robin included [Leonardo DiCaprio](/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio \"Leonardo DiCaprio\"), [Matt Damon](/wiki/Matt_Damon \"Matt Damon\"), [Jude Law](/wiki/Jude_Law \"Jude Law\"), [Ewan McGregor](/wiki/Ewan_McGregor \"Ewan McGregor\"), [Corey Haim](/wiki/Corey_Haim \"Corey Haim\"), [Corey Feldman](/wiki/Corey_Feldman \"Corey Feldman\"), [Toby Stephens](/wiki/Toby_Stephens \"Toby Stephens\"), and [Scott Speedman](/wiki/Scott_Speedman \"Scott Speedman\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2012}}", "Casting directors narrowed their choices to O'Donnell and DiCaprio, and finally selected O'Donnell. He reportedly was considered by [20th Century Fox](/wiki/20th_Century_Fox \"20th Century Fox\") studios to play the lead role of Jack Dawson in *[Titanic](/wiki/Titanic_%281997_film%29 \"Titanic (1997 film)\")* (1997\\), but that role was won by DiCaprio.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/titanic\\-casting\\-james\\-cameron\\-christian\\-bale\\_n\\_1619006\\|title\\='Titanic' Casting: What Other Stars Were Considered For James Cameron's Masterpiece? \\|date\\=June 22, 2012 \\|website\\=HuffPost\\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2019}}", "O'Donnell had a starring role in 1996's *[The Chamber](/wiki/The_Chamber_%281996_film%29 \"The Chamber (1996 film)\")*, based on the [John Grisham](/wiki/John_Grisham \"John Grisham\") novel of the same name. He reprised his role as Robin in 1997's *[Batman \\& Robin](/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_%28film%29 \"Batman & Robin (film)\")*. Although it was a box\\-office success, the movie was critically panned. O'Donnell later said that he did not believe it turned out well.<http://www.theinsider.com/news/3363538_Chris_O_Donnell_Agrees_with_George_Clooney_Batman_Robin_Didn_t_Turn_Out_Well> {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918222955/http://www.theinsider.com/news/3363538\\_Chris\\_O\\_Donnell\\_Agrees\\_with\\_George\\_Clooney\\_Batman\\_Robin\\_Didn\\_t\\_Turn\\_Out\\_Well\\|date\\=September 18, 2010}} {{Dead link\\|date\\=December 2021}}", "O'Donnell did not appear in another movie for two years. He was the choice of one of the producers for the role of James Darrell Edwards III/Agent J in *[Men in Black](/wiki/Men_in_Black_%281997_film%29 \"Men in Black (1997 film)\")* (1997\\), but he turned it down as being too similar to his role in *Batman Forever*. [Will Smith](/wiki/Will_Smith \"Will Smith\") played this role.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119654/trivia \\| title\\=Trivia for ''Men in Black'' \\| publisher\\=at the \\[\\[Internet Movie Database]] \\| access\\-date\\=October 21, 2007 }}{{better source needed\\|date\\=April 2012}} The subsequent films *[Cookie's Fortune](/wiki/Cookie%27s_Fortune \"Cookie's Fortune\")* (1999\\) and *[The Bachelor](/wiki/The_Bachelor_%281999_film%29 \"The Bachelor (1999 film)\")* (1999\\) were moderately successful, while *[Vertical Limit](/wiki/Vertical_Limit \"Vertical Limit\")* (2000\\) was a box office hit.", "Following a four\\-year hiatus, O'Donnell returned in 2004 with the widely praised *[Kinsey](/wiki/Kinsey_%28film%29 \"Kinsey (film)\")*. He also appeared in the 2004 episode of *[Two and a Half Men](/wiki/Two_and_a_Half_Men \"Two and a Half Men\")*, entitled \"An Old Flame with a New Wick.\"", "O'Donnell took a lead role in the [Fox Network](/wiki/Fox_Network \"Fox Network\") television series *[Head Cases](/wiki/Head_Cases \"Head Cases\")* in 2005\\. The show was the first of the fall 2005 season to be canceled, and only two episodes were aired. He was subsequently cast as [veterinarian](/wiki/Veterinarian \"Veterinarian\") [Finn Dandridge](/wiki/Finn_Dandridge \"Finn Dandridge\") on the [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") medical drama *[Grey's Anatomy](/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy \"Grey's Anatomy\")*.\n[thumb\\|right\\|150px\\|O'Donnell and [Mark Harmon](/wiki/Mark_Harmon \"Mark Harmon\") filming in 2009](/wiki/File:Mark_Harmon_and_Chris_ODonnell_%288_March_2009%29_6.jpg \"Mark Harmon and Chris ODonnell (8 March 2009) 6.jpg\")\nO'Donnell featured prominently in the [TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28American_TV_network%29 \"TNT (American TV network)\") miniseries *[The Company](/wiki/The_Company_%28TV_miniseries%29 \"The Company (TV miniseries)\")* as [CIA](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\") case officer Jack McAuliffe, a character who progressed from spoonfed Yale elitist to jaded, post\\-Cold War cynic. In 2008 O'Donnell appeared in *[Kit Kittredge: An American Girl](/wiki/Kit_Kittredge:An_American_Girl \"An American Girl\")* as [the titular character](/wiki/Kit_Kittredge \"Kit Kittredge\")'s father Jack Kittredge, and in *[Max Payne](/wiki/Max_Payne_%28film%29 \"Max Payne (film)\")* as Jason Colvin.", "Between 2009 and 2023, O'Donnell starred on *[NCIS: Los Angeles](/wiki/NCIS:Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\")*, a spinoff of *[NCIS](/wiki/NCIS_%28TV_series%29 \"NCIS (TV series)\")*, as [G. Callen](/wiki/G._Callen \"G. Callen\"),{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/televisionNews/idUSTRRRE51Q13620090227 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107002102/http://www.reuters.com/article/televisionNews/idUSTRRRE51Q13620090227 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=January 7, 2016 \\|title\\=O'Donnell nabs lead role in \"NCIS\" spin\\-off \\|date\\=February 27, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=February 27, 2009 \\|work\\=Reuters \\|first\\=Nellie \\|last\\=Andreeva}} an NCIS Special Agent in charge of the Office of Special Projects Team stationed in Los Angeles. [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") describes Callen as \"a chameleon who transforms himself into whomever he needs to be to infiltrate the criminal underworld.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=NCIS Los Angeles \\|url\\=http://www.cbs.com/primetime/ncis\\_los\\_angeles/about/ \\|publisher\\=CBS \\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2009}}", "In 2010, O'Donnell appeared in the sequel to the 2001 movie *[Cats \\& Dogs](/wiki/Cats_%26_Dogs \"Cats & Dogs\")*, *[The Revenge of Kitty Galore](/wiki/Cats_%26_Dogs:The_Revenge_of_Kitty_Galore \"The Revenge of Kitty Galore\")*.", "" ]
Archaeology ----------- Broxmouth is a fairly typical hillfort in terms of size and form. The excavation of Broxmouth is generally considered to have been the most complete excavation of a Scottish hillfort to date. However, this minimizes the effects of truncation on the remains of the site. A majority of the structures and deposits that were originally present at Broxmouth have been lost, and no archaeological remains survived. The most striking instance of truncation is the result of modern ploughing and is particularly present in the northern and eastern parts of the site, where plough damage had destroyed all archeological features other than the deep ditches of the hillfort. Aside from a few rare areas of paving that survived beneath the ploughed soil in the southwest and central parts of the interior, archaeological deposits tended to only survive in areas where they were more protected. Areas where deposits tended to survive include in hollows formed by the topography of the hill, as negative features, in areas covered by and protected by later deposits, and where structures had sunk into the remains of infilled ditches as features settled and consolidated. What was preserved and excavated only represents a small portion of what would have originally been present at the site.{{Cite book \|last1\=Armit \|first1\=Ian \|title\=An Inherited Place: Broxmouth Hillfort and the south\-east Scottish Iron Age \|last2\=McKenzie \|first2\=Jo \|publisher\=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland \|year\=2013 \|isbn\=9781908332059 \|location\=Great Britain}} ### Areas A series of three\-letter codes were used to identify features in the site, such as pots, calls, and hearths. These features were then grouped into "Areas," which generally corresponded to major structural features. While there are flaws in this recording system (likely as a result of the tight excavation timeline, difficult conditions, and complex site), this system allowed a narrative to be constructed about Broxmouth's settlement sequence. There are five areas in total; three are within the enclosure (the southwest entrance, west entrance, and east entrances), one is the site interior, and one is the external cemetery. #### West Entrance area The West Entrance dates back to the original Phase 2 hillfort, but was blocked off and replaced by the South\-west Entrance at the beginning of Phase 3\. The West Entrance area is the area in which the earliest buildings have survived. These buildings were preserved beneath the only significant section of rampart that survived on the site. The partially infilled inner ditch in this area was used in the construction of domestic buildings in Phase 4, and was later filled with midden in Phase 5\. The West Entrance area was the only area in the site that could provided solid evidence that the hillfort was occupied during Phases 4 and 5\. A trench was excavated to the west of the West Entrance, which revealed a series of profiles across all four of the enclosure trenches and provided information essential to understanding Broxmouth's sequence. #### East Entrance area The East Entrance area dates back tot he original Phase 2 hillfort. Unlike the West Entrance, the East Entrance survived and continued to be used until the end of the Iron Age and subsequent abandonment of the site. During the Iron Age the East Entrance may have been considered the most important entrance, as it was the only one of the three entrances to survive and be in continual use through the whole period of settlement. The eastern side of the hill was extremely truncated as a result of modern ploughing, as a result only a handful of cut features survived. Most of the evidence that could be found in this area was found in sections of the enclosure ditches. This section of the excavation provided the clearest and most abundant information on the nature and development of the hillfort's enclosure system. #### South\-west Entrance area The South\-west Entrance area was the best surviving area in Broxmouth in terms of [taphonomy](/wiki/Taphonomy "Taphonomy"). The South\-west Entrance was in use from Phase 3 onward and was located at a natural linear dip in the hillside was used as an entrance to the interior of the hillfort. This dip contributed to the preservation of deposits from ditch infill, a series of deposits that had accumulated on top of the [causeway](/wiki/Causeway "Causeway") near the entryway, and the gateway. The gateway features were well preserved and had survived to a depth of .7m in some places. #### Interior The interior of the hillfort is extremely badly truncated and the archeological deposits in the north and east portions of the interior had been completely removed by ploughing. However, in areas where deposits were able to survive, there was evidence for the presence of multiple roundhouses and associated activity. Several of the roundhouses were semisubterranean and set into the subsoil, which resulted in them being fairly well preserved. The surviving deposits in the interior of the hillfort are almost entirely associated with Phase 6, the final phase of occupation. The inhumations and a deep palisade trench dating to Phase 1 are the only features that survive from earlier phases. #### Cemetery The cemetery was the only area outside of the enclosure system that was excavated. The cemetery dates entirely to Phase 5, but there are also artefacts and features dating to the Middle Neolithic age, prior to the permanent inhabitation of the site. The cemetery at Broxmouth is located directly north of the outer boundary of the hillfort and was in use for about a generation. [Accelerator mass spectrometry](/wiki/Accelerator_mass_spectrometry "Accelerator mass spectrometry") determinations produce a range of dates associated with the remains, ranging from 360 to 200 BCE (Skeleton 13, buried in Grave J) to 200\-40 BCE (Skeleton 5, buried in Grave A). The cemetery would have only been capable of accommodating small portion of the population of the hillfort, and the elaborate nature of some of the graves suggests that the cemetery was reserved for higher status individuals. The Broxmouth cemetery was excavated by Jean Comrie. Unlike the rest of the area at and around the hillfort, the cemetery provides evidence for earlier Neolithic activity. One small pit contained hazelnuts and a few sherds of late Neolithic pottery. Another stone feature from the Neolithic period provided more pottery, [chert](/wiki/Chert "Chert"), and animal bone. These artefacts have been lost since excavation, but it is possible that they represented the remains of a denuded funerary monument. It is possible that the cemetery was sited specifically in relation to this Neolithic funerary site. It is also potentially notable that the cemetery was located to the north of the hillfort, as far from the entrances as possible. The alignment of entrances varies in southeast Scottish hillforts, but north is almost always avoided. It is possible that this reflects the association of north with darkness and death. ### Settlement Sequence Broxmouth hillfort was inhabited for around 1000 years. There is evidence of human activity dating back as far as 3000 BCE, including two flint scatters on the flanks of the hill and a sherd of late [Neolithic pottery](/wiki/British_Neolithic_pottery "British Neolithic pottery") in a small pit in cemetery area. Permanent settlement was established around 600 BCE, when a wooden [stockade](/wiki/Stockade "Stockade") was constructed around the hilltop. Broxmouth was continuously inhabited until 200 CE, the period in which Roman occupation of the area ended. Each generation built on top of what the previous generation had built. The layers of construction allowed the excavation team to identify different stages of construction and occupation. The phasing of Broxmouth was determined using a combination of stratigraphic evidence and accelerator mass spectrometry dating. When Broxmouth was originally excavated accelerator mass spectrometry was not available, to the phasing was developed sing stratigraphic evidence and artefactual and structural typology. As a result, the currently accepted chronology that was published in the 2013 post\-excavation analyses *An Inherited Place: Broxmouth Hillfort and the South\-East Scottish Iron Age* is quite different from original phasing developed by Hill. One of the elements that was most vital to the construction of a chronology for Broxmouth has been a Baysian analysis of the radiocarbon dates, which was possible thanks to the large quantity of established dates and the presence of long stratigraphic chains. This allowed the ranges of potential dates to be constrained and refined and for outliers to be identified. The phasing has been restricted to within the Iron Age due to the limited amount of evidence for earlier activity, which was likely confined to the middle Neolithic period. Within the Iron Age there was no period of significant abandonment besides the period between Phases 6 and 7\. #### Phase 1 (640/570 \- 490/430 BCE) Phase 1 is the earliest era of permanent Iron Age occupation, but this period predates the construction of the hillfort. The earliest surviving element from this period and immediate predecessor to the hillfort was a large, palisaded enclosure with a shallow external ditch. The ditch was infilled at some point in Phase 1\. Immediately outside of the palisade wall, built on top of the infilled ditches, were the remains of two roundhouses and a series of timber\-built structures. There is evidence of early ironworking activity dating to Phase 1\. Additionally, there were two inhumation graves (Graves 1 and 2\) from Phase 1\. Aside from the palisade trench and the graves, deposits associated with Phase 1 only survive beneath later Phase 2 and 3 ramparts in the West Entrance area, which protected the Phase 1 deposits from erosion. Despite the limited survival of deposits and structures, the finds from Phase 1 indicate that Broxmouth may have been a "substantial early Iron Age settlement." #### Phase 2 (490/430 \- 395/375 BCE) The hillfort was constructed at the beginning of Phase 2 in two stages of construction, Phase 2a and Phase 2b. In Phase 2a an inner ditch and rampart was constructed, and in Phase 2b a middle ditch and corresponding rampart was constructed. There were two entrances to the hillfort during Phase 2, one on the eastern side of the hillfort on the western side. The only surviving evidence of entrance features dates to Phase 2b and was near the West Entrance. The entrance feature consisted of a significant length of early rampart material and the remains of an elaborate gateway. The evidence for the Phase 2 ditches was patchy, as the ditches had been almost completely destroyed during the recutting that took place in Phase 3\. No domestic structures survive from Phase 2\. #### Phase 3 (395/375 \- 295/235 BCE) Phase 3 is characterised by a complex sequence of entrance works, which included the construction of a major gateway structure. The enclosure system was significantly reworked at the beginning of Phase 3\. One of the most significant changes was that the West Entrance from Phase 2 was blocked by the newly constructed Phase 3 rampart and the entry causeways from Phase 2 were removed when the ditches were recut. The South\-west Entrance was constructed in this period to replace the West Entrance. Over the course of Phase 3 (which can be broken into four subphases, 3a\-3d) the hillfort was gradually expanded outward. The hillfort initially developed successive [univallate](/wiki/Univallate "Univallate") enclosures, eventually developing into a partially trivallate enclosure with the enclosure of a complete Outer ditch and a partial Outermost Ditch. At its largest (in Subphase 3d) the enclosures contained about 1\.5 hectares (though this doesn't account for space within the enclosure system that was taken up by ramparts or walls). At the end of Phase 3 the ditches were infilled. No domestic structures from Phase 3 have survived. #### Phase 4 (295/235 \- 235/210 BCE) It appears hat the settlement expanded outward beyond the inner rampart after the ditches were infilled. Several sections of the infilled ditches show evidence of structures from Phase 4 that had sunk into the infill material as it settled and consolidated. This evidence was preserved best in a stretch of inner dish near the West Entrance, where a series of roundhouses were preserved. More ephemeral evidence was found in other parts of the infilled ditch. #### Phase 5 (235/210 \- 100/60 BCE) After the houses from Phase 4 were abandoned the inner ditch at the West Entrance was filled with a series of midden deposits, which likely originated from domestic waste and construction activity taking place in the interior. No structures or artefacts from Phase 5 were found surviving in situ. The process of infilling the ditches continued into Phase 6, as a result it was not always possible to determine which phase a specific deposit belonged to. No domestic structures from Phase 5 survive, though a small inhumation cemetery was established to the north of the hillfort. #### Phase 6 (100/60bce \- 155/210 CE) A majority of the surviving structures within the interior of the hillfort are from Phase 6\. In areas of the interior that were not severely truncated a series of tightly packed stone\- and timber\-walled roundhouses were revealed, indicating that the settlement was densely occupied. Several of the structures show evidence of extended periods of occupations and periodic remodelling. The settlement seems to have survived two to three centuries of continuous use into the period of Antonine occupation, if not later. It appeared that in the beginning of Phase 6 a new enclosure bank was constructed along the course of the inner rampart. Though it would not have survived for the entirety of Phase 6, the new enclosure bank was accompanied by a monumental timber entryway. There is evidence for the renewal of the enclosure wall at the South\-west Entrance. #### Phase 7 (420 \- 540 CE) Between Phase 6 and Phase 7 Broxmouth underwent a significant period of abandonment. After this period of abandonment a single inhumation grave (Grave 4\) was interred in the western part of the interior. It was not possible to determine if this burial was an isolated event, or if Grave 4 was part of a more extensive cemetery in the northern part of the interior that had been destroyed by ploughing. ### Finds Due to nature of the geology at Broxmouth there is a higher rate of survival of animal bones, which don't unusually survive in the region. The presence of these animal bones could provide insights into the Iron Age pastoral economy. A large amount of shell, bone, [slag](/wiki/Slag "Slag"), small amounts of local pottery and worked bone, stone, and bronze have been recovered. The preservation of such a wide variety of artefacts is unusual for Iron Age Scottish sites, but the [calcareous](/wiki/Calcareous_grassland "Calcareous grassland") soils of the area lent themselves to the preservation of a variety of bones (both worked and unworked), pottery, artefacts made of copper alloy, and evidence of ironworking. Objects from the latest phase of inhabitation included items of Roman origins, including [Samian ware sherds](/wiki/Terra_sigillata "Terra sigillata") and pieces of broken glass bangles (Kilbride\-Jones types 2 and 3\). Isotopic analysis suggests that the diet of the inhabitants of Broxmouth were predominantly terrestrial with low levels of consumption of marine protein, likely 5\-10 percent. Substantial middens were revealed during excavation and a large volume of animal bone was preserved, suggesting that community's economy was dominated by the keeping of cattle and sheep. The presence of [querns](/wiki/Quern-stone "Quern-stone") also showed that the inhabitants relied on arable crops. Additionally, there is evidence for deep\-sea fishing, which is unusual for Iron Age Britains. Broxmouth is the site of the earliest identified production and use of [steel](/wiki/Steel "Steel") in the British Isles. Artefacts made of high carbon steel dating to 490\-375 BCE were found. These artefacts were poorly preserved, so it is not possible to determine if these items were tools, weapons, or something for a different purpose.{{Cite news \|date\=2014\-01\-15 \|title\=East Lothian's Broxmouth fort reveals edge of steel \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-scotland\-edinburgh\-east\-fife\-25734877 \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-25 \|work\=BBC News \|language\=en\-GB}} It is uncertain why Broxmouth hillfort was abandoned. It was likely completely abandoned by 210 CE, possibly as a result of Antonine withdrawal in the 160s and the Severin invasion of 208 CE.
[ "Archaeology\n-----------", "Broxmouth is a fairly typical hillfort in terms of size and form. The excavation of Broxmouth is generally considered to have been the most complete excavation of a Scottish hillfort to date. However, this minimizes the effects of truncation on the remains of the site. A majority of the structures and deposits that were originally present at Broxmouth have been lost, and no archaeological remains survived. The most striking instance of truncation is the result of modern ploughing and is particularly present in the northern and eastern parts of the site, where plough damage had destroyed all archeological features other than the deep ditches of the hillfort. Aside from a few rare areas of paving that survived beneath the ploughed soil in the southwest and central parts of the interior, archaeological deposits tended to only survive in areas where they were more protected. Areas where deposits tended to survive include in hollows formed by the topography of the hill, as negative features, in areas covered by and protected by later deposits, and where structures had sunk into the remains of infilled ditches as features settled and consolidated. What was preserved and excavated only represents a small portion of what would have originally been present at the site.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Armit \\|first1\\=Ian \\|title\\=An Inherited Place: Broxmouth Hillfort and the south\\-east Scottish Iron Age \\|last2\\=McKenzie \\|first2\\=Jo \\|publisher\\=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland \\|year\\=2013 \\|isbn\\=9781908332059 \\|location\\=Great Britain}}", "### Areas", "A series of three\\-letter codes were used to identify features in the site, such as pots, calls, and hearths. These features were then grouped into \"Areas,\" which generally corresponded to major structural features. While there are flaws in this recording system (likely as a result of the tight excavation timeline, difficult conditions, and complex site), this system allowed a narrative to be constructed about Broxmouth's settlement sequence. There are five areas in total; three are within the enclosure (the southwest entrance, west entrance, and east entrances), one is the site interior, and one is the external cemetery.", "#### West Entrance area", "The West Entrance dates back to the original Phase 2 hillfort, but was blocked off and replaced by the South\\-west Entrance at the beginning of Phase 3\\. The West Entrance area is the area in which the earliest buildings have survived. These buildings were preserved beneath the only significant section of rampart that survived on the site. The partially infilled inner ditch in this area was used in the construction of domestic buildings in Phase 4, and was later filled with midden in Phase 5\\. The West Entrance area was the only area in the site that could provided solid evidence that the hillfort was occupied during Phases 4 and 5\\. A trench was excavated to the west of the West Entrance, which revealed a series of profiles across all four of the enclosure trenches and provided information essential to understanding Broxmouth's sequence.", "#### East Entrance area", "The East Entrance area dates back tot he original Phase 2 hillfort. Unlike the West Entrance, the East Entrance survived and continued to be used until the end of the Iron Age and subsequent abandonment of the site. During the Iron Age the East Entrance may have been considered the most important entrance, as it was the only one of the three entrances to survive and be in continual use through the whole period of settlement. The eastern side of the hill was extremely truncated as a result of modern ploughing, as a result only a handful of cut features survived. Most of the evidence that could be found in this area was found in sections of the enclosure ditches. This section of the excavation provided the clearest and most abundant information on the nature and development of the hillfort's enclosure system.", "#### South\\-west Entrance area", "The South\\-west Entrance area was the best surviving area in Broxmouth in terms of [taphonomy](/wiki/Taphonomy \"Taphonomy\"). The South\\-west Entrance was in use from Phase 3 onward and was located at a natural linear dip in the hillside was used as an entrance to the interior of the hillfort. This dip contributed to the preservation of deposits from ditch infill, a series of deposits that had accumulated on top of the [causeway](/wiki/Causeway \"Causeway\") near the entryway, and the gateway. The gateway features were well preserved and had survived to a depth of .7m in some places.", "#### Interior", "The interior of the hillfort is extremely badly truncated and the archeological deposits in the north and east portions of the interior had been completely removed by ploughing. However, in areas where deposits were able to survive, there was evidence for the presence of multiple roundhouses and associated activity. Several of the roundhouses were semisubterranean and set into the subsoil, which resulted in them being fairly well preserved. The surviving deposits in the interior of the hillfort are almost entirely associated with Phase 6, the final phase of occupation. The inhumations and a deep palisade trench dating to Phase 1 are the only features that survive from earlier phases.", "#### Cemetery", "The cemetery was the only area outside of the enclosure system that was excavated. The cemetery dates entirely to Phase 5, but there are also artefacts and features dating to the Middle Neolithic age, prior to the permanent inhabitation of the site. The cemetery at Broxmouth is located directly north of the outer boundary of the hillfort and was in use for about a generation. [Accelerator mass spectrometry](/wiki/Accelerator_mass_spectrometry \"Accelerator mass spectrometry\") determinations produce a range of dates associated with the remains, ranging from 360 to 200 BCE (Skeleton 13, buried in Grave J) to 200\\-40 BCE (Skeleton 5, buried in Grave A). The cemetery would have only been capable of accommodating small portion of the population of the hillfort, and the elaborate nature of some of the graves suggests that the cemetery was reserved for higher status individuals. The Broxmouth cemetery was excavated by Jean Comrie.", "Unlike the rest of the area at and around the hillfort, the cemetery provides evidence for earlier Neolithic activity. One small pit contained hazelnuts and a few sherds of late Neolithic pottery. Another stone feature from the Neolithic period provided more pottery, [chert](/wiki/Chert \"Chert\"), and animal bone. These artefacts have been lost since excavation, but it is possible that they represented the remains of a denuded funerary monument.", "It is possible that the cemetery was sited specifically in relation to this Neolithic funerary site. It is also potentially notable that the cemetery was located to the north of the hillfort, as far from the entrances as possible. The alignment of entrances varies in southeast Scottish hillforts, but north is almost always avoided. It is possible that this reflects the association of north with darkness and death.", "### Settlement Sequence", "Broxmouth hillfort was inhabited for around 1000 years. There is evidence of human activity dating back as far as 3000 BCE, including two flint scatters on the flanks of the hill and a sherd of late [Neolithic pottery](/wiki/British_Neolithic_pottery \"British Neolithic pottery\") in a small pit in cemetery area. Permanent settlement was established around 600 BCE, when a wooden [stockade](/wiki/Stockade \"Stockade\") was constructed around the hilltop. Broxmouth was continuously inhabited until 200 CE, the period in which Roman occupation of the area ended. Each generation built on top of what the previous generation had built. The layers of construction allowed the excavation team to identify different stages of construction and occupation.", "The phasing of Broxmouth was determined using a combination of stratigraphic evidence and accelerator mass spectrometry dating. When Broxmouth was originally excavated accelerator mass spectrometry was not available, to the phasing was developed sing stratigraphic evidence and artefactual and structural typology. As a result, the currently accepted chronology that was published in the 2013 post\\-excavation analyses *An Inherited Place: Broxmouth Hillfort and the South\\-East Scottish Iron Age* is quite different from original phasing developed by Hill. One of the elements that was most vital to the construction of a chronology for Broxmouth has been a Baysian analysis of the radiocarbon dates, which was possible thanks to the large quantity of established dates and the presence of long stratigraphic chains. This allowed the ranges of potential dates to be constrained and refined and for outliers to be identified. The phasing has been restricted to within the Iron Age due to the limited amount of evidence for earlier activity, which was likely confined to the middle Neolithic period. Within the Iron Age there was no period of significant abandonment besides the period between Phases 6 and 7\\.", "#### Phase 1 (640/570 \\- 490/430 BCE)", "Phase 1 is the earliest era of permanent Iron Age occupation, but this period predates the construction of the hillfort. The earliest surviving element from this period and immediate predecessor to the hillfort was a large, palisaded enclosure with a shallow external ditch. The ditch was infilled at some point in Phase 1\\. Immediately outside of the palisade wall, built on top of the infilled ditches, were the remains of two roundhouses and a series of timber\\-built structures. There is evidence of early ironworking activity dating to Phase 1\\. Additionally, there were two inhumation graves (Graves 1 and 2\\) from Phase 1\\. Aside from the palisade trench and the graves, deposits associated with Phase 1 only survive beneath later Phase 2 and 3 ramparts in the West Entrance area, which protected the Phase 1 deposits from erosion. Despite the limited survival of deposits and structures, the finds from Phase 1 indicate that Broxmouth may have been a \"substantial early Iron Age settlement.\"", "#### Phase 2 (490/430 \\- 395/375 BCE)", "The hillfort was constructed at the beginning of Phase 2 in two stages of construction, Phase 2a and Phase 2b. In Phase 2a an inner ditch and rampart was constructed, and in Phase 2b a middle ditch and corresponding rampart was constructed. There were two entrances to the hillfort during Phase 2, one on the eastern side of the hillfort on the western side. The only surviving evidence of entrance features dates to Phase 2b and was near the West Entrance. The entrance feature consisted of a significant length of early rampart material and the remains of an elaborate gateway. The evidence for the Phase 2 ditches was patchy, as the ditches had been almost completely destroyed during the recutting that took place in Phase 3\\. No domestic structures survive from Phase 2\\.", "#### Phase 3 (395/375 \\- 295/235 BCE)", "Phase 3 is characterised by a complex sequence of entrance works, which included the construction of a major gateway structure. The enclosure system was significantly reworked at the beginning of Phase 3\\. One of the most significant changes was that the West Entrance from Phase 2 was blocked by the newly constructed Phase 3 rampart and the entry causeways from Phase 2 were removed when the ditches were recut. The South\\-west Entrance was constructed in this period to replace the West Entrance. Over the course of Phase 3 (which can be broken into four subphases, 3a\\-3d) the hillfort was gradually expanded outward. The hillfort initially developed successive [univallate](/wiki/Univallate \"Univallate\") enclosures, eventually developing into a partially trivallate enclosure with the enclosure of a complete Outer ditch and a partial Outermost Ditch. At its largest (in Subphase 3d) the enclosures contained about 1\\.5 hectares (though this doesn't account for space within the enclosure system that was taken up by ramparts or walls). At the end of Phase 3 the ditches were infilled. No domestic structures from Phase 3 have survived.", "#### Phase 4 (295/235 \\- 235/210 BCE)", "It appears hat the settlement expanded outward beyond the inner rampart after the ditches were infilled. Several sections of the infilled ditches show evidence of structures from Phase 4 that had sunk into the infill material as it settled and consolidated. This evidence was preserved best in a stretch of inner dish near the West Entrance, where a series of roundhouses were preserved. More ephemeral evidence was found in other parts of the infilled ditch.", "#### Phase 5 (235/210 \\- 100/60 BCE)", "After the houses from Phase 4 were abandoned the inner ditch at the West Entrance was filled with a series of midden deposits, which likely originated from domestic waste and construction activity taking place in the interior. No structures or artefacts from Phase 5 were found surviving in situ. The process of infilling the ditches continued into Phase 6, as a result it was not always possible to determine which phase a specific deposit belonged to. No domestic structures from Phase 5 survive, though a small inhumation cemetery was established to the north of the hillfort.", "#### Phase 6 (100/60bce \\- 155/210 CE)", "A majority of the surviving structures within the interior of the hillfort are from Phase 6\\. In areas of the interior that were not severely truncated a series of tightly packed stone\\- and timber\\-walled roundhouses were revealed, indicating that the settlement was densely occupied. Several of the structures show evidence of extended periods of occupations and periodic remodelling. The settlement seems to have survived two to three centuries of continuous use into the period of Antonine occupation, if not later. It appeared that in the beginning of Phase 6 a new enclosure bank was constructed along the course of the inner rampart. Though it would not have survived for the entirety of Phase 6, the new enclosure bank was accompanied by a monumental timber entryway. There is evidence for the renewal of the enclosure wall at the South\\-west Entrance.", "#### Phase 7 (420 \\- 540 CE)", "Between Phase 6 and Phase 7 Broxmouth underwent a significant period of abandonment. After this period of abandonment a single inhumation grave (Grave 4\\) was interred in the western part of the interior. It was not possible to determine if this burial was an isolated event, or if Grave 4 was part of a more extensive cemetery in the northern part of the interior that had been destroyed by ploughing.", "### Finds", "Due to nature of the geology at Broxmouth there is a higher rate of survival of animal bones, which don't unusually survive in the region. The presence of these animal bones could provide insights into the Iron Age pastoral economy.", "A large amount of shell, bone, [slag](/wiki/Slag \"Slag\"), small amounts of local pottery and worked bone, stone, and bronze have been recovered. The preservation of such a wide variety of artefacts is unusual for Iron Age Scottish sites, but the [calcareous](/wiki/Calcareous_grassland \"Calcareous grassland\") soils of the area lent themselves to the preservation of a variety of bones (both worked and unworked), pottery, artefacts made of copper alloy, and evidence of ironworking.", "Objects from the latest phase of inhabitation included items of Roman origins, including [Samian ware sherds](/wiki/Terra_sigillata \"Terra sigillata\") and pieces of broken glass bangles (Kilbride\\-Jones types 2 and 3\\).", "Isotopic analysis suggests that the diet of the inhabitants of Broxmouth were predominantly terrestrial with low levels of consumption of marine protein, likely 5\\-10 percent. Substantial middens were revealed during excavation and a large volume of animal bone was preserved, suggesting that community's economy was dominated by the keeping of cattle and sheep. The presence of [querns](/wiki/Quern-stone \"Quern-stone\") also showed that the inhabitants relied on arable crops. Additionally, there is evidence for deep\\-sea fishing, which is unusual for Iron Age Britains.", "Broxmouth is the site of the earliest identified production and use of [steel](/wiki/Steel \"Steel\") in the British Isles. Artefacts made of high carbon steel dating to 490\\-375 BCE were found. These artefacts were poorly preserved, so it is not possible to determine if these items were tools, weapons, or something for a different purpose.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2014\\-01\\-15 \\|title\\=East Lothian's Broxmouth fort reveals edge of steel \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-scotland\\-edinburgh\\-east\\-fife\\-25734877 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-25 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "It is uncertain why Broxmouth hillfort was abandoned. It was likely completely abandoned by 210 CE, possibly as a result of Antonine withdrawal in the 160s and the Severin invasion of 208 CE.", "" ]
### Areas A series of three\-letter codes were used to identify features in the site, such as pots, calls, and hearths. These features were then grouped into "Areas," which generally corresponded to major structural features. While there are flaws in this recording system (likely as a result of the tight excavation timeline, difficult conditions, and complex site), this system allowed a narrative to be constructed about Broxmouth's settlement sequence. There are five areas in total; three are within the enclosure (the southwest entrance, west entrance, and east entrances), one is the site interior, and one is the external cemetery. #### West Entrance area The West Entrance dates back to the original Phase 2 hillfort, but was blocked off and replaced by the South\-west Entrance at the beginning of Phase 3\. The West Entrance area is the area in which the earliest buildings have survived. These buildings were preserved beneath the only significant section of rampart that survived on the site. The partially infilled inner ditch in this area was used in the construction of domestic buildings in Phase 4, and was later filled with midden in Phase 5\. The West Entrance area was the only area in the site that could provided solid evidence that the hillfort was occupied during Phases 4 and 5\. A trench was excavated to the west of the West Entrance, which revealed a series of profiles across all four of the enclosure trenches and provided information essential to understanding Broxmouth's sequence. #### East Entrance area The East Entrance area dates back tot he original Phase 2 hillfort. Unlike the West Entrance, the East Entrance survived and continued to be used until the end of the Iron Age and subsequent abandonment of the site. During the Iron Age the East Entrance may have been considered the most important entrance, as it was the only one of the three entrances to survive and be in continual use through the whole period of settlement. The eastern side of the hill was extremely truncated as a result of modern ploughing, as a result only a handful of cut features survived. Most of the evidence that could be found in this area was found in sections of the enclosure ditches. This section of the excavation provided the clearest and most abundant information on the nature and development of the hillfort's enclosure system. #### South\-west Entrance area The South\-west Entrance area was the best surviving area in Broxmouth in terms of [taphonomy](/wiki/Taphonomy "Taphonomy"). The South\-west Entrance was in use from Phase 3 onward and was located at a natural linear dip in the hillside was used as an entrance to the interior of the hillfort. This dip contributed to the preservation of deposits from ditch infill, a series of deposits that had accumulated on top of the [causeway](/wiki/Causeway "Causeway") near the entryway, and the gateway. The gateway features were well preserved and had survived to a depth of .7m in some places. #### Interior The interior of the hillfort is extremely badly truncated and the archeological deposits in the north and east portions of the interior had been completely removed by ploughing. However, in areas where deposits were able to survive, there was evidence for the presence of multiple roundhouses and associated activity. Several of the roundhouses were semisubterranean and set into the subsoil, which resulted in them being fairly well preserved. The surviving deposits in the interior of the hillfort are almost entirely associated with Phase 6, the final phase of occupation. The inhumations and a deep palisade trench dating to Phase 1 are the only features that survive from earlier phases. #### Cemetery The cemetery was the only area outside of the enclosure system that was excavated. The cemetery dates entirely to Phase 5, but there are also artefacts and features dating to the Middle Neolithic age, prior to the permanent inhabitation of the site. The cemetery at Broxmouth is located directly north of the outer boundary of the hillfort and was in use for about a generation. [Accelerator mass spectrometry](/wiki/Accelerator_mass_spectrometry "Accelerator mass spectrometry") determinations produce a range of dates associated with the remains, ranging from 360 to 200 BCE (Skeleton 13, buried in Grave J) to 200\-40 BCE (Skeleton 5, buried in Grave A). The cemetery would have only been capable of accommodating small portion of the population of the hillfort, and the elaborate nature of some of the graves suggests that the cemetery was reserved for higher status individuals. The Broxmouth cemetery was excavated by Jean Comrie. Unlike the rest of the area at and around the hillfort, the cemetery provides evidence for earlier Neolithic activity. One small pit contained hazelnuts and a few sherds of late Neolithic pottery. Another stone feature from the Neolithic period provided more pottery, [chert](/wiki/Chert "Chert"), and animal bone. These artefacts have been lost since excavation, but it is possible that they represented the remains of a denuded funerary monument. It is possible that the cemetery was sited specifically in relation to this Neolithic funerary site. It is also potentially notable that the cemetery was located to the north of the hillfort, as far from the entrances as possible. The alignment of entrances varies in southeast Scottish hillforts, but north is almost always avoided. It is possible that this reflects the association of north with darkness and death.
[ "### Areas", "A series of three\\-letter codes were used to identify features in the site, such as pots, calls, and hearths. These features were then grouped into \"Areas,\" which generally corresponded to major structural features. While there are flaws in this recording system (likely as a result of the tight excavation timeline, difficult conditions, and complex site), this system allowed a narrative to be constructed about Broxmouth's settlement sequence. There are five areas in total; three are within the enclosure (the southwest entrance, west entrance, and east entrances), one is the site interior, and one is the external cemetery.", "#### West Entrance area", "The West Entrance dates back to the original Phase 2 hillfort, but was blocked off and replaced by the South\\-west Entrance at the beginning of Phase 3\\. The West Entrance area is the area in which the earliest buildings have survived. These buildings were preserved beneath the only significant section of rampart that survived on the site. The partially infilled inner ditch in this area was used in the construction of domestic buildings in Phase 4, and was later filled with midden in Phase 5\\. The West Entrance area was the only area in the site that could provided solid evidence that the hillfort was occupied during Phases 4 and 5\\. A trench was excavated to the west of the West Entrance, which revealed a series of profiles across all four of the enclosure trenches and provided information essential to understanding Broxmouth's sequence.", "#### East Entrance area", "The East Entrance area dates back tot he original Phase 2 hillfort. Unlike the West Entrance, the East Entrance survived and continued to be used until the end of the Iron Age and subsequent abandonment of the site. During the Iron Age the East Entrance may have been considered the most important entrance, as it was the only one of the three entrances to survive and be in continual use through the whole period of settlement. The eastern side of the hill was extremely truncated as a result of modern ploughing, as a result only a handful of cut features survived. Most of the evidence that could be found in this area was found in sections of the enclosure ditches. This section of the excavation provided the clearest and most abundant information on the nature and development of the hillfort's enclosure system.", "#### South\\-west Entrance area", "The South\\-west Entrance area was the best surviving area in Broxmouth in terms of [taphonomy](/wiki/Taphonomy \"Taphonomy\"). The South\\-west Entrance was in use from Phase 3 onward and was located at a natural linear dip in the hillside was used as an entrance to the interior of the hillfort. This dip contributed to the preservation of deposits from ditch infill, a series of deposits that had accumulated on top of the [causeway](/wiki/Causeway \"Causeway\") near the entryway, and the gateway. The gateway features were well preserved and had survived to a depth of .7m in some places.", "#### Interior", "The interior of the hillfort is extremely badly truncated and the archeological deposits in the north and east portions of the interior had been completely removed by ploughing. However, in areas where deposits were able to survive, there was evidence for the presence of multiple roundhouses and associated activity. Several of the roundhouses were semisubterranean and set into the subsoil, which resulted in them being fairly well preserved. The surviving deposits in the interior of the hillfort are almost entirely associated with Phase 6, the final phase of occupation. The inhumations and a deep palisade trench dating to Phase 1 are the only features that survive from earlier phases.", "#### Cemetery", "The cemetery was the only area outside of the enclosure system that was excavated. The cemetery dates entirely to Phase 5, but there are also artefacts and features dating to the Middle Neolithic age, prior to the permanent inhabitation of the site. The cemetery at Broxmouth is located directly north of the outer boundary of the hillfort and was in use for about a generation. [Accelerator mass spectrometry](/wiki/Accelerator_mass_spectrometry \"Accelerator mass spectrometry\") determinations produce a range of dates associated with the remains, ranging from 360 to 200 BCE (Skeleton 13, buried in Grave J) to 200\\-40 BCE (Skeleton 5, buried in Grave A). The cemetery would have only been capable of accommodating small portion of the population of the hillfort, and the elaborate nature of some of the graves suggests that the cemetery was reserved for higher status individuals. The Broxmouth cemetery was excavated by Jean Comrie.", "Unlike the rest of the area at and around the hillfort, the cemetery provides evidence for earlier Neolithic activity. One small pit contained hazelnuts and a few sherds of late Neolithic pottery. Another stone feature from the Neolithic period provided more pottery, [chert](/wiki/Chert \"Chert\"), and animal bone. These artefacts have been lost since excavation, but it is possible that they represented the remains of a denuded funerary monument.", "It is possible that the cemetery was sited specifically in relation to this Neolithic funerary site. It is also potentially notable that the cemetery was located to the north of the hillfort, as far from the entrances as possible. The alignment of entrances varies in southeast Scottish hillforts, but north is almost always avoided. It is possible that this reflects the association of north with darkness and death.", "" ]
### Settlement Sequence Broxmouth hillfort was inhabited for around 1000 years. There is evidence of human activity dating back as far as 3000 BCE, including two flint scatters on the flanks of the hill and a sherd of late [Neolithic pottery](/wiki/British_Neolithic_pottery "British Neolithic pottery") in a small pit in cemetery area. Permanent settlement was established around 600 BCE, when a wooden [stockade](/wiki/Stockade "Stockade") was constructed around the hilltop. Broxmouth was continuously inhabited until 200 CE, the period in which Roman occupation of the area ended. Each generation built on top of what the previous generation had built. The layers of construction allowed the excavation team to identify different stages of construction and occupation. The phasing of Broxmouth was determined using a combination of stratigraphic evidence and accelerator mass spectrometry dating. When Broxmouth was originally excavated accelerator mass spectrometry was not available, to the phasing was developed sing stratigraphic evidence and artefactual and structural typology. As a result, the currently accepted chronology that was published in the 2013 post\-excavation analyses *An Inherited Place: Broxmouth Hillfort and the South\-East Scottish Iron Age* is quite different from original phasing developed by Hill. One of the elements that was most vital to the construction of a chronology for Broxmouth has been a Baysian analysis of the radiocarbon dates, which was possible thanks to the large quantity of established dates and the presence of long stratigraphic chains. This allowed the ranges of potential dates to be constrained and refined and for outliers to be identified. The phasing has been restricted to within the Iron Age due to the limited amount of evidence for earlier activity, which was likely confined to the middle Neolithic period. Within the Iron Age there was no period of significant abandonment besides the period between Phases 6 and 7\. #### Phase 1 (640/570 \- 490/430 BCE) Phase 1 is the earliest era of permanent Iron Age occupation, but this period predates the construction of the hillfort. The earliest surviving element from this period and immediate predecessor to the hillfort was a large, palisaded enclosure with a shallow external ditch. The ditch was infilled at some point in Phase 1\. Immediately outside of the palisade wall, built on top of the infilled ditches, were the remains of two roundhouses and a series of timber\-built structures. There is evidence of early ironworking activity dating to Phase 1\. Additionally, there were two inhumation graves (Graves 1 and 2\) from Phase 1\. Aside from the palisade trench and the graves, deposits associated with Phase 1 only survive beneath later Phase 2 and 3 ramparts in the West Entrance area, which protected the Phase 1 deposits from erosion. Despite the limited survival of deposits and structures, the finds from Phase 1 indicate that Broxmouth may have been a "substantial early Iron Age settlement." #### Phase 2 (490/430 \- 395/375 BCE) The hillfort was constructed at the beginning of Phase 2 in two stages of construction, Phase 2a and Phase 2b. In Phase 2a an inner ditch and rampart was constructed, and in Phase 2b a middle ditch and corresponding rampart was constructed. There were two entrances to the hillfort during Phase 2, one on the eastern side of the hillfort on the western side. The only surviving evidence of entrance features dates to Phase 2b and was near the West Entrance. The entrance feature consisted of a significant length of early rampart material and the remains of an elaborate gateway. The evidence for the Phase 2 ditches was patchy, as the ditches had been almost completely destroyed during the recutting that took place in Phase 3\. No domestic structures survive from Phase 2\. #### Phase 3 (395/375 \- 295/235 BCE) Phase 3 is characterised by a complex sequence of entrance works, which included the construction of a major gateway structure. The enclosure system was significantly reworked at the beginning of Phase 3\. One of the most significant changes was that the West Entrance from Phase 2 was blocked by the newly constructed Phase 3 rampart and the entry causeways from Phase 2 were removed when the ditches were recut. The South\-west Entrance was constructed in this period to replace the West Entrance. Over the course of Phase 3 (which can be broken into four subphases, 3a\-3d) the hillfort was gradually expanded outward. The hillfort initially developed successive [univallate](/wiki/Univallate "Univallate") enclosures, eventually developing into a partially trivallate enclosure with the enclosure of a complete Outer ditch and a partial Outermost Ditch. At its largest (in Subphase 3d) the enclosures contained about 1\.5 hectares (though this doesn't account for space within the enclosure system that was taken up by ramparts or walls). At the end of Phase 3 the ditches were infilled. No domestic structures from Phase 3 have survived. #### Phase 4 (295/235 \- 235/210 BCE) It appears hat the settlement expanded outward beyond the inner rampart after the ditches were infilled. Several sections of the infilled ditches show evidence of structures from Phase 4 that had sunk into the infill material as it settled and consolidated. This evidence was preserved best in a stretch of inner dish near the West Entrance, where a series of roundhouses were preserved. More ephemeral evidence was found in other parts of the infilled ditch. #### Phase 5 (235/210 \- 100/60 BCE) After the houses from Phase 4 were abandoned the inner ditch at the West Entrance was filled with a series of midden deposits, which likely originated from domestic waste and construction activity taking place in the interior. No structures or artefacts from Phase 5 were found surviving in situ. The process of infilling the ditches continued into Phase 6, as a result it was not always possible to determine which phase a specific deposit belonged to. No domestic structures from Phase 5 survive, though a small inhumation cemetery was established to the north of the hillfort. #### Phase 6 (100/60bce \- 155/210 CE) A majority of the surviving structures within the interior of the hillfort are from Phase 6\. In areas of the interior that were not severely truncated a series of tightly packed stone\- and timber\-walled roundhouses were revealed, indicating that the settlement was densely occupied. Several of the structures show evidence of extended periods of occupations and periodic remodelling. The settlement seems to have survived two to three centuries of continuous use into the period of Antonine occupation, if not later. It appeared that in the beginning of Phase 6 a new enclosure bank was constructed along the course of the inner rampart. Though it would not have survived for the entirety of Phase 6, the new enclosure bank was accompanied by a monumental timber entryway. There is evidence for the renewal of the enclosure wall at the South\-west Entrance. #### Phase 7 (420 \- 540 CE) Between Phase 6 and Phase 7 Broxmouth underwent a significant period of abandonment. After this period of abandonment a single inhumation grave (Grave 4\) was interred in the western part of the interior. It was not possible to determine if this burial was an isolated event, or if Grave 4 was part of a more extensive cemetery in the northern part of the interior that had been destroyed by ploughing.
[ "### Settlement Sequence", "Broxmouth hillfort was inhabited for around 1000 years. There is evidence of human activity dating back as far as 3000 BCE, including two flint scatters on the flanks of the hill and a sherd of late [Neolithic pottery](/wiki/British_Neolithic_pottery \"British Neolithic pottery\") in a small pit in cemetery area. Permanent settlement was established around 600 BCE, when a wooden [stockade](/wiki/Stockade \"Stockade\") was constructed around the hilltop. Broxmouth was continuously inhabited until 200 CE, the period in which Roman occupation of the area ended. Each generation built on top of what the previous generation had built. The layers of construction allowed the excavation team to identify different stages of construction and occupation.", "The phasing of Broxmouth was determined using a combination of stratigraphic evidence and accelerator mass spectrometry dating. When Broxmouth was originally excavated accelerator mass spectrometry was not available, to the phasing was developed sing stratigraphic evidence and artefactual and structural typology. As a result, the currently accepted chronology that was published in the 2013 post\\-excavation analyses *An Inherited Place: Broxmouth Hillfort and the South\\-East Scottish Iron Age* is quite different from original phasing developed by Hill. One of the elements that was most vital to the construction of a chronology for Broxmouth has been a Baysian analysis of the radiocarbon dates, which was possible thanks to the large quantity of established dates and the presence of long stratigraphic chains. This allowed the ranges of potential dates to be constrained and refined and for outliers to be identified. The phasing has been restricted to within the Iron Age due to the limited amount of evidence for earlier activity, which was likely confined to the middle Neolithic period. Within the Iron Age there was no period of significant abandonment besides the period between Phases 6 and 7\\.", "#### Phase 1 (640/570 \\- 490/430 BCE)", "Phase 1 is the earliest era of permanent Iron Age occupation, but this period predates the construction of the hillfort. The earliest surviving element from this period and immediate predecessor to the hillfort was a large, palisaded enclosure with a shallow external ditch. The ditch was infilled at some point in Phase 1\\. Immediately outside of the palisade wall, built on top of the infilled ditches, were the remains of two roundhouses and a series of timber\\-built structures. There is evidence of early ironworking activity dating to Phase 1\\. Additionally, there were two inhumation graves (Graves 1 and 2\\) from Phase 1\\. Aside from the palisade trench and the graves, deposits associated with Phase 1 only survive beneath later Phase 2 and 3 ramparts in the West Entrance area, which protected the Phase 1 deposits from erosion. Despite the limited survival of deposits and structures, the finds from Phase 1 indicate that Broxmouth may have been a \"substantial early Iron Age settlement.\"", "#### Phase 2 (490/430 \\- 395/375 BCE)", "The hillfort was constructed at the beginning of Phase 2 in two stages of construction, Phase 2a and Phase 2b. In Phase 2a an inner ditch and rampart was constructed, and in Phase 2b a middle ditch and corresponding rampart was constructed. There were two entrances to the hillfort during Phase 2, one on the eastern side of the hillfort on the western side. The only surviving evidence of entrance features dates to Phase 2b and was near the West Entrance. The entrance feature consisted of a significant length of early rampart material and the remains of an elaborate gateway. The evidence for the Phase 2 ditches was patchy, as the ditches had been almost completely destroyed during the recutting that took place in Phase 3\\. No domestic structures survive from Phase 2\\.", "#### Phase 3 (395/375 \\- 295/235 BCE)", "Phase 3 is characterised by a complex sequence of entrance works, which included the construction of a major gateway structure. The enclosure system was significantly reworked at the beginning of Phase 3\\. One of the most significant changes was that the West Entrance from Phase 2 was blocked by the newly constructed Phase 3 rampart and the entry causeways from Phase 2 were removed when the ditches were recut. The South\\-west Entrance was constructed in this period to replace the West Entrance. Over the course of Phase 3 (which can be broken into four subphases, 3a\\-3d) the hillfort was gradually expanded outward. The hillfort initially developed successive [univallate](/wiki/Univallate \"Univallate\") enclosures, eventually developing into a partially trivallate enclosure with the enclosure of a complete Outer ditch and a partial Outermost Ditch. At its largest (in Subphase 3d) the enclosures contained about 1\\.5 hectares (though this doesn't account for space within the enclosure system that was taken up by ramparts or walls). At the end of Phase 3 the ditches were infilled. No domestic structures from Phase 3 have survived.", "#### Phase 4 (295/235 \\- 235/210 BCE)", "It appears hat the settlement expanded outward beyond the inner rampart after the ditches were infilled. Several sections of the infilled ditches show evidence of structures from Phase 4 that had sunk into the infill material as it settled and consolidated. This evidence was preserved best in a stretch of inner dish near the West Entrance, where a series of roundhouses were preserved. More ephemeral evidence was found in other parts of the infilled ditch.", "#### Phase 5 (235/210 \\- 100/60 BCE)", "After the houses from Phase 4 were abandoned the inner ditch at the West Entrance was filled with a series of midden deposits, which likely originated from domestic waste and construction activity taking place in the interior. No structures or artefacts from Phase 5 were found surviving in situ. The process of infilling the ditches continued into Phase 6, as a result it was not always possible to determine which phase a specific deposit belonged to. No domestic structures from Phase 5 survive, though a small inhumation cemetery was established to the north of the hillfort.", "#### Phase 6 (100/60bce \\- 155/210 CE)", "A majority of the surviving structures within the interior of the hillfort are from Phase 6\\. In areas of the interior that were not severely truncated a series of tightly packed stone\\- and timber\\-walled roundhouses were revealed, indicating that the settlement was densely occupied. Several of the structures show evidence of extended periods of occupations and periodic remodelling. The settlement seems to have survived two to three centuries of continuous use into the period of Antonine occupation, if not later. It appeared that in the beginning of Phase 6 a new enclosure bank was constructed along the course of the inner rampart. Though it would not have survived for the entirety of Phase 6, the new enclosure bank was accompanied by a monumental timber entryway. There is evidence for the renewal of the enclosure wall at the South\\-west Entrance.", "#### Phase 7 (420 \\- 540 CE)", "Between Phase 6 and Phase 7 Broxmouth underwent a significant period of abandonment. After this period of abandonment a single inhumation grave (Grave 4\\) was interred in the western part of the interior. It was not possible to determine if this burial was an isolated event, or if Grave 4 was part of a more extensive cemetery in the northern part of the interior that had been destroyed by ploughing.", "" ]
### Finds Due to nature of the geology at Broxmouth there is a higher rate of survival of animal bones, which don't unusually survive in the region. The presence of these animal bones could provide insights into the Iron Age pastoral economy. A large amount of shell, bone, [slag](/wiki/Slag "Slag"), small amounts of local pottery and worked bone, stone, and bronze have been recovered. The preservation of such a wide variety of artefacts is unusual for Iron Age Scottish sites, but the [calcareous](/wiki/Calcareous_grassland "Calcareous grassland") soils of the area lent themselves to the preservation of a variety of bones (both worked and unworked), pottery, artefacts made of copper alloy, and evidence of ironworking. Objects from the latest phase of inhabitation included items of Roman origins, including [Samian ware sherds](/wiki/Terra_sigillata "Terra sigillata") and pieces of broken glass bangles (Kilbride\-Jones types 2 and 3\). Isotopic analysis suggests that the diet of the inhabitants of Broxmouth were predominantly terrestrial with low levels of consumption of marine protein, likely 5\-10 percent. Substantial middens were revealed during excavation and a large volume of animal bone was preserved, suggesting that community's economy was dominated by the keeping of cattle and sheep. The presence of [querns](/wiki/Quern-stone "Quern-stone") also showed that the inhabitants relied on arable crops. Additionally, there is evidence for deep\-sea fishing, which is unusual for Iron Age Britains. Broxmouth is the site of the earliest identified production and use of [steel](/wiki/Steel "Steel") in the British Isles. Artefacts made of high carbon steel dating to 490\-375 BCE were found. These artefacts were poorly preserved, so it is not possible to determine if these items were tools, weapons, or something for a different purpose.{{Cite news \|date\=2014\-01\-15 \|title\=East Lothian's Broxmouth fort reveals edge of steel \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-scotland\-edinburgh\-east\-fife\-25734877 \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-25 \|work\=BBC News \|language\=en\-GB}} It is uncertain why Broxmouth hillfort was abandoned. It was likely completely abandoned by 210 CE, possibly as a result of Antonine withdrawal in the 160s and the Severin invasion of 208 CE.
[ "### Finds", "Due to nature of the geology at Broxmouth there is a higher rate of survival of animal bones, which don't unusually survive in the region. The presence of these animal bones could provide insights into the Iron Age pastoral economy.", "A large amount of shell, bone, [slag](/wiki/Slag \"Slag\"), small amounts of local pottery and worked bone, stone, and bronze have been recovered. The preservation of such a wide variety of artefacts is unusual for Iron Age Scottish sites, but the [calcareous](/wiki/Calcareous_grassland \"Calcareous grassland\") soils of the area lent themselves to the preservation of a variety of bones (both worked and unworked), pottery, artefacts made of copper alloy, and evidence of ironworking.", "Objects from the latest phase of inhabitation included items of Roman origins, including [Samian ware sherds](/wiki/Terra_sigillata \"Terra sigillata\") and pieces of broken glass bangles (Kilbride\\-Jones types 2 and 3\\).", "Isotopic analysis suggests that the diet of the inhabitants of Broxmouth were predominantly terrestrial with low levels of consumption of marine protein, likely 5\\-10 percent. Substantial middens were revealed during excavation and a large volume of animal bone was preserved, suggesting that community's economy was dominated by the keeping of cattle and sheep. The presence of [querns](/wiki/Quern-stone \"Quern-stone\") also showed that the inhabitants relied on arable crops. Additionally, there is evidence for deep\\-sea fishing, which is unusual for Iron Age Britains.", "Broxmouth is the site of the earliest identified production and use of [steel](/wiki/Steel \"Steel\") in the British Isles. Artefacts made of high carbon steel dating to 490\\-375 BCE were found. These artefacts were poorly preserved, so it is not possible to determine if these items were tools, weapons, or something for a different purpose.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2014\\-01\\-15 \\|title\\=East Lothian's Broxmouth fort reveals edge of steel \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-scotland\\-edinburgh\\-east\\-fife\\-25734877 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-25 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "It is uncertain why Broxmouth hillfort was abandoned. It was likely completely abandoned by 210 CE, possibly as a result of Antonine withdrawal in the 160s and the Severin invasion of 208 CE.", "" ]
Funerary practices at Broxmouth ------------------------------- Evidence of Iron Age funerary practices in Britain is sporadic, especially in terms of formal cemeteries. Broxmouth in particular provides an excellent example of a range of funerary treatments in Iron Age Scotland. The way that human remains were treated "shed\[s] light on complex and changing attitudes to death and the human body in Iron Age Britain." The human remains from Broxmouth can be categorised into three distinct populations: those interred in the formal cemetery outside of the outer boundaries of the hillfort, those interred in isolated graves within the walls of the fort, and the scattered, disarticulated bone fragments found in domestic and midden contexts. The disarticulated fragments in particular show evidence of violent trauma, and isotopic evidence suggests that they may have been the remains of individuals were not local. ### Cemetery When a machine trench was being cut across the northernmost ditch of the hillfort eight single inhumation graves and one double burial were discovered. A wide area was subsequently excavated around the burials, and it seems unlikely that cemetery extended further than was excavated. That being said, the truncation of certain graves, (particularly Graves B and C) suggest that there may have originally been more graves that were entirely destroyed by plouging in the medieval period. Despite the small sample size, the demographics of the cemetery generally reflect to what would be expected of a small burial ground; men and women of various ages. The absence of young children isn't unusual for cemeteries such as the one at Broxmouth. All but one of the graves contain the remains of a single individual, and the only double inhumation contains the remains of a young adult and an older child. Care and effort went into construction of graves, which utilised stone that may have been sourced from decaying ramparts and/or the remains of the late Neolithic monument that the cemetery was centered on. The graves tend to be oval or sub\-rectangular, and where the truncation was least extensive they were up to .7 metres in depth. Most of the walls of the graves were lined thin slabs of stone, though the bases were unlined. Some of the graves were also covered with stone slabs, and in several cases these capstones would not have spanned the entire width of the grave. This indicated that they were possibly laid on top of backfilled grave, though indications of ridging on the cover slabs from Grave G suggest the slabs may have been supported by a wooden framework that no longer survives. One of the capstones and side slabs of Grave J, which houses a young male, were "decorated with an arc of pecked hollows enhancing the natural limpet scars which are visible across the surface of the stone." The stone caps may have been visible in some of the graves given their elaborate construction and lack of intercutting. The absence of grave goods in any of the graves, large monuments, or variation in graves and burials suggest that a relatively egalitarian approach was taken to burial. The remains were generally oriented along the north–south orientation. There was considerable variation in the placements of the skeletons, and there did not appear to be any correlation to the age or sex of the skeletons. All of the bodies were buried in a crouched or flexed position. For the most part, the skeletons are poorly preserved. Around half of them exhibit significant surface damage as a result of root action and water erosion. This ageing makes it difficult to detect more subtle indicators of trauma. Of all of the skeletons who could be assigned a sex after excavation, 4 were male and 6 female. Two of the sets of remains were those of non\-adults; Grave G contained the remains of an adolescent around 12–13 years of age, and Grave G, the double inhumation, contained the remains of a child aged 9–10 years of age alongside a young woman, aged 18–25\. The bones were interwoven, suggesting that they were buried together, but the age gap suggests that they were likely not mother and child. In terms of pathology, Skeleton 12's sagittal suture fused prematurely, a form of [craniosynostosis](/wiki/Craniosynostosis "Craniosynostosis"). A number of skeletons show some dental pathology in form of periodontal disease, dental calculus, and enamel hypoplasia. The lack of evidence for joint disease is unusual, but this may reflect the relatively young ages of death of those interred in the cemetery, or it may simply be a reflection of the poor surface condition of the bones. There is no evidence of pre\-mortem or peri\-mortem trauma on any of the skeletons interred in the cemetery. The [osteoarchaeologist](/wiki/Osteoarchaeological "Osteoarchaeological") who carried out the initial examinations of the remains from the Broxmouth cemetery jokingly described the individuals as "nice ordinary people who didn't get into any sort of trouble" in a letter to Jean Comrie. ### Isolated burials Graves 1\-4 were excavated within the defensive border of the hillfort. Graves 1\-3 each contained the remains of young females. Like the graves in the cemetery, the remains in the isolated burials are oriented north–south or south–north axis. Despite this similarity to the burials in the cemetery, the isolated burials are quite distinct from the individuals interred in the cemetery. Grave 4 contained the remains of a young man. The remains were in the [supine](/wiki/Supine_position "Supine position") position and oriented along the west\-southwest\-east\-northeast axis. The individual buried in Grave 4 died and was buried many centuries after the other isolated burials, and their death appears to date to after the abandonment of the hillfort. #### Grave 1 Grave 1 was located just outside the entrance of one of the houses within the hillfort (House 2\). It was possible to assign a sex to the skeleton, and they were assigned female. Mass spectrometry dates indicate that the individual was buried there several centuries before the house was constructed. The grave survived as shallow scoop with no evidence of any stone lining. The individual was placed in the grave in a "tightly contracted position, unlike the looser crouched or flexed position of those in the cemetery." Ribs on both sides of their body displayed healed fractures, and there is evidence in their bone of a lung infection at the time of death. Additionally, [enamel hypoplasia](/wiki/Enamel_hypoplasia "Enamel hypoplasia") in their teeth indicates that they may have experienced some issues with tooth growth around age four, possibly as result of malnutrition. They likely died between 520 and 390 BCE, which is significantly earlier than the cemetery burials. #### Grave 2 Grave 2 was located in the southern part of the hillfort's interior and contained the remains of an individual who was biologically female and aged 18–25 years of age. The individual was buried in a tightly crouched position and laid face down in grave. The skeleton showed perimortem fractures to their right [radius](/wiki/Radius_%28bone%29 "Radius (bone)") and both hands. This type of injury likely occurred when the individual fell heavily onto their outstretched arms, and this may have been result of accident or of a violent attack. It is likely that these injuries were connected with the individual's death. The skeleton is generally poorly preserved as result of the truncation of the grave. As a result, it is not possible to determine whether these were isolated injuries or part of more extensive skeletal damage. In addition to the injury to their arm and hands, their skeleton shows signs of a slight compression fracture in the fifth lumbar vertebra that may be result of heavy lifting and carrying over extended period. The individual's leg bones are displaced in relation to the rest of their skeleton. This indicated that the grave may have been disturbed at some point after initial decomposition (the face\-down position that the remains were found in may also be a result of this disturbance), or the skeleton may have also been partially disarticulated at time of burial. Like the individual in Grave 1, their teeth show evidence of enamel hypoplasia. Mass spectrometry results indicated that the individual died sometime between 760 and 400 BCE, a similar date range to Grave 1\. Like Skeleton 12 from the cemetery, the individuals buried in Graves 1 and 2 displayed the premature closure of sagittal suture. The presence of three cases with such similarities in such a small sample size is unusual and may suggest genetic link between the individuals from the early Iron Age graves in the hillfort's interior and the later burial in the cemetery. #### Grave 3 Grave 3 was located by the southwest entrance of the hillfort and originated from the period when the hillfort was at the height of its structural complexity. The body was assigned female after examination and was buried in a grave lined with stone slabs that protruded from the roadway that passed through the nearby entrance. The grave seems to have been filled in at some point, which suggests that the burial took place during an episode of resurfacing of the entrance. The position of the grave and the visible stone lining suggest that the grave may have been deliberately visible to those visiting Broxmouth. Like Graves 1 and 2, the individual interred in Grave 3 was buried in a tightly crouched position. They were sixteen to eighteen years of age. The tightness of the burial position suggests that the individual's body may have been bound. A bone point found in the chest region was likely some form of fixing for the binding cloth. The skeleton shows no evidence of violent trauma, but there is evidence of a severe case of cribra orbitali on the roofs of the orbits, which is possibly indicative of some form of anaemia. The lesions show rounded margins, which indicate that healing had occurred. This implies that the individual likely dealt with this condition as child. It is likely that the individual died at some point between 370 and 160 BCE. This is significantly later than the other isolated burials. #### Conclusions about individual graves Because of the isolated nature of these burials and the small sample size, it is difficult to draw general conclusions about the nature of these burials. Even so, the demographic consistency, unusual bodily treatments, the prevalence of atypical pathology are striking, especially when compared to cemetery population. There are a number of possibly explanations for the consistency between the burials in the isolated burials. It is possible that these isolated burials are a result of an earlier burial tradition that was limited to a small sector of the population, but this would not adequately account for the high incidence of pathology. The individuals interred in the isolated burials may have married outside of the community and been returned to their home community after death; this could explain the unusual treatments of bodies. For example, the binding of Skeleton 3 may reflect how the body may have been transported, and the partial disarticulation of Skeleton 2 could reflect the time passing between death and burial. However, this explanation does not explain the prevalence of the pathology in these skeletons. The burials may represent the deliberate interment of low\-status women as sacrifices or foundational offerings, practices which are frequently documented in the ethnographic record. The incidence of pathology and prone burials would reflect potential maltreatment and denigration in life, and would also account account for the injuries of the individual in Grave 2\. These graves may have also been the graves of witches or other feared individuals who were isolated in death. The burial position and pathology could again reflect maltreatment and denigration in life. ### Disarticulated fragments A series of twenty two disarticulated fragments or groups of fragments were found across the Broxmouth. These fragments were found in a wide range of contexts and were from a variety of time periods within the period of occupation of the hillfort. Five of the fragments were found within roundhouses, including two that seem to have been deliberately included in the wall core of House 4\. Most of the rest of the fragments were found in ditch deposits. Generally, the distribution of the fragments reflected the relative volumes of sediment excavated from various parts of the site. There is a notable concentration in the ditch terminals at the southwest entrance of the hillfort during phase three. Thirteen of the twenty two bone fragments are from the cranium or mandibles, and only nine of the fragments are from the post\-cranium. This reflects the now\-recognized bias towards the retention and deposition of skull fragments seen in Iron Age sites across Britain and beyond. A majority of the fragments are from adults. Only two examples, Fragment 7 and Fragment 17, were from the skeletons of younger individuals. A sex could be assigned to only two of the fragments, both were female. The bone fragments are generally poorly preserved and show evidence of abrasion, erosion, and root etching. Additionally, some of the bone fragments show evidence of exposure prior to deposition; For example, Fragment 4 (the right part of a pelvis) shows evidence of exposure to sunlight, which resulted in the bleaching of the surface. For example, Fragment six, a right humerus, displays longitudinal cracking on the shaft of the bone that indicates exposure to sunlight during decomposition. Fragment 6 also shows evidence of being gnawed on by an animal, likely a dog. This indicates that the bones were exposed and that animals had access to the bones during decomposition. Proportionally, there is an exceptionally high rate of evidence of violent trauma. Six of the fragments display perimortem fractures or cutmarks. Though this is a small number, it represents roughly 25% of the samples. The fragments originated from a wide range of dates, which indicated that violent events occurred at multiple points throughout the history of Broxmouth, as opposed to the fragments being associated with a single, concentrated period of violence. The demography of the disarticulated fragments, while extremely limited, is more likely the result of raiding than a battle. One unique instance of perimortem trauma is evident on Fragment 22, the distal left femur of an adult person. Fragment 22 displays perimortem cut mark to the [articular surface](/wiki/Articular_surface "Articular surface"), which would have been difficult to access while the individual was alive. Thus, this may be evidence of deliberate postmortem disarticulation. Fragment 11, a fragment of a rear right parietal bone, was found in an ashy dump deposit in the inner ditch of the hillfort and is also notable for evidence postmortem modification. Fragment 11 displays evidence of a cut edge that occurred after the time of death, indicating that the bone was subjected to deliberate working. This carving seems to have been carried out when the bone was relatively fresh. This fragment may have originally been part of a larger worked bone, as two edges are roughly broken and unworked. The modification of human bone is rare in Iron Age Britain, Broxmouth is not the only example of this practice. Examples from Atlantic Scotland include a perforated cranial fragment found at Cnip wheelhouse on the [Isle of Lewis](/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis "Isle of Lewis"), at the complex roundhouse at Killhead in [Caithness](/wiki/Caithness "Caithness"), and other sites. The fragment from Cnip wheelhouse is dated to the first or second century CE and is most similar to Fragment 11 from Broxmouth. The disarticulated fragments display evidence for range of postmortem practices, including the exposure of human remains, deliberate disarticulation of skeletons, and intentional working of human bone. While the overall number of fragments that were discovered was small, inhabitants of Broxmouth would have still been familiar with the practices associated with the treatment and display of human remains. The practices at Broxmouth are also seen in other parts of Iron Age Britain. The extraordinarily high rate of violent trauma in the disarticulated fragments at Broxmouth reflect very different set of practices from those seen in the cemetery or isolated graves. The levels of violence and isotropic evidence make it seem unlikely that the fragments were stray bones from exposure burial or evidence of the retention on ancestral relics. Instead, it seems more likely that these individuals were outsiders who died violent deaths as a result of raids, human sacrifice, or execution.
[ "Funerary practices at Broxmouth\n-------------------------------", "Evidence of Iron Age funerary practices in Britain is sporadic, especially in terms of formal cemeteries. Broxmouth in particular provides an excellent example of a range of funerary treatments in Iron Age Scotland. The way that human remains were treated \"shed\\[s] light on complex and changing attitudes to death and the human body in Iron Age Britain.\"", "The human remains from Broxmouth can be categorised into three distinct populations: those interred in the formal cemetery outside of the outer boundaries of the hillfort, those interred in isolated graves within the walls of the fort, and the scattered, disarticulated bone fragments found in domestic and midden contexts. The disarticulated fragments in particular show evidence of violent trauma, and isotopic evidence suggests that they may have been the remains of individuals were not local.", "### Cemetery", "When a machine trench was being cut across the northernmost ditch of the hillfort eight single inhumation graves and one double burial were discovered. A wide area was subsequently excavated around the burials, and it seems unlikely that cemetery extended further than was excavated. That being said, the truncation of certain graves, (particularly Graves B and C) suggest that there may have originally been more graves that were entirely destroyed by plouging in the medieval period. Despite the small sample size, the demographics of the cemetery generally reflect to what would be expected of a small burial ground; men and women of various ages. The absence of young children isn't unusual for cemeteries such as the one at Broxmouth. All but one of the graves contain the remains of a single individual, and the only double inhumation contains the remains of a young adult and an older child.", "Care and effort went into construction of graves, which utilised stone that may have been sourced from decaying ramparts and/or the remains of the late Neolithic monument that the cemetery was centered on. The graves tend to be oval or sub\\-rectangular, and where the truncation was least extensive they were up to .7 metres in depth. Most of the walls of the graves were lined thin slabs of stone, though the bases were unlined. Some of the graves were also covered with stone slabs, and in several cases these capstones would not have spanned the entire width of the grave. This indicated that they were possibly laid on top of backfilled grave, though indications of ridging on the cover slabs from Grave G suggest the slabs may have been supported by a wooden framework that no longer survives. One of the capstones and side slabs of Grave J, which houses a young male, were \"decorated with an arc of pecked hollows enhancing the natural limpet scars which are visible across the surface of the stone.\" The stone caps may have been visible in some of the graves given their elaborate construction and lack of intercutting. The absence of grave goods in any of the graves, large monuments, or variation in graves and burials suggest that a relatively egalitarian approach was taken to burial.", "The remains were generally oriented along the north–south orientation. There was considerable variation in the placements of the skeletons, and there did not appear to be any correlation to the age or sex of the skeletons. All of the bodies were buried in a crouched or flexed position. For the most part, the skeletons are poorly preserved. Around half of them exhibit significant surface damage as a result of root action and water erosion. This ageing makes it difficult to detect more subtle indicators of trauma. Of all of the skeletons who could be assigned a sex after excavation, 4 were male and 6 female. Two of the sets of remains were those of non\\-adults; Grave G contained the remains of an adolescent around 12–13 years of age, and Grave G, the double inhumation, contained the remains of a child aged 9–10 years of age alongside a young woman, aged 18–25\\. The bones were interwoven, suggesting that they were buried together, but the age gap suggests that they were likely not mother and child.", "In terms of pathology, Skeleton 12's sagittal suture fused prematurely, a form of [craniosynostosis](/wiki/Craniosynostosis \"Craniosynostosis\"). A number of skeletons show some dental pathology in form of periodontal disease, dental calculus, and enamel hypoplasia. The lack of evidence for joint disease is unusual, but this may reflect the relatively young ages of death of those interred in the cemetery, or it may simply be a reflection of the poor surface condition of the bones. There is no evidence of pre\\-mortem or peri\\-mortem trauma on any of the skeletons interred in the cemetery. The [osteoarchaeologist](/wiki/Osteoarchaeological \"Osteoarchaeological\") who carried out the initial examinations of the remains from the Broxmouth cemetery jokingly described the individuals as \"nice ordinary people who didn't get into any sort of trouble\" in a letter to Jean Comrie.", "### Isolated burials", "Graves 1\\-4 were excavated within the defensive border of the hillfort. Graves 1\\-3 each contained the remains of young females. Like the graves in the cemetery, the remains in the isolated burials are oriented north–south or south–north axis. Despite this similarity to the burials in the cemetery, the isolated burials are quite distinct from the individuals interred in the cemetery. Grave 4 contained the remains of a young man. The remains were in the [supine](/wiki/Supine_position \"Supine position\") position and oriented along the west\\-southwest\\-east\\-northeast axis. The individual buried in Grave 4 died and was buried many centuries after the other isolated burials, and their death appears to date to after the abandonment of the hillfort.", "#### Grave 1", "Grave 1 was located just outside the entrance of one of the houses within the hillfort (House 2\\). It was possible to assign a sex to the skeleton, and they were assigned female. Mass spectrometry dates indicate that the individual was buried there several centuries before the house was constructed. The grave survived as shallow scoop with no evidence of any stone lining. The individual was placed in the grave in a \"tightly contracted position, unlike the looser crouched or flexed position of those in the cemetery.\" Ribs on both sides of their body displayed healed fractures, and there is evidence in their bone of a lung infection at the time of death. Additionally, [enamel hypoplasia](/wiki/Enamel_hypoplasia \"Enamel hypoplasia\") in their teeth indicates that they may have experienced some issues with tooth growth around age four, possibly as result of malnutrition. They likely died between 520 and 390 BCE, which is significantly earlier than the cemetery burials.", "#### Grave 2", "Grave 2 was located in the southern part of the hillfort's interior and contained the remains of an individual who was biologically female and aged 18–25 years of age. The individual was buried in a tightly crouched position and laid face down in grave. The skeleton showed perimortem fractures to their right [radius](/wiki/Radius_%28bone%29 \"Radius (bone)\") and both hands. This type of injury likely occurred when the individual fell heavily onto their outstretched arms, and this may have been result of accident or of a violent attack. It is likely that these injuries were connected with the individual's death. The skeleton is generally poorly preserved as result of the truncation of the grave. As a result, it is not possible to determine whether these were isolated injuries or part of more extensive skeletal damage. In addition to the injury to their arm and hands, their skeleton shows signs of a slight compression fracture in the fifth lumbar vertebra that may be result of heavy lifting and carrying over extended period. The individual's leg bones are displaced in relation to the rest of their skeleton. This indicated that the grave may have been disturbed at some point after initial decomposition (the face\\-down position that the remains were found in may also be a result of this disturbance), or the skeleton may have also been partially disarticulated at time of burial. Like the individual in Grave 1, their teeth show evidence of enamel hypoplasia. Mass spectrometry results indicated that the individual died sometime between 760 and 400 BCE, a similar date range to Grave 1\\.", "Like Skeleton 12 from the cemetery, the individuals buried in Graves 1 and 2 displayed the premature closure of sagittal suture. The presence of three cases with such similarities in such a small sample size is unusual and may suggest genetic link between the individuals from the early Iron Age graves in the hillfort's interior and the later burial in the cemetery.", "#### Grave 3", "Grave 3 was located by the southwest entrance of the hillfort and originated from the period when the hillfort was at the height of its structural complexity. The body was assigned female after examination and was buried in a grave lined with stone slabs that protruded from the roadway that passed through the nearby entrance. The grave seems to have been filled in at some point, which suggests that the burial took place during an episode of resurfacing of the entrance. The position of the grave and the visible stone lining suggest that the grave may have been deliberately visible to those visiting Broxmouth. Like Graves 1 and 2, the individual interred in Grave 3 was buried in a tightly crouched position. They were sixteen to eighteen years of age. The tightness of the burial position suggests that the individual's body may have been bound. A bone point found in the chest region was likely some form of fixing for the binding cloth. The skeleton shows no evidence of violent trauma, but there is evidence of a severe case of cribra orbitali on the roofs of the orbits, which is possibly indicative of some form of anaemia. The lesions show rounded margins, which indicate that healing had occurred. This implies that the individual likely dealt with this condition as child. It is likely that the individual died at some point between 370 and 160 BCE. This is significantly later than the other isolated burials.", "#### Conclusions about individual graves", "Because of the isolated nature of these burials and the small sample size, it is difficult to draw general conclusions about the nature of these burials. Even so, the demographic consistency, unusual bodily treatments, the prevalence of atypical pathology are striking, especially when compared to cemetery population. There are a number of possibly explanations for the consistency between the burials in the isolated burials. It is possible that these isolated burials are a result of an earlier burial tradition that was limited to a small sector of the population, but this would not adequately account for the high incidence of pathology. The individuals interred in the isolated burials may have married outside of the community and been returned to their home community after death; this could explain the unusual treatments of bodies. For example, the binding of Skeleton 3 may reflect how the body may have been transported, and the partial disarticulation of Skeleton 2 could reflect the time passing between death and burial. However, this explanation does not explain the prevalence of the pathology in these skeletons. The burials may represent the deliberate interment of low\\-status women as sacrifices or foundational offerings, practices which are frequently documented in the ethnographic record. The incidence of pathology and prone burials would reflect potential maltreatment and denigration in life, and would also account account for the injuries of the individual in Grave 2\\. These graves may have also been the graves of witches or other feared individuals who were isolated in death. The burial position and pathology could again reflect maltreatment and denigration in life.", "### Disarticulated fragments", "A series of twenty two disarticulated fragments or groups of fragments were found across the Broxmouth. These fragments were found in a wide range of contexts and were from a variety of time periods within the period of occupation of the hillfort. Five of the fragments were found within roundhouses, including two that seem to have been deliberately included in the wall core of House 4\\. Most of the rest of the fragments were found in ditch deposits. Generally, the distribution of the fragments reflected the relative volumes of sediment excavated from various parts of the site. There is a notable concentration in the ditch terminals at the southwest entrance of the hillfort during phase three. Thirteen of the twenty two bone fragments are from the cranium or mandibles, and only nine of the fragments are from the post\\-cranium. This reflects the now\\-recognized bias towards the retention and deposition of skull fragments seen in Iron Age sites across Britain and beyond. A majority of the fragments are from adults. Only two examples, Fragment 7 and Fragment 17, were from the skeletons of younger individuals. A sex could be assigned to only two of the fragments, both were female.", "The bone fragments are generally poorly preserved and show evidence of abrasion, erosion, and root etching. Additionally, some of the bone fragments show evidence of exposure prior to deposition; For example, Fragment 4 (the right part of a pelvis) shows evidence of exposure to sunlight, which resulted in the bleaching of the surface. For example, Fragment six, a right humerus, displays longitudinal cracking on the shaft of the bone that indicates exposure to sunlight during decomposition. Fragment 6 also shows evidence of being gnawed on by an animal, likely a dog. This indicates that the bones were exposed and that animals had access to the bones during decomposition.", "Proportionally, there is an exceptionally high rate of evidence of violent trauma. Six of the fragments display perimortem fractures or cutmarks. Though this is a small number, it represents roughly 25% of the samples. The fragments originated from a wide range of dates, which indicated that violent events occurred at multiple points throughout the history of Broxmouth, as opposed to the fragments being associated with a single, concentrated period of violence. The demography of the disarticulated fragments, while extremely limited, is more likely the result of raiding than a battle.", "One unique instance of perimortem trauma is evident on Fragment 22, the distal left femur of an adult person. Fragment 22 displays perimortem cut mark to the [articular surface](/wiki/Articular_surface \"Articular surface\"), which would have been difficult to access while the individual was alive. Thus, this may be evidence of deliberate postmortem disarticulation. Fragment 11, a fragment of a rear right parietal bone, was found in an ashy dump deposit in the inner ditch of the hillfort and is also notable for evidence postmortem modification. Fragment 11 displays evidence of a cut edge that occurred after the time of death, indicating that the bone was subjected to deliberate working. This carving seems to have been carried out when the bone was relatively fresh. This fragment may have originally been part of a larger worked bone, as two edges are roughly broken and unworked. The modification of human bone is rare in Iron Age Britain, Broxmouth is not the only example of this practice. Examples from Atlantic Scotland include a perforated cranial fragment found at Cnip wheelhouse on the [Isle of Lewis](/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis \"Isle of Lewis\"), at the complex roundhouse at Killhead in [Caithness](/wiki/Caithness \"Caithness\"), and other sites. The fragment from Cnip wheelhouse is dated to the first or second century CE and is most similar to Fragment 11 from Broxmouth.", "The disarticulated fragments display evidence for range of postmortem practices, including the exposure of human remains, deliberate disarticulation of skeletons, and intentional working of human bone. While the overall number of fragments that were discovered was small, inhabitants of Broxmouth would have still been familiar with the practices associated with the treatment and display of human remains. The practices at Broxmouth are also seen in other parts of Iron Age Britain.", "The extraordinarily high rate of violent trauma in the disarticulated fragments at Broxmouth reflect very different set of practices from those seen in the cemetery or isolated graves. The levels of violence and isotropic evidence make it seem unlikely that the fragments were stray bones from exposure burial or evidence of the retention on ancestral relics. Instead, it seems more likely that these individuals were outsiders who died violent deaths as a result of raids, human sacrifice, or execution.", "" ]
### Isolated burials Graves 1\-4 were excavated within the defensive border of the hillfort. Graves 1\-3 each contained the remains of young females. Like the graves in the cemetery, the remains in the isolated burials are oriented north–south or south–north axis. Despite this similarity to the burials in the cemetery, the isolated burials are quite distinct from the individuals interred in the cemetery. Grave 4 contained the remains of a young man. The remains were in the [supine](/wiki/Supine_position "Supine position") position and oriented along the west\-southwest\-east\-northeast axis. The individual buried in Grave 4 died and was buried many centuries after the other isolated burials, and their death appears to date to after the abandonment of the hillfort. #### Grave 1 Grave 1 was located just outside the entrance of one of the houses within the hillfort (House 2\). It was possible to assign a sex to the skeleton, and they were assigned female. Mass spectrometry dates indicate that the individual was buried there several centuries before the house was constructed. The grave survived as shallow scoop with no evidence of any stone lining. The individual was placed in the grave in a "tightly contracted position, unlike the looser crouched or flexed position of those in the cemetery." Ribs on both sides of their body displayed healed fractures, and there is evidence in their bone of a lung infection at the time of death. Additionally, [enamel hypoplasia](/wiki/Enamel_hypoplasia "Enamel hypoplasia") in their teeth indicates that they may have experienced some issues with tooth growth around age four, possibly as result of malnutrition. They likely died between 520 and 390 BCE, which is significantly earlier than the cemetery burials. #### Grave 2 Grave 2 was located in the southern part of the hillfort's interior and contained the remains of an individual who was biologically female and aged 18–25 years of age. The individual was buried in a tightly crouched position and laid face down in grave. The skeleton showed perimortem fractures to their right [radius](/wiki/Radius_%28bone%29 "Radius (bone)") and both hands. This type of injury likely occurred when the individual fell heavily onto their outstretched arms, and this may have been result of accident or of a violent attack. It is likely that these injuries were connected with the individual's death. The skeleton is generally poorly preserved as result of the truncation of the grave. As a result, it is not possible to determine whether these were isolated injuries or part of more extensive skeletal damage. In addition to the injury to their arm and hands, their skeleton shows signs of a slight compression fracture in the fifth lumbar vertebra that may be result of heavy lifting and carrying over extended period. The individual's leg bones are displaced in relation to the rest of their skeleton. This indicated that the grave may have been disturbed at some point after initial decomposition (the face\-down position that the remains were found in may also be a result of this disturbance), or the skeleton may have also been partially disarticulated at time of burial. Like the individual in Grave 1, their teeth show evidence of enamel hypoplasia. Mass spectrometry results indicated that the individual died sometime between 760 and 400 BCE, a similar date range to Grave 1\. Like Skeleton 12 from the cemetery, the individuals buried in Graves 1 and 2 displayed the premature closure of sagittal suture. The presence of three cases with such similarities in such a small sample size is unusual and may suggest genetic link between the individuals from the early Iron Age graves in the hillfort's interior and the later burial in the cemetery. #### Grave 3 Grave 3 was located by the southwest entrance of the hillfort and originated from the period when the hillfort was at the height of its structural complexity. The body was assigned female after examination and was buried in a grave lined with stone slabs that protruded from the roadway that passed through the nearby entrance. The grave seems to have been filled in at some point, which suggests that the burial took place during an episode of resurfacing of the entrance. The position of the grave and the visible stone lining suggest that the grave may have been deliberately visible to those visiting Broxmouth. Like Graves 1 and 2, the individual interred in Grave 3 was buried in a tightly crouched position. They were sixteen to eighteen years of age. The tightness of the burial position suggests that the individual's body may have been bound. A bone point found in the chest region was likely some form of fixing for the binding cloth. The skeleton shows no evidence of violent trauma, but there is evidence of a severe case of cribra orbitali on the roofs of the orbits, which is possibly indicative of some form of anaemia. The lesions show rounded margins, which indicate that healing had occurred. This implies that the individual likely dealt with this condition as child. It is likely that the individual died at some point between 370 and 160 BCE. This is significantly later than the other isolated burials. #### Conclusions about individual graves Because of the isolated nature of these burials and the small sample size, it is difficult to draw general conclusions about the nature of these burials. Even so, the demographic consistency, unusual bodily treatments, the prevalence of atypical pathology are striking, especially when compared to cemetery population. There are a number of possibly explanations for the consistency between the burials in the isolated burials. It is possible that these isolated burials are a result of an earlier burial tradition that was limited to a small sector of the population, but this would not adequately account for the high incidence of pathology. The individuals interred in the isolated burials may have married outside of the community and been returned to their home community after death; this could explain the unusual treatments of bodies. For example, the binding of Skeleton 3 may reflect how the body may have been transported, and the partial disarticulation of Skeleton 2 could reflect the time passing between death and burial. However, this explanation does not explain the prevalence of the pathology in these skeletons. The burials may represent the deliberate interment of low\-status women as sacrifices or foundational offerings, practices which are frequently documented in the ethnographic record. The incidence of pathology and prone burials would reflect potential maltreatment and denigration in life, and would also account account for the injuries of the individual in Grave 2\. These graves may have also been the graves of witches or other feared individuals who were isolated in death. The burial position and pathology could again reflect maltreatment and denigration in life.
[ "### Isolated burials", "Graves 1\\-4 were excavated within the defensive border of the hillfort. Graves 1\\-3 each contained the remains of young females. Like the graves in the cemetery, the remains in the isolated burials are oriented north–south or south–north axis. Despite this similarity to the burials in the cemetery, the isolated burials are quite distinct from the individuals interred in the cemetery. Grave 4 contained the remains of a young man. The remains were in the [supine](/wiki/Supine_position \"Supine position\") position and oriented along the west\\-southwest\\-east\\-northeast axis. The individual buried in Grave 4 died and was buried many centuries after the other isolated burials, and their death appears to date to after the abandonment of the hillfort.", "#### Grave 1", "Grave 1 was located just outside the entrance of one of the houses within the hillfort (House 2\\). It was possible to assign a sex to the skeleton, and they were assigned female. Mass spectrometry dates indicate that the individual was buried there several centuries before the house was constructed. The grave survived as shallow scoop with no evidence of any stone lining. The individual was placed in the grave in a \"tightly contracted position, unlike the looser crouched or flexed position of those in the cemetery.\" Ribs on both sides of their body displayed healed fractures, and there is evidence in their bone of a lung infection at the time of death. Additionally, [enamel hypoplasia](/wiki/Enamel_hypoplasia \"Enamel hypoplasia\") in their teeth indicates that they may have experienced some issues with tooth growth around age four, possibly as result of malnutrition. They likely died between 520 and 390 BCE, which is significantly earlier than the cemetery burials.", "#### Grave 2", "Grave 2 was located in the southern part of the hillfort's interior and contained the remains of an individual who was biologically female and aged 18–25 years of age. The individual was buried in a tightly crouched position and laid face down in grave. The skeleton showed perimortem fractures to their right [radius](/wiki/Radius_%28bone%29 \"Radius (bone)\") and both hands. This type of injury likely occurred when the individual fell heavily onto their outstretched arms, and this may have been result of accident or of a violent attack. It is likely that these injuries were connected with the individual's death. The skeleton is generally poorly preserved as result of the truncation of the grave. As a result, it is not possible to determine whether these were isolated injuries or part of more extensive skeletal damage. In addition to the injury to their arm and hands, their skeleton shows signs of a slight compression fracture in the fifth lumbar vertebra that may be result of heavy lifting and carrying over extended period. The individual's leg bones are displaced in relation to the rest of their skeleton. This indicated that the grave may have been disturbed at some point after initial decomposition (the face\\-down position that the remains were found in may also be a result of this disturbance), or the skeleton may have also been partially disarticulated at time of burial. Like the individual in Grave 1, their teeth show evidence of enamel hypoplasia. Mass spectrometry results indicated that the individual died sometime between 760 and 400 BCE, a similar date range to Grave 1\\.", "Like Skeleton 12 from the cemetery, the individuals buried in Graves 1 and 2 displayed the premature closure of sagittal suture. The presence of three cases with such similarities in such a small sample size is unusual and may suggest genetic link between the individuals from the early Iron Age graves in the hillfort's interior and the later burial in the cemetery.", "#### Grave 3", "Grave 3 was located by the southwest entrance of the hillfort and originated from the period when the hillfort was at the height of its structural complexity. The body was assigned female after examination and was buried in a grave lined with stone slabs that protruded from the roadway that passed through the nearby entrance. The grave seems to have been filled in at some point, which suggests that the burial took place during an episode of resurfacing of the entrance. The position of the grave and the visible stone lining suggest that the grave may have been deliberately visible to those visiting Broxmouth. Like Graves 1 and 2, the individual interred in Grave 3 was buried in a tightly crouched position. They were sixteen to eighteen years of age. The tightness of the burial position suggests that the individual's body may have been bound. A bone point found in the chest region was likely some form of fixing for the binding cloth. The skeleton shows no evidence of violent trauma, but there is evidence of a severe case of cribra orbitali on the roofs of the orbits, which is possibly indicative of some form of anaemia. The lesions show rounded margins, which indicate that healing had occurred. This implies that the individual likely dealt with this condition as child. It is likely that the individual died at some point between 370 and 160 BCE. This is significantly later than the other isolated burials.", "#### Conclusions about individual graves", "Because of the isolated nature of these burials and the small sample size, it is difficult to draw general conclusions about the nature of these burials. Even so, the demographic consistency, unusual bodily treatments, the prevalence of atypical pathology are striking, especially when compared to cemetery population. There are a number of possibly explanations for the consistency between the burials in the isolated burials. It is possible that these isolated burials are a result of an earlier burial tradition that was limited to a small sector of the population, but this would not adequately account for the high incidence of pathology. The individuals interred in the isolated burials may have married outside of the community and been returned to their home community after death; this could explain the unusual treatments of bodies. For example, the binding of Skeleton 3 may reflect how the body may have been transported, and the partial disarticulation of Skeleton 2 could reflect the time passing between death and burial. However, this explanation does not explain the prevalence of the pathology in these skeletons. The burials may represent the deliberate interment of low\\-status women as sacrifices or foundational offerings, practices which are frequently documented in the ethnographic record. The incidence of pathology and prone burials would reflect potential maltreatment and denigration in life, and would also account account for the injuries of the individual in Grave 2\\. These graves may have also been the graves of witches or other feared individuals who were isolated in death. The burial position and pathology could again reflect maltreatment and denigration in life.", "" ]
### Disarticulated fragments A series of twenty two disarticulated fragments or groups of fragments were found across the Broxmouth. These fragments were found in a wide range of contexts and were from a variety of time periods within the period of occupation of the hillfort. Five of the fragments were found within roundhouses, including two that seem to have been deliberately included in the wall core of House 4\. Most of the rest of the fragments were found in ditch deposits. Generally, the distribution of the fragments reflected the relative volumes of sediment excavated from various parts of the site. There is a notable concentration in the ditch terminals at the southwest entrance of the hillfort during phase three. Thirteen of the twenty two bone fragments are from the cranium or mandibles, and only nine of the fragments are from the post\-cranium. This reflects the now\-recognized bias towards the retention and deposition of skull fragments seen in Iron Age sites across Britain and beyond. A majority of the fragments are from adults. Only two examples, Fragment 7 and Fragment 17, were from the skeletons of younger individuals. A sex could be assigned to only two of the fragments, both were female. The bone fragments are generally poorly preserved and show evidence of abrasion, erosion, and root etching. Additionally, some of the bone fragments show evidence of exposure prior to deposition; For example, Fragment 4 (the right part of a pelvis) shows evidence of exposure to sunlight, which resulted in the bleaching of the surface. For example, Fragment six, a right humerus, displays longitudinal cracking on the shaft of the bone that indicates exposure to sunlight during decomposition. Fragment 6 also shows evidence of being gnawed on by an animal, likely a dog. This indicates that the bones were exposed and that animals had access to the bones during decomposition. Proportionally, there is an exceptionally high rate of evidence of violent trauma. Six of the fragments display perimortem fractures or cutmarks. Though this is a small number, it represents roughly 25% of the samples. The fragments originated from a wide range of dates, which indicated that violent events occurred at multiple points throughout the history of Broxmouth, as opposed to the fragments being associated with a single, concentrated period of violence. The demography of the disarticulated fragments, while extremely limited, is more likely the result of raiding than a battle. One unique instance of perimortem trauma is evident on Fragment 22, the distal left femur of an adult person. Fragment 22 displays perimortem cut mark to the [articular surface](/wiki/Articular_surface "Articular surface"), which would have been difficult to access while the individual was alive. Thus, this may be evidence of deliberate postmortem disarticulation. Fragment 11, a fragment of a rear right parietal bone, was found in an ashy dump deposit in the inner ditch of the hillfort and is also notable for evidence postmortem modification. Fragment 11 displays evidence of a cut edge that occurred after the time of death, indicating that the bone was subjected to deliberate working. This carving seems to have been carried out when the bone was relatively fresh. This fragment may have originally been part of a larger worked bone, as two edges are roughly broken and unworked. The modification of human bone is rare in Iron Age Britain, Broxmouth is not the only example of this practice. Examples from Atlantic Scotland include a perforated cranial fragment found at Cnip wheelhouse on the [Isle of Lewis](/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis "Isle of Lewis"), at the complex roundhouse at Killhead in [Caithness](/wiki/Caithness "Caithness"), and other sites. The fragment from Cnip wheelhouse is dated to the first or second century CE and is most similar to Fragment 11 from Broxmouth. The disarticulated fragments display evidence for range of postmortem practices, including the exposure of human remains, deliberate disarticulation of skeletons, and intentional working of human bone. While the overall number of fragments that were discovered was small, inhabitants of Broxmouth would have still been familiar with the practices associated with the treatment and display of human remains. The practices at Broxmouth are also seen in other parts of Iron Age Britain. The extraordinarily high rate of violent trauma in the disarticulated fragments at Broxmouth reflect very different set of practices from those seen in the cemetery or isolated graves. The levels of violence and isotropic evidence make it seem unlikely that the fragments were stray bones from exposure burial or evidence of the retention on ancestral relics. Instead, it seems more likely that these individuals were outsiders who died violent deaths as a result of raids, human sacrifice, or execution.
[ "### Disarticulated fragments", "A series of twenty two disarticulated fragments or groups of fragments were found across the Broxmouth. These fragments were found in a wide range of contexts and were from a variety of time periods within the period of occupation of the hillfort. Five of the fragments were found within roundhouses, including two that seem to have been deliberately included in the wall core of House 4\\. Most of the rest of the fragments were found in ditch deposits. Generally, the distribution of the fragments reflected the relative volumes of sediment excavated from various parts of the site. There is a notable concentration in the ditch terminals at the southwest entrance of the hillfort during phase three. Thirteen of the twenty two bone fragments are from the cranium or mandibles, and only nine of the fragments are from the post\\-cranium. This reflects the now\\-recognized bias towards the retention and deposition of skull fragments seen in Iron Age sites across Britain and beyond. A majority of the fragments are from adults. Only two examples, Fragment 7 and Fragment 17, were from the skeletons of younger individuals. A sex could be assigned to only two of the fragments, both were female.", "The bone fragments are generally poorly preserved and show evidence of abrasion, erosion, and root etching. Additionally, some of the bone fragments show evidence of exposure prior to deposition; For example, Fragment 4 (the right part of a pelvis) shows evidence of exposure to sunlight, which resulted in the bleaching of the surface. For example, Fragment six, a right humerus, displays longitudinal cracking on the shaft of the bone that indicates exposure to sunlight during decomposition. Fragment 6 also shows evidence of being gnawed on by an animal, likely a dog. This indicates that the bones were exposed and that animals had access to the bones during decomposition.", "Proportionally, there is an exceptionally high rate of evidence of violent trauma. Six of the fragments display perimortem fractures or cutmarks. Though this is a small number, it represents roughly 25% of the samples. The fragments originated from a wide range of dates, which indicated that violent events occurred at multiple points throughout the history of Broxmouth, as opposed to the fragments being associated with a single, concentrated period of violence. The demography of the disarticulated fragments, while extremely limited, is more likely the result of raiding than a battle.", "One unique instance of perimortem trauma is evident on Fragment 22, the distal left femur of an adult person. Fragment 22 displays perimortem cut mark to the [articular surface](/wiki/Articular_surface \"Articular surface\"), which would have been difficult to access while the individual was alive. Thus, this may be evidence of deliberate postmortem disarticulation. Fragment 11, a fragment of a rear right parietal bone, was found in an ashy dump deposit in the inner ditch of the hillfort and is also notable for evidence postmortem modification. Fragment 11 displays evidence of a cut edge that occurred after the time of death, indicating that the bone was subjected to deliberate working. This carving seems to have been carried out when the bone was relatively fresh. This fragment may have originally been part of a larger worked bone, as two edges are roughly broken and unworked. The modification of human bone is rare in Iron Age Britain, Broxmouth is not the only example of this practice. Examples from Atlantic Scotland include a perforated cranial fragment found at Cnip wheelhouse on the [Isle of Lewis](/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis \"Isle of Lewis\"), at the complex roundhouse at Killhead in [Caithness](/wiki/Caithness \"Caithness\"), and other sites. The fragment from Cnip wheelhouse is dated to the first or second century CE and is most similar to Fragment 11 from Broxmouth.", "The disarticulated fragments display evidence for range of postmortem practices, including the exposure of human remains, deliberate disarticulation of skeletons, and intentional working of human bone. While the overall number of fragments that were discovered was small, inhabitants of Broxmouth would have still been familiar with the practices associated with the treatment and display of human remains. The practices at Broxmouth are also seen in other parts of Iron Age Britain.", "The extraordinarily high rate of violent trauma in the disarticulated fragments at Broxmouth reflect very different set of practices from those seen in the cemetery or isolated graves. The levels of violence and isotropic evidence make it seem unlikely that the fragments were stray bones from exposure burial or evidence of the retention on ancestral relics. Instead, it seems more likely that these individuals were outsiders who died violent deaths as a result of raids, human sacrifice, or execution.", "" ]
History ------- ### Adverts {{As of\|2020\|11}}, the *Diet Coke Break* campaign has included six television adverts. #### *Diet Coke Break* (1994\) The original *Diet Coke Break* advert was produced by [Lowe \& Partners](/wiki/Lowe_%26_Partners "Lowe & Partners")/SMS on a $70{{nbsp}}million account, and was one of seven television commercials to carry Diet Coke's new "This is refreshment" theme. The advert was directed by [Jeremiah Chechik](/wiki/Jeremiah_Chechik "Jeremiah Chechik") and written by [Lee Garfinkel](/wiki/Lee_Garfinkel "Lee Garfinkel"), and premiered on US television in 1994\. *Diet Coke Break* depicts a group of women working in an office in a skyscraper. At 11:30{{nbsp}}a.m., they excitedly call each other over to a window, to watch a handsome construction worker (Vanous) as he takes his "Diet Coke break". The construction worker removes his shirt and drinks a can of Diet Coke as the women ogle him. The advert is soundtracked by "I Just Want to Make Love to You" by [Etta James](/wiki/Etta_James "Etta James"). The advert became a success, leading to Target Based Marketing in [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas "Dallas") producing a *Diet Coke Break* [screensaver](/wiki/Screensaver "Screensaver"), of which The Coca\-Cola Company distributed 33,000 copies to computer users through both direct mail and a promotion with 134 radio stations. #### *Magazine* (1995\) Despite not initially planning for a sequel, Coca\-Cola launched a second *Diet Coke Break* advert in June the following year. The commercial, *Magazine*, saw Vanous return to his role as the Diet Coke hunk – he portrayed a model brought to life from the pages of a fashion magazine by a woman drinking a Diet Coke. The advert was created by the Toronto office of [McCann\-Erickson Worldwide](/wiki/McCann-Erickson_Worldwide "McCann-Erickson Worldwide"). #### *11\.30 Appointment* (1997\) The campaign returned two years later in 1997 with two new commercials. The first of these was titled *11\.30 Appointment*, and starred the actor Robert Merrill. The sequence features a group of women arriving at the reception area of an office building, each one for their "11:30 appointment", then sitting in a room with a large window. At 11:30{{nbsp}}a.m., an attractive shirtless window cleaner (Merrill) is lifted in a suspended platform past the window while drinking a can of Diet Coke. The women gaze at him longingly, with one (Nancy Meyer) remarking: "No wonder it's so hard to get an appointment here." Speaking about being cast in the advert, Merrill described it as "the job that everybody wanted". #### *Dispenser* (1997\) [thumb\|upright\|[Paul Johansson](/wiki/Paul_Johansson "Paul Johansson") starred in *Dispenser*, the fourth *Diet Coke Break* advert.\|alt\=Head\-and\-shoulders color photograph of Paul Johansson in Qatar in 2009](/wiki/File:Paul_Johansson_at_Camp_As_Sayliyah%2C_Qatar.jpg "Paul Johansson at Camp As Sayliyah, Qatar.jpg") The fourth *Diet Coke Break* advert, *Dispenser*, premiered in the US during the [69th Academy Awards](/wiki/69th_Academy_Awards "69th Academy Awards") on March 24, 1997, the same year as *11\.30 Appointment*. As with the previous two commercials, it is set in an office with a female workforce. At exactly 11:30{{nbsp}}a.m., a handsome delivery man ([Paul Johansson](/wiki/Paul_Johansson "Paul Johansson")) carrying two cases of Diet Coke exits an elevator on the women's floor. As the women stare at him, he places the cases down then takes a drink from one of the cans. *Dispenser* was created by the [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") office of the [Leo Burnett Company](/wiki/Leo_Burnett_Company "Leo Burnett Company"), and had already been introduced into the French and Spanish markets by the time it was released in the US. The advert received a UK release the following month. *Dispenser* became the first *Diet Coke Break* advert in which the man kept his shirt on. #### *Lift* (2007\) After *Dispenser*, *Diet Coke Break* commercials went into hiatus for ten years. Following the UK release of [Coke Zero](/wiki/Coke_Zero "Coke Zero") in 2006—which was deliberately being marketed at men—the campaign returned with a new advert, *Lift*, to repromote Diet Coke towards the brand's female consumers. An international search to find a new "hunk" began in 2006\. Francois Xavier—an economics graduate from [Lille](/wiki/Lille "Lille")—was subsequently cast to star in the advert. It was directed by Joe Roman and filmed in Buenos Aires, and formed part of a wider campaign created by the advertising agency [Vallance Carruthers Coleman Priest](/wiki/Vallance_Carruthers_Coleman_Priest "Vallance Carruthers Coleman Priest"), which included billboards, online and press advertising. *Lift* follows three women working in an office. Each carrying a can of Diet Coke, they enter an elevator and intentionally press the emergency call button. A technician (Xavier) sees the women on a CCTV monitor, and leaves his post to free them from the elevator. After descending from an emergency hatch in the ceiling, he releases the three women, who return to their desks. As with earlier *Diet Coke Break* adverts, *Lift* was soundtracked by "I Just Want to Make Love to You" – however, rather than James's original version, a new recording by [Jocelyn Brown](/wiki/Jocelyn_Brown "Jocelyn Brown") was used instead. The commercial premiered on British channel [Five Life](/wiki/Five_Life "Five Life") on January 22, 2007\. #### *Gardener* (2013\) To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Diet Coke's launch in Europe, the *Diet Coke Break* campaign returned in 2013 with a sixth and, {{as of\|2020\|lc\=y}}, final advert, titled *Gardener*. In the commercial, a group of women are sitting in a park drinking Diet Coke and watching an attractive gardener ([Andrew Cooper](/wiki/Andrew_Cooper_%28actor%29 "Andrew Cooper (actor)")) as he mows the grass. One woman rolls a can of Diet Coke to him, which hits his lawnmower. She gestures to him to drink from the can, which fizzes the soda all over him when he opens it. The women laugh at the gardener, at which he removes his T\-shirt, revealing his muscular torso underneath. As the women gape at him in disbelief, the gardener walks away with a smile on his face. Unlike *Lift*, James's version of "I Just Want to Make Love to You" returned as the advert's soundtrack. *Gardener* was created by advertising agency [BETC London](/wiki/BETC_London "BETC London"), and ran in more than 10 countries across Europe. It was written by Neil Dawson and Clive Pickering, and was directed by [Rocky Morton](/wiki/Rocky_Morton "Rocky Morton"). A teaser for the advert was uploaded to Diet Coke's official Facebook page at 11:30 a.m. on January 28, 2013 – it was subsequently shared online more than 41,500 times. Once released onto television, the commercial became the most popular piece of advertising that Diet Coke had produced for 20 years, and was the first non\-US made Coca\-Cola advert to be shown during the [Oscars](/wiki/Oscars "Oscars"). ### Retirement By 2015 it was perceived that the *Diet Coke Break* campaign did not "represent the values of modern confident women", and the adverts were retired. In their place, a new campaign was launched encouraging women to "regret nothing". Promoting this new campaign, Bobby Brittain, the marketing strategy and activation director of Coca\-Cola Great Britain, described the *Diet Coke Break* adverts as "much loved". Matthew Charlton, CEO of creative agency Brothers \& Sisters, called the campaign "one of the most famous global advertising ideas ever created and a genuine creative franchise".
[ "History\n-------", "### Adverts", "{{As of\\|2020\\|11}}, the *Diet Coke Break* campaign has included six television adverts.", "#### *Diet Coke Break* (1994\\)", "The original *Diet Coke Break* advert was produced by [Lowe \\& Partners](/wiki/Lowe_%26_Partners \"Lowe & Partners\")/SMS on a $70{{nbsp}}million account, and was one of seven television commercials to carry Diet Coke's new \"This is refreshment\" theme. The advert was directed by [Jeremiah Chechik](/wiki/Jeremiah_Chechik \"Jeremiah Chechik\") and written by [Lee Garfinkel](/wiki/Lee_Garfinkel \"Lee Garfinkel\"), and premiered on US television in 1994\\. *Diet Coke Break* depicts a group of women working in an office in a skyscraper. At 11:30{{nbsp}}a.m., they excitedly call each other over to a window, to watch a handsome construction worker (Vanous) as he takes his \"Diet Coke break\". The construction worker removes his shirt and drinks a can of Diet Coke as the women ogle him. The advert is soundtracked by \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\" by [Etta James](/wiki/Etta_James \"Etta James\").", "The advert became a success, leading to Target Based Marketing in [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas \"Dallas\") producing a *Diet Coke Break* [screensaver](/wiki/Screensaver \"Screensaver\"), of which The Coca\\-Cola Company distributed 33,000 copies to computer users through both direct mail and a promotion with 134 radio stations.", "#### *Magazine* (1995\\)", "Despite not initially planning for a sequel, Coca\\-Cola launched a second *Diet Coke Break* advert in June the following year. The commercial, *Magazine*, saw Vanous return to his role as the Diet Coke hunk – he portrayed a model brought to life from the pages of a fashion magazine by a woman drinking a Diet Coke. The advert was created by the Toronto office of [McCann\\-Erickson Worldwide](/wiki/McCann-Erickson_Worldwide \"McCann-Erickson Worldwide\").", "#### *11\\.30 Appointment* (1997\\)", "The campaign returned two years later in 1997 with two new commercials. The first of these was titled *11\\.30 Appointment*, and starred the actor Robert Merrill. The sequence features a group of women arriving at the reception area of an office building, each one for their \"11:30 appointment\", then sitting in a room with a large window. At 11:30{{nbsp}}a.m., an attractive shirtless window cleaner (Merrill) is lifted in a suspended platform past the window while drinking a can of Diet Coke. The women gaze at him longingly, with one (Nancy Meyer) remarking: \"No wonder it's so hard to get an appointment here.\" Speaking about being cast in the advert, Merrill described it as \"the job that everybody wanted\".", "#### *Dispenser* (1997\\)", "[thumb\\|upright\\|[Paul Johansson](/wiki/Paul_Johansson \"Paul Johansson\") starred in *Dispenser*, the fourth *Diet Coke Break* advert.\\|alt\\=Head\\-and\\-shoulders color photograph of Paul Johansson in Qatar in 2009](/wiki/File:Paul_Johansson_at_Camp_As_Sayliyah%2C_Qatar.jpg \"Paul Johansson at Camp As Sayliyah, Qatar.jpg\")\nThe fourth *Diet Coke Break* advert, *Dispenser*, premiered in the US during the [69th Academy Awards](/wiki/69th_Academy_Awards \"69th Academy Awards\") on March 24, 1997, the same year as *11\\.30 Appointment*. As with the previous two commercials, it is set in an office with a female workforce. At exactly 11:30{{nbsp}}a.m., a handsome delivery man ([Paul Johansson](/wiki/Paul_Johansson \"Paul Johansson\")) carrying two cases of Diet Coke exits an elevator on the women's floor. As the women stare at him, he places the cases down then takes a drink from one of the cans.", "*Dispenser* was created by the [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\") office of the [Leo Burnett Company](/wiki/Leo_Burnett_Company \"Leo Burnett Company\"), and had already been introduced into the French and Spanish markets by the time it was released in the US. The advert received a UK release the following month. *Dispenser* became the first *Diet Coke Break* advert in which the man kept his shirt on.", "#### *Lift* (2007\\)", "After *Dispenser*, *Diet Coke Break* commercials went into hiatus for ten years. Following the UK release of [Coke Zero](/wiki/Coke_Zero \"Coke Zero\") in 2006—which was deliberately being marketed at men—the campaign returned with a new advert, *Lift*, to repromote Diet Coke towards the brand's female consumers. An international search to find a new \"hunk\" began in 2006\\. Francois Xavier—an economics graduate from [Lille](/wiki/Lille \"Lille\")—was subsequently cast to star in the advert. It was directed by Joe Roman and filmed in Buenos Aires, and formed part of a wider campaign created by the advertising agency [Vallance Carruthers Coleman Priest](/wiki/Vallance_Carruthers_Coleman_Priest \"Vallance Carruthers Coleman Priest\"), which included billboards, online and press advertising.", "*Lift* follows three women working in an office. Each carrying a can of Diet Coke, they enter an elevator and intentionally press the emergency call button. A technician (Xavier) sees the women on a CCTV monitor, and leaves his post to free them from the elevator. After descending from an emergency hatch in the ceiling, he releases the three women, who return to their desks. As with earlier *Diet Coke Break* adverts, *Lift* was soundtracked by \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\" – however, rather than James's original version, a new recording by [Jocelyn Brown](/wiki/Jocelyn_Brown \"Jocelyn Brown\") was used instead. The commercial premiered on British channel [Five Life](/wiki/Five_Life \"Five Life\") on January 22, 2007\\.", "#### *Gardener* (2013\\)", "To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Diet Coke's launch in Europe, the *Diet Coke Break* campaign returned in 2013 with a sixth and, {{as of\\|2020\\|lc\\=y}}, final advert, titled *Gardener*. In the commercial, a group of women are sitting in a park drinking Diet Coke and watching an attractive gardener ([Andrew Cooper](/wiki/Andrew_Cooper_%28actor%29 \"Andrew Cooper (actor)\")) as he mows the grass. One woman rolls a can of Diet Coke to him, which hits his lawnmower. She gestures to him to drink from the can, which fizzes the soda all over him when he opens it. The women laugh at the gardener, at which he removes his T\\-shirt, revealing his muscular torso underneath. As the women gape at him in disbelief, the gardener walks away with a smile on his face. Unlike *Lift*, James's version of \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\" returned as the advert's soundtrack.", "*Gardener* was created by advertising agency [BETC London](/wiki/BETC_London \"BETC London\"), and ran in more than 10 countries across Europe. It was written by Neil Dawson and Clive Pickering, and was directed by [Rocky Morton](/wiki/Rocky_Morton \"Rocky Morton\"). A teaser for the advert was uploaded to Diet Coke's official Facebook page at 11:30 a.m. on January 28, 2013 – it was subsequently shared online more than 41,500 times. Once released onto television, the commercial became the most popular piece of advertising that Diet Coke had produced for 20 years, and was the first non\\-US made Coca\\-Cola advert to be shown during the [Oscars](/wiki/Oscars \"Oscars\").", "### Retirement", "By 2015 it was perceived that the *Diet Coke Break* campaign did not \"represent the values of modern confident women\", and the adverts were retired. In their place, a new campaign was launched encouraging women to \"regret nothing\". Promoting this new campaign, Bobby Brittain, the marketing strategy and activation director of Coca\\-Cola Great Britain, described the *Diet Coke Break* adverts as \"much loved\". Matthew Charlton, CEO of creative agency Brothers \\& Sisters, called the campaign \"one of the most famous global advertising ideas ever created and a genuine creative franchise\".", "" ]
### Adverts {{As of\|2020\|11}}, the *Diet Coke Break* campaign has included six television adverts. #### *Diet Coke Break* (1994\) The original *Diet Coke Break* advert was produced by [Lowe \& Partners](/wiki/Lowe_%26_Partners "Lowe & Partners")/SMS on a $70{{nbsp}}million account, and was one of seven television commercials to carry Diet Coke's new "This is refreshment" theme. The advert was directed by [Jeremiah Chechik](/wiki/Jeremiah_Chechik "Jeremiah Chechik") and written by [Lee Garfinkel](/wiki/Lee_Garfinkel "Lee Garfinkel"), and premiered on US television in 1994\. *Diet Coke Break* depicts a group of women working in an office in a skyscraper. At 11:30{{nbsp}}a.m., they excitedly call each other over to a window, to watch a handsome construction worker (Vanous) as he takes his "Diet Coke break". The construction worker removes his shirt and drinks a can of Diet Coke as the women ogle him. The advert is soundtracked by "I Just Want to Make Love to You" by [Etta James](/wiki/Etta_James "Etta James"). The advert became a success, leading to Target Based Marketing in [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas "Dallas") producing a *Diet Coke Break* [screensaver](/wiki/Screensaver "Screensaver"), of which The Coca\-Cola Company distributed 33,000 copies to computer users through both direct mail and a promotion with 134 radio stations. #### *Magazine* (1995\) Despite not initially planning for a sequel, Coca\-Cola launched a second *Diet Coke Break* advert in June the following year. The commercial, *Magazine*, saw Vanous return to his role as the Diet Coke hunk – he portrayed a model brought to life from the pages of a fashion magazine by a woman drinking a Diet Coke. The advert was created by the Toronto office of [McCann\-Erickson Worldwide](/wiki/McCann-Erickson_Worldwide "McCann-Erickson Worldwide"). #### *11\.30 Appointment* (1997\) The campaign returned two years later in 1997 with two new commercials. The first of these was titled *11\.30 Appointment*, and starred the actor Robert Merrill. The sequence features a group of women arriving at the reception area of an office building, each one for their "11:30 appointment", then sitting in a room with a large window. At 11:30{{nbsp}}a.m., an attractive shirtless window cleaner (Merrill) is lifted in a suspended platform past the window while drinking a can of Diet Coke. The women gaze at him longingly, with one (Nancy Meyer) remarking: "No wonder it's so hard to get an appointment here." Speaking about being cast in the advert, Merrill described it as "the job that everybody wanted". #### *Dispenser* (1997\) [thumb\|upright\|[Paul Johansson](/wiki/Paul_Johansson "Paul Johansson") starred in *Dispenser*, the fourth *Diet Coke Break* advert.\|alt\=Head\-and\-shoulders color photograph of Paul Johansson in Qatar in 2009](/wiki/File:Paul_Johansson_at_Camp_As_Sayliyah%2C_Qatar.jpg "Paul Johansson at Camp As Sayliyah, Qatar.jpg") The fourth *Diet Coke Break* advert, *Dispenser*, premiered in the US during the [69th Academy Awards](/wiki/69th_Academy_Awards "69th Academy Awards") on March 24, 1997, the same year as *11\.30 Appointment*. As with the previous two commercials, it is set in an office with a female workforce. At exactly 11:30{{nbsp}}a.m., a handsome delivery man ([Paul Johansson](/wiki/Paul_Johansson "Paul Johansson")) carrying two cases of Diet Coke exits an elevator on the women's floor. As the women stare at him, he places the cases down then takes a drink from one of the cans. *Dispenser* was created by the [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") office of the [Leo Burnett Company](/wiki/Leo_Burnett_Company "Leo Burnett Company"), and had already been introduced into the French and Spanish markets by the time it was released in the US. The advert received a UK release the following month. *Dispenser* became the first *Diet Coke Break* advert in which the man kept his shirt on. #### *Lift* (2007\) After *Dispenser*, *Diet Coke Break* commercials went into hiatus for ten years. Following the UK release of [Coke Zero](/wiki/Coke_Zero "Coke Zero") in 2006—which was deliberately being marketed at men—the campaign returned with a new advert, *Lift*, to repromote Diet Coke towards the brand's female consumers. An international search to find a new "hunk" began in 2006\. Francois Xavier—an economics graduate from [Lille](/wiki/Lille "Lille")—was subsequently cast to star in the advert. It was directed by Joe Roman and filmed in Buenos Aires, and formed part of a wider campaign created by the advertising agency [Vallance Carruthers Coleman Priest](/wiki/Vallance_Carruthers_Coleman_Priest "Vallance Carruthers Coleman Priest"), which included billboards, online and press advertising. *Lift* follows three women working in an office. Each carrying a can of Diet Coke, they enter an elevator and intentionally press the emergency call button. A technician (Xavier) sees the women on a CCTV monitor, and leaves his post to free them from the elevator. After descending from an emergency hatch in the ceiling, he releases the three women, who return to their desks. As with earlier *Diet Coke Break* adverts, *Lift* was soundtracked by "I Just Want to Make Love to You" – however, rather than James's original version, a new recording by [Jocelyn Brown](/wiki/Jocelyn_Brown "Jocelyn Brown") was used instead. The commercial premiered on British channel [Five Life](/wiki/Five_Life "Five Life") on January 22, 2007\. #### *Gardener* (2013\) To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Diet Coke's launch in Europe, the *Diet Coke Break* campaign returned in 2013 with a sixth and, {{as of\|2020\|lc\=y}}, final advert, titled *Gardener*. In the commercial, a group of women are sitting in a park drinking Diet Coke and watching an attractive gardener ([Andrew Cooper](/wiki/Andrew_Cooper_%28actor%29 "Andrew Cooper (actor)")) as he mows the grass. One woman rolls a can of Diet Coke to him, which hits his lawnmower. She gestures to him to drink from the can, which fizzes the soda all over him when he opens it. The women laugh at the gardener, at which he removes his T\-shirt, revealing his muscular torso underneath. As the women gape at him in disbelief, the gardener walks away with a smile on his face. Unlike *Lift*, James's version of "I Just Want to Make Love to You" returned as the advert's soundtrack. *Gardener* was created by advertising agency [BETC London](/wiki/BETC_London "BETC London"), and ran in more than 10 countries across Europe. It was written by Neil Dawson and Clive Pickering, and was directed by [Rocky Morton](/wiki/Rocky_Morton "Rocky Morton"). A teaser for the advert was uploaded to Diet Coke's official Facebook page at 11:30 a.m. on January 28, 2013 – it was subsequently shared online more than 41,500 times. Once released onto television, the commercial became the most popular piece of advertising that Diet Coke had produced for 20 years, and was the first non\-US made Coca\-Cola advert to be shown during the [Oscars](/wiki/Oscars "Oscars").
[ "### Adverts", "{{As of\\|2020\\|11}}, the *Diet Coke Break* campaign has included six television adverts.", "#### *Diet Coke Break* (1994\\)", "The original *Diet Coke Break* advert was produced by [Lowe \\& Partners](/wiki/Lowe_%26_Partners \"Lowe & Partners\")/SMS on a $70{{nbsp}}million account, and was one of seven television commercials to carry Diet Coke's new \"This is refreshment\" theme. The advert was directed by [Jeremiah Chechik](/wiki/Jeremiah_Chechik \"Jeremiah Chechik\") and written by [Lee Garfinkel](/wiki/Lee_Garfinkel \"Lee Garfinkel\"), and premiered on US television in 1994\\. *Diet Coke Break* depicts a group of women working in an office in a skyscraper. At 11:30{{nbsp}}a.m., they excitedly call each other over to a window, to watch a handsome construction worker (Vanous) as he takes his \"Diet Coke break\". The construction worker removes his shirt and drinks a can of Diet Coke as the women ogle him. The advert is soundtracked by \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\" by [Etta James](/wiki/Etta_James \"Etta James\").", "The advert became a success, leading to Target Based Marketing in [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas \"Dallas\") producing a *Diet Coke Break* [screensaver](/wiki/Screensaver \"Screensaver\"), of which The Coca\\-Cola Company distributed 33,000 copies to computer users through both direct mail and a promotion with 134 radio stations.", "#### *Magazine* (1995\\)", "Despite not initially planning for a sequel, Coca\\-Cola launched a second *Diet Coke Break* advert in June the following year. The commercial, *Magazine*, saw Vanous return to his role as the Diet Coke hunk – he portrayed a model brought to life from the pages of a fashion magazine by a woman drinking a Diet Coke. The advert was created by the Toronto office of [McCann\\-Erickson Worldwide](/wiki/McCann-Erickson_Worldwide \"McCann-Erickson Worldwide\").", "#### *11\\.30 Appointment* (1997\\)", "The campaign returned two years later in 1997 with two new commercials. The first of these was titled *11\\.30 Appointment*, and starred the actor Robert Merrill. The sequence features a group of women arriving at the reception area of an office building, each one for their \"11:30 appointment\", then sitting in a room with a large window. At 11:30{{nbsp}}a.m., an attractive shirtless window cleaner (Merrill) is lifted in a suspended platform past the window while drinking a can of Diet Coke. The women gaze at him longingly, with one (Nancy Meyer) remarking: \"No wonder it's so hard to get an appointment here.\" Speaking about being cast in the advert, Merrill described it as \"the job that everybody wanted\".", "#### *Dispenser* (1997\\)", "[thumb\\|upright\\|[Paul Johansson](/wiki/Paul_Johansson \"Paul Johansson\") starred in *Dispenser*, the fourth *Diet Coke Break* advert.\\|alt\\=Head\\-and\\-shoulders color photograph of Paul Johansson in Qatar in 2009](/wiki/File:Paul_Johansson_at_Camp_As_Sayliyah%2C_Qatar.jpg \"Paul Johansson at Camp As Sayliyah, Qatar.jpg\")\nThe fourth *Diet Coke Break* advert, *Dispenser*, premiered in the US during the [69th Academy Awards](/wiki/69th_Academy_Awards \"69th Academy Awards\") on March 24, 1997, the same year as *11\\.30 Appointment*. As with the previous two commercials, it is set in an office with a female workforce. At exactly 11:30{{nbsp}}a.m., a handsome delivery man ([Paul Johansson](/wiki/Paul_Johansson \"Paul Johansson\")) carrying two cases of Diet Coke exits an elevator on the women's floor. As the women stare at him, he places the cases down then takes a drink from one of the cans.", "*Dispenser* was created by the [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\") office of the [Leo Burnett Company](/wiki/Leo_Burnett_Company \"Leo Burnett Company\"), and had already been introduced into the French and Spanish markets by the time it was released in the US. The advert received a UK release the following month. *Dispenser* became the first *Diet Coke Break* advert in which the man kept his shirt on.", "#### *Lift* (2007\\)", "After *Dispenser*, *Diet Coke Break* commercials went into hiatus for ten years. Following the UK release of [Coke Zero](/wiki/Coke_Zero \"Coke Zero\") in 2006—which was deliberately being marketed at men—the campaign returned with a new advert, *Lift*, to repromote Diet Coke towards the brand's female consumers. An international search to find a new \"hunk\" began in 2006\\. Francois Xavier—an economics graduate from [Lille](/wiki/Lille \"Lille\")—was subsequently cast to star in the advert. It was directed by Joe Roman and filmed in Buenos Aires, and formed part of a wider campaign created by the advertising agency [Vallance Carruthers Coleman Priest](/wiki/Vallance_Carruthers_Coleman_Priest \"Vallance Carruthers Coleman Priest\"), which included billboards, online and press advertising.", "*Lift* follows three women working in an office. Each carrying a can of Diet Coke, they enter an elevator and intentionally press the emergency call button. A technician (Xavier) sees the women on a CCTV monitor, and leaves his post to free them from the elevator. After descending from an emergency hatch in the ceiling, he releases the three women, who return to their desks. As with earlier *Diet Coke Break* adverts, *Lift* was soundtracked by \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\" – however, rather than James's original version, a new recording by [Jocelyn Brown](/wiki/Jocelyn_Brown \"Jocelyn Brown\") was used instead. The commercial premiered on British channel [Five Life](/wiki/Five_Life \"Five Life\") on January 22, 2007\\.", "#### *Gardener* (2013\\)", "To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Diet Coke's launch in Europe, the *Diet Coke Break* campaign returned in 2013 with a sixth and, {{as of\\|2020\\|lc\\=y}}, final advert, titled *Gardener*. In the commercial, a group of women are sitting in a park drinking Diet Coke and watching an attractive gardener ([Andrew Cooper](/wiki/Andrew_Cooper_%28actor%29 \"Andrew Cooper (actor)\")) as he mows the grass. One woman rolls a can of Diet Coke to him, which hits his lawnmower. She gestures to him to drink from the can, which fizzes the soda all over him when he opens it. The women laugh at the gardener, at which he removes his T\\-shirt, revealing his muscular torso underneath. As the women gape at him in disbelief, the gardener walks away with a smile on his face. Unlike *Lift*, James's version of \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\" returned as the advert's soundtrack.", "*Gardener* was created by advertising agency [BETC London](/wiki/BETC_London \"BETC London\"), and ran in more than 10 countries across Europe. It was written by Neil Dawson and Clive Pickering, and was directed by [Rocky Morton](/wiki/Rocky_Morton \"Rocky Morton\"). A teaser for the advert was uploaded to Diet Coke's official Facebook page at 11:30 a.m. on January 28, 2013 – it was subsequently shared online more than 41,500 times. Once released onto television, the commercial became the most popular piece of advertising that Diet Coke had produced for 20 years, and was the first non\\-US made Coca\\-Cola advert to be shown during the [Oscars](/wiki/Oscars \"Oscars\").", "" ]
Chicago Police Department career -------------------------------- In 1970, Brzeczek joined the [Chicago Police Department](/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department "Chicago Police Department") as a patrolman. ### Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department January 11, 1980, having been appointed by mayor [Jane Byrne](/wiki/Jane_Byrne "Jane Byrne"), Brzeczek became superintendent of the Chicago Police Department. At age 37, he was the youngest superintendent in the department's history. He had only been on the force for nine years and ten months by the time he reached the top position. At the time he took office, he had to deal with an illegal [Chicago Fire Department](/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Department "Chicago Fire Department") strike, and the potential for a police department strike to follow. His tenure received some praise. In 1993, then\-superintendent Matt L. Rodriguez praised his tenure, by saying, "At the time he came into the superintendent position, the department was kind of parochial. He got the department moving out of that mode by getting the command staff into national and state police associations. And he expanded the system of training for managers. Both those things direct people's attention to what it was before and what it was when he left: state\-of\-the\-art policing." According to Rodriguez in 1993, Brzeczek laid a strong foundation for his successors. During the [1983 Chicago mayoral election](/wiki/1983_Chicago_mayoral_election "1983 Chicago mayoral election"), Brzeczek criticized candidate [Harold Washington](/wiki/Harold_Washington "Harold Washington"), declaring that downtown streets would become unsafe under a Washington mayoralty.{{cite web \|last1\=Pianin \|first1\=Eric \|title\=Chicago Democrats Show New Unity To Convention Site\-Selection Group \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/04/17/chicago\-democrats\-show\-new\-unity\-to\-convention\-site\-selection\-group/13ffed7c\-f32b\-4912\-b38a\-d4d7770a3166/ \|website\=Washington Post \|accessdate\=2 November 2020 \|date\=17 April 1983}} In April 1983, after [Harold Washington](/wiki/Harold_Washington "Harold Washington") won the election, Brzeczek tendered his resignation as superintendent, to become effective on April 29, 1983, hours before Washington would be sworn in as mayor. #### Controversies ##### Police department torture In 1982, after the [torture of Andrew Wilson](/wiki/Jon_Burge%23Torture_of_Andrew_Wilson "Jon Burge#Torture of Andrew Wilson"), a doctor that saw Wilson afterward wrote a letter to Brzeczek.{{cite web \|last1\=Gan \|first1\=Michelle \|title\=Tracing the Roots of Torture \|url\=https://southsideweekly.com/tracing\-roots\-torture\-the\-torture\-letters/ \|website\=South Side Weekly \|accessdate\=2 November 2020 \|date\=20 May 2020}} In 2006, after a four\-year long investigation into allegations of [torture](/wiki/Torture "Torture") conducted by [Jon Burge](/wiki/Jon_Burge "Jon Burge") and others in the Chicago Police Department, prosecutors concluded that as superintendent, Brzeczek was guilty of "[dereliction of duty](/wiki/Dereliction_of_duty "Dereliction of duty")" and had acted in [bad faith](/wiki/Bad_faith "Bad faith") by failing to take action upon suspicions that Burge and other detectives under his command had engaged in mistreatment of prisoners.{{cite web \|last1\=Sadovi \|first1\=Carlos \|last2\=Secter \|first2\=Bob \|title\=Prosecutors allege decades of torture by Chicago police \|url\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs\-xpm\-2006\-07\-20\-0607200271\-story.html \|website\=baltimoresun.com \|publisher\=Baltimore Sun \|accessdate\=2 November 2020 \|date\=20 July 2006}}{{cite web \|title\=REPORT OF THE SPECIAL STATE'S ATTORNEY APPOINTED AND ORDER BY THE PRESIDING JUDGE OF THE CRIMINAL DIVISION OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF COOK COUNTY IN NO. 2001 MISC. 4 \|url\=http://www.aele.org/law/2006LROCT/chicagoreport.pdf \|publisher\=Special State's Attorney Edward J. Egan and Chief Deputy Special State's Attorney Robert D. Boyle \|accessdate\=2 November 2020 \|date\=2006}} The prosecutors alleged that, while publicly praising the detectives engaging in these activities, Brzeczek held private suspicions about their activities. ##### 1986 indictment and acquittal On March 13, 1986, Brzeczek was [indicted](/wiki/Indicted "Indicted") by a Cook County [grand jury](/wiki/Grand_jury "Grand jury") on 24 counts of [theft](/wiki/Theft "Theft") and [official misconduct](/wiki/Official_misconduct "Official misconduct"), which stemmed from trips he took under the pretenses of attending meetings which the [Cook County State's Attorney](/wiki/Cook_County_State%27s_Attorney "Cook County State's Attorney")'s office alleged had never taken place.{{cite web \|title\=Former Chicago Police Chief Indicted \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1986\-03\-14\-mn\-20601\-story.html \|website\=Los Angeles Times \|accessdate\=2 November 2020 \|date\=14 March 1986}} The indictment alleged he had misused $1,231 from the Chicago Police Department travel fund to travel to [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis "Minneapolis") in December 1982 and [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego "San Diego") in August 1982 for what he claimed were a meeting of the [American Bar Association](/wiki/American_Bar_Association "American Bar Association") and a law enforcement seminar. The indictment stemmed from an investigation begun two years prior after the Chicago Police Department received an anonymous tip that it should investigate its contingency fund. It was alleged by prosecutors that he used the trips to visit a girlfriend.{{cite web \|last1\=Myers \|first1\=Linnet \|title\=BRZECZEK ACQUITTED OF THEFT CHARGES \|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct\-xpm\-1987\-05\-15\-8702060029\-story.html \|website\=chicagotribune.com \|publisher\=Chicago Tribune \|accessdate\=2 November 2020 \|date\=15 May 1987}} Brzeczek claimed the charges were a politically motivated smear campaign related to the fact he ran against [Richard M. Daley](/wiki/Richard_M._Daley "Richard M. Daley") for state's attorney. Brzeczek was [acquitted](/wiki/Acquitted "Acquitted") on May 14, 1987, after Crininal Court Judge Robert Boharic found him not guilty of all counts, ruling that the financial records were kept by "bureaucratic forgers" and were not accurate enough to prove that Brzeczek had stolen city funds to visit a girlfriend.
[ "Chicago Police Department career\n--------------------------------", "In 1970, Brzeczek joined the [Chicago Police Department](/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department \"Chicago Police Department\") as a patrolman.", "### Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department", "January 11, 1980, having been appointed by mayor [Jane Byrne](/wiki/Jane_Byrne \"Jane Byrne\"), Brzeczek became superintendent of the Chicago Police Department. At age 37, he was the youngest superintendent in the department's history. He had only been on the force for nine years and ten months by the time he reached the top position.", "At the time he took office, he had to deal with an illegal [Chicago Fire Department](/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Department \"Chicago Fire Department\") strike, and the potential for a police department strike to follow.", "His tenure received some praise. In 1993, then\\-superintendent Matt L. Rodriguez praised his tenure, by saying, \"At the time he came into the superintendent position, the department was kind of parochial. He got the department moving out of that mode by getting the command staff into national and state police associations. And he expanded the system of training for managers. Both those things direct people's attention to what it was before and what it was when he left: state\\-of\\-the\\-art policing.\" According to Rodriguez in 1993, Brzeczek laid a strong foundation for his successors.", "During the [1983 Chicago mayoral election](/wiki/1983_Chicago_mayoral_election \"1983 Chicago mayoral election\"), Brzeczek criticized candidate [Harold Washington](/wiki/Harold_Washington \"Harold Washington\"), declaring that downtown streets would become unsafe under a Washington mayoralty.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Pianin \\|first1\\=Eric \\|title\\=Chicago Democrats Show New Unity To Convention Site\\-Selection Group \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/04/17/chicago\\-democrats\\-show\\-new\\-unity\\-to\\-convention\\-site\\-selection\\-group/13ffed7c\\-f32b\\-4912\\-b38a\\-d4d7770a3166/ \\|website\\=Washington Post \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2020 \\|date\\=17 April 1983}} In April 1983, after [Harold Washington](/wiki/Harold_Washington \"Harold Washington\") won the election, Brzeczek tendered his resignation as superintendent, to become effective on April 29, 1983, hours before Washington would be sworn in as mayor.", "#### Controversies", "##### Police department torture", "In 1982, after the [torture of Andrew Wilson](/wiki/Jon_Burge%23Torture_of_Andrew_Wilson \"Jon Burge#Torture of Andrew Wilson\"), a doctor that saw Wilson afterward wrote a letter to Brzeczek.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Gan \\|first1\\=Michelle \\|title\\=Tracing the Roots of Torture \\|url\\=https://southsideweekly.com/tracing\\-roots\\-torture\\-the\\-torture\\-letters/ \\|website\\=South Side Weekly \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2020 \\|date\\=20 May 2020}}", "In 2006, after a four\\-year long investigation into allegations of [torture](/wiki/Torture \"Torture\") conducted by [Jon Burge](/wiki/Jon_Burge \"Jon Burge\") and others in the Chicago Police Department, prosecutors concluded that as superintendent, Brzeczek was guilty of \"[dereliction of duty](/wiki/Dereliction_of_duty \"Dereliction of duty\")\" and had acted in [bad faith](/wiki/Bad_faith \"Bad faith\") by failing to take action upon suspicions that Burge and other detectives under his command had engaged in mistreatment of prisoners.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Sadovi \\|first1\\=Carlos \\|last2\\=Secter \\|first2\\=Bob \\|title\\=Prosecutors allege decades of torture by Chicago police \\|url\\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs\\-xpm\\-2006\\-07\\-20\\-0607200271\\-story.html \\|website\\=baltimoresun.com \\|publisher\\=Baltimore Sun \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2020 \\|date\\=20 July 2006}}{{cite web \\|title\\=REPORT OF THE SPECIAL STATE'S ATTORNEY APPOINTED AND ORDER BY THE PRESIDING JUDGE OF THE CRIMINAL DIVISION OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF COOK COUNTY IN NO. 2001 MISC. 4 \\|url\\=http://www.aele.org/law/2006LROCT/chicagoreport.pdf \\|publisher\\=Special State's Attorney Edward J. Egan and Chief Deputy Special State's Attorney Robert D. Boyle \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2020 \\|date\\=2006}} The prosecutors alleged that, while publicly praising the detectives engaging in these activities, Brzeczek held private suspicions about their activities.", "##### 1986 indictment and acquittal", "On March 13, 1986, Brzeczek was [indicted](/wiki/Indicted \"Indicted\") by a Cook County [grand jury](/wiki/Grand_jury \"Grand jury\") on 24 counts of [theft](/wiki/Theft \"Theft\") and [official misconduct](/wiki/Official_misconduct \"Official misconduct\"), which stemmed from trips he took under the pretenses of attending meetings which the [Cook County State's Attorney](/wiki/Cook_County_State%27s_Attorney \"Cook County State's Attorney\")'s office alleged had never taken place.{{cite web \\|title\\=Former Chicago Police Chief Indicted \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1986\\-03\\-14\\-mn\\-20601\\-story.html \\|website\\=Los Angeles Times \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2020 \\|date\\=14 March 1986}} The indictment alleged he had misused $1,231 from the Chicago Police Department travel fund to travel to [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis \"Minneapolis\") in December 1982 and [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego \"San Diego\") in August 1982 for what he claimed were a meeting of the [American Bar Association](/wiki/American_Bar_Association \"American Bar Association\") and a law enforcement seminar. The indictment stemmed from an investigation begun two years prior after the Chicago Police Department received an anonymous tip that it should investigate its contingency fund. It was alleged by prosecutors that he used the trips to visit a girlfriend.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Myers \\|first1\\=Linnet \\|title\\=BRZECZEK ACQUITTED OF THEFT CHARGES \\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct\\-xpm\\-1987\\-05\\-15\\-8702060029\\-story.html \\|website\\=chicagotribune.com \\|publisher\\=Chicago Tribune \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2020 \\|date\\=15 May 1987}} Brzeczek claimed the charges were a politically motivated smear campaign related to the fact he ran against [Richard M. Daley](/wiki/Richard_M._Daley \"Richard M. Daley\") for state's attorney. Brzeczek was [acquitted](/wiki/Acquitted \"Acquitted\") on May 14, 1987, after Crininal Court Judge Robert Boharic found him not guilty of all counts, ruling that the financial records were kept by \"bureaucratic forgers\" and were not accurate enough to prove that Brzeczek had stolen city funds to visit a girlfriend.", "" ]
### Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department January 11, 1980, having been appointed by mayor [Jane Byrne](/wiki/Jane_Byrne "Jane Byrne"), Brzeczek became superintendent of the Chicago Police Department. At age 37, he was the youngest superintendent in the department's history. He had only been on the force for nine years and ten months by the time he reached the top position. At the time he took office, he had to deal with an illegal [Chicago Fire Department](/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Department "Chicago Fire Department") strike, and the potential for a police department strike to follow. His tenure received some praise. In 1993, then\-superintendent Matt L. Rodriguez praised his tenure, by saying, "At the time he came into the superintendent position, the department was kind of parochial. He got the department moving out of that mode by getting the command staff into national and state police associations. And he expanded the system of training for managers. Both those things direct people's attention to what it was before and what it was when he left: state\-of\-the\-art policing." According to Rodriguez in 1993, Brzeczek laid a strong foundation for his successors. During the [1983 Chicago mayoral election](/wiki/1983_Chicago_mayoral_election "1983 Chicago mayoral election"), Brzeczek criticized candidate [Harold Washington](/wiki/Harold_Washington "Harold Washington"), declaring that downtown streets would become unsafe under a Washington mayoralty.{{cite web \|last1\=Pianin \|first1\=Eric \|title\=Chicago Democrats Show New Unity To Convention Site\-Selection Group \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/04/17/chicago\-democrats\-show\-new\-unity\-to\-convention\-site\-selection\-group/13ffed7c\-f32b\-4912\-b38a\-d4d7770a3166/ \|website\=Washington Post \|accessdate\=2 November 2020 \|date\=17 April 1983}} In April 1983, after [Harold Washington](/wiki/Harold_Washington "Harold Washington") won the election, Brzeczek tendered his resignation as superintendent, to become effective on April 29, 1983, hours before Washington would be sworn in as mayor. #### Controversies ##### Police department torture In 1982, after the [torture of Andrew Wilson](/wiki/Jon_Burge%23Torture_of_Andrew_Wilson "Jon Burge#Torture of Andrew Wilson"), a doctor that saw Wilson afterward wrote a letter to Brzeczek.{{cite web \|last1\=Gan \|first1\=Michelle \|title\=Tracing the Roots of Torture \|url\=https://southsideweekly.com/tracing\-roots\-torture\-the\-torture\-letters/ \|website\=South Side Weekly \|accessdate\=2 November 2020 \|date\=20 May 2020}} In 2006, after a four\-year long investigation into allegations of [torture](/wiki/Torture "Torture") conducted by [Jon Burge](/wiki/Jon_Burge "Jon Burge") and others in the Chicago Police Department, prosecutors concluded that as superintendent, Brzeczek was guilty of "[dereliction of duty](/wiki/Dereliction_of_duty "Dereliction of duty")" and had acted in [bad faith](/wiki/Bad_faith "Bad faith") by failing to take action upon suspicions that Burge and other detectives under his command had engaged in mistreatment of prisoners.{{cite web \|last1\=Sadovi \|first1\=Carlos \|last2\=Secter \|first2\=Bob \|title\=Prosecutors allege decades of torture by Chicago police \|url\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs\-xpm\-2006\-07\-20\-0607200271\-story.html \|website\=baltimoresun.com \|publisher\=Baltimore Sun \|accessdate\=2 November 2020 \|date\=20 July 2006}}{{cite web \|title\=REPORT OF THE SPECIAL STATE'S ATTORNEY APPOINTED AND ORDER BY THE PRESIDING JUDGE OF THE CRIMINAL DIVISION OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF COOK COUNTY IN NO. 2001 MISC. 4 \|url\=http://www.aele.org/law/2006LROCT/chicagoreport.pdf \|publisher\=Special State's Attorney Edward J. Egan and Chief Deputy Special State's Attorney Robert D. Boyle \|accessdate\=2 November 2020 \|date\=2006}} The prosecutors alleged that, while publicly praising the detectives engaging in these activities, Brzeczek held private suspicions about their activities. ##### 1986 indictment and acquittal On March 13, 1986, Brzeczek was [indicted](/wiki/Indicted "Indicted") by a Cook County [grand jury](/wiki/Grand_jury "Grand jury") on 24 counts of [theft](/wiki/Theft "Theft") and [official misconduct](/wiki/Official_misconduct "Official misconduct"), which stemmed from trips he took under the pretenses of attending meetings which the [Cook County State's Attorney](/wiki/Cook_County_State%27s_Attorney "Cook County State's Attorney")'s office alleged had never taken place.{{cite web \|title\=Former Chicago Police Chief Indicted \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1986\-03\-14\-mn\-20601\-story.html \|website\=Los Angeles Times \|accessdate\=2 November 2020 \|date\=14 March 1986}} The indictment alleged he had misused $1,231 from the Chicago Police Department travel fund to travel to [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis "Minneapolis") in December 1982 and [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego "San Diego") in August 1982 for what he claimed were a meeting of the [American Bar Association](/wiki/American_Bar_Association "American Bar Association") and a law enforcement seminar. The indictment stemmed from an investigation begun two years prior after the Chicago Police Department received an anonymous tip that it should investigate its contingency fund. It was alleged by prosecutors that he used the trips to visit a girlfriend.{{cite web \|last1\=Myers \|first1\=Linnet \|title\=BRZECZEK ACQUITTED OF THEFT CHARGES \|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct\-xpm\-1987\-05\-15\-8702060029\-story.html \|website\=chicagotribune.com \|publisher\=Chicago Tribune \|accessdate\=2 November 2020 \|date\=15 May 1987}} Brzeczek claimed the charges were a politically motivated smear campaign related to the fact he ran against [Richard M. Daley](/wiki/Richard_M._Daley "Richard M. Daley") for state's attorney. Brzeczek was [acquitted](/wiki/Acquitted "Acquitted") on May 14, 1987, after Crininal Court Judge Robert Boharic found him not guilty of all counts, ruling that the financial records were kept by "bureaucratic forgers" and were not accurate enough to prove that Brzeczek had stolen city funds to visit a girlfriend.
[ "### Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department", "January 11, 1980, having been appointed by mayor [Jane Byrne](/wiki/Jane_Byrne \"Jane Byrne\"), Brzeczek became superintendent of the Chicago Police Department. At age 37, he was the youngest superintendent in the department's history. He had only been on the force for nine years and ten months by the time he reached the top position.", "At the time he took office, he had to deal with an illegal [Chicago Fire Department](/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Department \"Chicago Fire Department\") strike, and the potential for a police department strike to follow.", "His tenure received some praise. In 1993, then\\-superintendent Matt L. Rodriguez praised his tenure, by saying, \"At the time he came into the superintendent position, the department was kind of parochial. He got the department moving out of that mode by getting the command staff into national and state police associations. And he expanded the system of training for managers. Both those things direct people's attention to what it was before and what it was when he left: state\\-of\\-the\\-art policing.\" According to Rodriguez in 1993, Brzeczek laid a strong foundation for his successors.", "During the [1983 Chicago mayoral election](/wiki/1983_Chicago_mayoral_election \"1983 Chicago mayoral election\"), Brzeczek criticized candidate [Harold Washington](/wiki/Harold_Washington \"Harold Washington\"), declaring that downtown streets would become unsafe under a Washington mayoralty.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Pianin \\|first1\\=Eric \\|title\\=Chicago Democrats Show New Unity To Convention Site\\-Selection Group \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/04/17/chicago\\-democrats\\-show\\-new\\-unity\\-to\\-convention\\-site\\-selection\\-group/13ffed7c\\-f32b\\-4912\\-b38a\\-d4d7770a3166/ \\|website\\=Washington Post \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2020 \\|date\\=17 April 1983}} In April 1983, after [Harold Washington](/wiki/Harold_Washington \"Harold Washington\") won the election, Brzeczek tendered his resignation as superintendent, to become effective on April 29, 1983, hours before Washington would be sworn in as mayor.", "#### Controversies", "##### Police department torture", "In 1982, after the [torture of Andrew Wilson](/wiki/Jon_Burge%23Torture_of_Andrew_Wilson \"Jon Burge#Torture of Andrew Wilson\"), a doctor that saw Wilson afterward wrote a letter to Brzeczek.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Gan \\|first1\\=Michelle \\|title\\=Tracing the Roots of Torture \\|url\\=https://southsideweekly.com/tracing\\-roots\\-torture\\-the\\-torture\\-letters/ \\|website\\=South Side Weekly \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2020 \\|date\\=20 May 2020}}", "In 2006, after a four\\-year long investigation into allegations of [torture](/wiki/Torture \"Torture\") conducted by [Jon Burge](/wiki/Jon_Burge \"Jon Burge\") and others in the Chicago Police Department, prosecutors concluded that as superintendent, Brzeczek was guilty of \"[dereliction of duty](/wiki/Dereliction_of_duty \"Dereliction of duty\")\" and had acted in [bad faith](/wiki/Bad_faith \"Bad faith\") by failing to take action upon suspicions that Burge and other detectives under his command had engaged in mistreatment of prisoners.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Sadovi \\|first1\\=Carlos \\|last2\\=Secter \\|first2\\=Bob \\|title\\=Prosecutors allege decades of torture by Chicago police \\|url\\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs\\-xpm\\-2006\\-07\\-20\\-0607200271\\-story.html \\|website\\=baltimoresun.com \\|publisher\\=Baltimore Sun \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2020 \\|date\\=20 July 2006}}{{cite web \\|title\\=REPORT OF THE SPECIAL STATE'S ATTORNEY APPOINTED AND ORDER BY THE PRESIDING JUDGE OF THE CRIMINAL DIVISION OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF COOK COUNTY IN NO. 2001 MISC. 4 \\|url\\=http://www.aele.org/law/2006LROCT/chicagoreport.pdf \\|publisher\\=Special State's Attorney Edward J. Egan and Chief Deputy Special State's Attorney Robert D. Boyle \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2020 \\|date\\=2006}} The prosecutors alleged that, while publicly praising the detectives engaging in these activities, Brzeczek held private suspicions about their activities.", "##### 1986 indictment and acquittal", "On March 13, 1986, Brzeczek was [indicted](/wiki/Indicted \"Indicted\") by a Cook County [grand jury](/wiki/Grand_jury \"Grand jury\") on 24 counts of [theft](/wiki/Theft \"Theft\") and [official misconduct](/wiki/Official_misconduct \"Official misconduct\"), which stemmed from trips he took under the pretenses of attending meetings which the [Cook County State's Attorney](/wiki/Cook_County_State%27s_Attorney \"Cook County State's Attorney\")'s office alleged had never taken place.{{cite web \\|title\\=Former Chicago Police Chief Indicted \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1986\\-03\\-14\\-mn\\-20601\\-story.html \\|website\\=Los Angeles Times \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2020 \\|date\\=14 March 1986}} The indictment alleged he had misused $1,231 from the Chicago Police Department travel fund to travel to [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis \"Minneapolis\") in December 1982 and [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego \"San Diego\") in August 1982 for what he claimed were a meeting of the [American Bar Association](/wiki/American_Bar_Association \"American Bar Association\") and a law enforcement seminar. The indictment stemmed from an investigation begun two years prior after the Chicago Police Department received an anonymous tip that it should investigate its contingency fund. It was alleged by prosecutors that he used the trips to visit a girlfriend.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Myers \\|first1\\=Linnet \\|title\\=BRZECZEK ACQUITTED OF THEFT CHARGES \\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct\\-xpm\\-1987\\-05\\-15\\-8702060029\\-story.html \\|website\\=chicagotribune.com \\|publisher\\=Chicago Tribune \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2020 \\|date\\=15 May 1987}} Brzeczek claimed the charges were a politically motivated smear campaign related to the fact he ran against [Richard M. Daley](/wiki/Richard_M._Daley \"Richard M. Daley\") for state's attorney. Brzeczek was [acquitted](/wiki/Acquitted \"Acquitted\") on May 14, 1987, after Crininal Court Judge Robert Boharic found him not guilty of all counts, ruling that the financial records were kept by \"bureaucratic forgers\" and were not accurate enough to prove that Brzeczek had stolen city funds to visit a girlfriend.", "" ]
Biography --------- {{more citations needed section\|date\=February 2017}} ### Early life [thumb\|right\|Chiang Ching\-kuo in his youth](/wiki/File:Chiang_Ching-kuo_youth_3.jpg "Chiang Ching-kuo youth 3.jpg") The son of Chiang Kai\-shek and his first wife, [Mao Fumei](/wiki/Mao_Fumei "Mao Fumei"), Chiang Ching\-kuo was born in [Fenghua](/wiki/Fenghua "Fenghua"), Zhejiang, with the [courtesy name](/wiki/Chinese_courtesy_name "Chinese courtesy name") of **Jiànfēng** ({{lang\|zh\-hant\|建豐}}). He had an adopted brother, [Chiang Wei\-kuo](/wiki/Chiang_Wei-kuo "Chiang Wei-kuo"). "Ching" literally means "longitude", while "kuo" means "nation"; in his brother's name, "wei" literally means "parallel (of latitude)". The names are inspired by the references in Chinese classics such as the *[Guoyu](/wiki/Guoyu_%28book%29 "Guoyu (book)")*, in which "to draw the longitudes and latitudes of the world" is used as a metaphor for a person with great abilities, especially in managing a country. While the young Chiang Ching\-kuo had a good relationship with his mother and grandmother (who were deeply rooted to their Buddhist faith), his relationship with his father was strict, utilitarian and often rocky. Chiang Kai\-shek appeared to his son as an authoritarian figure, sometimes indifferent to his problems. Even in personal letters between the two, Chiang Kai\-shek would sternly order his son to improve his Chinese calligraphy. From 1916 until 1919 Chiang Ching\-kuo attended the "Grammar School" in "Wushan Temple" an important temple in Xikou Town. Then, in 1920, his father hired tutors to teach him the [Four Books](/wiki/Four_Books "Four Books"), the central texts of [Confucianism](/wiki/Confucianism "Confucianism"). On 4 June 1921, Ching\-kuo's grandmother died. What might have been an immense emotional loss was compensated for when Chiang Kai\-shek moved the family to Shanghai. Chiang Ching\-kuo's stepmother, historically known as the Chiang family's "Shanghai Mother", went with them. During this period Chiang Kai\-shek concluded that Chiang Ching\-kuo was a son to be taught, while Chiang Wei\-kuo was a son to be loved. During his time in Shanghai, Chiang Ching\-kuo was supervised by his father and made to write a weekly letter of 200–300 Chinese characters. Chiang Kai\-shek also underlined the importance of classical books and of learning English, two areas he was hardly proficient in himself.letter of 4 August 1922 On 20 March 1924, Chiang Ching\-kuo was able to present to his now\-nationally famous father a proposal concerning the grass\-roots organization of the rural population in [Xikou](/wiki/Xikou%2C_Fenghua "Xikou, Fenghua").Wang Shun\-ch'i, unpublished article, 1995\. The letter is in the Nanking archive Chiang Ching\-kuo planned to provide free education to allow people to read and to write at least 1000 characters. In his own words: > I have a suggestion to make about the Wushan School, although I do not know if you can agree to it. My suggestion is that the school establish a night school for common people who cannot afford to go to the regular school. My school established a night school with great success. I can tell you something about the night school: > Name: Wuschua School for the Common People > Tuition fee: Free of charge with stationery supplied > Class hours: 7 pm to 9 pm > Age limit: 14 or older > Schooling protocol: 16 or 20 weeks. > At the time of the graduation, the trainees will be able to write simple letters and keep simple accounts. They will be issued a diploma if they pass the examinations. The textbooks they used were published by the Commercial Press and were entitled "One thousand characters for the common people." I do not know whether you will accept my suggestion. If a night school is established at Wushan, it will greatly benefit the local people. In early 1925, Chiang entered Shanghai's [Pudong College](/wiki/Pudong_College "Pudong College"), but Chiang Kai\-shek decided to send him on to Beijing because of warlord action and spontaneous student protests in Shanghai. In Beijing, he attended the school organized by a friend of his father, [Wu Zhihui](/wiki/Wu_Zhihui "Wu Zhihui"), a renowned scholar and linguist. The school combined classical and modern approaches to education. While there, Ching\-kuo started to identify himself as a *progressive revolutionary* and participated in the flourishing social scene inside the young Communist community. The idea of studying in Moscow now seized his imagination.Cline, Chiang Ching\-kuo remembered, p. 148 Within the help program provided by the Soviet Union to the countries of East Asia there was a training school that later became the [Moscow Sun Yat\-sen University](/wiki/Moscow_Sun_Yat-sen_University "Moscow Sun Yat-sen University"). The participants to the university were selected by the CPSU and KMT members, with a participation of CPC Central Committee.Aleksander Pantsov, "From Students to dissidents. The Chinese Troskyites in Soviet Russia (Part 1\)", in issues \& Studies, 30/3 (March 1994\), Institute of international relations, Taipei, pp. 113–14 Chiang Ching\-kuo asked Wu Zhihui to name him as a KMT candidate. Wu did not try to dissuade him, even though Wu was a key figure of the right\-leaning and anti\-Communist "Western Hills Group" of the KMT. In the summer of 1925, Chiang Ching\-kuo traveled south to [Whampoa Military Academy](/wiki/Whampoa_Military_Academy "Whampoa Military Academy") to discuss his plans for study in Moscow with his father. Chiang Kai\-shek was not keen, but after a discussion with [Chen Guofu](/wiki/Chen_Guofu "Chen Guofu") he finally agreed. In a 1996 interview, Ch'en's brother, [Chen Li\-fu](/wiki/Chen_Li-fu "Chen Li-fu"), recalled that Chiang Kai\-shek accepted the plan because of the need to have Soviet support at a time when his hold over the KMT was tenuous.Ch'en Li\-fu, interview, Taipei, 29 May 1996\. ### Moscow With or without his father's enthusiastic approval, Chiang Ching\-kuo went on to Moscow in late 1925\. He stayed in the Soviet Union for nearly twelve years. While there, Chiang was given the Russian name **Nikolai Vladimirovich Elizarov** (Николай Владимирович Елизаров) and put under the tutelage of [Karl Radek](/wiki/Karl_Radek "Karl Radek") at the [Communist University of the Toilers of the East](/wiki/Communist_University_of_the_Toilers_of_the_East "Communist University of the Toilers of the East"). Noted for having an exceptional grasp of international politics, his classmates included other children of influential Chinese families, most notably the future Chinese Communist party leader, [Deng Xiaoping](/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping "Deng Xiaoping"). Chiang Ching\-kuo joined the [Communist Youth League](/wiki/Communist_Youth_League "Communist Youth League") under Deng.{{cite web\|date\=7 May 2016\|title\=蔣經國和鄧小平同班感情好為何最終卻分道揚鑣？\|url\=https://www.chinatimes.com/hottopic/20160507003737\-260812\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=9 January 2020\|website\=\[\[China Times]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101065328/https://www.chinatimes.com/hottopic/20160507003737\-260812 \|archive\-date\=1 January 2020 }}俄國檔案中的留蘇學生蔣經國. Jiang Jingguo's Student Years in the Soviet Union as Reflected in the Russian Archives. 余敏玲(Miin\-Ling Yu). 近代史研究所集刊； 29期 1998 p.121 Soon Ching\-kuo was an enthusiastic student of Communist ideology, particularly [Trotskyism](/wiki/Trotskyism "Trotskyism"); though following the [Great Purge](/wiki/Great_Purge "Great Purge"), [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin") privately met with him and ordered him to publicly denounce Trotskyism. Chiang even applied to be a member of the [All\-Union Communist Party](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union "Communist Party of the Soviet Union"), although his request was denied. In April 1927, however, Chiang Kai\-shek purged KMT leftists, had Communists arrested or killed, and expelled his Soviet advisers. Chiang Ching\-kuo responded from Moscow with an editorial that harshly criticized his father's actions but was nonetheless detained as a "guest" of the Soviet Union, a practical hostage. The historiographic debate still continues as to whether he was forced to write the editorial, but he had seen Trotskyist friends arrested and killed by the [Soviet secret police](/wiki/Soviet_secret_police "Soviet secret police"). The Soviet government sent him to work in the [Ural Heavy Machinery Plant](/wiki/Uralmash "Uralmash"), a steel factory in [the Urals](/wiki/The_Urals "The Urals"), [Yekaterinburg](/wiki/Yekaterinburg "Yekaterinburg") (then Sverdlovsk), where he met Faina Ipat'evna Vakhreva, a native [Belarusian](/wiki/Belarusians "Belarusians"). They married on 15 March 1935, and she would later take the Chinese name [Chiang Fang\-liang](/wiki/Chiang_Fang-liang "Chiang Fang-liang"). In December of that year, their son, [Hsiao\-wen](/wiki/Chiang_Hsiao-wen "Chiang Hsiao-wen") was born. Chiang Kai\-shek refused to negotiate a prisoner swap for his son in exchange for a Chinese Communist Party leader.{{cite book \|url\=https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku\_0\|url\-access\=registration\|quote\=It is not worth it to sacrifice the interest of the country for the sake of my son.\|title\=The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai\-shek and the birth of modern China\|first\=Hannah \|last\=Pakula \|year\=2009 \|publisher\=\[\[Simon \& Schuster]] \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku\_0/page/247 247] \|isbn\=978\-1\-4391\-4893\-8 \|access\-date\=28 June 2010}} He wrote in his diary, "It is not worth it to sacrifice the interest of the country for the sake of my son."{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_5R2fnVZXiwC\&dq\=It\+is\+not\+worth\+it\+to\+sacrifice\+the\+interest\+of\+the\+country\+for\+the\+sake\+of\+my\+son\&pg\=PA59\|title\=The Generalissimo's Son: Chiang Ching\-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan\|first\=Jay\|last\=Taylor\|date\=1 June 2009\|publisher\=Harvard University Press\|isbn\=9780674044227 \|accessdate\=25 June 2023\|via\=Google Books}}{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=YkREps9oGR4C\&dq\=It\+is\+not\+worth\+it\+to\+sacrifice\+the\+interests\+of\+the\+country\+for\+the\+sake\+of\+my\+son\&pg\=PA205 \|title\=Fenby 2005: 205\. \|isbn\=9780786714841 \|access\-date\=14 March 2023 \|archive\-date\=12 April 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110756/https://books.google.com/books?id\=YkREps9oGR4C\&dq\=It\+is\+not\+worth\+it\+to\+sacrifice\+the\+interests\+of\+the\+country\+for\+the\+sake\+of\+my\+son\&pg\=PA205 \|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Fenby \|first1\=Jonathan \|year\=2005 \|publisher\=Carroll \& Graf }} In 1937, he maintained that "I would rather have no offspring than sacrifice our nation's interests", since he had no intention of stopping the war against the Communists.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_5R2fnVZXiwC\&q\=chiang\+son\+i\+would\+rather\+have\+no\+offspring\+than\+sacrifice\+our\+\+interests\&pg\=PA59 \|title\=Taylor 2000: p. 74\. \|isbn\=9780674044227 \|access\-date\=14 March 2023 \|archive\-date\=12 April 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110754/https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_5R2fnVZXiwC\&q\=chiang\+son\+i\+would\+rather\+have\+no\+offspring\+than\+sacrifice\+our\+\+interests\&pg\=PA59 \|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Taylor \|first1\=Jay \|date\=June 2009 \|publisher\=Harvard University Press }} ### Return to China and WWII Stalin allowed Chiang Ching\-kuo to return to China with his Belarusian wife and son in April 1937 after living in the USSR for 12 years.{{cite news \|last\=Wu \|first\=Pei\-shih \|date\=18 May 2003 \|title\=Forgotten first lady served as model traditional wife \|url\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2003/05/18/0000211042 \|newspaper\=Taipei Times \|location\=Taipei, Taiwan \|access\-date\=7 November 2014 \|archive\-date\=7 November 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107213907/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2003/05/18/0000211042 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|last1\=Wang \|first1\=Jaifeng \|last2\=Hughes \|first2\=Christopher \|date\=January 1998 \|title\=Cover Story – Love to Fang\-Liang – the Chiang Family Album \|url\=http://www.taiwan\-panorama.com/en/show\_issue.php?id\=199818701038E.TXT \|newspaper\=Taiwan Panorama \|location\=Taipei, Taiwan \|access\-date\=3 November 2014 \|archive\-date\=8 August 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050742/http://www.taiwan\-panorama.com/en/show\_issue.php?id\=199818701038E.TXT \|url\-status\=dead }} By then, the NRA under Chiang Kai\-shek and the Communists under [Mao Zedong](/wiki/Mao_Zedong "Mao Zedong") had signed a ceasefire to create the [Second United Front](/wiki/Second_United_Front "Second United Front") and fight the [Japanese invasion of China](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War"), which began in July 1937\. Stalin hoped the Chinese would keep Japan from invading the Soviet Pacific coast, and he hoped to form an anti\-Japanese alliance with the senior Chiang.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2017}} On Ching\-kuo's return, his father assigned a tutor, [Hsu Dau\-lin](/wiki/Hsu_Dau-lin "Hsu Dau-lin"), to assist with his readjustment to China.Taylor 2000\. Chiang Ching\-kuo was appointed as a specialist in remote districts of [Jiangxi](/wiki/Jiangxi "Jiangxi") where he was credited with training of cadres and fighting corruption, opium consumption, and illiteracy. Chiang Ching\-kuo was appointed as commissioner of [Gannan Prefecture](/wiki/Ganzhou "Ganzhou") ({{lang\|zh\-hant\|贛南}}) between 1939 and 1945; there he banned smoking, gambling and prostitution, studied governmental management, allowed for economic expansion and a change in social outlook. His efforts were hailed as a miracle in the political war in China, then coined as the "Gannan New Deal" ({{lang\|zh\-hant\|贛南新政}}). During his time in Gannan, from 1940 he implemented a "public information desk" where ordinary people could visit him if they had problems, and according to records, Chiang Ching\-kuo received a total of 1,023 people during such sessions in 1942\.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2017}} In regard to the ban on prostitution and closing of brothels, Chiang implemented a policy where former prostitutes became employed in factories. Due to the large number of refugees in Ganzhou as a result from the ongoing war, thousands of orphans lived on the street; in June 1942, Chiang Ching\-kuo formally established the Chinese Children's Village ({{lang\|zh\-hant\|中華兒童新村}}) in the outskirts of Ganzhou, with facilities such as a nursery, kindergarten, primary school, hospital and gymnasium. During the last years of the 1930s, he met [Wang Sheng](/wiki/Wang_Sheng_%28soldier%29 "Wang Sheng (soldier)"), with whom he would remain close for the next 50 years.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2017}} The paramilitary "Sanmin Zhuyi Youth Corps" was under Chiang's control. Chiang used the term "big bourgeoisie", in a disparaging manner to call [H.H. Kung](/wiki/H.H._Kung "H.H. Kung") and [T. V. Soong](/wiki/T._V._Soong "T. V. Soong").{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=FRY0v7AH2ngC\&q\=h\+h\+kung\+hitler\&pg\=PA148 \|title\=Madame Chiang Kai\-Shek: China's Eternal First Lady \|author\=Laura Tyson Li \|year\=2007 \|edition\=reprint, illustrated \|publisher\=Grove Press \|page\=148 \|isbn\=978\-0\-8021\-4322\-8 \|access\-date\=21 May 2011 \|archive\-date\=12 April 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110802/https://books.google.com/books?id\=FRY0v7AH2ngC\&q\=h\+h\+kung\+hitler\&pg\=PA148 \|url\-status\=live }} While in mainland China, Chiang and his wife had a daughter, [Hsiao\-chang](/wiki/Chiang_Hsiao-chang "Chiang Hsiao-chang"), born in Nanchang (1938\), and two more sons, [Hsiao\-wu](/wiki/Chiang_Hsiao-wu "Chiang Hsiao-wu"), born in [Chongqing](/wiki/Chongqing "Chongqing") (1945\), and [Hsiao\-yung](/wiki/Chiang_Hsiao-yung "Chiang Hsiao-yung"), born in Shanghai (1948\). ### Relationship with Chang Ya\-juo and her death Chiang met [Chang Ya\-juo](/wiki/Chang_Ya-juo "Chang Ya-juo") when she was working at a training camp for enlistees and he was serving as the head of Gannan Prefecture during the war. The two had a relationship that brought twin sons: [Chang Hsiao\-tz'u](/wiki/Winston_Chang "Winston Chang") and [Chang Hsiao\-yen](/wiki/John_Chiang_%28Taiwan%29 "John Chiang (Taiwan)"), born in 1942\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2003\-jun\-20\-fg\-grandson20\-story.html \|title\=A Scion's Story Full of Twists \|author\=Demick, Barbara \|date\=20 June 2003 \|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times \|access\-date\=28 March 2015 \|archive\-date\=2 April 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402205950/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jun/20/world/fg\-grandson20 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/11/international/asia/11FPRO.html \|title\=Taiwan Lawmaker's Skill May Be Hereditary \|author\=Bradsher, Keith \|date\=11 January 2003 \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=28 March 2015 \|archive\-date\=2 April 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402212748/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/11/international/asia/11FPRO.html \|url\-status\=live }} In August 1942, Chang felt sick at a dinner party, and died the next day in a [Guilin](/wiki/Guilin "Guilin") hospital. The circumstances of her death raised speculation that it was murder. Over the years, many of her relatives, including her sons and highly ranked ex\-security personnel, insisted that KMT's security apparatus orchestrated her murder to keep a lid on CCK's marital affair, and to protect CCK's political career.{{cite web \|script\-title\=zh:上海档案信息网 – 档案博览 \|language\=zh \|publisher\=Shanghai Municipal Archives \|url\=http://www.archives.sh.cn/dabl/lsya/201203/t20120313\_8709\.html \|access\-date\=25 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=5 January 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105020048/http://www.archives.sh.cn/dabl/lsya/201203/t20120313\_8709\.html \|url\-status\=live }} ### Hostage claim [Jung Chang](/wiki/Jung_Chang "Jung Chang") and [Jon Halliday](/wiki/Jon_Halliday "Jon Halliday") claim Chiang Kai\-shek allowed the Communists to escape on the 1934–1935 [Long March](/wiki/Long_March "Long March") because he wanted Stalin to return Chiang Ching\-kuo.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/a\-swans\-little\-book\-of\-ire/2005/10/07/1128563003642\.html \|title\=A swan's little book of ire \|newspaper\=\[\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \|date\=8 October 2005 \|access\-date\=8 December 2007 \|archive\-date\=24 September 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204245/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/a\-swans\-little\-book\-of\-ire/2005/10/07/1128563003642\.html \|url\-status\=live }} This is contradicted by Chiang Kai\-shek's diary, "It is not worth it to sacrifice the interest of the country for the sake of my son." He refused to negotiate for a prisoner swap of his son in exchange for the Chinese Communist Party leader (Zhou Enlai).{{cite book \|url\=https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku\_0 \|url\-access\=registration \|quote\=It is not worth it to sacrifice the interest of the country for the sake of my son. \|title\=The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai\-Shek and the birth of modern China \|first\=Hannah \|last\=Pakula \|year\=2009 \|publisher\=Simon \& Schuster \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku\_0/page/247 247] \|isbn\=978\-1\-4391\-4893\-8 \|access\-date\=28 June 2010}} Again in 1937 he stated about his son: "I would rather have no offspring than sacrifice our nation's interests." Chiang had absolutely no intention of stopping the war against the Communists. Chang and Halliday likewise claim that Chiang Ching\-kuo was "kidnapped" in spite of the evidence that he went to study in the Soviet Union with his father's own approval. ### Economic policies in Shanghai [thumbnail\|Chiang Ching\-kuo in 1948](/wiki/File:Chiang_Ching-kuo_1948.jpg "Chiang Ching-kuo 1948.jpg") [250px\|thumb\|Chiang Ching\-kuo (left) with father [Chiang Kai\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek "Chiang Kai-shek") in 1948\.](/wiki/File:Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Chiang_Ching-Kuo_in_1948.jpg "Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-Kuo in 1948.jpg") After the [Second Sino\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War") and during the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War "Chinese Civil War"), Chiang Ching\-kuo briefly served as a liaison administrator in Shanghai, trying to eradicate the corruption and [hyperinflation](/wiki/Hyperinflation "Hyperinflation") that plagued the city. He was determined to do this because of the fears arising from the Nationalists' increasing lack of popularity during the Civil War. Given the task of arresting dishonest businessmen who hoarded supplies for profit during the inflationary spiral, he attempted to assuage the business community by explaining that his team would only go after big war profiteers. Chiang Ching\-kuo copied Soviet methods, which he learned during his stay in the Soviet Union, to start a social revolution by attacking middle class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the [Proletariat](/wiki/Proletariat "Proletariat").[Fenby 2005 : p. 485](https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&q=middle+class+social+revolution+soviet) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110718/https://books.google.com/books?id\=YkREps9oGR4C\&q\=middle\+class\+social\+revolution\+soviet \|date\=12 April 2023 }}. Retrieved 28 June 2010\. Chiang Ching\-kuo used his own agents to make arrests in Shanghai, rather than the Shanghai city police.{{Cite book \|last\=Coble \|first\=Parks M. \|title\=The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai\-shek Lost China's Civil War \|date\=2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-1\-009\-29761\-5 \|location\=Cambridge New York, NY \|author\-link\=Parks M. Coble}}{{Rp\|page\=178}} Chiang Ching\-kuo relied on two relatively new organizations which answered directly to him.{{Rp\|page\=178}} He used the Sixth Battalion of the Bandit\-Suppression National\-Reconstruction Corps to search warehouses for hoarded goods and to place secret report boxes in the city where people could anonymously report violators.{{Rp\|pages\=178–179}} He also used the Shanghai Youth Service Corps for enforcement.{{Rp\|page\=179}} As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shopowners, Chiang Ching\-kuo began to attack the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster [Du Yuesheng](/wiki/Du_Yuesheng "Du Yuesheng") was arrested by him. Ching\-kuo ordered KMT agents to raid the Yangtze Development Corporation's warehouses, which was privately owned by [H.H. Kung](/wiki/H.H._Kung "H.H. Kung") and his family, as the company was accused of hoarding supplies. H.H. Kung's wife was [Soong Ai\-ling](/wiki/Soong_Ai-ling "Soong Ai-ling"), the sister of [Soong Mei\-ling](/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling "Soong Mei-ling") who was Chiang Ching\-kuo's stepmother. Chiang Ching\-kuo had H.H. Kung's son son [David Kung](/wiki/David_Kung_Ling-kan "David Kung Ling-kan") and several employees of the Yangtze Development Corporation arrested on allegations of holding foreign exchange.{{Rp\|page\=181}} Soong Mei\-ling called Chiang Kai\-shek to complain and also called Chiang Ching\-Kuo directly.{{Rp\|pages\=182}} David Kung was eventually freed after negotiations, and Chiang Ching\-kuo resigned, ending the terror on the Shanghainese merchants.[Fenby 2005, p. 486](https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&q=ching-kuo+turned+on+rich+assets+agents+raided&pg=PA339) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110721/https://books.google.com/books?id\=YkREps9oGR4C\&q\=ching\-kuo\+turned\+on\+rich\+assets\+agents\+raided\&pg\=PA339 \|date\=12 April 2023 }}. Retrieved 28 June 2010\. The major impact of Chiang Ching\-kuo's campaign was to cause the flight of prominent capitalists from Shanghai to Hong Kong and elsewhere.{{Rp\|page\=183}} The failure of the campaign also affected Ching\-kuo's political influence and reputation temporarily. ### Political career in Taiwan {{More citations needed section\|date\=February 2017}} After the Nationalists lost control of [mainland China](/wiki/Mainland_China "Mainland China") to the Communists in the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War "Chinese Civil War"), Chiang Ching\-kuo followed his father and the retreating Nationalist forces to [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan"). On 8 December 1949, the Nationalist capital was moved from [Chengdu](/wiki/Chengdu "Chengdu") to [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei "Taipei"), and early on 10 December 1949, Communist troops laid siege to Chengdu, the last KMT\-controlled city on mainland China. Chiang Kai\-shek and Chiang Ching\-kuo directed the city's defense from the [Chengdu Central Military Academy](/wiki/Republic_of_China_Military_Academy "Republic of China Military Academy"), before the aircraft *May\-ling* evacuated them to Taiwan; they would never return to mainland China. In 1950, Chiang's father appointed him director of the [secret police](/wiki/Secret_police "Secret police"), which he remained until 1965\. An enemy of the Chiang family, [Wu Kuo\-chen](/wiki/Wu_Kuo-chen "Wu Kuo-chen"), was kicked out of his position of governor of Taiwan by Chiang Ching\-kuo and fled to America in 1953\.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=AW9yrtekFRkC\&pg\=PA302\|title\=Opposition and dissent in contemporary China\|first\=Peter R.\|last\=Moody\|year\=1977\|publisher\=Hoover Press\|page\=302\|isbn\=0\-8179\-6771\-0\|access\-date\=30 November 2010\|archive\-date\=12 April 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110731/https://books.google.com/books?id\=AW9yrtekFRkC\&pg\=PA302\|url\-status\=live}} Chiang Ching\-kuo, educated in the Soviet Union, initiated Soviet\-style military organization in the Republic of China Military, reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and KMT party activities were propagated throughout the military. Opposed to this was Sun Li\-jen, who was educated at the American [Virginia Military Institute](/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute "Virginia Military Institute").{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_5R2fnVZXiwC\&dq\=sun\+li\+jen\+americans\+chiang\&pg\=PA195 \|title\=Taylor 2000 : 195\. \|isbn\=9780674044227 \|access\-date\=14 March 2023 \|archive\-date\=5 April 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405100252/https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_5R2fnVZXiwC\&pg\=PA195\&dq\=sun\+li\+jen\+americans\+chiang \|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Taylor \|first1\=Jay \|date\=June 2009 \|publisher\=Harvard University Press }} [thumb\|General Chiang Ching\-kuo met with US President [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") at the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House"), 11 September 1963](/wiki/File:%E8%94%A3%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%8B%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%83%E6%99%A4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%94%98%E8%BF%BA%E8%BF%AA.jpg "蔣經國將軍會晤美國總統甘迺迪.jpg") Chiang orchestrated the controversial court\-martial and arrest of General [Sun Li\-jen](/wiki/Sun_Li-jen "Sun Li-jen") in August 1955, allegedly for plotting a coup d'état with the American [CIA](/wiki/CIA "CIA") against his father.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=YoB35f6HD9gC\&pg\=PA181\|title\=Patterns in the dust: Chinese\-American relations and the recognition controversy, 1949–1950\|author\=Nancy Bernkopf Tucker\|author\-link\=Nancy Bernkopf Tucker\|year\=1983\|publisher\=Columbia University Press\|page\=181\|isbn\=0\-231\-05362\-2\|access\-date\=28 June 2010\|archive\-date\=12 April 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110735/https://books.google.com/books?id\=YoB35f6HD9gC\&pg\=PA181\|url\-status\=live}} General Sun was a popular Chinese war hero from the [Burma Campaign](/wiki/Burma_Campaign "Burma Campaign") against the Japanese and remained under house arrest until Chiang Ching\-kuo's death in 1988\. Ching\-kuo also approved the arbitrary arrest and torture of prisoners.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZNCghCIbyVAC\&pg\=PA243\|title\=The Sino\-American alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War strategy in Asia\|first\=John W.\|last\=Garver\|year\=1997\|publisher\=M.E. Sharpe\|page\=243\|isbn\=0\-7656\-0025\-0\|access\-date\=28 June 2010\|archive\-date\=12 April 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110737/https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZNCghCIbyVAC\&pg\=PA243\|url\-status\=live}} [thumb\|Defense Minister Chiang Ching\-kuo visited [the Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon") with U.S. Secretary of Defense [Robert McNamara](/wiki/Robert_McNamara "Robert McNamara"), 23 September 1965](/wiki/File:%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E8%94%A3%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%AA%E5%95%8F%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E4%BA%94%E8%A7%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%BB%88.jpg "國防部長蔣經國訪問華盛頓美國國防部五角大廈.jpg") From 1955 to 1960, Chiang administered the construction and completion of Taiwan's highway system. Chiang's father elevated him to high office when he was appointed as the ROC Defense Minister from 1965 until 1969\. He was the nation's Vice Premier between 1969 and 1972, during which he survived a [1970 assassination attempt](/wiki/Cheng_Tzu-tsai%231970_assassination_attempt "Cheng Tzu-tsai#1970 assassination attempt") while visiting the U.S.{{cite news\|last\=Chuang\|first\=Jimmy\|date\=19 May 2012\|title\=Would\-be Chiang Ching\-kuo assassin honored by Taipei University\|url\=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news\-subclass\-cnt.aspx?id\=20120519000035\&cid\=1601\|newspaper\=\[\[China Times\|Want China Times]]\|location\=Taipei\|access\-date\=12 November 2014\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112173927/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news\-subclass\-cnt.aspx?id\=20120519000035\&cid\=1601\|archive\-date\=12 November 2014}} Afterwards he was appointed the nation's Premier between 1972 and 1978\. In 1970, Chiang was the target of an assassination attempt in New York City by [Peter Huang](/wiki/Peter_Huang "Peter Huang").{{Cite book \|last\=Cheng \|first\=Wendy \|title\=Island X: Taiwanese Student Migrants, Campus Spies, and Cold War Activism \|date\=2023 \|publisher\=\[\[University of Washington Press]] \|isbn\=9780295752051 \|location\=Seattle, WA}}{{Rp\|page\=27}} As Premier Chiang organized a [people's diplomacy](/wiki/People%27s_diplomacy "People's diplomacy") campaign in the United States in an effort to mobilize American political sentiment in opposition to the PRC through mass demonstrations and petitions.{{Cite book \|last\=Minami \|first\=Kazushi \|title\=People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US\-China Relations during the Cold War \|date\=2024 \|publisher\=\[\[Cornell University Press]] \|isbn\=9781501774157 \|location\=Ithaca, NY}}{{Rp\|page\=42}} Among these efforts, the KMT worked with the [John Birch Society](/wiki/John_Birch_Society "John Birch Society") to launch a petition writing campaign through which Americans were urged to write their local government officials and ask them to "Cut the Red China connection."{{Rp\|page\=42}} As Chiang Kai\-shek entered his final years, he gradually gave more responsibilities to his son, and when he died in April 1975, Vice President [Yen Chia\-kan](/wiki/Yen_Chia-kan "Yen Chia-kan") became president for the balance of Chiang Kai\-shek's term, while Chiang Ching\-kuo succeeded to the leadership of the KMT (he opted for the title "Chairman" rather than the elder Chiang's title of "Director\-General"). ### Leadership Chiang Ching\-kuo was elected president of the ROC in the [1978 Taiwanese presidential election](/wiki/1978_Taiwanese_presidential_election "1978 Taiwanese presidential election") by the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China "National Assembly of the Republic of China") on 20 May 1978\. He was reelected to another term in the [1984 Taiwanese presidential election](/wiki/1984_Taiwanese_presidential_election "1984 Taiwanese presidential election"). At that time, the National Assembly consisted mostly of {{ill\|ten\-thousand\-year congress\|lt\="ten thousand year" legislators\|zh\|萬年國會}}, men who had been elected in 1947–48 before the fall of mainland China and who would hold their seats indefinitely. Starting from the 1970s when his father grew sick, Chiang became the de facto leader of the regime and reformed many of his father's autocratic policies and gradually phased out of the white terror by allowing the freedom of peaceful assemblies and political pluralism of the [Tangwai movement](/wiki/Tangwai_movement "Tangwai movement"), which later became the [DPP](/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party "Democratic Progressive Party"). Chiang also turned down many of the suggestions of the conservatives in the KMT regime to violently suppress the protesters. In a move he launched the "[Ten Major Construction Projects](/wiki/Ten_Major_Construction_Projects "Ten Major Construction Projects")" and the "Twelve New Development Projects" which contributed to the "Taiwan Miracle". Among his accomplishments was accelerating the process of economic modernization to give Taiwan a 13% growth rate, $4,600 per capita income, and the world's second largest [foreign exchange reserves](/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves "Foreign exchange reserves"). On 16 December 1978, U.S. president [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") announced that the United States would no longer recognize the ROC as the legitimate government of China. Under the [Taiwan Relations Act](/wiki/Taiwan_Relations_Act "Taiwan Relations Act"), the United States would continue to sell weapons to Taiwan, but the TRA was purposely vague in any promise of defending Taiwan in the event of an invasion. Chiang Ching\-kuo also enacted major [labor rights](/wiki/Labor_rights "Labor rights") reforms throughout the 1970s and the 1980s that addressed [child labor](/wiki/Child_labor "Child labor"), [women's employment](/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce "Women in the workforce"), [working time](/wiki/Working_time "Working time"), [pensions](/wiki/Pensions "Pensions"), [paid leave](/wiki/Paid_leave "Paid leave"), [employment contract](/wiki/Employment_contract "Employment contract") with several legislations such as the "Labor Safety and Hygiene Law" in 1974 and the "Factory Law" in 1975\. The average salary of Taiwanese workers tripled under his rule. Chiang Ching\-kuo also loosened the harsh anti\-strike laws and [union busting](/wiki/Union_busting "Union busting") practice, thus giving the labor movement more opportunity to bargain for fairer wages as he lifted the [martial law provisions](/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan "Martial law in Taiwan").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.modernchinastudies.org/us/issues/past\-issues/64\-mcs\-1999\-issue\-1/485\-2012\-01\-01\-10\-06\-23\.html \| title\=中国大陆和台湾劳工政策之比较 \| access\-date\=20 February 2023 \| archive\-date\=12 April 2023 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110747/https://www.modernchinastudies.org/us/issues/past\-issues/64\-mcs\-1999\-issue\-1/485\-2012\-01\-01\-10\-06\-23\.html \| url\-status\=live }} In an effort to bring more Taiwan\-born citizens into government services, Chiang Ching\-kuo "exiled" his over\-ambitious chief of General Political Warfare Department, General [Wang Sheng](/wiki/Wang_Sheng_%28soldier%29 "Wang Sheng (soldier)"), to [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay "Paraguay") as an ambassador (November 1983\),{{cite book\|title\=Taiwan: a political history\|first\=Denny\|last\= Roy\|publisher\=Cornell University Press\| year\= 2003\|isbn\=0\-8014\-8805\-2\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn/page/179 179]–180\|url\=https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn\|url\-access\=registration}} and hand\-picked [Lee Teng\-hui](/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui "Lee Teng-hui") as vice\-president of the ROC (formally elected May 1984\), first\-in\-the\-line of succession to the presidency. Chiang emphatically declared that his successor would not be from the Chiang family in a Constitution Day speech on 25 December 1985:{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/26/world/taiwan\-chief\-rules\-out\-chance\-family\-member\-will\-succeed\-him.html\|title\=Taiwan chief rules out chance family member will succeed him\|author\=Staff\|date\=26 December 1985\|agency\=Associated Press\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=19 May 2016\|archive\-date\=11 June 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611143948/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/26/world/taiwan\-chief\-rules\-out\-chance\-family\-member\-will\-succeed\-him.html\|url\-status\=live}} {{cquote\|The first question is the succession to the presidency. This sort of question only exists in despotic and totalitarian countries. It does not exist in the Republic of China, based on the Constitution. So the next president will be elected in accordance with constitutional procedure by the National Assembly on behalf of the people. Some people may raise the question whether any member of my family would run for the next presidency. My answer is: it can't be and it won't be.{{cite speech\|url\=http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem\=117721\&CtNode\=103\|title\=Constitution to Determine His Successor\|first\=Chiang\|last\=Ching\-kuo\|author\-link\=Chiang Ching\-kuo\|event\=Constitution Day\|location\=Taipei, Taiwan\|date\=25 December 1985\|access\-date\=19 May 2016\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808114036/http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem\=117721\&CtNode\=103\|archive\-date\=8 August 2016}} }} Chiang Wei\-kuo, Chiang's younger brother, would later repudiate the declaration in 1990 after he was selected as a vice\-presidential candidate.{{cite book\|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=MAU9JjMcfsQC\&pg\=PA72\|title\=Democratizing Taiwan\|author\-link1\=J. Bruce Jacobs\|author\=Jacobs, J. Bruce\|chapter\=Three: The Lee Teng\-Hui presidency to early 1996\|page\=72\|date\=2012\|publisher\=Koninklijke Brill NV\|location\=Leiden, The Netherlands\|access\-date\=19 May 2016\|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-22154\-3\|quote\=On February 13, 1990 a group of National Assembly members proposed Lin Yang\-kang for president and the following day Chiang Wego denied that his brother Chiang Ching\-kuo had said, "Members of the Chiang family cannot and will not run for president." Footnote 19: \[...] Chiang Ching\-kuo made this statement on 25 December 1985\.}} On 15 July 1987, Chiang finally ended [martial law](/wiki/Martial_law "Martial law") and allowed his family to visit the [mainland](/wiki/Mainland_China "Mainland China"). The ban on tourism to Hong Kong and [Macau](/wiki/Macau "Macau") was also lifted. His administration saw a gradual loosening of political controls and opponents of the Nationalists were no longer forbidden to hold meetings or publish political criticism papers. Opposition political parties, though still formally illegal, were allowed to operate without harassment or arrest. When the [Democratic Progressive Party](/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party "Democratic Progressive Party") was established on 28 September 1986, President Chiang decided against dissolving the group or persecuting its leaders, but its candidates officially ran in elections as independents in the [Tangwai](/wiki/Tangwai "Tangwai") movement. Chiang Ching\-kuo also increased the political representation of Native Taiwanese under his rule, allowing them to have various positions, which paved the way for [Lee Teng\-hui](/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui "Lee Teng-hui") to come to power and further democratize Taiwan.[Archived copy](https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/34380/7/26150107.pdf?TSPD_101_R0=08da84e244ab20008b839029b82a04801d6a66830731be25f8b6f6a862b3e39247325ddd77cf2b0b089967fbee143000cd105d33c8f799944cb1c74dac49a580683868d2b61a0f938f2e94f84fc74cae7720198d5f1a710765d554c2d7fd3da9){{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207010513/https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140\.119/34380/7/26150107\.pdf?TSPD\_101\_R0\=08da84e244ab20008b839029b82a04801d6a66830731be25f8b6f6a862b3e39247325ddd77cf2b0b089967fbee143000cd105d33c8f799944cb1c74dac49a580683868d2b61a0f938f2e94f84fc74cae7720198d5f1a710765d554c2d7fd3da9\|date\=7 February 2023 }} ### Death and legacy [250px\|thumb\|Chiang Ching\-kuo lies in state.](/wiki/File:Chiang_Ching_Kuo_Funeral.jpg "Chiang Ching Kuo Funeral.jpg") Chiang Ching\-kuo died at [Taipei Veterans General Hospital](/wiki/Taipei_Veterans_General_Hospital "Taipei Veterans General Hospital") on 13 January 1988, aged 77, from a heart attack.{{cite news \|last1\=Pace \|first1\=Eric \|author1\-link\=Eric Pace \|title\=Chiang Ching\-kuo Dies at 77, Ending a Dynasty on Taiwan \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/14/obituaries/chiang\-ching\-kuo\-dies\-at\-77\-ending\-a\-dynasty\-on\-taiwan.html \|access\-date\=20 January 2022 \|work\=New York Times \|date\=14 January 1988 \|archive\-date\=20 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120004218/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/14/obituaries/chiang\-ching\-kuo\-dies\-at\-77\-ending\-a\-dynasty\-on\-taiwan.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|last1\=Southerl \|first1\=Daniel \|title\=LONGTIME TAIWANIAN LEADER CHIANG CHING\-KUO, 77, DIES \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1988/01/14/longtime\-taiwanian\-leader\-chiang\-ching\-kuo\-77\-dies/762ee60e\-f41c\-4815\-a311\-9fb6143fa8fc/ \|access\-date\=20 January 2022 \|newspaper\=Washington Post \|date\=14 January 1988}} He used a wheelchair during the last months of his life, and also had diabetes, alongside vision and heart problems.{{cite news \|title\=TAIWAN LEADER DIES, ENDING FAMILY RULE \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/01/14/taiwan\-leader\-dies\-ending\-family\-rule/19e3a742\-bb57\-4c56\-81dc\-6e0805566a12/ \|access\-date\=20 January 2022 \|newspaper\=Washington Post \|date\=13 January 1988}} He was interred temporarily in Daxi Township, Taoyuan County (now [Daxi District](/wiki/Daxi_District "Daxi District"), [Taoyuan City](/wiki/Taoyuan_City "Taoyuan City")), but in a separate [mausoleum](/wiki/Mausoleum "Mausoleum") in [Touliao](/wiki/Touliao "Touliao"), a mile down the road from his father's burial place. The hope was to have both buried at their birthplace in [Fenghua](/wiki/Fenghua "Fenghua") once mainland China was recovered. Composer [Hwang Yau\-tai](/wiki/Hwang_Yau-tai "Hwang Yau-tai") wrote the [Chiang Ching\-kuo Memorial Song](/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo_Memorial_Song "Chiang Ching-kuo Memorial Song") in 1988\. In January 2004, [Chiang Fang\-liang](/wiki/Chiang_Fang-liang "Chiang Fang-liang") asked that both father and son be buried at [Wuchih Mountain Military Cemetery](/wiki/Wuchih_Mountain_Military_Cemetery "Wuchih Mountain Military Cemetery") in [Hsichih](/wiki/Hsichih "Hsichih"), [Taipei County](/wiki/Taipei_County "Taipei County") (now New Taipei City). The state funeral ceremony was initially planned for Spring 2005, but was eventually delayed to winter 2005\. It may be further delayed due to the recent death of Chiang Ching\-kuo's oldest daughter\-in\-law, who had served as the de facto head of the household since Chiang Fang\-liang's death in 2004\. Chiang Fang\-liang and Soong Mei\-ling had agreed in 1997 that the former leaders be first buried, but still be moved to mainland China.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2020}} Murray A. Rubinstein called Chiang Ching\-kuo more of a civilian leader than his father, whom Rubenstein refers to as a "quasi\-[warlord](/wiki/Warlord_era "Warlord era")."{{cite book\|title\=Taiwan: A New History\|page\=435}} Jay Taylor has described Chiang Ching\-kuo as a figure who was ideologically inspired by a mix of [Soviet communism](/wiki/Marxism_Leninism "Marxism Leninism"), [Chinese nationalism](/wiki/Chinese_nationalism "Chinese nationalism"), [Taiwanese localism](/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism "Taiwanese nationalism"), and [American democracy](/wiki/Liberal_democracy "Liberal democracy"), who became the helmsman of the democratization of Taiwan. Unlike his highly controversial father, Chiang Ching\-kuo's reputation is overwhelmingly positive among the Taiwanese population as the people of Taiwan recognize his economic and social achievements, as well as his efforts of democratization. 38\.7% of the population considers him the best president who contributed the most to Taiwan, and he was rated 84\.8/100 by the Taiwanese population.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.storm.mg/article/1871975 \| title\=遠見民調》「哪位總統對台灣貢獻最大」 他遙遙領先、第二名看不到車尾燈\-風傳媒 \| date\=25 October 2019 \| access\-date\=31 July 2022 \| archive\-date\=3 July 2022 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703082647/https://www.storm.mg/article/1871975 \| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \| url\=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/ch/news/3993883 \| title\=只贏蔣介石.... 台灣民調歷任總統評價：最親中馬英九倒數第二 \| 台灣英文新聞 \| 2020\-08\-24 18:07:00 \| date\=24 August 2020 \| access\-date\=31 July 2022 \| archive\-date\=31 July 2022 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731074636/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/ch/news/3993883 \| url\-status\=live }}
[ "Biography\n---------", "{{more citations needed section\\|date\\=February 2017}}", "### Early life", "[thumb\\|right\\|Chiang Ching\\-kuo in his youth](/wiki/File:Chiang_Ching-kuo_youth_3.jpg \"Chiang Ching-kuo youth 3.jpg\")\nThe son of Chiang Kai\\-shek and his first wife, [Mao Fumei](/wiki/Mao_Fumei \"Mao Fumei\"), Chiang Ching\\-kuo was born in [Fenghua](/wiki/Fenghua \"Fenghua\"), Zhejiang, with the [courtesy name](/wiki/Chinese_courtesy_name \"Chinese courtesy name\") of **Jiànfēng** ({{lang\\|zh\\-hant\\|建豐}}). He had an adopted brother, [Chiang Wei\\-kuo](/wiki/Chiang_Wei-kuo \"Chiang Wei-kuo\"). \"Ching\" literally means \"longitude\", while \"kuo\" means \"nation\"; in his brother's name, \"wei\" literally means \"parallel (of latitude)\". The names are inspired by the references in Chinese classics such as the *[Guoyu](/wiki/Guoyu_%28book%29 \"Guoyu (book)\")*, in which \"to draw the longitudes and latitudes of the world\" is used as a metaphor for a person with great abilities, especially in managing a country.", "While the young Chiang Ching\\-kuo had a good relationship with his mother and grandmother (who were deeply rooted to their Buddhist faith), his relationship with his father was strict, utilitarian and often rocky. Chiang Kai\\-shek appeared to his son as an authoritarian figure, sometimes indifferent to his problems. Even in personal letters between the two, Chiang Kai\\-shek would sternly order his son to improve his Chinese calligraphy. From 1916 until 1919 Chiang Ching\\-kuo attended the \"Grammar School\" in \"Wushan Temple\" an important temple in Xikou Town. Then, in 1920, his father hired tutors to teach him the [Four Books](/wiki/Four_Books \"Four Books\"), the central texts of [Confucianism](/wiki/Confucianism \"Confucianism\"). On 4 June 1921, Ching\\-kuo's grandmother died. What might have been an immense emotional loss was compensated for when Chiang Kai\\-shek moved the family to Shanghai. Chiang Ching\\-kuo's stepmother, historically known as the Chiang family's \"Shanghai Mother\", went with them. During this period Chiang Kai\\-shek concluded that Chiang Ching\\-kuo was a son to be taught, while Chiang Wei\\-kuo was a son to be loved.", "During his time in Shanghai, Chiang Ching\\-kuo was supervised by his father and made to write a weekly letter of 200–300 Chinese characters. Chiang Kai\\-shek also underlined the importance of classical books and of learning English, two areas he was hardly proficient in himself.letter of 4 August 1922 On 20 March 1924, Chiang Ching\\-kuo was able to present to his now\\-nationally famous father a proposal concerning the grass\\-roots organization of the rural population in [Xikou](/wiki/Xikou%2C_Fenghua \"Xikou, Fenghua\").Wang Shun\\-ch'i, unpublished article, 1995\\. The letter is in the Nanking archive Chiang Ching\\-kuo planned to provide free education to allow people to read and to write at least 1000 characters. In his own words:", "> I have a suggestion to make about the Wushan School, although I do not know if you can agree to it. My suggestion is that the school establish a night school for common people who cannot afford to go to the regular school. My school established a night school with great success. I can tell you something about the night school:\n> Name: Wuschua School for the Common People\n> Tuition fee: Free of charge with stationery supplied\n> Class hours: 7 pm to 9 pm\n> Age limit: 14 or older\n> Schooling protocol: 16 or 20 weeks.\n> At the time of the graduation, the trainees will be able to write simple letters and keep simple accounts. They will be issued a diploma if they pass the examinations. The textbooks they used were published by the Commercial Press and were entitled \"One thousand characters for the common people.\" I do not know whether you will accept my suggestion. If a night school is established at Wushan, it will greatly benefit the local people.", "", "In early 1925, Chiang entered Shanghai's [Pudong College](/wiki/Pudong_College \"Pudong College\"), but Chiang Kai\\-shek decided to send him on to Beijing because of warlord action and spontaneous student protests in Shanghai. In Beijing, he attended the school organized by a friend of his father, [Wu Zhihui](/wiki/Wu_Zhihui \"Wu Zhihui\"), a renowned scholar and linguist. The school combined classical and modern approaches to education. While there, Ching\\-kuo started to identify himself as a *progressive revolutionary* and participated in the flourishing social scene inside the young Communist community. The idea of studying in Moscow now seized his imagination.Cline, Chiang Ching\\-kuo remembered, p. 148 Within the help program provided by the Soviet Union to the countries of East Asia there was a training school that later became the [Moscow Sun Yat\\-sen University](/wiki/Moscow_Sun_Yat-sen_University \"Moscow Sun Yat-sen University\"). The participants to the university were selected by the CPSU and KMT members, with a participation of CPC Central Committee.Aleksander Pantsov, \"From Students to dissidents. The Chinese Troskyites in Soviet Russia (Part 1\\)\", in issues \\& Studies, 30/3 (March 1994\\), Institute of international relations, Taipei, pp. 113–14", "Chiang Ching\\-kuo asked Wu Zhihui to name him as a KMT candidate. Wu did not try to dissuade him, even though Wu was a key figure of the right\\-leaning and anti\\-Communist \"Western Hills Group\" of the KMT. In the summer of 1925, Chiang Ching\\-kuo traveled south to [Whampoa Military Academy](/wiki/Whampoa_Military_Academy \"Whampoa Military Academy\") to discuss his plans for study in Moscow with his father. Chiang Kai\\-shek was not keen, but after a discussion with [Chen Guofu](/wiki/Chen_Guofu \"Chen Guofu\") he finally agreed. In a 1996 interview, Ch'en's brother, [Chen Li\\-fu](/wiki/Chen_Li-fu \"Chen Li-fu\"), recalled that Chiang Kai\\-shek accepted the plan because of the need to have Soviet support at a time when his hold over the KMT was tenuous.Ch'en Li\\-fu, interview, Taipei, 29 May 1996\\.", "### Moscow", "With or without his father's enthusiastic approval, Chiang Ching\\-kuo went on to Moscow in late 1925\\. He stayed in the Soviet Union for nearly twelve years. While there, Chiang was given the Russian name **Nikolai Vladimirovich Elizarov** (Николай Владимирович Елизаров) and put under the tutelage of [Karl Radek](/wiki/Karl_Radek \"Karl Radek\") at the [Communist University of the Toilers of the East](/wiki/Communist_University_of_the_Toilers_of_the_East \"Communist University of the Toilers of the East\"). Noted for having an exceptional grasp of international politics, his classmates included other children of influential Chinese families, most notably the future Chinese Communist party leader, [Deng Xiaoping](/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping \"Deng Xiaoping\"). Chiang Ching\\-kuo joined the [Communist Youth League](/wiki/Communist_Youth_League \"Communist Youth League\") under Deng.{{cite web\\|date\\=7 May 2016\\|title\\=蔣經國和鄧小平同班感情好為何最終卻分道揚鑣？\\|url\\=https://www.chinatimes.com/hottopic/20160507003737\\-260812\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=9 January 2020\\|website\\=\\[\\[China Times]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101065328/https://www.chinatimes.com/hottopic/20160507003737\\-260812 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 January 2020 }}俄國檔案中的留蘇學生蔣經國. Jiang Jingguo's Student Years in the Soviet Union as Reflected in the Russian Archives. 余敏玲(Miin\\-Ling Yu). 近代史研究所集刊； 29期 1998 p.121 Soon Ching\\-kuo was an enthusiastic student of Communist ideology, particularly [Trotskyism](/wiki/Trotskyism \"Trotskyism\"); though following the [Great Purge](/wiki/Great_Purge \"Great Purge\"), [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin \"Joseph Stalin\") privately met with him and ordered him to publicly denounce Trotskyism. Chiang even applied to be a member of the [All\\-Union Communist Party](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Communist Party of the Soviet Union\"), although his request was denied.", "In April 1927, however, Chiang Kai\\-shek purged KMT leftists, had Communists arrested or killed, and expelled his Soviet advisers. Chiang Ching\\-kuo responded from Moscow with an editorial that harshly criticized his father's actions but was nonetheless detained as a \"guest\" of the Soviet Union, a practical hostage. The historiographic debate still continues as to whether he was forced to write the editorial, but he had seen Trotskyist friends arrested and killed by the [Soviet secret police](/wiki/Soviet_secret_police \"Soviet secret police\"). The Soviet government sent him to work in the [Ural Heavy Machinery Plant](/wiki/Uralmash \"Uralmash\"), a steel factory in [the Urals](/wiki/The_Urals \"The Urals\"), [Yekaterinburg](/wiki/Yekaterinburg \"Yekaterinburg\") (then Sverdlovsk), where he met Faina Ipat'evna Vakhreva, a native [Belarusian](/wiki/Belarusians \"Belarusians\"). They married on 15 March 1935, and she would later take the Chinese name [Chiang Fang\\-liang](/wiki/Chiang_Fang-liang \"Chiang Fang-liang\"). In December of that year, their son, [Hsiao\\-wen](/wiki/Chiang_Hsiao-wen \"Chiang Hsiao-wen\") was born.", "Chiang Kai\\-shek refused to negotiate a prisoner swap for his son in exchange for a Chinese Communist Party leader.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku\\_0\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|quote\\=It is not worth it to sacrifice the interest of the country for the sake of my son.\\|title\\=The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai\\-shek and the birth of modern China\\|first\\=Hannah \\|last\\=Pakula \\|year\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Simon \\& Schuster]] \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku\\_0/page/247 247] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4391\\-4893\\-8 \\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2010}} He wrote in his diary, \"It is not worth it to sacrifice the interest of the country for the sake of my son.\"{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_5R2fnVZXiwC\\&dq\\=It\\+is\\+not\\+worth\\+it\\+to\\+sacrifice\\+the\\+interest\\+of\\+the\\+country\\+for\\+the\\+sake\\+of\\+my\\+son\\&pg\\=PA59\\|title\\=The Generalissimo's Son: Chiang Ching\\-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan\\|first\\=Jay\\|last\\=Taylor\\|date\\=1 June 2009\\|publisher\\=Harvard University Press\\|isbn\\=9780674044227 \\|accessdate\\=25 June 2023\\|via\\=Google Books}}{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=YkREps9oGR4C\\&dq\\=It\\+is\\+not\\+worth\\+it\\+to\\+sacrifice\\+the\\+interests\\+of\\+the\\+country\\+for\\+the\\+sake\\+of\\+my\\+son\\&pg\\=PA205 \\|title\\=Fenby 2005: 205\\. \\|isbn\\=9780786714841 \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110756/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=YkREps9oGR4C\\&dq\\=It\\+is\\+not\\+worth\\+it\\+to\\+sacrifice\\+the\\+interests\\+of\\+the\\+country\\+for\\+the\\+sake\\+of\\+my\\+son\\&pg\\=PA205 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Fenby \\|first1\\=Jonathan \\|year\\=2005 \\|publisher\\=Carroll \\& Graf }} In 1937, he maintained that \"I would rather have no offspring than sacrifice our nation's interests\", since he had no intention of stopping the war against the Communists.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_5R2fnVZXiwC\\&q\\=chiang\\+son\\+i\\+would\\+rather\\+have\\+no\\+offspring\\+than\\+sacrifice\\+our\\+\\+interests\\&pg\\=PA59 \\|title\\=Taylor 2000: p. 74\\. \\|isbn\\=9780674044227 \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110754/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_5R2fnVZXiwC\\&q\\=chiang\\+son\\+i\\+would\\+rather\\+have\\+no\\+offspring\\+than\\+sacrifice\\+our\\+\\+interests\\&pg\\=PA59 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Taylor \\|first1\\=Jay \\|date\\=June 2009 \\|publisher\\=Harvard University Press }}", "### Return to China and WWII", "Stalin allowed Chiang Ching\\-kuo to return to China with his Belarusian wife and son in April 1937 after living in the USSR for 12 years.{{cite news \\|last\\=Wu \\|first\\=Pei\\-shih \\|date\\=18 May 2003 \\|title\\=Forgotten first lady served as model traditional wife \\|url\\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2003/05/18/0000211042 \\|newspaper\\=Taipei Times \\|location\\=Taipei, Taiwan \\|access\\-date\\=7 November 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107213907/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2003/05/18/0000211042 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Wang \\|first1\\=Jaifeng \\|last2\\=Hughes \\|first2\\=Christopher \\|date\\=January 1998 \\|title\\=Cover Story – Love to Fang\\-Liang – the Chiang Family Album \\|url\\=http://www.taiwan\\-panorama.com/en/show\\_issue.php?id\\=199818701038E.TXT \\|newspaper\\=Taiwan Panorama \\|location\\=Taipei, Taiwan \\|access\\-date\\=3 November 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050742/http://www.taiwan\\-panorama.com/en/show\\_issue.php?id\\=199818701038E.TXT \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "By then, the NRA under Chiang Kai\\-shek and the Communists under [Mao Zedong](/wiki/Mao_Zedong \"Mao Zedong\") had signed a ceasefire to create the [Second United Front](/wiki/Second_United_Front \"Second United Front\") and fight the [Japanese invasion of China](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\"), which began in July 1937\\. Stalin hoped the Chinese would keep Japan from invading the Soviet Pacific coast, and he hoped to form an anti\\-Japanese alliance with the senior Chiang.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2017}}", "On Ching\\-kuo's return, his father assigned a tutor, [Hsu Dau\\-lin](/wiki/Hsu_Dau-lin \"Hsu Dau-lin\"), to assist with his readjustment to China.Taylor 2000\\. Chiang Ching\\-kuo was appointed as a specialist in remote districts of [Jiangxi](/wiki/Jiangxi \"Jiangxi\") where he was credited with training of cadres and fighting corruption, opium consumption, and illiteracy. Chiang Ching\\-kuo was appointed as commissioner of [Gannan Prefecture](/wiki/Ganzhou \"Ganzhou\") ({{lang\\|zh\\-hant\\|贛南}}) between 1939 and 1945; there he banned smoking, gambling and prostitution, studied governmental management, allowed for economic expansion and a change in social outlook. His efforts were hailed as a miracle in the political war in China, then coined as the \"Gannan New Deal\" ({{lang\\|zh\\-hant\\|贛南新政}}). During his time in Gannan, from 1940 he implemented a \"public information desk\" where ordinary people could visit him if they had problems, and according to records, Chiang Ching\\-kuo received a total of 1,023 people during such sessions in 1942\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2017}}", "In regard to the ban on prostitution and closing of brothels, Chiang implemented a policy where former prostitutes became employed in factories. Due to the large number of refugees in Ganzhou as a result from the ongoing war, thousands of orphans lived on the street; in June 1942, Chiang Ching\\-kuo formally established the Chinese Children's Village ({{lang\\|zh\\-hant\\|中華兒童新村}}) in the outskirts of Ganzhou, with facilities such as a nursery, kindergarten, primary school, hospital and gymnasium. During the last years of the 1930s, he met [Wang Sheng](/wiki/Wang_Sheng_%28soldier%29 \"Wang Sheng (soldier)\"), with whom he would remain close for the next 50 years.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2017}}", "The paramilitary \"Sanmin Zhuyi Youth Corps\" was under Chiang's control. Chiang used the term \"big bourgeoisie\", in a disparaging manner to call [H.H. Kung](/wiki/H.H._Kung \"H.H. Kung\") and [T. V. Soong](/wiki/T._V._Soong \"T. V. Soong\").{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=FRY0v7AH2ngC\\&q\\=h\\+h\\+kung\\+hitler\\&pg\\=PA148 \\|title\\=Madame Chiang Kai\\-Shek: China's Eternal First Lady \\|author\\=Laura Tyson Li \\|year\\=2007 \\|edition\\=reprint, illustrated \\|publisher\\=Grove Press \\|page\\=148 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8021\\-4322\\-8 \\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110802/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=FRY0v7AH2ngC\\&q\\=h\\+h\\+kung\\+hitler\\&pg\\=PA148 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "While in mainland China, Chiang and his wife had a daughter, [Hsiao\\-chang](/wiki/Chiang_Hsiao-chang \"Chiang Hsiao-chang\"), born in Nanchang (1938\\), and two more sons, [Hsiao\\-wu](/wiki/Chiang_Hsiao-wu \"Chiang Hsiao-wu\"), born in [Chongqing](/wiki/Chongqing \"Chongqing\") (1945\\), and [Hsiao\\-yung](/wiki/Chiang_Hsiao-yung \"Chiang Hsiao-yung\"), born in Shanghai (1948\\).", "### Relationship with Chang Ya\\-juo and her death", "Chiang met [Chang Ya\\-juo](/wiki/Chang_Ya-juo \"Chang Ya-juo\") when she was working at a training camp for enlistees and he was serving as the head of Gannan Prefecture during the war. The two had a relationship that brought twin sons: [Chang Hsiao\\-tz'u](/wiki/Winston_Chang \"Winston Chang\") and [Chang Hsiao\\-yen](/wiki/John_Chiang_%28Taiwan%29 \"John Chiang (Taiwan)\"), born in 1942\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2003\\-jun\\-20\\-fg\\-grandson20\\-story.html \\|title\\=A Scion's Story Full of Twists \\|author\\=Demick, Barbara \\|date\\=20 June 2003 \\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 April 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402205950/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jun/20/world/fg\\-grandson20 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/11/international/asia/11FPRO.html \\|title\\=Taiwan Lawmaker's Skill May Be Hereditary \\|author\\=Bradsher, Keith \\|date\\=11 January 2003 \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 April 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402212748/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/11/international/asia/11FPRO.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In August 1942, Chang felt sick at a dinner party, and died the next day in a [Guilin](/wiki/Guilin \"Guilin\") hospital. The circumstances of her death raised speculation that it was murder. Over the years, many of her relatives, including her sons and highly ranked ex\\-security personnel, insisted that KMT's security apparatus orchestrated her murder to keep a lid on CCK's marital affair, and to protect CCK's political career.{{cite web \\|script\\-title\\=zh:上海档案信息网 – 档案博览 \\|language\\=zh \\|publisher\\=Shanghai Municipal Archives \\|url\\=http://www.archives.sh.cn/dabl/lsya/201203/t20120313\\_8709\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 January 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105020048/http://www.archives.sh.cn/dabl/lsya/201203/t20120313\\_8709\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Hostage claim", "[Jung Chang](/wiki/Jung_Chang \"Jung Chang\") and [Jon Halliday](/wiki/Jon_Halliday \"Jon Halliday\") claim Chiang Kai\\-shek allowed the Communists to escape on the 1934–1935 [Long March](/wiki/Long_March \"Long March\") because he wanted Stalin to return Chiang Ching\\-kuo.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/a\\-swans\\-little\\-book\\-of\\-ire/2005/10/07/1128563003642\\.html \\|title\\=A swan's little book of ire \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \\|date\\=8 October 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204245/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/a\\-swans\\-little\\-book\\-of\\-ire/2005/10/07/1128563003642\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} This is contradicted by Chiang Kai\\-shek's diary, \"It is not worth it to sacrifice the interest of the country for the sake of my son.\" He refused to negotiate for a prisoner swap of his son in exchange for the Chinese Communist Party leader (Zhou Enlai).{{cite book \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku\\_0 \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|quote\\=It is not worth it to sacrifice the interest of the country for the sake of my son. \\|title\\=The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai\\-Shek and the birth of modern China \\|first\\=Hannah \\|last\\=Pakula \\|year\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=Simon \\& Schuster \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku\\_0/page/247 247] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4391\\-4893\\-8 \\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2010}} Again in 1937 he stated about his son: \"I would rather have no offspring than sacrifice our nation's interests.\" Chiang had absolutely no intention of stopping the war against the Communists. \nChang and Halliday likewise claim that Chiang Ching\\-kuo was \"kidnapped\" in spite of the evidence that he went to study in the Soviet Union with his father's own approval.", "### Economic policies in Shanghai", "[thumbnail\\|Chiang Ching\\-kuo in 1948](/wiki/File:Chiang_Ching-kuo_1948.jpg \"Chiang Ching-kuo 1948.jpg\")\n[250px\\|thumb\\|Chiang Ching\\-kuo (left) with father [Chiang Kai\\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek \"Chiang Kai-shek\") in 1948\\.](/wiki/File:Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Chiang_Ching-Kuo_in_1948.jpg \"Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-Kuo in 1948.jpg\")\nAfter the [Second Sino\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\") and during the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War \"Chinese Civil War\"), Chiang Ching\\-kuo briefly served as a liaison administrator in Shanghai, trying to eradicate the corruption and [hyperinflation](/wiki/Hyperinflation \"Hyperinflation\") that plagued the city. He was determined to do this because of the fears arising from the Nationalists' increasing lack of popularity during the Civil War. Given the task of arresting dishonest businessmen who hoarded supplies for profit during the inflationary spiral, he attempted to assuage the business community by explaining that his team would only go after big war profiteers.", "Chiang Ching\\-kuo copied Soviet methods, which he learned during his stay in the Soviet Union, to start a social revolution by attacking middle class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the [Proletariat](/wiki/Proletariat \"Proletariat\").[Fenby 2005 : p. 485](https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&q=middle+class+social+revolution+soviet) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110718/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=YkREps9oGR4C\\&q\\=middle\\+class\\+social\\+revolution\\+soviet \\|date\\=12 April 2023 }}. Retrieved 28 June 2010\\.", "Chiang Ching\\-kuo used his own agents to make arrests in Shanghai, rather than the Shanghai city police.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Coble \\|first\\=Parks M. \\|title\\=The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai\\-shek Lost China's Civil War \\|date\\=2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-009\\-29761\\-5 \\|location\\=Cambridge New York, NY \\|author\\-link\\=Parks M. Coble}}{{Rp\\|page\\=178}} Chiang Ching\\-kuo relied on two relatively new organizations which answered directly to him.{{Rp\\|page\\=178}} He used the Sixth Battalion of the Bandit\\-Suppression National\\-Reconstruction Corps to search warehouses for hoarded goods and to place secret report boxes in the city where people could anonymously report violators.{{Rp\\|pages\\=178–179}} He also used the Shanghai Youth Service Corps for enforcement.{{Rp\\|page\\=179}}", "As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shopowners, Chiang Ching\\-kuo began to attack the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster [Du Yuesheng](/wiki/Du_Yuesheng \"Du Yuesheng\") was arrested by him.", "Ching\\-kuo ordered KMT agents to raid the Yangtze Development Corporation's warehouses, which was privately owned by [H.H. Kung](/wiki/H.H._Kung \"H.H. Kung\") and his family, as the company was accused of hoarding supplies. H.H. Kung's wife was [Soong Ai\\-ling](/wiki/Soong_Ai-ling \"Soong Ai-ling\"), the sister of [Soong Mei\\-ling](/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling \"Soong Mei-ling\") who was Chiang Ching\\-kuo's stepmother.", "Chiang Ching\\-kuo had H.H. Kung's son son [David Kung](/wiki/David_Kung_Ling-kan \"David Kung Ling-kan\") and several employees of the Yangtze Development Corporation arrested on allegations of holding foreign exchange.{{Rp\\|page\\=181}} Soong Mei\\-ling called Chiang Kai\\-shek to complain and also called Chiang Ching\\-Kuo directly.{{Rp\\|pages\\=182}} David Kung was eventually freed after negotiations, and Chiang Ching\\-kuo resigned, ending the terror on the Shanghainese merchants.[Fenby 2005, p. 486](https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&q=ching-kuo+turned+on+rich+assets+agents+raided&pg=PA339) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110721/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=YkREps9oGR4C\\&q\\=ching\\-kuo\\+turned\\+on\\+rich\\+assets\\+agents\\+raided\\&pg\\=PA339 \\|date\\=12 April 2023 }}. Retrieved 28 June 2010\\.", "The major impact of Chiang Ching\\-kuo's campaign was to cause the flight of prominent capitalists from Shanghai to Hong Kong and elsewhere.{{Rp\\|page\\=183}} The failure of the campaign also affected Ching\\-kuo's political influence and reputation temporarily.", "### Political career in Taiwan", "{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=February 2017}}\nAfter the Nationalists lost control of [mainland China](/wiki/Mainland_China \"Mainland China\") to the Communists in the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War \"Chinese Civil War\"), Chiang Ching\\-kuo followed his father and the retreating Nationalist forces to [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\"). On 8 December 1949, the Nationalist capital was moved from [Chengdu](/wiki/Chengdu \"Chengdu\") to [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei \"Taipei\"), and early on 10 December 1949, Communist troops laid siege to Chengdu, the last KMT\\-controlled city on mainland China. Chiang Kai\\-shek and Chiang Ching\\-kuo directed the city's defense from the [Chengdu Central Military Academy](/wiki/Republic_of_China_Military_Academy \"Republic of China Military Academy\"), before the aircraft *May\\-ling* evacuated them to Taiwan; they would never return to mainland China.", "In 1950, Chiang's father appointed him director of the [secret police](/wiki/Secret_police \"Secret police\"), which he remained until 1965\\. An enemy of the Chiang family, [Wu Kuo\\-chen](/wiki/Wu_Kuo-chen \"Wu Kuo-chen\"), was kicked out of his position of governor of Taiwan by Chiang Ching\\-kuo and fled to America in 1953\\.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=AW9yrtekFRkC\\&pg\\=PA302\\|title\\=Opposition and dissent in contemporary China\\|first\\=Peter R.\\|last\\=Moody\\|year\\=1977\\|publisher\\=Hoover Press\\|page\\=302\\|isbn\\=0\\-8179\\-6771\\-0\\|access\\-date\\=30 November 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110731/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=AW9yrtekFRkC\\&pg\\=PA302\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Chiang Ching\\-kuo, educated in the Soviet Union, initiated Soviet\\-style military organization in the Republic of China Military, reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and KMT party activities were propagated throughout the military. Opposed to this was Sun Li\\-jen, who was educated at the American [Virginia Military Institute](/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute \"Virginia Military Institute\").{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_5R2fnVZXiwC\\&dq\\=sun\\+li\\+jen\\+americans\\+chiang\\&pg\\=PA195 \\|title\\=Taylor 2000 : 195\\. \\|isbn\\=9780674044227 \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 April 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405100252/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_5R2fnVZXiwC\\&pg\\=PA195\\&dq\\=sun\\+li\\+jen\\+americans\\+chiang \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Taylor \\|first1\\=Jay \\|date\\=June 2009 \\|publisher\\=Harvard University Press }}", "[thumb\\|General Chiang Ching\\-kuo met with US President [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy \"John F. Kennedy\") at the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\"), 11 September 1963](/wiki/File:%E8%94%A3%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%8B%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%83%E6%99%A4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%94%98%E8%BF%BA%E8%BF%AA.jpg \"蔣經國將軍會晤美國總統甘迺迪.jpg\")", "Chiang orchestrated the controversial court\\-martial and arrest of General [Sun Li\\-jen](/wiki/Sun_Li-jen \"Sun Li-jen\") in August 1955, allegedly for plotting a coup d'état with the American [CIA](/wiki/CIA \"CIA\") against his father.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=YoB35f6HD9gC\\&pg\\=PA181\\|title\\=Patterns in the dust: Chinese\\-American relations and the recognition controversy, 1949–1950\\|author\\=Nancy Bernkopf Tucker\\|author\\-link\\=Nancy Bernkopf Tucker\\|year\\=1983\\|publisher\\=Columbia University Press\\|page\\=181\\|isbn\\=0\\-231\\-05362\\-2\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110735/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=YoB35f6HD9gC\\&pg\\=PA181\\|url\\-status\\=live}} General Sun was a popular Chinese war hero from the [Burma Campaign](/wiki/Burma_Campaign \"Burma Campaign\") against the Japanese and remained under house arrest until Chiang Ching\\-kuo's death in 1988\\. Ching\\-kuo also approved the arbitrary arrest and torture of prisoners.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZNCghCIbyVAC\\&pg\\=PA243\\|title\\=The Sino\\-American alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War strategy in Asia\\|first\\=John W.\\|last\\=Garver\\|year\\=1997\\|publisher\\=M.E. Sharpe\\|page\\=243\\|isbn\\=0\\-7656\\-0025\\-0\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110737/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZNCghCIbyVAC\\&pg\\=PA243\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "[thumb\\|Defense Minister Chiang Ching\\-kuo visited [the Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon \"The Pentagon\") with U.S. Secretary of Defense [Robert McNamara](/wiki/Robert_McNamara \"Robert McNamara\"), 23 September 1965](/wiki/File:%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E8%94%A3%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%AA%E5%95%8F%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E4%BA%94%E8%A7%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%BB%88.jpg \"國防部長蔣經國訪問華盛頓美國國防部五角大廈.jpg\")", "From 1955 to 1960, Chiang administered the construction and completion of Taiwan's highway system. Chiang's father elevated him to high office when he was appointed as the ROC Defense Minister from 1965 until 1969\\. He was the nation's Vice Premier between 1969 and 1972, during which he survived a [1970 assassination attempt](/wiki/Cheng_Tzu-tsai%231970_assassination_attempt \"Cheng Tzu-tsai#1970 assassination attempt\") while visiting the U.S.{{cite news\\|last\\=Chuang\\|first\\=Jimmy\\|date\\=19 May 2012\\|title\\=Would\\-be Chiang Ching\\-kuo assassin honored by Taipei University\\|url\\=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news\\-subclass\\-cnt.aspx?id\\=20120519000035\\&cid\\=1601\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[China Times\\|Want China Times]]\\|location\\=Taipei\\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112173927/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news\\-subclass\\-cnt.aspx?id\\=20120519000035\\&cid\\=1601\\|archive\\-date\\=12 November 2014}} Afterwards he was appointed the nation's Premier between 1972 and 1978\\.", "In 1970, Chiang was the target of an assassination attempt in New York City by [Peter Huang](/wiki/Peter_Huang \"Peter Huang\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Cheng \\|first\\=Wendy \\|title\\=Island X: Taiwanese Student Migrants, Campus Spies, and Cold War Activism \\|date\\=2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Washington Press]] \\|isbn\\=9780295752051 \\|location\\=Seattle, WA}}{{Rp\\|page\\=27}}", "As Premier Chiang organized a [people's diplomacy](/wiki/People%27s_diplomacy \"People's diplomacy\") campaign in the United States in an effort to mobilize American political sentiment in opposition to the PRC through mass demonstrations and petitions.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Minami \\|first\\=Kazushi \\|title\\=People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US\\-China Relations during the Cold War \\|date\\=2024 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cornell University Press]] \\|isbn\\=9781501774157 \\|location\\=Ithaca, NY}}{{Rp\\|page\\=42}} Among these efforts, the KMT worked with the [John Birch Society](/wiki/John_Birch_Society \"John Birch Society\") to launch a petition writing campaign through which Americans were urged to write their local government officials and ask them to \"Cut the Red China connection.\"{{Rp\\|page\\=42}}", "As Chiang Kai\\-shek entered his final years, he gradually gave more responsibilities to his son, and when he died in April 1975, Vice President [Yen Chia\\-kan](/wiki/Yen_Chia-kan \"Yen Chia-kan\") became president for the balance of Chiang Kai\\-shek's term, while Chiang Ching\\-kuo succeeded to the leadership of the KMT (he opted for the title \"Chairman\" rather than the elder Chiang's title of \"Director\\-General\").", "### Leadership", "Chiang Ching\\-kuo was elected president of the ROC in the [1978 Taiwanese presidential election](/wiki/1978_Taiwanese_presidential_election \"1978 Taiwanese presidential election\") by the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China \"National Assembly of the Republic of China\") on 20 May 1978\\. He was reelected to another term in the [1984 Taiwanese presidential election](/wiki/1984_Taiwanese_presidential_election \"1984 Taiwanese presidential election\"). At that time, the National Assembly consisted mostly of {{ill\\|ten\\-thousand\\-year congress\\|lt\\=\"ten thousand year\" legislators\\|zh\\|萬年國會}}, men who had been elected in 1947–48 before the fall of mainland China and who would hold their seats indefinitely. Starting from the 1970s when his father grew sick, Chiang became the de facto leader of the regime and reformed many of his father's autocratic policies and gradually phased out of the white terror by allowing the freedom of peaceful assemblies and political pluralism of the [Tangwai movement](/wiki/Tangwai_movement \"Tangwai movement\"), which later became the [DPP](/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party \"Democratic Progressive Party\"). Chiang also turned down many of the suggestions of the conservatives in the KMT regime to violently suppress the protesters.", "In a move he launched the \"[Ten Major Construction Projects](/wiki/Ten_Major_Construction_Projects \"Ten Major Construction Projects\")\" and the \"Twelve New Development Projects\" which contributed to the \"Taiwan Miracle\". Among his accomplishments was accelerating the process of economic modernization to give Taiwan a 13% growth rate, $4,600 per capita income, and the world's second largest [foreign exchange reserves](/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves \"Foreign exchange reserves\"). On 16 December 1978, U.S. president [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter \"Jimmy Carter\") announced that the United States would no longer recognize the ROC as the legitimate government of China. Under the [Taiwan Relations Act](/wiki/Taiwan_Relations_Act \"Taiwan Relations Act\"), the United States would continue to sell weapons to Taiwan, but the TRA was purposely vague in any promise of defending Taiwan in the event of an invasion.", "Chiang Ching\\-kuo also enacted major [labor rights](/wiki/Labor_rights \"Labor rights\") reforms throughout the 1970s and the 1980s that addressed [child labor](/wiki/Child_labor \"Child labor\"), [women's employment](/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce \"Women in the workforce\"), [working time](/wiki/Working_time \"Working time\"), [pensions](/wiki/Pensions \"Pensions\"), [paid leave](/wiki/Paid_leave \"Paid leave\"), [employment contract](/wiki/Employment_contract \"Employment contract\") with several legislations such as the \"Labor Safety and Hygiene Law\" in 1974 and the \"Factory Law\" in 1975\\. The average salary of Taiwanese workers tripled under his rule. Chiang Ching\\-kuo also loosened the harsh anti\\-strike laws and [union busting](/wiki/Union_busting \"Union busting\") practice, thus giving the labor movement more opportunity to bargain for fairer wages as he lifted the [martial law provisions](/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan \"Martial law in Taiwan\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.modernchinastudies.org/us/issues/past\\-issues/64\\-mcs\\-1999\\-issue\\-1/485\\-2012\\-01\\-01\\-10\\-06\\-23\\.html \\| title\\=中国大陆和台湾劳工政策之比较 \\| access\\-date\\=20 February 2023 \\| archive\\-date\\=12 April 2023 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110747/https://www.modernchinastudies.org/us/issues/past\\-issues/64\\-mcs\\-1999\\-issue\\-1/485\\-2012\\-01\\-01\\-10\\-06\\-23\\.html \\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "In an effort to bring more Taiwan\\-born citizens into government services, Chiang Ching\\-kuo \"exiled\" his over\\-ambitious chief of General Political Warfare Department, General [Wang Sheng](/wiki/Wang_Sheng_%28soldier%29 \"Wang Sheng (soldier)\"), to [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay \"Paraguay\") as an ambassador (November 1983\\),{{cite book\\|title\\=Taiwan: a political history\\|first\\=Denny\\|last\\= Roy\\|publisher\\=Cornell University Press\\|\nyear\\= 2003\\|isbn\\=0\\-8014\\-8805\\-2\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn/page/179 179]–180\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn\\|url\\-access\\=registration}} and hand\\-picked [Lee Teng\\-hui](/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui \"Lee Teng-hui\") as vice\\-president of the ROC (formally elected May 1984\\), first\\-in\\-the\\-line of succession to the presidency. Chiang emphatically declared that his successor would not be from the Chiang family in a Constitution Day speech on 25 December 1985:{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/26/world/taiwan\\-chief\\-rules\\-out\\-chance\\-family\\-member\\-will\\-succeed\\-him.html\\|title\\=Taiwan chief rules out chance family member will succeed him\\|author\\=Staff\\|date\\=26 December 1985\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=11 June 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611143948/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/26/world/taiwan\\-chief\\-rules\\-out\\-chance\\-family\\-member\\-will\\-succeed\\-him.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "{{cquote\\|The first question is the succession to the presidency. This sort of question only exists in despotic and totalitarian countries. It does not exist in the Republic of China, based on the Constitution. So the next president will be elected in accordance with constitutional procedure by the National Assembly on behalf of the people. Some people may raise the question whether any member of my family would run for the next presidency. My answer is: it can't be and it won't be.{{cite speech\\|url\\=http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem\\=117721\\&CtNode\\=103\\|title\\=Constitution to Determine His Successor\\|first\\=Chiang\\|last\\=Ching\\-kuo\\|author\\-link\\=Chiang Ching\\-kuo\\|event\\=Constitution Day\\|location\\=Taipei, Taiwan\\|date\\=25 December 1985\\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808114036/http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem\\=117721\\&CtNode\\=103\\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2016}}\n}}", "Chiang Wei\\-kuo, Chiang's younger brother, would later repudiate the declaration in 1990 after he was selected as a vice\\-presidential candidate.{{cite book\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=MAU9JjMcfsQC\\&pg\\=PA72\\|title\\=Democratizing Taiwan\\|author\\-link1\\=J. Bruce Jacobs\\|author\\=Jacobs, J. Bruce\\|chapter\\=Three: The Lee Teng\\-Hui presidency to early 1996\\|page\\=72\\|date\\=2012\\|publisher\\=Koninklijke Brill NV\\|location\\=Leiden, The Netherlands\\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2016\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-22154\\-3\\|quote\\=On February 13, 1990 a group of National Assembly members proposed Lin Yang\\-kang for president and the following day Chiang Wego denied that his brother Chiang Ching\\-kuo had said, \"Members of the Chiang family cannot and will not run for president.\" Footnote 19: \\[...] Chiang Ching\\-kuo made this statement on 25 December 1985\\.}}", "On 15 July 1987, Chiang finally ended [martial law](/wiki/Martial_law \"Martial law\") and allowed his family to visit the [mainland](/wiki/Mainland_China \"Mainland China\"). The ban on tourism to Hong Kong and [Macau](/wiki/Macau \"Macau\") was also lifted. His administration saw a gradual loosening of political controls and opponents of the Nationalists were no longer forbidden to hold meetings or publish political criticism papers.", "Opposition political parties, though still formally illegal, were allowed to operate without harassment or arrest. When the [Democratic Progressive Party](/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party \"Democratic Progressive Party\") was established on 28 September 1986, President Chiang decided against dissolving the group or persecuting its leaders, but its candidates officially ran in elections as independents in the [Tangwai](/wiki/Tangwai \"Tangwai\") movement.", "Chiang Ching\\-kuo also increased the political representation of Native Taiwanese under his rule, allowing them to have various positions, which paved the way for [Lee Teng\\-hui](/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui \"Lee Teng-hui\") to come to power and further democratize Taiwan.[Archived copy](https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/34380/7/26150107.pdf?TSPD_101_R0=08da84e244ab20008b839029b82a04801d6a66830731be25f8b6f6a862b3e39247325ddd77cf2b0b089967fbee143000cd105d33c8f799944cb1c74dac49a580683868d2b61a0f938f2e94f84fc74cae7720198d5f1a710765d554c2d7fd3da9){{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207010513/https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140\\.119/34380/7/26150107\\.pdf?TSPD\\_101\\_R0\\=08da84e244ab20008b839029b82a04801d6a66830731be25f8b6f6a862b3e39247325ddd77cf2b0b089967fbee143000cd105d33c8f799944cb1c74dac49a580683868d2b61a0f938f2e94f84fc74cae7720198d5f1a710765d554c2d7fd3da9\\|date\\=7 February 2023 }}", "### Death and legacy", "[250px\\|thumb\\|Chiang Ching\\-kuo lies in state.](/wiki/File:Chiang_Ching_Kuo_Funeral.jpg \"Chiang Ching Kuo Funeral.jpg\")\nChiang Ching\\-kuo died at [Taipei Veterans General Hospital](/wiki/Taipei_Veterans_General_Hospital \"Taipei Veterans General Hospital\") on 13 January 1988, aged 77, from a heart attack.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Pace \\|first1\\=Eric \\|author1\\-link\\=Eric Pace \\|title\\=Chiang Ching\\-kuo Dies at 77, Ending a Dynasty on Taiwan \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/14/obituaries/chiang\\-ching\\-kuo\\-dies\\-at\\-77\\-ending\\-a\\-dynasty\\-on\\-taiwan.html \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2022 \\|work\\=New York Times \\|date\\=14 January 1988 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120004218/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/14/obituaries/chiang\\-ching\\-kuo\\-dies\\-at\\-77\\-ending\\-a\\-dynasty\\-on\\-taiwan.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Southerl \\|first1\\=Daniel \\|title\\=LONGTIME TAIWANIAN LEADER CHIANG CHING\\-KUO, 77, DIES \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1988/01/14/longtime\\-taiwanian\\-leader\\-chiang\\-ching\\-kuo\\-77\\-dies/762ee60e\\-f41c\\-4815\\-a311\\-9fb6143fa8fc/ \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2022 \\|newspaper\\=Washington Post \\|date\\=14 January 1988}} He used a wheelchair during the last months of his life, and also had diabetes, alongside vision and heart problems.{{cite news \\|title\\=TAIWAN LEADER DIES, ENDING FAMILY RULE \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/01/14/taiwan\\-leader\\-dies\\-ending\\-family\\-rule/19e3a742\\-bb57\\-4c56\\-81dc\\-6e0805566a12/ \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2022 \\|newspaper\\=Washington Post \\|date\\=13 January 1988}}\nHe was interred temporarily in Daxi Township, Taoyuan County (now [Daxi District](/wiki/Daxi_District \"Daxi District\"), [Taoyuan City](/wiki/Taoyuan_City \"Taoyuan City\")), but in a separate [mausoleum](/wiki/Mausoleum \"Mausoleum\") in [Touliao](/wiki/Touliao \"Touliao\"), a mile down the road from his father's burial place. The hope was to have both buried at their birthplace in [Fenghua](/wiki/Fenghua \"Fenghua\") once mainland China was recovered. Composer [Hwang Yau\\-tai](/wiki/Hwang_Yau-tai \"Hwang Yau-tai\") wrote the [Chiang Ching\\-kuo Memorial Song](/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo_Memorial_Song \"Chiang Ching-kuo Memorial Song\") in 1988\\.", "In January 2004, [Chiang Fang\\-liang](/wiki/Chiang_Fang-liang \"Chiang Fang-liang\") asked that both father and son be buried at [Wuchih Mountain Military Cemetery](/wiki/Wuchih_Mountain_Military_Cemetery \"Wuchih Mountain Military Cemetery\") in [Hsichih](/wiki/Hsichih \"Hsichih\"), [Taipei County](/wiki/Taipei_County \"Taipei County\") (now New Taipei City). The state funeral ceremony was initially planned for Spring 2005, but was eventually delayed to winter 2005\\. It may be further delayed due to the recent death of Chiang Ching\\-kuo's oldest daughter\\-in\\-law, who had served as the de facto head of the household since Chiang Fang\\-liang's death in 2004\\. Chiang Fang\\-liang and Soong Mei\\-ling had agreed in 1997 that the former leaders be first buried, but still be moved to mainland China.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}", "Murray A. Rubinstein called Chiang Ching\\-kuo more of a civilian leader than his father, whom Rubenstein refers to as a \"quasi\\-[warlord](/wiki/Warlord_era \"Warlord era\").\"{{cite book\\|title\\=Taiwan: A New History\\|page\\=435}}", "Jay Taylor has described Chiang Ching\\-kuo as a figure who was ideologically inspired by a mix of [Soviet communism](/wiki/Marxism_Leninism \"Marxism Leninism\"), [Chinese nationalism](/wiki/Chinese_nationalism \"Chinese nationalism\"), [Taiwanese localism](/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism \"Taiwanese nationalism\"), and [American democracy](/wiki/Liberal_democracy \"Liberal democracy\"), who became the helmsman of the democratization of Taiwan.", "Unlike his highly controversial father, Chiang Ching\\-kuo's reputation is overwhelmingly positive among the Taiwanese population as the people of Taiwan recognize his economic and social achievements, as well as his efforts of democratization. 38\\.7% of the population considers him the best president who contributed the most to Taiwan, and he was rated 84\\.8/100 by the Taiwanese population.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.storm.mg/article/1871975 \\| title\\=遠見民調》「哪位總統對台灣貢獻最大」 他遙遙領先、第二名看不到車尾燈\\-風傳媒 \\| date\\=25 October 2019 \\| access\\-date\\=31 July 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=3 July 2022 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703082647/https://www.storm.mg/article/1871975 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/ch/news/3993883 \\| title\\=只贏蔣介石.... 台灣民調歷任總統評價：最親中馬英九倒數第二 \\| 台灣英文新聞 \\| 2020\\-08\\-24 18:07:00 \\| date\\=24 August 2020 \\| access\\-date\\=31 July 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=31 July 2022 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731074636/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/ch/news/3993883 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "" ]
### Economic policies in Shanghai [thumbnail\|Chiang Ching\-kuo in 1948](/wiki/File:Chiang_Ching-kuo_1948.jpg "Chiang Ching-kuo 1948.jpg") [250px\|thumb\|Chiang Ching\-kuo (left) with father [Chiang Kai\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek "Chiang Kai-shek") in 1948\.](/wiki/File:Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Chiang_Ching-Kuo_in_1948.jpg "Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-Kuo in 1948.jpg") After the [Second Sino\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War") and during the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War "Chinese Civil War"), Chiang Ching\-kuo briefly served as a liaison administrator in Shanghai, trying to eradicate the corruption and [hyperinflation](/wiki/Hyperinflation "Hyperinflation") that plagued the city. He was determined to do this because of the fears arising from the Nationalists' increasing lack of popularity during the Civil War. Given the task of arresting dishonest businessmen who hoarded supplies for profit during the inflationary spiral, he attempted to assuage the business community by explaining that his team would only go after big war profiteers. Chiang Ching\-kuo copied Soviet methods, which he learned during his stay in the Soviet Union, to start a social revolution by attacking middle class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the [Proletariat](/wiki/Proletariat "Proletariat").[Fenby 2005 : p. 485](https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&q=middle+class+social+revolution+soviet) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110718/https://books.google.com/books?id\=YkREps9oGR4C\&q\=middle\+class\+social\+revolution\+soviet \|date\=12 April 2023 }}. Retrieved 28 June 2010\. Chiang Ching\-kuo used his own agents to make arrests in Shanghai, rather than the Shanghai city police.{{Cite book \|last\=Coble \|first\=Parks M. \|title\=The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai\-shek Lost China's Civil War \|date\=2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-1\-009\-29761\-5 \|location\=Cambridge New York, NY \|author\-link\=Parks M. Coble}}{{Rp\|page\=178}} Chiang Ching\-kuo relied on two relatively new organizations which answered directly to him.{{Rp\|page\=178}} He used the Sixth Battalion of the Bandit\-Suppression National\-Reconstruction Corps to search warehouses for hoarded goods and to place secret report boxes in the city where people could anonymously report violators.{{Rp\|pages\=178–179}} He also used the Shanghai Youth Service Corps for enforcement.{{Rp\|page\=179}} As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shopowners, Chiang Ching\-kuo began to attack the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster [Du Yuesheng](/wiki/Du_Yuesheng "Du Yuesheng") was arrested by him. Ching\-kuo ordered KMT agents to raid the Yangtze Development Corporation's warehouses, which was privately owned by [H.H. Kung](/wiki/H.H._Kung "H.H. Kung") and his family, as the company was accused of hoarding supplies. H.H. Kung's wife was [Soong Ai\-ling](/wiki/Soong_Ai-ling "Soong Ai-ling"), the sister of [Soong Mei\-ling](/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling "Soong Mei-ling") who was Chiang Ching\-kuo's stepmother. Chiang Ching\-kuo had H.H. Kung's son son [David Kung](/wiki/David_Kung_Ling-kan "David Kung Ling-kan") and several employees of the Yangtze Development Corporation arrested on allegations of holding foreign exchange.{{Rp\|page\=181}} Soong Mei\-ling called Chiang Kai\-shek to complain and also called Chiang Ching\-Kuo directly.{{Rp\|pages\=182}} David Kung was eventually freed after negotiations, and Chiang Ching\-kuo resigned, ending the terror on the Shanghainese merchants.[Fenby 2005, p. 486](https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&q=ching-kuo+turned+on+rich+assets+agents+raided&pg=PA339) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110721/https://books.google.com/books?id\=YkREps9oGR4C\&q\=ching\-kuo\+turned\+on\+rich\+assets\+agents\+raided\&pg\=PA339 \|date\=12 April 2023 }}. Retrieved 28 June 2010\. The major impact of Chiang Ching\-kuo's campaign was to cause the flight of prominent capitalists from Shanghai to Hong Kong and elsewhere.{{Rp\|page\=183}} The failure of the campaign also affected Ching\-kuo's political influence and reputation temporarily.
[ "### Economic policies in Shanghai", "[thumbnail\\|Chiang Ching\\-kuo in 1948](/wiki/File:Chiang_Ching-kuo_1948.jpg \"Chiang Ching-kuo 1948.jpg\")\n[250px\\|thumb\\|Chiang Ching\\-kuo (left) with father [Chiang Kai\\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek \"Chiang Kai-shek\") in 1948\\.](/wiki/File:Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Chiang_Ching-Kuo_in_1948.jpg \"Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-Kuo in 1948.jpg\")\nAfter the [Second Sino\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\") and during the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War \"Chinese Civil War\"), Chiang Ching\\-kuo briefly served as a liaison administrator in Shanghai, trying to eradicate the corruption and [hyperinflation](/wiki/Hyperinflation \"Hyperinflation\") that plagued the city. He was determined to do this because of the fears arising from the Nationalists' increasing lack of popularity during the Civil War. Given the task of arresting dishonest businessmen who hoarded supplies for profit during the inflationary spiral, he attempted to assuage the business community by explaining that his team would only go after big war profiteers.", "Chiang Ching\\-kuo copied Soviet methods, which he learned during his stay in the Soviet Union, to start a social revolution by attacking middle class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the [Proletariat](/wiki/Proletariat \"Proletariat\").[Fenby 2005 : p. 485](https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&q=middle+class+social+revolution+soviet) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110718/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=YkREps9oGR4C\\&q\\=middle\\+class\\+social\\+revolution\\+soviet \\|date\\=12 April 2023 }}. Retrieved 28 June 2010\\.", "Chiang Ching\\-kuo used his own agents to make arrests in Shanghai, rather than the Shanghai city police.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Coble \\|first\\=Parks M. \\|title\\=The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai\\-shek Lost China's Civil War \\|date\\=2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-009\\-29761\\-5 \\|location\\=Cambridge New York, NY \\|author\\-link\\=Parks M. Coble}}{{Rp\\|page\\=178}} Chiang Ching\\-kuo relied on two relatively new organizations which answered directly to him.{{Rp\\|page\\=178}} He used the Sixth Battalion of the Bandit\\-Suppression National\\-Reconstruction Corps to search warehouses for hoarded goods and to place secret report boxes in the city where people could anonymously report violators.{{Rp\\|pages\\=178–179}} He also used the Shanghai Youth Service Corps for enforcement.{{Rp\\|page\\=179}}", "As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shopowners, Chiang Ching\\-kuo began to attack the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster [Du Yuesheng](/wiki/Du_Yuesheng \"Du Yuesheng\") was arrested by him.", "Ching\\-kuo ordered KMT agents to raid the Yangtze Development Corporation's warehouses, which was privately owned by [H.H. Kung](/wiki/H.H._Kung \"H.H. Kung\") and his family, as the company was accused of hoarding supplies. H.H. Kung's wife was [Soong Ai\\-ling](/wiki/Soong_Ai-ling \"Soong Ai-ling\"), the sister of [Soong Mei\\-ling](/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling \"Soong Mei-ling\") who was Chiang Ching\\-kuo's stepmother.", "Chiang Ching\\-kuo had H.H. Kung's son son [David Kung](/wiki/David_Kung_Ling-kan \"David Kung Ling-kan\") and several employees of the Yangtze Development Corporation arrested on allegations of holding foreign exchange.{{Rp\\|page\\=181}} Soong Mei\\-ling called Chiang Kai\\-shek to complain and also called Chiang Ching\\-Kuo directly.{{Rp\\|pages\\=182}} David Kung was eventually freed after negotiations, and Chiang Ching\\-kuo resigned, ending the terror on the Shanghainese merchants.[Fenby 2005, p. 486](https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&q=ching-kuo+turned+on+rich+assets+agents+raided&pg=PA339) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412110721/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=YkREps9oGR4C\\&q\\=ching\\-kuo\\+turned\\+on\\+rich\\+assets\\+agents\\+raided\\&pg\\=PA339 \\|date\\=12 April 2023 }}. Retrieved 28 June 2010\\.", "The major impact of Chiang Ching\\-kuo's campaign was to cause the flight of prominent capitalists from Shanghai to Hong Kong and elsewhere.{{Rp\\|page\\=183}} The failure of the campaign also affected Ching\\-kuo's political influence and reputation temporarily.", "" ]
Academics --------- The school comprises eight departments: Finance, Applied Economics, Marketing, Strategic Management, Accounting, Management Science and Information science, Business Statistics and Econometrics, It is regarded among academia as a leader among business schools in mainland China for research in the areas of finance, marketing, corporate strategy, financial accounting, human resources management, among others. ### Degrees Offered * Undergraduate * MBA * Executive MBA * Master of Finance * Master of Professional Accountancy (MPAcc) * Doctor of Philosophy (Academic Postgraduate Program) * Executive Education (ExEd) ### Undergraduate degree program As of September 12, 2012, the Guanghua School of Management has 848 full\-time undergraduate students. The undergraduate business program at Guanghua is one of the most competitive in admissions nationwide, and each year the school recruits about 130 of the most promising high school seniors from across the country into its program. Admission to the Guanghua's undergraduate program is highly competitive, primarily on the basis of student performance on the National College Entrance Examination. In 2012, the school began to employ an admissions system independent from the rest of the university as an effort to recruit the most talented scholars of economics and management from across the nation, regardless of urban or rural divide. Undergraduate students complete their degree at Guanghua in four years. During the first two years of instruction, students enroll in intensive mathematics, English, and foundational disciplinary courses. At the end of the second year, students will select a major study area from three concentrations: Accounting, Finance, or Marketing. At the start of the third year, students will begin to take courses in their concentration area until their graduation theses are completed by the end of the fourth year. Since 1997, Guanghua has provided undergraduate students with the ability to participate in international exchange programs along the principles of achieving [economic globalization](/wiki/Economic_globalization "Economic globalization") and internationalization in education. The school has signed student exchange agreements with a total of 96 universities in the United States, Canada, Europe, the Asia\-Pacific region, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Undergraduate student research is heavily encouraged at Guanghua. The school has established a Dean's Fund, from which students may elect to apply for grants to conduct independent research under the guidance of a faculty member. ### MBA program The Guanghua School of Management offers a Full\-time MBA program (taught in Chinese), an International MBA program (taught in English), and a Part\-time MBA program (Taught in Chinese). Non\-Chinese students can study in any of the programs, but the Full\-time MBA and the Part\-time MBA programs require a high level of Chinese language skills. The programs are two years long and incorporate both the case study method and corporate practice training into their teaching curriculum. The International MBA program places an emphasis on training non\-Chinese students who wish to learn the realities of doing business in China.{{cite web\|title\=Guanghua School of Management website\|url\=http://www.gsm.pku.edu.cn/mba/en/e\_mbadetail.html?channel\_id\=741\&site\_id\=3\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20121130051921/http://www.gsm.pku.edu.cn/mba/en/e\_mbadetail.html?channel\_id\=741\&site\_id\=3\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=30 November 2012\|accessdate\=28 June 2012}} **MBA Specializations:** * Accounting and Financial Management * Finance * Decision and Information Management * Marketing * Human Resource Management * International Business Strategy * Innovation Guanghua has extensive collaboration and exchange programs with leading international institutions such as the [Kellogg Graduate School of Management](/wiki/Kellogg_School_of_Management "Kellogg School of Management") of [Northwestern University](/wiki/Northwestern_University "Northwestern University"), the [NYU Stern School of Business](/wiki/NYU_Stern_School_of_Business "NYU Stern School of Business"), [INSEAD](/wiki/INSEAD "INSEAD"), the [Schulich School of Business](/wiki/Schulich_School_of_Business "Schulich School of Business") at [York University](/wiki/York_University "York University"), the [Queen's School of Business](/wiki/Queen%27s_School_of_Business "Queen's School of Business") at [Queen's University](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston "Queen's University at Kingston"), [Warwick Business School](/wiki/Warwick_Business_School "Warwick Business School"), [ESSEC](/wiki/ESSEC "ESSEC"), the [Wharton School](/wiki/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania "Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania") at [the University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania"), [Seoul National University](/wiki/Seoul_National_University "Seoul National University"),{{cite web\|url\=http://gsb.snu.ac.kr/downloadfile/Global\_MBA\_(1\_Year\_Full\-time\_MBA,\_English).pdf\|title\=Global MBA 1 Year Full\-time English\|work\=USeoul.edu Website\|accessdate\=2011\-04\-20}} the [University of Mannheim](/wiki/University_of_Mannheim "University of Mannheim"), [WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management](/wiki/WHU_%E2%80%93_Otto_Beisheim_School_of_Management "WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management"), the [Zeppelin University](/wiki/Zeppelin_University "Zeppelin University"), the [Fuqua School of Management](/wiki/Fuqua_School_of_Business "Fuqua School of Business") at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University"), the [McCombs School of Business](/wiki/McCombs_School_of_Business "McCombs School of Business") at the [University of Texas at Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin "University of Texas at Austin"), the [Foster School of Business](/wiki/Foster_School_of_Business "Foster School of Business") at the [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington"), [Robert H. Smith School of Business](/wiki/Robert_H._Smith_School_of_Business "Robert H. Smith School of Business") at the [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland "University of Maryland") and [Stanford Business School](/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Business "Stanford Graduate School of Business"). With the launching of an MBA program in Shenzhen and an international MBA program on the Beijing campus in 2000, Guanghua continues to expand its network worldwide.[学院介绍](http://www.gsm.pku.edu.cn/article/15/88.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616002356/http://www.gsm.pku.edu.cn/article/15/88\.html \|date\=2008\-06\-16 }} ### Executive MBA In 1999, Guanghua School of Management became the first Mainland Chinese business school to offer an EMBA Program and has since expanded its program to Shanghai and Shenzhen. The program, designed for China's growing business elite, lasts two years, and students must complete all required coursework and pass their dissertation defense to receive their EMBA degree from Peking University. The Executive MBA Program at Guanghua is a set of comprehensive and systematic courses in management designed for top\-level executives. The most distinctive feature of the program is its integration between practical business management skills and advanced management theories. Guanghua's EMBA program has graduated over 4,000 alumni from various industries and maintains an active alumni network around the world through regular events, meetings, and industry associations. ### Master of Finance The Master of Finance program at Guanghua is one of the first of its kind in China, and aims to cultivate professionals with a solid foundation in financial theory. Within the program, students devote their training towards solving theoretical and practical issues in finance, economics, management science, and econometric analysis. In 2012, the Master of Finance program was ranked 8th in the world by the Financial Times. ### Master of Professional Accountancy (MPAcc) The Master of Professional Accountancy (MPAcc) program at the Guanghua School of Management is a part\-time degree program, intended for working professionals who are college graduates with at least two years’ experience in the accounting profession. Classes are held on weekday evenings and weekends, and are designed to equip students with financial expertise so that they are able to assume leading management roles in professional accounting organizations. ### Academic postgraduate program The academic postgraduate program at Guanghua is designed for students who wish to pursue masters or doctorate degrees and intend to become scholars who can conduct high\-quality scientific research in mainstream research areas relating to management and economics. The doctoral program covers seven specialties: national economy, industrial economy, finance, statistics, entrepreneurial management, management science and engineering, and accounting, among which entrepreneurial management consists of 3 directions—organizational behavior and human resources management, marketing, and strategic management. ### Executive Education The Executive Education Center at Guanghua offers a wide variety of short and long\-term executive education programs for professionals and executives in senior management positions. The Center annually provides more than 100 open enrollment programs and customized programs designed to train students with skills to respond to the competitive business environment for senior corporate managers and their organizations. Guanghua has its own residency facilities for executive development programs on campus. The new executive education center features 4 amphitheatre style classrooms, each with the capacity of 78 students; 3 regular classrooms, each with the capacity of 40 students; 3 classrooms with the capacity of 30, 12 breakout discussion rooms and an auditorium with a capacity of 300\. The facilities also feature a residency complex of 82 elegant business guest rooms, dining areas, lounges, a fitness center, a pub, and a business center. The entire executive education center is equipped with state\-of\-the art technology for teaching, wireless communication and audio\- visual conferencing.
[ "Academics\n---------", "The school comprises eight departments: Finance, Applied Economics, Marketing, Strategic Management, Accounting, Management Science and Information science, Business Statistics and Econometrics, It is regarded among academia as a leader among business schools in mainland China for research in the areas of finance, marketing, corporate strategy, financial accounting, human resources management, among others.", "### Degrees Offered", "* Undergraduate\n* MBA\n* Executive MBA\n* Master of Finance\n* Master of Professional Accountancy (MPAcc)\n* Doctor of Philosophy (Academic Postgraduate Program)\n* Executive Education (ExEd)", "### Undergraduate degree program", "As of September 12, 2012, the Guanghua School of Management has 848 full\\-time undergraduate students. The undergraduate business program at Guanghua is one of the most competitive in admissions nationwide, and each year the school recruits about 130 of the most promising high school seniors from across the country into its program. Admission to the Guanghua's undergraduate program is highly competitive, primarily on the basis of student performance on the National College Entrance Examination.", "In 2012, the school began to employ an admissions system independent from the rest of the university as an effort to recruit the most talented scholars of economics and management from across the nation, regardless of urban or rural divide.", "Undergraduate students complete their degree at Guanghua in four years. During the first two years of instruction, students enroll in intensive mathematics, English, and foundational disciplinary courses. At the end of the second year, students will select a major study area from three concentrations: Accounting, Finance, or Marketing. At the start of the third year, students will begin to take courses in their concentration area until their graduation theses are completed by the end of the fourth year.", "Since 1997, Guanghua has provided undergraduate students with the ability to participate in international exchange programs along the principles of achieving [economic globalization](/wiki/Economic_globalization \"Economic globalization\") and internationalization in education. The school has signed student exchange agreements with a total of 96 universities in the United States, Canada, Europe, the Asia\\-Pacific region, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.", "Undergraduate student research is heavily encouraged at Guanghua. The school has established a Dean's Fund, from which students may elect to apply for grants to conduct independent research under the guidance of a faculty member.", "### MBA program", "The Guanghua School of Management offers a Full\\-time MBA program (taught in Chinese), an International MBA program (taught in English), and a Part\\-time MBA program (Taught in Chinese). Non\\-Chinese students can study in any of the programs, but the Full\\-time MBA and the Part\\-time MBA programs require a high level of Chinese language skills. The programs are two years long and incorporate both the case study method and corporate practice training into their teaching curriculum. The International MBA program places an emphasis on training non\\-Chinese students who wish to learn the realities of doing business in China.{{cite web\\|title\\=Guanghua School of Management website\\|url\\=http://www.gsm.pku.edu.cn/mba/en/e\\_mbadetail.html?channel\\_id\\=741\\&site\\_id\\=3\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20121130051921/http://www.gsm.pku.edu.cn/mba/en/e\\_mbadetail.html?channel\\_id\\=741\\&site\\_id\\=3\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=30 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=28 June 2012}}", "**MBA Specializations:**\n* Accounting and Financial Management\n* Finance\n* Decision and Information Management\n* Marketing\n* Human Resource Management\n* International Business Strategy\n* Innovation", "Guanghua has extensive collaboration and exchange programs with leading international institutions such as the [Kellogg Graduate School of Management](/wiki/Kellogg_School_of_Management \"Kellogg School of Management\") of [Northwestern University](/wiki/Northwestern_University \"Northwestern University\"), the [NYU Stern School of Business](/wiki/NYU_Stern_School_of_Business \"NYU Stern School of Business\"), [INSEAD](/wiki/INSEAD \"INSEAD\"), the [Schulich School of Business](/wiki/Schulich_School_of_Business \"Schulich School of Business\") at [York University](/wiki/York_University \"York University\"), the [Queen's School of Business](/wiki/Queen%27s_School_of_Business \"Queen's School of Business\") at [Queen's University](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston \"Queen's University at Kingston\"), [Warwick Business School](/wiki/Warwick_Business_School \"Warwick Business School\"), [ESSEC](/wiki/ESSEC \"ESSEC\"), the [Wharton School](/wiki/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania \"Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania\") at [the University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\"), [Seoul National University](/wiki/Seoul_National_University \"Seoul National University\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gsb.snu.ac.kr/downloadfile/Global\\_MBA\\_(1\\_Year\\_Full\\-time\\_MBA,\\_English).pdf\\|title\\=Global MBA 1 Year Full\\-time English\\|work\\=USeoul.edu Website\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-04\\-20}} the [University of Mannheim](/wiki/University_of_Mannheim \"University of Mannheim\"), [WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management](/wiki/WHU_%E2%80%93_Otto_Beisheim_School_of_Management \"WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management\"), the [Zeppelin University](/wiki/Zeppelin_University \"Zeppelin University\"), the [Fuqua School of Management](/wiki/Fuqua_School_of_Business \"Fuqua School of Business\") at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University \"Duke University\"), the [McCombs School of Business](/wiki/McCombs_School_of_Business \"McCombs School of Business\") at the [University of Texas at Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin \"University of Texas at Austin\"), the [Foster School of Business](/wiki/Foster_School_of_Business \"Foster School of Business\") at the [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington \"University of Washington\"), [Robert H. Smith School of Business](/wiki/Robert_H._Smith_School_of_Business \"Robert H. Smith School of Business\") at the [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland \"University of Maryland\") and [Stanford Business School](/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Business \"Stanford Graduate School of Business\"). With the launching of an MBA program in Shenzhen and an international MBA program on the Beijing campus in 2000, Guanghua continues to expand its network worldwide.[学院介绍](http://www.gsm.pku.edu.cn/article/15/88.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616002356/http://www.gsm.pku.edu.cn/article/15/88\\.html \\|date\\=2008\\-06\\-16 }}", "### Executive MBA", "In 1999, Guanghua School of Management became the first Mainland Chinese business school to offer an EMBA Program and has since expanded its program to Shanghai and Shenzhen. The program, designed for China's growing business elite, lasts two years, and students must complete all required coursework and pass their dissertation defense to receive their EMBA degree from Peking University.", "The Executive MBA Program at Guanghua is a set of comprehensive and systematic courses in management designed for top\\-level executives. The most distinctive feature of the program is its integration between practical business management skills and advanced management theories. Guanghua's EMBA program has graduated over 4,000 alumni from various industries and maintains an active alumni network around the world through regular events, meetings, and industry associations.", "### Master of Finance", "The Master of Finance program at Guanghua is one of the first of its kind in China, and aims to cultivate professionals with a solid foundation in financial theory. Within the program, students devote their training towards solving theoretical and practical issues in finance, economics, management science, and econometric analysis. In 2012, the Master of Finance program was ranked 8th in the world by the Financial Times.", "### Master of Professional Accountancy (MPAcc)", "The Master of Professional Accountancy (MPAcc) program at the Guanghua School of Management is a part\\-time degree program, intended for working professionals who are college graduates with at least two years’ experience in the accounting profession. Classes are held on weekday evenings and weekends, and are designed to equip students with financial expertise so that they are able to assume leading management roles in professional accounting organizations.", "### Academic postgraduate program", "The academic postgraduate program at Guanghua is designed for students who wish to pursue masters or doctorate degrees and intend to become scholars who can conduct high\\-quality scientific research in mainstream research areas relating to management and economics.", "The doctoral program covers seven specialties: national economy, industrial economy, finance, statistics, entrepreneurial management, management science and engineering, and accounting, among which entrepreneurial management consists of 3 directions—organizational behavior and human resources management, marketing, and strategic management.", "### Executive Education", "The Executive Education Center at Guanghua offers a wide variety of short and long\\-term executive education programs for professionals and executives in senior management positions. The Center annually provides more than 100 open enrollment programs and customized programs designed to train students with skills to respond to the competitive business environment for senior corporate managers and their organizations.", "Guanghua has its own residency facilities for executive development programs on campus. The new executive education center features 4 amphitheatre style classrooms, each with the capacity of 78 students; 3 regular classrooms, each with the capacity of 40 students; 3 classrooms with the capacity of 30, 12 breakout discussion rooms and an auditorium with a capacity of 300\\. The facilities also feature a residency complex of 82 elegant business guest rooms, dining areas, lounges, a fitness center, a pub, and a business center. The entire executive education center is equipped with state\\-of\\-the art technology for teaching, wireless communication and audio\\- visual conferencing.", "" ]
### Undergraduate degree program As of September 12, 2012, the Guanghua School of Management has 848 full\-time undergraduate students. The undergraduate business program at Guanghua is one of the most competitive in admissions nationwide, and each year the school recruits about 130 of the most promising high school seniors from across the country into its program. Admission to the Guanghua's undergraduate program is highly competitive, primarily on the basis of student performance on the National College Entrance Examination. In 2012, the school began to employ an admissions system independent from the rest of the university as an effort to recruit the most talented scholars of economics and management from across the nation, regardless of urban or rural divide. Undergraduate students complete their degree at Guanghua in four years. During the first two years of instruction, students enroll in intensive mathematics, English, and foundational disciplinary courses. At the end of the second year, students will select a major study area from three concentrations: Accounting, Finance, or Marketing. At the start of the third year, students will begin to take courses in their concentration area until their graduation theses are completed by the end of the fourth year. Since 1997, Guanghua has provided undergraduate students with the ability to participate in international exchange programs along the principles of achieving [economic globalization](/wiki/Economic_globalization "Economic globalization") and internationalization in education. The school has signed student exchange agreements with a total of 96 universities in the United States, Canada, Europe, the Asia\-Pacific region, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Undergraduate student research is heavily encouraged at Guanghua. The school has established a Dean's Fund, from which students may elect to apply for grants to conduct independent research under the guidance of a faculty member.
[ "### Undergraduate degree program", "As of September 12, 2012, the Guanghua School of Management has 848 full\\-time undergraduate students. The undergraduate business program at Guanghua is one of the most competitive in admissions nationwide, and each year the school recruits about 130 of the most promising high school seniors from across the country into its program. Admission to the Guanghua's undergraduate program is highly competitive, primarily on the basis of student performance on the National College Entrance Examination.", "In 2012, the school began to employ an admissions system independent from the rest of the university as an effort to recruit the most talented scholars of economics and management from across the nation, regardless of urban or rural divide.", "Undergraduate students complete their degree at Guanghua in four years. During the first two years of instruction, students enroll in intensive mathematics, English, and foundational disciplinary courses. At the end of the second year, students will select a major study area from three concentrations: Accounting, Finance, or Marketing. At the start of the third year, students will begin to take courses in their concentration area until their graduation theses are completed by the end of the fourth year.", "Since 1997, Guanghua has provided undergraduate students with the ability to participate in international exchange programs along the principles of achieving [economic globalization](/wiki/Economic_globalization \"Economic globalization\") and internationalization in education. The school has signed student exchange agreements with a total of 96 universities in the United States, Canada, Europe, the Asia\\-Pacific region, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.", "Undergraduate student research is heavily encouraged at Guanghua. The school has established a Dean's Fund, from which students may elect to apply for grants to conduct independent research under the guidance of a faculty member.", "" ]
History ------- Howard University opened its legal department, led by [John Mercer Langston](/wiki/John_Mercer_Langston "John Mercer Langston"), on January 6, 1869\. The founders of Howard Law recognized "a great need to train lawyers who would have a strong commitment to helping black Americans secure and protect their newly established rights" during the country's tumultuous [Reconstruction era](/wiki/Reconstruction_era "Reconstruction era"). The first class consisted of six students who met three evenings a week in the homes and offices of the department's four teachers. Classes were held in various locations throughout the years before the law school settled into its current location at 2900 Van Ness Street N.W. in 1974\. At the time, the LL.B program required only two years of study. Ten students were awarded degrees at the first commencement ceremony, which was held on February 3, 1871\. The school was accredited by the [American Bar Association](/wiki/American_Bar_Association "American Bar Association") and the [Association of American Law Schools](/wiki/Association_of_American_Law_Schools "Association of American Law Schools") in 1931\. ### Women at Howard Law Howard Law was the first school in the nation to have a non\-discriminatory admissions policy. From its founding, it admitted white male and female students along with black students.{{cite book\|last1\=Smith, Jr.\|first1\=J. Clay\|title\=The Making of the Black Lawyer 1844–1944\|date\=1999\|publisher\=University of Pennsylvania Press\|location\=Philadelphia}} It was a progressive policy at the time to admit women, but only eight women graduated from Howard Law during the first 30 years of its existence.{{cite book\|last1\=Drachman\|first1\=Virginia \|title\=Sisters in Law: Women Lawyers in Modern American History\|url\=https://archive.org/details/sistersinlawwome00drac\|url\-access\=registration\|date\=1998\|publisher\=Harvard University Press\|location\=Cambridge, Mass.\|isbn\=9780674809918 }} An 1890 review of women lawyers in the United States published in *[The Green Bag](/wiki/The_Green_Bag_%281889%E2%80%931914%29 "The Green Bag (1889–1914)")*, found that many women had difficulty being admitted to law school, or gaining admission to the bar, and practice, even at Howard. [Charlotte E. Ray](/wiki/Charlotte_E._Ray "Charlotte E. Ray") was admitted to Howard's law program in 1869 and graduated in 1872, becoming its first black female lawyer.{{cite web\|title\=Ray, Charlotte E. (1850\-1911\) \|url\=http://www.blackpast.org/aah/ray\-charlotte\-e\-1850\-1911\|website\=BlackPast.org\|date\=16 November 2010 \|access\-date\=17 July 2014}} It is reported that Ray applied for admission to the bar using initials for her given and middle names, in order to disguise her gender, because she was "\[a]ware of the school's reluctant commitment to the principle of [sexual equality](/wiki/Gender_equality "Gender equality")."{{page needed\|date\=February 2019}} [Mary Ann Shadd Cary](/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd_Cary "Mary Ann Shadd Cary") was among four women enrolled in the law school in 1880\. She said in 1890 that she had actually been admitted to Howard's law program in September 1869, prior to Ray.{{cite journal \|last1\=Robinson\|first1\=Lelia J\|title\=Women Lawyers in the United States\|journal\=\[\[The Green Bag (1889–1914\)\|The Green Bag]]\|date\=1890\|volume\=II\|page\=28 \|url\=http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp\-content/uploads/2011/01/greenbag\-vol2\-1890\.pdf\|access\-date\=17 July 2014}} However, Cary claims she was barred from graduating on time because of her gender and did not graduate until 1883\. Eliza A. Chambers, an early white female graduate of Howard's law program, was admitted in 1885 and successfully completed the three\-year course of study, earning two diplomas. But, "the Law School faculty refused to hand in \[Eliza's] name to the examiners, for admission to practice, omitting her from the list of her male classmates whom they recommended, simply because she was a woman." After that, she succeeded in entering practice. ### Ties to the civil rights movement Howard University School of Law has significant ties to the [civil rights movement](/wiki/Civil_rights_movement "Civil rights movement"). Former HUSL Dean [Charles Hamilton Houston](/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston "Charles Hamilton Houston")'s work for the [NAACP](/wiki/NAACP "NAACP") earned him the title of "The Man Who Killed Jim Crow."{{cite web\|title\=Charles Hamilton Houston: The Man Who Killed Jim Crow \|url\=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2009/01/20090105175532jmnamdeirf0\.3197138\.html\#axzz37qTD8CSl\|website\=IIP Digital\|access\-date\=18 July 2014}} [Thurgood Marshall](/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall "Thurgood Marshall"), a 1933 graduate of Howard Law, successfully argued the landmark *[Brown v. Board of Education](/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education "Brown v. Board of Education")* case before the [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") and in 1967 became the first African\-American Supreme Court Justice.{{cite web \|title\=Thurgood Marshall, Supreme Court Justice \|url\=http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/hill/marshall.htm \|website\=Center for History and New Media at George Mason University \|access\-date\=18 July 2014 \|archive\-date\=14 August 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814183739/http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/hill/marshall.htm \|url\-status\=dead }} In 1950, Howard law graduate [Pauli Murray](/wiki/Pauli_Murray "Pauli Murray") published *States' Laws on Race and Color*, an examination and critique of state segregation laws throughout the nation. Thurgood Marshall called the book the "bible" of the civil rights movement.{{Cite magazine \|url\=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/04/17/the\-many\-lives\-of\-pauli\-murray \|url\-access\=subscription \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512021541/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/04/17/the\-many\-lives\-of\-pauli\-murray/amp \|archive\-date\=May 12, 2017 \|title\=The Many Lives of Pauli Murray (The Civil\-Rights Luminary You've Never Heard Of) \|magazine\=\[\[The New Yorker]] \|last\=Schulz \|first\=Kathryn \|author\-link\=Kathryn Schulz \|date\=April 17, 2017 \|access\-date\=2017\-04\-12}} In 1952 and again in 1953, two HUSL professors, [James Nabrit Jr.](/wiki/James_Nabrit_Jr. "James Nabrit Jr.") and [George E. C. Hayes](/wiki/George_Edward_Chalmer_Hayes "George Edward Chalmer Hayes"), successfully argued the landmark Supreme Court case *[Bolling v. Sharpe](/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe "Bolling v. Sharpe")*, a companion case to *Brown v. Board of Education*.{{cite news \| last1\=Pace\|first1\=Eric\| date\= 30 December 1997\| work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\| url\= https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/30/us/james\-m\-nabrit\-jr\-dies\-at\-97\-led\-howard\-university.html \| title\= James M. Nabrit Jr. Dies at 97; Led Howard University \| access\-date\= 22 July 2020}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.law.howard.edu/1113 \|title\=JAMES M. NABRIT JR. BIOGRAPHY \|publisher\=Howard University \|date\=February 10, 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905130830/http://www.law.howard.edu/1113 \|archive\-date\=September 5, 2015 }}{{ussc\|name\=Bolling v. Sharpe\|347\|497\|1954}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/4\-five/washington\-dc\-2\.html\|title\=Washington, D.C.: A Challenge to Jim Crow in the Nation's Capital \|website\=Smithsonian National Museum of American History\|language\=en\-us\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-13}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://libguides.law.cua.edu/exhibits/bolling\|title\=Bolling v. Sharpe\|website\=The Catholic University of America, Judge Kathryn J. Dufour Law Library\|language\=en\-us\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-13\|archive\-date\=2020\-07\-16\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716031330/https://libguides.law.cua.edu/exhibits/bolling\|url\-status\=dead}}
[ "History\n-------", "Howard University opened its legal department, led by [John Mercer Langston](/wiki/John_Mercer_Langston \"John Mercer Langston\"), on January 6, 1869\\. The founders of Howard Law recognized \"a great need to train lawyers who would have a strong commitment to helping black Americans secure and protect their newly established rights\" during the country's tumultuous [Reconstruction era](/wiki/Reconstruction_era \"Reconstruction era\").", "The first class consisted of six students who met three evenings a week in the homes and offices of the department's four teachers. Classes were held in various locations throughout the years before the law school settled into its current location at 2900 Van Ness Street N.W. in 1974\\. At the time, the LL.B program required only two years of study. Ten students were awarded degrees at the first commencement ceremony, which was held on February 3, 1871\\.", "The school was accredited by the [American Bar Association](/wiki/American_Bar_Association \"American Bar Association\") and the [Association of American Law Schools](/wiki/Association_of_American_Law_Schools \"Association of American Law Schools\") in 1931\\.", "### Women at Howard Law", "Howard Law was the first school in the nation to have a non\\-discriminatory admissions policy. From its founding, it admitted white male and female students along with black students.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Smith, Jr.\\|first1\\=J. Clay\\|title\\=The Making of the Black Lawyer 1844–1944\\|date\\=1999\\|publisher\\=University of Pennsylvania Press\\|location\\=Philadelphia}} It was a progressive policy at the time to admit women, but only eight women graduated from Howard Law during the first 30 years of its existence.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Drachman\\|first1\\=Virginia \\|title\\=Sisters in Law: Women Lawyers in Modern American History\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/sistersinlawwome00drac\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|date\\=1998\\|publisher\\=Harvard University Press\\|location\\=Cambridge, Mass.\\|isbn\\=9780674809918 }}", "An 1890 review of women lawyers in the United States published in *[The Green Bag](/wiki/The_Green_Bag_%281889%E2%80%931914%29 \"The Green Bag (1889–1914)\")*, found that many women had difficulty being admitted to law school, or gaining admission to the bar, and practice, even at Howard.", "[Charlotte E. Ray](/wiki/Charlotte_E._Ray \"Charlotte E. Ray\") was admitted to Howard's law program in 1869 and graduated in 1872, becoming its first black female lawyer.{{cite web\\|title\\=Ray, Charlotte E. (1850\\-1911\\) \\|url\\=http://www.blackpast.org/aah/ray\\-charlotte\\-e\\-1850\\-1911\\|website\\=BlackPast.org\\|date\\=16 November 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2014}} It is reported that Ray applied for admission to the bar using initials for her given and middle names, in order to disguise her gender, because she was \"\\[a]ware of the school's reluctant commitment to the principle of [sexual equality](/wiki/Gender_equality \"Gender equality\").\"{{page needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}", "[Mary Ann Shadd Cary](/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd_Cary \"Mary Ann Shadd Cary\") was among four women enrolled in the law school in 1880\\. She said in 1890 that she had actually been admitted to Howard's law program in September 1869, prior to Ray.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Robinson\\|first1\\=Lelia J\\|title\\=Women Lawyers in the United States\\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Green Bag (1889–1914\\)\\|The Green Bag]]\\|date\\=1890\\|volume\\=II\\|page\\=28 \\|url\\=http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp\\-content/uploads/2011/01/greenbag\\-vol2\\-1890\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2014}} However, Cary claims she was barred from graduating on time because of her gender and did not graduate until 1883\\.", "Eliza A. Chambers, an early white female graduate of Howard's law program, was admitted in 1885 and successfully completed the three\\-year course of study, earning two diplomas. But, \"the Law School faculty refused to hand in \\[Eliza's] name to the examiners, for admission to practice, omitting her from the list of her male classmates whom they recommended, simply because she was a woman.\" After that, she succeeded in entering practice.", "### Ties to the civil rights movement", "Howard University School of Law has significant ties to the [civil rights movement](/wiki/Civil_rights_movement \"Civil rights movement\"). Former HUSL Dean [Charles Hamilton Houston](/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston \"Charles Hamilton Houston\")'s work for the [NAACP](/wiki/NAACP \"NAACP\") earned him the title of \"The Man Who Killed Jim Crow.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Charles Hamilton Houston: The Man Who Killed Jim Crow \\|url\\=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2009/01/20090105175532jmnamdeirf0\\.3197138\\.html\\#axzz37qTD8CSl\\|website\\=IIP Digital\\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2014}} [Thurgood Marshall](/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall \"Thurgood Marshall\"), a 1933 graduate of Howard Law, successfully argued the landmark *[Brown v. Board of Education](/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education \"Brown v. Board of Education\")* case before the [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\") and in 1967 became the first African\\-American Supreme Court Justice.{{cite web \\|title\\=Thurgood Marshall, Supreme Court Justice \\|url\\=http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/hill/marshall.htm \\|website\\=Center for History and New Media at George Mason University \\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 August 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814183739/http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/hill/marshall.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In 1950, Howard law graduate [Pauli Murray](/wiki/Pauli_Murray \"Pauli Murray\") published *States' Laws on Race and Color*, an examination and critique of state segregation laws throughout the nation. Thurgood Marshall called the book the \"bible\" of the civil rights movement.{{Cite magazine \\|url\\=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/04/17/the\\-many\\-lives\\-of\\-pauli\\-murray \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512021541/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/04/17/the\\-many\\-lives\\-of\\-pauli\\-murray/amp \\|archive\\-date\\=May 12, 2017 \\|title\\=The Many Lives of Pauli Murray (The Civil\\-Rights Luminary You've Never Heard Of) \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[The New Yorker]] \\|last\\=Schulz \\|first\\=Kathryn \\|author\\-link\\=Kathryn Schulz \\|date\\=April 17, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-04\\-12}} In 1952 and again in 1953, two HUSL professors, [James Nabrit Jr.](/wiki/James_Nabrit_Jr. \"James Nabrit Jr.\") and [George E. C. Hayes](/wiki/George_Edward_Chalmer_Hayes \"George Edward Chalmer Hayes\"), successfully argued the landmark Supreme Court case *[Bolling v. Sharpe](/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe \"Bolling v. Sharpe\")*, a companion case to *Brown v. Board of Education*.{{cite news \\| last1\\=Pace\\|first1\\=Eric\\| date\\= 30 December 1997\\| work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\| url\\= https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/30/us/james\\-m\\-nabrit\\-jr\\-dies\\-at\\-97\\-led\\-howard\\-university.html \\| title\\= James M. Nabrit Jr. Dies at 97; Led Howard University \\| access\\-date\\= 22 July 2020}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.law.howard.edu/1113 \\|title\\=JAMES M. NABRIT JR. BIOGRAPHY \\|publisher\\=Howard University \\|date\\=February 10, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905130830/http://www.law.howard.edu/1113 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 5, 2015 }}{{ussc\\|name\\=Bolling v. Sharpe\\|347\\|497\\|1954}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/4\\-five/washington\\-dc\\-2\\.html\\|title\\=Washington, D.C.: A Challenge to Jim Crow in the Nation's Capital \\|website\\=Smithsonian National Museum of American History\\|language\\=en\\-us\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-13}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://libguides.law.cua.edu/exhibits/bolling\\|title\\=Bolling v. Sharpe\\|website\\=The Catholic University of America, Judge Kathryn J. Dufour Law Library\\|language\\=en\\-us\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-13\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-16\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716031330/https://libguides.law.cua.edu/exhibits/bolling\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "" ]
Appearances ----------- ### *Spider\-Man* trilogy #### *Spider\-Man* (2002\) {{main\|Spider\-Man (2002 film)}} Peter is introduced as a 18\-year\-old shy, bespectacled outsider at [Midtown High School](/wiki/Midtown_High_School_%28comics%29 "Midtown High School (comics)") in New York City with a longtime crush on his neighbor [Mary Jane Watson](/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 "Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi film series)"), during the year 2002\. Prior to a school field trip to [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University"), Peter meets up with his best friend [Harry Osborn](/wiki/Harry_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 "Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)"), who introduces him to his father [Norman](/wiki/Norman_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 "Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)"), the CEO of [Oscorp](/wiki/Oscorp "Oscorp") whom Peter idolizes. As Peter, Harry, Mary Jane, and their classmates tour a genetics laboratory at the university, Mary Jane notes one of 15 [genetically modified](/wiki/Genetically_modified "Genetically modified") super\-spiders in an exhibit missing. The spider in question drops onto Peter as he takes a picture of MJ for the school newspaper and bites him. Peter falls ill upon returning home and passes out in his room. The next morning, Peter finds he is no longer [near\-sighted](/wiki/Near-sighted "Near-sighted") and that his body is now at peak physical condition. He also discovers he has developed spider\-like superpowers, which allow him to avoid injury during a confrontation with rival and bully [Flash Thompson](/wiki/Flash_Thompson "Flash Thompson"), Mary Jane's ex\-boyfriend, and Peter knocks Flash out with one punch, though he later apologizes to Mary Jane for the confrontation. After noticing Flash's new car, Peter considers impressing Mary Jane with his own car. Brushing off his [Uncle Ben](/wiki/Uncle_Ben "Uncle Ben")'s advice that "[with great power comes great responsibility](/wiki/With_great_power_comes_great_responsibility "With great power comes great responsibility")", he enters an underground [wrestling](/wiki/Wrestling "Wrestling") tournament to raise the money and wins his first match, but the promoter cheats him of his earnings. When a robber suddenly robs the promoter's office, Peter retaliates against the promoter by allowing the robber to escape. Moments later, he discovers Ben was carjacked and killed with a pistol. Enraged, Peter pursues and confronts the carjacker, only to realize it was the robber he let escape. After Peter disarms him, the carjacker attempts to flee but dies after falling out a window. Upon graduating, Peter, finally taking Ben's words to heart out of guilt, begins using his abilities to fight crime, donning a costume and the persona of [Spider\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man "Spider-Man"). This does not impress [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson_%28film_character%29 "J. Jonah Jameson (film character)"), publisher of the *[Daily Bugle](/wiki/Daily_Bugle "Daily Bugle")* newspaper, and he begins a smear campaign against the wall\-crawler. Jameson hires Peter as a freelance photographer, as Peter is the only person providing clear images of Spider\-Man. Peter moves into an apartment with Harry paid for by Norman upon starting college. He keeps his identity as Spider\-Man secret from Harry, who likewise keeps his dating relationship with Mary Jane, who had broken up with Flash, a secret from Peter until she reveals it to him. Peter is assigned by Jameson to take pictures at the World Unity Fair, which Mary Jane and Harry attend together with the Oscorp board of directors. Suddenly, the [Green Goblin](/wiki/Norman_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 "Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)"), who is actually Norman with a crazed second personality, attacks the fair and assassinates the board of directors, endangering Mary Jane and Harry. Peter changes into his Spider\-Man suit, saving several civilians from the Goblin and defeats him, before rescuing Mary Jane after she falls from a balcony. The Goblin takes note of Spider\-Man and proposes a truce to work together. When Spider\-Man later refuses, the two fight in a burning building, leaving Spider\-Man with a cut on his arm, though he does defeat his enemy again before making his escape. During [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 "Thanksgiving (United States)") dinner with Peter, his [Aunt May](/wiki/Aunt_May "Aunt May"), MJ, and Harry, Norman notices the cut on Peter's arm and deduces his secret identity as Spider\-Man. He later attacks and hospitalizes May in an attempt to "attack \[Peter]'s heart". While visiting Peter and May at the hospital, Mary Jane admits to Peter she is infatuated with Spider\-Man, who saved her once again from thugs in an alley, and she asks Peter if Spider\-Man had ever asked about her. As Peter indirectly reveals his feelings for her, Harry walks in on the two as they are holding hands. Devastated, Harry confides in his father that Mary Jane loves Peter, inadvertently revealing Spider\-Man's true weakness. The Goblin kidnaps MJ and holds her and a [Roosevelt Island Tramway](/wiki/Roosevelt_Island_Tramway "Roosevelt Island Tramway") car full of children hostage along the [Queensboro Bridge](/wiki/Queensboro_Bridge "Queensboro Bridge"), forcing Spider\-Man to choose whom to save before dropping them. Peter saves both with assistance from a tugboat as the Goblin is jeered by the civilians who side with Spider\-Man. The Goblin grabs Peter, throws him into an abandoned building, and brutally beats him. When Goblin boasts about how he will later kill Mary Jane, an enraged Peter overpowers Goblin. Norman, however, reveals himself to Peter by taking off his helmet, much to the shock of Peter. Norman begs for mercy, trying to reason that his Goblin personality made him commit crime, but is still under the control of the Goblin, who directs the jet glider to stab Peter. Conintuing his act, he asks Peter to embrace him but Peter refuses. Furious. Goblin sends his glider at him, but Warned by his spider\-sense, Peter dodges the attack, and the glider fatally impales Norman and Goblin instead. With his dying breath, Norman asks Peter not to reveal his identity as the Green Goblin to Harry and then dies. Peter returns Norman's body to the Osborn house and hides the Goblin's suit and equipment, but Harry arrives to find him standing over his father's body. Harry seizes a gun, intent on shooting Spider\-Man, but he escapes. At Norman's funeral, Harry swears vengeance toward Spider\-Man, whom he deems responsible for his father's death, and asserts that Peter is all the family he has left. Mary Jane confesses to Peter she is in love with him. Peter, however, feels he must protect her from the unwanted attention of his enemies, so he hides his true feelings and tells Mary Jane that they can only be friends. As Peter leaves the funeral, he recalls Ben's words and accepts his responsibility as Spider\-Man. #### *Spider\-Man 2* (2004\) {{main\|Spider\-Man 2}} Two years later (2004\), Peter struggles to maintain his personal life while serving as Spider\-Man, getting fired from a second job he takes as a [pizza delivery boy](/wiki/Pizza_delivery_boy "Pizza delivery boy") while also struggling with his studies at Columbia University and finances. He is also growing distant from his two friends, Harry and Mary Jane, who have found success as the new CEO of Oscorp and a [Broadway actress](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre"), respectively, and discovers Aunt May is facing [foreclosure](/wiki/Foreclosure "Foreclosure") of her home after his surprise birthday party. Harry introduces Peter to his idol [Dr. Otto Octavius](/wiki/Otto_Octavius_%28film_character%29 "Otto Octavius (film character)"), whose research Oscorp is funding, prior to a demonstration of Octavius' work on [fusion power](/wiki/Fusion_power "Fusion power"). During the demonstration, Octavius dons a harness with four robotic arms and [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence"). Despite a successful start, the demonstration becomes unstable. Octavius ignores Harry's demands to shut it off while Peter dons his suit to unplug it, but not before the resulting explosion kills Octavius' wife and assistant Rosalie and fuses the harness to his spine, also destroying the inhibitor chip that keeps Octavius in control of the arms. As Peter and May go to a bank to argue against her foreclosure, Octavius, now increasingly influenced by the arms and dubbed "Doctor Octopus" or "Doc Ock" by Jameson, robs the bank in an attempt to finance a second attempt at his experiment. Peter dons his suit again and takes on Doc Ock as he holds May hostage. Spider\-Man manages to rescue May despite letting Doc Ock flee with the money. After discovering that Mary Jane is getting engaged to Jameson's son [John](/wiki/John_Jameson_%28comics%29 "John Jameson (comics)") and getting into a fight with a drunken Harry during a party, Peter suffers an emotional breakdown over his inability to balance his life, losing his powers as a result. He decides to give up being Spider\-Man after consulting with a doctor, throwing away his suit, which a garbage man discovers and delivers to Jameson. Peter begins to succeed in his studies and turn his life around, beginning to mend his friendship with Mary Jane. He also reveals to Aunt May his role in inadvertently causing Uncle Ben's death, though May forgives him after initial shock. While Peter helps May move out of her home, she advises him about the hope Spider\-Man gives to the people in spite of the sacrifices he must make. This encourages Peter to attempt a comeback as Spider\-Man due to [increased crime in New York](/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_City "Crime in New York City"), though his powers remain lost. Octavius visits Harry and threatens him to give him the isotope [tritium](/wiki/Tritium "Tritium"). Harry agrees in exchange for Spider\-Man, and tells Octavius to seek Peter, who Harry believes is friends with Spider\-Man, but tells Octavius not to harm him. As Mary Jane invites Peter to a café to discuss whether or not he loves her, Octavius locates Peter, tells him to find Spider\-Man, and captures Mary Jane. Her endangerment leads to Peter's powers resurrecting. As Jameson admits that he was wrong about Spider\-Man, Peter steals his suit back from the *Bugle* (which causes Jameson to immediately recant his statements) and goes after Octavius. As Peter battles Octavius, they fall onto a [New York City Subway](/wiki/New_York_City_Subway "New York City Subway") train. Octavius sabotages the controls and leaves Peter to save the passengers, which he does at a great physical toll. When he faints from exhaustion, the grateful passengers save him from falling and bring him into the train, seeing his unmasked face but promising to keep their knowledge hidden. They unsuccessfully try to protect him when Octavius returns to capture Peter, whom Octavius delivers to Harry. [thumb\|right\|alt\=Tobey Maguire dressed as Peter Parker and in costume as Spider\-Man on film\|Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker (left) in *Spider\-Man 2* and in costume as Spider\-Man in *Spider\-Man 3* (right)](/wiki/File:Tobey_Maguire_as_Peter_Parker_and_Spider-Man.jpg "Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker and Spider-Man.jpg") After giving Octavius the tritium, Harry prepares to kill Spider\-Man, only to be shocked to see Peter under the mask. Peter convinces Harry to direct him to Octavius' lair, as bigger things are at stake. As Peter arrives at the doctor's waterfront laboratory and attempts to rescue Mary Jane discreetly, Octavius discovers him, and they battle as the nuclear reaction swells and starts threatening the city. Peter ultimately subdues Octavius, reveals his identity, and persuades Octavius to let his dream go for the greater good. A redeemed Octavius commands the tentacles to obey him, and gives his life to destroy the experiment.{{efn\|name\=MCU}} Mary Jane sees Peter's true identity and feelings, which he says is why they cannot be together. Peter returns Mary Jane to John and leaves. However, Mary Jane leaves John at the altar during their wedding and runs to Peter's apartment, declaring she is willing to accept any risks that come with being in a relationship with Peter. The two finally become a couple, and Mary Jane sees Peter off as he swings into action as Spider\-Man to assist emergency services. #### *Spider\-Man 3* (2007\) {{main\|Spider\-Man 3}} A year and a half later (2005\), Peter finally finds stability and success in both his personal life and exploits as Spider\-Man. He and Mary Jane are happily dating, and after attending her performance in a new play, he spends time with her at [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park"). A meteor lands nearby and a [goo\-like alien symbiote](/wiki/Venom_%28character%29 "Venom (character)") oozes out and attaches itself to Peter's [moped](/wiki/Moped "Moped"). After sending Mary Jane home, he talks to Aunt May, who gives him the engagement ring given to her by Uncle Ben, about proposing to MJ. On his way home, Peter is ambushed by Harry, who has utilized his father's equipment and Goblin serum and intends on avenging Norman's death, despite Peter mentioning the truth of Norman's demise. An aerial chase ensues, resulting in Harry getting knocked out cold when Peter sets a trap for him. Having suffered [amnesia](/wiki/Amnesia "Amnesia") and forgotten his vendetta against Spider\-Man, Harry wakes up in the emergency room, re\-embracing Peter and Mary Jane as his best friends. Mary Jane is upset by a negative review of her performance, and Peter unsuccessfully tries to relate to her using his experience as Spider\-Man. She later neglects to inform him when she loses her role in the play. At work at the *Daily Bugle*, Peter finds that a rival freelance photographer, [Eddie Brock](/wiki/Eddie_Brock "Eddie Brock"), has also begun taking pictures of Spider\-Man and Jameson pits the two photographers against each other for a staff job. He later finds out about a ceremony in which Spider\-Man would be given the [key to the city](/wiki/Key_to_the_city "Key to the city") for rescuing [Gwen Stacy](/wiki/Gwen_Stacy "Gwen Stacy"), the daughter of [NYPD](/wiki/NYPD "NYPD") commissioner [George Stacy](/wiki/George_Stacy "George Stacy") and also Peter's college lab partner. Peter, who dons his suit and persona for the ceremony, basks in the crowd's cheers and gives Gwen an upside\-down kiss reminiscent of his first kiss with Mary Jane. This upsets Mary Jane, leading to an argument with Peter, who postpones his plans to propose to her. Peter also encounters [Flint Marko](/wiki/Sandman_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Sandman (Marvel Comics)"), also known as "Sandman". Upon discovering that Marko was the one who fatally shot Ben, not the carjacker as previously believed, Peter develops a vendetta against Marko and upon falling asleep while listening to police radio, the symbiote oozes out from Peter's closet and bonds with his suit, turning it black. Empowered by the new suit's abilities and with his anger amplified, Peter dons it while confronting Marko in the subway tunnels, leading to Marko's apparent demise when a deluge of water reduces him to mud. When Peter tells May about Marko's apparent death at Spider\-Man's hands, she is not amused and warns him about the adverse effects of revenge. Meanwhile, Harry regains his memory and vendetta after experiencing a flood of emotions triggered by spending time with Mary Jane. Experiencing another vision of his father, who entices him to attack Peter's heart, Harry forces Mary Jane into breaking up with Peter and claiming she had "fallen in love with someone else". Harry claims to Peter he is the "other guy", enraging Peter, who later confronts Harry at his penthouse wearing the black suit underneath. The former friends engage in a brutal fistfight and Peter emerges on top, bullying Harry by mocking his relationship with his father. Harry throws a pumpkin bomb at Peter in a last\-ditch attack, but Peter effortlessly throws the bomb back at Harry's face and leaves. Peter thwarts an attempt by Eddie to claim the job at the *Bugle*, leading to Brock's dismissal and subsequent falling out with Gwen, whom he was dating at the time. Peter then gains the staff job with his own picture of Spider\-Man, and under influence from the symbiote, begins to act more arrogantly. He takes Gwen to a jazz club where Mary Jane had taken up work and interrupts her performance with his own dance routine. Gwen catches onto Peter's true intentions and leaves, and the resulting fight with the club's bouncers results in Peter inadvertently hitting Mary Jane when she intervenes. Coming to his senses after he sees a horrified MJ, Peter leaves and gets rid of the symbiote suit by utilizing church bells to stun the symbiote. The symbiote falls onto and bonds with Brock, who, unbeknownst to Peter, is at the church praying for [God](/wiki/God "God") to kill him. This creates a new enemy, Venom, as Brock now knows Spider\-Man's secret identity. After May visits Peter encouraging him not to give up on Mary Jane, Venom and Sandman join forces against Spider\-Man, kidnapping Mary Jane and dangling her from a skyscraper construction site to get Peter's attention. Peter pleads with Harry to help him, but a broken\-spirited Harry, whose face was disfigured from the bomb, declines. Peter encounters Venom in his regular suit and tries to free Mary Jane but is ambushed by Sandman. As Peter is savagely beaten by Sandman, Harry, having discovered the truth of his father's death, arrives in his New Goblin persona to aid his old friend. Peter and Harry form a formidable tandem, defeating Sandman and rescuing Mary Jane, but face difficulty in subduing Venom, who attempts to impale Peter with Harry's glider, but Harry takes the blade for Peter, much to the latter's horror. Remembering the symbiote's weakness to sound, Peter weakens Venom by creating sonic frequencies and pulls Eddie out from the symbiote, preparing to destroy it with a bomb, but Eddie jumps back to the symbiote and is killed with it when the bomb explodes. Marko re\-emerges behind Peter and explains that Ben's death was an accident rooted in a desperate attempt to save his terminally\-ill daughter's life, and that this accident has haunted him since. Recognizing his own mistakes and believing that Marko is being truthful, Peter forgives Marko and allows him to escape. He swings down to a mortally\-wounded Harry, who is tended to by Mary Jane. Peter expresses remorse for hurting Harry but the latter forgives him and they reaffirm their friendship before Harry dies from his injuries. Peter and Mary Jane cry over their friend's death. Peter and Mary Jane attend Harry's funeral with several others and later begin to repair their relationship. ### Marvel Cinematic Universe #### *Spider\-Man: No Way Home* (2021\) {{main\|Spider\-Man: No Way Home}} 19 years after Harry's death, Peter (dubbed "Peter\-Two" during the events of the film) is accidentally transported to the [Earth\-616](/wiki/Multiverse_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29_%23Earth-616 "Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe) #Earth-616") universe due to [Doctor Strange](/wiki/Stephen_Strange_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 "Stephen Strange (Marvel Cinematic Universe)")'s interrupted attempt to cast a spell and restore the secret identity of that universe's [Peter Parker](/wiki/Peter_Parker_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 "Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)") (dubbed "Peter\-One") after it was exposed by [Mysterio](/wiki/Mysterio_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 "Mysterio (Marvel Cinematic Universe)").{{efn\|As depicted in ''\[\[Spider\-Man: Far From Home]]'' (2019\).}} Unbeknownst to Peter, alternate versions of Norman and Octavius (prior to their deaths),{{efn\|name\=MCU\|In ''\[\[Spider\-Man: No Way Home]]'', Norman Osborn and Octavius are both revealed to have been transported to and from the \[\[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) sometime after they separately deduce Spider\-Man's identity and before their respective deaths, as depicted in ''Spider\-Man'' and ''Spider\-Man 2'', respectively.}} as well as Marko, from his universe were also transported into this universe, among other villains. While there, Peter finds [another alternate version](/wiki/Peter_Parker_%28The_Amazing_Spider-Man_film_series%29 "Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series)") of himself transported from another universe (dubbed "Peter\-Three"), who helps him console Peter\-One after the death of his Aunt May at the hands of Norman's Goblin persona. Peter mentions that he lost Uncle Ben and regretted pursuing the man he thought killed him, warning Peter\-One that killing Goblin will not help him cope with May's death, but Peter\-One was averse to listening. The three Spider\-Man then work on cures so that they can cure the other villains of their evil personas. While working on the cures, Peter mentions to Peter\-Three that his relationship with Mary Jane became complicated due to his double identity but they eventually made it work after a long time, and he also says that he has been thinking about making an anti Goblin serum for Osborn over the years. The Parker's then draw the villains towards the Statue of Liberty. During the skirmish, Peter fights alternate versions of [Connors](/wiki/Lizard_%28character%29 "Lizard (character)") and [Dillon](/wiki/Electro_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Electro (Marvel Comics)") (from Peter\-Three's universe), cures Marko, and happily reunites with an already\-cured Octavius who steps in to help the three Peters. Peter later witnesses an enraged Peter\-One attempting to kill Goblin, and stops him from doing so. While Goblin then stabs Peter in the back, he survives, as the alternate Peters give Norman an anti\-serum that Peter had developed for his old friend, curing the latter of his crazed Goblin persona for good. After all of the villains are defeated and cured, Peter says goodbye to his alternate selves, as he, Peter\-Three, and their villains are returned to their home universes, with Peter likely being returned to the original/present timeline of his universe.{{efn\|Parker, along with Peter\-Three and an alternate version of \[\[Venom (Sony's Spider\-Man Universe)\|Eddie Brock]], are the only ones returned to the present time in their respective universes.}}
[ "Appearances\n-----------", "### *Spider\\-Man* trilogy", "#### *Spider\\-Man* (2002\\)", "{{main\\|Spider\\-Man (2002 film)}}\nPeter is introduced as a 18\\-year\\-old shy, bespectacled outsider at [Midtown High School](/wiki/Midtown_High_School_%28comics%29 \"Midtown High School (comics)\") in New York City with a longtime crush on his neighbor [Mary Jane Watson](/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi film series)\"), during the year 2002\\. Prior to a school field trip to [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\"), Peter meets up with his best friend [Harry Osborn](/wiki/Harry_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)\"), who introduces him to his father [Norman](/wiki/Norman_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)\"), the CEO of [Oscorp](/wiki/Oscorp \"Oscorp\") whom Peter idolizes. As Peter, Harry, Mary Jane, and their classmates tour a genetics laboratory at the university, Mary Jane notes one of 15 [genetically modified](/wiki/Genetically_modified \"Genetically modified\") super\\-spiders in an exhibit missing. The spider in question drops onto Peter as he takes a picture of MJ for the school newspaper and bites him. Peter falls ill upon returning home and passes out in his room.", "The next morning, Peter finds he is no longer [near\\-sighted](/wiki/Near-sighted \"Near-sighted\") and that his body is now at peak physical condition. He also discovers he has developed spider\\-like superpowers, which allow him to avoid injury during a confrontation with rival and bully [Flash Thompson](/wiki/Flash_Thompson \"Flash Thompson\"), Mary Jane's ex\\-boyfriend, and Peter knocks Flash out with one punch, though he later apologizes to Mary Jane for the confrontation. After noticing Flash's new car, Peter considers impressing Mary Jane with his own car. Brushing off his [Uncle Ben](/wiki/Uncle_Ben \"Uncle Ben\")'s advice that \"[with great power comes great responsibility](/wiki/With_great_power_comes_great_responsibility \"With great power comes great responsibility\")\", he enters an underground [wrestling](/wiki/Wrestling \"Wrestling\") tournament to raise the money and wins his first match, but the promoter cheats him of his earnings. When a robber suddenly robs the promoter's office, Peter retaliates against the promoter by allowing the robber to escape. Moments later, he discovers Ben was carjacked and killed with a pistol. Enraged, Peter pursues and confronts the carjacker, only to realize it was the robber he let escape. After Peter disarms him, the carjacker attempts to flee but dies after falling out a window.", "Upon graduating, Peter, finally taking Ben's words to heart out of guilt, begins using his abilities to fight crime, donning a costume and the persona of [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man \"Spider-Man\"). This does not impress [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson_%28film_character%29 \"J. Jonah Jameson (film character)\"), publisher of the *[Daily Bugle](/wiki/Daily_Bugle \"Daily Bugle\")* newspaper, and he begins a smear campaign against the wall\\-crawler. Jameson hires Peter as a freelance photographer, as Peter is the only person providing clear images of Spider\\-Man. Peter moves into an apartment with Harry paid for by Norman upon starting college. He keeps his identity as Spider\\-Man secret from Harry, who likewise keeps his dating relationship with Mary Jane, who had broken up with Flash, a secret from Peter until she reveals it to him.", "Peter is assigned by Jameson to take pictures at the World Unity Fair, which Mary Jane and Harry attend together with the Oscorp board of directors. Suddenly, the [Green Goblin](/wiki/Norman_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)\"), who is actually Norman with a crazed second personality, attacks the fair and assassinates the board of directors, endangering Mary Jane and Harry. Peter changes into his Spider\\-Man suit, saving several civilians from the Goblin and defeats him, before rescuing Mary Jane after she falls from a balcony. The Goblin takes note of Spider\\-Man and proposes a truce to work together. When Spider\\-Man later refuses, the two fight in a burning building, leaving Spider\\-Man with a cut on his arm, though he does defeat his enemy again before making his escape.", "During [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 \"Thanksgiving (United States)\") dinner with Peter, his [Aunt May](/wiki/Aunt_May \"Aunt May\"), MJ, and Harry, Norman notices the cut on Peter's arm and deduces his secret identity as Spider\\-Man. He later attacks and hospitalizes May in an attempt to \"attack \\[Peter]'s heart\". While visiting Peter and May at the hospital, Mary Jane admits to Peter she is infatuated with Spider\\-Man, who saved her once again from thugs in an alley, and she asks Peter if Spider\\-Man had ever asked about her. As Peter indirectly reveals his feelings for her, Harry walks in on the two as they are holding hands. Devastated, Harry confides in his father that Mary Jane loves Peter, inadvertently revealing Spider\\-Man's true weakness. The Goblin kidnaps MJ and holds her and a [Roosevelt Island Tramway](/wiki/Roosevelt_Island_Tramway \"Roosevelt Island Tramway\") car full of children hostage along the [Queensboro Bridge](/wiki/Queensboro_Bridge \"Queensboro Bridge\"), forcing Spider\\-Man to choose whom to save before dropping them. Peter saves both with assistance from a tugboat as the Goblin is jeered by the civilians who side with Spider\\-Man.", "The Goblin grabs Peter, throws him into an abandoned building, and brutally beats him. When Goblin boasts about how he will later kill Mary Jane, an enraged Peter overpowers Goblin. Norman, however, reveals himself to Peter by taking off his helmet, much to the shock of Peter. Norman begs for mercy, trying to reason that his Goblin personality made him commit crime, but is still under the control of the Goblin, who directs the jet glider to stab Peter. Conintuing his act, he asks Peter to embrace him but Peter refuses. Furious. Goblin sends his glider at him, but Warned by his spider\\-sense, Peter dodges the attack, and the glider fatally impales Norman and Goblin instead. With his dying breath, Norman asks Peter not to reveal his identity as the Green Goblin to Harry and then dies. Peter returns Norman's body to the Osborn house and hides the Goblin's suit and equipment, but Harry arrives to find him standing over his father's body. Harry seizes a gun, intent on shooting Spider\\-Man, but he escapes.", "At Norman's funeral, Harry swears vengeance toward Spider\\-Man, whom he deems responsible for his father's death, and asserts that Peter is all the family he has left. Mary Jane confesses to Peter she is in love with him. Peter, however, feels he must protect her from the unwanted attention of his enemies, so he hides his true feelings and tells Mary Jane that they can only be friends. As Peter leaves the funeral, he recalls Ben's words and accepts his responsibility as Spider\\-Man.", "#### *Spider\\-Man 2* (2004\\)", "{{main\\|Spider\\-Man 2}}\nTwo years later (2004\\), Peter struggles to maintain his personal life while serving as Spider\\-Man, getting fired from a second job he takes as a [pizza delivery boy](/wiki/Pizza_delivery_boy \"Pizza delivery boy\") while also struggling with his studies at Columbia University and finances. He is also growing distant from his two friends, Harry and Mary Jane, who have found success as the new CEO of Oscorp and a [Broadway actress](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\"), respectively, and discovers Aunt May is facing [foreclosure](/wiki/Foreclosure \"Foreclosure\") of her home after his surprise birthday party.", "Harry introduces Peter to his idol [Dr. Otto Octavius](/wiki/Otto_Octavius_%28film_character%29 \"Otto Octavius (film character)\"), whose research Oscorp is funding, prior to a demonstration of Octavius' work on [fusion power](/wiki/Fusion_power \"Fusion power\"). During the demonstration, Octavius dons a harness with four robotic arms and [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\"). Despite a successful start, the demonstration becomes unstable. Octavius ignores Harry's demands to shut it off while Peter dons his suit to unplug it, but not before the resulting explosion kills Octavius' wife and assistant Rosalie and fuses the harness to his spine, also destroying the inhibitor chip that keeps Octavius in control of the arms.", "As Peter and May go to a bank to argue against her foreclosure, Octavius, now increasingly influenced by the arms and dubbed \"Doctor Octopus\" or \"Doc Ock\" by Jameson, robs the bank in an attempt to finance a second attempt at his experiment. Peter dons his suit again and takes on Doc Ock as he holds May hostage. Spider\\-Man manages to rescue May despite letting Doc Ock flee with the money. After discovering that Mary Jane is getting engaged to Jameson's son [John](/wiki/John_Jameson_%28comics%29 \"John Jameson (comics)\") and getting into a fight with a drunken Harry during a party, Peter suffers an emotional breakdown over his inability to balance his life, losing his powers as a result. He decides to give up being Spider\\-Man after consulting with a doctor, throwing away his suit, which a garbage man discovers and delivers to Jameson.", "Peter begins to succeed in his studies and turn his life around, beginning to mend his friendship with Mary Jane. He also reveals to Aunt May his role in inadvertently causing Uncle Ben's death, though May forgives him after initial shock. While Peter helps May move out of her home, she advises him about the hope Spider\\-Man gives to the people in spite of the sacrifices he must make. This encourages Peter to attempt a comeback as Spider\\-Man due to [increased crime in New York](/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_City \"Crime in New York City\"), though his powers remain lost.", "Octavius visits Harry and threatens him to give him the isotope [tritium](/wiki/Tritium \"Tritium\"). Harry agrees in exchange for Spider\\-Man, and tells Octavius to seek Peter, who Harry believes is friends with Spider\\-Man, but tells Octavius not to harm him. As Mary Jane invites Peter to a café to discuss whether or not he loves her, Octavius locates Peter, tells him to find Spider\\-Man, and captures Mary Jane. Her endangerment leads to Peter's powers resurrecting. As Jameson admits that he was wrong about Spider\\-Man, Peter steals his suit back from the *Bugle* (which causes Jameson to immediately recant his statements) and goes after Octavius. As Peter battles Octavius, they fall onto a [New York City Subway](/wiki/New_York_City_Subway \"New York City Subway\") train. Octavius sabotages the controls and leaves Peter to save the passengers, which he does at a great physical toll. When he faints from exhaustion, the grateful passengers save him from falling and bring him into the train, seeing his unmasked face but promising to keep their knowledge hidden. They unsuccessfully try to protect him when Octavius returns to capture Peter, whom Octavius delivers to Harry.", "[thumb\\|right\\|alt\\=Tobey Maguire dressed as Peter Parker and in costume as Spider\\-Man on film\\|Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker (left) in *Spider\\-Man 2* and in costume as Spider\\-Man in *Spider\\-Man 3* (right)](/wiki/File:Tobey_Maguire_as_Peter_Parker_and_Spider-Man.jpg \"Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker and Spider-Man.jpg\")\nAfter giving Octavius the tritium, Harry prepares to kill Spider\\-Man, only to be shocked to see Peter under the mask. Peter convinces Harry to direct him to Octavius' lair, as bigger things are at stake. As Peter arrives at the doctor's waterfront laboratory and attempts to rescue Mary Jane discreetly, Octavius discovers him, and they battle as the nuclear reaction swells and starts threatening the city. Peter ultimately subdues Octavius, reveals his identity, and persuades Octavius to let his dream go for the greater good. A redeemed Octavius commands the tentacles to obey him, and gives his life to destroy the experiment.{{efn\\|name\\=MCU}} Mary Jane sees Peter's true identity and feelings, which he says is why they cannot be together. Peter returns Mary Jane to John and leaves. However, Mary Jane leaves John at the altar during their wedding and runs to Peter's apartment, declaring she is willing to accept any risks that come with being in a relationship with Peter. The two finally become a couple, and Mary Jane sees Peter off as he swings into action as Spider\\-Man to assist emergency services.", "#### *Spider\\-Man 3* (2007\\)", "{{main\\|Spider\\-Man 3}}\nA year and a half later (2005\\), Peter finally finds stability and success in both his personal life and exploits as Spider\\-Man. He and Mary Jane are happily dating, and after attending her performance in a new play, he spends time with her at [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\"). A meteor lands nearby and a [goo\\-like alien symbiote](/wiki/Venom_%28character%29 \"Venom (character)\") oozes out and attaches itself to Peter's [moped](/wiki/Moped \"Moped\"). After sending Mary Jane home, he talks to Aunt May, who gives him the engagement ring given to her by Uncle Ben, about proposing to MJ. On his way home, Peter is ambushed by Harry, who has utilized his father's equipment and Goblin serum and intends on avenging Norman's death, despite Peter mentioning the truth of Norman's demise. An aerial chase ensues, resulting in Harry getting knocked out cold when Peter sets a trap for him. Having suffered [amnesia](/wiki/Amnesia \"Amnesia\") and forgotten his vendetta against Spider\\-Man, Harry wakes up in the emergency room, re\\-embracing Peter and Mary Jane as his best friends.", "Mary Jane is upset by a negative review of her performance, and Peter unsuccessfully tries to relate to her using his experience as Spider\\-Man. She later neglects to inform him when she loses her role in the play. At work at the *Daily Bugle*, Peter finds that a rival freelance photographer, [Eddie Brock](/wiki/Eddie_Brock \"Eddie Brock\"), has also begun taking pictures of Spider\\-Man and Jameson pits the two photographers against each other for a staff job. He later finds out about a ceremony in which Spider\\-Man would be given the [key to the city](/wiki/Key_to_the_city \"Key to the city\") for rescuing [Gwen Stacy](/wiki/Gwen_Stacy \"Gwen Stacy\"), the daughter of [NYPD](/wiki/NYPD \"NYPD\") commissioner [George Stacy](/wiki/George_Stacy \"George Stacy\") and also Peter's college lab partner. Peter, who dons his suit and persona for the ceremony, basks in the crowd's cheers and gives Gwen an upside\\-down kiss reminiscent of his first kiss with Mary Jane. This upsets Mary Jane, leading to an argument with Peter, who postpones his plans to propose to her.", "Peter also encounters [Flint Marko](/wiki/Sandman_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Sandman (Marvel Comics)\"), also known as \"Sandman\". Upon discovering that Marko was the one who fatally shot Ben, not the carjacker as previously believed, Peter develops a vendetta against Marko and upon falling asleep while listening to police radio, the symbiote oozes out from Peter's closet and bonds with his suit, turning it black. Empowered by the new suit's abilities and with his anger amplified, Peter dons it while confronting Marko in the subway tunnels, leading to Marko's apparent demise when a deluge of water reduces him to mud. When Peter tells May about Marko's apparent death at Spider\\-Man's hands, she is not amused and warns him about the adverse effects of revenge.", "Meanwhile, Harry regains his memory and vendetta after experiencing a flood of emotions triggered by spending time with Mary Jane. Experiencing another vision of his father, who entices him to attack Peter's heart, Harry forces Mary Jane into breaking up with Peter and claiming she had \"fallen in love with someone else\". Harry claims to Peter he is the \"other guy\", enraging Peter, who later confronts Harry at his penthouse wearing the black suit underneath. The former friends engage in a brutal fistfight and Peter emerges on top, bullying Harry by mocking his relationship with his father. Harry throws a pumpkin bomb at Peter in a last\\-ditch attack, but Peter effortlessly throws the bomb back at Harry's face and leaves.", "Peter thwarts an attempt by Eddie to claim the job at the *Bugle*, leading to Brock's dismissal and subsequent falling out with Gwen, whom he was dating at the time. Peter then gains the staff job with his own picture of Spider\\-Man, and under influence from the symbiote, begins to act more arrogantly. He takes Gwen to a jazz club where Mary Jane had taken up work and interrupts her performance with his own dance routine. Gwen catches onto Peter's true intentions and leaves, and the resulting fight with the club's bouncers results in Peter inadvertently hitting Mary Jane when she intervenes. Coming to his senses after he sees a horrified MJ, Peter leaves and gets rid of the symbiote suit by utilizing church bells to stun the symbiote. The symbiote falls onto and bonds with Brock, who, unbeknownst to Peter, is at the church praying for [God](/wiki/God \"God\") to kill him. This creates a new enemy, Venom, as Brock now knows Spider\\-Man's secret identity.", "After May visits Peter encouraging him not to give up on Mary Jane, Venom and Sandman join forces against Spider\\-Man, kidnapping Mary Jane and dangling her from a skyscraper construction site to get Peter's attention. Peter pleads with Harry to help him, but a broken\\-spirited Harry, whose face was disfigured from the bomb, declines. Peter encounters Venom in his regular suit and tries to free Mary Jane but is ambushed by Sandman. As Peter is savagely beaten by Sandman, Harry, having discovered the truth of his father's death, arrives in his New Goblin persona to aid his old friend. Peter and Harry form a formidable tandem, defeating Sandman and rescuing Mary Jane, but face difficulty in subduing Venom, who attempts to impale Peter with Harry's glider, but Harry takes the blade for Peter, much to the latter's horror. Remembering the symbiote's weakness to sound, Peter weakens Venom by creating sonic frequencies and pulls Eddie out from the symbiote, preparing to destroy it with a bomb, but Eddie jumps back to the symbiote and is killed with it when the bomb explodes.", "Marko re\\-emerges behind Peter and explains that Ben's death was an accident rooted in a desperate attempt to save his terminally\\-ill daughter's life, and that this accident has haunted him since. Recognizing his own mistakes and believing that Marko is being truthful, Peter forgives Marko and allows him to escape. He swings down to a mortally\\-wounded Harry, who is tended to by Mary Jane. Peter expresses remorse for hurting Harry but the latter forgives him and they reaffirm their friendship before Harry dies from his injuries. Peter and Mary Jane cry over their friend's death. Peter and Mary Jane attend Harry's funeral with several others and later begin to repair their relationship.", "### Marvel Cinematic Universe", "#### *Spider\\-Man: No Way Home* (2021\\)", "{{main\\|Spider\\-Man: No Way Home}}\n19 years after Harry's death, Peter (dubbed \"Peter\\-Two\" during the events of the film) is accidentally transported to the [Earth\\-616](/wiki/Multiverse_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29_%23Earth-616 \"Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe) #Earth-616\") universe due to [Doctor Strange](/wiki/Stephen_Strange_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Stephen Strange (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")'s interrupted attempt to cast a spell and restore the secret identity of that universe's [Peter Parker](/wiki/Peter_Parker_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") (dubbed \"Peter\\-One\") after it was exposed by [Mysterio](/wiki/Mysterio_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Mysterio (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\").{{efn\\|As depicted in ''\\[\\[Spider\\-Man: Far From Home]]'' (2019\\).}} Unbeknownst to Peter, alternate versions of Norman and Octavius (prior to their deaths),{{efn\\|name\\=MCU\\|In ''\\[\\[Spider\\-Man: No Way Home]]'', Norman Osborn and Octavius are both revealed to have been transported to and from the \\[\\[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) sometime after they separately deduce Spider\\-Man's identity and before their respective deaths, as depicted in ''Spider\\-Man'' and ''Spider\\-Man 2'', respectively.}} as well as Marko, from his universe were also transported into this universe, among other villains. While there, Peter finds [another alternate version](/wiki/Peter_Parker_%28The_Amazing_Spider-Man_film_series%29 \"Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series)\") of himself transported from another universe (dubbed \"Peter\\-Three\"), who helps him console Peter\\-One after the death of his Aunt May at the hands of Norman's Goblin persona. Peter mentions that he lost Uncle Ben and regretted pursuing the man he thought killed him, warning Peter\\-One that killing Goblin will not help him cope with May's death, but Peter\\-One was averse to listening.", "The three Spider\\-Man then work on cures so that they can cure the other villains of their evil personas. While working on the cures, Peter mentions to Peter\\-Three that his relationship with Mary Jane became complicated due to his double identity but they eventually made it work after a long time, and he also says that he has been thinking about making an anti Goblin serum for Osborn over the years.", "The Parker's then draw the villains towards the Statue of Liberty. During the skirmish, Peter fights alternate versions of [Connors](/wiki/Lizard_%28character%29 \"Lizard (character)\") and [Dillon](/wiki/Electro_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Electro (Marvel Comics)\") (from Peter\\-Three's universe), cures Marko, and happily reunites with an already\\-cured Octavius who steps in to help the three Peters.", "Peter later witnesses an enraged Peter\\-One attempting to kill Goblin, and stops him from doing so. While Goblin then stabs Peter in the back, he survives, as the alternate Peters give Norman an anti\\-serum that Peter had developed for his old friend, curing the latter of his crazed Goblin persona for good. After all of the villains are defeated and cured, Peter says goodbye to his alternate selves, as he, Peter\\-Three, and their villains are returned to their home universes, with Peter likely being returned to the original/present timeline of his universe.{{efn\\|Parker, along with Peter\\-Three and an alternate version of \\[\\[Venom (Sony's Spider\\-Man Universe)\\|Eddie Brock]], are the only ones returned to the present time in their respective universes.}}", "" ]
### *Spider\-Man* trilogy #### *Spider\-Man* (2002\) {{main\|Spider\-Man (2002 film)}} Peter is introduced as a 18\-year\-old shy, bespectacled outsider at [Midtown High School](/wiki/Midtown_High_School_%28comics%29 "Midtown High School (comics)") in New York City with a longtime crush on his neighbor [Mary Jane Watson](/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 "Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi film series)"), during the year 2002\. Prior to a school field trip to [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University"), Peter meets up with his best friend [Harry Osborn](/wiki/Harry_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 "Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)"), who introduces him to his father [Norman](/wiki/Norman_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 "Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)"), the CEO of [Oscorp](/wiki/Oscorp "Oscorp") whom Peter idolizes. As Peter, Harry, Mary Jane, and their classmates tour a genetics laboratory at the university, Mary Jane notes one of 15 [genetically modified](/wiki/Genetically_modified "Genetically modified") super\-spiders in an exhibit missing. The spider in question drops onto Peter as he takes a picture of MJ for the school newspaper and bites him. Peter falls ill upon returning home and passes out in his room. The next morning, Peter finds he is no longer [near\-sighted](/wiki/Near-sighted "Near-sighted") and that his body is now at peak physical condition. He also discovers he has developed spider\-like superpowers, which allow him to avoid injury during a confrontation with rival and bully [Flash Thompson](/wiki/Flash_Thompson "Flash Thompson"), Mary Jane's ex\-boyfriend, and Peter knocks Flash out with one punch, though he later apologizes to Mary Jane for the confrontation. After noticing Flash's new car, Peter considers impressing Mary Jane with his own car. Brushing off his [Uncle Ben](/wiki/Uncle_Ben "Uncle Ben")'s advice that "[with great power comes great responsibility](/wiki/With_great_power_comes_great_responsibility "With great power comes great responsibility")", he enters an underground [wrestling](/wiki/Wrestling "Wrestling") tournament to raise the money and wins his first match, but the promoter cheats him of his earnings. When a robber suddenly robs the promoter's office, Peter retaliates against the promoter by allowing the robber to escape. Moments later, he discovers Ben was carjacked and killed with a pistol. Enraged, Peter pursues and confronts the carjacker, only to realize it was the robber he let escape. After Peter disarms him, the carjacker attempts to flee but dies after falling out a window. Upon graduating, Peter, finally taking Ben's words to heart out of guilt, begins using his abilities to fight crime, donning a costume and the persona of [Spider\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man "Spider-Man"). This does not impress [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson_%28film_character%29 "J. Jonah Jameson (film character)"), publisher of the *[Daily Bugle](/wiki/Daily_Bugle "Daily Bugle")* newspaper, and he begins a smear campaign against the wall\-crawler. Jameson hires Peter as a freelance photographer, as Peter is the only person providing clear images of Spider\-Man. Peter moves into an apartment with Harry paid for by Norman upon starting college. He keeps his identity as Spider\-Man secret from Harry, who likewise keeps his dating relationship with Mary Jane, who had broken up with Flash, a secret from Peter until she reveals it to him. Peter is assigned by Jameson to take pictures at the World Unity Fair, which Mary Jane and Harry attend together with the Oscorp board of directors. Suddenly, the [Green Goblin](/wiki/Norman_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 "Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)"), who is actually Norman with a crazed second personality, attacks the fair and assassinates the board of directors, endangering Mary Jane and Harry. Peter changes into his Spider\-Man suit, saving several civilians from the Goblin and defeats him, before rescuing Mary Jane after she falls from a balcony. The Goblin takes note of Spider\-Man and proposes a truce to work together. When Spider\-Man later refuses, the two fight in a burning building, leaving Spider\-Man with a cut on his arm, though he does defeat his enemy again before making his escape. During [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 "Thanksgiving (United States)") dinner with Peter, his [Aunt May](/wiki/Aunt_May "Aunt May"), MJ, and Harry, Norman notices the cut on Peter's arm and deduces his secret identity as Spider\-Man. He later attacks and hospitalizes May in an attempt to "attack \[Peter]'s heart". While visiting Peter and May at the hospital, Mary Jane admits to Peter she is infatuated with Spider\-Man, who saved her once again from thugs in an alley, and she asks Peter if Spider\-Man had ever asked about her. As Peter indirectly reveals his feelings for her, Harry walks in on the two as they are holding hands. Devastated, Harry confides in his father that Mary Jane loves Peter, inadvertently revealing Spider\-Man's true weakness. The Goblin kidnaps MJ and holds her and a [Roosevelt Island Tramway](/wiki/Roosevelt_Island_Tramway "Roosevelt Island Tramway") car full of children hostage along the [Queensboro Bridge](/wiki/Queensboro_Bridge "Queensboro Bridge"), forcing Spider\-Man to choose whom to save before dropping them. Peter saves both with assistance from a tugboat as the Goblin is jeered by the civilians who side with Spider\-Man. The Goblin grabs Peter, throws him into an abandoned building, and brutally beats him. When Goblin boasts about how he will later kill Mary Jane, an enraged Peter overpowers Goblin. Norman, however, reveals himself to Peter by taking off his helmet, much to the shock of Peter. Norman begs for mercy, trying to reason that his Goblin personality made him commit crime, but is still under the control of the Goblin, who directs the jet glider to stab Peter. Conintuing his act, he asks Peter to embrace him but Peter refuses. Furious. Goblin sends his glider at him, but Warned by his spider\-sense, Peter dodges the attack, and the glider fatally impales Norman and Goblin instead. With his dying breath, Norman asks Peter not to reveal his identity as the Green Goblin to Harry and then dies. Peter returns Norman's body to the Osborn house and hides the Goblin's suit and equipment, but Harry arrives to find him standing over his father's body. Harry seizes a gun, intent on shooting Spider\-Man, but he escapes. At Norman's funeral, Harry swears vengeance toward Spider\-Man, whom he deems responsible for his father's death, and asserts that Peter is all the family he has left. Mary Jane confesses to Peter she is in love with him. Peter, however, feels he must protect her from the unwanted attention of his enemies, so he hides his true feelings and tells Mary Jane that they can only be friends. As Peter leaves the funeral, he recalls Ben's words and accepts his responsibility as Spider\-Man. #### *Spider\-Man 2* (2004\) {{main\|Spider\-Man 2}} Two years later (2004\), Peter struggles to maintain his personal life while serving as Spider\-Man, getting fired from a second job he takes as a [pizza delivery boy](/wiki/Pizza_delivery_boy "Pizza delivery boy") while also struggling with his studies at Columbia University and finances. He is also growing distant from his two friends, Harry and Mary Jane, who have found success as the new CEO of Oscorp and a [Broadway actress](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre"), respectively, and discovers Aunt May is facing [foreclosure](/wiki/Foreclosure "Foreclosure") of her home after his surprise birthday party. Harry introduces Peter to his idol [Dr. Otto Octavius](/wiki/Otto_Octavius_%28film_character%29 "Otto Octavius (film character)"), whose research Oscorp is funding, prior to a demonstration of Octavius' work on [fusion power](/wiki/Fusion_power "Fusion power"). During the demonstration, Octavius dons a harness with four robotic arms and [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence"). Despite a successful start, the demonstration becomes unstable. Octavius ignores Harry's demands to shut it off while Peter dons his suit to unplug it, but not before the resulting explosion kills Octavius' wife and assistant Rosalie and fuses the harness to his spine, also destroying the inhibitor chip that keeps Octavius in control of the arms. As Peter and May go to a bank to argue against her foreclosure, Octavius, now increasingly influenced by the arms and dubbed "Doctor Octopus" or "Doc Ock" by Jameson, robs the bank in an attempt to finance a second attempt at his experiment. Peter dons his suit again and takes on Doc Ock as he holds May hostage. Spider\-Man manages to rescue May despite letting Doc Ock flee with the money. After discovering that Mary Jane is getting engaged to Jameson's son [John](/wiki/John_Jameson_%28comics%29 "John Jameson (comics)") and getting into a fight with a drunken Harry during a party, Peter suffers an emotional breakdown over his inability to balance his life, losing his powers as a result. He decides to give up being Spider\-Man after consulting with a doctor, throwing away his suit, which a garbage man discovers and delivers to Jameson. Peter begins to succeed in his studies and turn his life around, beginning to mend his friendship with Mary Jane. He also reveals to Aunt May his role in inadvertently causing Uncle Ben's death, though May forgives him after initial shock. While Peter helps May move out of her home, she advises him about the hope Spider\-Man gives to the people in spite of the sacrifices he must make. This encourages Peter to attempt a comeback as Spider\-Man due to [increased crime in New York](/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_City "Crime in New York City"), though his powers remain lost. Octavius visits Harry and threatens him to give him the isotope [tritium](/wiki/Tritium "Tritium"). Harry agrees in exchange for Spider\-Man, and tells Octavius to seek Peter, who Harry believes is friends with Spider\-Man, but tells Octavius not to harm him. As Mary Jane invites Peter to a café to discuss whether or not he loves her, Octavius locates Peter, tells him to find Spider\-Man, and captures Mary Jane. Her endangerment leads to Peter's powers resurrecting. As Jameson admits that he was wrong about Spider\-Man, Peter steals his suit back from the *Bugle* (which causes Jameson to immediately recant his statements) and goes after Octavius. As Peter battles Octavius, they fall onto a [New York City Subway](/wiki/New_York_City_Subway "New York City Subway") train. Octavius sabotages the controls and leaves Peter to save the passengers, which he does at a great physical toll. When he faints from exhaustion, the grateful passengers save him from falling and bring him into the train, seeing his unmasked face but promising to keep their knowledge hidden. They unsuccessfully try to protect him when Octavius returns to capture Peter, whom Octavius delivers to Harry. [thumb\|right\|alt\=Tobey Maguire dressed as Peter Parker and in costume as Spider\-Man on film\|Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker (left) in *Spider\-Man 2* and in costume as Spider\-Man in *Spider\-Man 3* (right)](/wiki/File:Tobey_Maguire_as_Peter_Parker_and_Spider-Man.jpg "Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker and Spider-Man.jpg") After giving Octavius the tritium, Harry prepares to kill Spider\-Man, only to be shocked to see Peter under the mask. Peter convinces Harry to direct him to Octavius' lair, as bigger things are at stake. As Peter arrives at the doctor's waterfront laboratory and attempts to rescue Mary Jane discreetly, Octavius discovers him, and they battle as the nuclear reaction swells and starts threatening the city. Peter ultimately subdues Octavius, reveals his identity, and persuades Octavius to let his dream go for the greater good. A redeemed Octavius commands the tentacles to obey him, and gives his life to destroy the experiment.{{efn\|name\=MCU}} Mary Jane sees Peter's true identity and feelings, which he says is why they cannot be together. Peter returns Mary Jane to John and leaves. However, Mary Jane leaves John at the altar during their wedding and runs to Peter's apartment, declaring she is willing to accept any risks that come with being in a relationship with Peter. The two finally become a couple, and Mary Jane sees Peter off as he swings into action as Spider\-Man to assist emergency services. #### *Spider\-Man 3* (2007\) {{main\|Spider\-Man 3}} A year and a half later (2005\), Peter finally finds stability and success in both his personal life and exploits as Spider\-Man. He and Mary Jane are happily dating, and after attending her performance in a new play, he spends time with her at [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park"). A meteor lands nearby and a [goo\-like alien symbiote](/wiki/Venom_%28character%29 "Venom (character)") oozes out and attaches itself to Peter's [moped](/wiki/Moped "Moped"). After sending Mary Jane home, he talks to Aunt May, who gives him the engagement ring given to her by Uncle Ben, about proposing to MJ. On his way home, Peter is ambushed by Harry, who has utilized his father's equipment and Goblin serum and intends on avenging Norman's death, despite Peter mentioning the truth of Norman's demise. An aerial chase ensues, resulting in Harry getting knocked out cold when Peter sets a trap for him. Having suffered [amnesia](/wiki/Amnesia "Amnesia") and forgotten his vendetta against Spider\-Man, Harry wakes up in the emergency room, re\-embracing Peter and Mary Jane as his best friends. Mary Jane is upset by a negative review of her performance, and Peter unsuccessfully tries to relate to her using his experience as Spider\-Man. She later neglects to inform him when she loses her role in the play. At work at the *Daily Bugle*, Peter finds that a rival freelance photographer, [Eddie Brock](/wiki/Eddie_Brock "Eddie Brock"), has also begun taking pictures of Spider\-Man and Jameson pits the two photographers against each other for a staff job. He later finds out about a ceremony in which Spider\-Man would be given the [key to the city](/wiki/Key_to_the_city "Key to the city") for rescuing [Gwen Stacy](/wiki/Gwen_Stacy "Gwen Stacy"), the daughter of [NYPD](/wiki/NYPD "NYPD") commissioner [George Stacy](/wiki/George_Stacy "George Stacy") and also Peter's college lab partner. Peter, who dons his suit and persona for the ceremony, basks in the crowd's cheers and gives Gwen an upside\-down kiss reminiscent of his first kiss with Mary Jane. This upsets Mary Jane, leading to an argument with Peter, who postpones his plans to propose to her. Peter also encounters [Flint Marko](/wiki/Sandman_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Sandman (Marvel Comics)"), also known as "Sandman". Upon discovering that Marko was the one who fatally shot Ben, not the carjacker as previously believed, Peter develops a vendetta against Marko and upon falling asleep while listening to police radio, the symbiote oozes out from Peter's closet and bonds with his suit, turning it black. Empowered by the new suit's abilities and with his anger amplified, Peter dons it while confronting Marko in the subway tunnels, leading to Marko's apparent demise when a deluge of water reduces him to mud. When Peter tells May about Marko's apparent death at Spider\-Man's hands, she is not amused and warns him about the adverse effects of revenge. Meanwhile, Harry regains his memory and vendetta after experiencing a flood of emotions triggered by spending time with Mary Jane. Experiencing another vision of his father, who entices him to attack Peter's heart, Harry forces Mary Jane into breaking up with Peter and claiming she had "fallen in love with someone else". Harry claims to Peter he is the "other guy", enraging Peter, who later confronts Harry at his penthouse wearing the black suit underneath. The former friends engage in a brutal fistfight and Peter emerges on top, bullying Harry by mocking his relationship with his father. Harry throws a pumpkin bomb at Peter in a last\-ditch attack, but Peter effortlessly throws the bomb back at Harry's face and leaves. Peter thwarts an attempt by Eddie to claim the job at the *Bugle*, leading to Brock's dismissal and subsequent falling out with Gwen, whom he was dating at the time. Peter then gains the staff job with his own picture of Spider\-Man, and under influence from the symbiote, begins to act more arrogantly. He takes Gwen to a jazz club where Mary Jane had taken up work and interrupts her performance with his own dance routine. Gwen catches onto Peter's true intentions and leaves, and the resulting fight with the club's bouncers results in Peter inadvertently hitting Mary Jane when she intervenes. Coming to his senses after he sees a horrified MJ, Peter leaves and gets rid of the symbiote suit by utilizing church bells to stun the symbiote. The symbiote falls onto and bonds with Brock, who, unbeknownst to Peter, is at the church praying for [God](/wiki/God "God") to kill him. This creates a new enemy, Venom, as Brock now knows Spider\-Man's secret identity. After May visits Peter encouraging him not to give up on Mary Jane, Venom and Sandman join forces against Spider\-Man, kidnapping Mary Jane and dangling her from a skyscraper construction site to get Peter's attention. Peter pleads with Harry to help him, but a broken\-spirited Harry, whose face was disfigured from the bomb, declines. Peter encounters Venom in his regular suit and tries to free Mary Jane but is ambushed by Sandman. As Peter is savagely beaten by Sandman, Harry, having discovered the truth of his father's death, arrives in his New Goblin persona to aid his old friend. Peter and Harry form a formidable tandem, defeating Sandman and rescuing Mary Jane, but face difficulty in subduing Venom, who attempts to impale Peter with Harry's glider, but Harry takes the blade for Peter, much to the latter's horror. Remembering the symbiote's weakness to sound, Peter weakens Venom by creating sonic frequencies and pulls Eddie out from the symbiote, preparing to destroy it with a bomb, but Eddie jumps back to the symbiote and is killed with it when the bomb explodes. Marko re\-emerges behind Peter and explains that Ben's death was an accident rooted in a desperate attempt to save his terminally\-ill daughter's life, and that this accident has haunted him since. Recognizing his own mistakes and believing that Marko is being truthful, Peter forgives Marko and allows him to escape. He swings down to a mortally\-wounded Harry, who is tended to by Mary Jane. Peter expresses remorse for hurting Harry but the latter forgives him and they reaffirm their friendship before Harry dies from his injuries. Peter and Mary Jane cry over their friend's death. Peter and Mary Jane attend Harry's funeral with several others and later begin to repair their relationship.
[ "### *Spider\\-Man* trilogy", "#### *Spider\\-Man* (2002\\)", "{{main\\|Spider\\-Man (2002 film)}}\nPeter is introduced as a 18\\-year\\-old shy, bespectacled outsider at [Midtown High School](/wiki/Midtown_High_School_%28comics%29 \"Midtown High School (comics)\") in New York City with a longtime crush on his neighbor [Mary Jane Watson](/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi film series)\"), during the year 2002\\. Prior to a school field trip to [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\"), Peter meets up with his best friend [Harry Osborn](/wiki/Harry_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)\"), who introduces him to his father [Norman](/wiki/Norman_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)\"), the CEO of [Oscorp](/wiki/Oscorp \"Oscorp\") whom Peter idolizes. As Peter, Harry, Mary Jane, and their classmates tour a genetics laboratory at the university, Mary Jane notes one of 15 [genetically modified](/wiki/Genetically_modified \"Genetically modified\") super\\-spiders in an exhibit missing. The spider in question drops onto Peter as he takes a picture of MJ for the school newspaper and bites him. Peter falls ill upon returning home and passes out in his room.", "The next morning, Peter finds he is no longer [near\\-sighted](/wiki/Near-sighted \"Near-sighted\") and that his body is now at peak physical condition. He also discovers he has developed spider\\-like superpowers, which allow him to avoid injury during a confrontation with rival and bully [Flash Thompson](/wiki/Flash_Thompson \"Flash Thompson\"), Mary Jane's ex\\-boyfriend, and Peter knocks Flash out with one punch, though he later apologizes to Mary Jane for the confrontation. After noticing Flash's new car, Peter considers impressing Mary Jane with his own car. Brushing off his [Uncle Ben](/wiki/Uncle_Ben \"Uncle Ben\")'s advice that \"[with great power comes great responsibility](/wiki/With_great_power_comes_great_responsibility \"With great power comes great responsibility\")\", he enters an underground [wrestling](/wiki/Wrestling \"Wrestling\") tournament to raise the money and wins his first match, but the promoter cheats him of his earnings. When a robber suddenly robs the promoter's office, Peter retaliates against the promoter by allowing the robber to escape. Moments later, he discovers Ben was carjacked and killed with a pistol. Enraged, Peter pursues and confronts the carjacker, only to realize it was the robber he let escape. After Peter disarms him, the carjacker attempts to flee but dies after falling out a window.", "Upon graduating, Peter, finally taking Ben's words to heart out of guilt, begins using his abilities to fight crime, donning a costume and the persona of [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man \"Spider-Man\"). This does not impress [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson_%28film_character%29 \"J. Jonah Jameson (film character)\"), publisher of the *[Daily Bugle](/wiki/Daily_Bugle \"Daily Bugle\")* newspaper, and he begins a smear campaign against the wall\\-crawler. Jameson hires Peter as a freelance photographer, as Peter is the only person providing clear images of Spider\\-Man. Peter moves into an apartment with Harry paid for by Norman upon starting college. He keeps his identity as Spider\\-Man secret from Harry, who likewise keeps his dating relationship with Mary Jane, who had broken up with Flash, a secret from Peter until she reveals it to him.", "Peter is assigned by Jameson to take pictures at the World Unity Fair, which Mary Jane and Harry attend together with the Oscorp board of directors. Suddenly, the [Green Goblin](/wiki/Norman_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)\"), who is actually Norman with a crazed second personality, attacks the fair and assassinates the board of directors, endangering Mary Jane and Harry. Peter changes into his Spider\\-Man suit, saving several civilians from the Goblin and defeats him, before rescuing Mary Jane after she falls from a balcony. The Goblin takes note of Spider\\-Man and proposes a truce to work together. When Spider\\-Man later refuses, the two fight in a burning building, leaving Spider\\-Man with a cut on his arm, though he does defeat his enemy again before making his escape.", "During [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 \"Thanksgiving (United States)\") dinner with Peter, his [Aunt May](/wiki/Aunt_May \"Aunt May\"), MJ, and Harry, Norman notices the cut on Peter's arm and deduces his secret identity as Spider\\-Man. He later attacks and hospitalizes May in an attempt to \"attack \\[Peter]'s heart\". While visiting Peter and May at the hospital, Mary Jane admits to Peter she is infatuated with Spider\\-Man, who saved her once again from thugs in an alley, and she asks Peter if Spider\\-Man had ever asked about her. As Peter indirectly reveals his feelings for her, Harry walks in on the two as they are holding hands. Devastated, Harry confides in his father that Mary Jane loves Peter, inadvertently revealing Spider\\-Man's true weakness. The Goblin kidnaps MJ and holds her and a [Roosevelt Island Tramway](/wiki/Roosevelt_Island_Tramway \"Roosevelt Island Tramway\") car full of children hostage along the [Queensboro Bridge](/wiki/Queensboro_Bridge \"Queensboro Bridge\"), forcing Spider\\-Man to choose whom to save before dropping them. Peter saves both with assistance from a tugboat as the Goblin is jeered by the civilians who side with Spider\\-Man.", "The Goblin grabs Peter, throws him into an abandoned building, and brutally beats him. When Goblin boasts about how he will later kill Mary Jane, an enraged Peter overpowers Goblin. Norman, however, reveals himself to Peter by taking off his helmet, much to the shock of Peter. Norman begs for mercy, trying to reason that his Goblin personality made him commit crime, but is still under the control of the Goblin, who directs the jet glider to stab Peter. Conintuing his act, he asks Peter to embrace him but Peter refuses. Furious. Goblin sends his glider at him, but Warned by his spider\\-sense, Peter dodges the attack, and the glider fatally impales Norman and Goblin instead. With his dying breath, Norman asks Peter not to reveal his identity as the Green Goblin to Harry and then dies. Peter returns Norman's body to the Osborn house and hides the Goblin's suit and equipment, but Harry arrives to find him standing over his father's body. Harry seizes a gun, intent on shooting Spider\\-Man, but he escapes.", "At Norman's funeral, Harry swears vengeance toward Spider\\-Man, whom he deems responsible for his father's death, and asserts that Peter is all the family he has left. Mary Jane confesses to Peter she is in love with him. Peter, however, feels he must protect her from the unwanted attention of his enemies, so he hides his true feelings and tells Mary Jane that they can only be friends. As Peter leaves the funeral, he recalls Ben's words and accepts his responsibility as Spider\\-Man.", "#### *Spider\\-Man 2* (2004\\)", "{{main\\|Spider\\-Man 2}}\nTwo years later (2004\\), Peter struggles to maintain his personal life while serving as Spider\\-Man, getting fired from a second job he takes as a [pizza delivery boy](/wiki/Pizza_delivery_boy \"Pizza delivery boy\") while also struggling with his studies at Columbia University and finances. He is also growing distant from his two friends, Harry and Mary Jane, who have found success as the new CEO of Oscorp and a [Broadway actress](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\"), respectively, and discovers Aunt May is facing [foreclosure](/wiki/Foreclosure \"Foreclosure\") of her home after his surprise birthday party.", "Harry introduces Peter to his idol [Dr. Otto Octavius](/wiki/Otto_Octavius_%28film_character%29 \"Otto Octavius (film character)\"), whose research Oscorp is funding, prior to a demonstration of Octavius' work on [fusion power](/wiki/Fusion_power \"Fusion power\"). During the demonstration, Octavius dons a harness with four robotic arms and [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\"). Despite a successful start, the demonstration becomes unstable. Octavius ignores Harry's demands to shut it off while Peter dons his suit to unplug it, but not before the resulting explosion kills Octavius' wife and assistant Rosalie and fuses the harness to his spine, also destroying the inhibitor chip that keeps Octavius in control of the arms.", "As Peter and May go to a bank to argue against her foreclosure, Octavius, now increasingly influenced by the arms and dubbed \"Doctor Octopus\" or \"Doc Ock\" by Jameson, robs the bank in an attempt to finance a second attempt at his experiment. Peter dons his suit again and takes on Doc Ock as he holds May hostage. Spider\\-Man manages to rescue May despite letting Doc Ock flee with the money. After discovering that Mary Jane is getting engaged to Jameson's son [John](/wiki/John_Jameson_%28comics%29 \"John Jameson (comics)\") and getting into a fight with a drunken Harry during a party, Peter suffers an emotional breakdown over his inability to balance his life, losing his powers as a result. He decides to give up being Spider\\-Man after consulting with a doctor, throwing away his suit, which a garbage man discovers and delivers to Jameson.", "Peter begins to succeed in his studies and turn his life around, beginning to mend his friendship with Mary Jane. He also reveals to Aunt May his role in inadvertently causing Uncle Ben's death, though May forgives him after initial shock. While Peter helps May move out of her home, she advises him about the hope Spider\\-Man gives to the people in spite of the sacrifices he must make. This encourages Peter to attempt a comeback as Spider\\-Man due to [increased crime in New York](/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_City \"Crime in New York City\"), though his powers remain lost.", "Octavius visits Harry and threatens him to give him the isotope [tritium](/wiki/Tritium \"Tritium\"). Harry agrees in exchange for Spider\\-Man, and tells Octavius to seek Peter, who Harry believes is friends with Spider\\-Man, but tells Octavius not to harm him. As Mary Jane invites Peter to a café to discuss whether or not he loves her, Octavius locates Peter, tells him to find Spider\\-Man, and captures Mary Jane. Her endangerment leads to Peter's powers resurrecting. As Jameson admits that he was wrong about Spider\\-Man, Peter steals his suit back from the *Bugle* (which causes Jameson to immediately recant his statements) and goes after Octavius. As Peter battles Octavius, they fall onto a [New York City Subway](/wiki/New_York_City_Subway \"New York City Subway\") train. Octavius sabotages the controls and leaves Peter to save the passengers, which he does at a great physical toll. When he faints from exhaustion, the grateful passengers save him from falling and bring him into the train, seeing his unmasked face but promising to keep their knowledge hidden. They unsuccessfully try to protect him when Octavius returns to capture Peter, whom Octavius delivers to Harry.", "[thumb\\|right\\|alt\\=Tobey Maguire dressed as Peter Parker and in costume as Spider\\-Man on film\\|Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker (left) in *Spider\\-Man 2* and in costume as Spider\\-Man in *Spider\\-Man 3* (right)](/wiki/File:Tobey_Maguire_as_Peter_Parker_and_Spider-Man.jpg \"Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker and Spider-Man.jpg\")\nAfter giving Octavius the tritium, Harry prepares to kill Spider\\-Man, only to be shocked to see Peter under the mask. Peter convinces Harry to direct him to Octavius' lair, as bigger things are at stake. As Peter arrives at the doctor's waterfront laboratory and attempts to rescue Mary Jane discreetly, Octavius discovers him, and they battle as the nuclear reaction swells and starts threatening the city. Peter ultimately subdues Octavius, reveals his identity, and persuades Octavius to let his dream go for the greater good. A redeemed Octavius commands the tentacles to obey him, and gives his life to destroy the experiment.{{efn\\|name\\=MCU}} Mary Jane sees Peter's true identity and feelings, which he says is why they cannot be together. Peter returns Mary Jane to John and leaves. However, Mary Jane leaves John at the altar during their wedding and runs to Peter's apartment, declaring she is willing to accept any risks that come with being in a relationship with Peter. The two finally become a couple, and Mary Jane sees Peter off as he swings into action as Spider\\-Man to assist emergency services.", "#### *Spider\\-Man 3* (2007\\)", "{{main\\|Spider\\-Man 3}}\nA year and a half later (2005\\), Peter finally finds stability and success in both his personal life and exploits as Spider\\-Man. He and Mary Jane are happily dating, and after attending her performance in a new play, he spends time with her at [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\"). A meteor lands nearby and a [goo\\-like alien symbiote](/wiki/Venom_%28character%29 \"Venom (character)\") oozes out and attaches itself to Peter's [moped](/wiki/Moped \"Moped\"). After sending Mary Jane home, he talks to Aunt May, who gives him the engagement ring given to her by Uncle Ben, about proposing to MJ. On his way home, Peter is ambushed by Harry, who has utilized his father's equipment and Goblin serum and intends on avenging Norman's death, despite Peter mentioning the truth of Norman's demise. An aerial chase ensues, resulting in Harry getting knocked out cold when Peter sets a trap for him. Having suffered [amnesia](/wiki/Amnesia \"Amnesia\") and forgotten his vendetta against Spider\\-Man, Harry wakes up in the emergency room, re\\-embracing Peter and Mary Jane as his best friends.", "Mary Jane is upset by a negative review of her performance, and Peter unsuccessfully tries to relate to her using his experience as Spider\\-Man. She later neglects to inform him when she loses her role in the play. At work at the *Daily Bugle*, Peter finds that a rival freelance photographer, [Eddie Brock](/wiki/Eddie_Brock \"Eddie Brock\"), has also begun taking pictures of Spider\\-Man and Jameson pits the two photographers against each other for a staff job. He later finds out about a ceremony in which Spider\\-Man would be given the [key to the city](/wiki/Key_to_the_city \"Key to the city\") for rescuing [Gwen Stacy](/wiki/Gwen_Stacy \"Gwen Stacy\"), the daughter of [NYPD](/wiki/NYPD \"NYPD\") commissioner [George Stacy](/wiki/George_Stacy \"George Stacy\") and also Peter's college lab partner. Peter, who dons his suit and persona for the ceremony, basks in the crowd's cheers and gives Gwen an upside\\-down kiss reminiscent of his first kiss with Mary Jane. This upsets Mary Jane, leading to an argument with Peter, who postpones his plans to propose to her.", "Peter also encounters [Flint Marko](/wiki/Sandman_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Sandman (Marvel Comics)\"), also known as \"Sandman\". Upon discovering that Marko was the one who fatally shot Ben, not the carjacker as previously believed, Peter develops a vendetta against Marko and upon falling asleep while listening to police radio, the symbiote oozes out from Peter's closet and bonds with his suit, turning it black. Empowered by the new suit's abilities and with his anger amplified, Peter dons it while confronting Marko in the subway tunnels, leading to Marko's apparent demise when a deluge of water reduces him to mud. When Peter tells May about Marko's apparent death at Spider\\-Man's hands, she is not amused and warns him about the adverse effects of revenge.", "Meanwhile, Harry regains his memory and vendetta after experiencing a flood of emotions triggered by spending time with Mary Jane. Experiencing another vision of his father, who entices him to attack Peter's heart, Harry forces Mary Jane into breaking up with Peter and claiming she had \"fallen in love with someone else\". Harry claims to Peter he is the \"other guy\", enraging Peter, who later confronts Harry at his penthouse wearing the black suit underneath. The former friends engage in a brutal fistfight and Peter emerges on top, bullying Harry by mocking his relationship with his father. Harry throws a pumpkin bomb at Peter in a last\\-ditch attack, but Peter effortlessly throws the bomb back at Harry's face and leaves.", "Peter thwarts an attempt by Eddie to claim the job at the *Bugle*, leading to Brock's dismissal and subsequent falling out with Gwen, whom he was dating at the time. Peter then gains the staff job with his own picture of Spider\\-Man, and under influence from the symbiote, begins to act more arrogantly. He takes Gwen to a jazz club where Mary Jane had taken up work and interrupts her performance with his own dance routine. Gwen catches onto Peter's true intentions and leaves, and the resulting fight with the club's bouncers results in Peter inadvertently hitting Mary Jane when she intervenes. Coming to his senses after he sees a horrified MJ, Peter leaves and gets rid of the symbiote suit by utilizing church bells to stun the symbiote. The symbiote falls onto and bonds with Brock, who, unbeknownst to Peter, is at the church praying for [God](/wiki/God \"God\") to kill him. This creates a new enemy, Venom, as Brock now knows Spider\\-Man's secret identity.", "After May visits Peter encouraging him not to give up on Mary Jane, Venom and Sandman join forces against Spider\\-Man, kidnapping Mary Jane and dangling her from a skyscraper construction site to get Peter's attention. Peter pleads with Harry to help him, but a broken\\-spirited Harry, whose face was disfigured from the bomb, declines. Peter encounters Venom in his regular suit and tries to free Mary Jane but is ambushed by Sandman. As Peter is savagely beaten by Sandman, Harry, having discovered the truth of his father's death, arrives in his New Goblin persona to aid his old friend. Peter and Harry form a formidable tandem, defeating Sandman and rescuing Mary Jane, but face difficulty in subduing Venom, who attempts to impale Peter with Harry's glider, but Harry takes the blade for Peter, much to the latter's horror. Remembering the symbiote's weakness to sound, Peter weakens Venom by creating sonic frequencies and pulls Eddie out from the symbiote, preparing to destroy it with a bomb, but Eddie jumps back to the symbiote and is killed with it when the bomb explodes.", "Marko re\\-emerges behind Peter and explains that Ben's death was an accident rooted in a desperate attempt to save his terminally\\-ill daughter's life, and that this accident has haunted him since. Recognizing his own mistakes and believing that Marko is being truthful, Peter forgives Marko and allows him to escape. He swings down to a mortally\\-wounded Harry, who is tended to by Mary Jane. Peter expresses remorse for hurting Harry but the latter forgives him and they reaffirm their friendship before Harry dies from his injuries. Peter and Mary Jane cry over their friend's death. Peter and Mary Jane attend Harry's funeral with several others and later begin to repair their relationship.", "" ]
#### *Spider\-Man* (2002\) {{main\|Spider\-Man (2002 film)}} Peter is introduced as a 18\-year\-old shy, bespectacled outsider at [Midtown High School](/wiki/Midtown_High_School_%28comics%29 "Midtown High School (comics)") in New York City with a longtime crush on his neighbor [Mary Jane Watson](/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 "Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi film series)"), during the year 2002\. Prior to a school field trip to [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University"), Peter meets up with his best friend [Harry Osborn](/wiki/Harry_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 "Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)"), who introduces him to his father [Norman](/wiki/Norman_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 "Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)"), the CEO of [Oscorp](/wiki/Oscorp "Oscorp") whom Peter idolizes. As Peter, Harry, Mary Jane, and their classmates tour a genetics laboratory at the university, Mary Jane notes one of 15 [genetically modified](/wiki/Genetically_modified "Genetically modified") super\-spiders in an exhibit missing. The spider in question drops onto Peter as he takes a picture of MJ for the school newspaper and bites him. Peter falls ill upon returning home and passes out in his room. The next morning, Peter finds he is no longer [near\-sighted](/wiki/Near-sighted "Near-sighted") and that his body is now at peak physical condition. He also discovers he has developed spider\-like superpowers, which allow him to avoid injury during a confrontation with rival and bully [Flash Thompson](/wiki/Flash_Thompson "Flash Thompson"), Mary Jane's ex\-boyfriend, and Peter knocks Flash out with one punch, though he later apologizes to Mary Jane for the confrontation. After noticing Flash's new car, Peter considers impressing Mary Jane with his own car. Brushing off his [Uncle Ben](/wiki/Uncle_Ben "Uncle Ben")'s advice that "[with great power comes great responsibility](/wiki/With_great_power_comes_great_responsibility "With great power comes great responsibility")", he enters an underground [wrestling](/wiki/Wrestling "Wrestling") tournament to raise the money and wins his first match, but the promoter cheats him of his earnings. When a robber suddenly robs the promoter's office, Peter retaliates against the promoter by allowing the robber to escape. Moments later, he discovers Ben was carjacked and killed with a pistol. Enraged, Peter pursues and confronts the carjacker, only to realize it was the robber he let escape. After Peter disarms him, the carjacker attempts to flee but dies after falling out a window. Upon graduating, Peter, finally taking Ben's words to heart out of guilt, begins using his abilities to fight crime, donning a costume and the persona of [Spider\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man "Spider-Man"). This does not impress [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson_%28film_character%29 "J. Jonah Jameson (film character)"), publisher of the *[Daily Bugle](/wiki/Daily_Bugle "Daily Bugle")* newspaper, and he begins a smear campaign against the wall\-crawler. Jameson hires Peter as a freelance photographer, as Peter is the only person providing clear images of Spider\-Man. Peter moves into an apartment with Harry paid for by Norman upon starting college. He keeps his identity as Spider\-Man secret from Harry, who likewise keeps his dating relationship with Mary Jane, who had broken up with Flash, a secret from Peter until she reveals it to him. Peter is assigned by Jameson to take pictures at the World Unity Fair, which Mary Jane and Harry attend together with the Oscorp board of directors. Suddenly, the [Green Goblin](/wiki/Norman_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 "Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)"), who is actually Norman with a crazed second personality, attacks the fair and assassinates the board of directors, endangering Mary Jane and Harry. Peter changes into his Spider\-Man suit, saving several civilians from the Goblin and defeats him, before rescuing Mary Jane after she falls from a balcony. The Goblin takes note of Spider\-Man and proposes a truce to work together. When Spider\-Man later refuses, the two fight in a burning building, leaving Spider\-Man with a cut on his arm, though he does defeat his enemy again before making his escape. During [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 "Thanksgiving (United States)") dinner with Peter, his [Aunt May](/wiki/Aunt_May "Aunt May"), MJ, and Harry, Norman notices the cut on Peter's arm and deduces his secret identity as Spider\-Man. He later attacks and hospitalizes May in an attempt to "attack \[Peter]'s heart". While visiting Peter and May at the hospital, Mary Jane admits to Peter she is infatuated with Spider\-Man, who saved her once again from thugs in an alley, and she asks Peter if Spider\-Man had ever asked about her. As Peter indirectly reveals his feelings for her, Harry walks in on the two as they are holding hands. Devastated, Harry confides in his father that Mary Jane loves Peter, inadvertently revealing Spider\-Man's true weakness. The Goblin kidnaps MJ and holds her and a [Roosevelt Island Tramway](/wiki/Roosevelt_Island_Tramway "Roosevelt Island Tramway") car full of children hostage along the [Queensboro Bridge](/wiki/Queensboro_Bridge "Queensboro Bridge"), forcing Spider\-Man to choose whom to save before dropping them. Peter saves both with assistance from a tugboat as the Goblin is jeered by the civilians who side with Spider\-Man. The Goblin grabs Peter, throws him into an abandoned building, and brutally beats him. When Goblin boasts about how he will later kill Mary Jane, an enraged Peter overpowers Goblin. Norman, however, reveals himself to Peter by taking off his helmet, much to the shock of Peter. Norman begs for mercy, trying to reason that his Goblin personality made him commit crime, but is still under the control of the Goblin, who directs the jet glider to stab Peter. Conintuing his act, he asks Peter to embrace him but Peter refuses. Furious. Goblin sends his glider at him, but Warned by his spider\-sense, Peter dodges the attack, and the glider fatally impales Norman and Goblin instead. With his dying breath, Norman asks Peter not to reveal his identity as the Green Goblin to Harry and then dies. Peter returns Norman's body to the Osborn house and hides the Goblin's suit and equipment, but Harry arrives to find him standing over his father's body. Harry seizes a gun, intent on shooting Spider\-Man, but he escapes. At Norman's funeral, Harry swears vengeance toward Spider\-Man, whom he deems responsible for his father's death, and asserts that Peter is all the family he has left. Mary Jane confesses to Peter she is in love with him. Peter, however, feels he must protect her from the unwanted attention of his enemies, so he hides his true feelings and tells Mary Jane that they can only be friends. As Peter leaves the funeral, he recalls Ben's words and accepts his responsibility as Spider\-Man.
[ "#### *Spider\\-Man* (2002\\)", "{{main\\|Spider\\-Man (2002 film)}}\nPeter is introduced as a 18\\-year\\-old shy, bespectacled outsider at [Midtown High School](/wiki/Midtown_High_School_%28comics%29 \"Midtown High School (comics)\") in New York City with a longtime crush on his neighbor [Mary Jane Watson](/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi film series)\"), during the year 2002\\. Prior to a school field trip to [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\"), Peter meets up with his best friend [Harry Osborn](/wiki/Harry_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)\"), who introduces him to his father [Norman](/wiki/Norman_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)\"), the CEO of [Oscorp](/wiki/Oscorp \"Oscorp\") whom Peter idolizes. As Peter, Harry, Mary Jane, and their classmates tour a genetics laboratory at the university, Mary Jane notes one of 15 [genetically modified](/wiki/Genetically_modified \"Genetically modified\") super\\-spiders in an exhibit missing. The spider in question drops onto Peter as he takes a picture of MJ for the school newspaper and bites him. Peter falls ill upon returning home and passes out in his room.", "The next morning, Peter finds he is no longer [near\\-sighted](/wiki/Near-sighted \"Near-sighted\") and that his body is now at peak physical condition. He also discovers he has developed spider\\-like superpowers, which allow him to avoid injury during a confrontation with rival and bully [Flash Thompson](/wiki/Flash_Thompson \"Flash Thompson\"), Mary Jane's ex\\-boyfriend, and Peter knocks Flash out with one punch, though he later apologizes to Mary Jane for the confrontation. After noticing Flash's new car, Peter considers impressing Mary Jane with his own car. Brushing off his [Uncle Ben](/wiki/Uncle_Ben \"Uncle Ben\")'s advice that \"[with great power comes great responsibility](/wiki/With_great_power_comes_great_responsibility \"With great power comes great responsibility\")\", he enters an underground [wrestling](/wiki/Wrestling \"Wrestling\") tournament to raise the money and wins his first match, but the promoter cheats him of his earnings. When a robber suddenly robs the promoter's office, Peter retaliates against the promoter by allowing the robber to escape. Moments later, he discovers Ben was carjacked and killed with a pistol. Enraged, Peter pursues and confronts the carjacker, only to realize it was the robber he let escape. After Peter disarms him, the carjacker attempts to flee but dies after falling out a window.", "Upon graduating, Peter, finally taking Ben's words to heart out of guilt, begins using his abilities to fight crime, donning a costume and the persona of [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man \"Spider-Man\"). This does not impress [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson_%28film_character%29 \"J. Jonah Jameson (film character)\"), publisher of the *[Daily Bugle](/wiki/Daily_Bugle \"Daily Bugle\")* newspaper, and he begins a smear campaign against the wall\\-crawler. Jameson hires Peter as a freelance photographer, as Peter is the only person providing clear images of Spider\\-Man. Peter moves into an apartment with Harry paid for by Norman upon starting college. He keeps his identity as Spider\\-Man secret from Harry, who likewise keeps his dating relationship with Mary Jane, who had broken up with Flash, a secret from Peter until she reveals it to him.", "Peter is assigned by Jameson to take pictures at the World Unity Fair, which Mary Jane and Harry attend together with the Oscorp board of directors. Suddenly, the [Green Goblin](/wiki/Norman_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)\"), who is actually Norman with a crazed second personality, attacks the fair and assassinates the board of directors, endangering Mary Jane and Harry. Peter changes into his Spider\\-Man suit, saving several civilians from the Goblin and defeats him, before rescuing Mary Jane after she falls from a balcony. The Goblin takes note of Spider\\-Man and proposes a truce to work together. When Spider\\-Man later refuses, the two fight in a burning building, leaving Spider\\-Man with a cut on his arm, though he does defeat his enemy again before making his escape.", "During [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 \"Thanksgiving (United States)\") dinner with Peter, his [Aunt May](/wiki/Aunt_May \"Aunt May\"), MJ, and Harry, Norman notices the cut on Peter's arm and deduces his secret identity as Spider\\-Man. He later attacks and hospitalizes May in an attempt to \"attack \\[Peter]'s heart\". While visiting Peter and May at the hospital, Mary Jane admits to Peter she is infatuated with Spider\\-Man, who saved her once again from thugs in an alley, and she asks Peter if Spider\\-Man had ever asked about her. As Peter indirectly reveals his feelings for her, Harry walks in on the two as they are holding hands. Devastated, Harry confides in his father that Mary Jane loves Peter, inadvertently revealing Spider\\-Man's true weakness. The Goblin kidnaps MJ and holds her and a [Roosevelt Island Tramway](/wiki/Roosevelt_Island_Tramway \"Roosevelt Island Tramway\") car full of children hostage along the [Queensboro Bridge](/wiki/Queensboro_Bridge \"Queensboro Bridge\"), forcing Spider\\-Man to choose whom to save before dropping them. Peter saves both with assistance from a tugboat as the Goblin is jeered by the civilians who side with Spider\\-Man.", "The Goblin grabs Peter, throws him into an abandoned building, and brutally beats him. When Goblin boasts about how he will later kill Mary Jane, an enraged Peter overpowers Goblin. Norman, however, reveals himself to Peter by taking off his helmet, much to the shock of Peter. Norman begs for mercy, trying to reason that his Goblin personality made him commit crime, but is still under the control of the Goblin, who directs the jet glider to stab Peter. Conintuing his act, he asks Peter to embrace him but Peter refuses. Furious. Goblin sends his glider at him, but Warned by his spider\\-sense, Peter dodges the attack, and the glider fatally impales Norman and Goblin instead. With his dying breath, Norman asks Peter not to reveal his identity as the Green Goblin to Harry and then dies. Peter returns Norman's body to the Osborn house and hides the Goblin's suit and equipment, but Harry arrives to find him standing over his father's body. Harry seizes a gun, intent on shooting Spider\\-Man, but he escapes.", "At Norman's funeral, Harry swears vengeance toward Spider\\-Man, whom he deems responsible for his father's death, and asserts that Peter is all the family he has left. Mary Jane confesses to Peter she is in love with him. Peter, however, feels he must protect her from the unwanted attention of his enemies, so he hides his true feelings and tells Mary Jane that they can only be friends. As Peter leaves the funeral, he recalls Ben's words and accepts his responsibility as Spider\\-Man.", "" ]
#### *Spider\-Man 3* (2007\) {{main\|Spider\-Man 3}} A year and a half later (2005\), Peter finally finds stability and success in both his personal life and exploits as Spider\-Man. He and Mary Jane are happily dating, and after attending her performance in a new play, he spends time with her at [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park"). A meteor lands nearby and a [goo\-like alien symbiote](/wiki/Venom_%28character%29 "Venom (character)") oozes out and attaches itself to Peter's [moped](/wiki/Moped "Moped"). After sending Mary Jane home, he talks to Aunt May, who gives him the engagement ring given to her by Uncle Ben, about proposing to MJ. On his way home, Peter is ambushed by Harry, who has utilized his father's equipment and Goblin serum and intends on avenging Norman's death, despite Peter mentioning the truth of Norman's demise. An aerial chase ensues, resulting in Harry getting knocked out cold when Peter sets a trap for him. Having suffered [amnesia](/wiki/Amnesia "Amnesia") and forgotten his vendetta against Spider\-Man, Harry wakes up in the emergency room, re\-embracing Peter and Mary Jane as his best friends. Mary Jane is upset by a negative review of her performance, and Peter unsuccessfully tries to relate to her using his experience as Spider\-Man. She later neglects to inform him when she loses her role in the play. At work at the *Daily Bugle*, Peter finds that a rival freelance photographer, [Eddie Brock](/wiki/Eddie_Brock "Eddie Brock"), has also begun taking pictures of Spider\-Man and Jameson pits the two photographers against each other for a staff job. He later finds out about a ceremony in which Spider\-Man would be given the [key to the city](/wiki/Key_to_the_city "Key to the city") for rescuing [Gwen Stacy](/wiki/Gwen_Stacy "Gwen Stacy"), the daughter of [NYPD](/wiki/NYPD "NYPD") commissioner [George Stacy](/wiki/George_Stacy "George Stacy") and also Peter's college lab partner. Peter, who dons his suit and persona for the ceremony, basks in the crowd's cheers and gives Gwen an upside\-down kiss reminiscent of his first kiss with Mary Jane. This upsets Mary Jane, leading to an argument with Peter, who postpones his plans to propose to her. Peter also encounters [Flint Marko](/wiki/Sandman_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Sandman (Marvel Comics)"), also known as "Sandman". Upon discovering that Marko was the one who fatally shot Ben, not the carjacker as previously believed, Peter develops a vendetta against Marko and upon falling asleep while listening to police radio, the symbiote oozes out from Peter's closet and bonds with his suit, turning it black. Empowered by the new suit's abilities and with his anger amplified, Peter dons it while confronting Marko in the subway tunnels, leading to Marko's apparent demise when a deluge of water reduces him to mud. When Peter tells May about Marko's apparent death at Spider\-Man's hands, she is not amused and warns him about the adverse effects of revenge. Meanwhile, Harry regains his memory and vendetta after experiencing a flood of emotions triggered by spending time with Mary Jane. Experiencing another vision of his father, who entices him to attack Peter's heart, Harry forces Mary Jane into breaking up with Peter and claiming she had "fallen in love with someone else". Harry claims to Peter he is the "other guy", enraging Peter, who later confronts Harry at his penthouse wearing the black suit underneath. The former friends engage in a brutal fistfight and Peter emerges on top, bullying Harry by mocking his relationship with his father. Harry throws a pumpkin bomb at Peter in a last\-ditch attack, but Peter effortlessly throws the bomb back at Harry's face and leaves. Peter thwarts an attempt by Eddie to claim the job at the *Bugle*, leading to Brock's dismissal and subsequent falling out with Gwen, whom he was dating at the time. Peter then gains the staff job with his own picture of Spider\-Man, and under influence from the symbiote, begins to act more arrogantly. He takes Gwen to a jazz club where Mary Jane had taken up work and interrupts her performance with his own dance routine. Gwen catches onto Peter's true intentions and leaves, and the resulting fight with the club's bouncers results in Peter inadvertently hitting Mary Jane when she intervenes. Coming to his senses after he sees a horrified MJ, Peter leaves and gets rid of the symbiote suit by utilizing church bells to stun the symbiote. The symbiote falls onto and bonds with Brock, who, unbeknownst to Peter, is at the church praying for [God](/wiki/God "God") to kill him. This creates a new enemy, Venom, as Brock now knows Spider\-Man's secret identity. After May visits Peter encouraging him not to give up on Mary Jane, Venom and Sandman join forces against Spider\-Man, kidnapping Mary Jane and dangling her from a skyscraper construction site to get Peter's attention. Peter pleads with Harry to help him, but a broken\-spirited Harry, whose face was disfigured from the bomb, declines. Peter encounters Venom in his regular suit and tries to free Mary Jane but is ambushed by Sandman. As Peter is savagely beaten by Sandman, Harry, having discovered the truth of his father's death, arrives in his New Goblin persona to aid his old friend. Peter and Harry form a formidable tandem, defeating Sandman and rescuing Mary Jane, but face difficulty in subduing Venom, who attempts to impale Peter with Harry's glider, but Harry takes the blade for Peter, much to the latter's horror. Remembering the symbiote's weakness to sound, Peter weakens Venom by creating sonic frequencies and pulls Eddie out from the symbiote, preparing to destroy it with a bomb, but Eddie jumps back to the symbiote and is killed with it when the bomb explodes. Marko re\-emerges behind Peter and explains that Ben's death was an accident rooted in a desperate attempt to save his terminally\-ill daughter's life, and that this accident has haunted him since. Recognizing his own mistakes and believing that Marko is being truthful, Peter forgives Marko and allows him to escape. He swings down to a mortally\-wounded Harry, who is tended to by Mary Jane. Peter expresses remorse for hurting Harry but the latter forgives him and they reaffirm their friendship before Harry dies from his injuries. Peter and Mary Jane cry over their friend's death. Peter and Mary Jane attend Harry's funeral with several others and later begin to repair their relationship.
[ "#### *Spider\\-Man 3* (2007\\)", "{{main\\|Spider\\-Man 3}}\nA year and a half later (2005\\), Peter finally finds stability and success in both his personal life and exploits as Spider\\-Man. He and Mary Jane are happily dating, and after attending her performance in a new play, he spends time with her at [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\"). A meteor lands nearby and a [goo\\-like alien symbiote](/wiki/Venom_%28character%29 \"Venom (character)\") oozes out and attaches itself to Peter's [moped](/wiki/Moped \"Moped\"). After sending Mary Jane home, he talks to Aunt May, who gives him the engagement ring given to her by Uncle Ben, about proposing to MJ. On his way home, Peter is ambushed by Harry, who has utilized his father's equipment and Goblin serum and intends on avenging Norman's death, despite Peter mentioning the truth of Norman's demise. An aerial chase ensues, resulting in Harry getting knocked out cold when Peter sets a trap for him. Having suffered [amnesia](/wiki/Amnesia \"Amnesia\") and forgotten his vendetta against Spider\\-Man, Harry wakes up in the emergency room, re\\-embracing Peter and Mary Jane as his best friends.", "Mary Jane is upset by a negative review of her performance, and Peter unsuccessfully tries to relate to her using his experience as Spider\\-Man. She later neglects to inform him when she loses her role in the play. At work at the *Daily Bugle*, Peter finds that a rival freelance photographer, [Eddie Brock](/wiki/Eddie_Brock \"Eddie Brock\"), has also begun taking pictures of Spider\\-Man and Jameson pits the two photographers against each other for a staff job. He later finds out about a ceremony in which Spider\\-Man would be given the [key to the city](/wiki/Key_to_the_city \"Key to the city\") for rescuing [Gwen Stacy](/wiki/Gwen_Stacy \"Gwen Stacy\"), the daughter of [NYPD](/wiki/NYPD \"NYPD\") commissioner [George Stacy](/wiki/George_Stacy \"George Stacy\") and also Peter's college lab partner. Peter, who dons his suit and persona for the ceremony, basks in the crowd's cheers and gives Gwen an upside\\-down kiss reminiscent of his first kiss with Mary Jane. This upsets Mary Jane, leading to an argument with Peter, who postpones his plans to propose to her.", "Peter also encounters [Flint Marko](/wiki/Sandman_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Sandman (Marvel Comics)\"), also known as \"Sandman\". Upon discovering that Marko was the one who fatally shot Ben, not the carjacker as previously believed, Peter develops a vendetta against Marko and upon falling asleep while listening to police radio, the symbiote oozes out from Peter's closet and bonds with his suit, turning it black. Empowered by the new suit's abilities and with his anger amplified, Peter dons it while confronting Marko in the subway tunnels, leading to Marko's apparent demise when a deluge of water reduces him to mud. When Peter tells May about Marko's apparent death at Spider\\-Man's hands, she is not amused and warns him about the adverse effects of revenge.", "Meanwhile, Harry regains his memory and vendetta after experiencing a flood of emotions triggered by spending time with Mary Jane. Experiencing another vision of his father, who entices him to attack Peter's heart, Harry forces Mary Jane into breaking up with Peter and claiming she had \"fallen in love with someone else\". Harry claims to Peter he is the \"other guy\", enraging Peter, who later confronts Harry at his penthouse wearing the black suit underneath. The former friends engage in a brutal fistfight and Peter emerges on top, bullying Harry by mocking his relationship with his father. Harry throws a pumpkin bomb at Peter in a last\\-ditch attack, but Peter effortlessly throws the bomb back at Harry's face and leaves.", "Peter thwarts an attempt by Eddie to claim the job at the *Bugle*, leading to Brock's dismissal and subsequent falling out with Gwen, whom he was dating at the time. Peter then gains the staff job with his own picture of Spider\\-Man, and under influence from the symbiote, begins to act more arrogantly. He takes Gwen to a jazz club where Mary Jane had taken up work and interrupts her performance with his own dance routine. Gwen catches onto Peter's true intentions and leaves, and the resulting fight with the club's bouncers results in Peter inadvertently hitting Mary Jane when she intervenes. Coming to his senses after he sees a horrified MJ, Peter leaves and gets rid of the symbiote suit by utilizing church bells to stun the symbiote. The symbiote falls onto and bonds with Brock, who, unbeknownst to Peter, is at the church praying for [God](/wiki/God \"God\") to kill him. This creates a new enemy, Venom, as Brock now knows Spider\\-Man's secret identity.", "After May visits Peter encouraging him not to give up on Mary Jane, Venom and Sandman join forces against Spider\\-Man, kidnapping Mary Jane and dangling her from a skyscraper construction site to get Peter's attention. Peter pleads with Harry to help him, but a broken\\-spirited Harry, whose face was disfigured from the bomb, declines. Peter encounters Venom in his regular suit and tries to free Mary Jane but is ambushed by Sandman. As Peter is savagely beaten by Sandman, Harry, having discovered the truth of his father's death, arrives in his New Goblin persona to aid his old friend. Peter and Harry form a formidable tandem, defeating Sandman and rescuing Mary Jane, but face difficulty in subduing Venom, who attempts to impale Peter with Harry's glider, but Harry takes the blade for Peter, much to the latter's horror. Remembering the symbiote's weakness to sound, Peter weakens Venom by creating sonic frequencies and pulls Eddie out from the symbiote, preparing to destroy it with a bomb, but Eddie jumps back to the symbiote and is killed with it when the bomb explodes.", "Marko re\\-emerges behind Peter and explains that Ben's death was an accident rooted in a desperate attempt to save his terminally\\-ill daughter's life, and that this accident has haunted him since. Recognizing his own mistakes and believing that Marko is being truthful, Peter forgives Marko and allows him to escape. He swings down to a mortally\\-wounded Harry, who is tended to by Mary Jane. Peter expresses remorse for hurting Harry but the latter forgives him and they reaffirm their friendship before Harry dies from his injuries. Peter and Mary Jane cry over their friend's death. Peter and Mary Jane attend Harry's funeral with several others and later begin to repair their relationship.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- {{NFL predraft \| height ft \= 5 \| height in \= 9 1/2 \| weight \= 198 \| dash \= 4\.66 \| ten split \= 1\.66 \| twenty split \= 2\.75 \| shuttle \= 4\.09 \| cone drill \= 6\.70 \| vertical \= 34 \| broad ft \= 9 \| broad in \= 4 \| wonderlic \= \| arm span \= 31 1/2 \| hand span \= 8 1/2 \| note \= All values from \[\[NFL Combine]]{{Cite web \|title\=2007 NFL Draft Scout Ahmad Bradshaw College Football Profile \|url\=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId\=33797\&DraftYear\=2007 \|access\-date\=November 11, 2023 \|website\=DraftScout.com}} }} ### New York Giants #### 2007 Bradshaw was drafted by the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants "New York Giants") in the seventh round with the 250th overall pick of the [2007 NFL draft](/wiki/2007_NFL_draft "2007 NFL draft").{{Cite web \|title\=2007 NFL Draft Listing \|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/years/2007/draft.htm \|access\-date\=May 11, 2023 \|website\=Pro\-Football\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} In his first two games, Bradshaw fumbled twice on [kickoff](/wiki/Kickoff_%28American_football%29 "Kickoff (American football)") returns. He was fourth in the National Football Conference with a 26\.0\-yard kickoff return average when the Giants replaced him with veteran [Reuben Droughns](/wiki/Reuben_Droughns "Reuben Droughns"). Bradshaw returned to returning kickoffs for the November 18 game against the [Detroit Lions](/wiki/Detroit_Lions "Detroit Lions"). Injuries to teammates [Brandon Jacobs](/wiki/Brandon_Jacobs "Brandon Jacobs") and [Derrick Ward](/wiki/Derrick_Ward "Derrick Ward"), and the disappointing play of Droughns, gave Bradshaw his first regular season carries against the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings "Minnesota Vikings"). He gained 29 yards on four carries in the game. On December 23, 2007, he scored his first NFL touchdown on an 88\-yard run in the fourth quarter against the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills "Buffalo Bills"). It was the third longest run in Giants history and the longest run of the [2007 season](/wiki/2007_NFL_season "2007 NFL season").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/giants/2007/12/24/2007\-12\-24\_ahmad\_bradshaw\_brandon\_jacobs\_carry\_the\_.html\|title\=Ahmad Bradshaw, Brandon Jacobs carry the torch from Tiki Barber\|website\=Nydailynews.com\|access\-date\=November 10, 2021}} He finished the game with a career\-high 151 yards on 17 carries.{{Cite web \|url\=http://mvn.com/nfl\-giants/category/current\-giants\-players/ahmad\-bradshaw/ \|title\=Giants 101 {{!}} MVN \- a New York Giants blog » Ahmad Bradshaw \|access\-date\=December 24, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224095706/http://mvn.com/nfl\-giants/category/current\-giants\-players/ahmad\-bradshaw/ \|archive\-date\=December 24, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }} Bradshaw was used more frequently as a change of pace back to Jacobs during the Giants 2007 playoff run. He had a great performance in the [NFC Championship game](/wiki/NFC_Championship_game "NFC Championship game") in Green Bay, including a 52\-yard would\-be touchdown run in the fourth quarter that was negated by a holding penalty. He contributed greatly to his team's success in [Super Bowl XLII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII "Super Bowl XLII") against the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots "New England Patriots"), gaining 45 yards (the most of all running backs) and even recovering a fumble by quarterback [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning "Eli Manning"). The Giants went on to win the Super Bowl, defeating the previously undefeated [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots "New England Patriots") 17−14, and ending their opponent's bid for a perfect 19–0 season. #### 2008 Bradshaw averaged 6\.7 yards per carry as the third running back for the Giants in 2008\. He was reduced to third string [running back](/wiki/Running_back "Running back") due to a strong performance by Derrick Ward, who finished the season with more than 1,000 rushing yards. #### 2009 In 2009, Bradshaw was second string running back behind [Brandon Jacobs](/wiki/Brandon_Jacobs "Brandon Jacobs") with [Derrick Ward](/wiki/Derrick_Ward "Derrick Ward")'s departure to the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers "Tampa Bay Buccaneers"). He rushed for a then career\-high 778 yards and 7 touchdowns on the season. Bradshaw also had a career receiving long play of 55 yards. #### 2010 Bradshaw was promoted to first\-string running back ahead of Brandon Jacobs in 2010, due to Jacobs's disappointing 2009 season. After a two turnover game against the Eagles in Week 9, Bradshaw was demoted to make room for Brandon Jacobs's return. Bradshaw led the league in turnovers (for running backs) for most of the 2010 season. Despite these obstacles, Bradshaw finished the season with career highs in rushing yards (1,235\) and rushing touchdowns (8\). #### 2011 In 2011, Bradshaw signed a four\-year deal worth $18 million and $9 million guaranteed with a $5 million bonus. In Week 6 against the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills "Buffalo Bills"), Bradshaw recorded three touchdowns in a 27−24 Giants win.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/gametracker/recap/NFL\_20111016\_BUF@NYG \|title\=NFL Recap \- Buffalo Bills at New York Giants \- Oct 16, 2011 \- CBSSports.com Game Recap \|access\-date\=October 18, 2011 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203185708/http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/gametracker/recap/NFL\_20111016\_BUF@NYG \|url\-status\=dead }} He was benched for the first half of a game against the Dallas Cowboys in Week 14 due to an alleged curfew violation. Bradshaw rushed for nine touchdowns during the season, a career\-high mark.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nfl.com/players/ahmad\-bradshaw/\|title\=Ahmad Bradshaw Stats, News and Video \- RB\|website\=NFL.com\|access\-date\=November 10, 2021}} Bradshaw scored the go\-ahead and eventual game\-winning touchdown with a 6\-yard run with 57 seconds remaining in [Super Bowl XLVI](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVI "Super Bowl XLVI") against the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots "New England Patriots"). The touchdown was unusual in that the Patriots permitted Bradshaw to score unopposed, to prevent the Giants from [running out most of the remaining time](/wiki/Running_out_the_clock "Running out the clock") before winning the game with a [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28American_football%29 "Field goal (American football)"). Bradshaw, aware of the Patriots' strategy, attempted to stop himself from crossing the [goal line](/wiki/Goal_line_%28American_football%29 "Goal line (American football)") but fell backward into the [end zone](/wiki/End_zone "End zone"). The Patriots failed to score, however, and the Giants thus won 21−17\.{{cite magazine \| url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/writers/joe\_posnanski/02/06/super.bowl.xlvi/?xid\=cnnbin \| title\=Bradshaw's Reluctant Touchdown puts to rest an unusual Super Bowl \| magazine\=Sports Illustrated \| date\=February 6, 2012 \| access\-date\=February 6, 2012 \| author\=Posnanski, Joe \| archive\-date\=February 9, 2012 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209042357/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/writers/joe\_posnanski/02/06/super.bowl.xlvi/?xid\=cnnbin \| url\-status\=dead }} #### 2012 [thumb\|200px\|Bradshaw with the Giants in [2012](/wiki/2012_New_York_Giants_season "2012 New York Giants season")](/wiki/File:Ahmad_bradshaw_2012.jpg "Ahmad bradshaw 2012.jpg") Although Bradshaw mostly played along rookie [David Wilson](/wiki/David_Wilson_%28running_back%29 "David Wilson (running back)") for the starting role, he had a fairly decent season. Bradshaw missed only two games due to injuries to his knee and foot. Despite having his minutes declining because of Wilson, He played in 14 games, had 221 rushing attempts, 1,015 rushing yards, and 6 touchdowns. It was the second time in his career that Bradshaw had 1,000\+ rushing yards (the first being in 2010\). On October 7, during a Week 5 game against the [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns "Cleveland Browns"), Bradshaw carried the ball 30 times for 200 yards, with 1 touchdown, a 4\-yard run; he also had 4 receptions for 29 yards, giving him 229 yards of total offense. The Giants would win against the Browns 41−27\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/boxscores/201210070nyg.htm \|title\=Cleveland Browns at New York Giants \- October 7th, 2012 \|website\=Pro\-Football\-Reference.com \|language\=en \|access\-date\=December 7, 2017}} Bradshaw was released by the Giants on February 6, 2013, to clear cap space and after the emergence of the rookie [David Wilson](/wiki/David_Wilson_%28running_back%29 "David Wilson (running back)").{{Cite web \|date\=February 6, 2013\|agency\=Associated Press \|title\=Giants Release Running Back Ahmad Bradshaw, Defensive Lineman Chris Canty \|url\=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/02/06/reports\-giants\-release\-ahmad\-bradshaw\-chris\-canty/ \|access\-date\=February 6, 2013 \|website\=CBS News \- New York}} ### Indianapolis Colts [thumb\|150px\|right\|Bradshaw in 2015 at training camp](/wiki/File:AhmadBradshaw_camp2015.jpg "AhmadBradshaw camp2015.jpg") On June 11, 2013, Bradshaw signed with the [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts "Indianapolis Colts").{{cite web\|title\=Ahmad Bradshaw, Indianapolis Colts strike contract\|url\=https://www.nfl.com/news/ahmad\-bradshaw\-indianapolis\-colts\-strike\-contract\-0ap1000000210970\|date\=June 11, 2013\|access\-date\= June 11, 2013\|author\= Wesseling, Chris\|website\=\[\[NFL.com]] }} After an injury sustained in Week 3, Bradshaw was put on [injured reserve](/wiki/Injured_reserve "Injured reserve") due to needing neck surgery.{{cite news\|work\=NBCSports.com\|url\=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/10/08/ahmad\-bradshaw\-to\-have\-season\-ending\-neck\-surgery/\|title\=Ahmad Bradshaw to have season\-ending neck surgery\|first\=Mike\|last\=Wilkening\|date\=October 8, 2013\|access\-date\=June 22, 2014}} On March 11, 2014, Bradshaw reached a one\-year agreement to re\-sign with the Colts. Prior to his injury in Week 6, Bradshaw had a career\-high six touchdown receptions, leading all NFL running backs, and was on pace to break [Marshall Faulk](/wiki/Marshall_Faulk "Marshall Faulk")'s record of 9\.{{cite web\|work\=ESPN.com\|url\=https://www.espn.com/blog/indianapolis\-colts/post/\_/id/5660/colts\-offseason\-wrap\-up\|title\=Colts offseason wrap\-up\|date\=May 23, 2014\|first\=Mike\|last\=Wells\|access\-date\=June 22, 2014}}{{cite web\|work\=NFL.com\|url\=https://www.nfl.com/news/ahmad\-bradshaw\-returns\-to\-indianapolis\-colts\-0ap2000000333126\|title\=Ahmad Bradshaw returns to Indianapolis Colts\|first\=Gregg\|last\=Rosenthal\|date\=March 11, 2014\|access\-date\=June 22, 2014}}{{cite web\|work\=indystar.com\|url\=http://www.indystar.com/story/sports/nfl/colts/2014/10/16/ahmad\-bradshaw\-looking\-pretty\-good\-as\-a\-last\-resort/17373281\|title\=Colts offense's ace in the hole\|first\=Zak\|last\=Keefer\|date\=October 18, 2014\|access\-date\=October 14, 2015}} On October 14, 2015, Bradshaw agreed to terms on a one\-year deal with the Colts. On November 30, he was placed on season\-ending injured reserve with a wrist injury.{{cite web\|url\=http://blogs.colts.com/2015/11/30/indianapolis\-colts\-make\-roster\-moves\-122/\|title\=Indianapolis Colts make roster moves\|work\=blogs.colts.com\|date\=November 30, 2015\|access\-date\=November 30, 2015\|archive\-date\=December 4, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204050942/http://blogs.colts.com/2015/11/30/indianapolis\-colts\-make\-roster\-moves\-122/\|url\-status\=dead}} Bradshaw participated in [The Spring League](/wiki/The_Spring_League "The Spring League") in April 2017\.{{cite news\|first1\=Natalie \|last1\=Weiner \|url\=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2707260\-in\-the\-shadow\-of\-dak\-prescott\-welcome\-to\-the\-nfls\-league\-of\-last\-chances \|title\=In the Shadow of Dak Prescott: Welcome to the NFL's League of Last Chances \|publisher\=Bleacher Report \|date\=May 10, 2017 \|access\-date\=August 29, 2017}}
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "{{NFL predraft\n\\| height ft \\= 5\n\\| height in \\= 9 1/2\n\\| weight \\= 198\n\\| dash \\= 4\\.66\n\\| ten split \\= 1\\.66\n\\| twenty split \\= 2\\.75\n\\| shuttle \\= 4\\.09\n\\| cone drill \\= 6\\.70\n\\| vertical \\= 34\n\\| broad ft \\= 9\n\\| broad in \\= 4\n\\| wonderlic \\= \n\\| arm span \\= 31 1/2\n\\| hand span \\= 8 1/2\n\\| note \\= All values from \\[\\[NFL Combine]]{{Cite web \\|title\\=2007 NFL Draft Scout Ahmad Bradshaw College Football Profile \\|url\\=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId\\=33797\\&DraftYear\\=2007 \\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2023 \\|website\\=DraftScout.com}}\n}}", "### New York Giants", "#### 2007", "Bradshaw was drafted by the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants \"New York Giants\") in the seventh round with the 250th overall pick of the [2007 NFL draft](/wiki/2007_NFL_draft \"2007 NFL draft\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=2007 NFL Draft Listing \\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/years/2007/draft.htm \\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2023 \\|website\\=Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} In his first two games, Bradshaw fumbled twice on [kickoff](/wiki/Kickoff_%28American_football%29 \"Kickoff (American football)\") returns. He was fourth in the National Football Conference with a 26\\.0\\-yard kickoff return average when the Giants replaced him with veteran [Reuben Droughns](/wiki/Reuben_Droughns \"Reuben Droughns\"). Bradshaw returned to returning kickoffs for the November 18 game against the [Detroit Lions](/wiki/Detroit_Lions \"Detroit Lions\").", "Injuries to teammates [Brandon Jacobs](/wiki/Brandon_Jacobs \"Brandon Jacobs\") and [Derrick Ward](/wiki/Derrick_Ward \"Derrick Ward\"), and the disappointing play of Droughns, gave Bradshaw his first regular season carries against the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings \"Minnesota Vikings\"). He gained 29 yards on four carries in the game. On December 23, 2007, he scored his first NFL touchdown on an 88\\-yard run in the fourth quarter against the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills \"Buffalo Bills\"). It was the third longest run in Giants history and the longest run of the [2007 season](/wiki/2007_NFL_season \"2007 NFL season\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/giants/2007/12/24/2007\\-12\\-24\\_ahmad\\_bradshaw\\_brandon\\_jacobs\\_carry\\_the\\_.html\\|title\\=Ahmad Bradshaw, Brandon Jacobs carry the torch from Tiki Barber\\|website\\=Nydailynews.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2021}} He finished the game with a career\\-high 151 yards on 17 carries.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://mvn.com/nfl\\-giants/category/current\\-giants\\-players/ahmad\\-bradshaw/ \\|title\\=Giants 101 {{!}} MVN \\- a New York Giants blog » Ahmad Bradshaw \\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224095706/http://mvn.com/nfl\\-giants/category/current\\-giants\\-players/ahmad\\-bradshaw/ \\|archive\\-date\\=December 24, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Bradshaw was used more frequently as a change of pace back to Jacobs during the Giants 2007 playoff run. He had a great performance in the [NFC Championship game](/wiki/NFC_Championship_game \"NFC Championship game\") in Green Bay, including a 52\\-yard would\\-be touchdown run in the fourth quarter that was negated by a holding penalty. He contributed greatly to his team's success in [Super Bowl XLII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII \"Super Bowl XLII\") against the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\"), gaining 45 yards (the most of all running backs) and even recovering a fumble by quarterback [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning \"Eli Manning\"). The Giants went on to win the Super Bowl, defeating the previously undefeated [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\") 17−14, and ending their opponent's bid for a perfect 19–0 season.", "#### 2008", "Bradshaw averaged 6\\.7 yards per carry as the third running back for the Giants in 2008\\. He was reduced to third string [running back](/wiki/Running_back \"Running back\") due to a strong performance by Derrick Ward, who finished the season with more than 1,000 rushing yards.", "#### 2009", "In 2009, Bradshaw was second string running back behind [Brandon Jacobs](/wiki/Brandon_Jacobs \"Brandon Jacobs\") with [Derrick Ward](/wiki/Derrick_Ward \"Derrick Ward\")'s departure to the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers \"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\"). He rushed for a then career\\-high 778 yards and 7 touchdowns on the season. Bradshaw also had a career receiving long play of 55 yards.", "#### 2010", "Bradshaw was promoted to first\\-string running back ahead of Brandon Jacobs in 2010, due to Jacobs's disappointing 2009 season. After a two turnover game against the Eagles in Week 9, Bradshaw was demoted to make room for Brandon Jacobs's return. Bradshaw led the league in turnovers (for running backs) for most of the 2010 season.", "Despite these obstacles, Bradshaw finished the season with career highs in rushing yards (1,235\\) and rushing touchdowns (8\\).", "#### 2011", "In 2011, Bradshaw signed a four\\-year deal worth $18 million and $9 million guaranteed with a $5 million bonus. In Week 6 against the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills \"Buffalo Bills\"), Bradshaw recorded three touchdowns in a 27−24 Giants win.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/gametracker/recap/NFL\\_20111016\\_BUF@NYG \\|title\\=NFL Recap \\- Buffalo Bills at New York Giants \\- Oct 16, 2011 \\- CBSSports.com Game Recap \\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203185708/http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/gametracker/recap/NFL\\_20111016\\_BUF@NYG \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He was benched for the first half of a game against the Dallas Cowboys in Week 14 due to an alleged curfew violation. Bradshaw rushed for nine touchdowns during the season, a career\\-high mark.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nfl.com/players/ahmad\\-bradshaw/\\|title\\=Ahmad Bradshaw Stats, News and Video \\- RB\\|website\\=NFL.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2021}}", "Bradshaw scored the go\\-ahead and eventual game\\-winning touchdown with a 6\\-yard run with 57 seconds remaining in [Super Bowl XLVI](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVI \"Super Bowl XLVI\") against the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\"). The touchdown was unusual in that the Patriots permitted Bradshaw to score unopposed, to prevent the Giants from [running out most of the remaining time](/wiki/Running_out_the_clock \"Running out the clock\") before winning the game with a [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28American_football%29 \"Field goal (American football)\"). Bradshaw, aware of the Patriots' strategy, attempted to stop himself from crossing the [goal line](/wiki/Goal_line_%28American_football%29 \"Goal line (American football)\") but fell backward into the [end zone](/wiki/End_zone \"End zone\"). The Patriots failed to score, however, and the Giants thus won 21−17\\.{{cite magazine \\| url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/writers/joe\\_posnanski/02/06/super.bowl.xlvi/?xid\\=cnnbin \\| title\\=Bradshaw's Reluctant Touchdown puts to rest an unusual Super Bowl \\| magazine\\=Sports Illustrated \\| date\\=February 6, 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=February 6, 2012 \\| author\\=Posnanski, Joe \\| archive\\-date\\=February 9, 2012 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209042357/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/writers/joe\\_posnanski/02/06/super.bowl.xlvi/?xid\\=cnnbin \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}", "#### 2012", "[thumb\\|200px\\|Bradshaw with the Giants in [2012](/wiki/2012_New_York_Giants_season \"2012 New York Giants season\")](/wiki/File:Ahmad_bradshaw_2012.jpg \"Ahmad bradshaw 2012.jpg\")\nAlthough Bradshaw mostly played along rookie [David Wilson](/wiki/David_Wilson_%28running_back%29 \"David Wilson (running back)\") for the starting role, he had a fairly decent season. Bradshaw missed only two games due to injuries to his knee and foot. Despite having his minutes declining because of Wilson, He played in 14 games, had 221 rushing attempts, 1,015 rushing yards, and 6 touchdowns. It was the second time in his career that Bradshaw had 1,000\\+ rushing yards (the first being in 2010\\). On October 7, during a Week 5 game against the [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns \"Cleveland Browns\"), Bradshaw carried the ball 30 times for 200 yards, with 1 touchdown, a 4\\-yard run; he also had 4 receptions for 29 yards, giving him 229 yards of total offense. The Giants would win against the Browns 41−27\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/boxscores/201210070nyg.htm \\|title\\=Cleveland Browns at New York Giants \\- October 7th, 2012 \\|website\\=Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2017}}", "Bradshaw was released by the Giants on February 6, 2013, to clear cap space and after the emergence of the rookie [David Wilson](/wiki/David_Wilson_%28running_back%29 \"David Wilson (running back)\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=February 6, 2013\\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|title\\=Giants Release Running Back Ahmad Bradshaw, Defensive Lineman Chris Canty \\|url\\=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/02/06/reports\\-giants\\-release\\-ahmad\\-bradshaw\\-chris\\-canty/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2013 \\|website\\=CBS News \\- New York}}", "### Indianapolis Colts", "[thumb\\|150px\\|right\\|Bradshaw in 2015 at training camp](/wiki/File:AhmadBradshaw_camp2015.jpg \"AhmadBradshaw camp2015.jpg\")\nOn June 11, 2013, Bradshaw signed with the [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts \"Indianapolis Colts\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Ahmad Bradshaw, Indianapolis Colts strike contract\\|url\\=https://www.nfl.com/news/ahmad\\-bradshaw\\-indianapolis\\-colts\\-strike\\-contract\\-0ap1000000210970\\|date\\=June 11, 2013\\|access\\-date\\= June 11, 2013\\|author\\= Wesseling, Chris\\|website\\=\\[\\[NFL.com]] }} After an injury sustained in Week 3, Bradshaw was put on [injured reserve](/wiki/Injured_reserve \"Injured reserve\") due to needing neck surgery.{{cite news\\|work\\=NBCSports.com\\|url\\=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/10/08/ahmad\\-bradshaw\\-to\\-have\\-season\\-ending\\-neck\\-surgery/\\|title\\=Ahmad Bradshaw to have season\\-ending neck surgery\\|first\\=Mike\\|last\\=Wilkening\\|date\\=October 8, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2014}}", "On March 11, 2014, Bradshaw reached a one\\-year agreement to re\\-sign with the Colts. Prior to his injury in Week 6, Bradshaw had a career\\-high six touchdown receptions, leading all NFL running backs, and was on pace to break [Marshall Faulk](/wiki/Marshall_Faulk \"Marshall Faulk\")'s record of 9\\.{{cite web\\|work\\=ESPN.com\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/blog/indianapolis\\-colts/post/\\_/id/5660/colts\\-offseason\\-wrap\\-up\\|title\\=Colts offseason wrap\\-up\\|date\\=May 23, 2014\\|first\\=Mike\\|last\\=Wells\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2014}}{{cite web\\|work\\=NFL.com\\|url\\=https://www.nfl.com/news/ahmad\\-bradshaw\\-returns\\-to\\-indianapolis\\-colts\\-0ap2000000333126\\|title\\=Ahmad Bradshaw returns to Indianapolis Colts\\|first\\=Gregg\\|last\\=Rosenthal\\|date\\=March 11, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2014}}{{cite web\\|work\\=indystar.com\\|url\\=http://www.indystar.com/story/sports/nfl/colts/2014/10/16/ahmad\\-bradshaw\\-looking\\-pretty\\-good\\-as\\-a\\-last\\-resort/17373281\\|title\\=Colts offense's ace in the hole\\|first\\=Zak\\|last\\=Keefer\\|date\\=October 18, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=October 14, 2015}}", "On October 14, 2015, Bradshaw agreed to terms on a one\\-year deal with the Colts. On November 30, he was placed on season\\-ending injured reserve with a wrist injury.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blogs.colts.com/2015/11/30/indianapolis\\-colts\\-make\\-roster\\-moves\\-122/\\|title\\=Indianapolis Colts make roster moves\\|work\\=blogs.colts.com\\|date\\=November 30, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=December 4, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204050942/http://blogs.colts.com/2015/11/30/indianapolis\\-colts\\-make\\-roster\\-moves\\-122/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Bradshaw participated in [The Spring League](/wiki/The_Spring_League \"The Spring League\") in April 2017\\.{{cite news\\|first1\\=Natalie \\|last1\\=Weiner \\|url\\=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2707260\\-in\\-the\\-shadow\\-of\\-dak\\-prescott\\-welcome\\-to\\-the\\-nfls\\-league\\-of\\-last\\-chances \\|title\\=In the Shadow of Dak Prescott: Welcome to the NFL's League of Last Chances \\|publisher\\=Bleacher Report \\|date\\=May 10, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2017}}", "" ]
### New York Giants #### 2007 Bradshaw was drafted by the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants "New York Giants") in the seventh round with the 250th overall pick of the [2007 NFL draft](/wiki/2007_NFL_draft "2007 NFL draft").{{Cite web \|title\=2007 NFL Draft Listing \|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/years/2007/draft.htm \|access\-date\=May 11, 2023 \|website\=Pro\-Football\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} In his first two games, Bradshaw fumbled twice on [kickoff](/wiki/Kickoff_%28American_football%29 "Kickoff (American football)") returns. He was fourth in the National Football Conference with a 26\.0\-yard kickoff return average when the Giants replaced him with veteran [Reuben Droughns](/wiki/Reuben_Droughns "Reuben Droughns"). Bradshaw returned to returning kickoffs for the November 18 game against the [Detroit Lions](/wiki/Detroit_Lions "Detroit Lions"). Injuries to teammates [Brandon Jacobs](/wiki/Brandon_Jacobs "Brandon Jacobs") and [Derrick Ward](/wiki/Derrick_Ward "Derrick Ward"), and the disappointing play of Droughns, gave Bradshaw his first regular season carries against the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings "Minnesota Vikings"). He gained 29 yards on four carries in the game. On December 23, 2007, he scored his first NFL touchdown on an 88\-yard run in the fourth quarter against the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills "Buffalo Bills"). It was the third longest run in Giants history and the longest run of the [2007 season](/wiki/2007_NFL_season "2007 NFL season").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/giants/2007/12/24/2007\-12\-24\_ahmad\_bradshaw\_brandon\_jacobs\_carry\_the\_.html\|title\=Ahmad Bradshaw, Brandon Jacobs carry the torch from Tiki Barber\|website\=Nydailynews.com\|access\-date\=November 10, 2021}} He finished the game with a career\-high 151 yards on 17 carries.{{Cite web \|url\=http://mvn.com/nfl\-giants/category/current\-giants\-players/ahmad\-bradshaw/ \|title\=Giants 101 {{!}} MVN \- a New York Giants blog » Ahmad Bradshaw \|access\-date\=December 24, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224095706/http://mvn.com/nfl\-giants/category/current\-giants\-players/ahmad\-bradshaw/ \|archive\-date\=December 24, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }} Bradshaw was used more frequently as a change of pace back to Jacobs during the Giants 2007 playoff run. He had a great performance in the [NFC Championship game](/wiki/NFC_Championship_game "NFC Championship game") in Green Bay, including a 52\-yard would\-be touchdown run in the fourth quarter that was negated by a holding penalty. He contributed greatly to his team's success in [Super Bowl XLII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII "Super Bowl XLII") against the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots "New England Patriots"), gaining 45 yards (the most of all running backs) and even recovering a fumble by quarterback [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning "Eli Manning"). The Giants went on to win the Super Bowl, defeating the previously undefeated [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots "New England Patriots") 17−14, and ending their opponent's bid for a perfect 19–0 season. #### 2008 Bradshaw averaged 6\.7 yards per carry as the third running back for the Giants in 2008\. He was reduced to third string [running back](/wiki/Running_back "Running back") due to a strong performance by Derrick Ward, who finished the season with more than 1,000 rushing yards. #### 2009 In 2009, Bradshaw was second string running back behind [Brandon Jacobs](/wiki/Brandon_Jacobs "Brandon Jacobs") with [Derrick Ward](/wiki/Derrick_Ward "Derrick Ward")'s departure to the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers "Tampa Bay Buccaneers"). He rushed for a then career\-high 778 yards and 7 touchdowns on the season. Bradshaw also had a career receiving long play of 55 yards. #### 2010 Bradshaw was promoted to first\-string running back ahead of Brandon Jacobs in 2010, due to Jacobs's disappointing 2009 season. After a two turnover game against the Eagles in Week 9, Bradshaw was demoted to make room for Brandon Jacobs's return. Bradshaw led the league in turnovers (for running backs) for most of the 2010 season. Despite these obstacles, Bradshaw finished the season with career highs in rushing yards (1,235\) and rushing touchdowns (8\). #### 2011 In 2011, Bradshaw signed a four\-year deal worth $18 million and $9 million guaranteed with a $5 million bonus. In Week 6 against the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills "Buffalo Bills"), Bradshaw recorded three touchdowns in a 27−24 Giants win.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/gametracker/recap/NFL\_20111016\_BUF@NYG \|title\=NFL Recap \- Buffalo Bills at New York Giants \- Oct 16, 2011 \- CBSSports.com Game Recap \|access\-date\=October 18, 2011 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203185708/http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/gametracker/recap/NFL\_20111016\_BUF@NYG \|url\-status\=dead }} He was benched for the first half of a game against the Dallas Cowboys in Week 14 due to an alleged curfew violation. Bradshaw rushed for nine touchdowns during the season, a career\-high mark.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nfl.com/players/ahmad\-bradshaw/\|title\=Ahmad Bradshaw Stats, News and Video \- RB\|website\=NFL.com\|access\-date\=November 10, 2021}} Bradshaw scored the go\-ahead and eventual game\-winning touchdown with a 6\-yard run with 57 seconds remaining in [Super Bowl XLVI](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVI "Super Bowl XLVI") against the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots "New England Patriots"). The touchdown was unusual in that the Patriots permitted Bradshaw to score unopposed, to prevent the Giants from [running out most of the remaining time](/wiki/Running_out_the_clock "Running out the clock") before winning the game with a [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28American_football%29 "Field goal (American football)"). Bradshaw, aware of the Patriots' strategy, attempted to stop himself from crossing the [goal line](/wiki/Goal_line_%28American_football%29 "Goal line (American football)") but fell backward into the [end zone](/wiki/End_zone "End zone"). The Patriots failed to score, however, and the Giants thus won 21−17\.{{cite magazine \| url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/writers/joe\_posnanski/02/06/super.bowl.xlvi/?xid\=cnnbin \| title\=Bradshaw's Reluctant Touchdown puts to rest an unusual Super Bowl \| magazine\=Sports Illustrated \| date\=February 6, 2012 \| access\-date\=February 6, 2012 \| author\=Posnanski, Joe \| archive\-date\=February 9, 2012 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209042357/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/writers/joe\_posnanski/02/06/super.bowl.xlvi/?xid\=cnnbin \| url\-status\=dead }} #### 2012 [thumb\|200px\|Bradshaw with the Giants in [2012](/wiki/2012_New_York_Giants_season "2012 New York Giants season")](/wiki/File:Ahmad_bradshaw_2012.jpg "Ahmad bradshaw 2012.jpg") Although Bradshaw mostly played along rookie [David Wilson](/wiki/David_Wilson_%28running_back%29 "David Wilson (running back)") for the starting role, he had a fairly decent season. Bradshaw missed only two games due to injuries to his knee and foot. Despite having his minutes declining because of Wilson, He played in 14 games, had 221 rushing attempts, 1,015 rushing yards, and 6 touchdowns. It was the second time in his career that Bradshaw had 1,000\+ rushing yards (the first being in 2010\). On October 7, during a Week 5 game against the [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns "Cleveland Browns"), Bradshaw carried the ball 30 times for 200 yards, with 1 touchdown, a 4\-yard run; he also had 4 receptions for 29 yards, giving him 229 yards of total offense. The Giants would win against the Browns 41−27\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/boxscores/201210070nyg.htm \|title\=Cleveland Browns at New York Giants \- October 7th, 2012 \|website\=Pro\-Football\-Reference.com \|language\=en \|access\-date\=December 7, 2017}} Bradshaw was released by the Giants on February 6, 2013, to clear cap space and after the emergence of the rookie [David Wilson](/wiki/David_Wilson_%28running_back%29 "David Wilson (running back)").{{Cite web \|date\=February 6, 2013\|agency\=Associated Press \|title\=Giants Release Running Back Ahmad Bradshaw, Defensive Lineman Chris Canty \|url\=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/02/06/reports\-giants\-release\-ahmad\-bradshaw\-chris\-canty/ \|access\-date\=February 6, 2013 \|website\=CBS News \- New York}}
[ "### New York Giants", "#### 2007", "Bradshaw was drafted by the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants \"New York Giants\") in the seventh round with the 250th overall pick of the [2007 NFL draft](/wiki/2007_NFL_draft \"2007 NFL draft\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=2007 NFL Draft Listing \\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/years/2007/draft.htm \\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2023 \\|website\\=Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} In his first two games, Bradshaw fumbled twice on [kickoff](/wiki/Kickoff_%28American_football%29 \"Kickoff (American football)\") returns. He was fourth in the National Football Conference with a 26\\.0\\-yard kickoff return average when the Giants replaced him with veteran [Reuben Droughns](/wiki/Reuben_Droughns \"Reuben Droughns\"). Bradshaw returned to returning kickoffs for the November 18 game against the [Detroit Lions](/wiki/Detroit_Lions \"Detroit Lions\").", "Injuries to teammates [Brandon Jacobs](/wiki/Brandon_Jacobs \"Brandon Jacobs\") and [Derrick Ward](/wiki/Derrick_Ward \"Derrick Ward\"), and the disappointing play of Droughns, gave Bradshaw his first regular season carries against the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings \"Minnesota Vikings\"). He gained 29 yards on four carries in the game. On December 23, 2007, he scored his first NFL touchdown on an 88\\-yard run in the fourth quarter against the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills \"Buffalo Bills\"). It was the third longest run in Giants history and the longest run of the [2007 season](/wiki/2007_NFL_season \"2007 NFL season\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/giants/2007/12/24/2007\\-12\\-24\\_ahmad\\_bradshaw\\_brandon\\_jacobs\\_carry\\_the\\_.html\\|title\\=Ahmad Bradshaw, Brandon Jacobs carry the torch from Tiki Barber\\|website\\=Nydailynews.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2021}} He finished the game with a career\\-high 151 yards on 17 carries.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://mvn.com/nfl\\-giants/category/current\\-giants\\-players/ahmad\\-bradshaw/ \\|title\\=Giants 101 {{!}} MVN \\- a New York Giants blog » Ahmad Bradshaw \\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224095706/http://mvn.com/nfl\\-giants/category/current\\-giants\\-players/ahmad\\-bradshaw/ \\|archive\\-date\\=December 24, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Bradshaw was used more frequently as a change of pace back to Jacobs during the Giants 2007 playoff run. He had a great performance in the [NFC Championship game](/wiki/NFC_Championship_game \"NFC Championship game\") in Green Bay, including a 52\\-yard would\\-be touchdown run in the fourth quarter that was negated by a holding penalty. He contributed greatly to his team's success in [Super Bowl XLII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII \"Super Bowl XLII\") against the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\"), gaining 45 yards (the most of all running backs) and even recovering a fumble by quarterback [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning \"Eli Manning\"). The Giants went on to win the Super Bowl, defeating the previously undefeated [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\") 17−14, and ending their opponent's bid for a perfect 19–0 season.", "#### 2008", "Bradshaw averaged 6\\.7 yards per carry as the third running back for the Giants in 2008\\. He was reduced to third string [running back](/wiki/Running_back \"Running back\") due to a strong performance by Derrick Ward, who finished the season with more than 1,000 rushing yards.", "#### 2009", "In 2009, Bradshaw was second string running back behind [Brandon Jacobs](/wiki/Brandon_Jacobs \"Brandon Jacobs\") with [Derrick Ward](/wiki/Derrick_Ward \"Derrick Ward\")'s departure to the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers \"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\"). He rushed for a then career\\-high 778 yards and 7 touchdowns on the season. Bradshaw also had a career receiving long play of 55 yards.", "#### 2010", "Bradshaw was promoted to first\\-string running back ahead of Brandon Jacobs in 2010, due to Jacobs's disappointing 2009 season. After a two turnover game against the Eagles in Week 9, Bradshaw was demoted to make room for Brandon Jacobs's return. Bradshaw led the league in turnovers (for running backs) for most of the 2010 season.", "Despite these obstacles, Bradshaw finished the season with career highs in rushing yards (1,235\\) and rushing touchdowns (8\\).", "#### 2011", "In 2011, Bradshaw signed a four\\-year deal worth $18 million and $9 million guaranteed with a $5 million bonus. In Week 6 against the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills \"Buffalo Bills\"), Bradshaw recorded three touchdowns in a 27−24 Giants win.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/gametracker/recap/NFL\\_20111016\\_BUF@NYG \\|title\\=NFL Recap \\- Buffalo Bills at New York Giants \\- Oct 16, 2011 \\- CBSSports.com Game Recap \\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203185708/http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/gametracker/recap/NFL\\_20111016\\_BUF@NYG \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He was benched for the first half of a game against the Dallas Cowboys in Week 14 due to an alleged curfew violation. Bradshaw rushed for nine touchdowns during the season, a career\\-high mark.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nfl.com/players/ahmad\\-bradshaw/\\|title\\=Ahmad Bradshaw Stats, News and Video \\- RB\\|website\\=NFL.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2021}}", "Bradshaw scored the go\\-ahead and eventual game\\-winning touchdown with a 6\\-yard run with 57 seconds remaining in [Super Bowl XLVI](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVI \"Super Bowl XLVI\") against the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\"). The touchdown was unusual in that the Patriots permitted Bradshaw to score unopposed, to prevent the Giants from [running out most of the remaining time](/wiki/Running_out_the_clock \"Running out the clock\") before winning the game with a [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28American_football%29 \"Field goal (American football)\"). Bradshaw, aware of the Patriots' strategy, attempted to stop himself from crossing the [goal line](/wiki/Goal_line_%28American_football%29 \"Goal line (American football)\") but fell backward into the [end zone](/wiki/End_zone \"End zone\"). The Patriots failed to score, however, and the Giants thus won 21−17\\.{{cite magazine \\| url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/writers/joe\\_posnanski/02/06/super.bowl.xlvi/?xid\\=cnnbin \\| title\\=Bradshaw's Reluctant Touchdown puts to rest an unusual Super Bowl \\| magazine\\=Sports Illustrated \\| date\\=February 6, 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=February 6, 2012 \\| author\\=Posnanski, Joe \\| archive\\-date\\=February 9, 2012 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209042357/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/writers/joe\\_posnanski/02/06/super.bowl.xlvi/?xid\\=cnnbin \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}", "#### 2012", "[thumb\\|200px\\|Bradshaw with the Giants in [2012](/wiki/2012_New_York_Giants_season \"2012 New York Giants season\")](/wiki/File:Ahmad_bradshaw_2012.jpg \"Ahmad bradshaw 2012.jpg\")\nAlthough Bradshaw mostly played along rookie [David Wilson](/wiki/David_Wilson_%28running_back%29 \"David Wilson (running back)\") for the starting role, he had a fairly decent season. Bradshaw missed only two games due to injuries to his knee and foot. Despite having his minutes declining because of Wilson, He played in 14 games, had 221 rushing attempts, 1,015 rushing yards, and 6 touchdowns. It was the second time in his career that Bradshaw had 1,000\\+ rushing yards (the first being in 2010\\). On October 7, during a Week 5 game against the [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns \"Cleveland Browns\"), Bradshaw carried the ball 30 times for 200 yards, with 1 touchdown, a 4\\-yard run; he also had 4 receptions for 29 yards, giving him 229 yards of total offense. The Giants would win against the Browns 41−27\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/boxscores/201210070nyg.htm \\|title\\=Cleveland Browns at New York Giants \\- October 7th, 2012 \\|website\\=Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2017}}", "Bradshaw was released by the Giants on February 6, 2013, to clear cap space and after the emergence of the rookie [David Wilson](/wiki/David_Wilson_%28running_back%29 \"David Wilson (running back)\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=February 6, 2013\\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|title\\=Giants Release Running Back Ahmad Bradshaw, Defensive Lineman Chris Canty \\|url\\=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/02/06/reports\\-giants\\-release\\-ahmad\\-bradshaw\\-chris\\-canty/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2013 \\|website\\=CBS News \\- New York}}", "" ]
Career ------ ### 1960s [thumb\|thumbtime\=44\|upright\=1\.2\|*Night of the Living Dead* (full film)](/wiki/File:Night_of_the_Living_Dead_%281968%29.webm "Night of the Living Dead (1968).webm") After graduating from college in 1960,{{cite web \|author\=Pennsylvania Center for the Book \|url\=http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/LitMap/bios/Romero\_\_George.html \|title\=George Romero \|publisher\=Pabook.libraries.psu.edu \|access\-date\=January 23, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102224243/http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/LitMap/bios/Romero\_\_George.html \|archive\-date\=November 2, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news \|last\=Coyle \|first\=Jake \|date\=July 16, 2017 \|title\=Pittsburgh's George A. Romero, 'Night of the Living Dead' creator, dies at 77 \|url\=http://www.post\-gazette.com/ae/movies/2017/07/16/George\-A\-Romero\-Night\-of\-the\-Living\-Dead\-creator\-dies\-at\-77\-Pittsburgh/stories/201707160196 \|work\=Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette \|access\-date\=May 2, 2018}} Romero began his career shooting short films and TV commercials.{{cite journal \|last\=Block \|first\=Alex Ben \|title\=George Romero Discusses 'Night of the Living Dead' in Previously Unavailable 1972 Interview \|url\=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/george\-romero\-discusses\-night\-of\-the\-living\-dead\-in\-previously\-unavailable\-1972\-interview\-1202598349/ \|date\=October 25, 2017 \|access\-date\=June 20, 2018 \|journal\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|publisher\=\[\[Penske Business Media, LLC.]]}}{{cite news \|title\=Let's learn from the past: George A. Romero \|url\=http://www.post\-gazette.com/life/my\-generation/2016/08/25/Let\-s\-learn\-from\-the\-past\-director\-George\-A\-Romero/stories/201608250049 \|date\=August 25, 2016 \|access\-date\=June 20, 2018 \|newspaper\=\[\[Post Gazette]] \|last\=Ball \|first\=Lauren \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828200704/http://www.post\-gazette.com/life/my\-generation/2016/08/25/Let\-s\-learn\-from\-the\-past\-director\-George\-A\-Romero/stories/201608250049 \|archive\-date\=August 28, 2016 \|publisher\=PG Publishing Co., Inc. \|url\-status\=live}} One of his early commercial films was a segment for *[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood](/wiki/Mister_Rogers%27_Neighborhood "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood")* in which [Fred Rogers](/wiki/Fred_Rogers "Fred Rogers") underwent a [tonsillectomy](/wiki/Tonsillectomy "Tonsillectomy").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.diamonddead.com/diary/view.php?s\=YToyOntzOjM6ImFpZCI7czoxOiIzIjtzOjI6ImlkIjtzOjI6IjI4Ijt9 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216005517/http://www.diamonddead.com/diary/view.php?s\=YToyOntzOjM6ImFpZCI7czoxOiIzIjtzOjI6ImlkIjtzOjI6IjI4Ijt9 \|archive\-date\=February 16, 2007 \|title\=Mr. Rogers Gets a Tonsillectomy \|access\-date\=February 16, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead}} With nine friends, including screenwriter [John A. Russo](/wiki/John_A._Russo "John A. Russo"), Romero formed *Image Ten Productions* in the late 1960s.{{cite book \|last\=Pegg \|first\=Simon \|author\-link\=Simon Pegg \|title\=Nerd Do Well \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=PUTTYG\-FRXgC\&pg\=PA231 \|publisher\=\[\[Random House]] \|date\=October 14, 2010 \|page\=231 \|isbn\=9781409023937}} This is the production company that produced *[Night of the Living Dead](/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead "Night of the Living Dead")* (1968\). Directed by Romero and co\-written with John A. Russo,{{cite book \|last\=M. Rowan \|first\=Terry \|title\=The Book of the Undead A Zombie Film Guide \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8tvGBAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA139 \|publisher\=\[\[Lulu.com]] \|year\=2012 \|page\=139 \|isbn\=9781257129454}}{{self\-published source\|date\=February 2020}}{{self\-published inline\|date\=February 2020}} the movie became a [cult classic](/wiki/Cult_classic "Cult classic") and a defining moment for modern horror cinema.{{cite book \|last\=M. Rowan \|first\=Terry \|title\=Hollywood Monsters \& Creepy Things \|date\=October 14, 2016 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=bSdNDQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA126 \|publisher\=\[\[Lulu.com]] \|page\=126 \|isbn\=9781365462108}}{{self\-published source\|date\=February 2020}}{{self\-published inline\|date\=February 2020}} Among the inspiration for Romero's filmmaking, as told to [Robert K. Elder](/wiki/Robert_K._Elder "Robert K. Elder") in an interview for *[The Film That Changed My Life](/wiki/The_Film_That_Changed_My_Life "The Film That Changed My Life")*,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556528256/ref\=nosim/wwwrobelderco\-20\|title\=The Film That Changed My Life: 30 Directors on Their Epiphanies in the Dark: Robert K. Elder: 9781556528255: Amazon.com: Books\|website\=Amazon\|access\-date\=May 25, 2012}} was the British film, [*The Tales of Hoffmann*](/wiki/The_Tales_of_Hoffmann_%28film%29 "The Tales of Hoffmann (film)") (1951\), from the [Powell and Pressburger](/wiki/Powell_and_Pressburger "Powell and Pressburger") team. {{Cquote\|It was the filmmaking, the fantasy, the fact that it was a fantasy and it had a few frightening, sort of bizarre things in it. It was everything. It was really a movie for me, and it gave me an early appreciation for the power of visual media—the fact that you could experiment with it. He was doing all his tricks in\-camera, and they were sort of obvious. That made me feel that, gee, maybe I could figure this medium out. It was transparent, but it worked.Romero, George A. Interview by Robert K. Elder. The Film That Changed My Life. By Robert K. Elder. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2011\. N. p261\. Print.}} ### 1970s and 1980s [thumb\|Romero (center) on the set of *[Knightriders](/wiki/Knightriders "Knightriders")*, 1980](/wiki/File:George_Romero_Directing.jpg "George Romero Directing.jpg") The three films that Romero created that followed *Night of the Living Dead*: *[There's Always Vanilla](/wiki/There%27s_Always_Vanilla "There's Always Vanilla")* (1971\), *[Jack's Wife / Season of the Witch](/wiki/Season_of_the_Witch_%281972_film%29 "Season of the Witch (1972 film)")* (1972\) and *[The Crazies](/wiki/The_Crazies_%281973_film%29 "The Crazies (1973 film)")* (1973\) were not as well received as *Night of the Living Dead* or some of his later work.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/george\_a\_romero/\|title\=George A. Romero\|website\=Rotten Tomatoes}} *The Crazies*, dealing with a bio spill that induces an epidemic of homicidal madness, and the critically acclaimed [arthouse](/wiki/Arthouse "Arthouse") success *[Martin](/wiki/Martin_%281978_film%29 "Martin (1978 film)")* (1978\), a film that deals with the [vampire](/wiki/Vampire "Vampire") myth, were the two well\-known films from this period.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/17/movies/5\-george\-romero\-films\-to\-remember.html\|title\=5 George Romero Films to Remember\|author\=Erik Piepenburg\|date\=July 17, 2017\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|access\-date\=July 20, 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.post\-gazette.com/ae/movies/2017/07/17/George\-Romero\-Martin\-John\-Amplas/stories/201707180020\|title\='Martin' star recalls George Romero\|author\=Maria Sciullo\|date\=July 17, 2017\|work\=\[\[Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette]]\|access\-date\=July 20, 2017}} Romero returned to the [zombie](/wiki/Zombie "Zombie") genre in 1978 with *[Dawn of the Dead](/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_%281978_film%29 "Dawn of the Dead (1978 film)")*. Shot on a budget of $1\.5 million, the film earned over $55 million internationally and was later named one of the top [cult films](/wiki/Cult_film "Cult film") by *[Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly "Entertainment Weekly")* in 2003\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.the\-numbers.com/movie/Dawn\-of\-the\-Dead\-(1979\)\#tab\=summary \|title\=Dawn of the Dead (1979\) – Financial Information \|website\=The Numbers \|publisher\=Nash Information Services}} He made the third entry in his "Dead Series" with *[Day of the Dead](/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead_%281985_film%29 "Day of the Dead (1985 film)")* in 1985\. Between these two films, Romero shot *[Knightriders](/wiki/Knightriders "Knightriders")* (1981\), another festival favorite about a group of modern\-day jousters who reenact tournaments on motorcycles,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/07/george\-romero\-dead\-knightriders\-set\-ed\-harris\-tom\-savini\-1201855977/ \|title\=How George Romero's Semi\-Autobiographical Labor of Love 'Knightriders' Gave Him the Independence He Wanted So Badly \|author\=Anne Thompson \|date\=July 16, 2017 \|website\=\[\[IndieWire]] \|access\-date\=July 20, 2017}} and *[Creepshow](/wiki/Creepshow "Creepshow")* (1982\), written by [Stephen King](/wiki/Stephen_King "Stephen King"), an anthology of tongue\-in\-cheek tales modeled after 1950s horror comics.{{cite book \|author\=Marcello Gagliani Caputo \|date\=January 14, 2017 \|title\=Guide to the Cinema of Stephen King \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=6t2pDQAAQBAJ\&q\=creepshow\+ec\+comics\&pg\=PT52 \|location\=\[\[Google Books]] \|publisher\=Babelcube Inc. \|isbn\=9781507163788}} The cult\-classic success of *Creepshow* led to the creation of Romero's *[Tales from the Darkside](/wiki/Tales_from_the_Darkside "Tales from the Darkside")*, a horror anthology television series that aired from 1983 to 1988\.{{cite magazine \|url\=https://ew.com/article/2013/11/12/tales\-from\-the\-darkside\-cw/\|title\='Tales from the Darkside' reboot at the CW\|author\=James Hibberd \|date\=November 12, 2013 \|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]] \|access\-date\=July 20, 2017}} As the decade drew to a close, Romero directed *[Monkey Shines](/wiki/Monkey_Shines_%28film%29 "Monkey Shines (film)")* (1988\), about a [service animal](/wiki/Service_animal "Service animal"). ### 1990s Romero updated his original screenplay and executive\-produced the 1990 remake of *[Night of the Living Dead](/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead_%281990_film%29 "Night of the Living Dead (1990 film)")* directed by [Tom Savini](/wiki/Tom_Savini "Tom Savini") for [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia_Pictures "Columbia Pictures")/[TriStar](/wiki/TriStar_Pictures "TriStar Pictures"). Savini is also responsible for the makeup and special effects in many of Romero's films including *Dawn of the Dead*, *Day of the Dead*, *Creepshow*, and *Monkey Shines*. The early nineties also featured directorial efforts *[Two Evil Eyes](/wiki/Two_Evil_Eyes "Two Evil Eyes")* (a.k.a. "Due occhi Diabolici", 1990\), an [Edgar Allan Poe](/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe "Edgar Allan Poe") adaptation in collaboration with [Dario Argento](/wiki/Dario_Argento "Dario Argento") and *[The Dark Half](/wiki/The_Dark_Half_%28film%29 "The Dark Half (film)")* (1993\) from a novel written by [Stephen King](/wiki/Stephen_King "Stephen King"). In 1991, he made a [cameo appearance](/wiki/Cameo_appearance "Cameo appearance") in [Jonathan Demme](/wiki/Jonathan_Demme "Jonathan Demme")'s Academy Award\-winning *[The Silence of the Lambs](/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_%28film%29 "The Silence of the Lambs (film)")* (1991\) as one of [Hannibal Lecter](/wiki/Hannibal_Lecter "Hannibal Lecter")'s jailers{{cite web\|last\=Kennedy\|first\=Michael\|title\=Silence Of The Lambs: George Romero's Cameo Role Explained\|url\=https://screenrant.com/silence\-lambs\-movie\-george\-romero\-cameo\-role\-explained/\|work\=\[\[Screen Rant]]\|date\= February 4, 2021\|access\-date\=June 24, 2021}} In 1994, Romero shot a short film, *[Jacaranda Joe](/wiki/Jacaranda_Joe "Jacaranda Joe")*, about people running into a community of [Bigfoot](/wiki/Bigfoot "Bigfoot").{{cite web\|last\=Squires\|first\=John\|title\=Unseen George Romero Short 'Jacaranda Joe' Being Preserved by the University of Pittsburgh\|url\=https://bloody\-disgusting.com/movie/3666168/unseen\-george\-romero\-short\-jacaranda\-joe\-preserved\-university\-pittsburgh/\|work\=\[\[Bloody Disgusting]]\|date\=May 20, 2021\|access\-date\=June 6, 2021}} Filmed at [Valencia College](/wiki/Valencia_College "Valencia College") in Florida, it was the first film that Romero shot entirely outside of Pittsburgh.{{cite web\|last\=Whitacre\|first\=Andrew\|title\=Video: Adam Charles Hart, "Beyond the Living Dead: Treasures from the George A. Romero Archive"\|url\=https://cms.mit.edu/video\-adam\-charles\-hart\-living\-dead\-george\-romero\-archive/\|work\=\[\[MIT School of Architecture and Planning\|MIT Comparative Media Studies (CMS)]]\|date\=November 13, 2020\|access\-date\=June 6, 2021}} In 1998, Romero produced and directed an unaired pilot about [Professional wrestling](/wiki/Professional_wrestling "Professional wrestling") entitled *[Iron City Asskickers](/wiki/Iron_City_Asskickers "Iron City Asskickers")*.{{cite web\|last\=Owen\|first\=Rob\|title\=TV Talk: George A. Romero wrestling TV pilot will get DVD release\|url\=https://triblive.com/aande/movies\-tv/tv\-talk\-george\-a\-romero\-wrestling\-tv\-pilot\-will\-get\-dvd\-release/\|work\=\[\[TribLive]]\|date\=March 3, 2021\|access\-date\=June 8, 2021}} It was eventually released on DVD and VHS in 2021\.{{cite web\|last\=Millican\|first\=Josh\|title\=Trailer: "Lost" IRON CITY ASSKICKERS by George A. Romero Will Be Released in April \+ "Reunion Party" This Wednesday 3/3\|url\=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/378593/trailer\-lost\-iron\-city\-asskickers\-by\-george\-a\-romero\-will\-be\-released\-in\-april\-reunion\-party\-this\-wednesday\-3\-3/\|work\=\[\[Dread Central]]\|date\=March 1, 2021\|access\-date\=June 8, 2021}} In 1998, he directed a [live\-action](/wiki/Live-action "Live-action") commercial promoting the video game *[Resident Evil 2](/wiki/Resident_Evil_2 "Resident Evil 2")* in Los Angeles. The 30\-second advertisement featured the game's two main characters, [Leon S. Kennedy](/wiki/Leon_S._Kennedy "Leon S. Kennedy") (portrayed by actor [Brad Renfro](/wiki/Brad_Renfro "Brad Renfro")) and [Claire Redfield](/wiki/Claire_Redfield "Claire Redfield") ([Adrienne Frantz](/wiki/Adrienne_Frantz "Adrienne Frantz")), fighting a horde of zombies while in [Raccoon City](/wiki/Resident_Evil "Resident Evil")'s police station.{{cite web\|url\=https://variety.com/2016/film/spotlight/resident\-evil\-george\-romero\-failed\-1201942677/\|title\=Why George Romero's 'Resident Evil' Film Failed to Launch\|first\=Matthew\|last\=Chernov\|date\=December 16, 2016\|work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]}} The project was obvious territory for Romero, the *[Resident Evil](/wiki/Resident_Evil "Resident Evil")* series has been heavily influenced by the "Dead Series." The commercial was popular and was shown in the weeks before the game's actual release, although a contract dispute prevented it from being shown outside Japan. [Capcom](/wiki/Capcom "Capcom") was so impressed with Romero's work, it was strongly indicated that Romero would direct the first *[Resident Evil](/wiki/Resident_Evil_%28film%29 "Resident Evil (film)")* film. He declined at first — "I don't wanna make another film with zombies in it, and I couldn't make a movie based on something that ain't mine"{{cite web\|url\=https://www.polygon.com/2017/7/17/15983438/george\-a\-romero\-resident\-evil\-commercial\|title\=Watch George A. Romero discuss his Resident Evil 2 commercial\|first\=Samit\|last\=Sarkar\|date\=July 17, 2017\|website\=Polygon}} — although in later years, he reconsidered and wrote a script for the first movie. It was eventually rejected in favor of [Paul W. S. Anderson](/wiki/Paul_W._S._Anderson "Paul W. S. Anderson")'s version. In the mid 1990s, he wrote a script for a film adaptation of the first [original *Goosebumps*](/wiki/Goosebumps_%28original_series%29 "Goosebumps (original series)") book *[Welcome to Dead House](/wiki/Welcome_to_Dead_House "Welcome to Dead House")*. It was eventually rejected altogether, although Romero's screenplay is kept archived by [The University of Pittsburgh](/wiki/The_University_of_Pittsburgh "The University of Pittsburgh").{{cite web \|last1\=Hart \|first1\=Adam Charles \|title\=George Romero's Goosebumps \|url\=https://horrorstudies.library.pitt.edu/content/george\-romeros\-goosebumps \|website\=horrorstudies.library.pitt.edu \|publisher\=University of Pittsburgh \|access\-date\=February 26, 2022}} ### 2000s [thumb\|left\|Romero attending a [horror convention](/wiki/Horror_convention "Horror convention"), 2005\|272x272px](/wiki/File:George_A._Romero_-_2005_horror_convention.jpg "George A. Romero - 2005 horror convention.jpg") 2000 saw the release of *[Bruiser](/wiki/Bruiser_%282000_film%29 "Bruiser (2000 film)")*, about a man whose face becomes a blank mask.{{cite web\|url\=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/george\-romero\-dead\-dies\-night\-of\-the\-living\-dead\-director\-1202497068/\|title\=George A. Romero, 'Night of the Living Dead' Director, Dies at 77\|first\=Pat\|last\=Saperstein\|date\=July 16, 2017\|work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]}} [Universal Studios](/wiki/Universal_Pictures "Universal Pictures") produced and released a 2004 remake of *[Dawn of the Dead](/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_%282004_film%29 "Dawn of the Dead (2004 film)")*, with which Romero was not involved. Later that year, Romero kicked off the [DC Comics](/wiki/DC_Comics "DC Comics") title *Toe Tags* with a six\-issue miniseries titled *The Death of Death*. Based on an unused script that Romero had written for his "Dead Series", the comic miniseries concerns Damien, an intelligent zombie who remembers his former life, struggling to find his identity as he battles armies of both the living and the dead. Typical of a Romero zombie tale, the miniseries includes ample supply of both [gore](/wiki/Graphic_violence "Graphic violence") and [social commentary](/wiki/Social_commentary "Social commentary") (dealing particularly here with [corporate greed](/wiki/Corporate_greed "Corporate greed") and terrorism — ideas he would also explore in his next film in the series, *[Land of the Dead](/wiki/Land_of_the_Dead "Land of the Dead")*). Romero has stated that the miniseries is set in the same kind of world as his *Dead* films, but featured other locales besides Pittsburgh, where the majority of his films take place.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dccomics.com/comics/toe\-tags\-featuring\-george\-romero\-2004/toe\-tags\-featuring\-george\-romero\-1\|title\=TOE TAGS FEATURING GEORGE ROMERO \#1\|date\=March 4, 2012\|publisher\=DC Comics}} In 2000, Romero directed a [Misfits](/wiki/Misfits_%28band%29 "Misfits (band)") music video, the only one he's ever directed, for the song [Scream!](/wiki/Scream%21_%28Misfits_song%29 "Scream! (Misfits song)") The Misfits also appeared in Bruiser, performing the songs "Bruiser" and "Fiend Without a Face." Romero, who lived in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), directed a fourth *Dead* movie in that city, *[Land of the Dead](/wiki/Land_of_the_Dead "Land of the Dead")*, released in 2005\. The movie's working title was "Dead Reckoning." Actors [Simon Baker](/wiki/Simon_Baker "Simon Baker"), [Dennis Hopper](/wiki/Dennis_Hopper "Dennis Hopper"), [Asia Argento](/wiki/Asia_Argento "Asia Argento"), and [John Leguizamo](/wiki/John_Leguizamo "John Leguizamo") starred and the film was released by [Universal Pictures](/wiki/Universal_Pictures "Universal Pictures") (who released the *Dawn of the Dead* remake the year before). The film received generally positive reviews.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/land\_of\_the\_dead\|title\=Land of the Dead\|website\=\[\[Rotten Tomatoes]]\|date\=June 24, 2005\|publisher\=Fandango}} Romero collaborated with the game company Hip Interactive to create a game called *[City of the Dead](/wiki/City_of_the_Dead_%28video_game%29 "City of the Dead (video game)")*, but the project was canceled midway due to the company's financial problems.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ign.com/games/city\-of\-the\-dead/ps2\-723002\|title\=City of the Dead – PlayStation 2\|website\=\[\[IGN]]\|access\-date\=July 20, 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/city\-of\-the\-dead\-hunts\-for\-publisher/1100\-6130500/\|title\=City of the Dead hunts for publisher\|date\=August 8, 2005\|author\=Benjamin Golze\|website\=\[\[GameSpot]]\|access\-date\=July 20, 2017}} In June 2006, Romero began his next project, called *Zombisodes*. Broadcast on the Internet, it is a combination of a series of "Making of" shorts and story expansion detailing the work behind the 2007 film *[George A. Romero's Diary of the Dead](/wiki/Diary_of_the_Dead "Diary of the Dead")*. Shooting began in Toronto in July 2006\.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2017}} In August 2006, *[The Hollywood Reporter](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter "The Hollywood Reporter")* announced that Romero signed on to write and direct *George A. Romero's Diary of the Dead*, which follows a group of college students filming a horror movie who proceed to film the events that follow when the dead rise.[Cinescape](http://cinescape.com/0/editorial.asp?aff_id=0&this_cat=Movies&action=page&type_id=&cat_id=270338&obj_id=52080) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129190737/http://cinescape.com/0/editorial.asp?aff\_id\=0\&this\_cat\=Movies\&action\=page\&type\_id\=\&cat\_id\=270338\&obj\_id\=52080 \|date\=November 29, 2009}}{{cite web\|url\=https://aintitcool.com/display.cgi?id\=24404 \|title\=Aintitcool.com \|publisher\=Aintitcool.com \|access\-date\=January 23, 2016}} After a limited theatrical release, *Diary of the Dead* was released on [DVD](/wiki/DVD "DVD") by Dimension Extreme on May 20, 2008, and later to [Blu\-ray](/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray") on October 21, 2008\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/diary\_of\_the\_dead2007\|title\=Diary of the Dead (2007\)\|website\=\[\[Rotten Tomatoes]]\|date\=February 15, 2008 \|access\-date\=July 20, 2017}} Shooting began in Toronto in September 2008 on Romero's *[Survival of the Dead](/wiki/Survival_of_the_Dead "Survival of the Dead")* (2009\). The film was initially reported to be a direct sequel to *Diary of the Dead*, but the film features only [Alan van Sprang](/wiki/Alan_van_Sprang "Alan van Sprang"), who appeared briefly as a rogue National Guard officer, reprising his role from the previous film, and did not retain the first\-person camerawork of *Diary of the Dead*.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/28/movies/28survival.html?ref\=movies\&\_r\=0\|title\=Maybe These Zombies Need to Focus on Their Veggies\|author\=Jeannette Catsoulis\|date\=May 27, 2010\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|access\-date\=July 20, 2017}} The film centers on two feuding families taking very different approaches in dealing with the living dead on a small coastal island. The film premiered at the 2009 [Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival "Toronto International Film Festival"). Prior to the May 28, 2010, theatrical release in the United States, *Survival of the Dead* was made available to [video on demand](/wiki/Video_on_demand "Video on demand") and was aired as a special one\-night showing on May 26, 2010, on [HDNet](/wiki/AXS_TV "AXS TV").{{cite web\|url\=https://bloody\-disgusting.com/news/18837\|title\='Survival of the Dead' Release Plans Locked, Loaded and Firing!\|author\=Brad Miska\|date\=January 26, 2010\|website\=\[\[Bloody Disgusting]]\|access\-date\=July 20, 2017}} Some critics have seen social commentary in much of Romero's work. They view *Night of the Living Dead* as a film made in reaction to the turbulent 1960s, *Dawn of the Dead* as a [satire](/wiki/Satire "Satire") on [consumerism](/wiki/Consumerism "Consumerism"), *Day of the Dead* as a study of the conflict between science and the military, *Land of the Dead* as an examination of [class conflict](/wiki/Class_conflict "Class conflict"), *Diary of the Dead* as a film made in reaction to the "[emerging media](/wiki/New_media "New media")" and *Survival of the Dead* as a study on [war](/wiki/War "War") and [conflict](/wiki/Conflict_%28process%29 "Conflict (process)").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2017/07/18/george\_romero\_s\_movies\_were\_about\_more\_than\_zombies.html\|title\=The Defining Feature of George Romero's Movies Wasn't Their Zombies. It Was Their Brains.\|author\=Caetlin Benson\-Allott\|work\=\[\[Slate (magazine)\|Slate]]\|date\=July 18, 2017\|access\-date\=July 20, 2017}} ### 2010s [right\|thumb\|upright\|Romero in 2016](/wiki/File:George_A._Romero_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "George A. Romero by Gage Skidmore.jpg") In 2010, Romero stated that he had plans for two more "Dead" movies which would be connected to *Diary of the Dead* and they would be made depending on how successful *Survival of the Dead* was. Romero, however, said that his next project would not involve zombies and he was going for the scare factor, but offered no further details.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/19115/george\-a\-romero\-offers\-more\-living\-dead\-updates\-comments\-on\-deep\-red\-remake\|title\=George A. Romero Offers More Living Dead Updates, Comments on Deep Red Remake\|last\=Barton\|first\=Steven\|publisher\=\[\[DreadCentral]]\|date\=August 23, 2010\|access\-date\=May 29, 2011}} Romero made an appearance in the second downloadable map pack called "Escalation" for the video game *[Call of Duty: Black Ops](/wiki/Call_of_Duty:Black_Ops "Black Ops")*. He appears as himself in the zombies map "Call of the Dead" as a non\-playable enemy character.{{cite web\|url\=http://kotaku.com/5798024/george\-romero\-explains\-the\-story\-behind\-call\-of\-the\-dead\-then\-gets\-zombified\|title\=George Romero Explains The Story Behind Call of The Dead... Then Gets Zombified\|author\=Brian Crecente\|website\=\[\[Kotaku]]\|date\=May 3, 2011\|access\-date\=July 20, 2017}} Romero is featured alongside actors [Sarah Michelle Gellar](/wiki/Sarah_Michelle_Gellar "Sarah Michelle Gellar"), [Danny Trejo](/wiki/Danny_Trejo "Danny Trejo"), [Michael Rooker](/wiki/Michael_Rooker "Michael Rooker"), and [Robert Englund](/wiki/Robert_Englund "Robert Englund"), all of the four being playable characters. He is portrayed as a powerful "boss" zombie armed with a movie studio light. In 2012, Romero returned to video games recording his voice for "Zombie Squash" as the lead villain, Dr. B. E. Vil. "Zombie Squash HD Free" game was released by ACW Games for the [iPad](/wiki/IPad "IPad") in November 2012\.{{cite web\|title\=George Romero's Zombie Squash Game is Now Available for the iPad\|url\=https://dailydead.com/george\-romeros\-zombie\-squash\-game\-is\-now\-available\-for\-the\-ipad/\|website\=DailyDead.com\|date\=November 22, 2012}} In 2014, [Marvel Comics](/wiki/Marvel_Comics "Marvel Comics") began releasing *[Empire of the Dead](/wiki/Empire_of_the_Dead "Empire of the Dead")*, a 15\-issue miniseries written by Romero. The series is broken up into three acts, five issues each, and features not only zombies but also [vampires](/wiki/Vampire "Vampire").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.newsarama.com/19346\-romero\-zombies\-don\-t\-run\-in\-marvel\-s\-empire\-of\-the\-dead.html\|title\=Romero: Zombies Don't Run in Marvel's Empire of the Dead\|publisher\=\[\[Newsarama]]\|date\=October 22, 2013\|first\=Zack\|last\=Smith\|access\-date\=June 18, 2014}} A prequel comic book series based on Romero's unproduced zombie film idea *Road of the Dead* was announced by [IDW](/wiki/IDW_Publishing "IDW Publishing") in July 2018\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bleedingcool.com/2018/07/21/george\-a\-romero\-road\-of\-the\-dead\-comic\-idw/\|title \= George A. Romero's Road of the Dead to be Published as a Comic by IDW\|date \= July 21, 2018}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://comicbook.com/horror/2018/11/06/road\-of\-the\-dead\-george\-romero\-night\-of\-the\-living\-dead\-comic/\|title\=George Romero's 'Road of the Dead' Getting Comic Book Series From IDW\|website\=Horror\|date\=November 6, 2018 }} The 3\-part mini\-series was released in December 2018\. In April 2021, it was announced that Romero's unproduced film treatment for "Twilight of the Dead" was put back into development under the supervision of Suzanne Romero, with co\-writer Paolo Zelati finishing the script. Suzanne told The Hollywood Reporter, "This is the film he wanted to make. And while someone else will carry the torch as the director, it is very much a George A. Romero film."{{cite web \| url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie\-news/twilight\-of\-the\-dead\-george\-a\-romeros\-final\-zombie\-movie\-in\-the\-works\-4175965/ \| title\='Twilight of the Dead,' George A. Romero's Final Zombie Movie, in the Works (Exclusive) \| website\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \| date\=April 30, 2021}} In August 2023, the film was announced to start production in fall 2023 once the current [SAG\-AFTRA](/wiki/2023_SAG-AFTRA_strike "2023 SAG-AFTRA strike") strike comes to an end.{{cite web \| url\=https://bloody\-disgusting.com/movie/3771831/twilight\-of\-the\-dead\-george\-a\-romeros\-planned\-zombie\-movie\-finally\-coming\-to\-life/ \| title\='Twilight of the Dead' – George A. Romero's Planned Zombie Movie Finally Coming to Life \| date\=August 2, 2023}} A month later, it was announced that the film would be directed by [Brad Anderson](/wiki/Brad_Anderson_%28director%29 "Brad Anderson (director)").{{cite web \| url\=https://bloody\-disgusting.com/movie/3778380/twilight\-of\-the\-dead\-brad\-anderson\-directing\-zombie\-movie\-that\-began\-as\-a\-george\-a\-romero\-treatment/ \| title\='Twilight of the Dead' – Brad Anderson Directing Zombie Movie That Began as a George A. Romero Treatment \| date\=September 8, 2023}}
[ "Career\n------", "### 1960s", "[thumb\\|thumbtime\\=44\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|*Night of the Living Dead* (full film)](/wiki/File:Night_of_the_Living_Dead_%281968%29.webm \"Night of the Living Dead (1968).webm\")\nAfter graduating from college in 1960,{{cite web \\|author\\=Pennsylvania Center for the Book \\|url\\=http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/LitMap/bios/Romero\\_\\_George.html \\|title\\=George Romero \\|publisher\\=Pabook.libraries.psu.edu \\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102224243/http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/LitMap/bios/Romero\\_\\_George.html \\|archive\\-date\\=November 2, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Coyle \\|first\\=Jake \\|date\\=July 16, 2017 \\|title\\=Pittsburgh's George A. Romero, 'Night of the Living Dead' creator, dies at 77 \\|url\\=http://www.post\\-gazette.com/ae/movies/2017/07/16/George\\-A\\-Romero\\-Night\\-of\\-the\\-Living\\-Dead\\-creator\\-dies\\-at\\-77\\-Pittsburgh/stories/201707160196 \\|work\\=Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette \\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2018}} Romero began his career shooting short films and TV commercials.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Block \\|first\\=Alex Ben \\|title\\=George Romero Discusses 'Night of the Living Dead' in Previously Unavailable 1972 Interview \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/george\\-romero\\-discusses\\-night\\-of\\-the\\-living\\-dead\\-in\\-previously\\-unavailable\\-1972\\-interview\\-1202598349/ \\|date\\=October 25, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2018 \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penske Business Media, LLC.]]}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Let's learn from the past: George A. Romero \\|url\\=http://www.post\\-gazette.com/life/my\\-generation/2016/08/25/Let\\-s\\-learn\\-from\\-the\\-past\\-director\\-George\\-A\\-Romero/stories/201608250049 \\|date\\=August 25, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2018 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Post Gazette]] \\|last\\=Ball \\|first\\=Lauren \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828200704/http://www.post\\-gazette.com/life/my\\-generation/2016/08/25/Let\\-s\\-learn\\-from\\-the\\-past\\-director\\-George\\-A\\-Romero/stories/201608250049 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 28, 2016 \\|publisher\\=PG Publishing Co., Inc. \\|url\\-status\\=live}} One of his early commercial films was a segment for *[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood](/wiki/Mister_Rogers%27_Neighborhood \"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood\")* in which [Fred Rogers](/wiki/Fred_Rogers \"Fred Rogers\") underwent a [tonsillectomy](/wiki/Tonsillectomy \"Tonsillectomy\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.diamonddead.com/diary/view.php?s\\=YToyOntzOjM6ImFpZCI7czoxOiIzIjtzOjI6ImlkIjtzOjI6IjI4Ijt9 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216005517/http://www.diamonddead.com/diary/view.php?s\\=YToyOntzOjM6ImFpZCI7czoxOiIzIjtzOjI6ImlkIjtzOjI6IjI4Ijt9 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 16, 2007 \\|title\\=Mr. Rogers Gets a Tonsillectomy \\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} With nine friends, including screenwriter [John A. Russo](/wiki/John_A._Russo \"John A. Russo\"), Romero formed *Image Ten Productions* in the late 1960s.{{cite book \\|last\\=Pegg \\|first\\=Simon \\|author\\-link\\=Simon Pegg \\|title\\=Nerd Do Well \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PUTTYG\\-FRXgC\\&pg\\=PA231 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Random House]] \\|date\\=October 14, 2010 \\|page\\=231 \\|isbn\\=9781409023937}} This is the production company that produced *[Night of the Living Dead](/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead \"Night of the Living Dead\")* (1968\\). Directed by Romero and co\\-written with John A. Russo,{{cite book \\|last\\=M. Rowan \\|first\\=Terry \\|title\\=The Book of the Undead A Zombie Film Guide \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8tvGBAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA139 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Lulu.com]] \\|year\\=2012 \\|page\\=139 \\|isbn\\=9781257129454}}{{self\\-published source\\|date\\=February 2020}}{{self\\-published inline\\|date\\=February 2020}} the movie became a [cult classic](/wiki/Cult_classic \"Cult classic\") and a defining moment for modern horror cinema.{{cite book \\|last\\=M. Rowan \\|first\\=Terry \\|title\\=Hollywood Monsters \\& Creepy Things \\|date\\=October 14, 2016 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=bSdNDQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA126 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Lulu.com]] \\|page\\=126 \\|isbn\\=9781365462108}}{{self\\-published source\\|date\\=February 2020}}{{self\\-published inline\\|date\\=February 2020}}", "Among the inspiration for Romero's filmmaking, as told to [Robert K. Elder](/wiki/Robert_K._Elder \"Robert K. Elder\") in an interview for *[The Film That Changed My Life](/wiki/The_Film_That_Changed_My_Life \"The Film That Changed My Life\")*,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556528256/ref\\=nosim/wwwrobelderco\\-20\\|title\\=The Film That Changed My Life: 30 Directors on Their Epiphanies in the Dark: Robert K. Elder: 9781556528255: Amazon.com: Books\\|website\\=Amazon\\|access\\-date\\=May 25, 2012}} was the British film, [*The Tales of Hoffmann*](/wiki/The_Tales_of_Hoffmann_%28film%29 \"The Tales of Hoffmann (film)\") (1951\\), from the [Powell and Pressburger](/wiki/Powell_and_Pressburger \"Powell and Pressburger\") team.", "{{Cquote\\|It was the filmmaking, the fantasy, the fact that it was a fantasy and it had a few frightening, sort of bizarre things in it. It was everything. It was really a movie for me, and it gave me an early appreciation for the power of visual media—the fact that you could experiment with it. He was doing all his tricks in\\-camera, and they were sort of obvious. That made me feel that, gee, maybe I could figure this medium out. It was transparent, but it worked.Romero, George A. Interview by Robert K. Elder. The Film That Changed My Life. By Robert K. Elder. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2011\\. N. p261\\. Print.}}", "### 1970s and 1980s", "[thumb\\|Romero (center) on the set of *[Knightriders](/wiki/Knightriders \"Knightriders\")*, 1980](/wiki/File:George_Romero_Directing.jpg \"George Romero Directing.jpg\")\nThe three films that Romero created that followed *Night of the Living Dead*: *[There's Always Vanilla](/wiki/There%27s_Always_Vanilla \"There's Always Vanilla\")* (1971\\), *[Jack's Wife / Season of the Witch](/wiki/Season_of_the_Witch_%281972_film%29 \"Season of the Witch (1972 film)\")* (1972\\) and *[The Crazies](/wiki/The_Crazies_%281973_film%29 \"The Crazies (1973 film)\")* (1973\\) were not as well received as *Night of the Living Dead* or some of his later work.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/george\\_a\\_romero/\\|title\\=George A. Romero\\|website\\=Rotten Tomatoes}} *The Crazies*, dealing with a bio spill that induces an epidemic of homicidal madness, and the critically acclaimed [arthouse](/wiki/Arthouse \"Arthouse\") success *[Martin](/wiki/Martin_%281978_film%29 \"Martin (1978 film)\")* (1978\\), a film that deals with the [vampire](/wiki/Vampire \"Vampire\") myth, were the two well\\-known films from this period.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/17/movies/5\\-george\\-romero\\-films\\-to\\-remember.html\\|title\\=5 George Romero Films to Remember\\|author\\=Erik Piepenburg\\|date\\=July 17, 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.post\\-gazette.com/ae/movies/2017/07/17/George\\-Romero\\-Martin\\-John\\-Amplas/stories/201707180020\\|title\\='Martin' star recalls George Romero\\|author\\=Maria Sciullo\\|date\\=July 17, 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2017}}", "Romero returned to the [zombie](/wiki/Zombie \"Zombie\") genre in 1978 with *[Dawn of the Dead](/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_%281978_film%29 \"Dawn of the Dead (1978 film)\")*. Shot on a budget of $1\\.5 million, the film earned over $55 million internationally and was later named one of the top [cult films](/wiki/Cult_film \"Cult film\") by *[Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly \"Entertainment Weekly\")* in 2003\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-numbers.com/movie/Dawn\\-of\\-the\\-Dead\\-(1979\\)\\#tab\\=summary \\|title\\=Dawn of the Dead (1979\\) – Financial Information \\|website\\=The Numbers \\|publisher\\=Nash Information Services}} He made the third entry in his \"Dead Series\" with *[Day of the Dead](/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead_%281985_film%29 \"Day of the Dead (1985 film)\")* in 1985\\.", "Between these two films, Romero shot *[Knightriders](/wiki/Knightriders \"Knightriders\")* (1981\\), another festival favorite about a group of modern\\-day jousters who reenact tournaments on motorcycles,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/07/george\\-romero\\-dead\\-knightriders\\-set\\-ed\\-harris\\-tom\\-savini\\-1201855977/ \\|title\\=How George Romero's Semi\\-Autobiographical Labor of Love 'Knightriders' Gave Him the Independence He Wanted So Badly \\|author\\=Anne Thompson \\|date\\=July 16, 2017 \\|website\\=\\[\\[IndieWire]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2017}} and *[Creepshow](/wiki/Creepshow \"Creepshow\")* (1982\\), written by [Stephen King](/wiki/Stephen_King \"Stephen King\"), an anthology of tongue\\-in\\-cheek tales modeled after 1950s horror comics.{{cite book \\|author\\=Marcello Gagliani Caputo \\|date\\=January 14, 2017 \\|title\\=Guide to the Cinema of Stephen King \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=6t2pDQAAQBAJ\\&q\\=creepshow\\+ec\\+comics\\&pg\\=PT52 \\|location\\=\\[\\[Google Books]] \\|publisher\\=Babelcube Inc. \\|isbn\\=9781507163788}} The cult\\-classic success of *Creepshow* led to the creation of Romero's *[Tales from the Darkside](/wiki/Tales_from_the_Darkside \"Tales from the Darkside\")*, a horror anthology television series that aired from 1983 to 1988\\.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://ew.com/article/2013/11/12/tales\\-from\\-the\\-darkside\\-cw/\\|title\\='Tales from the Darkside' reboot at the CW\\|author\\=James Hibberd \\|date\\=November 12, 2013 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2017}} As the decade drew to a close, Romero directed *[Monkey Shines](/wiki/Monkey_Shines_%28film%29 \"Monkey Shines (film)\")* (1988\\), about a [service animal](/wiki/Service_animal \"Service animal\").", "### 1990s", "Romero updated his original screenplay and executive\\-produced the 1990 remake of *[Night of the Living Dead](/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead_%281990_film%29 \"Night of the Living Dead (1990 film)\")* directed by [Tom Savini](/wiki/Tom_Savini \"Tom Savini\") for [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia_Pictures \"Columbia Pictures\")/[TriStar](/wiki/TriStar_Pictures \"TriStar Pictures\"). Savini is also responsible for the makeup and special effects in many of Romero's films including *Dawn of the Dead*, *Day of the Dead*, *Creepshow*, and *Monkey Shines*.", "The early nineties also featured directorial efforts *[Two Evil Eyes](/wiki/Two_Evil_Eyes \"Two Evil Eyes\")* (a.k.a. \"Due occhi Diabolici\", 1990\\), an [Edgar Allan Poe](/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe \"Edgar Allan Poe\") adaptation in collaboration with [Dario Argento](/wiki/Dario_Argento \"Dario Argento\") and *[The Dark Half](/wiki/The_Dark_Half_%28film%29 \"The Dark Half (film)\")* (1993\\) from a novel written by [Stephen King](/wiki/Stephen_King \"Stephen King\"). In 1991, he made a [cameo appearance](/wiki/Cameo_appearance \"Cameo appearance\") in [Jonathan Demme](/wiki/Jonathan_Demme \"Jonathan Demme\")'s Academy Award\\-winning *[The Silence of the Lambs](/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_%28film%29 \"The Silence of the Lambs (film)\")* (1991\\) as one of [Hannibal Lecter](/wiki/Hannibal_Lecter \"Hannibal Lecter\")'s jailers{{cite web\\|last\\=Kennedy\\|first\\=Michael\\|title\\=Silence Of The Lambs: George Romero's Cameo Role Explained\\|url\\=https://screenrant.com/silence\\-lambs\\-movie\\-george\\-romero\\-cameo\\-role\\-explained/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Screen Rant]]\\|date\\= February 4, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2021}}", "In 1994, Romero shot a short film, *[Jacaranda Joe](/wiki/Jacaranda_Joe \"Jacaranda Joe\")*, about people running into a community of [Bigfoot](/wiki/Bigfoot \"Bigfoot\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Squires\\|first\\=John\\|title\\=Unseen George Romero Short 'Jacaranda Joe' Being Preserved by the University of Pittsburgh\\|url\\=https://bloody\\-disgusting.com/movie/3666168/unseen\\-george\\-romero\\-short\\-jacaranda\\-joe\\-preserved\\-university\\-pittsburgh/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Bloody Disgusting]]\\|date\\=May 20, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2021}} Filmed at [Valencia College](/wiki/Valencia_College \"Valencia College\") in Florida, it was the first film that Romero shot entirely outside of Pittsburgh.{{cite web\\|last\\=Whitacre\\|first\\=Andrew\\|title\\=Video: Adam Charles Hart, \"Beyond the Living Dead: Treasures from the George A. Romero Archive\"\\|url\\=https://cms.mit.edu/video\\-adam\\-charles\\-hart\\-living\\-dead\\-george\\-romero\\-archive/\\|work\\=\\[\\[MIT School of Architecture and Planning\\|MIT Comparative Media Studies (CMS)]]\\|date\\=November 13, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2021}}", "In 1998, Romero produced and directed an unaired pilot about [Professional wrestling](/wiki/Professional_wrestling \"Professional wrestling\") entitled *[Iron City Asskickers](/wiki/Iron_City_Asskickers \"Iron City Asskickers\")*.{{cite web\\|last\\=Owen\\|first\\=Rob\\|title\\=TV Talk: George A. Romero wrestling TV pilot will get DVD release\\|url\\=https://triblive.com/aande/movies\\-tv/tv\\-talk\\-george\\-a\\-romero\\-wrestling\\-tv\\-pilot\\-will\\-get\\-dvd\\-release/\\|work\\=\\[\\[TribLive]]\\|date\\=March 3, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2021}} It was eventually released on DVD and VHS in 2021\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Millican\\|first\\=Josh\\|title\\=Trailer: \"Lost\" IRON CITY ASSKICKERS by George A. Romero Will Be Released in April \\+ \"Reunion Party\" This Wednesday 3/3\\|url\\=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/378593/trailer\\-lost\\-iron\\-city\\-asskickers\\-by\\-george\\-a\\-romero\\-will\\-be\\-released\\-in\\-april\\-reunion\\-party\\-this\\-wednesday\\-3\\-3/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Dread Central]]\\|date\\=March 1, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2021}}", "In 1998, he directed a [live\\-action](/wiki/Live-action \"Live-action\") commercial promoting the video game *[Resident Evil 2](/wiki/Resident_Evil_2 \"Resident Evil 2\")* in Los Angeles. The 30\\-second advertisement featured the game's two main characters, [Leon S. Kennedy](/wiki/Leon_S._Kennedy \"Leon S. Kennedy\") (portrayed by actor [Brad Renfro](/wiki/Brad_Renfro \"Brad Renfro\")) and [Claire Redfield](/wiki/Claire_Redfield \"Claire Redfield\") ([Adrienne Frantz](/wiki/Adrienne_Frantz \"Adrienne Frantz\")), fighting a horde of zombies while in [Raccoon City](/wiki/Resident_Evil \"Resident Evil\")'s police station.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2016/film/spotlight/resident\\-evil\\-george\\-romero\\-failed\\-1201942677/\\|title\\=Why George Romero's 'Resident Evil' Film Failed to Launch\\|first\\=Matthew\\|last\\=Chernov\\|date\\=December 16, 2016\\|work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]}} The project was obvious territory for Romero, the *[Resident Evil](/wiki/Resident_Evil \"Resident Evil\")* series has been heavily influenced by the \"Dead Series.\" The commercial was popular and was shown in the weeks before the game's actual release, although a contract dispute prevented it from being shown outside Japan. [Capcom](/wiki/Capcom \"Capcom\") was so impressed with Romero's work, it was strongly indicated that Romero would direct the first *[Resident Evil](/wiki/Resident_Evil_%28film%29 \"Resident Evil (film)\")* film. He declined at first — \"I don't wanna make another film with zombies in it, and I couldn't make a movie based on something that ain't mine\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.polygon.com/2017/7/17/15983438/george\\-a\\-romero\\-resident\\-evil\\-commercial\\|title\\=Watch George A. Romero discuss his Resident Evil 2 commercial\\|first\\=Samit\\|last\\=Sarkar\\|date\\=July 17, 2017\\|website\\=Polygon}} — although in later years, he reconsidered and wrote a script for the first movie. It was eventually rejected in favor of [Paul W. S. Anderson](/wiki/Paul_W._S._Anderson \"Paul W. S. Anderson\")'s version.", "In the mid 1990s, he wrote a script for a film adaptation of the first [original *Goosebumps*](/wiki/Goosebumps_%28original_series%29 \"Goosebumps (original series)\") book *[Welcome to Dead House](/wiki/Welcome_to_Dead_House \"Welcome to Dead House\")*. It was eventually rejected altogether, although Romero's screenplay is kept archived by [The University of Pittsburgh](/wiki/The_University_of_Pittsburgh \"The University of Pittsburgh\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Hart \\|first1\\=Adam Charles \\|title\\=George Romero's Goosebumps \\|url\\=https://horrorstudies.library.pitt.edu/content/george\\-romeros\\-goosebumps \\|website\\=horrorstudies.library.pitt.edu \\|publisher\\=University of Pittsburgh \\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2022}}", "### 2000s", "[thumb\\|left\\|Romero attending a [horror convention](/wiki/Horror_convention \"Horror convention\"), 2005\\|272x272px](/wiki/File:George_A._Romero_-_2005_horror_convention.jpg \"George A. Romero - 2005 horror convention.jpg\")\n2000 saw the release of *[Bruiser](/wiki/Bruiser_%282000_film%29 \"Bruiser (2000 film)\")*, about a man whose face becomes a blank mask.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/george\\-romero\\-dead\\-dies\\-night\\-of\\-the\\-living\\-dead\\-director\\-1202497068/\\|title\\=George A. Romero, 'Night of the Living Dead' Director, Dies at 77\\|first\\=Pat\\|last\\=Saperstein\\|date\\=July 16, 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]}} [Universal Studios](/wiki/Universal_Pictures \"Universal Pictures\") produced and released a 2004 remake of *[Dawn of the Dead](/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_%282004_film%29 \"Dawn of the Dead (2004 film)\")*, with which Romero was not involved. Later that year, Romero kicked off the [DC Comics](/wiki/DC_Comics \"DC Comics\") title *Toe Tags* with a six\\-issue miniseries titled *The Death of Death*. Based on an unused script that Romero had written for his \"Dead Series\", the comic miniseries concerns Damien, an intelligent zombie who remembers his former life, struggling to find his identity as he battles armies of both the living and the dead. Typical of a Romero zombie tale, the miniseries includes ample supply of both [gore](/wiki/Graphic_violence \"Graphic violence\") and [social commentary](/wiki/Social_commentary \"Social commentary\") (dealing particularly here with [corporate greed](/wiki/Corporate_greed \"Corporate greed\") and terrorism — ideas he would also explore in his next film in the series, *[Land of the Dead](/wiki/Land_of_the_Dead \"Land of the Dead\")*). Romero has stated that the miniseries is set in the same kind of world as his *Dead* films, but featured other locales besides Pittsburgh, where the majority of his films take place.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dccomics.com/comics/toe\\-tags\\-featuring\\-george\\-romero\\-2004/toe\\-tags\\-featuring\\-george\\-romero\\-1\\|title\\=TOE TAGS FEATURING GEORGE ROMERO \\#1\\|date\\=March 4, 2012\\|publisher\\=DC Comics}}", "In 2000, Romero directed a [Misfits](/wiki/Misfits_%28band%29 \"Misfits (band)\") music video, the only one he's ever directed, for the song [Scream!](/wiki/Scream%21_%28Misfits_song%29 \"Scream! (Misfits song)\") The Misfits also appeared in Bruiser, performing the songs \"Bruiser\" and \"Fiend Without a Face.\"", "Romero, who lived in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), directed a fourth *Dead* movie in that city, *[Land of the Dead](/wiki/Land_of_the_Dead \"Land of the Dead\")*, released in 2005\\. The movie's working title was \"Dead Reckoning.\" Actors [Simon Baker](/wiki/Simon_Baker \"Simon Baker\"), [Dennis Hopper](/wiki/Dennis_Hopper \"Dennis Hopper\"), [Asia Argento](/wiki/Asia_Argento \"Asia Argento\"), and [John Leguizamo](/wiki/John_Leguizamo \"John Leguizamo\") starred and the film was released by [Universal Pictures](/wiki/Universal_Pictures \"Universal Pictures\") (who released the *Dawn of the Dead* remake the year before). The film received generally positive reviews.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/land\\_of\\_the\\_dead\\|title\\=Land of the Dead\\|website\\=\\[\\[Rotten Tomatoes]]\\|date\\=June 24, 2005\\|publisher\\=Fandango}}", "Romero collaborated with the game company Hip Interactive to create a game called *[City of the Dead](/wiki/City_of_the_Dead_%28video_game%29 \"City of the Dead (video game)\")*, but the project was canceled midway due to the company's financial problems.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/games/city\\-of\\-the\\-dead/ps2\\-723002\\|title\\=City of the Dead – PlayStation 2\\|website\\=\\[\\[IGN]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/city\\-of\\-the\\-dead\\-hunts\\-for\\-publisher/1100\\-6130500/\\|title\\=City of the Dead hunts for publisher\\|date\\=August 8, 2005\\|author\\=Benjamin Golze\\|website\\=\\[\\[GameSpot]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2017}}", "In June 2006, Romero began his next project, called *Zombisodes*. Broadcast on the Internet, it is a combination of a series of \"Making of\" shorts and story expansion detailing the work behind the 2007 film *[George A. Romero's Diary of the Dead](/wiki/Diary_of_the_Dead \"Diary of the Dead\")*. Shooting began in Toronto in July 2006\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2017}}", "In August 2006, *[The Hollywood Reporter](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter \"The Hollywood Reporter\")* announced that Romero signed on to write and direct *George A. Romero's Diary of the Dead*, which follows a group of college students filming a horror movie who proceed to film the events that follow when the dead rise.[Cinescape](http://cinescape.com/0/editorial.asp?aff_id=0&this_cat=Movies&action=page&type_id=&cat_id=270338&obj_id=52080) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129190737/http://cinescape.com/0/editorial.asp?aff\\_id\\=0\\&this\\_cat\\=Movies\\&action\\=page\\&type\\_id\\=\\&cat\\_id\\=270338\\&obj\\_id\\=52080 \\|date\\=November 29, 2009}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://aintitcool.com/display.cgi?id\\=24404 \\|title\\=Aintitcool.com \\|publisher\\=Aintitcool.com \\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2016}}", "After a limited theatrical release, *Diary of the Dead* was released on [DVD](/wiki/DVD \"DVD\") by Dimension Extreme on May 20, 2008, and later to [Blu\\-ray](/wiki/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\") on October 21, 2008\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/diary\\_of\\_the\\_dead2007\\|title\\=Diary of the Dead (2007\\)\\|website\\=\\[\\[Rotten Tomatoes]]\\|date\\=February 15, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2017}}\nShooting began in Toronto in September 2008 on Romero's *[Survival of the Dead](/wiki/Survival_of_the_Dead \"Survival of the Dead\")* (2009\\). The film was initially reported to be a direct sequel to *Diary of the Dead*, but the film features only [Alan van Sprang](/wiki/Alan_van_Sprang \"Alan van Sprang\"), who appeared briefly as a rogue National Guard officer, reprising his role from the previous film, and did not retain the first\\-person camerawork of *Diary of the Dead*.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/28/movies/28survival.html?ref\\=movies\\&\\_r\\=0\\|title\\=Maybe These Zombies Need to Focus on Their Veggies\\|author\\=Jeannette Catsoulis\\|date\\=May 27, 2010\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2017}} The film centers on two feuding families taking very different approaches in dealing with the living dead on a small coastal island. The film premiered at the 2009 [Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival \"Toronto International Film Festival\"). Prior to the May 28, 2010, theatrical release in the United States, *Survival of the Dead* was made available to [video on demand](/wiki/Video_on_demand \"Video on demand\") and was aired as a special one\\-night showing on May 26, 2010, on [HDNet](/wiki/AXS_TV \"AXS TV\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://bloody\\-disgusting.com/news/18837\\|title\\='Survival of the Dead' Release Plans Locked, Loaded and Firing!\\|author\\=Brad Miska\\|date\\=January 26, 2010\\|website\\=\\[\\[Bloody Disgusting]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2017}}", "Some critics have seen social commentary in much of Romero's work. They view *Night of the Living Dead* as a film made in reaction to the turbulent 1960s, *Dawn of the Dead* as a [satire](/wiki/Satire \"Satire\") on [consumerism](/wiki/Consumerism \"Consumerism\"), *Day of the Dead* as a study of the conflict between science and the military, *Land of the Dead* as an examination of [class conflict](/wiki/Class_conflict \"Class conflict\"), *Diary of the Dead* as a film made in reaction to the \"[emerging media](/wiki/New_media \"New media\")\" and *Survival of the Dead* as a study on [war](/wiki/War \"War\") and [conflict](/wiki/Conflict_%28process%29 \"Conflict (process)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2017/07/18/george\\_romero\\_s\\_movies\\_were\\_about\\_more\\_than\\_zombies.html\\|title\\=The Defining Feature of George Romero's Movies Wasn't Their Zombies. It Was Their Brains.\\|author\\=Caetlin Benson\\-Allott\\|work\\=\\[\\[Slate (magazine)\\|Slate]]\\|date\\=July 18, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2017}}", "### 2010s", "[right\\|thumb\\|upright\\|Romero in 2016](/wiki/File:George_A._Romero_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"George A. Romero by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\nIn 2010, Romero stated that he had plans for two more \"Dead\" movies which would be connected to *Diary of the Dead* and they would be made depending on how successful *Survival of the Dead* was. Romero, however, said that his next project would not involve zombies and he was going for the scare factor, but offered no further details.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/19115/george\\-a\\-romero\\-offers\\-more\\-living\\-dead\\-updates\\-comments\\-on\\-deep\\-red\\-remake\\|title\\=George A. Romero Offers More Living Dead Updates, Comments on Deep Red Remake\\|last\\=Barton\\|first\\=Steven\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[DreadCentral]]\\|date\\=August 23, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2011}}", "Romero made an appearance in the second downloadable map pack called \"Escalation\" for the video game *[Call of Duty: Black Ops](/wiki/Call_of_Duty:Black_Ops \"Black Ops\")*. He appears as himself in the zombies map \"Call of the Dead\" as a non\\-playable enemy character.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://kotaku.com/5798024/george\\-romero\\-explains\\-the\\-story\\-behind\\-call\\-of\\-the\\-dead\\-then\\-gets\\-zombified\\|title\\=George Romero Explains The Story Behind Call of The Dead... Then Gets Zombified\\|author\\=Brian Crecente\\|website\\=\\[\\[Kotaku]]\\|date\\=May 3, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2017}} Romero is featured alongside actors [Sarah Michelle Gellar](/wiki/Sarah_Michelle_Gellar \"Sarah Michelle Gellar\"), [Danny Trejo](/wiki/Danny_Trejo \"Danny Trejo\"), [Michael Rooker](/wiki/Michael_Rooker \"Michael Rooker\"), and [Robert Englund](/wiki/Robert_Englund \"Robert Englund\"), all of the four being playable characters. He is portrayed as a powerful \"boss\" zombie armed with a movie studio light.", "In 2012, Romero returned to video games recording his voice for \"Zombie Squash\" as the lead villain, Dr. B. E. Vil. \"Zombie Squash HD Free\" game was released by ACW Games for the [iPad](/wiki/IPad \"IPad\") in November 2012\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=George Romero's Zombie Squash Game is Now Available for the iPad\\|url\\=https://dailydead.com/george\\-romeros\\-zombie\\-squash\\-game\\-is\\-now\\-available\\-for\\-the\\-ipad/\\|website\\=DailyDead.com\\|date\\=November 22, 2012}}", "In 2014, [Marvel Comics](/wiki/Marvel_Comics \"Marvel Comics\") began releasing *[Empire of the Dead](/wiki/Empire_of_the_Dead \"Empire of the Dead\")*, a 15\\-issue miniseries written by Romero. The series is broken up into three acts, five issues each, and features not only zombies but also [vampires](/wiki/Vampire \"Vampire\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.newsarama.com/19346\\-romero\\-zombies\\-don\\-t\\-run\\-in\\-marvel\\-s\\-empire\\-of\\-the\\-dead.html\\|title\\=Romero: Zombies Don't Run in Marvel's Empire of the Dead\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Newsarama]]\\|date\\=October 22, 2013\\|first\\=Zack\\|last\\=Smith\\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2014}}", "A prequel comic book series based on Romero's unproduced zombie film idea *Road of the Dead* was announced by [IDW](/wiki/IDW_Publishing \"IDW Publishing\") in July 2018\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bleedingcool.com/2018/07/21/george\\-a\\-romero\\-road\\-of\\-the\\-dead\\-comic\\-idw/\\|title \\= George A. Romero's Road of the Dead to be Published as a Comic by IDW\\|date \\= July 21, 2018}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://comicbook.com/horror/2018/11/06/road\\-of\\-the\\-dead\\-george\\-romero\\-night\\-of\\-the\\-living\\-dead\\-comic/\\|title\\=George Romero's 'Road of the Dead' Getting Comic Book Series From IDW\\|website\\=Horror\\|date\\=November 6, 2018 }} The 3\\-part mini\\-series was released in December 2018\\.", "In April 2021, it was announced that Romero's unproduced film treatment for \"Twilight of the Dead\" was put back into development under the supervision of Suzanne Romero, with co\\-writer Paolo Zelati finishing the script. Suzanne told The Hollywood Reporter, \"This is the film he wanted to make. And while someone else will carry the torch as the director, it is very much a George A. Romero film.\"{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie\\-news/twilight\\-of\\-the\\-dead\\-george\\-a\\-romeros\\-final\\-zombie\\-movie\\-in\\-the\\-works\\-4175965/ \\| title\\='Twilight of the Dead,' George A. Romero's Final Zombie Movie, in the Works (Exclusive) \\| website\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\| date\\=April 30, 2021}} In August 2023, the film was announced to start production in fall 2023 once the current [SAG\\-AFTRA](/wiki/2023_SAG-AFTRA_strike \"2023 SAG-AFTRA strike\") strike comes to an end.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://bloody\\-disgusting.com/movie/3771831/twilight\\-of\\-the\\-dead\\-george\\-a\\-romeros\\-planned\\-zombie\\-movie\\-finally\\-coming\\-to\\-life/ \\| title\\='Twilight of the Dead' – George A. Romero's Planned Zombie Movie Finally Coming to Life \\| date\\=August 2, 2023}} A month later, it was announced that the film would be directed by [Brad Anderson](/wiki/Brad_Anderson_%28director%29 \"Brad Anderson (director)\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://bloody\\-disgusting.com/movie/3778380/twilight\\-of\\-the\\-dead\\-brad\\-anderson\\-directing\\-zombie\\-movie\\-that\\-began\\-as\\-a\\-george\\-a\\-romero\\-treatment/ \\| title\\='Twilight of the Dead' – Brad Anderson Directing Zombie Movie That Began as a George A. Romero Treatment \\| date\\=September 8, 2023}}", "" ]
Life after the Amethyst strike ------------------------------ ### Marriage [thumb\|Mrs. Creede c. 1898](/wiki/File:Mrs_Nicholas_C_Creede.PNG "Mrs Nicholas C Creede.PNG") During his time prospecting near the Jimtown camp, Creede met Nancy Louisa Kyles (née White) of [Birmingham, Alabama](/wiki/Birmingham%2C_Alabama%23History "Birmingham, Alabama#History"). Mrs. Kyles ran a boarding house in [Del Norte, Colorado](/wiki/Del_Norte%2C_Colorado "Del Norte, Colorado"), and had already had three husbands before she met Creede. She was also as familiar with the hardships of frontier and mining camp life as Creede himself.{{Citation\|title\=Creede's Will: Fight Begins and Promises Racy Disclosures, All Points Being Contested, Mrs. Creede Owns Up To Six Husbands Thus Far\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Herald\|pages\=10\|date\=12 January 1898\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1898\-01\-12/ed\-1/seq\-10/;words\=Nicholas\+Creede?date1\=1836\&rows\=20\&searchType\=basic\&state\=\&date2\=1922\&proxtext\=nicholas\+creede\&y\=16\&x\=12\&dateFilterType\=yearRange\&index\=4\|access\-date\=May 17, 2012}} When Creede struck it rich, he built a "neat but plain" log cabin at Creede, and Mrs. Kyles served as his housekeeper while she obtained a divorce from her current husband. She also was said to have often accompanied Creede, and his young nephew Sherman Phifer, on many of Creede's prospecting journeys.Los Angeles Herald, January 12, 1898{{Citation\|title\=Lucky Strike: The Varied Fortunes It Brought the Creedes, Rather Checkered Career, How Lou Patterson Obtained Her Cognommen\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Herald\|pages\=10\|date\=13 January 1898\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1898\-01\-13/ed\-1/seq\-10/;words\=Creed\+Creedes\+creede\+Creede\+CREEDE\+Creeds?date1\=1887\&rows\=20\&searchType\=basic\&state\=California\&date2\=1902\&proxtext\=creede\&y\=0\&x\=0\&dateFilterType\=yearRange\&index\=4\|access\-date\=May 17, 2012}}{{Citation\|title\=A Grub Stake: Creede Alleged to Have So Made His Strike, The Wife Not In The Deal\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Herald\|pages\=12\|date\=19 January 1898\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1898\-01\-19/ed\-1/seq\-12/;words\=CREEDE\+Creede?date1\=1887\&rows\=20\&searchType\=basic\&state\=California\&date2\=1902\&proxtext\=creede\&y\=0\&x\=0\&dateFilterType\=yearRange\&index\=2\|access\-date\=May 17, 2012}} They married in [Las Vegas, New Mexico](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_New_Mexico "Las Vegas, New Mexico") on May 25, 1893 and purchased a small cottage for $5,000 in Pueblo, Colorado where Creede's tastes were "simple and his habit economical". In due course, the Creedes bought a lavish residence in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California") and relocated permanently from Colorado to California, where they lived a life of comfort and ease. ### Blackmail attempt In 1893, Creede received anonymous letters which accused him of having murdered a man who once held a mortgage on his father's farm in Iowa. One of his accusers was said to be the son of Creede's half brother. Creede did not believe an uncle\-nephew relationship existed and believed the accusation was a blackmail attempt. The accusing "nephew" was later found dead, an apparent suicide, in a [Pullman](/wiki/Pullman_%28car_or_coach%29 "Pullman (car or coach)") sleeping car in [Wilson, Kansas](/wiki/Wilson%2C_Kansas "Wilson, Kansas") in February 1894\.San Francisco Call, July 14, 1897 ### Adoption of Edith Dorothy Walker In August 1895, the childless Creedes adopted six\-month\-old Edith Dorothy Hitt Walker. Young Dorothy's history was equal in color and drama to either of the Creedes.{{Citation\|title\=Edith's Father an Oakland Boy: Her Mother Tried to Make a Living as a Typewriter, Graduated from Field Seminary Where She Was a Noted Singer\|newspaper\=San Francisco Call\|volume\=82\|issue\=47\|pages\=11\|date\=17 July 1897\|url\=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cdnc/cgi\-bin/cdnc?a\=d\&cl\=search\&d\=SFC18970717\.2\.164\.7\&srpos\=26\&e\=01\-01\-1875\-31\-12\-1900\-\-en\-\-20\-\-21\-\-txt\-IN\-dorothy\+and\+creede\-\-\-\-\#\|access\-date\=May 19, 2012}}{{Citation\|title\=Creede's Will: Tiny Heiress May Be a Bone of Contention, Dorothy's Mother Here, Wants to Take Her Daughter Back Again\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Herald\|pages\=6\|date\=15 July 1897\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1897\-07\-15/ed\-1/seq\-6/;words\=Nicholas\+Creede?date1\=1836\&rows\=20\&searchType\=basic\&state\=\&date2\=1922\&proxtext\=nicholas\+creede\&y\=16\&x\=12\&dateFilterType\=yearRange\&page\=2\&index\=16\|access\-date\=May 17, 2012}}{{Citation\|title\=Romance of Creede's Ward: Wonderful Life Story of a millionaire's Adopted Child, Rescued from a Cruel Stepfather\|newspaper\=Omaha Daily Bee\|pages\=7\|date\=7 February 1899\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn99021999/1899\-02\-07/ed\-1/seq\-7/;words\=Dorothy\+Creede?date1\=01%2F01%2F1899\&date2\=12%2F31%2F1922\&searchType\=advanced\&lccn\=\&proxdistance\=5\&state\=\&rows\=20\&ortext\=\&proxtext\=dorothy\+creede\&phrasetext\=\&andtext\=\&dateFilterType\=range\&page\=2\&index\=2\|access\-date\=May 17, 2012}}{{Citation\|title\=A Story of Vicissitude: Edith Waters Walker's Strange Adventures, Claims That She Had to Escape from San Miguel Island, Where She Was Herding Cattle\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Herald\|pages\=1, 10\|date\=6 July 1895\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1895\-07\-06/ed\-1/seq\-1/;words\=Edith\+Waters\+Miguel\+San?date1\=1865\&rows\=20\&searchType\=advanced\&proxdistance\=5\&date2\=1895\&ortext\=edith\&proxtext\=san\+miguel\+waters\&phrasetext\=\&andtext\=\&dateFilterType\=yearRange\&index\=0\|access\-date\=May 17, 2012}} #### Dorothy's mother Dorothy was the daughter of Edith Waters Walker. Edith claimed to have been born in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California "San Francisco, California") in 1875 in poverty, hardship and neglect. However, young Edith was removed from poverty when she was adopted by a Mrs. Scott, the widow of a wealthy warehouse owner. Mrs. Scott then married William G. Waters, the foreman of the printing department of a San Francisco daily newspaper. When Mrs. Waters (Scott) became ill, the family moved to southern California for her health. There, "Captain" Waters acquired possession of [San Miguel Island](/wiki/San_Miguel_Island "San Miguel Island") and established a home there. Mrs. Waters died during Edith's youth, leaving Edith on the island with only a housekeeper and hired men for company since Captain Waters was often on the mainland. This lonely existence apparently did not suit Edith, who wished to pursue a career as an actress. So, when a sailboat landed on the island, Edith persuaded the captain of the vessel to take her to the mainland. #### Dorothy's father Dorothy's father, John Mackay Walters, had his own colorful and dramatic history as the relatively impoverished son of well\-to\-do California businessman J. B. Walker, who was a partner of ["Bonanza King"](/wiki/Bonanza_Kings "Bonanza Kings") [John William Mackay](/wiki/John_William_Mackay "John William Mackay"). Shortly after reaching the mainland, Edith met John Walters. Two weeks later, she performed her first role on stage under the stage name Ynez (Inez) Dean.{{Citation\|title\=Theatrical Comment\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Herald\|pages\=4\|date\=14 October 1894\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1894\-10\-14/ed\-1/seq\-4/;words\=Ynez\+Dean?date1\=1865\&rows\=20\&searchType\=advanced\&proxdistance\=5\&date2\=1895\&ortext\=\&proxtext\=ynez\+dean\&phrasetext\=\&andtext\=\&dateFilterType\=yearRange\&index\=0\|access\-date\=May 17, 2012}}{{Citation\|title\=Theatrical Comment\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Herald\|pages\=18\|date\=21 October 1894\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1894\-10\-21/ed\-1/seq\-18/;words\=Ynez\+Dean?date1\=1865\&rows\=20\&searchType\=advanced\&proxdistance\=5\&date2\=1895\&ortext\=\&proxtext\=ynez\+dean\&phrasetext\=\&andtext\=\&dateFilterType\=yearRange\&index\=1 \|access\-date\=May 17, 2012}}{{Citation\|title\=Theatrical Comment\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Herald\|pages\=4\|date\=16 October 1894\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1894\-10\-16/ed\-1/seq\-4/;words\=Ynez\+Dean?date1\=1865\&rows\=20\&searchType\=advanced\&proxdistance\=5\&date2\=1895\&ortext\=\&proxtext\=ynez\+dean\&phrasetext\=\&andtext\=\&dateFilterType\=yearRange\&index\=2 \|access\-date\=May 17, 2012}} Four weeks later, Edith and John Walters were wed. #### The adoption The Walters marriage was stormy and short\-lived with Edith Walters leaving the marriage to pursue her acting career. Edith later entered the [Los Angeles County Infirmary](/wiki/St._Vincent_Medical_Center_%28Los_Angeles%29 "St. Vincent Medical Center (Los Angeles)") as a charity inmate. In the early spring of 1895, she gave birth to Dorothy. For nine months, the young mother tried to support them with her acting career. In the summer, she filed suit against her husband seeking divorce, and suit against her step\-father to reclaim the inheritance she said was due her from her adopted mother Mrs. Scott. These legal actions garnered the attention of the press as well as Mr. Creede. Creede, moved by the accounts of the young lady's hardships, offered to adopt young Dorothy. The adoption was completed in late summer. According to some reports, Edith wished to give Dorothy a good home because of Edith was concerned that her ill health would soon leave Dorothy an orphan. ### Dissolution of the Creede marriage Mrs. Creede, who had begun taking [morphine](/wiki/Morphine%23History "Morphine#History") in 1876 after "having been kicked by a cow" and who was by now a heavy morphine user, was unwilling or unable to care for young Dorothy. So nurses were hired to care for the baby.{{Citation\|title\=Creede's Coin\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Herald\|pages\=9\|date\=13 November 1897\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1897\-11\-13/ed\-1/seq\-9/;words\=Nicholas\+Creede?date1\=1836\&rows\=20\&searchType\=basic\&state\=\&date2\=1922\&proxtext\=nicholas\+creede\&y\=16\&x\=12\&dateFilterType\=yearRange\&index\=3\|access\-date\=May 17, 2012}}Los Angeles Herald, January 13, 1898{{Citation\|title\=An Ugly Drug: Morphine the Key to the Creede Trouble, The Old Miner's Amours\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Herald\|pages\=10\|date\=14 January 1898\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1898\-01\-14/ed\-1/seq\-10/;words\=CREEDE\+Creede?date1\=1887\&rows\=20\&searchType\=basic\&state\=California\&date2\=1902\&proxtext\=creede\&y\=0\&x\=0\&dateFilterType\=yearRange\&index\=0\|access\-date\=May 17, 2012}}{{Citation\|title\=An Odd Case: Mrs. Creede Leaves the Court Room Ill, The Disputed Contract\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Herald\|pages\=10\|date\=15 January 1898\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1898\-01\-15/ed\-1/seq\-10/;words\=CREEDS\+CREEDE\+Creede?date1\=1887\&rows\=20\&searchType\=basic\&state\=California\&date2\=1902\&proxtext\=creede\&y\=0\&x\=0\&dateFilterType\=yearRange\&index\=3\|access\-date\=May 17, 2012}} In February 1896, Miss Maggie Kearny entered the household to serve as a nurse to Dorothy Creede. Although denied by Miss Kearny, Mrs. Creede alleged that in the summer of 1897 Creede began a liaison with Miss Kearny.{{Citation\|title\=A Plain Drunk: Is Now Charged Against Mrs. Creede, Is a Morphine Intoxicant, Maggie Kearny Denied Osculatory Indulgence\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Herald\|volume\=25\|issue\=112\|pages\=8\|date\=20 January 1898\|url\=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cdnc/cgi\-bin/cdnc?a\=d\&cl\=search\&d\=LAH18980120\.2\.120\&srpos\=19\&e\=01\-01\-1875\-31\-12\-1900\-\-en\-\-20\-\-1\-\-txt\-IN\-dorothy\+and\+creede\-\-\-\-\#\|access\-date\=May 19, 2012}} #### Separation agreement [thumb\|Creede residence in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California")](/wiki/File:Nicholas_C_Creede_Residence_Los_Angeles_CA.PNG "Nicholas C Creede Residence Los Angeles CA.PNG") In the winter of 1897\-98, while Creede was out of town, Nancy Creede dismissed Miss Kearny and had her removed from the Creede's Los Angeles home. This infuriated Creede, who had previously promised to take steps to dissolve the marriage should Mrs. Creede take such an action. Following this incident, on January 4, 1897 Creede asked his wife to accept US$20,000 (\~$540,500, US 2011\) in cash, surrender all claims, leave their Los Angeles home and return to her home in Alabama. Creede and his attorney had prepared a document which Mrs. Creede signed in the presence of witnesses including a notary.{{Citation\|title\=Nicholas Creede's Estate: A Deed Which Precludes the Widow Making A Sure Contest\|newspaper\=The Sacramento Record\-Union\|pages\=1\|date\=21 July 1897\|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015104/1897\-07\-21/ed\-1/seq\-1/;words\=Nicholas\+NICHOLAS\+Creede\+CREEDE?date1\=1836\&rows\=20\&searchType\=basic\&state\=\&date2\=1922\&proxtext\=nicholas\+creede\&y\=16\&x\=12\&dateFilterType\=yearRange\&index\=6\|access\-date\=May 17, 2012}}Los Angeles Herald, January 19, 1898Los Angeles Herald, January 20, 1898 It was understood that after the necessary waiting period, Creede would institute divorce proceedings. Miss Kearny returned to the Creede residence on January 14\. #### Divorce proceedings In the spring, Creede was said to have begun divorce proceedings on the ground of cruelty, alleging that she was addicted to the use of morphine.Los Angeles Herald, July 15, 1897 Mrs. Creede filed a cross complaint asking for half the property, and her attorney advised her to return to Los Angeles to pursue the case. She did so in June, engaging lodgings with her niece at the Clarendon Hotel. Creede was aware that his wife was in town and was said to have been distressed by her proximity, going so far as to have her monitored and her movements reported back to him. Although she did not meet personally with Creede, her niece visited the Creede residence and proposed, on her aunt's behalf, a reconciliation.
[ "Life after the Amethyst strike\n------------------------------", "### Marriage", "[thumb\\|Mrs. Creede c. 1898](/wiki/File:Mrs_Nicholas_C_Creede.PNG \"Mrs Nicholas C Creede.PNG\")", "During his time prospecting near the Jimtown camp, Creede met Nancy Louisa Kyles (née White) of [Birmingham, Alabama](/wiki/Birmingham%2C_Alabama%23History \"Birmingham, Alabama#History\"). Mrs. Kyles ran a boarding house in [Del Norte, Colorado](/wiki/Del_Norte%2C_Colorado \"Del Norte, Colorado\"), and had already had three husbands before she met Creede. She was also as familiar with the hardships of frontier and mining camp life as Creede himself.{{Citation\\|title\\=Creede's Will: Fight Begins and Promises Racy Disclosures, All Points Being Contested, Mrs. Creede Owns Up To Six Husbands Thus Far\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Herald\\|pages\\=10\\|date\\=12 January 1898\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1898\\-01\\-12/ed\\-1/seq\\-10/;words\\=Nicholas\\+Creede?date1\\=1836\\&rows\\=20\\&searchType\\=basic\\&state\\=\\&date2\\=1922\\&proxtext\\=nicholas\\+creede\\&y\\=16\\&x\\=12\\&dateFilterType\\=yearRange\\&index\\=4\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2012}}", "When Creede struck it rich, he built a \"neat but plain\" log cabin at Creede, and Mrs. Kyles served as his housekeeper while she obtained a divorce from her current husband. She also was said to have often accompanied Creede, and his young nephew Sherman Phifer, on many of Creede's prospecting journeys.Los Angeles Herald, January 12, 1898{{Citation\\|title\\=Lucky Strike: The Varied Fortunes It Brought the Creedes, Rather Checkered Career, How Lou Patterson Obtained Her Cognommen\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Herald\\|pages\\=10\\|date\\=13 January 1898\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1898\\-01\\-13/ed\\-1/seq\\-10/;words\\=Creed\\+Creedes\\+creede\\+Creede\\+CREEDE\\+Creeds?date1\\=1887\\&rows\\=20\\&searchType\\=basic\\&state\\=California\\&date2\\=1902\\&proxtext\\=creede\\&y\\=0\\&x\\=0\\&dateFilterType\\=yearRange\\&index\\=4\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2012}}{{Citation\\|title\\=A Grub Stake: Creede Alleged to Have So Made His Strike, The Wife Not In The Deal\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Herald\\|pages\\=12\\|date\\=19 January 1898\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1898\\-01\\-19/ed\\-1/seq\\-12/;words\\=CREEDE\\+Creede?date1\\=1887\\&rows\\=20\\&searchType\\=basic\\&state\\=California\\&date2\\=1902\\&proxtext\\=creede\\&y\\=0\\&x\\=0\\&dateFilterType\\=yearRange\\&index\\=2\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2012}} They married in [Las Vegas, New Mexico](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_New_Mexico \"Las Vegas, New Mexico\") on May 25, 1893 and purchased a small cottage for $5,000 in Pueblo, Colorado where Creede's tastes were \"simple and his habit economical\".\nIn due course, the Creedes bought a lavish residence in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\") and relocated permanently from Colorado to California, where they lived a life of comfort and ease.", "### Blackmail attempt", "In 1893, Creede received anonymous letters which accused him of having murdered a man who once held a mortgage on his father's farm in Iowa. One of his accusers was said to be the son of Creede's half brother. Creede did not believe an uncle\\-nephew relationship existed and believed the accusation was a blackmail attempt. The accusing \"nephew\" was later found dead, an apparent suicide, in a [Pullman](/wiki/Pullman_%28car_or_coach%29 \"Pullman (car or coach)\") sleeping car in [Wilson, Kansas](/wiki/Wilson%2C_Kansas \"Wilson, Kansas\") in February 1894\\.San Francisco Call, July 14, 1897", "### Adoption of Edith Dorothy Walker", "In August 1895, the childless Creedes adopted six\\-month\\-old Edith Dorothy Hitt Walker. Young Dorothy's history was equal in color and drama to either of the Creedes.{{Citation\\|title\\=Edith's Father an Oakland Boy: Her Mother Tried to Make a Living as a Typewriter, Graduated from Field Seminary Where She Was a Noted Singer\\|newspaper\\=San Francisco Call\\|volume\\=82\\|issue\\=47\\|pages\\=11\\|date\\=17 July 1897\\|url\\=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cdnc/cgi\\-bin/cdnc?a\\=d\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=SFC18970717\\.2\\.164\\.7\\&srpos\\=26\\&e\\=01\\-01\\-1875\\-31\\-12\\-1900\\-\\-en\\-\\-20\\-\\-21\\-\\-txt\\-IN\\-dorothy\\+and\\+creede\\-\\-\\-\\-\\#\\|access\\-date\\=May 19, 2012}}{{Citation\\|title\\=Creede's Will: Tiny Heiress May Be a Bone of Contention, Dorothy's Mother Here, Wants to Take Her Daughter Back Again\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Herald\\|pages\\=6\\|date\\=15 July 1897\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1897\\-07\\-15/ed\\-1/seq\\-6/;words\\=Nicholas\\+Creede?date1\\=1836\\&rows\\=20\\&searchType\\=basic\\&state\\=\\&date2\\=1922\\&proxtext\\=nicholas\\+creede\\&y\\=16\\&x\\=12\\&dateFilterType\\=yearRange\\&page\\=2\\&index\\=16\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2012}}{{Citation\\|title\\=Romance of Creede's Ward: Wonderful Life Story of a millionaire's Adopted Child, Rescued from a Cruel Stepfather\\|newspaper\\=Omaha Daily Bee\\|pages\\=7\\|date\\=7 February 1899\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn99021999/1899\\-02\\-07/ed\\-1/seq\\-7/;words\\=Dorothy\\+Creede?date1\\=01%2F01%2F1899\\&date2\\=12%2F31%2F1922\\&searchType\\=advanced\\&lccn\\=\\&proxdistance\\=5\\&state\\=\\&rows\\=20\\&ortext\\=\\&proxtext\\=dorothy\\+creede\\&phrasetext\\=\\&andtext\\=\\&dateFilterType\\=range\\&page\\=2\\&index\\=2\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2012}}{{Citation\\|title\\=A Story of Vicissitude: Edith Waters Walker's Strange Adventures, Claims That She Had to Escape from San Miguel Island, Where She Was Herding Cattle\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Herald\\|pages\\=1, 10\\|date\\=6 July 1895\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1895\\-07\\-06/ed\\-1/seq\\-1/;words\\=Edith\\+Waters\\+Miguel\\+San?date1\\=1865\\&rows\\=20\\&searchType\\=advanced\\&proxdistance\\=5\\&date2\\=1895\\&ortext\\=edith\\&proxtext\\=san\\+miguel\\+waters\\&phrasetext\\=\\&andtext\\=\\&dateFilterType\\=yearRange\\&index\\=0\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2012}}", "#### Dorothy's mother", "Dorothy was the daughter of Edith Waters Walker. Edith claimed to have been born in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California \"San Francisco, California\") in 1875 in poverty, hardship and neglect. However, young Edith was removed from poverty when she was adopted by a Mrs. Scott, the widow of a wealthy warehouse owner. Mrs. Scott then married William G. Waters, the foreman of the printing department of a San Francisco daily newspaper. When Mrs. Waters (Scott) became ill, the family moved to southern California for her health. There, \"Captain\" Waters acquired possession of [San Miguel Island](/wiki/San_Miguel_Island \"San Miguel Island\") and established a home there.", "Mrs. Waters died during Edith's youth, leaving Edith on the island with only a housekeeper and hired men for company since Captain Waters was often on the mainland. This lonely existence apparently did not suit Edith, who wished to pursue a career as an actress. So, when a sailboat landed on the island, Edith persuaded the captain of the vessel to take her to the mainland.", "#### Dorothy's father", "Dorothy's father, John Mackay Walters, had his own colorful and dramatic history as the relatively impoverished son of well\\-to\\-do California businessman J. B. Walker, who was a partner of [\"Bonanza King\"](/wiki/Bonanza_Kings \"Bonanza Kings\") [John William Mackay](/wiki/John_William_Mackay \"John William Mackay\"). Shortly after reaching the mainland, Edith met John Walters. Two weeks later, she performed her first role on stage under the stage name Ynez (Inez) Dean.{{Citation\\|title\\=Theatrical Comment\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Herald\\|pages\\=4\\|date\\=14 October 1894\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1894\\-10\\-14/ed\\-1/seq\\-4/;words\\=Ynez\\+Dean?date1\\=1865\\&rows\\=20\\&searchType\\=advanced\\&proxdistance\\=5\\&date2\\=1895\\&ortext\\=\\&proxtext\\=ynez\\+dean\\&phrasetext\\=\\&andtext\\=\\&dateFilterType\\=yearRange\\&index\\=0\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2012}}{{Citation\\|title\\=Theatrical Comment\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Herald\\|pages\\=18\\|date\\=21 October 1894\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1894\\-10\\-21/ed\\-1/seq\\-18/;words\\=Ynez\\+Dean?date1\\=1865\\&rows\\=20\\&searchType\\=advanced\\&proxdistance\\=5\\&date2\\=1895\\&ortext\\=\\&proxtext\\=ynez\\+dean\\&phrasetext\\=\\&andtext\\=\\&dateFilterType\\=yearRange\\&index\\=1\n\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2012}}{{Citation\\|title\\=Theatrical Comment\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Herald\\|pages\\=4\\|date\\=16 October 1894\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1894\\-10\\-16/ed\\-1/seq\\-4/;words\\=Ynez\\+Dean?date1\\=1865\\&rows\\=20\\&searchType\\=advanced\\&proxdistance\\=5\\&date2\\=1895\\&ortext\\=\\&proxtext\\=ynez\\+dean\\&phrasetext\\=\\&andtext\\=\\&dateFilterType\\=yearRange\\&index\\=2\n\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2012}} Four weeks later, Edith and John Walters were wed.", "#### The adoption", "The Walters marriage was stormy and short\\-lived with Edith Walters leaving the marriage to pursue her acting career. Edith later entered the [Los Angeles County Infirmary](/wiki/St._Vincent_Medical_Center_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"St. Vincent Medical Center (Los Angeles)\") as a charity inmate. In the early spring of 1895, she gave birth to Dorothy. For nine months, the young mother tried to support them with her acting career. In the summer, she filed suit against her husband seeking divorce, and suit against her step\\-father to reclaim the inheritance she said was due her from her adopted mother Mrs. Scott.\nThese legal actions garnered the attention of the press as well as Mr. Creede. Creede, moved by the accounts of the young lady's hardships, offered to adopt young Dorothy. The adoption was completed in late summer. According to some reports, Edith wished to give Dorothy a good home because of Edith was concerned that her ill health would soon leave Dorothy an orphan.", "### Dissolution of the Creede marriage", "Mrs. Creede, who had begun taking [morphine](/wiki/Morphine%23History \"Morphine#History\") in 1876 after \"having been kicked by a cow\" and who was by now a heavy morphine user, was unwilling or unable to care for young Dorothy. So nurses were hired to care for the baby.{{Citation\\|title\\=Creede's Coin\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Herald\\|pages\\=9\\|date\\=13 November 1897\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1897\\-11\\-13/ed\\-1/seq\\-9/;words\\=Nicholas\\+Creede?date1\\=1836\\&rows\\=20\\&searchType\\=basic\\&state\\=\\&date2\\=1922\\&proxtext\\=nicholas\\+creede\\&y\\=16\\&x\\=12\\&dateFilterType\\=yearRange\\&index\\=3\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2012}}Los Angeles Herald, January 13, 1898{{Citation\\|title\\=An Ugly Drug: Morphine the Key to the Creede Trouble, The Old Miner's Amours\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Herald\\|pages\\=10\\|date\\=14 January 1898\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1898\\-01\\-14/ed\\-1/seq\\-10/;words\\=CREEDE\\+Creede?date1\\=1887\\&rows\\=20\\&searchType\\=basic\\&state\\=California\\&date2\\=1902\\&proxtext\\=creede\\&y\\=0\\&x\\=0\\&dateFilterType\\=yearRange\\&index\\=0\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2012}}{{Citation\\|title\\=An Odd Case: Mrs. Creede Leaves the Court Room Ill, The Disputed Contract\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Herald\\|pages\\=10\\|date\\=15 January 1898\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1898\\-01\\-15/ed\\-1/seq\\-10/;words\\=CREEDS\\+CREEDE\\+Creede?date1\\=1887\\&rows\\=20\\&searchType\\=basic\\&state\\=California\\&date2\\=1902\\&proxtext\\=creede\\&y\\=0\\&x\\=0\\&dateFilterType\\=yearRange\\&index\\=3\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2012}}\nIn February 1896, Miss Maggie Kearny entered the household to serve as a nurse to Dorothy Creede. Although denied by Miss Kearny, Mrs. Creede alleged that in the summer of 1897 Creede began a liaison with Miss Kearny.{{Citation\\|title\\=A Plain Drunk: Is Now Charged Against Mrs. Creede, Is a Morphine Intoxicant, Maggie Kearny Denied Osculatory Indulgence\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Herald\\|volume\\=25\\|issue\\=112\\|pages\\=8\\|date\\=20 January 1898\\|url\\=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cdnc/cgi\\-bin/cdnc?a\\=d\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=LAH18980120\\.2\\.120\\&srpos\\=19\\&e\\=01\\-01\\-1875\\-31\\-12\\-1900\\-\\-en\\-\\-20\\-\\-1\\-\\-txt\\-IN\\-dorothy\\+and\\+creede\\-\\-\\-\\-\\#\\|access\\-date\\=May 19, 2012}}", "#### Separation agreement", "[thumb\\|Creede residence in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\")](/wiki/File:Nicholas_C_Creede_Residence_Los_Angeles_CA.PNG \"Nicholas C Creede Residence Los Angeles CA.PNG\")", "In the winter of 1897\\-98, while Creede was out of town, Nancy Creede dismissed Miss Kearny and had her removed from the Creede's Los Angeles home. This infuriated Creede, who had previously promised to take steps to dissolve the marriage should Mrs. Creede take such an action.\nFollowing this incident, on January 4, 1897 Creede asked his wife to accept US$20,000 (\\~$540,500, US 2011\\) in cash, surrender all claims, leave their Los Angeles home and return to her home in Alabama. Creede and his attorney had prepared a document which Mrs. Creede signed in the presence of witnesses including a notary.{{Citation\\|title\\=Nicholas Creede's Estate: A Deed Which Precludes the Widow Making A Sure Contest\\|newspaper\\=The Sacramento Record\\-Union\\|pages\\=1\\|date\\=21 July 1897\\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015104/1897\\-07\\-21/ed\\-1/seq\\-1/;words\\=Nicholas\\+NICHOLAS\\+Creede\\+CREEDE?date1\\=1836\\&rows\\=20\\&searchType\\=basic\\&state\\=\\&date2\\=1922\\&proxtext\\=nicholas\\+creede\\&y\\=16\\&x\\=12\\&dateFilterType\\=yearRange\\&index\\=6\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2012}}Los Angeles Herald, January 19, 1898Los Angeles Herald, January 20, 1898 It was understood that after the necessary waiting period, Creede would institute divorce proceedings. Miss Kearny returned to the Creede residence on January 14\\.", "#### Divorce proceedings", "In the spring, Creede was said to have begun divorce proceedings on the ground of cruelty, alleging that she was addicted to the use of morphine.Los Angeles Herald, July 15, 1897 Mrs. Creede filed a cross complaint asking for half the property, and her attorney advised her to return to Los Angeles to pursue the case. She did so in June, engaging lodgings with her niece at the Clarendon Hotel. Creede was aware that his wife was in town and was said to have been distressed by her proximity, going so far as to have her monitored and her movements reported back to him. Although she did not meet personally with Creede, her niece visited the Creede residence and proposed, on her aunt's behalf, a reconciliation.", "" ]
Selected concert works ---------------------- Kopelman's concert music includes a commissioned work "Widows \& Lovers" for the [Kronos Quartet](/wiki/Kronos_Quartet "Kronos Quartet"), as forth recipient of the "Kronos: Under 30” project, where she was competing with over 200 composers from all over the world.{{Cite web\|url\=http://kronosquartet.org/projects/detail/under\_30\|title\=Kronos: Under 30 Project\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=kronosquartet.org\|language\=en\-us\|access\-date\=2018\-01\-20}} The piece was widely performed and later workshopped by Kronos after the premiere at the [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall "Carnegie Hall"),{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/25/arts/music/25kron.html\|title\=Kronos Quartet – Music – Review\|last\=Schweitzer\|first\=Vivien\|date\=25 February 2008\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=2018\-01\-20\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0362\-4331}} by ensembles such as the Ragazze Quartet{{Citation\|last\=RagazzeQuartet\|title\=Ragazze Quartet New York, rehearsal Black Widow by Aviya Kopelman\|date\=5 July 2010\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=ijXDZltNggU\|accessdate\=2018\-01\-20}} and young Israeli musicians. The third movement of the piece, "Black Widow," is often performed as an independent piece, and was arranged and performed by the Swedish string orchestra Kvinnoorkestern.{{Cite web\|title\=Kvinnoorkestern\|url\=https://kvinnoorkestern.se/\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-13\|website\=kvinnoorkestern.se\|language\=en\-US}} Kopelman's instrumental concert music includes works written for and performed by the [Arthur Rubinstein International Piano Competition](/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein_International_Piano_Master_Competition "Arthur Rubinstein International Piano Master Competition"),{{Citation\|last\=Arthur Rubinstein\|title\=David Fung – Stage I (Scarlatti, Rachmaninov, Kopelman \& Ravel)\|date\=6 November 2012\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=ad6hKrHm2SE\&t\=28m26s\|accessdate\=2018\-01\-20}} the [Cremona Quartet](/wiki/Quartetto_di_Cremona "Quartetto di Cremona"),{{Cite news\|date\=2018\-10\-21\|title\=Konsertrecension: Quartetto de Cremona på Konserthuset\|url\=https://www.dn.se/kultur\-noje/konsertrecensioner/konsertrecension\-quartetto\-de\-cremona\-pa\-konserthuset/\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-13\|newspaper\=Dagens Nyheter\|language\=sv}} Jerusalem Trio, Conjunto Iberico Octet, the Israel Camerata, [Israeli Chamber Orchestra](/wiki/Israel_Chamber_Orchestra "Israel Chamber Orchestra"), Raanana Symphonette, the Israel Sinfonietta Beer Sheva, Carmel Quartet, the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra, Waterloo Soloists, [Gavriel Lipkind](/wiki/Gavriel_Lipkind "Gavriel Lipkind"), Noam Buchman, Eyal Shiloach, and many more. Her vocal concert music is set primarily to Hebrew and Russian poetry, often combining different languages in one piece. An early example includes the song cycle "Songs of Love and Distress" for voice and piano/string quartet, combining [Akhmatova](/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova "Anna Akhmatova")'s, [Wallach](/wiki/Yona_Wallach "Yona Wallach")'s, [Avidan](/wiki/David_Avidan "David Avidan")'s and Kopelman's texts in poly\-stylistic and painful piece. Another large work is the Hebrew Magnificat for SATB choir and orchestra, originally performed in 2005 by the Tel\-Aviv Chamber Choir, and later edited and re\-orchestrated for symphonic orchestra (2017, JSO). The piece, 37 minutes long, is set to Latin, German and Hebrew texts and deals with various aspects of maternity as it appears in the eyes of the 21st century. Later writing is less European concert\-music oriented and includes elements from popular music, especially in the rhythmic aspect. Examples include "Grief Measure," commissioned by the Carnegie Hall for Professional Training Workshop with [Dawn Upshaw](/wiki/Dawn_Upshaw "Dawn Upshaw"),{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/19/arts/music/dawn\-upshaw\-and\-students\-at\-zankel\-hall\-review.html\|title\=Dawn Upshaw and Students at Zankel Hall – Review\|last\=Smith\|first\=Steve\|date\=18 April 2011\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=2018\-01\-20\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0362\-4331}} that includes besides voice also drums, bass, and electronics, "Sooner and Later" (2019\) for soprano, string orchestra, percussion and drums is set on [Leah Goldberg](/wiki/Leah_Goldberg "Leah Goldberg")'s poems, and was commissioned by the Israel Chamber Orchestra marking 50 years since Goldberg's passing, "Belong Not" for girls choir and handbells was co\-commissioned by San Francisco Girls Chorus{{Cite web\|title\=SF Girls Chorus Responds to COVID\-19 With a Virtual Festival\|url\=https://www.sfcv.org/music\-news/sf\-girls\-chorus\-responds\-to\-covid\-19\-with\-a\-virtual\-festival\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-20\|website\=San Francisco Classical Voice\|language\=en}} and the Israel Institute, and is set on Kopelman's arrangement of Khalil Gibran's poem "On Children." The piece was premiered in a special cooperation event of San Francisco Girls Chorus and Berkeley Ballet Theatre, for the centennial of the 19th Amendment to the United States constitution in Yerba Buena Arts Center, SF. The piece was choreographed by Chuck Wilt and Robert Dekkers. Symphonic pieces include "May They Rest in Peace" (2002\), "Between Gaza and Berlin" (2014\), and "Ode to Jerusalem" (2019\), all dealing with or referring to the complex political situation in Israel. The title of the second deterred both the IPO (according to [Zubin Mehta](/wiki/Zubin_Mehta "Zubin Mehta")) and the [Israeli Opera](/wiki/Israeli_Opera "Israeli Opera") from performing it in Israel. Additional orchestral works include Concerto for Flute (2017\) for symphony orchestra and "Kan Ya Ma Kan \- Once Upon a Time" (2004\) \- a concerto for oud, violin and string orchestra.
[ "Selected concert works\n----------------------", "Kopelman's concert music includes a commissioned work \"Widows \\& Lovers\" for the [Kronos Quartet](/wiki/Kronos_Quartet \"Kronos Quartet\"), as forth recipient of the \"Kronos: Under 30” project, where she was competing with over 200 composers from all over the world.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://kronosquartet.org/projects/detail/under\\_30\\|title\\=Kronos: Under 30 Project\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=kronosquartet.org\\|language\\=en\\-us\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-01\\-20}} The piece was widely performed and later workshopped by Kronos after the premiere at the [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall \"Carnegie Hall\"),{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/25/arts/music/25kron.html\\|title\\=Kronos Quartet – Music – Review\\|last\\=Schweitzer\\|first\\=Vivien\\|date\\=25 February 2008\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-01\\-20\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} by ensembles such as the Ragazze Quartet{{Citation\\|last\\=RagazzeQuartet\\|title\\=Ragazze Quartet New York, rehearsal Black Widow by Aviya Kopelman\\|date\\=5 July 2010\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=ijXDZltNggU\\|accessdate\\=2018\\-01\\-20}} and young Israeli musicians. The third movement of the piece, \"Black Widow,\" is often performed as an independent piece, and was arranged and performed by the Swedish string orchestra Kvinnoorkestern.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Kvinnoorkestern\\|url\\=https://kvinnoorkestern.se/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-13\\|website\\=kvinnoorkestern.se\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "Kopelman's instrumental concert music includes works written for and performed by the [Arthur Rubinstein International Piano Competition](/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein_International_Piano_Master_Competition \"Arthur Rubinstein International Piano Master Competition\"),{{Citation\\|last\\=Arthur Rubinstein\\|title\\=David Fung – Stage I (Scarlatti, Rachmaninov, Kopelman \\& Ravel)\\|date\\=6 November 2012\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=ad6hKrHm2SE\\&t\\=28m26s\\|accessdate\\=2018\\-01\\-20}} the [Cremona Quartet](/wiki/Quartetto_di_Cremona \"Quartetto di Cremona\"),{{Cite news\\|date\\=2018\\-10\\-21\\|title\\=Konsertrecension: Quartetto de Cremona på Konserthuset\\|url\\=https://www.dn.se/kultur\\-noje/konsertrecensioner/konsertrecension\\-quartetto\\-de\\-cremona\\-pa\\-konserthuset/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-13\\|newspaper\\=Dagens Nyheter\\|language\\=sv}} Jerusalem Trio, Conjunto Iberico Octet, the Israel Camerata, [Israeli Chamber Orchestra](/wiki/Israel_Chamber_Orchestra \"Israel Chamber Orchestra\"), Raanana Symphonette, the Israel Sinfonietta Beer Sheva, Carmel Quartet, the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra, Waterloo Soloists, [Gavriel Lipkind](/wiki/Gavriel_Lipkind \"Gavriel Lipkind\"), Noam Buchman, Eyal Shiloach, and many more.", "Her vocal concert music is set primarily to Hebrew and Russian poetry, often combining different languages in one piece. An early example includes the song cycle \"Songs of Love and Distress\" for voice and piano/string quartet, combining [Akhmatova](/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova \"Anna Akhmatova\")'s, [Wallach](/wiki/Yona_Wallach \"Yona Wallach\")'s, [Avidan](/wiki/David_Avidan \"David Avidan\")'s and Kopelman's texts in poly\\-stylistic and painful piece. Another large work is the Hebrew Magnificat for SATB choir and orchestra, originally performed in 2005 by the Tel\\-Aviv Chamber Choir, and later edited and re\\-orchestrated for symphonic orchestra (2017, JSO). The piece, 37 minutes long, is set to Latin, German and Hebrew texts and deals with various aspects of maternity as it appears in the eyes of the 21st century.", "Later writing is less European concert\\-music oriented and includes elements from popular music, especially in the rhythmic aspect. Examples include \"Grief Measure,\" commissioned by the Carnegie Hall for Professional Training Workshop with [Dawn Upshaw](/wiki/Dawn_Upshaw \"Dawn Upshaw\"),{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/19/arts/music/dawn\\-upshaw\\-and\\-students\\-at\\-zankel\\-hall\\-review.html\\|title\\=Dawn Upshaw and Students at Zankel Hall – Review\\|last\\=Smith\\|first\\=Steve\\|date\\=18 April 2011\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-01\\-20\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} that includes besides voice also drums, bass, and electronics, \"Sooner and Later\" (2019\\) for soprano, string orchestra, percussion and drums is set on [Leah Goldberg](/wiki/Leah_Goldberg \"Leah Goldberg\")'s poems, and was commissioned by the Israel Chamber Orchestra marking 50 years since Goldberg's passing, \"Belong Not\" for girls choir and handbells was co\\-commissioned by San Francisco Girls Chorus{{Cite web\\|title\\=SF Girls Chorus Responds to COVID\\-19 With a Virtual Festival\\|url\\=https://www.sfcv.org/music\\-news/sf\\-girls\\-chorus\\-responds\\-to\\-covid\\-19\\-with\\-a\\-virtual\\-festival\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-20\\|website\\=San Francisco Classical Voice\\|language\\=en}} and the Israel Institute, and is set on Kopelman's arrangement of Khalil Gibran's poem \"On Children.\" The piece was premiered in a special cooperation event of San Francisco Girls Chorus and Berkeley Ballet Theatre, for the centennial of the 19th Amendment to the United States constitution in Yerba Buena Arts Center, SF. The piece was choreographed by Chuck Wilt and Robert Dekkers.", "Symphonic pieces include \"May They Rest in Peace\" (2002\\), \"Between Gaza and Berlin\" (2014\\), and \"Ode to Jerusalem\" (2019\\), all dealing with or referring to the complex political situation in Israel. The title of the second deterred both the IPO (according to [Zubin Mehta](/wiki/Zubin_Mehta \"Zubin Mehta\")) and the [Israeli Opera](/wiki/Israeli_Opera \"Israeli Opera\") from performing it in Israel.", "Additional orchestral works include Concerto for Flute (2017\\) for symphony orchestra and \"Kan Ya Ma Kan \\- Once Upon a Time\" (2004\\) \\- a concerto for oud, violin and string orchestra.", "" ]
Mark Baker's application of non\-configurationality to polysynthetic languages ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Linguist [Mark Baker](/wiki/Mark_Baker_%28linguist%29 "Mark Baker (linguist)") considers [polysynthesis](/wiki/Polysynthesis "Polysynthesis"), making specific use of Mohawk, to provide a conception of Universal Grammar which accurately accounts for both polysynthetic languages and non\-polysynthetic languages. He asserts that the polysynthetic languages must conform to a syntactic rule he calls the "[polysynthesis parameter](/wiki/Polysynthesis_parameter "Polysynthesis parameter")", and that as a result will show a special set of syntactic properties. Following this parameter, one property of polysynthetic languages is non\-rigid phrase structure, making these languages non\-configurational. To support his claim he considers three features of non\-configurationality: the position of NPs, the licensing of NPs and discontinuous constituents. ### Position of NPs In non\-configurational languages any NP can be omitted and can appear in an order relative to the verb or other NPs. Baker proposes polysynthetic languages follow this structure as NPs appear to have the properties of adjuncts. To take an example of an English parallel, adverbs are modifiers and can appear on either side of the VP, Baker applies this familiar concept to a new domain, showing that in Mohawk (a polysynthetic language), like English the VP has an obligatory position but NPs can be adjuncts with respect to this element. ### Licensing of NPs As discussed above, Baker proposes that in polysynthetic languages NPs do not take the argument position, he hence suggest there is another parameter which forces NPs into the adjoined position. He suggests this licensing occurs as a result of the Adjunct Licensing Condition, and following this, the Chain Condition. The Adjunct Licensing Condition states that an argument type phrase XP generated in the adjoined positions licensed if and only if it forms a chain with a unique null pronominal in an argument position. The Chain Condition states that X and Y may form a chain only under certain conditions. Namely, X [c\-commands](/wiki/C-command "C-command") Y, X and Y are coindexed, there is no barrier containing Y but not X and X and Y are non distinct in morphosyntactic features. ### Discontinuous Constituents Baker also considers Hale proposed third element of non\-configurationality: the existence of discontinuous expressions. The range of discontinuous expressions of a polysynthetic language is determined primarily by lexical factors. This suggests that a language that allows a wider range of discontinuous expressions perhaps has more ways of licensing NP expressions. In considering polysynthesis through the framework of non\-configurationality, Mark Baker is able to provide basis for the unique syntax seen in polysynthetic languages. Mark Baker's approach to polysythesis creates some debate among linguists as it heavily relies on generative grammar, which causes some languages which would traditionally be considered to be polysynthetic to be excluded.
[ "Mark Baker's application of non\\-configurationality to polysynthetic languages\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------", "Linguist [Mark Baker](/wiki/Mark_Baker_%28linguist%29 \"Mark Baker (linguist)\") considers [polysynthesis](/wiki/Polysynthesis \"Polysynthesis\"), making specific use of Mohawk, to provide a conception of Universal Grammar which accurately accounts for both polysynthetic languages and non\\-polysynthetic languages. He asserts that the polysynthetic languages must conform to a syntactic rule he calls the \"[polysynthesis parameter](/wiki/Polysynthesis_parameter \"Polysynthesis parameter\")\", and that as a result will show a special set of syntactic properties. Following this parameter, one property of polysynthetic languages is non\\-rigid phrase structure, making these languages non\\-configurational. To support his claim he considers three features of non\\-configurationality: the position of NPs, the licensing of NPs and discontinuous constituents.", "### Position of NPs", "In non\\-configurational languages any NP can be omitted and can appear in an order relative to the verb or other NPs. Baker proposes polysynthetic languages follow this structure as NPs appear to have the properties of adjuncts. To take an example of an English parallel, adverbs are modifiers and can appear on either side of the VP, Baker applies this familiar concept to a new domain, showing that in Mohawk (a polysynthetic language), like English the VP has an obligatory position but NPs can be adjuncts with respect to this element.", "### Licensing of NPs", "As discussed above, Baker proposes that in polysynthetic languages NPs do not take the argument position, he hence suggest there is another parameter which forces NPs into the adjoined position. He suggests this licensing occurs as a result of the Adjunct Licensing Condition, and following this, the Chain Condition. The Adjunct Licensing Condition states that an argument type phrase XP generated in the adjoined positions licensed if and only if it forms a chain with a unique null pronominal in an argument position. The Chain Condition states that X and Y may form a chain only under certain conditions. Namely, X [c\\-commands](/wiki/C-command \"C-command\") Y, X and Y are coindexed, there is no barrier containing Y but not X and X and Y are non distinct in morphosyntactic features.", "### Discontinuous Constituents", "Baker also considers Hale proposed third element of non\\-configurationality: the existence of discontinuous expressions. The range of discontinuous expressions of a polysynthetic language is determined primarily by lexical factors. This suggests that a language that allows a wider range of discontinuous expressions perhaps has more ways of licensing NP expressions.", "In considering polysynthesis through the framework of non\\-configurationality, Mark Baker is able to provide basis for the unique syntax seen in polysynthetic languages. Mark Baker's approach to polysythesis creates some debate among linguists as it heavily relies on generative grammar, which causes some languages which would traditionally be considered to be polysynthetic to be excluded.", "" ]
PFOA crisis ----------- The contamination of Hoosick Falls’ water was originally discovered by resident Michael Hickey following the death of his father from an aggressive kidney cancer, which was diagnosed after his retirement from the Saint\-Gobain Performance Plastics plant. Hickey noted the elevated rate of cancer diagnoses and deaths in their village, and began looking into the effects of the chemicals used in local manufacturing plants.{{Cite web \|last\=Lyons \|first\=Brendan J. \|date\=July 21, 2021 \|title\=$65M settlement filed in Hoosick Falls PFOA water contamination \|url\=https://www.timesunion.com/state/article/hoosick\-falls\-pfoa\-settlement\-16326755\.php \|access\-date\=October 9, 2023 \|website\=Times Union \|language\=en\-US}} Over the years, several manufacturing plants in the area released waste containing perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) into the surrounding environment.{{Cite web \|title\=Hoosick Falls, New York, Water Contamination Lawsuit \- W\&L \|url\=https://www.weitzlux.com/environmental\-pollution/hoosick\-falls\-new\-york\-water\-contamination/ \|access\-date\=October 9, 2023 \|website\=www.weitzlux.com \|language\=en\-US}} PFOA, which belongs to a group of chemicals called per\- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) used to make household and commercial products, has been shown to cause reproductive, developmental, liver, kidney, and immunological effects in laboratory animals.{{Cite web \|title\=SAINT\-GOBAIN PERFORMANCE PLASTICS Site Profile \|url\=https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction\=second.Cleanup\&id\=0202702\#bkground \|access\-date\=October 9, 2023 \|website\=cumulis.epa.gov \|language\=en}} Much of the focus of investigation and litigation has been on the Saint\-Gobain Performance Plastics facility, which is located next to the village water treatment plant and began manufacturing with PFOA in 1999\. Hickey tested water samples from his kitchen sink and businesses in the village, and discovered a PFOA level of 540 parts per trillion, exceeding the existing EPA guideline at the time of 400 ppt by 35%. In 2016, the EPA guideline was updated to 70 ppt following updated studies of the effects on animals and exposed human populations,{{Cite web \|date\=November 2016 \|title\=FACT SHEET: PFOA \& PFOS Drinking Water Health Advisories \|url\=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016\-06/documents/drinkingwaterhealthadvisories\_pfoa\_pfos\_updated\_5\.31\.16\.pdf \|access\-date\=October 9, 2023 \|website\=epa.gov}} the amounts in Hoosick exceeded this by 671%. As of June 2022, the EPA lowered the advised levels for PFOA to .004 ppt.{{Cite journal \|last\=Environmental Protection Agency \|date\=June 21, 2022 \|title\=Lifetime Drinking Water Health Advisories for Four Perfluoroalkyl Substances \|url\=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR\-2022\-06\-21/pdf/2022\-13158\.pdf \|journal\=Federal Register \|volume\=87 \|issue\=118 \|pages\=36848–36849}} The levels of PFOA present in Hoosick Falls’ water in 2014 exceeded this level by almost 135,000%. The Village Board, which had allegedly denied requests from Hickey to test the water, did not issue a warning to the citizens of Hoosick Falls about the water until 16 months after Hickey’s findings. The EPA issued an advisory against drinking or cooking with the public water supply in November 2015\. In December 2015, the Village advised residents to use bottled water provided for free by [Saint\-Gobain](/wiki/Saint-Gobain "Saint-Gobain"), the current owner of the plastics facilities and the party responsible for the pollution mitigation. In February 2016 New York State added the Saint\-Gobain facility to their Registry of Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites as a Class 2 site.{{Cite web \|title\=Hoosick Falls Area \- NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation \|url\=https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/108791\.html \|access\-date\=October 9, 2023 \|website\=www.dec.ny.gov}} In July 2017, the EPA added the site to the Superfund National Priorities List (NPL), which lists priority sites in the United States in need of long\-term cleanup efforts. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) is leading the investigation and cleanup of the McCaffrey Street site, with support from the EPA. In June 2016 Saint\-Gobain Performance Plastics and Honeywell International were deemed “potentially responsible parties” for the contamination, and entered into a consent order with the NYSDEC. As an interim remedial measure to address the contamination, the two companies installed a granulated activated carbon (GAC) filtration system on the public water supply wells to treat the water in 2016\. In 2019, they built a groundwater interceptor trench at the McCaffrey Street site to prevent contaminated groundwater from reaching public water wells. In order to address the contamination to over 800 private wells, the state installed point\-of\-entry treatment systems (POET), which treat the water entering the building, reducing contaminants for safe drinking. While the interim remedial measures addressed the immediate concerns of contaminated water, the corporations were also required to perform a remedial investigation and feasibility study (RI/FS) at the site in order to determine the nature and extent of the contamination and identify and evaluate cleanup alternatives. The NYSDEC reviewed a study submitted by the companies, which proposed five potential long\-term water supplies, and opened up the proposal to public comment in the fall of 2019 through email, letters, and two public meetings. On December 3, 2021, the NYSDEC published their decision regarding the long\-term water replacement, with two new groundwater supply wells to be developed and existing test wells south of Hoosick Falls to be converted to production wells at an estimated cost of $9\.7 million.{{Cite web \|title\=DEC releases final permanent water source for Hoosick Falls \|url\=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central\-ny/news/2021/12/03/dec\-releases\-final\-permanent\-water\-source\-for\-hoosick\-falls\-\- \|access\-date\=October 9, 2023 \|website\=spectrumlocalnews.com \|language\=en}} In addition to the consent order, a class\-action lawsuit was filed against Saint\-Gobain and Honeywell, with 3M and DuPont Co. later being accused as well. In July 2021 a preliminary settlement of $65\.25 million was reached with Saint\-Gobain, which provides current and former residents with compensation for potential health impacts due to exposure, compensation for the loss of property value following the addition of the area to the Superfund National Priorities List, compensation to those who had a private well contaminated ($7\.7 million, 12% of total), case expenses and attorney fees ($13\.4 million, 20% of total), compensation for the ten main plaintiffs that contributed significantly to the case ($250,000, .4% of total), and establishes a 10\-year medical monitoring program ($23 million, 35% of total). Throughout the court proceedings attorneys for Saint\-Gobain and Honeywell moved for the case to be dismissed, claiming that “mere accumulation of elevated levels of PFOA in the blood did not constitute physical injury”Benoit v. Saint\-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp. United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Case 17\-3941\. Document 216\-1, p. 12\. 2020\. [https://www.weitzlux.com/wp\-content/themes/WeitzLux/assets/images/documents/Benoit\-v\-Saint\-Gobain\-2\.pdf](https://www.weitzlux.com/wp-content/themes/WeitzLux/assets/images/documents/Benoit-v-Saint-Gobain-2.pdf) and that “in the absence of physical damage, 532 Madison, 96 N.Y.2d 280, 727 9 N.Y.S.2d 49, precludes recovery in tort for harm that is exclusively economic, and that because ‘groundwater is not private property,’ plaintiffs could not base property damage claims on ‘alleged injury to groundwater’. Defendants also urged dismissal of all property claims of plaintiffs who rented their homes, on the theory that they lacked ownership interest, and dismissal of all claims of nuisance, on the theory that private nuisance is by definition a tort that threatens one or a few persons, not one that impacts the whole community”. These motions were denied by U.S. District Senior Judge Lawrence E. Kahn, when the defendants appealed, the denials were upheld by the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals. Following the settlement, Lia T. LoBello, as spokesperson for the company, submitted the following statement: > "Saint\-Gobain is pleased to have reached a settlement agreement with the plaintiffs in the New York class action lawsuit. Since first learning about the issue of PFAS in Hoosick Falls, the company took a leadership position on this issue and we believe this agreement is indicative of that commitment. The health, safety and wellbeing of both our employees and the communities in which we operate are important to us, and we take that responsibility very seriously."
[ "PFOA crisis\n-----------", "The contamination of Hoosick Falls’ water was originally discovered by resident Michael Hickey following the death of his father from an aggressive kidney cancer, which was diagnosed after his retirement from the Saint\\-Gobain Performance Plastics plant. Hickey noted the elevated rate of cancer diagnoses and deaths in their village, and began looking into the effects of the chemicals used in local manufacturing plants.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Lyons \\|first\\=Brendan J. \\|date\\=July 21, 2021 \\|title\\=$65M settlement filed in Hoosick Falls PFOA water contamination \\|url\\=https://www.timesunion.com/state/article/hoosick\\-falls\\-pfoa\\-settlement\\-16326755\\.php \\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2023 \\|website\\=Times Union \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "Over the years, several manufacturing plants in the area released waste containing perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) into the surrounding environment.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Hoosick Falls, New York, Water Contamination Lawsuit \\- W\\&L \\|url\\=https://www.weitzlux.com/environmental\\-pollution/hoosick\\-falls\\-new\\-york\\-water\\-contamination/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2023 \\|website\\=www.weitzlux.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}} PFOA, which belongs to a group of chemicals called per\\- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) used to make household and commercial products, has been shown to cause reproductive, developmental, liver, kidney, and immunological effects in laboratory animals.{{Cite web \\|title\\=SAINT\\-GOBAIN PERFORMANCE PLASTICS Site Profile \\|url\\=https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction\\=second.Cleanup\\&id\\=0202702\\#bkground \\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2023 \\|website\\=cumulis.epa.gov \\|language\\=en}} Much of the focus of investigation and litigation has been on the Saint\\-Gobain Performance Plastics facility, which is located next to the village water treatment plant and began manufacturing with PFOA in 1999\\.", "Hickey tested water samples from his kitchen sink and businesses in the village, and discovered a PFOA level of 540 parts per trillion, exceeding the existing EPA guideline at the time of 400 ppt by 35%. In 2016, the EPA guideline was updated to 70 ppt following updated studies of the effects on animals and exposed human populations,{{Cite web \\|date\\=November 2016 \\|title\\=FACT SHEET: PFOA \\& PFOS Drinking Water Health Advisories \\|url\\=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016\\-06/documents/drinkingwaterhealthadvisories\\_pfoa\\_pfos\\_updated\\_5\\.31\\.16\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2023 \\|website\\=epa.gov}} the amounts in Hoosick exceeded this by 671%. As of June 2022, the EPA lowered the advised levels for PFOA to .004 ppt.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Environmental Protection Agency \\|date\\=June 21, 2022 \\|title\\=Lifetime Drinking Water Health Advisories for Four Perfluoroalkyl Substances \\|url\\=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR\\-2022\\-06\\-21/pdf/2022\\-13158\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Federal Register \\|volume\\=87 \\|issue\\=118 \\|pages\\=36848–36849}} The levels of PFOA present in Hoosick Falls’ water in 2014 exceeded this level by almost 135,000%.", "The Village Board, which had allegedly denied requests from Hickey to test the water, did not issue a warning to the citizens of Hoosick Falls about the water until 16 months after Hickey’s findings. The EPA issued an advisory against drinking or cooking with the public water supply in November 2015\\. In December 2015, the Village advised residents to use bottled water provided for free by [Saint\\-Gobain](/wiki/Saint-Gobain \"Saint-Gobain\"), the current owner of the plastics facilities and the party responsible for the pollution mitigation.", "In February 2016 New York State added the Saint\\-Gobain facility to their Registry of Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites as a Class 2 site.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Hoosick Falls Area \\- NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation \\|url\\=https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/108791\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2023 \\|website\\=www.dec.ny.gov}} In July 2017, the EPA added the site to the Superfund National Priorities List (NPL), which lists priority sites in the United States in need of long\\-term cleanup efforts.", "The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) is leading the investigation and cleanup of the McCaffrey Street site, with support from the EPA. In June 2016 Saint\\-Gobain Performance Plastics and Honeywell International were deemed “potentially responsible parties” for the contamination, and entered into a consent order with the NYSDEC. As an interim remedial measure to address the contamination, the two companies installed a granulated activated carbon (GAC) filtration system on the public water supply wells to treat the water in 2016\\. In 2019, they built a groundwater interceptor trench at the McCaffrey Street site to prevent contaminated groundwater from reaching public water wells.", "In order to address the contamination to over 800 private wells, the state installed point\\-of\\-entry treatment systems (POET), which treat the water entering the building, reducing contaminants for safe drinking.", "While the interim remedial measures addressed the immediate concerns of contaminated water, the corporations were also required to perform a remedial investigation and feasibility study (RI/FS) at the site in order to determine the nature and extent of the contamination and identify and evaluate cleanup alternatives. The NYSDEC reviewed a study submitted by the companies, which proposed five potential long\\-term water supplies, and opened up the proposal to public comment in the fall of 2019 through email, letters, and two public meetings. On December 3, 2021, the NYSDEC published their decision regarding the long\\-term water replacement, with two new groundwater supply wells to be developed and existing test wells south of Hoosick Falls to be converted to production wells at an estimated cost of $9\\.7 million.{{Cite web \\|title\\=DEC releases final permanent water source for Hoosick Falls \\|url\\=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central\\-ny/news/2021/12/03/dec\\-releases\\-final\\-permanent\\-water\\-source\\-for\\-hoosick\\-falls\\-\\- \\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2023 \\|website\\=spectrumlocalnews.com \\|language\\=en}}", "In addition to the consent order, a class\\-action lawsuit was filed against Saint\\-Gobain and Honeywell, with 3M and DuPont Co. later being accused as well. In July 2021 a preliminary settlement of $65\\.25 million was reached with Saint\\-Gobain, which provides current and former residents with compensation for potential health impacts due to exposure, compensation for the loss of property value following the addition of the area to the Superfund National Priorities List, compensation to those who had a private well contaminated ($7\\.7 million, 12% of total), case expenses and attorney fees ($13\\.4 million, 20% of total), compensation for the ten main plaintiffs that contributed significantly to the case ($250,000, .4% of total), and establishes a 10\\-year medical monitoring program ($23 million, 35% of total).", "Throughout the court proceedings attorneys for Saint\\-Gobain and Honeywell moved for the case to be dismissed, claiming that “mere accumulation of elevated levels of PFOA in the blood did not constitute physical injury”Benoit v. Saint\\-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp. United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Case 17\\-3941\\. Document 216\\-1, p. 12\\. 2020\\. [https://www.weitzlux.com/wp\\-content/themes/WeitzLux/assets/images/documents/Benoit\\-v\\-Saint\\-Gobain\\-2\\.pdf](https://www.weitzlux.com/wp-content/themes/WeitzLux/assets/images/documents/Benoit-v-Saint-Gobain-2.pdf) and that “in the absence of physical damage, 532 Madison, 96 N.Y.2d 280, 727 9 N.Y.S.2d 49, precludes recovery in tort for harm that is exclusively economic, and that because ‘groundwater is not private property,’ plaintiffs could not base property damage claims on ‘alleged injury to groundwater’. Defendants also urged dismissal of all property claims of plaintiffs who rented their homes, on the theory that they lacked ownership interest, and dismissal of all claims of nuisance, on the theory that private nuisance is by definition a tort that threatens one or a few persons, not one that impacts the whole community”. These motions were denied by U.S. District Senior Judge Lawrence E. Kahn, when the defendants appealed, the denials were upheld by the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals.", "Following the settlement, Lia T. LoBello, as spokesperson for the company, submitted the following statement:\n> \"Saint\\-Gobain is pleased to have reached a settlement agreement with the plaintiffs in the New York class action lawsuit. Since first learning about the issue of PFAS in Hoosick Falls, the company took a leadership position on this issue and we believe this agreement is indicative of that commitment. The health, safety and wellbeing of both our employees and the communities in which we operate are important to us, and we take that responsibility very seriously.\"", "", "" ]
Wing On in Shanghai ------------------- Wing On also had a branch in Shanghai, opened in 1918 on [Nanking (Nanjing) Road](/wiki/Nanjing_Road_%28Shanghai%29 "Nanjing Road (Shanghai)") by the Kwok brothers with their cousin, [George Kwok Bew](/wiki/George_Kwok_Bew "George Kwok Bew"), who had recently moved to Shanghai from Sydney. The Kwok brothers had initially worked for George's fruit and vegetable business, Wing Sang \& Co., in Sydney before starting their own fruit and vegetable business. Wing On was the second of the "Four Great Companies", which were large department stores modelled on Australian precedent established by Cantonese migrants returning from Australia. The Four Great Companies brought the model of modern department stores with egalitarian service pioneered by [Anthony Hordern \& Sons](/wiki/Anthony_Hordern_%26_Sons "Anthony Hordern & Sons") to Shanghai and quickly became the focal points of Shanghai's commercial district. Three of the "Four Great Companies" \- Wing On, Sincere and The Sun, were founded by former partners of Wing Sang \& Co. The store occupied two prominent buildings. The distinctive original building stood opposite from the (then) [Sincere Department Store](/wiki/Sincere_Department_Store "Sincere Department Store"). An extension was built next to it in the 1930s, one of the first modern "skyscrapers" of Shanghai. After the Communist revolution in China, the store was partly [nationalised](/wiki/Nationalization "Nationalization") in 1956, then fully nationalised in 1966 and renamed "East is Red Department Store", after which it was no longer connected to Wing On in Hong Kong and traded under various names. The 1930s extension building housed a separate "Overseas Chinese Store", which, for many years, was one of the few places in Shanghai where people with overseas connections could spend their [foreign exchange certificates](/wiki/Foreign_exchange_certificate "Foreign exchange certificate") to buy goods not available to ordinary Chinese consumers. In 2005, the department store in the original 1918 building resumed the Chinese version of the Wing On name ({{zh\|c\=永安\|p\=Yǒng'ān}}). However, the store is owned by a separate company from Wing On, called "Yongan Department Store Co Ltd", a state\-owned company. This company does not use the "Wing On" name in its English translations.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.yongan.sh.cn/about1\.asp \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221040350/http://www.yongan.sh.cn/about1\.asp \|archive\-date\=21 December 2005 \|title\=永安百货有限公司}} The exterior of the original store was restored to its appearance during the Wing On period. However, the interior has been drastically refurbished. The store has also changed its market orientation, focusing almost exclusively on domestic Chinese branded clothing targeted at visitors from other parts of China, with a small department in watches and other accessories. File:Wing On 1918 Shanghai.jpg\|Wing On's Shanghai branch in the 1940s, on Nanking Road. File:Wing On Shanghai 1918\.jpg\|\[\[Shop window]] of Wing On's Shanghai branch in the 1940s. File:Shanghai tram, British section, 1920s, John Rossman's collection.jpg\|In this 1930s postcard, Wing On (left) is advertising its "Great Sale" on banners stretched across Nanking Road (to Sincere Department Store (right)). {{\-}}
[ "Wing On in Shanghai\n-------------------", "Wing On also had a branch in Shanghai, opened in 1918 on [Nanking (Nanjing) Road](/wiki/Nanjing_Road_%28Shanghai%29 \"Nanjing Road (Shanghai)\") by the Kwok brothers with their cousin, [George Kwok Bew](/wiki/George_Kwok_Bew \"George Kwok Bew\"), who had recently moved to Shanghai from Sydney. The Kwok brothers had initially worked for George's fruit and vegetable business, Wing Sang \\& Co., in Sydney before starting their own fruit and vegetable business.", "Wing On was the second of the \"Four Great Companies\", which were large department stores modelled on Australian precedent established by Cantonese migrants returning from Australia. The Four Great Companies brought the model of modern department stores with egalitarian service pioneered by [Anthony Hordern \\& Sons](/wiki/Anthony_Hordern_%26_Sons \"Anthony Hordern & Sons\") to Shanghai and quickly became the focal points of Shanghai's commercial district. Three of the \"Four Great Companies\" \\- Wing On, Sincere and The Sun, were founded by former partners of Wing Sang \\& Co.", "The store occupied two prominent buildings. The distinctive original building stood opposite from the (then) [Sincere Department Store](/wiki/Sincere_Department_Store \"Sincere Department Store\"). An extension was built next to it in the 1930s, one of the first modern \"skyscrapers\" of Shanghai. After the Communist revolution in China, the store was partly [nationalised](/wiki/Nationalization \"Nationalization\") in 1956, then fully nationalised in 1966 and renamed \"East is Red Department Store\", after which it was no longer connected to Wing On in Hong Kong and traded under various names. The 1930s extension building housed a separate \"Overseas Chinese Store\", which, for many years, was one of the few places in Shanghai where people with overseas connections could spend their [foreign exchange certificates](/wiki/Foreign_exchange_certificate \"Foreign exchange certificate\") to buy goods not available to ordinary Chinese consumers.", "In 2005, the department store in the original 1918 building resumed the Chinese version of the Wing On name ({{zh\\|c\\=永安\\|p\\=Yǒng'ān}}). However, the store is owned by a separate company from Wing On, called \"Yongan Department Store Co Ltd\", a state\\-owned company. This company does not use the \"Wing On\" name in its English translations.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.yongan.sh.cn/about1\\.asp \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221040350/http://www.yongan.sh.cn/about1\\.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2005 \\|title\\=永安百货有限公司}} The exterior of the original store was restored to its appearance during the Wing On period. However, the interior has been drastically refurbished. The store has also changed its market orientation, focusing almost exclusively on domestic Chinese branded clothing targeted at visitors from other parts of China, with a small department in watches and other accessories.", "", "File:Wing On 1918 Shanghai.jpg\\|Wing On's Shanghai branch in the 1940s, on Nanking Road.\nFile:Wing On Shanghai 1918\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Shop window]] of Wing On's Shanghai branch in the 1940s.\nFile:Shanghai tram, British section, 1920s, John Rossman's collection.jpg\\|In this 1930s postcard, Wing On (left) is advertising its \"Great Sale\" on banners stretched across Nanking Road (to Sincere Department Store (right)).", "", "{{\\-}}", "" ]
History ------- Castleton is a founding member of Rhode Island band [Gruvis Malt](/wiki/Gruvis_Malt "Gruvis Malt"), with whom he has released five full\-length albums as well as a number of various independently\-released EPs. ### 2006–2009 From 2006 to 2008 he recorded and toured in Ebu Gogo, releasing two full\-length albums, *Chase Scenes 1\-14* and *Worlds*. The band consists of Castleton and two members of [Gruvis Malt](/wiki/Gruvis_Malt "Gruvis Malt"), Brendan Bell and Justin Abene, with Jonny Lingo drummer Chase Leonard sometimes sitting in for Bell on drums. In 2006, Castleton collaborated with playwright Cyrus Leddy to release the bizarre [spoken\-word](/wiki/Spoken-word "Spoken-word") album *Grace Land*[NPR Music: Gavin Castleton \& Cyrus Leddy: 'The Good Night's Sleep'](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5584121) which chronicles the mundane life of Gary Tivoli, a clerk at a [Staples](/wiki/Staples_Inc. "Staples Inc.") store, including intimate details of his relationship with his girlfriend and his obsession with [Seinfeld](/wiki/Seinfeld "Seinfeld"). Castleton performed the narration, which was adapted from a series of interviews that Leddy conducted with Tivoli. Castleton has recorded and performed with several bands and musicians, including [One Drop](/wiki/One_Drop_%28band%29 "One Drop (band)") (with whom he recorded the *Fortnightshift* EP and One Drop's second full\-length album, Of Love and Ambition), [Paranoid Social Club](/wiki/Paranoid_Social_Club "Paranoid Social Club"), Club D'Elf, and [Facing New York](/wiki/Facing_New_York "Facing New York"). He performed at the annual [SXSW](/wiki/South_by_Southwest "South by Southwest") festival in 2007{{Cite web \|url\=http://2007\.sxsw.com/music/showcases/band/38750\.html \|title\=south by southwest festivals \+ conferences \|access\-date\=2007\-06\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175013/http://2007\.sxsw.com/music/showcases/band/38750\.html \|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-27 \|url\-status\=dead }} and 2009, showcasing the *Hospital Hymns* EP and some material from *Home*. In late 2007 he released *A Bullet, A Lever A Key*, the progressive [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop "Hip hop") EP that tells the story of an ever\-deteriorating life in reverse\-chronological order, beginning with his suicide in 2054 and ending backstage at a "present day" performance. His blog "The Great Consolidation" features entries from the future that expound on the storyline of *A Bullet, A Lever, A Key* and discuss his latest full\-length album *Home*, the tale of a long term love affair interrupted by a zombie apocalypse. On Halloween 2008 the first single from *Home*, "Unparallel Rabbits" was released digitally along with b\-side, Gruvis Malt's "Since 1968" remixed by The Overclock Orchestra. On January 12, the second single from the album, "Coffeelocks", was released digitally along with b\-side, "Shell". It enjoyed much airplay on KCRW's Morning Becomes Eclectic (and lead to a live performance on the show in 2009\). On February 13 the full album was released digitally, and on April 7 it was released in stores nationwide. On October 12, 2009, Five One Inc. released *The Random Anthems EP* on iTunes. It contains three songs: Shell 2: Nephew of Shell (the sequel to Shell, produced by Zach Lipkins), Scared Scared Scared (previously released on the Japanese import of *For the Love of Pete*), and Hope is a Drug (produced by Overclock Orchestra). Hope is a Drug was Today's Top Tune at KCRW, and has enjoyed airplay on specialty radio shows around the country. In Fall of 2009 he toured with a trio featuring Eduardo Torres on drums and Gray Robertson on bass, playing 67 self\-booked shows criss\-crossing the US. That tour also included a stint with [Taking Back Sunday](/wiki/Taking_Back_Sunday "Taking Back Sunday"), [Anberlin](/wiki/Anberlin "Anberlin"), and [Fun](/wiki/Fun_%28band%29 "Fun (band)"), throughout which Castleton's trio was joined by members of Taking Back Sunday for the majority of his set. ### 2010–2011 On October 1, 2010, after a Kickstarter campaign, Gavin self\-released *Won Over Frequency*, a collection of unreleased songs featuring Steve Choi, Matthew Fazzi, Keith Brush, Lex Land, Brandon Clemmens, Justin Abene, Steve Geuting, and several local Portland artists. Gavin posted a video of the album artwork\-making process on his YouTube channel featuring the work of [Aaron Nagel](/wiki/Aaron_Nagel "Aaron Nagel"), Brendan Bell, Justin Muir, and Lorna Carman. In the Fall of 2010 the Castleton Trio toured to the east coast with [Lex Land](/wiki/Lex_Land "Lex Land") and Happy Body Slow Brain, who both joined him on stage throughout the show. ### 2012–2015 During the first half of 2012, Castleton focused mainly on releasing singles. Many were accompanied with a video, and were distributed via his blog, YouTube account, or various other media outlets. Some were related to his Won Over Frequency Kickstarter campaign, and were written to award certain individuals who made donations towards the completion of the album. On September 20, 2012 he performed live on Jimmy Fallon with the rapper [Danny!](/wiki/Danny%21 "Danny!") and backed by [the Roots](/wiki/The_Roots "The Roots"). Throughout 2013, Castleton kept a low profile. He performed live at SXSW (South by Southwest) Festival and released various singles in anticipation of his upcoming album. On April 23, 2014, Castleton released a 16\-song "mixtape" called *\#blessed*, available for free download on his bandcamp page with the purchase of any piece of apparel. In May he did a two\-week tour around New England with Happy Body Slow Brain to promote the record. On October 11, 2014, Castleton released *It Was the Worst of Times, It Was the Worst of Times*, a five\-song EP of "simple sad piano songs." On December 25, 2014, Castleton released "Travelight," a narrative children's album inspired by *The Little Prince*, that featured songs written over the course of 10 years. It features Seth Castleton (Gavin's cousin) on cello, and Bob Castleton (Gavin's grandfather) as the narrator. ### 2015–2017 In the fall of 2015, Castleton toured as the keyboardist for [Courtney Marie Andrews](/wiki/Courtney_Marie_Andrews "Courtney Marie Andrews"). In October 2015, Castleton released the Halloween single "Grady," a "sonic prequel" to The Shining. In 2016, Castleton joined [The Dear Hunter](/wiki/The_Dear_Hunter "The Dear Hunter") on keyboards and backing vocals. The new lineup was premiered abroad, during the band's U.K. tour in March 2016\. He released an exclusive 4\-song EP called "The Punchline EP" in conjunction with a 2\-month major market US tour supporting The Dear Hunter and [Eisley](/wiki/Eisley "Eisley"). From June 8 to July 1, 2017, Castleton combined forces with [Rare Futures](/wiki/Rare_Futures "Rare Futures") to tour the US as the supergroup "FutureCastle," playing songs from both artists' catalogs. On June 2, 2017, they released the FutureCastle EP on limited edition vinyl, featuring four cover songs (including Castleton's arrangements of [Chicago's](/wiki/Chicago_%28band%29 "Chicago (band)") "If You Leave Me Now" and [Hall and Oates'](/wiki/Hall_and_Oates "Hall and Oates") "Maneater"). ### 2018–present On October 31, 2018, Castleton posted a lyric video for his Halloween single "I Choose You," inspired by the Teddy Perkins episode of [Donald Glover](/wiki/Donald_Glover "Donald Glover")'s show [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"). On September 10, 2019, Castleton released Weak Intl., a 5\-song micro\-EP of "corporate clap\-backs," on digital streaming platforms and bandcamp.com. The collection of 1\-minute rants were inspired from Castleton's experience working in the tech industry. On October 16, 2019, Castleton released a \#deathed, a compilation of his Halloween singles. He published a lyric video for his 2019 Halloween single, Pelle (a tribute to Ari Aster's horror/break\-up film [*Midsommar*](/wiki/Midsommar_%28film%29 "Midsommar (film)")). On Nov 1, 2019, A Bullet, A Lever, A Key and Travelight were released on vinyl. For the month of November, Castleton performed select US dates as both the keyboardist and solo support act for [The Dear Hunter](/wiki/The_Dear_Hunter "The Dear Hunter"). On Dec 3, 2019, Castleton released the Red Poison EP, a collection of 5 songs penned by Castleton's step\-daughter, Bloomer, over the course of two years (when she was aged 4 to 6 years old). The songs feature production and vocals by Castleton, as well as Bloomer's mother, Alexis Henry. On Apr 23, 2020, Castleton released a full\-length album, "Here You Go", on bandcamp.com. On June 12, 2021, Castleton has left The Dear Hunter, citing being at a point in his life that he cannot "\[contribute] the appropriate time, energy, and focus" that the "many amazing and ambitious TDH events and releases" would require. On May 3, 2024, Castleton released a full\-length album, "Pattern Breaker", on bandcamp.com and later on popular music\-streaming services.
[ "History\n-------", "Castleton is a founding member of Rhode Island band [Gruvis Malt](/wiki/Gruvis_Malt \"Gruvis Malt\"), with whom he has released five full\\-length albums as well as a number of various independently\\-released EPs.", "### 2006–2009", "From 2006 to 2008 he recorded and toured in Ebu Gogo, releasing two full\\-length albums, *Chase Scenes 1\\-14* and *Worlds*. The band consists of Castleton and two members of [Gruvis Malt](/wiki/Gruvis_Malt \"Gruvis Malt\"), Brendan Bell and Justin Abene, with Jonny Lingo drummer Chase Leonard sometimes sitting in for Bell on drums.", "In 2006, Castleton collaborated with playwright Cyrus Leddy to release the bizarre [spoken\\-word](/wiki/Spoken-word \"Spoken-word\") album *Grace Land*[NPR Music: Gavin Castleton \\& Cyrus Leddy: 'The Good Night's Sleep'](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5584121) which chronicles the mundane life of Gary Tivoli, a clerk at a [Staples](/wiki/Staples_Inc. \"Staples Inc.\") store, including intimate details of his relationship with his girlfriend and his obsession with [Seinfeld](/wiki/Seinfeld \"Seinfeld\"). Castleton performed the narration, which was adapted from a series of interviews that Leddy conducted with Tivoli.", "Castleton has recorded and performed with several bands and musicians, including [One Drop](/wiki/One_Drop_%28band%29 \"One Drop (band)\") (with whom he recorded the *Fortnightshift* EP and One Drop's second full\\-length album, Of Love and Ambition), [Paranoid Social Club](/wiki/Paranoid_Social_Club \"Paranoid Social Club\"), Club D'Elf, and [Facing New York](/wiki/Facing_New_York \"Facing New York\"). He performed at the annual [SXSW](/wiki/South_by_Southwest \"South by Southwest\") festival in 2007{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://2007\\.sxsw.com/music/showcases/band/38750\\.html \\|title\\=south by southwest festivals \\+ conferences \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-06\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175013/http://2007\\.sxsw.com/music/showcases/band/38750\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-27 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and 2009, showcasing the *Hospital Hymns* EP and some material from *Home*.", "In late 2007 he released *A Bullet, A Lever A Key*, the progressive [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop \"Hip hop\") EP that tells the story of an ever\\-deteriorating life in reverse\\-chronological order, beginning with his suicide in 2054 and ending backstage at a \"present day\" performance. His blog \"The Great Consolidation\" features entries from the future that expound on the storyline of *A Bullet, A Lever, A Key* and discuss his latest full\\-length album *Home*, the tale of a long term love affair interrupted by a zombie apocalypse.", "On Halloween 2008 the first single from *Home*, \"Unparallel Rabbits\" was released digitally along with b\\-side, Gruvis Malt's \"Since 1968\" remixed by The Overclock Orchestra. On January 12, the second single from the album, \"Coffeelocks\", was released digitally along with b\\-side, \"Shell\". It enjoyed much airplay on KCRW's Morning Becomes Eclectic (and lead to a live performance on the show in 2009\\). On February 13 the full album was released digitally, and on April 7 it was released in stores nationwide.", "On October 12, 2009, Five One Inc. released *The Random Anthems EP* on iTunes. It contains three songs: Shell 2: Nephew of Shell (the sequel to Shell, produced by Zach Lipkins), Scared Scared Scared (previously released on the Japanese import of *For the Love of Pete*), and Hope is a Drug (produced by Overclock Orchestra). Hope is a Drug was Today's Top Tune at KCRW, and has enjoyed airplay on specialty radio shows around the country.", "In Fall of 2009 he toured with a trio featuring Eduardo Torres on drums and Gray Robertson on bass, playing 67 self\\-booked shows criss\\-crossing the US. That tour also included a stint with [Taking Back Sunday](/wiki/Taking_Back_Sunday \"Taking Back Sunday\"), [Anberlin](/wiki/Anberlin \"Anberlin\"), and [Fun](/wiki/Fun_%28band%29 \"Fun (band)\"), throughout which Castleton's trio was joined by members of Taking Back Sunday for the majority of his set.", "### 2010–2011", "On October 1, 2010, after a Kickstarter campaign, Gavin self\\-released *Won Over Frequency*, a collection of unreleased songs featuring Steve Choi, Matthew Fazzi, Keith Brush, Lex Land, Brandon Clemmens, Justin Abene, Steve Geuting, and several local Portland artists. Gavin posted a video of the album artwork\\-making process on his YouTube channel featuring the work of [Aaron Nagel](/wiki/Aaron_Nagel \"Aaron Nagel\"), Brendan Bell, Justin Muir, and Lorna Carman. In the Fall of 2010 the Castleton Trio toured to the east coast with [Lex Land](/wiki/Lex_Land \"Lex Land\") and Happy Body Slow Brain, who both joined him on stage throughout the show.", "### 2012–2015", "During the first half of 2012, Castleton focused mainly on releasing singles. Many were accompanied with a video, and were distributed via his blog, YouTube account, or various other media outlets. Some were related to his Won Over Frequency Kickstarter campaign, and were written to award certain individuals who made donations towards the completion of the album. On September 20, 2012 he performed live on Jimmy Fallon with the rapper [Danny!](/wiki/Danny%21 \"Danny!\") and backed by [the Roots](/wiki/The_Roots \"The Roots\").", "Throughout 2013, Castleton kept a low profile. He performed live at SXSW (South by Southwest) Festival and released various singles in anticipation of his upcoming album.", "On April 23, 2014, Castleton released a 16\\-song \"mixtape\" called *\\#blessed*, available for free download on his bandcamp page with the purchase of any piece of apparel. In May he did a two\\-week tour around New England with Happy Body Slow Brain to promote the record.", "On October 11, 2014, Castleton released *It Was the Worst of Times, It Was the Worst of Times*, a five\\-song EP of \"simple sad piano songs.\"", "On December 25, 2014, Castleton released \"Travelight,\" a narrative children's album inspired by *The Little Prince*, that featured songs written over the course of 10 years. It features Seth Castleton (Gavin's cousin) on cello, and Bob Castleton (Gavin's grandfather) as the narrator.", "### 2015–2017", "In the fall of 2015, Castleton toured as the keyboardist for [Courtney Marie Andrews](/wiki/Courtney_Marie_Andrews \"Courtney Marie Andrews\").", "In October 2015, Castleton released the Halloween single \"Grady,\" a \"sonic prequel\" to The Shining.", "In 2016, Castleton joined [The Dear Hunter](/wiki/The_Dear_Hunter \"The Dear Hunter\") on keyboards and backing vocals. The new lineup was premiered abroad, during the band's U.K. tour in March 2016\\. He released an exclusive 4\\-song EP called \"The Punchline EP\" in conjunction with a 2\\-month major market US tour supporting The Dear Hunter and [Eisley](/wiki/Eisley \"Eisley\").", "From June 8 to July 1, 2017, Castleton combined forces with [Rare Futures](/wiki/Rare_Futures \"Rare Futures\") to tour the US as the supergroup \"FutureCastle,\" playing songs from both artists' catalogs. On June 2, 2017, they released the FutureCastle EP on limited edition vinyl, featuring four cover songs (including Castleton's arrangements of [Chicago's](/wiki/Chicago_%28band%29 \"Chicago (band)\") \"If You Leave Me Now\" and [Hall and Oates'](/wiki/Hall_and_Oates \"Hall and Oates\") \"Maneater\").", "### 2018–present", "On October 31, 2018, Castleton posted a lyric video for his Halloween single \"I Choose You,\" inspired by the Teddy Perkins episode of [Donald Glover](/wiki/Donald_Glover \"Donald Glover\")'s show [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\").", "On September 10, 2019, Castleton released Weak Intl., a 5\\-song micro\\-EP of \"corporate clap\\-backs,\" on digital streaming platforms and bandcamp.com. The collection of 1\\-minute rants were inspired from Castleton's experience working in the tech industry.", "On October 16, 2019, Castleton released a \\#deathed, a compilation of his Halloween singles. He published a lyric video for his 2019 Halloween single, Pelle (a tribute to Ari Aster's horror/break\\-up film [*Midsommar*](/wiki/Midsommar_%28film%29 \"Midsommar (film)\")).", "On Nov 1, 2019, A Bullet, A Lever, A Key and Travelight were released on vinyl. For the month of November, Castleton performed select US dates as both the keyboardist and solo support act for [The Dear Hunter](/wiki/The_Dear_Hunter \"The Dear Hunter\").", "On Dec 3, 2019, Castleton released the Red Poison EP, a collection of 5 songs penned by Castleton's step\\-daughter, Bloomer, over the course of two years (when she was aged 4 to 6 years old). The songs feature production and vocals by Castleton, as well as Bloomer's mother, Alexis Henry.", "On Apr 23, 2020, Castleton released a full\\-length album, \"Here You Go\", on bandcamp.com.", "On June 12, 2021, Castleton has left The Dear Hunter, citing being at a point in his life that he cannot \"\\[contribute] the appropriate time, energy, and focus\" that the \"many amazing and ambitious TDH events and releases\" would require.", "On May 3, 2024, Castleton released a full\\-length album, \"Pattern Breaker\", on bandcamp.com and later on popular music\\-streaming services.", "" ]
### 2006–2009 From 2006 to 2008 he recorded and toured in Ebu Gogo, releasing two full\-length albums, *Chase Scenes 1\-14* and *Worlds*. The band consists of Castleton and two members of [Gruvis Malt](/wiki/Gruvis_Malt "Gruvis Malt"), Brendan Bell and Justin Abene, with Jonny Lingo drummer Chase Leonard sometimes sitting in for Bell on drums. In 2006, Castleton collaborated with playwright Cyrus Leddy to release the bizarre [spoken\-word](/wiki/Spoken-word "Spoken-word") album *Grace Land*[NPR Music: Gavin Castleton \& Cyrus Leddy: 'The Good Night's Sleep'](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5584121) which chronicles the mundane life of Gary Tivoli, a clerk at a [Staples](/wiki/Staples_Inc. "Staples Inc.") store, including intimate details of his relationship with his girlfriend and his obsession with [Seinfeld](/wiki/Seinfeld "Seinfeld"). Castleton performed the narration, which was adapted from a series of interviews that Leddy conducted with Tivoli. Castleton has recorded and performed with several bands and musicians, including [One Drop](/wiki/One_Drop_%28band%29 "One Drop (band)") (with whom he recorded the *Fortnightshift* EP and One Drop's second full\-length album, Of Love and Ambition), [Paranoid Social Club](/wiki/Paranoid_Social_Club "Paranoid Social Club"), Club D'Elf, and [Facing New York](/wiki/Facing_New_York "Facing New York"). He performed at the annual [SXSW](/wiki/South_by_Southwest "South by Southwest") festival in 2007{{Cite web \|url\=http://2007\.sxsw.com/music/showcases/band/38750\.html \|title\=south by southwest festivals \+ conferences \|access\-date\=2007\-06\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175013/http://2007\.sxsw.com/music/showcases/band/38750\.html \|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-27 \|url\-status\=dead }} and 2009, showcasing the *Hospital Hymns* EP and some material from *Home*. In late 2007 he released *A Bullet, A Lever A Key*, the progressive [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop "Hip hop") EP that tells the story of an ever\-deteriorating life in reverse\-chronological order, beginning with his suicide in 2054 and ending backstage at a "present day" performance. His blog "The Great Consolidation" features entries from the future that expound on the storyline of *A Bullet, A Lever, A Key* and discuss his latest full\-length album *Home*, the tale of a long term love affair interrupted by a zombie apocalypse. On Halloween 2008 the first single from *Home*, "Unparallel Rabbits" was released digitally along with b\-side, Gruvis Malt's "Since 1968" remixed by The Overclock Orchestra. On January 12, the second single from the album, "Coffeelocks", was released digitally along with b\-side, "Shell". It enjoyed much airplay on KCRW's Morning Becomes Eclectic (and lead to a live performance on the show in 2009\). On February 13 the full album was released digitally, and on April 7 it was released in stores nationwide. On October 12, 2009, Five One Inc. released *The Random Anthems EP* on iTunes. It contains three songs: Shell 2: Nephew of Shell (the sequel to Shell, produced by Zach Lipkins), Scared Scared Scared (previously released on the Japanese import of *For the Love of Pete*), and Hope is a Drug (produced by Overclock Orchestra). Hope is a Drug was Today's Top Tune at KCRW, and has enjoyed airplay on specialty radio shows around the country. In Fall of 2009 he toured with a trio featuring Eduardo Torres on drums and Gray Robertson on bass, playing 67 self\-booked shows criss\-crossing the US. That tour also included a stint with [Taking Back Sunday](/wiki/Taking_Back_Sunday "Taking Back Sunday"), [Anberlin](/wiki/Anberlin "Anberlin"), and [Fun](/wiki/Fun_%28band%29 "Fun (band)"), throughout which Castleton's trio was joined by members of Taking Back Sunday for the majority of his set.
[ "### 2006–2009", "From 2006 to 2008 he recorded and toured in Ebu Gogo, releasing two full\\-length albums, *Chase Scenes 1\\-14* and *Worlds*. The band consists of Castleton and two members of [Gruvis Malt](/wiki/Gruvis_Malt \"Gruvis Malt\"), Brendan Bell and Justin Abene, with Jonny Lingo drummer Chase Leonard sometimes sitting in for Bell on drums.", "In 2006, Castleton collaborated with playwright Cyrus Leddy to release the bizarre [spoken\\-word](/wiki/Spoken-word \"Spoken-word\") album *Grace Land*[NPR Music: Gavin Castleton \\& Cyrus Leddy: 'The Good Night's Sleep'](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5584121) which chronicles the mundane life of Gary Tivoli, a clerk at a [Staples](/wiki/Staples_Inc. \"Staples Inc.\") store, including intimate details of his relationship with his girlfriend and his obsession with [Seinfeld](/wiki/Seinfeld \"Seinfeld\"). Castleton performed the narration, which was adapted from a series of interviews that Leddy conducted with Tivoli.", "Castleton has recorded and performed with several bands and musicians, including [One Drop](/wiki/One_Drop_%28band%29 \"One Drop (band)\") (with whom he recorded the *Fortnightshift* EP and One Drop's second full\\-length album, Of Love and Ambition), [Paranoid Social Club](/wiki/Paranoid_Social_Club \"Paranoid Social Club\"), Club D'Elf, and [Facing New York](/wiki/Facing_New_York \"Facing New York\"). He performed at the annual [SXSW](/wiki/South_by_Southwest \"South by Southwest\") festival in 2007{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://2007\\.sxsw.com/music/showcases/band/38750\\.html \\|title\\=south by southwest festivals \\+ conferences \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-06\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175013/http://2007\\.sxsw.com/music/showcases/band/38750\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-27 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and 2009, showcasing the *Hospital Hymns* EP and some material from *Home*.", "In late 2007 he released *A Bullet, A Lever A Key*, the progressive [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop \"Hip hop\") EP that tells the story of an ever\\-deteriorating life in reverse\\-chronological order, beginning with his suicide in 2054 and ending backstage at a \"present day\" performance. His blog \"The Great Consolidation\" features entries from the future that expound on the storyline of *A Bullet, A Lever, A Key* and discuss his latest full\\-length album *Home*, the tale of a long term love affair interrupted by a zombie apocalypse.", "On Halloween 2008 the first single from *Home*, \"Unparallel Rabbits\" was released digitally along with b\\-side, Gruvis Malt's \"Since 1968\" remixed by The Overclock Orchestra. On January 12, the second single from the album, \"Coffeelocks\", was released digitally along with b\\-side, \"Shell\". It enjoyed much airplay on KCRW's Morning Becomes Eclectic (and lead to a live performance on the show in 2009\\). On February 13 the full album was released digitally, and on April 7 it was released in stores nationwide.", "On October 12, 2009, Five One Inc. released *The Random Anthems EP* on iTunes. It contains three songs: Shell 2: Nephew of Shell (the sequel to Shell, produced by Zach Lipkins), Scared Scared Scared (previously released on the Japanese import of *For the Love of Pete*), and Hope is a Drug (produced by Overclock Orchestra). Hope is a Drug was Today's Top Tune at KCRW, and has enjoyed airplay on specialty radio shows around the country.", "In Fall of 2009 he toured with a trio featuring Eduardo Torres on drums and Gray Robertson on bass, playing 67 self\\-booked shows criss\\-crossing the US. That tour also included a stint with [Taking Back Sunday](/wiki/Taking_Back_Sunday \"Taking Back Sunday\"), [Anberlin](/wiki/Anberlin \"Anberlin\"), and [Fun](/wiki/Fun_%28band%29 \"Fun (band)\"), throughout which Castleton's trio was joined by members of Taking Back Sunday for the majority of his set.", "" ]
### 2018–present On October 31, 2018, Castleton posted a lyric video for his Halloween single "I Choose You," inspired by the Teddy Perkins episode of [Donald Glover](/wiki/Donald_Glover "Donald Glover")'s show [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"). On September 10, 2019, Castleton released Weak Intl., a 5\-song micro\-EP of "corporate clap\-backs," on digital streaming platforms and bandcamp.com. The collection of 1\-minute rants were inspired from Castleton's experience working in the tech industry. On October 16, 2019, Castleton released a \#deathed, a compilation of his Halloween singles. He published a lyric video for his 2019 Halloween single, Pelle (a tribute to Ari Aster's horror/break\-up film [*Midsommar*](/wiki/Midsommar_%28film%29 "Midsommar (film)")). On Nov 1, 2019, A Bullet, A Lever, A Key and Travelight were released on vinyl. For the month of November, Castleton performed select US dates as both the keyboardist and solo support act for [The Dear Hunter](/wiki/The_Dear_Hunter "The Dear Hunter"). On Dec 3, 2019, Castleton released the Red Poison EP, a collection of 5 songs penned by Castleton's step\-daughter, Bloomer, over the course of two years (when she was aged 4 to 6 years old). The songs feature production and vocals by Castleton, as well as Bloomer's mother, Alexis Henry. On Apr 23, 2020, Castleton released a full\-length album, "Here You Go", on bandcamp.com. On June 12, 2021, Castleton has left The Dear Hunter, citing being at a point in his life that he cannot "\[contribute] the appropriate time, energy, and focus" that the "many amazing and ambitious TDH events and releases" would require. On May 3, 2024, Castleton released a full\-length album, "Pattern Breaker", on bandcamp.com and later on popular music\-streaming services.
[ "### 2018–present", "On October 31, 2018, Castleton posted a lyric video for his Halloween single \"I Choose You,\" inspired by the Teddy Perkins episode of [Donald Glover](/wiki/Donald_Glover \"Donald Glover\")'s show [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\").", "On September 10, 2019, Castleton released Weak Intl., a 5\\-song micro\\-EP of \"corporate clap\\-backs,\" on digital streaming platforms and bandcamp.com. The collection of 1\\-minute rants were inspired from Castleton's experience working in the tech industry.", "On October 16, 2019, Castleton released a \\#deathed, a compilation of his Halloween singles. He published a lyric video for his 2019 Halloween single, Pelle (a tribute to Ari Aster's horror/break\\-up film [*Midsommar*](/wiki/Midsommar_%28film%29 \"Midsommar (film)\")).", "On Nov 1, 2019, A Bullet, A Lever, A Key and Travelight were released on vinyl. For the month of November, Castleton performed select US dates as both the keyboardist and solo support act for [The Dear Hunter](/wiki/The_Dear_Hunter \"The Dear Hunter\").", "On Dec 3, 2019, Castleton released the Red Poison EP, a collection of 5 songs penned by Castleton's step\\-daughter, Bloomer, over the course of two years (when she was aged 4 to 6 years old). The songs feature production and vocals by Castleton, as well as Bloomer's mother, Alexis Henry.", "On Apr 23, 2020, Castleton released a full\\-length album, \"Here You Go\", on bandcamp.com.", "On June 12, 2021, Castleton has left The Dear Hunter, citing being at a point in his life that he cannot \"\\[contribute] the appropriate time, energy, and focus\" that the \"many amazing and ambitious TDH events and releases\" would require.", "On May 3, 2024, Castleton released a full\\-length album, \"Pattern Breaker\", on bandcamp.com and later on popular music\\-streaming services.", "" ]
Non\-league football (1885–1931\) --------------------------------- ### Formation and early years Chester City F.C. were founded in August 1885 as an amalgamation of Chester Rovers and Old King's Scholars and initially played their home games at Faulkner Street in the Hoole area of Chester.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chester\-city.co.uk/archive.asp \|title\=Chester City \- a brief history \|publisher\=chestercity.co.uk \|accessdate\=2007\-09\-15 \|date\=2007\-09\-15 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327161505/http://www.chester\-city.co.uk/archive.asp \|archivedate\=2010\-03\-27 }} Chester's first recorded game was a friendly defeat against Earlestown on 12 September 1885, with their first home match a 3–0 defeat to Northwich Victoria. In 1886, Arthur Turner became Chester's first professional player when the club bought him out of the Army for £25\. Prior to 1888, there were no football leagues in England, and Chester's matches consisted of friendlies, the Cheshire Senior Cup, which they reached the final of for the first time in 1887/88 (losing 9–0 to Crewe Alexandra), and the Welsh Cup. In 1886/87, Chester entered the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") for the first time, but was disqualified after the second round victory against Goldenhill due to fielding an ineligible player. In 1889/90 Chester reached the last 32 of the competition where the club was eliminated by [Lincoln City](/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C. "Lincoln City F.C."). In [1890/91](/wiki/1890_in_football_%28soccer%29 "1890 in football (soccer)") Chester joined the Combination League, and put in a strong performance in their first season, finishing third, while reaching the last 16 of the FA Cup, where they were eliminated by the eventual winners Blackburn Rovers. The next few years saw Chester as a mid\-table Combination side, although by now success in the FA Cup proved more elusive, with five first qualifying round exits in six years. At the end of the 1897–98 season Chester were forced to leave Faulkner Street due to buildings encroaching on the ground, and moved to land which had previously been used for the Royal Agricultural Show in 1893\. Unfortunately, the stand at the Old Showground ground blew down three times in a matter of months, and the club did not have any security of tenure, leaving Chester looking for a new ground for the 1899–1900 season. The search proved fruitless, and the club disbanded for the next two seasons. For [1901–02](/wiki/1901_in_football_%28soccer%29 "1901 in football (soccer)"), however, Chester secured a ground at Whipcord Lane, and returned to the Combination. However, this ground was also to prove problematic: in the first round of the FA Cup, Chester were ejected after beating Birkenhead 5–4 in a replay, due to the pitch being too short to meet FA Cup requirements. Chester did not play again in the FA Cup until the 1905/6 season. In the Combination, after finishing bottom on their first season back, Chester improved considerably, and managed the feat of being runner\-up for five seasons in succession between 1903–04 and 1907–08 to four different teams. At the same time, in December of the 1906–07 season Chester moved to a new stadium on Sealand Road, which had considerably more space than Whipcord Lane, and on Good Friday 1907 Chester set a new attendance record of 6,670\. Also in 1907–08, Chester won the Welsh Cup for the first time, beating Connah's Quay 3–1\. In 1908/9 Chester finally made the breakthrough of winning the Combination, losing only two games out of 30 in the season, and finishing eight points ahead of second placed Saltney. They also returned to the Welsh Cup final, although on this occasion they lost the final 1–0 to Wrexham. The 1909–10 season was less successful in league competition, with Chester finishing third, although they once again returned to the Welsh Cup final, where there were again beaten by Wrexham, this time 2–1\. For a number of years, Chester had been applying unsuccessfully to move to a league which offered a stronger standard of football, but in the summer of 1910, they were finally successful, and switched to the second division of the [Lancashire Combination](/wiki/Lancashire_Combination "Lancashire Combination"), with the reserve side remaining in the Combination. The switch proved a beneficial one, as Chester were promoted in their first season after finishing third. The next three seasons saw Chester as a mid\-table side within the first division of the Lancashire Combination, with the club reaching the semi\-finals of the Welsh Cup in both 1911–12 and 1912–13\. However, following the outbreak of World War 1 attendances dropped considerably, and although the Lancashire Combination played out the season, Chester withdrew from the league in March, and their record was expunged. ### The Cheshire County League After [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), they became founder members of the [Cheshire County League](/wiki/Cheshire_County_League "Cheshire County League"), which was substantially founded from clubs which had been part of the Lancashire Combination, including Witton Albion, Macclesfield, Northwich and Altrincham, providing Chester with more local derbies than previously. Over the next decade, Chester were consistently one of the strongest sides in the league, finishing as champions in 1921–22, 1925–26, and 1926–27\. However, attendances were poor and the club's financial position was precarious, meaning that the Directors took the decision to seek election to the Football League. Chester's first attempt to seek election was in 1928, when Chester failed to be elected, finishing bottom of the election voting with only two votes. In 1929, Chester gain failed to obtain election, and on this occasion failed to receive even a single vote. The decision was made to focus attention solely on obtaining election to the League, and in order to help with this [Charlie Hewitt](/wiki/Charlie_Hewitt_%28footballer%29 "Charlie Hewitt (footballer)") was appointed manager in 1930, bringing with him a strong record as manager of Connah's Quay including Welsh Cup and Welsh National League titles. The appointment, and the players whom Hewitt brought in, was an immediate success, with 170 goals scored in 42 league fixtures, with forward [Arthur Gale](/wiki/Arthur_Gale "Arthur Gale") netting 102 times in all competitions. In advance of the election for Football League membership, the Directors personally visited all First and Second Division clubs to canvass support. In the event, in the first round of voting Chester were tied, on 27 votes each, with [Nelson](/wiki/Nelson_F.C. "Nelson F.C."), therefore requiring a second vote to break the tie. Chester received 28 votes to Nelson's 20 votes in this second round, and became members of the Football League.
[ "Non\\-league football (1885–1931\\)\n---------------------------------", "### Formation and early years", "Chester City F.C. were founded in August 1885 as an amalgamation of Chester Rovers and Old King's Scholars and initially played their home games at Faulkner Street in the Hoole area of Chester.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chester\\-city.co.uk/archive.asp \\|title\\=Chester City \\- a brief history \\|publisher\\=chestercity.co.uk \\|accessdate\\=2007\\-09\\-15 \\|date\\=2007\\-09\\-15 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327161505/http://www.chester\\-city.co.uk/archive.asp \\|archivedate\\=2010\\-03\\-27 }} Chester's first recorded game was a friendly defeat against Earlestown on 12 September 1885, with their first home match a 3–0 defeat to Northwich Victoria. In 1886, Arthur Turner became Chester's first professional player when the club bought him out of the Army for £25\\.", "Prior to 1888, there were no football leagues in England, and Chester's matches consisted of friendlies, the Cheshire Senior Cup, which they reached the final of for the first time in 1887/88 (losing 9–0 to Crewe Alexandra), and the Welsh Cup. In 1886/87, Chester entered the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") for the first time, but was disqualified after the second round victory against Goldenhill due to fielding an ineligible player. In 1889/90 Chester reached the last 32 of the competition where the club was eliminated by [Lincoln City](/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C. \"Lincoln City F.C.\").", "In [1890/91](/wiki/1890_in_football_%28soccer%29 \"1890 in football (soccer)\") Chester joined the Combination League, and put in a strong performance in their first season, finishing third, while reaching the last 16 of the FA Cup, where they were eliminated by the eventual winners Blackburn Rovers. The next few years saw Chester as a mid\\-table Combination side, although by now success in the FA Cup proved more elusive, with five first qualifying round exits in six years. At the end of the 1897–98 season Chester were forced to leave Faulkner Street due to buildings encroaching on the ground, and moved to land which had previously been used for the Royal Agricultural Show in 1893\\.", "Unfortunately, the stand at the Old Showground ground blew down three times in a matter of months, and the club did not have any security of tenure, leaving Chester looking for a new ground for the 1899–1900 season. The search proved fruitless, and the club disbanded for the next two seasons.", "For [1901–02](/wiki/1901_in_football_%28soccer%29 \"1901 in football (soccer)\"), however, Chester secured a ground at Whipcord Lane, and returned to the Combination. However, this ground was also to prove problematic: in the first round of the FA Cup, Chester were ejected after beating Birkenhead 5–4 in a replay, due to the pitch being too short to meet FA Cup requirements. Chester did not play again in the FA Cup until the 1905/6 season.", "In the Combination, after finishing bottom on their first season back, Chester improved considerably, and managed the feat of being runner\\-up for five seasons in succession between 1903–04 and 1907–08 to four different teams. At the same time, in December of the 1906–07 season Chester moved to a new stadium on Sealand Road, which had considerably more space than Whipcord Lane, and on Good Friday 1907 Chester set a new attendance record of 6,670\\. Also in 1907–08, Chester won the Welsh Cup for the first time, beating Connah's Quay 3–1\\.", "In 1908/9 Chester finally made the breakthrough of winning the Combination, losing only two games out of 30 in the season, and finishing eight points ahead of second placed Saltney. They also returned to the Welsh Cup final, although on this occasion they lost the final 1–0 to Wrexham. The 1909–10 season was less successful in league competition, with Chester finishing third, although they once again returned to the Welsh Cup final, where there were again beaten by Wrexham, this time 2–1\\.", "For a number of years, Chester had been applying unsuccessfully to move to a league which offered a stronger standard of football, but in the summer of 1910, they were finally successful, and switched to the second division of the [Lancashire Combination](/wiki/Lancashire_Combination \"Lancashire Combination\"), with the reserve side remaining in the Combination. The switch proved a beneficial one, as Chester were promoted in their first season after finishing third.", "The next three seasons saw Chester as a mid\\-table side within the first division of the Lancashire Combination, with the club reaching the semi\\-finals of the Welsh Cup in both 1911–12 and 1912–13\\. However, following the outbreak of World War 1 attendances dropped considerably, and although the Lancashire Combination played out the season, Chester withdrew from the league in March, and their record was expunged.", "### The Cheshire County League", "After [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), they became founder members of the [Cheshire County League](/wiki/Cheshire_County_League \"Cheshire County League\"), which was substantially founded from clubs which had been part of the Lancashire Combination, including Witton Albion, Macclesfield, Northwich and Altrincham, providing Chester with more local derbies than previously. Over the next decade, Chester were consistently one of the strongest sides in the league, finishing as champions in 1921–22, 1925–26, and 1926–27\\. However, attendances were poor and the club's financial position was precarious, meaning that the Directors took the decision to seek election to the Football League.", "Chester's first attempt to seek election was in 1928, when Chester failed to be elected, finishing bottom of the election voting with only two votes. In 1929, Chester gain failed to obtain election, and on this occasion failed to receive even a single vote. The decision was made to focus attention solely on obtaining election to the League, and in order to help with this [Charlie Hewitt](/wiki/Charlie_Hewitt_%28footballer%29 \"Charlie Hewitt (footballer)\") was appointed manager in 1930, bringing with him a strong record as manager of Connah's Quay including Welsh Cup and Welsh National League titles. The appointment, and the players whom Hewitt brought in, was an immediate success, with 170 goals scored in 42 league fixtures, with forward [Arthur Gale](/wiki/Arthur_Gale \"Arthur Gale\") netting 102 times in all competitions.", "In advance of the election for Football League membership, the Directors personally visited all First and Second Division clubs to canvass support. In the event, in the first round of voting Chester were tied, on 27 votes each, with [Nelson](/wiki/Nelson_F.C. \"Nelson F.C.\"), therefore requiring a second vote to break the tie. Chester received 28 votes to Nelson's 20 votes in this second round, and became members of the Football League.", "" ]
### Formation and early years Chester City F.C. were founded in August 1885 as an amalgamation of Chester Rovers and Old King's Scholars and initially played their home games at Faulkner Street in the Hoole area of Chester.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chester\-city.co.uk/archive.asp \|title\=Chester City \- a brief history \|publisher\=chestercity.co.uk \|accessdate\=2007\-09\-15 \|date\=2007\-09\-15 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327161505/http://www.chester\-city.co.uk/archive.asp \|archivedate\=2010\-03\-27 }} Chester's first recorded game was a friendly defeat against Earlestown on 12 September 1885, with their first home match a 3–0 defeat to Northwich Victoria. In 1886, Arthur Turner became Chester's first professional player when the club bought him out of the Army for £25\. Prior to 1888, there were no football leagues in England, and Chester's matches consisted of friendlies, the Cheshire Senior Cup, which they reached the final of for the first time in 1887/88 (losing 9–0 to Crewe Alexandra), and the Welsh Cup. In 1886/87, Chester entered the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") for the first time, but was disqualified after the second round victory against Goldenhill due to fielding an ineligible player. In 1889/90 Chester reached the last 32 of the competition where the club was eliminated by [Lincoln City](/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C. "Lincoln City F.C."). In [1890/91](/wiki/1890_in_football_%28soccer%29 "1890 in football (soccer)") Chester joined the Combination League, and put in a strong performance in their first season, finishing third, while reaching the last 16 of the FA Cup, where they were eliminated by the eventual winners Blackburn Rovers. The next few years saw Chester as a mid\-table Combination side, although by now success in the FA Cup proved more elusive, with five first qualifying round exits in six years. At the end of the 1897–98 season Chester were forced to leave Faulkner Street due to buildings encroaching on the ground, and moved to land which had previously been used for the Royal Agricultural Show in 1893\. Unfortunately, the stand at the Old Showground ground blew down three times in a matter of months, and the club did not have any security of tenure, leaving Chester looking for a new ground for the 1899–1900 season. The search proved fruitless, and the club disbanded for the next two seasons. For [1901–02](/wiki/1901_in_football_%28soccer%29 "1901 in football (soccer)"), however, Chester secured a ground at Whipcord Lane, and returned to the Combination. However, this ground was also to prove problematic: in the first round of the FA Cup, Chester were ejected after beating Birkenhead 5–4 in a replay, due to the pitch being too short to meet FA Cup requirements. Chester did not play again in the FA Cup until the 1905/6 season. In the Combination, after finishing bottom on their first season back, Chester improved considerably, and managed the feat of being runner\-up for five seasons in succession between 1903–04 and 1907–08 to four different teams. At the same time, in December of the 1906–07 season Chester moved to a new stadium on Sealand Road, which had considerably more space than Whipcord Lane, and on Good Friday 1907 Chester set a new attendance record of 6,670\. Also in 1907–08, Chester won the Welsh Cup for the first time, beating Connah's Quay 3–1\. In 1908/9 Chester finally made the breakthrough of winning the Combination, losing only two games out of 30 in the season, and finishing eight points ahead of second placed Saltney. They also returned to the Welsh Cup final, although on this occasion they lost the final 1–0 to Wrexham. The 1909–10 season was less successful in league competition, with Chester finishing third, although they once again returned to the Welsh Cup final, where there were again beaten by Wrexham, this time 2–1\. For a number of years, Chester had been applying unsuccessfully to move to a league which offered a stronger standard of football, but in the summer of 1910, they were finally successful, and switched to the second division of the [Lancashire Combination](/wiki/Lancashire_Combination "Lancashire Combination"), with the reserve side remaining in the Combination. The switch proved a beneficial one, as Chester were promoted in their first season after finishing third. The next three seasons saw Chester as a mid\-table side within the first division of the Lancashire Combination, with the club reaching the semi\-finals of the Welsh Cup in both 1911–12 and 1912–13\. However, following the outbreak of World War 1 attendances dropped considerably, and although the Lancashire Combination played out the season, Chester withdrew from the league in March, and their record was expunged.
[ "### Formation and early years", "Chester City F.C. were founded in August 1885 as an amalgamation of Chester Rovers and Old King's Scholars and initially played their home games at Faulkner Street in the Hoole area of Chester.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chester\\-city.co.uk/archive.asp \\|title\\=Chester City \\- a brief history \\|publisher\\=chestercity.co.uk \\|accessdate\\=2007\\-09\\-15 \\|date\\=2007\\-09\\-15 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327161505/http://www.chester\\-city.co.uk/archive.asp \\|archivedate\\=2010\\-03\\-27 }} Chester's first recorded game was a friendly defeat against Earlestown on 12 September 1885, with their first home match a 3–0 defeat to Northwich Victoria. In 1886, Arthur Turner became Chester's first professional player when the club bought him out of the Army for £25\\.", "Prior to 1888, there were no football leagues in England, and Chester's matches consisted of friendlies, the Cheshire Senior Cup, which they reached the final of for the first time in 1887/88 (losing 9–0 to Crewe Alexandra), and the Welsh Cup. In 1886/87, Chester entered the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") for the first time, but was disqualified after the second round victory against Goldenhill due to fielding an ineligible player. In 1889/90 Chester reached the last 32 of the competition where the club was eliminated by [Lincoln City](/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C. \"Lincoln City F.C.\").", "In [1890/91](/wiki/1890_in_football_%28soccer%29 \"1890 in football (soccer)\") Chester joined the Combination League, and put in a strong performance in their first season, finishing third, while reaching the last 16 of the FA Cup, where they were eliminated by the eventual winners Blackburn Rovers. The next few years saw Chester as a mid\\-table Combination side, although by now success in the FA Cup proved more elusive, with five first qualifying round exits in six years. At the end of the 1897–98 season Chester were forced to leave Faulkner Street due to buildings encroaching on the ground, and moved to land which had previously been used for the Royal Agricultural Show in 1893\\.", "Unfortunately, the stand at the Old Showground ground blew down three times in a matter of months, and the club did not have any security of tenure, leaving Chester looking for a new ground for the 1899–1900 season. The search proved fruitless, and the club disbanded for the next two seasons.", "For [1901–02](/wiki/1901_in_football_%28soccer%29 \"1901 in football (soccer)\"), however, Chester secured a ground at Whipcord Lane, and returned to the Combination. However, this ground was also to prove problematic: in the first round of the FA Cup, Chester were ejected after beating Birkenhead 5–4 in a replay, due to the pitch being too short to meet FA Cup requirements. Chester did not play again in the FA Cup until the 1905/6 season.", "In the Combination, after finishing bottom on their first season back, Chester improved considerably, and managed the feat of being runner\\-up for five seasons in succession between 1903–04 and 1907–08 to four different teams. At the same time, in December of the 1906–07 season Chester moved to a new stadium on Sealand Road, which had considerably more space than Whipcord Lane, and on Good Friday 1907 Chester set a new attendance record of 6,670\\. Also in 1907–08, Chester won the Welsh Cup for the first time, beating Connah's Quay 3–1\\.", "In 1908/9 Chester finally made the breakthrough of winning the Combination, losing only two games out of 30 in the season, and finishing eight points ahead of second placed Saltney. They also returned to the Welsh Cup final, although on this occasion they lost the final 1–0 to Wrexham. The 1909–10 season was less successful in league competition, with Chester finishing third, although they once again returned to the Welsh Cup final, where there were again beaten by Wrexham, this time 2–1\\.", "For a number of years, Chester had been applying unsuccessfully to move to a league which offered a stronger standard of football, but in the summer of 1910, they were finally successful, and switched to the second division of the [Lancashire Combination](/wiki/Lancashire_Combination \"Lancashire Combination\"), with the reserve side remaining in the Combination. The switch proved a beneficial one, as Chester were promoted in their first season after finishing third.", "The next three seasons saw Chester as a mid\\-table side within the first division of the Lancashire Combination, with the club reaching the semi\\-finals of the Welsh Cup in both 1911–12 and 1912–13\\. However, following the outbreak of World War 1 attendances dropped considerably, and although the Lancashire Combination played out the season, Chester withdrew from the league in March, and their record was expunged.", "" ]
The Football League (1931–2000\) -------------------------------- ### Into the league After a summer of excitement, Chester played their first [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League "The Football League") match against Wigan Borough in [Division Three North](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_North "Football League Third Division North") on 29 August 1931 at [Sealand Road](/wiki/Sealand_Road "Sealand Road") in front of a gate of 12,770\. Chester won 4–0 but the result was to be declared void after Borough resigned mid\-season from the league. Therefore, the first Chester [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League "The Football League") result to stand was a 1–1 draw at neighbours [Wrexham](/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C. "Wrexham A.F.C.") four days later. Chester quickly adapted to the League and finished an impressive third in the table, led by Tommy Jennings scoring 30 goals in 39 league matches. The 1932/3 season was also a strong one for the club, with a series of strong attendances, highlighted by the 16,835 who saw Chester play Wrexham, and a fourth\-place finish in the League. The club also performed well in the FA Cup, beating second division Fulham 5–0 in the third round, with Foster Hedley netting four times, before bowing out 3–2 at Halifax in a fourth round replay. And in the Welsh Cup Chester triumphed for the second time, beating rivals Wrexham 2–0 at Sealand Road. The 1933–34 season was the first since entering the League where Chester did not challenge for promotion, slipping to tenth in the table; indeed, the team needed to win eight of their last ten fixtures to finish that high, having been fifth from bottom after the 9–0 defeat at Barrow on 10 February. The turnaround was sparked by the club making three signings on 15 March, of [Arthur Wilson](/wiki/Arthur_Wilson_%28English_footballer%29 "Arthur Wilson (English footballer)"), Charlie Sargeant and [John Wallbanks](/wiki/John_Wallbanks "John Wallbanks"), a striker who scored 12 goals in the last ten matches. Led by the goals of Wallbanks, Chester's good form continued into the 1934–35 season, and the club lay top of the table at the start of April. However, following the transfer of Wallbanks to Bradford PA, one win in the last six matches was not enough to maintain the lead, and Chester finished the season in third place, missing out on promotion. 1935–36 saw Chester's highest ever league position, as the club finished second in Division 3 North behind Chesterfield, although this was at the time not sufficient for promotion. The team scored 100 times over the league campaign, including an astonishing 12–0 home victory over York City at the start of February. In cup competitions, the team also performed strongly, reaching the Welsh Cup final before going down 2–0 to Crewe Alexandra, and winning the Division 3 North Cup. The Blues' consistent run of strong league positions continued in 1936–37 with a third\-place finish, with the team also retaining the Division 3 North Cup. By their high recent standards, the 1937–38 season was something of a disappointment for Chester. They regressed in the League to ninth place, despite registering heavy wins of 7–2 against Port Vale and 6–0 against Hartlepool United during the season. Cup competitions also represented a relative failure, with their sole FA Cup tie being a third round exit against Leeds United, and an early exit to Shrewsbury Town in the Welsh Cup. 1938–39 saw something of a resurgence, however, with the club ending the season in sixth place, and a long FA Cup run culminating in a fourth round exit to Sheffield Wednesday after two replays. Chester started the 1939–40 season strongly, winning two and drawing one of the three matches played before the outbreak of World War 2\. Following the commencement of hostilities, the regular league programme was cancelled, and replaced by wartime football. ### The War Years During the war time Chester continued to play in a regionalised war league, which mixed teams from a variety of levels\- Chester played in the same division as teams ranging from New Brighton to Liverpool. With many men away on active service, attendances dipped sharply, with the 1940–41 season seeing Chester draw only 300 for the home game against Burnley. The leagues also featured an irregular number of games, with Chester playing Wrexham four times in 1940–41, and no fewer than six times in 1942–43\. In the main, Chester's results in the war league were inauspicious, with the club's best season being 1944–45 when it was 19th out of 54 teams in the (first) League North. ### Post\-war decline Chester started the [1946–47](/wiki/1946-47_in_English_football "1946-47 in English football") season with a very different squad to that which had been so successful before the war. The season brought a third\-place finish and another [Welsh Cup](/wiki/Welsh_Cup "Welsh Cup") triumph, but grim times lay ahead. No top half placings would be achieved until the lower divisions were merged in [1958](/wiki/1958_in_football_%28soccer%29 "1958 in football (soccer)"), when Chester were placed in [Division Four](/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division "Football League Fourth Division"). They would still have to wait another six years until they finished above halfway in a league table. ### Moving up Chester's fortunes began to take a turn for the better after the surprise appointment of South African [Peter Hauser](/wiki/Peter_Hauser "Peter Hauser") as manager in [1963](/wiki/1963_in_football_%28soccer%29 "1963 in football (soccer)"). He was to provide an entertaining period for the club, as they challenged for promotion from [Division Four](/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division "Football League Fourth Division"). The most memorable campaign was [1964–65](/wiki/1964-65_in_English_football "1964-65 in English football"), when all five forwards managed 20 goals (a unique achievement) as Chester managed 119 in [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League "The Football League") games alone. However, the club missed the promotion boat, and the following season saw them slip from a near\-certain elevation after failing to recover from the broken legs suffered by full\-backs Bryn Jones and Ray Jones in the 1 January win over [Aldershot](/wiki/Aldershot_F.C. "Aldershot F.C."). Apart from missing out on promotion by just a point in [1970–71](/wiki/1970-71_in_English_football "1970-71 in English football") the next few years were largely disappointing. Chester kicked off the [1974–75](/wiki/1974-75_in_English_football "1974-75 in English football") season as the only [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League "The Football League") team to have never won promotion — they finally broke their duck by finishing fourth in Division Four and pipping [Lincoln City](/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C. "Lincoln City F.C.") to promotion by the narrowest of goal averages. [Ken Roberts](/wiki/Ken_Roberts_%28footballer%2C_born_1936%29 "Ken Roberts (footballer, born 1936)") had the honour of being the first Chester manager to win promotion in the Football League, although much credit went to inspirational coach [Brian Green](/wiki/Brian_Green_%28footballer%29 "Brian Green (footballer)"). That season was perhaps more remembered though for Chester's incredible run to the League Cup semi\-finals. After beating Walsall, Blackpool and [Bobby Charlton](/wiki/Bobby_Charlton "Bobby Charlton")'s Preston North End, Chester hosted Football League champions [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United_A.F.C. "Leeds United A.F.C.") in round four. On an incredible night, two goals from John James and one from Trevor Storton gave Chester a 3–0 win that is regarded as one of the greatest shocks in the competition's history. The magic continued in the next round, when [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United "Newcastle United") were defeated in a home replay to set up a semi–final tie with [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C."). Chester once again performed admirably but suffered heartache, as [Brian Little](/wiki/Brian_Little_%28footballer%29 "Brian Little (footballer)")'s late goal in the second leg at [Villa Park](/wiki/Villa_Park "Villa Park") sealed a 5–4 win for eventual cup winners Villa. ### The success continues Chester began to consolidate their position in the [Third Division](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division "Football League Third Division") and enjoyed runs to the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") fifth round in both 1976–77 and 1979–80 under [Alan Oakes](/wiki/Alan_Oakes "Alan Oakes"). They achieved their best position since the lower divisions were re\-organised in the late 1950s by finishing fifth in 1978, missing out on promotion (in the pre play\-off era) by just two points. Chester were also one of just two sides to win the short\-lived [Debenhams Cup](/wiki/Debenhams_Cup "Debenhams Cup"), a competition competed for by the two sides from outside the top two divisions to go farthest in the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup"). They beat [Port Vale](/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C. "Port Vale F.C.") 4–3 on aggregate in 1977 to win their first English national trophy. Chester also continued their giantkilling exploits by knocking [First Division](/wiki/Football_League_Division_One "Football League Division One") [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. "Coventry City F.C.") out of the [League Cup](/wiki/Football_League_Cup "Football League Cup") in [1978–79](/wiki/1978-79_in_English_football "1978-79 in English football") and [Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_Division_Two "Football League Division Two") leaders [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United "Newcastle United") from the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") a year later. The period also saw the emergence of the club's most famous player and record sale, [Ian Rush](/wiki/Ian_Rush "Ian Rush"), from the club's youth set\-up. Rush, a [Welsh](/wiki/Wales "Wales") born striker, made his debut for Chester in April 1979 and was a regular player in the team the following season, scoring 18 goals before being sold to [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C.") for £300,000 at the season's end. ### The yo\-yo period After Rush departed in 1980, the goals dried up for Chester and they were back in the basement by 1982\. Two years later they finished bottom of the entire [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League "The Football League") but were comfortably re\-elected. By this point the club was known as **Chester City**, having added the suffix for the [1983\-84 season](/wiki/1983-84_in_English_football "1983-84 in English football"). Thanks to the signing of Stuart Rimmer, and astute management of [Harry McNally](/wiki/Harry_McNally "Harry McNally"), Chester returned to the Third Division in 1986 as runners\-up in the Fourth Division. Three years later they narrowly missed out on a play\-off spot as McNally worked miracles on a limited budget, but further bad times lay ahead. In 1990, Chester were moved out of their [Sealand Road](/wiki/Sealand_Road "Sealand Road") home and temporarily shared [Macclesfield](/wiki/Macclesfield_Town_F.C. "Macclesfield Town F.C.")'s [Moss Rose](/wiki/Moss_Rose "Moss Rose") ground. Despite regularly attracting tiny crowds, Chester defied the odds to avoid relegation from the [Third Division](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division "Football League Third Division") in both 1990–91 and 1991–92\. They returned to the city as occupants of the new Deva Stadium in 1992 \- the same year that the old Third Division was renamed [Division Two](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division "Football League Second Division") after the creation of the [FA Premier League](/wiki/FA_Premier_League "FA Premier League"). During these years, Chester had some high\-profile league opposition more familiar with the First Division than the Third and Fourth Divisions. These included [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C.") (four times FA Cup winners), [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. "Burnley F.C.") (league champions as recently as 1960\), [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C.") (who had rarely been away from the First Division for nearly a century until 1986\) and [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. "Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.") (one of the most successful teams in English football as recently as the early 1980s). Chester suffered a landslide relegation in their first season at the Deva Stadium, before winning promotion straight back as Division Three runners\-up. Unfortunately, the shock resignation of manager [Graham Barrow](/wiki/Graham_Barrow "Graham Barrow") and the departure of several key players in the close\-season of 1994 left Chester with a threadbare squad, and they were comfortably relegated back to Division Three in 1995\. They would stay there for five years. The Chester stadium is notable for straddling the England\-Wales border: while the pitch is in Wales, the main stand and offices are in England. Amid crippling financial problems under owner Mark Guterman, Chester entered administration in October 1998\. Despite their off\-field problems, Chester comfortably avoided relegation from the [Third Division](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division "Football League Third Division") under [Kevin Ratcliffe](/wiki/Kevin_Ratcliffe "Kevin Ratcliffe") in 1998–99 and their appeared to be fresh hope when [Terry Smith](/wiki/Terry_Smith_%28American_football%2C_born_1959%29 "Terry Smith (American football, born 1959)") became new owner in July 1999\. Unfortunately, American Smith (whose background lay in [American football](/wiki/American_football "American football")) was to oversee a disastrous period for the club. He became manager after Ratcliffe resigned in August 1999 and managed just four league wins in as many months in charge. Despite improved showings under new boss [Ian Atkins](/wiki/Ian_Atkins "Ian Atkins"), Chester lost their 69\-year\-long [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League "The Football League") status on 6 May 2000 after losing to [Peterborough United](/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C. "Peterborough United F.C.").
[ "The Football League (1931–2000\\)\n--------------------------------", "### Into the league", "After a summer of excitement, Chester played their first [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League \"The Football League\") match against Wigan Borough in [Division Three North](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_North \"Football League Third Division North\") on 29 August 1931 at [Sealand Road](/wiki/Sealand_Road \"Sealand Road\") in front of a gate of 12,770\\. Chester won 4–0 but the result was to be declared void after Borough resigned mid\\-season from the league. Therefore, the first Chester [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League \"The Football League\") result to stand was a 1–1 draw at neighbours [Wrexham](/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C. \"Wrexham A.F.C.\") four days later. Chester quickly adapted to the League and finished an impressive third in the table, led by Tommy Jennings scoring 30 goals in 39 league matches. The 1932/3 season was also a strong one for the club, with a series of strong attendances, highlighted by the 16,835 who saw Chester play Wrexham, and a fourth\\-place finish in the League. The club also performed well in the FA Cup, beating second division Fulham 5–0 in the third round, with Foster Hedley netting four times, before bowing out 3–2 at Halifax in a fourth round replay. And in the Welsh Cup Chester triumphed for the second time, beating rivals Wrexham 2–0 at Sealand Road.", "The 1933–34 season was the first since entering the League where Chester did not challenge for promotion, slipping to tenth in the table; indeed, the team needed to win eight of their last ten fixtures to finish that high, having been fifth from bottom after the 9–0 defeat at Barrow on 10 February. The turnaround was sparked by the club making three signings on 15 March, of [Arthur Wilson](/wiki/Arthur_Wilson_%28English_footballer%29 \"Arthur Wilson (English footballer)\"), Charlie Sargeant and [John Wallbanks](/wiki/John_Wallbanks \"John Wallbanks\"), a striker who scored 12 goals in the last ten matches. Led by the goals of Wallbanks, Chester's good form continued into the 1934–35 season, and the club lay top of the table at the start of April. However, following the transfer of Wallbanks to Bradford PA, one win in the last six matches was not enough to maintain the lead, and Chester finished the season in third place, missing out on promotion.", "1935–36 saw Chester's highest ever league position, as the club finished second in Division 3 North behind Chesterfield, although this was at the time not sufficient for promotion. The team scored 100 times over the league campaign, including an astonishing 12–0 home victory over York City at the start of February. In cup competitions, the team also performed strongly, reaching the Welsh Cup final before going down 2–0 to Crewe Alexandra, and winning the Division 3 North Cup. The Blues' consistent run of strong league positions continued in 1936–37 with a third\\-place finish, with the team also retaining the Division 3 North Cup.", "By their high recent standards, the 1937–38 season was something of a disappointment for Chester. They regressed in the League to ninth place, despite registering heavy wins of 7–2 against Port Vale and 6–0 against Hartlepool United during the season. Cup competitions also represented a relative failure, with their sole FA Cup tie being a third round exit against Leeds United, and an early exit to Shrewsbury Town in the Welsh Cup. 1938–39 saw something of a resurgence, however, with the club ending the season in sixth place, and a long FA Cup run culminating in a fourth round exit to Sheffield Wednesday after two replays.", "Chester started the 1939–40 season strongly, winning two and drawing one of the three matches played before the outbreak of World War 2\\. Following the commencement of hostilities, the regular league programme was cancelled, and replaced by wartime football.", "### The War Years", "During the war time Chester continued to play in a regionalised war league, which mixed teams from a variety of levels\\- Chester played in the same division as teams ranging from New Brighton to Liverpool. With many men away on active service, attendances dipped sharply, with the 1940–41 season seeing Chester draw only 300 for the home game against Burnley. The leagues also featured an irregular number of games, with Chester playing Wrexham four times in 1940–41, and no fewer than six times in 1942–43\\. In the main, Chester's results in the war league were inauspicious, with the club's best season being 1944–45 when it was 19th out of 54 teams in the (first) League North.", "### Post\\-war decline", "Chester started the [1946–47](/wiki/1946-47_in_English_football \"1946-47 in English football\") season with a very different squad to that which had been so successful before the war. The season brought a third\\-place finish and another [Welsh Cup](/wiki/Welsh_Cup \"Welsh Cup\") triumph, but grim times lay ahead. No top half placings would be achieved until the lower divisions were merged in [1958](/wiki/1958_in_football_%28soccer%29 \"1958 in football (soccer)\"), when Chester were placed in [Division Four](/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division \"Football League Fourth Division\"). They would still have to wait another six years until they finished above halfway in a league table.", "### Moving up", "Chester's fortunes began to take a turn for the better after the surprise appointment of South African [Peter Hauser](/wiki/Peter_Hauser \"Peter Hauser\") as manager in [1963](/wiki/1963_in_football_%28soccer%29 \"1963 in football (soccer)\"). He was to provide an entertaining period for the club, as they challenged for promotion from [Division Four](/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division \"Football League Fourth Division\"). The most memorable campaign was [1964–65](/wiki/1964-65_in_English_football \"1964-65 in English football\"), when all five forwards managed 20 goals (a unique achievement) as Chester managed 119 in [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League \"The Football League\") games alone. However, the club missed the promotion boat, and the following season saw them slip from a near\\-certain elevation after failing to recover from the broken legs suffered by full\\-backs Bryn Jones and Ray Jones in the 1 January win over [Aldershot](/wiki/Aldershot_F.C. \"Aldershot F.C.\").", "Apart from missing out on promotion by just a point in [1970–71](/wiki/1970-71_in_English_football \"1970-71 in English football\") the next few years were largely disappointing. Chester kicked off the [1974–75](/wiki/1974-75_in_English_football \"1974-75 in English football\") season as the only [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League \"The Football League\") team to have never won promotion — they finally broke their duck by finishing fourth in Division Four and pipping [Lincoln City](/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C. \"Lincoln City F.C.\") to promotion by the narrowest of goal averages. [Ken Roberts](/wiki/Ken_Roberts_%28footballer%2C_born_1936%29 \"Ken Roberts (footballer, born 1936)\") had the honour of being the first Chester manager to win promotion in the Football League, although much credit went to inspirational coach [Brian Green](/wiki/Brian_Green_%28footballer%29 \"Brian Green (footballer)\").", "That season was perhaps more remembered though for Chester's incredible run to the League Cup semi\\-finals. After beating Walsall, Blackpool and [Bobby Charlton](/wiki/Bobby_Charlton \"Bobby Charlton\")'s Preston North End, Chester hosted Football League champions [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United_A.F.C. \"Leeds United A.F.C.\") in round four. On an incredible night, two goals from John James and one from Trevor Storton gave Chester a 3–0 win that is regarded as one of the greatest shocks in the competition's history. The magic continued in the next round, when [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United \"Newcastle United\") were defeated in a home replay to set up a semi–final tie with [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\"). Chester once again performed admirably but suffered heartache, as [Brian Little](/wiki/Brian_Little_%28footballer%29 \"Brian Little (footballer)\")'s late goal in the second leg at [Villa Park](/wiki/Villa_Park \"Villa Park\") sealed a 5–4 win for eventual cup winners Villa.", "### The success continues", "Chester began to consolidate their position in the [Third Division](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division \"Football League Third Division\") and enjoyed runs to the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") fifth round in both 1976–77 and 1979–80 under [Alan Oakes](/wiki/Alan_Oakes \"Alan Oakes\"). They achieved their best position since the lower divisions were re\\-organised in the late 1950s by finishing fifth in 1978, missing out on promotion (in the pre play\\-off era) by just two points. Chester were also one of just two sides to win the short\\-lived [Debenhams Cup](/wiki/Debenhams_Cup \"Debenhams Cup\"), a competition competed for by the two sides from outside the top two divisions to go farthest in the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\"). They beat [Port Vale](/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C. \"Port Vale F.C.\") 4–3 on aggregate in 1977 to win their first English national trophy. Chester also continued their giantkilling exploits by knocking [First Division](/wiki/Football_League_Division_One \"Football League Division One\") [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. \"Coventry City F.C.\") out of the [League Cup](/wiki/Football_League_Cup \"Football League Cup\") in [1978–79](/wiki/1978-79_in_English_football \"1978-79 in English football\") and [Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_Division_Two \"Football League Division Two\") leaders [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United \"Newcastle United\") from the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") a year later.", "The period also saw the emergence of the club's most famous player and record sale, [Ian Rush](/wiki/Ian_Rush \"Ian Rush\"), from the club's youth set\\-up. Rush, a [Welsh](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\") born striker, made his debut for Chester in April 1979 and was a regular player in the team the following season, scoring 18 goals before being sold to [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\") for £300,000 at the season's end.", "### The yo\\-yo period", "After Rush departed in 1980, the goals dried up for Chester and they were back in the basement by 1982\\. Two years later they finished bottom of the entire [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League \"The Football League\") but were comfortably re\\-elected. By this point the club was known as **Chester City**, having added the suffix for the [1983\\-84 season](/wiki/1983-84_in_English_football \"1983-84 in English football\").", "Thanks to the signing of Stuart Rimmer, and astute management of [Harry McNally](/wiki/Harry_McNally \"Harry McNally\"), Chester returned to the Third Division in 1986 as runners\\-up in the Fourth Division. Three years later they narrowly missed out on a play\\-off spot as McNally worked miracles on a limited budget, but further bad times lay ahead. In 1990, Chester were moved out of their [Sealand Road](/wiki/Sealand_Road \"Sealand Road\") home and temporarily shared [Macclesfield](/wiki/Macclesfield_Town_F.C. \"Macclesfield Town F.C.\")'s [Moss Rose](/wiki/Moss_Rose \"Moss Rose\") ground. Despite regularly attracting tiny crowds, Chester defied the odds to avoid relegation from the [Third Division](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division \"Football League Third Division\") in both 1990–91 and 1991–92\\.", "They returned to the city as occupants of the new Deva Stadium in 1992 \\- the same year that the old Third Division was renamed [Division Two](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division \"Football League Second Division\") after the creation of the [FA Premier League](/wiki/FA_Premier_League \"FA Premier League\"). During these years, Chester had some high\\-profile league opposition more familiar with the First Division than the Third and Fourth Divisions. These included [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\") (four times FA Cup winners), [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. \"Burnley F.C.\") (league champions as recently as 1960\\), [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\") (who had rarely been away from the First Division for nearly a century until 1986\\) and [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\") (one of the most successful teams in English football as recently as the early 1980s).", "Chester suffered a landslide relegation in their first season at the Deva Stadium, before winning promotion straight back as Division Three runners\\-up. Unfortunately, the shock resignation of manager [Graham Barrow](/wiki/Graham_Barrow \"Graham Barrow\") and the departure of several key players in the close\\-season of 1994 left Chester with a threadbare squad, and they were comfortably relegated back to Division Three in 1995\\. They would stay there for five years.", "The Chester stadium is notable for straddling the England\\-Wales border: while the pitch is in Wales, the main stand and offices are in England.", "Amid crippling financial problems under owner Mark Guterman, Chester entered administration in October 1998\\. Despite their off\\-field problems, Chester comfortably avoided relegation from the [Third Division](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division \"Football League Third Division\") under [Kevin Ratcliffe](/wiki/Kevin_Ratcliffe \"Kevin Ratcliffe\") in 1998–99 and their appeared to be fresh hope when [Terry Smith](/wiki/Terry_Smith_%28American_football%2C_born_1959%29 \"Terry Smith (American football, born 1959)\") became new owner in July 1999\\. Unfortunately, American Smith (whose background lay in [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\")) was to oversee a disastrous period for the club. He became manager after Ratcliffe resigned in August 1999 and managed just four league wins in as many months in charge. Despite improved showings under new boss [Ian Atkins](/wiki/Ian_Atkins \"Ian Atkins\"), Chester lost their 69\\-year\\-long [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League \"The Football League\") status on 6 May 2000 after losing to [Peterborough United](/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C. \"Peterborough United F.C.\").", "" ]
### The yo\-yo period After Rush departed in 1980, the goals dried up for Chester and they were back in the basement by 1982\. Two years later they finished bottom of the entire [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League "The Football League") but were comfortably re\-elected. By this point the club was known as **Chester City**, having added the suffix for the [1983\-84 season](/wiki/1983-84_in_English_football "1983-84 in English football"). Thanks to the signing of Stuart Rimmer, and astute management of [Harry McNally](/wiki/Harry_McNally "Harry McNally"), Chester returned to the Third Division in 1986 as runners\-up in the Fourth Division. Three years later they narrowly missed out on a play\-off spot as McNally worked miracles on a limited budget, but further bad times lay ahead. In 1990, Chester were moved out of their [Sealand Road](/wiki/Sealand_Road "Sealand Road") home and temporarily shared [Macclesfield](/wiki/Macclesfield_Town_F.C. "Macclesfield Town F.C.")'s [Moss Rose](/wiki/Moss_Rose "Moss Rose") ground. Despite regularly attracting tiny crowds, Chester defied the odds to avoid relegation from the [Third Division](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division "Football League Third Division") in both 1990–91 and 1991–92\. They returned to the city as occupants of the new Deva Stadium in 1992 \- the same year that the old Third Division was renamed [Division Two](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division "Football League Second Division") after the creation of the [FA Premier League](/wiki/FA_Premier_League "FA Premier League"). During these years, Chester had some high\-profile league opposition more familiar with the First Division than the Third and Fourth Divisions. These included [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C.") (four times FA Cup winners), [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. "Burnley F.C.") (league champions as recently as 1960\), [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C.") (who had rarely been away from the First Division for nearly a century until 1986\) and [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. "Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.") (one of the most successful teams in English football as recently as the early 1980s). Chester suffered a landslide relegation in their first season at the Deva Stadium, before winning promotion straight back as Division Three runners\-up. Unfortunately, the shock resignation of manager [Graham Barrow](/wiki/Graham_Barrow "Graham Barrow") and the departure of several key players in the close\-season of 1994 left Chester with a threadbare squad, and they were comfortably relegated back to Division Three in 1995\. They would stay there for five years. The Chester stadium is notable for straddling the England\-Wales border: while the pitch is in Wales, the main stand and offices are in England. Amid crippling financial problems under owner Mark Guterman, Chester entered administration in October 1998\. Despite their off\-field problems, Chester comfortably avoided relegation from the [Third Division](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division "Football League Third Division") under [Kevin Ratcliffe](/wiki/Kevin_Ratcliffe "Kevin Ratcliffe") in 1998–99 and their appeared to be fresh hope when [Terry Smith](/wiki/Terry_Smith_%28American_football%2C_born_1959%29 "Terry Smith (American football, born 1959)") became new owner in July 1999\. Unfortunately, American Smith (whose background lay in [American football](/wiki/American_football "American football")) was to oversee a disastrous period for the club. He became manager after Ratcliffe resigned in August 1999 and managed just four league wins in as many months in charge. Despite improved showings under new boss [Ian Atkins](/wiki/Ian_Atkins "Ian Atkins"), Chester lost their 69\-year\-long [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League "The Football League") status on 6 May 2000 after losing to [Peterborough United](/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C. "Peterborough United F.C.").
[ "### The yo\\-yo period", "After Rush departed in 1980, the goals dried up for Chester and they were back in the basement by 1982\\. Two years later they finished bottom of the entire [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League \"The Football League\") but were comfortably re\\-elected. By this point the club was known as **Chester City**, having added the suffix for the [1983\\-84 season](/wiki/1983-84_in_English_football \"1983-84 in English football\").", "Thanks to the signing of Stuart Rimmer, and astute management of [Harry McNally](/wiki/Harry_McNally \"Harry McNally\"), Chester returned to the Third Division in 1986 as runners\\-up in the Fourth Division. Three years later they narrowly missed out on a play\\-off spot as McNally worked miracles on a limited budget, but further bad times lay ahead. In 1990, Chester were moved out of their [Sealand Road](/wiki/Sealand_Road \"Sealand Road\") home and temporarily shared [Macclesfield](/wiki/Macclesfield_Town_F.C. \"Macclesfield Town F.C.\")'s [Moss Rose](/wiki/Moss_Rose \"Moss Rose\") ground. Despite regularly attracting tiny crowds, Chester defied the odds to avoid relegation from the [Third Division](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division \"Football League Third Division\") in both 1990–91 and 1991–92\\.", "They returned to the city as occupants of the new Deva Stadium in 1992 \\- the same year that the old Third Division was renamed [Division Two](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division \"Football League Second Division\") after the creation of the [FA Premier League](/wiki/FA_Premier_League \"FA Premier League\"). During these years, Chester had some high\\-profile league opposition more familiar with the First Division than the Third and Fourth Divisions. These included [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\") (four times FA Cup winners), [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. \"Burnley F.C.\") (league champions as recently as 1960\\), [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\") (who had rarely been away from the First Division for nearly a century until 1986\\) and [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\") (one of the most successful teams in English football as recently as the early 1980s).", "Chester suffered a landslide relegation in their first season at the Deva Stadium, before winning promotion straight back as Division Three runners\\-up. Unfortunately, the shock resignation of manager [Graham Barrow](/wiki/Graham_Barrow \"Graham Barrow\") and the departure of several key players in the close\\-season of 1994 left Chester with a threadbare squad, and they were comfortably relegated back to Division Three in 1995\\. They would stay there for five years.", "The Chester stadium is notable for straddling the England\\-Wales border: while the pitch is in Wales, the main stand and offices are in England.", "Amid crippling financial problems under owner Mark Guterman, Chester entered administration in October 1998\\. Despite their off\\-field problems, Chester comfortably avoided relegation from the [Third Division](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division \"Football League Third Division\") under [Kevin Ratcliffe](/wiki/Kevin_Ratcliffe \"Kevin Ratcliffe\") in 1998–99 and their appeared to be fresh hope when [Terry Smith](/wiki/Terry_Smith_%28American_football%2C_born_1959%29 \"Terry Smith (American football, born 1959)\") became new owner in July 1999\\. Unfortunately, American Smith (whose background lay in [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\")) was to oversee a disastrous period for the club. He became manager after Ratcliffe resigned in August 1999 and managed just four league wins in as many months in charge. Despite improved showings under new boss [Ian Atkins](/wiki/Ian_Atkins \"Ian Atkins\"), Chester lost their 69\\-year\\-long [Football League](/wiki/The_Football_League \"The Football League\") status on 6 May 2000 after losing to [Peterborough United](/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C. \"Peterborough United F.C.\").", "" ]
Non\-league football and financial problems (2000–2008\) -------------------------------------------------------- ### The Football Conference After relegation from the League, Mark Atkins left the club, replaced by popular former manager Graham Barrow, while Luke Beckett moved to Chesterfield for a fee finally set by a tribunal at £175,000\. In the league, the first season in the Conference petered out into an eighth\-place finish, with Chester earning 62 points from their 42 matches during a campaign where [Rushden \& Diamonds](/wiki/Rushden_%26_Diamonds_F.C. "Rushden & Diamonds F.C.") mostly looked uncatchable as leaders. The highlights of the season came in the cup competitions. In the FA Cup, Chester won through to the Third Round, where they lost 2–0 at Division One promotion challengers Blackburn Rovers, having knocked out Football League opposition in both the First and Second Rounds. In the FA Trophy, Chester beat Doncaster, [St Albans](/wiki/St_Albans_City_F.C. "St Albans City F.C."), [Blyth Spartans](/wiki/Blyth_Spartans_A.F.C. "Blyth Spartans A.F.C.") and Southport to reach the semi\-final. However, in two sub\-par displays Chester lost 2–0 in both legs of the tie against lower division opposition, in the shape of [Canvey Island](/wiki/Canvey_Island_F.C. "Canvey Island F.C."). More off\-season problems marred the summer of 2001\. In May, Terry Smith sacked Paul Beesley, Carl Ruffer and Wayne Brown \- the top three players in player of the year voting \- and provoked what was described as a "playing squad united in open revolt" by attempting to arrange a post\-season fitness training camp.[May 2001 News](http://www.chester-city.co.uk/may01news.asp) www.chestercity.co.uk Retrieved 3 May 2012 Only a week after the sackings, Beesley, Ruffer and Brown were all reinstated ahead of a tribunal hearing over their alleged unfair dismissal; but the same day, the FA placed Chester under a transfer embargo for non\-payment of the transfer fee for Tony Hemmings. At the start of June, club physio Joe Hinnigan was told he must re\-apply for his job, and resigned. On 20 June, manager Graham Barrow was fired by Terry Smith in a phone conversation, and replaced by former Manchester United player Gordon Hill; in the meantime Paul Beesley was sacked for the second time in as many months.[June 2001 News](http://www.chester-city.co.uk/june01news.asp) www.chestercity.co.uk Retrieved 3 May 2012 By the end of June, fans were picketing the Deva Stadium in order to force Smith's departure as Chairman. With this background, the 2001–02 season began under a cloud. Only 745 fans turned up to see Chester lose their opener 2–0 at home to Woking, and the eight league matches in September passed without any wins. However, at the start of October Smith sold his controlling stake in Chester City to former Barrow owner [Stephen Vaughan](/wiki/Stephen_Vaughan%2C_Sr. "Stephen Vaughan, Sr."). Only one match into Vaughan's ownership \- a 3–0 defeat to Margate which left Chester bottom of the table \- manager Gordon Hill was fired, to be replaced by caretaker manager Steve Mungall. However, Mungall himself lasted only 79 days, being fired after a Boxing Day defeat to Northwich Victoria once again left Chester bottom of the Conference. The next managerial appointment was to prove more long\-lasting and successful, as [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28footballer_born_1963%29 "Mark Wright (footballer born 1963)") took over the reins. Good form in the second half of the season under Wright both saw Chester reach the Sixth Round of the FA Trophy, and climb to 14th place in the final table and comfortably avoiding relegation to the [Northern Premier League](/wiki/Northern_Premier_League "Northern Premier League"). With a summer free of squad unrest and financial troubles, Chester started the 2002–03 season strongly. The defence was solid from the outset of the season, and the signing of Darryl Clare for £95,000 strengthened the strikeforce. By the turn of the year, Chester were in third place in the table. Their form was steady throughout the season, although it required two goals in the last three minutes in the penultimate game against Woking to secure a play\-off spot. In the playoff semi\-final against [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C."), both legs were drawn 1\-1, and the tie went to a penalty shoot\-out, which saw Chester lose by a single penalty. Chester's [2003–04](/wiki/2003-04_in_English_football "2003-04 in English football") season saw them achieve their first league title since contesting wartime competitions some 60 years earlier. Chester's form was strong throughout the campaign, led by 29 goal striker [Daryl Clare](/wiki/Daryl_Clare "Daryl Clare") and 20 goal [Darryn Stamp](/wiki/Darryn_Stamp "Darryn Stamp"). The team was particularly strong over the crucial Christmas period, with the Blues scoring 16 goals across a three match spell. For much of the season, the lead in the table switched between Chester and [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. "Hereford United F.C."), but the title was finally secured with a 1–0 win at the Deva Stadium against Scarborough. Mark Wright was voted Conference Manager of the Year, while Daryl Clare picked up the Golden Boot. ### Difficult return After an unbeaten pre\-season campaign, Chester were tipped to win a second successive promotion in 2004–05, but their season was to be a bitter disappointment. [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28footballer_born_1963%29 "Mark Wright (footballer born 1963)") resigned the day before the season started, with [Ray Mathias](/wiki/Ray_Mathias "Ray Mathias") rapidly appointed to be in caretaker charge for Chester's 1–1 draw at [Notts County](/wiki/Notts_County_F.C. "Notts County F.C."). The season was further sabotaged when Darryn Stamp and Darryl Clare, who had scored 49 goals between them in the previous season, both suffered injuries and made only 11 appearances between them before both being transferred out. By the end of August, Chester were bottom of the League but their fortunes improved under new manager, and ex\-player, [Ian Rush](/wiki/Ian_Rush "Ian Rush"), who received his first managerial appointment. However, player departures continued, most notably [Danny Collins](/wiki/Danny_Collins_%28footballer%29 "Danny Collins (footballer)") who was sold to Sunderland for £140,000, and [Kevin Ellison](/wiki/Kevin_Ellison_%28footballer%29 "Kevin Ellison (footballer)") who was sold to [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. "Hull City A.F.C.") for £100,000\. Although Rush helped steer City to safety, goals were rare, including a run of five league games without a goal. At the start of April, Rush resigned, citing the dismissal without his consent of Assistant Manager [Mark Aizlewood](/wiki/Mark_Aizlewood "Mark Aizlewood") as the reason. For the second time in a single season, Chester appointed a caretaker manager, this time David Bell. A replacement full\-time manager, in the shape of [Keith Curle](/wiki/Keith_Curle "Keith Curle") was appointed for the last match of the season. At the end of the campaign, Chester finished with 52 points from their 46 games, in twentieth position. Over the summer of 2005, Chester's squad was substantially rebuilt by Curle, including the £100,000 purchase of [Gregg Blundell](/wiki/Gregg_Blundell "Gregg Blundell") from [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C."). However, Chester's financial difficulties once again reared their head, with the Inland Revenue filing a petition to wind up the club over a £180,000 debt, which was settled in September. However, on the pitch the season started successfully, with Chester sitting in fourth place at the start of December. However, Chester's form then collapsed, with fifteen losses in seventeen matches from 10 December onwards. Curle was fired in late February. In a surprising turn of events, [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28footballer_born_1963%29 "Mark Wright (footballer born 1963)") returned to the club which he had resigned from less than two years previously, and a run of five successive wins late in the season secured another campaign in the Football League. At the end of the season, Chester once again amassed a total of 52 points, finishing 15th. [Ryan Lowe](/wiki/Ryan_Lowe "Ryan Lowe") top scored, with only ten goals. The 2006–07 season was largely forgettable. Form was mediocre throughout the year as Chester finished with 53 points, in 18th place. It was a season of relative managerial stability, with Wright lasting until two games before the end of the season. The highlight was a bizarre FA Cup run, where Chester were knocked out in the second round by [Bury](/wiki/Bury_F.C. "Bury F.C."), but subsequently reinstated due to Bury having fielded an ineligible player. Chester then went out to be knocked out again by Ipswich Town in the third round. The reinstatement was particularly fortunate for Chester player [Jon Walters](/wiki/Jon_Walters "Jon Walters") who was purchased by Ipswich a week after the game, for a fee set by a tribunal at £100,000\. For the 2007–08 season, [Bobby Williamson](/wiki/Bobby_Williamson "Bobby Williamson") was appointed as first team manager. The summer saw the return of several ex\-Chester players, including Kevin Ellison and [John Murphy](/wiki/John_Murphy_%28footballer%2C_born_1976%29 "John Murphy (footballer, born 1976)"). Once again the start of the season saw strong form, with Chester finishing October in second place and looking well placed to achieve third tier status for the first time in more than a decade. However, as two seasons previously, Chester's form collapsed, with only two wins in the last 26 matches of the season. Williamson was fired at the end of February, and replaced by Simon Davies, initially as caretaker but subsequently as permanent manager. Chester finished the season in 22nd place, only one spot above the relegation zone, on just 47 points from the 46 matches.
[ "Non\\-league football and financial problems (2000–2008\\)\n--------------------------------------------------------", "### The Football Conference", "After relegation from the League, Mark Atkins left the club, replaced by popular former manager Graham Barrow, while Luke Beckett moved to Chesterfield for a fee finally set by a tribunal at £175,000\\. In the league, the first season in the Conference petered out into an eighth\\-place finish, with Chester earning 62 points from their 42 matches during a campaign where [Rushden \\& Diamonds](/wiki/Rushden_%26_Diamonds_F.C. \"Rushden & Diamonds F.C.\") mostly looked uncatchable as leaders. The highlights of the season came in the cup competitions. In the FA Cup, Chester won through to the Third Round, where they lost 2–0 at Division One promotion challengers Blackburn Rovers, having knocked out Football League opposition in both the First and Second Rounds. In the FA Trophy, Chester beat Doncaster, [St Albans](/wiki/St_Albans_City_F.C. \"St Albans City F.C.\"), [Blyth Spartans](/wiki/Blyth_Spartans_A.F.C. \"Blyth Spartans A.F.C.\") and Southport to reach the semi\\-final. However, in two sub\\-par displays Chester lost 2–0 in both legs of the tie against lower division opposition, in the shape of [Canvey Island](/wiki/Canvey_Island_F.C. \"Canvey Island F.C.\").", "More off\\-season problems marred the summer of 2001\\. In May, Terry Smith sacked Paul Beesley, Carl Ruffer and Wayne Brown \\- the top three players in player of the year voting \\- and provoked what was described as a \"playing squad united in open revolt\" by attempting to arrange a post\\-season fitness training camp.[May 2001 News](http://www.chester-city.co.uk/may01news.asp) www.chestercity.co.uk Retrieved 3 May 2012 Only a week after the sackings, Beesley, Ruffer and Brown were all reinstated ahead of a tribunal hearing over their alleged unfair dismissal; but the same day, the FA placed Chester under a transfer embargo for non\\-payment of the transfer fee for Tony Hemmings. At the start of June, club physio Joe Hinnigan was told he must re\\-apply for his job, and resigned. On 20 June, manager Graham Barrow was fired by Terry Smith in a phone conversation, and replaced by former Manchester United player Gordon Hill; in the meantime Paul Beesley was sacked for the second time in as many months.[June 2001 News](http://www.chester-city.co.uk/june01news.asp) www.chestercity.co.uk Retrieved 3 May 2012 By the end of June, fans were picketing the Deva Stadium in order to force Smith's departure as Chairman.", "With this background, the 2001–02 season began under a cloud. Only 745 fans turned up to see Chester lose their opener 2–0 at home to Woking, and the eight league matches in September passed without any wins. However, at the start of October Smith sold his controlling stake in Chester City to former Barrow owner [Stephen Vaughan](/wiki/Stephen_Vaughan%2C_Sr. \"Stephen Vaughan, Sr.\"). Only one match into Vaughan's ownership \\- a 3–0 defeat to Margate which left Chester bottom of the table \\- manager Gordon Hill was fired, to be replaced by caretaker manager Steve Mungall. However, Mungall himself lasted only 79 days, being fired after a Boxing Day defeat to Northwich Victoria once again left Chester bottom of the Conference.", "The next managerial appointment was to prove more long\\-lasting and successful, as [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28footballer_born_1963%29 \"Mark Wright (footballer born 1963)\") took over the reins. Good form in the second half of the season under Wright both saw Chester reach the Sixth Round of the FA Trophy, and climb to 14th place in the final table and comfortably avoiding relegation to the [Northern Premier League](/wiki/Northern_Premier_League \"Northern Premier League\").", "With a summer free of squad unrest and financial troubles, Chester started the 2002–03 season strongly. The defence was solid from the outset of the season, and the signing of Darryl Clare for £95,000 strengthened the strikeforce. By the turn of the year, Chester were in third place in the table. Their form was steady throughout the season, although it required two goals in the last three minutes in the penultimate game against Woking to secure a play\\-off spot. In the playoff semi\\-final against [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\"), both legs were drawn 1\\-1, and the tie went to a penalty shoot\\-out, which saw Chester lose by a single penalty.", "Chester's [2003–04](/wiki/2003-04_in_English_football \"2003-04 in English football\") season saw them achieve their first league title since contesting wartime competitions some 60 years earlier. Chester's form was strong throughout the campaign, led by 29 goal striker [Daryl Clare](/wiki/Daryl_Clare \"Daryl Clare\") and 20 goal [Darryn Stamp](/wiki/Darryn_Stamp \"Darryn Stamp\"). The team was particularly strong over the crucial Christmas period, with the Blues scoring 16 goals across a three match spell. For much of the season, the lead in the table switched between Chester and [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. \"Hereford United F.C.\"), but the title was finally secured with a 1–0 win at the Deva Stadium against Scarborough. Mark Wright was voted Conference Manager of the Year, while Daryl Clare picked up the Golden Boot.", "### Difficult return", "After an unbeaten pre\\-season campaign, Chester were tipped to win a second successive promotion in 2004–05, but their season was to be a bitter disappointment. [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28footballer_born_1963%29 \"Mark Wright (footballer born 1963)\") resigned the day before the season started, with [Ray Mathias](/wiki/Ray_Mathias \"Ray Mathias\") rapidly appointed to be in caretaker charge for Chester's 1–1 draw at [Notts County](/wiki/Notts_County_F.C. \"Notts County F.C.\"). The season was further sabotaged when Darryn Stamp and Darryl Clare, who had scored 49 goals between them in the previous season, both suffered injuries and made only 11 appearances between them before both being transferred out.", "By the end of August, Chester were bottom of the League but their fortunes improved under new manager, and ex\\-player, [Ian Rush](/wiki/Ian_Rush \"Ian Rush\"), who received his first managerial appointment. However, player departures continued, most notably [Danny Collins](/wiki/Danny_Collins_%28footballer%29 \"Danny Collins (footballer)\") who was sold to Sunderland for £140,000, and [Kevin Ellison](/wiki/Kevin_Ellison_%28footballer%29 \"Kevin Ellison (footballer)\") who was sold to [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. \"Hull City A.F.C.\") for £100,000\\. Although Rush helped steer City to safety, goals were rare, including a run of five league games without a goal. At the start of April, Rush resigned, citing the dismissal without his consent of Assistant Manager [Mark Aizlewood](/wiki/Mark_Aizlewood \"Mark Aizlewood\") as the reason. For the second time in a single season, Chester appointed a caretaker manager, this time David Bell. A replacement full\\-time manager, in the shape of [Keith Curle](/wiki/Keith_Curle \"Keith Curle\") was appointed for the last match of the season. At the end of the campaign, Chester finished with 52 points from their 46 games, in twentieth position.", "Over the summer of 2005, Chester's squad was substantially rebuilt by Curle, including the £100,000 purchase of [Gregg Blundell](/wiki/Gregg_Blundell \"Gregg Blundell\") from [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\"). However, Chester's financial difficulties once again reared their head, with the Inland Revenue filing a petition to wind up the club over a £180,000 debt, which was settled in September. However, on the pitch the season started successfully, with Chester sitting in fourth place at the start of December. However, Chester's form then collapsed, with fifteen losses in seventeen matches from 10 December onwards. Curle was fired in late February.", "In a surprising turn of events, [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28footballer_born_1963%29 \"Mark Wright (footballer born 1963)\") returned to the club which he had resigned from less than two years previously, and a run of five successive wins late in the season secured another campaign in the Football League. At the end of the season, Chester once again amassed a total of 52 points, finishing 15th. [Ryan Lowe](/wiki/Ryan_Lowe \"Ryan Lowe\") top scored, with only ten goals.", "The 2006–07 season was largely forgettable. Form was mediocre throughout the year as Chester finished with 53 points, in 18th place. It was a season of relative managerial stability, with Wright lasting until two games before the end of the season. The highlight was a bizarre FA Cup run, where Chester were knocked out in the second round by [Bury](/wiki/Bury_F.C. \"Bury F.C.\"), but subsequently reinstated due to Bury having fielded an ineligible player. Chester then went out to be knocked out again by Ipswich Town in the third round. The reinstatement was particularly fortunate for Chester player [Jon Walters](/wiki/Jon_Walters \"Jon Walters\") who was purchased by Ipswich a week after the game, for a fee set by a tribunal at £100,000\\.", "For the 2007–08 season, [Bobby Williamson](/wiki/Bobby_Williamson \"Bobby Williamson\") was appointed as first team manager. The summer saw the return of several ex\\-Chester players, including Kevin Ellison and [John Murphy](/wiki/John_Murphy_%28footballer%2C_born_1976%29 \"John Murphy (footballer, born 1976)\"). Once again the start of the season saw strong form, with Chester finishing October in second place and looking well placed to achieve third tier status for the first time in more than a decade. However, as two seasons previously, Chester's form collapsed, with only two wins in the last 26 matches of the season. Williamson was fired at the end of February, and replaced by Simon Davies, initially as caretaker but subsequently as permanent manager. Chester finished the season in 22nd place, only one spot above the relegation zone, on just 47 points from the 46 matches.", "" ]
### The Football Conference After relegation from the League, Mark Atkins left the club, replaced by popular former manager Graham Barrow, while Luke Beckett moved to Chesterfield for a fee finally set by a tribunal at £175,000\. In the league, the first season in the Conference petered out into an eighth\-place finish, with Chester earning 62 points from their 42 matches during a campaign where [Rushden \& Diamonds](/wiki/Rushden_%26_Diamonds_F.C. "Rushden & Diamonds F.C.") mostly looked uncatchable as leaders. The highlights of the season came in the cup competitions. In the FA Cup, Chester won through to the Third Round, where they lost 2–0 at Division One promotion challengers Blackburn Rovers, having knocked out Football League opposition in both the First and Second Rounds. In the FA Trophy, Chester beat Doncaster, [St Albans](/wiki/St_Albans_City_F.C. "St Albans City F.C."), [Blyth Spartans](/wiki/Blyth_Spartans_A.F.C. "Blyth Spartans A.F.C.") and Southport to reach the semi\-final. However, in two sub\-par displays Chester lost 2–0 in both legs of the tie against lower division opposition, in the shape of [Canvey Island](/wiki/Canvey_Island_F.C. "Canvey Island F.C."). More off\-season problems marred the summer of 2001\. In May, Terry Smith sacked Paul Beesley, Carl Ruffer and Wayne Brown \- the top three players in player of the year voting \- and provoked what was described as a "playing squad united in open revolt" by attempting to arrange a post\-season fitness training camp.[May 2001 News](http://www.chester-city.co.uk/may01news.asp) www.chestercity.co.uk Retrieved 3 May 2012 Only a week after the sackings, Beesley, Ruffer and Brown were all reinstated ahead of a tribunal hearing over their alleged unfair dismissal; but the same day, the FA placed Chester under a transfer embargo for non\-payment of the transfer fee for Tony Hemmings. At the start of June, club physio Joe Hinnigan was told he must re\-apply for his job, and resigned. On 20 June, manager Graham Barrow was fired by Terry Smith in a phone conversation, and replaced by former Manchester United player Gordon Hill; in the meantime Paul Beesley was sacked for the second time in as many months.[June 2001 News](http://www.chester-city.co.uk/june01news.asp) www.chestercity.co.uk Retrieved 3 May 2012 By the end of June, fans were picketing the Deva Stadium in order to force Smith's departure as Chairman. With this background, the 2001–02 season began under a cloud. Only 745 fans turned up to see Chester lose their opener 2–0 at home to Woking, and the eight league matches in September passed without any wins. However, at the start of October Smith sold his controlling stake in Chester City to former Barrow owner [Stephen Vaughan](/wiki/Stephen_Vaughan%2C_Sr. "Stephen Vaughan, Sr."). Only one match into Vaughan's ownership \- a 3–0 defeat to Margate which left Chester bottom of the table \- manager Gordon Hill was fired, to be replaced by caretaker manager Steve Mungall. However, Mungall himself lasted only 79 days, being fired after a Boxing Day defeat to Northwich Victoria once again left Chester bottom of the Conference. The next managerial appointment was to prove more long\-lasting and successful, as [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28footballer_born_1963%29 "Mark Wright (footballer born 1963)") took over the reins. Good form in the second half of the season under Wright both saw Chester reach the Sixth Round of the FA Trophy, and climb to 14th place in the final table and comfortably avoiding relegation to the [Northern Premier League](/wiki/Northern_Premier_League "Northern Premier League"). With a summer free of squad unrest and financial troubles, Chester started the 2002–03 season strongly. The defence was solid from the outset of the season, and the signing of Darryl Clare for £95,000 strengthened the strikeforce. By the turn of the year, Chester were in third place in the table. Their form was steady throughout the season, although it required two goals in the last three minutes in the penultimate game against Woking to secure a play\-off spot. In the playoff semi\-final against [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C."), both legs were drawn 1\-1, and the tie went to a penalty shoot\-out, which saw Chester lose by a single penalty. Chester's [2003–04](/wiki/2003-04_in_English_football "2003-04 in English football") season saw them achieve their first league title since contesting wartime competitions some 60 years earlier. Chester's form was strong throughout the campaign, led by 29 goal striker [Daryl Clare](/wiki/Daryl_Clare "Daryl Clare") and 20 goal [Darryn Stamp](/wiki/Darryn_Stamp "Darryn Stamp"). The team was particularly strong over the crucial Christmas period, with the Blues scoring 16 goals across a three match spell. For much of the season, the lead in the table switched between Chester and [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. "Hereford United F.C."), but the title was finally secured with a 1–0 win at the Deva Stadium against Scarborough. Mark Wright was voted Conference Manager of the Year, while Daryl Clare picked up the Golden Boot.
[ "### The Football Conference", "After relegation from the League, Mark Atkins left the club, replaced by popular former manager Graham Barrow, while Luke Beckett moved to Chesterfield for a fee finally set by a tribunal at £175,000\\. In the league, the first season in the Conference petered out into an eighth\\-place finish, with Chester earning 62 points from their 42 matches during a campaign where [Rushden \\& Diamonds](/wiki/Rushden_%26_Diamonds_F.C. \"Rushden & Diamonds F.C.\") mostly looked uncatchable as leaders. The highlights of the season came in the cup competitions. In the FA Cup, Chester won through to the Third Round, where they lost 2–0 at Division One promotion challengers Blackburn Rovers, having knocked out Football League opposition in both the First and Second Rounds. In the FA Trophy, Chester beat Doncaster, [St Albans](/wiki/St_Albans_City_F.C. \"St Albans City F.C.\"), [Blyth Spartans](/wiki/Blyth_Spartans_A.F.C. \"Blyth Spartans A.F.C.\") and Southport to reach the semi\\-final. However, in two sub\\-par displays Chester lost 2–0 in both legs of the tie against lower division opposition, in the shape of [Canvey Island](/wiki/Canvey_Island_F.C. \"Canvey Island F.C.\").", "More off\\-season problems marred the summer of 2001\\. In May, Terry Smith sacked Paul Beesley, Carl Ruffer and Wayne Brown \\- the top three players in player of the year voting \\- and provoked what was described as a \"playing squad united in open revolt\" by attempting to arrange a post\\-season fitness training camp.[May 2001 News](http://www.chester-city.co.uk/may01news.asp) www.chestercity.co.uk Retrieved 3 May 2012 Only a week after the sackings, Beesley, Ruffer and Brown were all reinstated ahead of a tribunal hearing over their alleged unfair dismissal; but the same day, the FA placed Chester under a transfer embargo for non\\-payment of the transfer fee for Tony Hemmings. At the start of June, club physio Joe Hinnigan was told he must re\\-apply for his job, and resigned. On 20 June, manager Graham Barrow was fired by Terry Smith in a phone conversation, and replaced by former Manchester United player Gordon Hill; in the meantime Paul Beesley was sacked for the second time in as many months.[June 2001 News](http://www.chester-city.co.uk/june01news.asp) www.chestercity.co.uk Retrieved 3 May 2012 By the end of June, fans were picketing the Deva Stadium in order to force Smith's departure as Chairman.", "With this background, the 2001–02 season began under a cloud. Only 745 fans turned up to see Chester lose their opener 2–0 at home to Woking, and the eight league matches in September passed without any wins. However, at the start of October Smith sold his controlling stake in Chester City to former Barrow owner [Stephen Vaughan](/wiki/Stephen_Vaughan%2C_Sr. \"Stephen Vaughan, Sr.\"). Only one match into Vaughan's ownership \\- a 3–0 defeat to Margate which left Chester bottom of the table \\- manager Gordon Hill was fired, to be replaced by caretaker manager Steve Mungall. However, Mungall himself lasted only 79 days, being fired after a Boxing Day defeat to Northwich Victoria once again left Chester bottom of the Conference.", "The next managerial appointment was to prove more long\\-lasting and successful, as [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28footballer_born_1963%29 \"Mark Wright (footballer born 1963)\") took over the reins. Good form in the second half of the season under Wright both saw Chester reach the Sixth Round of the FA Trophy, and climb to 14th place in the final table and comfortably avoiding relegation to the [Northern Premier League](/wiki/Northern_Premier_League \"Northern Premier League\").", "With a summer free of squad unrest and financial troubles, Chester started the 2002–03 season strongly. The defence was solid from the outset of the season, and the signing of Darryl Clare for £95,000 strengthened the strikeforce. By the turn of the year, Chester were in third place in the table. Their form was steady throughout the season, although it required two goals in the last three minutes in the penultimate game against Woking to secure a play\\-off spot. In the playoff semi\\-final against [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\"), both legs were drawn 1\\-1, and the tie went to a penalty shoot\\-out, which saw Chester lose by a single penalty.", "Chester's [2003–04](/wiki/2003-04_in_English_football \"2003-04 in English football\") season saw them achieve their first league title since contesting wartime competitions some 60 years earlier. Chester's form was strong throughout the campaign, led by 29 goal striker [Daryl Clare](/wiki/Daryl_Clare \"Daryl Clare\") and 20 goal [Darryn Stamp](/wiki/Darryn_Stamp \"Darryn Stamp\"). The team was particularly strong over the crucial Christmas period, with the Blues scoring 16 goals across a three match spell. For much of the season, the lead in the table switched between Chester and [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. \"Hereford United F.C.\"), but the title was finally secured with a 1–0 win at the Deva Stadium against Scarborough. Mark Wright was voted Conference Manager of the Year, while Daryl Clare picked up the Golden Boot.", "" ]
### Difficult return After an unbeaten pre\-season campaign, Chester were tipped to win a second successive promotion in 2004–05, but their season was to be a bitter disappointment. [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28footballer_born_1963%29 "Mark Wright (footballer born 1963)") resigned the day before the season started, with [Ray Mathias](/wiki/Ray_Mathias "Ray Mathias") rapidly appointed to be in caretaker charge for Chester's 1–1 draw at [Notts County](/wiki/Notts_County_F.C. "Notts County F.C."). The season was further sabotaged when Darryn Stamp and Darryl Clare, who had scored 49 goals between them in the previous season, both suffered injuries and made only 11 appearances between them before both being transferred out. By the end of August, Chester were bottom of the League but their fortunes improved under new manager, and ex\-player, [Ian Rush](/wiki/Ian_Rush "Ian Rush"), who received his first managerial appointment. However, player departures continued, most notably [Danny Collins](/wiki/Danny_Collins_%28footballer%29 "Danny Collins (footballer)") who was sold to Sunderland for £140,000, and [Kevin Ellison](/wiki/Kevin_Ellison_%28footballer%29 "Kevin Ellison (footballer)") who was sold to [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. "Hull City A.F.C.") for £100,000\. Although Rush helped steer City to safety, goals were rare, including a run of five league games without a goal. At the start of April, Rush resigned, citing the dismissal without his consent of Assistant Manager [Mark Aizlewood](/wiki/Mark_Aizlewood "Mark Aizlewood") as the reason. For the second time in a single season, Chester appointed a caretaker manager, this time David Bell. A replacement full\-time manager, in the shape of [Keith Curle](/wiki/Keith_Curle "Keith Curle") was appointed for the last match of the season. At the end of the campaign, Chester finished with 52 points from their 46 games, in twentieth position. Over the summer of 2005, Chester's squad was substantially rebuilt by Curle, including the £100,000 purchase of [Gregg Blundell](/wiki/Gregg_Blundell "Gregg Blundell") from [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C."). However, Chester's financial difficulties once again reared their head, with the Inland Revenue filing a petition to wind up the club over a £180,000 debt, which was settled in September. However, on the pitch the season started successfully, with Chester sitting in fourth place at the start of December. However, Chester's form then collapsed, with fifteen losses in seventeen matches from 10 December onwards. Curle was fired in late February. In a surprising turn of events, [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28footballer_born_1963%29 "Mark Wright (footballer born 1963)") returned to the club which he had resigned from less than two years previously, and a run of five successive wins late in the season secured another campaign in the Football League. At the end of the season, Chester once again amassed a total of 52 points, finishing 15th. [Ryan Lowe](/wiki/Ryan_Lowe "Ryan Lowe") top scored, with only ten goals. The 2006–07 season was largely forgettable. Form was mediocre throughout the year as Chester finished with 53 points, in 18th place. It was a season of relative managerial stability, with Wright lasting until two games before the end of the season. The highlight was a bizarre FA Cup run, where Chester were knocked out in the second round by [Bury](/wiki/Bury_F.C. "Bury F.C."), but subsequently reinstated due to Bury having fielded an ineligible player. Chester then went out to be knocked out again by Ipswich Town in the third round. The reinstatement was particularly fortunate for Chester player [Jon Walters](/wiki/Jon_Walters "Jon Walters") who was purchased by Ipswich a week after the game, for a fee set by a tribunal at £100,000\. For the 2007–08 season, [Bobby Williamson](/wiki/Bobby_Williamson "Bobby Williamson") was appointed as first team manager. The summer saw the return of several ex\-Chester players, including Kevin Ellison and [John Murphy](/wiki/John_Murphy_%28footballer%2C_born_1976%29 "John Murphy (footballer, born 1976)"). Once again the start of the season saw strong form, with Chester finishing October in second place and looking well placed to achieve third tier status for the first time in more than a decade. However, as two seasons previously, Chester's form collapsed, with only two wins in the last 26 matches of the season. Williamson was fired at the end of February, and replaced by Simon Davies, initially as caretaker but subsequently as permanent manager. Chester finished the season in 22nd place, only one spot above the relegation zone, on just 47 points from the 46 matches.
[ "### Difficult return", "After an unbeaten pre\\-season campaign, Chester were tipped to win a second successive promotion in 2004–05, but their season was to be a bitter disappointment. [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28footballer_born_1963%29 \"Mark Wright (footballer born 1963)\") resigned the day before the season started, with [Ray Mathias](/wiki/Ray_Mathias \"Ray Mathias\") rapidly appointed to be in caretaker charge for Chester's 1–1 draw at [Notts County](/wiki/Notts_County_F.C. \"Notts County F.C.\"). The season was further sabotaged when Darryn Stamp and Darryl Clare, who had scored 49 goals between them in the previous season, both suffered injuries and made only 11 appearances between them before both being transferred out.", "By the end of August, Chester were bottom of the League but their fortunes improved under new manager, and ex\\-player, [Ian Rush](/wiki/Ian_Rush \"Ian Rush\"), who received his first managerial appointment. However, player departures continued, most notably [Danny Collins](/wiki/Danny_Collins_%28footballer%29 \"Danny Collins (footballer)\") who was sold to Sunderland for £140,000, and [Kevin Ellison](/wiki/Kevin_Ellison_%28footballer%29 \"Kevin Ellison (footballer)\") who was sold to [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. \"Hull City A.F.C.\") for £100,000\\. Although Rush helped steer City to safety, goals were rare, including a run of five league games without a goal. At the start of April, Rush resigned, citing the dismissal without his consent of Assistant Manager [Mark Aizlewood](/wiki/Mark_Aizlewood \"Mark Aizlewood\") as the reason. For the second time in a single season, Chester appointed a caretaker manager, this time David Bell. A replacement full\\-time manager, in the shape of [Keith Curle](/wiki/Keith_Curle \"Keith Curle\") was appointed for the last match of the season. At the end of the campaign, Chester finished with 52 points from their 46 games, in twentieth position.", "Over the summer of 2005, Chester's squad was substantially rebuilt by Curle, including the £100,000 purchase of [Gregg Blundell](/wiki/Gregg_Blundell \"Gregg Blundell\") from [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\"). However, Chester's financial difficulties once again reared their head, with the Inland Revenue filing a petition to wind up the club over a £180,000 debt, which was settled in September. However, on the pitch the season started successfully, with Chester sitting in fourth place at the start of December. However, Chester's form then collapsed, with fifteen losses in seventeen matches from 10 December onwards. Curle was fired in late February.", "In a surprising turn of events, [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28footballer_born_1963%29 \"Mark Wright (footballer born 1963)\") returned to the club which he had resigned from less than two years previously, and a run of five successive wins late in the season secured another campaign in the Football League. At the end of the season, Chester once again amassed a total of 52 points, finishing 15th. [Ryan Lowe](/wiki/Ryan_Lowe \"Ryan Lowe\") top scored, with only ten goals.", "The 2006–07 season was largely forgettable. Form was mediocre throughout the year as Chester finished with 53 points, in 18th place. It was a season of relative managerial stability, with Wright lasting until two games before the end of the season. The highlight was a bizarre FA Cup run, where Chester were knocked out in the second round by [Bury](/wiki/Bury_F.C. \"Bury F.C.\"), but subsequently reinstated due to Bury having fielded an ineligible player. Chester then went out to be knocked out again by Ipswich Town in the third round. The reinstatement was particularly fortunate for Chester player [Jon Walters](/wiki/Jon_Walters \"Jon Walters\") who was purchased by Ipswich a week after the game, for a fee set by a tribunal at £100,000\\.", "For the 2007–08 season, [Bobby Williamson](/wiki/Bobby_Williamson \"Bobby Williamson\") was appointed as first team manager. The summer saw the return of several ex\\-Chester players, including Kevin Ellison and [John Murphy](/wiki/John_Murphy_%28footballer%2C_born_1976%29 \"John Murphy (footballer, born 1976)\"). Once again the start of the season saw strong form, with Chester finishing October in second place and looking well placed to achieve third tier status for the first time in more than a decade. However, as two seasons previously, Chester's form collapsed, with only two wins in the last 26 matches of the season. Williamson was fired at the end of February, and replaced by Simon Davies, initially as caretaker but subsequently as permanent manager. Chester finished the season in 22nd place, only one spot above the relegation zone, on just 47 points from the 46 matches.", "" ]
The death of Chester City (2008–10\) ------------------------------------ The 2008–09 season was to prove to be Chester City's last in the Football League. Chester began the season with a squad of only 22 players, including youth team players given professional contracts just prior to the season. However, at the start of the campaign it appeared implausible that City could go down, as Rotherham United and AFC Bournemouth had both been deducted 17 points for rules violations before the start of the season, and Luton Town faced a 30\-point penalty. Luton were, almost inevitably, relegated in second place, but Rotherham and Bournemouth managed to avoid the second relegation place which had been widely tipped as the final position for either one of these teams. The season began in disastrous style for the Blues, with a 6–0 defeat at Dagenham, and five goals conceded in the first 35 minutes of the League Cup tie against Leeds United. Crowds fell sharply, with only 1301 watching the home game against Brentford. The club was also subject to a transfer embargo from October onwards for non\-payment of player wages, which restricted the ability of the club to improve its fortunes. Simon Davies was fired in mid\-November, with the team struggling in 19th place. He was replaced by Mark Wright, returning for his third spell as manager. Two weeks after Wright's appointment, Stephen Vaughan put the club up for sale. After the turn of the year, Chester's form declined significantly, with only two wins out of the last 22 matches of the season. This coincided with a series of players leaving the club, including [Mark Hughes](/wiki/Mark_Hughes_%28Northern_Ireland_footballer%29 "Mark Hughes (Northern Ireland footballer)") and [Paul Butler](/wiki/Paul_Butler_%28footballer_born_1972%29 "Paul Butler (footballer born 1972)") further depleting the already limited squad. The club was also rocked by further scandal when [David Mannix](/wiki/David_Mannix "David Mannix") and [Jay Harris](/wiki/Jay_Harris_%28footballer_born_1987%29 "Jay Harris (footballer born 1987)") were charged by the FA for breaching betting rules. The [severe recession](/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession") of this era did Chester no favours era, having a similar detrimental effect on attendances and finances as Chester's declining form did. At the conclusion of the season, Chester finished with a mere 37 points, in 23rd place. The Blues had the worst defence in the division, having conceded 81 goals, and the second worst goalscoring record. The club were once more relegated to the Football Conference. On 14 May 2009, Chester's financial problems continued with the club's entry into voluntary administration. In June the club's administrators revealed that Chester City owed £7m to its creditors, including £4m to owner Stephen Vaughan and over £900,000 to HMRC. However, Vaughan bought the club under a [Company Voluntary Arrangement](/wiki/Company_Voluntary_Arrangement "Company Voluntary Arrangement") (CVA), for a payment of 15p in the pound. With Chester subject to a transfer embargo until the club came out of administration, there was an exodus of players from the club. In addition, Mark Wright left the club for a third time on 22 June, to be replaced by [Mick Wadsworth](/wiki/Mick_Wadsworth "Mick Wadsworth"). Furthermore, on 17 July the FA introduced an embargo on Chester playing any pre\-season friendlies due to concerns about the transfer of ownership of the club. The club's problems deepened further on 28 July when the CVA was overturned after an appeal by HMRC, when it was revealed that the former club's debts included a £11,000 per week cleaning bill.[Chester City \- The Tax Man Bites Back](http://www.twohundredpercent.net/?p=1695){{Dead link\|date\=August 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Twohundredpercent \- Retrieved 2 May 2010 Following the overturning of the CVA, there was a dispute between the FA and the Football Conference as to whether Chester City should be permitted to start the season. In the end, Chester was permitted to start the season, but only after receiving a 25\-point penalty, and with the first two games of the season postponed while the FA and the Conference debated Chester's future.[Minus Twenty\-Five For Chester?](http://www.twohundredpercent.net/?p=1752) Twohundredpercent Retrieved 2 May 2010[Vaughan's Chester \& The Authorities: Guess Who Blinked First](http://www.twohundredpercent.net/?p=1798) Twohundredpercent Retrieved 2 May 2012 With a limited squad, and no match fitness following the postponements of all friendlies, Chester only picked up two points from their first five matches of the season, and home attendances rapidly fell below the 1,000 mark. Mick Wadsworth was sacked as first team manager at the end of September, after only 13 matches in charge. [Jim Harvey](/wiki/Jim_Harvey "Jim Harvey") was appointed as Chester manager to replace Wadsworth, and led to an upturn in fortunes, with the club having earned 21 points following the 3–1 win over Grays at the start of November, to stand on a net \-4 points. However, by this point Chester's off\-pitch troubles had re\-emerged. Chester had failed to pay sums owed to Wrexham and [Vauxhall Motors](/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors_F.C. "Vauxhall Motors F.C."), for ticket sales and a player loan respectively, and had been punished by the Football Conference with a complete player embargo and a threat to expel the club.[Chester City Football Club \- The Death Rattle (Part One)](http://www.twohundredpercent.net/?p=2643) Twohundredpercent Retrieved 2 May 2010 The deadline for payment was repeatedly postponed while discussions were held between the various parties. At the same time, at the start of November Vaughan was disqualified by HMRC from acting as a company director for a period of eleven years.[Chester City Football Club \- The Death Rattle (Part 3\)](http://www.twohundredpercent.net/?p=2798) Twohundredpercent Retrieved 2 May 2010 At the same time, results on the pitch collapsed, with one point acquired from ten matches in the Football Conference. The match at the Deva Stadium between Chester and [Eastbourne Borough](/wiki/Eastbourne_Borough_F.C. "Eastbourne Borough F.C.") was abandoned\- with Chester holding a rare lead\- following pitch invasions to protest about the Vaughan family's ownership of Chester City.[Chester City Football Club \- The Death Rattle (Part 5\)](http://www.twohundredpercent.net/?p=2933) Twohundredpercent Retrieved 2 May 2012 Jim Harvey resigned from the club after Morrell Maison was appointed as Director of Football and decided to bring in his own choice of players. On 6 February 2010, Chester City played its final match, a 2–1 home defeat to [Ebbsfleet United](/wiki/Ebbsfleet_United_F.C. "Ebbsfleet United F.C."). The club's financial problems continued to mount, and a prohibition order was issued on the Deva Stadium after police withdrew their services after the non\-payment of bills. On 9 February, Chester were scheduled to have an away fixture at [Forest Green Rovers](/wiki/Forest_Green_Rovers_F.C. "Forest Green Rovers F.C."), but the club's coach providers refused to depart from Chester until they were paid in advance. The match was postponed less than three hours before kick\-off. On 11 February the Football Conference suspended Chester for non\-fulfilment of fixtures; and on 26 February the other Football Conference clubs voted to expel Chester, in a meeting that Chester did not send anyone to attend. This expulsion took effect on 8 March, after Chester failed to appeal against this decision. The final act of Chester City's existence came in the High Court in London. HMRC had issued a winding up petition against Chester City, and at a hearing on 8 March 2010 the club chose not to defend itself against that petition. In a hearing lasting less than one minute, Chester City FC were wound up, and the club's 125\-year history ended. The club was quickly reformed as [Chester F.C.](/wiki/Chester_F.C. "Chester F.C."), and joined the [Northern Premier League Division One North](/wiki/Northern_Premier_League_Division_One_North "Northern Premier League Division One North") for the [2010\-11 season](/wiki/2010-11_in_English_football "2010-11 in English football").
[ "The death of Chester City (2008–10\\)\n------------------------------------", "The 2008–09 season was to prove to be Chester City's last in the Football League. Chester began the season with a squad of only 22 players, including youth team players given professional contracts just prior to the season. However, at the start of the campaign it appeared implausible that City could go down, as Rotherham United and AFC Bournemouth had both been deducted 17 points for rules violations before the start of the season, and Luton Town faced a 30\\-point penalty. Luton were, almost inevitably, relegated in second place, but Rotherham and Bournemouth managed to avoid the second relegation place which had been widely tipped as the final position for either one of these teams.", "The season began in disastrous style for the Blues, with a 6–0 defeat at Dagenham, and five goals conceded in the first 35 minutes of the League Cup tie against Leeds United. Crowds fell sharply, with only 1301 watching the home game against Brentford. The club was also subject to a transfer embargo from October onwards for non\\-payment of player wages, which restricted the ability of the club to improve its fortunes.", "Simon Davies was fired in mid\\-November, with the team struggling in 19th place. He was replaced by Mark Wright, returning for his third spell as manager. Two weeks after Wright's appointment, Stephen Vaughan put the club up for sale. After the turn of the year, Chester's form declined significantly, with only two wins out of the last 22 matches of the season. This coincided with a series of players leaving the club, including [Mark Hughes](/wiki/Mark_Hughes_%28Northern_Ireland_footballer%29 \"Mark Hughes (Northern Ireland footballer)\") and [Paul Butler](/wiki/Paul_Butler_%28footballer_born_1972%29 \"Paul Butler (footballer born 1972)\") further depleting the already limited squad. The club was also rocked by further scandal when [David Mannix](/wiki/David_Mannix \"David Mannix\") and [Jay Harris](/wiki/Jay_Harris_%28footballer_born_1987%29 \"Jay Harris (footballer born 1987)\") were charged by the FA for breaching betting rules.", "The [severe recession](/wiki/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\") of this era did Chester no favours era, having a similar detrimental effect on attendances and finances as Chester's declining form did.", "At the conclusion of the season, Chester finished with a mere 37 points, in 23rd place. The Blues had the worst defence in the division, having conceded 81 goals, and the second worst goalscoring record. The club were once more relegated to the Football Conference.", "On 14 May 2009, Chester's financial problems continued with the club's entry into voluntary administration. In June the club's administrators revealed that Chester City owed £7m to its creditors, including £4m to owner Stephen Vaughan and over £900,000 to HMRC. However, Vaughan bought the club under a [Company Voluntary Arrangement](/wiki/Company_Voluntary_Arrangement \"Company Voluntary Arrangement\") (CVA), for a payment of 15p in the pound.", "With Chester subject to a transfer embargo until the club came out of administration, there was an exodus of players from the club. In addition, Mark Wright left the club for a third time on 22 June, to be replaced by [Mick Wadsworth](/wiki/Mick_Wadsworth \"Mick Wadsworth\"). Furthermore, on 17 July the FA introduced an embargo on Chester playing any pre\\-season friendlies due to concerns about the transfer of ownership of the club. The club's problems deepened further on 28 July when the CVA was overturned after an appeal by HMRC, when it was revealed that the former club's debts included a £11,000 per week cleaning bill.[Chester City \\- The Tax Man Bites Back](http://www.twohundredpercent.net/?p=1695){{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Twohundredpercent \\- Retrieved 2 May 2010", "Following the overturning of the CVA, there was a dispute between the FA and the Football Conference as to whether Chester City should be permitted to start the season. In the end, Chester was permitted to start the season, but only after receiving a 25\\-point penalty, and with the first two games of the season postponed while the FA and the Conference debated Chester's future.[Minus Twenty\\-Five For Chester?](http://www.twohundredpercent.net/?p=1752) Twohundredpercent Retrieved 2 May 2010[Vaughan's Chester \\& The Authorities: Guess Who Blinked First](http://www.twohundredpercent.net/?p=1798) Twohundredpercent Retrieved 2 May 2012 With a limited squad, and no match fitness following the postponements of all friendlies, Chester only picked up two points from their first five matches of the season, and home attendances rapidly fell below the 1,000 mark. Mick Wadsworth was sacked as first team manager at the end of September, after only 13 matches in charge.", "[Jim Harvey](/wiki/Jim_Harvey \"Jim Harvey\") was appointed as Chester manager to replace Wadsworth, and led to an upturn in fortunes, with the club having earned 21 points following the 3–1 win over Grays at the start of November, to stand on a net \\-4 points. However, by this point Chester's off\\-pitch troubles had re\\-emerged. Chester had failed to pay sums owed to Wrexham and [Vauxhall Motors](/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors_F.C. \"Vauxhall Motors F.C.\"), for ticket sales and a player loan respectively, and had been punished by the Football Conference with a complete player embargo and a threat to expel the club.[Chester City Football Club \\- The Death Rattle (Part One)](http://www.twohundredpercent.net/?p=2643) Twohundredpercent Retrieved 2 May 2010 The deadline for payment was repeatedly postponed while discussions were held between the various parties. At the same time, at the start of November Vaughan was disqualified by HMRC from acting as a company director for a period of eleven years.[Chester City Football Club \\- The Death Rattle (Part 3\\)](http://www.twohundredpercent.net/?p=2798) Twohundredpercent Retrieved 2 May 2010", "At the same time, results on the pitch collapsed, with one point acquired from ten matches in the Football Conference. The match at the Deva Stadium between Chester and [Eastbourne Borough](/wiki/Eastbourne_Borough_F.C. \"Eastbourne Borough F.C.\") was abandoned\\- with Chester holding a rare lead\\- following pitch invasions to protest about the Vaughan family's ownership of Chester City.[Chester City Football Club \\- The Death Rattle (Part 5\\)](http://www.twohundredpercent.net/?p=2933) Twohundredpercent Retrieved 2 May 2012 Jim Harvey resigned from the club after Morrell Maison was appointed as Director of Football and decided to bring in his own choice of players. On 6 February 2010, Chester City played its final match, a 2–1 home defeat to [Ebbsfleet United](/wiki/Ebbsfleet_United_F.C. \"Ebbsfleet United F.C.\").", "The club's financial problems continued to mount, and a prohibition order was issued on the Deva Stadium after police withdrew their services after the non\\-payment of bills. On 9 February, Chester were scheduled to have an away fixture at [Forest Green Rovers](/wiki/Forest_Green_Rovers_F.C. \"Forest Green Rovers F.C.\"), but the club's coach providers refused to depart from Chester until they were paid in advance. The match was postponed less than three hours before kick\\-off.", "On 11 February the Football Conference suspended Chester for non\\-fulfilment of fixtures; and on 26 February the other Football Conference clubs voted to expel Chester, in a meeting that Chester did not send anyone to attend. This expulsion took effect on 8 March, after Chester failed to appeal against this decision.", "The final act of Chester City's existence came in the High Court in London. HMRC had issued a winding up petition against Chester City, and at a hearing on 8 March 2010 the club chose not to defend itself against that petition. In a hearing lasting less than one minute, Chester City FC were wound up, and the club's 125\\-year history ended.", "The club was quickly reformed as [Chester F.C.](/wiki/Chester_F.C. \"Chester F.C.\"), and joined the [Northern Premier League Division One North](/wiki/Northern_Premier_League_Division_One_North \"Northern Premier League Division One North\") for the [2010\\-11 season](/wiki/2010-11_in_English_football \"2010-11 in English football\").", "" ]
History ------- In the 1920s, most Canadian poetry was similar to that of English poets of the Victorian era. This style had been popularized around the time of Confederation by [Charles G. D. Roberts](/wiki/Charles_G.%C2%A0D._Roberts "Charles G. D. Roberts"), [Bliss Carman](/wiki/Bliss_Carman "Bliss Carman"), [Archibald Lampman](/wiki/Archibald_Lampman "Archibald Lampman") and [Duncan Campbell Scott](/wiki/Duncan_Campbell_Scott "Duncan Campbell Scott"), and continued to prevail among Canadian poets until the early 1940s. Some Canadians, though, were writing modernist poetry: [W. W. E. Ross](/wiki/W.%C2%A0W.%C2%A0E._Ross "W. W. E. Ross"), R. G. Everson,["Ronald Gilmour Everson"](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ronald-gilmour-everson). *The Canadian Encyclopedia* [Raymond Knister](/wiki/Raymond_Knister "Raymond Knister"), and [Dorothy Livesay](/wiki/Dorothy_Livesay "Dorothy Livesay") were each individually publishing [Imagist](/wiki/Imagist "Imagist") poetry in [free verse](/wiki/Free_verse "Free verse") in American and English literary publications.Ken Norris, "[The Beginnings of Canadian Modernism](http://www.uwo.ca/english/canadianpoetry/cpjrn/vol11/norris.htm)," *Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews,* No. 11 (Fall/Winter, 1982\), Canadian Poetry, UWO.ca, Web, March 25, 2011\. Over time these poets became known as the Montreal Group. They founded a number of "little magazines" which gave Canadian modernists the opportunity to publish in their own country. As [Louis Dudek](/wiki/Louis_Dudek "Louis Dudek") and Michael Gnarowski were to write four decades later, in *The Making of Modern Poetry in Canada* (1967\): {{quote\|The little magazine in Canada has been the most important single factor behind the rise and continued progress of modernism in Canadian poetry. The history of the little magazine covers a period of some forty years and closely parallels the development of modern poetry itself from the mid\-1920s to the present time. All the important events in poetry and most of the initiating manifestoes and examples of change are to be found in the little magazines."}} ### *McGill Daily Literary Supplement* This first publication began as a weekly supplement to the *McGill Daily*, the university undergraduate society's newspaper, and was edited by Allan Latham, A. P. R. Coulborn, and [A. J. M. Smith](/wiki/A.%C2%A0J.%C2%A0M._Smith "A. J. M. Smith"). It included poems, articles, and book reviews. When Scott submitted a translation of "an old French chanson", Smith printed it, and subsequently invited Scott to serve on the editorial board. The Literary Supplement contained no advertising, and after a time the students' society stopped funding it; Smith and Scott closed the Supplement and began work on an independent publication to replace it. ### *McGill Fortnightly Review* On November 21, 1925 the *McGill Fortnightly Review* published its first issue and branded itself and "independent journal devoted to purely literary, artistic and scientific matter." The editorial board was A. P. R. Coulborn, A. B. Latham, F. R. Scott, A. J. M and managing editor [Leon Edel](/wiki/Leon_Edel "Leon Edel");{{Cite news\|url\=https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary\-125844\-2622\|title\=The McGill fortnightly review: Vol. 1, no. 1\|date\=1925\-11\-21\|work\=The McGill fortnightly review\|access\-date\=2018\-01\-30}} the manager was Montreal businessman Lou Schwartz. The journal was one of the first to publish modernist poetry and critical opinion in Canada,Marlene Alt, "[Smith, Arthur James Marshall](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/arthur-james-marshall-smith)," *Canadian Encyclopedia* (Edmonton: Hurtig, 2015\. and was considered as rebellious in tone.{{Cite journal\|last\=Shore\|first\=Marlene\|date\=2016\-12\-19\|title\=“Overtures of an Era Being Born” F.R. Scott: Cultural Nationalism and Social Criticism 1925\-1939\|url\=http://utpjournals.press/doi/10\.3138/jcs.15\.4\.31\|journal\=Journal of Canadian Studies\|language\=en\|doi\=10\.3138/jcs.15\.4\.31}} The journal published the work of [Leo Kennedy](/wiki/Leo_Kennedy "Leo Kennedy");{{cn\|date\=August 2022}} [A. M. Klein](/wiki/A.%C2%A0M._Klein "A. M. Klein")'s one submission was turn down because it included the word "soul", which the editors considered old\-fashioned.{{cn\|date\=August 2022}} The name came from that bastion of [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_era "Victorian era") tradition, the *[Fortnightly Review](/wiki/Fortnightly_Review "Fortnightly Review")*; and the first issue praised a talk Bliss Carman had given at McGill. By issue three, in which Smith offered readers an analysis of *[The Waste Land](/wiki/The_Waste_Land "The Waste Land")*,{{cn\|date\=August 2022}} the new biweekly was focused directly on the introduction of Modernism into Canadian poetry. The publication regularly criticized the Canadian Authors' Association, which the editors saw as promoting the "quasi\-Victorian" verse of the times. For example, the journal's second issue derided the CAA's promotion of a Canadian "Book Week", arguing that the association should focus on the development of excellence in Canadian literature rather than the promotion of existing books regardless of quality. F. R. Scott's satirical poem ‘The Canadian authors meet’, which claimed that the association encouraged amateurism, appeared in the last issue of the journal in 1927\.{{cn\|date\=August 2022}} The *McGill Fortnightly Review* published many articles and editorials about Modernism, a well as a variety of modernistic poetry. In his editorials, Smith argued that Canadian poets must go beyond the traditional poetry of Bliss Carman, Archibald Lampman, Duncan Campbell Scott, and Charles G. D. Roberts, and open themselves to contemporary forms, such as free verse, imagistic treatment, displacement, and complex poetic structure. He also urged writers to dispense with the "Victorian mannerisms" which were in common use at the time.{{cn\|date\=August 2022}} American journalist [H. L. Mencken](/wiki/H.%C2%A0L._Mencken "H. L. Mencken") was a major influence on the Group's prose style. Publisher Louis Schwartz, contributed an article to *The McGill Fortnightly Review* in which he calls Mencken "the creator of a new sort of writing ... Americanese of a racy bumptiousness so vivacious and interesting that he is eagerly followed by a large number of people. ... Mencken is essentially a young man's critic, violent and destructive."Patricia Morley, "The Young Turks: A Biographer's Comment," *Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews* No. 11 (Fall/Winter 1972\), UWO, Web, April 9, 2011\. The *MFR* provided a space for modernists to ply their craft, to learn from and teach each other. Years later, Edel wrote that "*The McGill Fortnightly* drew to it other young writers – among them A. M. Klein, Leo Kennedy, and Leon Edel – on whom, as well as on Scott, Smith had an enduring influence."{{cn\|date\=August 2022}} The writers who contributed to the publication gained editorial experience and direction, and eventually formed a new literary movement, the McGill group, consisting originally of Scott, Smith and Leo Kennedy. ### *Canadian Mercury* Founded in [1928](/wiki/1928_in_poetry "1928 in poetry"), short\-lived *The Canadian Mercury* was the first independent periodical produced by the Montreal Group. Its editorial board consisted of Jean Burton, F. R. Scott, Leo Kennedy and Felix Walter." Publication was financed by Louis Schwartz, and the resulting financial security left the board free to pursue its literary agenda. Smith and Edel, doing graduate work in Edinburgh and Paris respectively, continued to contribute by mail. Unlike the McGill\-affiliated publications, the *Mercury* solicited contributions from a wider group of Canadian writers, and was targeted to readers beyond the Montreal area. The first issue, published in December 1928, featured an essay on "The National Literature Problem in Canada" by Canadian institution [Stephen Leacock](/wiki/Stephen_Leacock "Stephen Leacock"). The editors continued their campaign to publish contemporary poetry and literary criticism to counter the prevailing Romantic tradition in Canada. *The Canadian Mercury* 's contributors represented a transitional style, as the beginnings of Canadian modernist poetry began to emerge.Alan Richards, "[Between Tradition and Counter\-Tradition](http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/SCL/article/viewArticle/15274/16356): The Poems of A.J.M. Smith and F.R. Scott in *The Canadian Mercury* (1928\-29\)," *Studies in Canadian Literature*, Volume 30, Number 1 (2005\), UNB.ca. Web, March 26, 2011\. The *Mercury* continued the modernist program begun in the *Review*. Attacks on the CAA continued, such as Leo Kennedy's polemic, "The Future of Canadian Literature," in which he accused the Association of promoting "archaic transplanted [Victorianisms](/wiki/Victorian_literature "Victorian literature"). He urged young writers to look instead to the examples of [Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce "James Joyce"), [Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway "Ernest Hemingway"), [Shaw](/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw "George Bernard Shaw"), Pound and [Aldous Huxley](/wiki/Aldous_Huxley "Aldous Huxley") in creating the future of Canadian literature. In the *Mercury's* final issue, Scott reviewed [Bliss Carman](/wiki/Bliss_Carman "Bliss Carman")'s new book, *Wild Garden* (published posthumously; Carmen had died earlier in [1929](/wiki/1929_in_poetry "1929 in poetry")), finding not one decent poem in the book. The *Canadian Mercury* folded in the wake of the economic [Crash of 1929](/wiki/Crash_of_1929 "Crash of 1929"). ### *The McGilliad* This little\-known successor McGill publication was founded in 1930 and ran until 1931\. It was edited first by co\-founder Klein, and then by Klein's friend, co\-founder [David Lewis](/wiki/David_Lewis_%28Canadian_politician%29 "David Lewis (Canadian politician)") (who would later lead Canada's [socialist](/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada "Socialism in Canada") [New Democratic Party](/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_%28Canada%29 "New Democratic Party (Canada)")). The publication's name was an obvious pun on the classic epic *The [Iliad](/wiki/Iliad "Iliad")* – privately, Klein called it the "McGill Yid" (a pun on his and Lewis's [Yiddish](/wiki/Yiddish "Yiddish") heritage).Joyce Boro, "[Klein, Abraham Moses (1909\-71\)](http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/klein-abraham-moses-tf/)," *Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture,* Volume 1, Bookrags.com, Web, March 27, 2011\. Under Klein's editorship the *McGilliad* carried the first published poem by then high school student [Irving Layton](/wiki/Irving_Layton "Irving Layton").Bronwyn Chester, "[Small Magazines, Big Influence](http://reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3112/literary.html)," *McGill Reporter*, March 11, 1999, McGill.ca, Web, March 27, 2011\. Under Lewis the magazine became more political: It published editorials about his anti\-communist views, though the December 1930 issue included his article expressing approval of the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution_%281917%29 "Russian Revolution (1917)") and calling for a greater understanding of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"). ### *New Provinces* {{Main\|New Provinces (poetry anthology)}} In the late 1920s, several of the group's core members left Montreal: Smith, Glassco, Edel, and Kennedy; however, four of the poets,(Smith, Kennedy, Klein, and Scott) came together in 1931 to begin the creation of an anthology, *[New Provinces: Poems by Several Authors](/wiki/New_Provinces_%28poetry_anthology%29 "New Provinces (poetry anthology)")*. In 1934 they invited Toronto poets [E. J. Pratt](/wiki/E.%C2%A0J._Pratt "E. J. Pratt") and [Robert Finch](/wiki/Robert_Finch_%28poet%29 "Robert Finch (poet)") to participate. The result, published in May 1936, was an anthology which epitomized modernist poetry in Canada."William H. New, "[McGill Movement](https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkh2vJ_9GpEC&pg=PA729)," *Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada* (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002\), 729\. Google Books, Web, March 25, 2011\. For a Preface, Smith wrote a modernist [manifesto](/wiki/Manifesto "Manifesto") that declared Canadian poetry to be dead.W.J. Keith, "[How New was *New Provinces*?](http://www.uwo.ca/english/canadianpoetry/cpjrn/vol04/keith.htm)," *Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews*, No. 4 (Fall/Winter, 1979\). Web, March 16, 2011\. The Preface was not used. (It was incorporated into the reprinted edition in 1976\.)Michael Gnarowski, "[New Provinces: Poems of Several Authors](http://www.encyclopediecanadienne.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005706)," *Canadian Encyclopedia* (Hurtig: Edmonton, 1988\), 1479\. Leon Edel later declared, "The poems in *New provinces* had an impact on Canadian verse far beyond any prefatorial pronouncements: in its implicit call for new findings and new attitudes in Canadian writing, it might be likened to the effect of the [Wordsworth](/wiki/William_Wordsworth "William Wordsworth")\-[Coleridge](/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge "Samuel Taylor Coleridge") *[Lyrical ballads](/wiki/Lyrical_Ballads "Lyrical Ballads")* in [1798](/wiki/1798_in_poetry "1798 in poetry") on the [Romantics](/wiki/Romantic_poetry "Romantic poetry").... The effect of *New provinces* was that it established the ‘Montreal Group’ as the Canadian [avant\-garde](/wiki/Avant-garde "Avant-garde") of its time."{{cn\|date\=August 2022}} ### *Preview* The Montreal literary magazine *Preview* was founded by F. R. Scott"[Francis Reginald Scott](http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-reginald-scott)," *Gale Encyclopedia of Biography,* Answers.com, Web, March 27, 2011\. and Montreal poet [Patrick Anderson](/wiki/Patrick_Anderson_%28poet%29 "Patrick Anderson (poet)") in March [1942](/wiki/1942_in_poetry "1942 in poetry"); [A. M. Klein](/wiki/A.%C2%A0M._Klein "A. M. Klein") and [P. K. Page](/wiki/P.%C2%A0K._Page "P. K. Page") also became part of the editorial group.George Woodcock, "[Northern Review](https://web.archive.org/web/20060511211538/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005811)," *Canadian Encyclopedia* (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1988\), 1515\. *Preview* continued the [cosmopolitan](/wiki/Cosmopolitanism "Cosmopolitanism") editorial policies of the *McGill Fortnightly Review* Its contributors showed the influence of the English poets of the 1930s." In 1942, another Montreal literary magazine, *[First Statement](/wiki/First_Statement "First Statement")* was founded by Montreal poet [John Sutherland](/wiki/John_Sutherland_%28Canadian_writer%29 "John Sutherland (Canadian writer)")), after *Preview* had rejected some of his poetry. In his magazine he criticized the Montreal Group as "too exclusive in their demand for cosmopolitan sophistication, too ready to denounce the provincial in favour of anything new from far away." By this time, the Montreal Group had achieved its purposes of creating acceptance in Canada for the tenets of modernism, of encouraging Canadian poets to include elements of modernism in their work, and of developing venues for those who did so to publish their work. Many poets contributed to both *Preview* and *First Statement*; by 1945, when the two magazines merged to become *[Northern Review](/wiki/Northern_Review "Northern Review")*, the Group was no longer actively promoting modernism.
[ "History\n-------", "In the 1920s, most Canadian poetry was similar to that of English poets of the Victorian era. This style had been popularized around the time of Confederation by [Charles G. D. Roberts](/wiki/Charles_G.%C2%A0D._Roberts \"Charles G. D. Roberts\"), [Bliss Carman](/wiki/Bliss_Carman \"Bliss Carman\"), [Archibald Lampman](/wiki/Archibald_Lampman \"Archibald Lampman\") and [Duncan Campbell Scott](/wiki/Duncan_Campbell_Scott \"Duncan Campbell Scott\"), and continued to prevail among Canadian poets until the early 1940s. Some Canadians, though, were writing modernist poetry: [W. W. E. Ross](/wiki/W.%C2%A0W.%C2%A0E._Ross \"W. W. E. Ross\"), R. G. Everson,[\"Ronald Gilmour Everson\"](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ronald-gilmour-everson). *The Canadian Encyclopedia* [Raymond Knister](/wiki/Raymond_Knister \"Raymond Knister\"), and [Dorothy Livesay](/wiki/Dorothy_Livesay \"Dorothy Livesay\") were each individually publishing [Imagist](/wiki/Imagist \"Imagist\") poetry in [free verse](/wiki/Free_verse \"Free verse\") in American and English literary publications.Ken Norris, \"[The Beginnings of Canadian Modernism](http://www.uwo.ca/english/canadianpoetry/cpjrn/vol11/norris.htm),\" *Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews,* No. 11 (Fall/Winter, 1982\\), Canadian Poetry, UWO.ca, Web, March 25, 2011\\.", "Over time these poets became known as the Montreal Group. They founded a number of \"little magazines\" which gave Canadian modernists the opportunity to publish in their own country. As [Louis Dudek](/wiki/Louis_Dudek \"Louis Dudek\") and Michael Gnarowski were to write four decades later, in *The Making of Modern Poetry in Canada* (1967\\): {{quote\\|The little magazine in Canada has been the most important single factor behind the rise and continued progress of modernism in Canadian poetry. The history of the little magazine covers a period of some forty years and closely parallels the development of modern poetry itself from the mid\\-1920s to the present time. All the important events in poetry and most of the initiating manifestoes and examples of change are to be found in the little magazines.\"}}", "### *McGill Daily Literary Supplement*", "This first publication began as a weekly supplement to the *McGill Daily*, the university undergraduate society's newspaper, and was edited by Allan Latham, A. P. R. Coulborn, and [A. J. M. Smith](/wiki/A.%C2%A0J.%C2%A0M._Smith \"A. J. M. Smith\"). It included poems, articles, and book reviews.", "When Scott submitted a translation of \"an old French chanson\", Smith printed it, and subsequently invited Scott to serve on the editorial board. The Literary Supplement contained no advertising, and after a time the students' society stopped funding it; Smith and Scott closed the Supplement and began work on an independent publication to replace it.", "### *McGill Fortnightly Review*", "On November 21, 1925 the *McGill Fortnightly Review* published its first issue and branded itself and \"independent journal devoted to purely literary, artistic and scientific matter.\" The editorial board was A. P. R. Coulborn, A. B. Latham, F. R. Scott, A. J. M and managing editor [Leon Edel](/wiki/Leon_Edel \"Leon Edel\");{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary\\-125844\\-2622\\|title\\=The McGill fortnightly review: Vol. 1, no. 1\\|date\\=1925\\-11\\-21\\|work\\=The McGill fortnightly review\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-01\\-30}} the manager was Montreal businessman Lou Schwartz. The journal was one of the first to publish modernist poetry and critical opinion in Canada,Marlene Alt, \"[Smith, Arthur James Marshall](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/arthur-james-marshall-smith),\" *Canadian Encyclopedia* (Edmonton: Hurtig, 2015\\. and was considered as rebellious in tone.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Shore\\|first\\=Marlene\\|date\\=2016\\-12\\-19\\|title\\=“Overtures of an Era Being Born” F.R. Scott: Cultural Nationalism and Social Criticism 1925\\-1939\\|url\\=http://utpjournals.press/doi/10\\.3138/jcs.15\\.4\\.31\\|journal\\=Journal of Canadian Studies\\|language\\=en\\|doi\\=10\\.3138/jcs.15\\.4\\.31}} The journal published the work of [Leo Kennedy](/wiki/Leo_Kennedy \"Leo Kennedy\");{{cn\\|date\\=August 2022}} [A. M. Klein](/wiki/A.%C2%A0M._Klein \"A. M. Klein\")'s one submission was turn down because it included the word \"soul\", which the editors considered old\\-fashioned.{{cn\\|date\\=August 2022}}", "The name came from that bastion of [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\") tradition, the *[Fortnightly Review](/wiki/Fortnightly_Review \"Fortnightly Review\")*; and the first issue praised a talk Bliss Carman had given at McGill. By issue three, in which Smith offered readers an analysis of *[The Waste Land](/wiki/The_Waste_Land \"The Waste Land\")*,{{cn\\|date\\=August 2022}} the new biweekly was focused directly on the introduction of Modernism into Canadian poetry.", "The publication regularly criticized the Canadian Authors' Association, which the editors saw as promoting the \"quasi\\-Victorian\" verse of the times. For example, the journal's second issue derided the CAA's promotion of a Canadian \"Book Week\", arguing that the association should focus on the development of excellence in Canadian literature rather than the promotion of existing books regardless of quality. F. R. Scott's satirical poem ‘The Canadian authors meet’, which claimed that the association encouraged amateurism, appeared in the last issue of the journal in 1927\\.{{cn\\|date\\=August 2022}}", "The *McGill Fortnightly Review* published many articles and editorials about Modernism, a well as a variety of modernistic poetry. In his editorials, Smith argued that Canadian poets must go beyond the traditional poetry of Bliss Carman, Archibald Lampman, Duncan Campbell Scott, and Charles G. D. Roberts, and open themselves to contemporary forms, such as free verse, imagistic treatment, displacement, and complex poetic structure. He also urged writers to dispense with the \"Victorian mannerisms\" which were in common use at the time.{{cn\\|date\\=August 2022}}", "American journalist [H. L. Mencken](/wiki/H.%C2%A0L._Mencken \"H. L. Mencken\") was a major influence on the Group's prose style. Publisher Louis Schwartz, contributed an article to *The McGill Fortnightly Review* in which he calls Mencken \"the creator of a new sort of writing ... Americanese of a racy bumptiousness so vivacious and interesting that he is eagerly followed by a large number of people. ... Mencken is essentially a young man's critic, violent and destructive.\"Patricia Morley, \"The Young Turks: A Biographer's Comment,\" *Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews* No. 11 (Fall/Winter 1972\\), UWO, Web, April 9, 2011\\.", "The *MFR* provided a space for modernists to ply their craft, to learn from and teach each other. Years later, Edel wrote that \"*The McGill Fortnightly* drew to it other young writers – among them A. M. Klein, Leo Kennedy, and Leon Edel – on whom, as well as on Scott, Smith had an enduring influence.\"{{cn\\|date\\=August 2022}} The writers who contributed to the publication gained editorial experience and direction, and eventually formed a new literary movement, the McGill group, consisting originally of Scott, Smith and Leo Kennedy.", "### *Canadian Mercury*", "Founded in [1928](/wiki/1928_in_poetry \"1928 in poetry\"), short\\-lived *The Canadian Mercury* was the first independent periodical produced by the Montreal Group. Its editorial board consisted of Jean Burton, F. R. Scott, Leo Kennedy and Felix Walter.\" Publication was financed by Louis Schwartz, and the resulting financial security left the board free to pursue its literary agenda.", "Smith and Edel, doing graduate work in Edinburgh and Paris respectively, continued to contribute by mail. Unlike the McGill\\-affiliated publications, the *Mercury* solicited contributions from a wider group of Canadian writers, and was targeted to readers beyond the Montreal area. The first issue, published in December 1928, featured an essay on \"The National Literature Problem in Canada\" by Canadian institution [Stephen Leacock](/wiki/Stephen_Leacock \"Stephen Leacock\").", "The editors continued their campaign to publish contemporary poetry and literary criticism to counter the prevailing Romantic tradition in Canada. *The Canadian Mercury* 's contributors represented a transitional style, as the beginnings of Canadian modernist poetry began to emerge.Alan Richards, \"[Between Tradition and Counter\\-Tradition](http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/SCL/article/viewArticle/15274/16356): The Poems of A.J.M. Smith and F.R. Scott in *The Canadian Mercury* (1928\\-29\\),\" *Studies in Canadian Literature*, Volume 30, Number 1 (2005\\), UNB.ca. Web, March 26, 2011\\.", "The *Mercury* continued the modernist program begun in the *Review*. Attacks on the CAA continued, such as Leo Kennedy's polemic, \"The Future of Canadian Literature,\" in which he accused the Association of promoting \"archaic transplanted [Victorianisms](/wiki/Victorian_literature \"Victorian literature\"). He urged young writers to look instead to the examples of [Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce \"James Joyce\"), [Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway \"Ernest Hemingway\"), [Shaw](/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw \"George Bernard Shaw\"), Pound and [Aldous Huxley](/wiki/Aldous_Huxley \"Aldous Huxley\") in creating the future of Canadian literature.", "In the *Mercury's* final issue, Scott reviewed [Bliss Carman](/wiki/Bliss_Carman \"Bliss Carman\")'s new book, *Wild Garden* (published posthumously; Carmen had died earlier in [1929](/wiki/1929_in_poetry \"1929 in poetry\")), finding not one decent poem in the book.", "The *Canadian Mercury* folded in the wake of the economic [Crash of 1929](/wiki/Crash_of_1929 \"Crash of 1929\").", "### *The McGilliad*", "This little\\-known successor McGill publication was founded in 1930 and ran until 1931\\. It was edited first by co\\-founder Klein, and then by Klein's friend, co\\-founder [David Lewis](/wiki/David_Lewis_%28Canadian_politician%29 \"David Lewis (Canadian politician)\") (who would later lead Canada's [socialist](/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada \"Socialism in Canada\") [New Democratic Party](/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_%28Canada%29 \"New Democratic Party (Canada)\")). The publication's name was an obvious pun on the classic epic *The [Iliad](/wiki/Iliad \"Iliad\")* – privately, Klein called it the \"McGill Yid\" (a pun on his and Lewis's [Yiddish](/wiki/Yiddish \"Yiddish\") heritage).Joyce Boro, \"[Klein, Abraham Moses (1909\\-71\\)](http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/klein-abraham-moses-tf/),\" *Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture,* Volume 1, Bookrags.com, Web, March 27, 2011\\.", "Under Klein's editorship the *McGilliad* carried the first published poem by then high school student [Irving Layton](/wiki/Irving_Layton \"Irving Layton\").Bronwyn Chester, \"[Small Magazines, Big Influence](http://reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3112/literary.html),\" *McGill Reporter*, March 11, 1999, McGill.ca, Web, March 27, 2011\\.", "Under Lewis the magazine became more political: It published editorials about his anti\\-communist views, though the December 1930 issue included his article expressing approval of the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution_%281917%29 \"Russian Revolution (1917)\") and calling for a greater understanding of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\").", "### *New Provinces*", "{{Main\\|New Provinces (poetry anthology)}}\nIn the late 1920s, several of the group's core members left Montreal: Smith, Glassco, Edel, and Kennedy; however, four of the poets,(Smith, Kennedy, Klein, and Scott) came together in 1931 to begin the creation of an anthology, *[New Provinces: Poems by Several Authors](/wiki/New_Provinces_%28poetry_anthology%29 \"New Provinces (poetry anthology)\")*. In 1934 they invited Toronto poets [E. J. Pratt](/wiki/E.%C2%A0J._Pratt \"E. J. Pratt\") and [Robert Finch](/wiki/Robert_Finch_%28poet%29 \"Robert Finch (poet)\") to participate. The result, published in May 1936, was an anthology which epitomized modernist poetry in Canada.\"William H. New, \"[McGill Movement](https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkh2vJ_9GpEC&pg=PA729),\" *Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada*\n(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002\\), 729\\. Google Books, Web, March 25, 2011\\.", "For a Preface, Smith wrote a modernist [manifesto](/wiki/Manifesto \"Manifesto\") that declared Canadian poetry to be dead.W.J. Keith, \"[How New was *New Provinces*?](http://www.uwo.ca/english/canadianpoetry/cpjrn/vol04/keith.htm),\" *Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews*, No. 4 (Fall/Winter, 1979\\). Web, March 16, 2011\\. The Preface was not used. (It was incorporated into the reprinted edition in 1976\\.)Michael Gnarowski, \"[New Provinces: Poems of Several Authors](http://www.encyclopediecanadienne.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005706),\" *Canadian Encyclopedia* (Hurtig: Edmonton, 1988\\), 1479\\. Leon Edel later declared, \"The poems in *New provinces* had an impact on Canadian verse far beyond any prefatorial pronouncements: in its implicit call for new findings and new attitudes in Canadian writing, it might be likened to the effect of the [Wordsworth](/wiki/William_Wordsworth \"William Wordsworth\")\\-[Coleridge](/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge \"Samuel Taylor Coleridge\") *[Lyrical ballads](/wiki/Lyrical_Ballads \"Lyrical Ballads\")* in [1798](/wiki/1798_in_poetry \"1798 in poetry\") on the [Romantics](/wiki/Romantic_poetry \"Romantic poetry\").... The effect of *New provinces* was that it established the ‘Montreal Group’ as the Canadian [avant\\-garde](/wiki/Avant-garde \"Avant-garde\") of its time.\"{{cn\\|date\\=August 2022}}", "### *Preview*", "The Montreal literary magazine *Preview* was founded by F. R. Scott\"[Francis Reginald Scott](http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-reginald-scott),\" *Gale Encyclopedia of Biography,* Answers.com, Web, March 27, 2011\\. and Montreal poet [Patrick Anderson](/wiki/Patrick_Anderson_%28poet%29 \"Patrick Anderson (poet)\") in March [1942](/wiki/1942_in_poetry \"1942 in poetry\"); [A. M. Klein](/wiki/A.%C2%A0M._Klein \"A. M. Klein\") and [P. K. Page](/wiki/P.%C2%A0K._Page \"P. K. Page\") also became part of the editorial group.George Woodcock, \"[Northern Review](https://web.archive.org/web/20060511211538/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005811),\" *Canadian Encyclopedia* (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1988\\), 1515\\.", "*Preview* continued the [cosmopolitan](/wiki/Cosmopolitanism \"Cosmopolitanism\") editorial policies of the *McGill Fortnightly Review* Its contributors showed the influence of the English poets of the 1930s.\"", "In 1942, another Montreal literary magazine, *[First Statement](/wiki/First_Statement \"First Statement\")* was founded by Montreal poet [John Sutherland](/wiki/John_Sutherland_%28Canadian_writer%29 \"John Sutherland (Canadian writer)\")), after *Preview* had rejected some of his poetry. In his magazine he criticized the Montreal Group as \"too exclusive in their demand for cosmopolitan sophistication, too ready to denounce the provincial in favour of anything new from far away.\" By this time, the Montreal Group had achieved its purposes of creating acceptance in Canada for the tenets of modernism, of encouraging Canadian poets to include elements of modernism in their work, and of developing venues for those who did so to publish their work. Many poets contributed to both *Preview* and *First Statement*; by 1945, when the two magazines merged to become *[Northern Review](/wiki/Northern_Review \"Northern Review\")*, the Group was no longer actively promoting modernism.", "" ]
### *Canadian Mercury* Founded in [1928](/wiki/1928_in_poetry "1928 in poetry"), short\-lived *The Canadian Mercury* was the first independent periodical produced by the Montreal Group. Its editorial board consisted of Jean Burton, F. R. Scott, Leo Kennedy and Felix Walter." Publication was financed by Louis Schwartz, and the resulting financial security left the board free to pursue its literary agenda. Smith and Edel, doing graduate work in Edinburgh and Paris respectively, continued to contribute by mail. Unlike the McGill\-affiliated publications, the *Mercury* solicited contributions from a wider group of Canadian writers, and was targeted to readers beyond the Montreal area. The first issue, published in December 1928, featured an essay on "The National Literature Problem in Canada" by Canadian institution [Stephen Leacock](/wiki/Stephen_Leacock "Stephen Leacock"). The editors continued their campaign to publish contemporary poetry and literary criticism to counter the prevailing Romantic tradition in Canada. *The Canadian Mercury* 's contributors represented a transitional style, as the beginnings of Canadian modernist poetry began to emerge.Alan Richards, "[Between Tradition and Counter\-Tradition](http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/SCL/article/viewArticle/15274/16356): The Poems of A.J.M. Smith and F.R. Scott in *The Canadian Mercury* (1928\-29\)," *Studies in Canadian Literature*, Volume 30, Number 1 (2005\), UNB.ca. Web, March 26, 2011\. The *Mercury* continued the modernist program begun in the *Review*. Attacks on the CAA continued, such as Leo Kennedy's polemic, "The Future of Canadian Literature," in which he accused the Association of promoting "archaic transplanted [Victorianisms](/wiki/Victorian_literature "Victorian literature"). He urged young writers to look instead to the examples of [Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce "James Joyce"), [Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway "Ernest Hemingway"), [Shaw](/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw "George Bernard Shaw"), Pound and [Aldous Huxley](/wiki/Aldous_Huxley "Aldous Huxley") in creating the future of Canadian literature. In the *Mercury's* final issue, Scott reviewed [Bliss Carman](/wiki/Bliss_Carman "Bliss Carman")'s new book, *Wild Garden* (published posthumously; Carmen had died earlier in [1929](/wiki/1929_in_poetry "1929 in poetry")), finding not one decent poem in the book. The *Canadian Mercury* folded in the wake of the economic [Crash of 1929](/wiki/Crash_of_1929 "Crash of 1929").
[ "### *Canadian Mercury*", "Founded in [1928](/wiki/1928_in_poetry \"1928 in poetry\"), short\\-lived *The Canadian Mercury* was the first independent periodical produced by the Montreal Group. Its editorial board consisted of Jean Burton, F. R. Scott, Leo Kennedy and Felix Walter.\" Publication was financed by Louis Schwartz, and the resulting financial security left the board free to pursue its literary agenda.", "Smith and Edel, doing graduate work in Edinburgh and Paris respectively, continued to contribute by mail. Unlike the McGill\\-affiliated publications, the *Mercury* solicited contributions from a wider group of Canadian writers, and was targeted to readers beyond the Montreal area. The first issue, published in December 1928, featured an essay on \"The National Literature Problem in Canada\" by Canadian institution [Stephen Leacock](/wiki/Stephen_Leacock \"Stephen Leacock\").", "The editors continued their campaign to publish contemporary poetry and literary criticism to counter the prevailing Romantic tradition in Canada. *The Canadian Mercury* 's contributors represented a transitional style, as the beginnings of Canadian modernist poetry began to emerge.Alan Richards, \"[Between Tradition and Counter\\-Tradition](http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/SCL/article/viewArticle/15274/16356): The Poems of A.J.M. Smith and F.R. Scott in *The Canadian Mercury* (1928\\-29\\),\" *Studies in Canadian Literature*, Volume 30, Number 1 (2005\\), UNB.ca. Web, March 26, 2011\\.", "The *Mercury* continued the modernist program begun in the *Review*. Attacks on the CAA continued, such as Leo Kennedy's polemic, \"The Future of Canadian Literature,\" in which he accused the Association of promoting \"archaic transplanted [Victorianisms](/wiki/Victorian_literature \"Victorian literature\"). He urged young writers to look instead to the examples of [Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce \"James Joyce\"), [Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway \"Ernest Hemingway\"), [Shaw](/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw \"George Bernard Shaw\"), Pound and [Aldous Huxley](/wiki/Aldous_Huxley \"Aldous Huxley\") in creating the future of Canadian literature.", "In the *Mercury's* final issue, Scott reviewed [Bliss Carman](/wiki/Bliss_Carman \"Bliss Carman\")'s new book, *Wild Garden* (published posthumously; Carmen had died earlier in [1929](/wiki/1929_in_poetry \"1929 in poetry\")), finding not one decent poem in the book.", "The *Canadian Mercury* folded in the wake of the economic [Crash of 1929](/wiki/Crash_of_1929 \"Crash of 1929\").", "" ]
Career ------ ### 2003–2010: Beginnings and breakthrough Han Ji\-min started her career in show business while still a high school student. She made various commercial films (CF) and music videos before gaining wider attention in 2003, when she appeared in hit Korean television dramas *[All In](/wiki/All_In_%28TV_series%29 "All In (TV series)")* and *[Dae Jang Geum](/wiki/Dae_Jang_Geum "Dae Jang Geum")*.{{cite web\|script\-title\=ko:'대장금' 신비역 한지민, 데뷔 1년 주연급 성장\|url\=http://m.chosun.com/svc/article.html?sname\=news\&contid\=2004022470121\|website\=\[\[The Chosun Ilbo]]\|language\=ko\|date\=February 24, 2004\|access\-date\=October 4, 2018\|archive\-date\=October 4, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004225920/http://m.chosun.com/svc/article.html?sname\=news\&contid\=2004022470121\|url\-status\=live}} Han said she hadn't dreamed of becoming a serious actress, but changed her mind after starring in *[All In](/wiki/All_In_%28TV_series%29 "All In (TV series)")*, where she played the teenage counterpart of the drama's main character, played by popular actress [Song Hye\-kyo](/wiki/Song_Hye-kyo "Song Hye-kyo"). Han achieved breakthrough with her performance in the critically acclaimed [mania drama](/wiki/Cult_films "Cult films") *[Resurrection](/wiki/Resurrection_%282005_TV_series%29 "Resurrection (2005 TV series)")* in 2005\.["Han Ji\-min: I am a Happy Woman Addicted to *Revenge*"](http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/entertainment_news_view.html?No=1079) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720215940/http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/entertainment\_news\_view.html?No\=1079 \|date\=July 20, 2013 }}. *KBS Global*. July 7, 2005{{cite web\|title\=KOREAN TV DRAMA REVIEWS: 부활 (Rebirth \- Director's Cut) PART 2\|url\=http://twitchfilm.net/archives/005751\.html\|work\=Twitch Film\|date\=April 12, 2006\|archive\-date\=February 28, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228234040/http://twitchfilm.net/archives/005751\.html\|url\-status\=dead}} She then challenged herself by playing a cute yet ambitious tomboy who dreams of becoming a pilot in her first movie *[Blue Swallow](/wiki/Blue_Swallow_%28film%29 "Blue Swallow (film)")*.["Sky's the Limit for Han Ji\-min"](http://www.hancinema.net/sky-s-the-limit-for-han-ji-min-4901.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104010428/http://www.hancinema.net/sky\-s\-the\-limit\-for\-han\-ji\-min\-4901\.html \|date\=November 4, 2012 }}. *[The Korea Times](/wiki/The_Korea_Times "The Korea Times")*. January 8, 2006\. A car accident on the set of *Wolf* seriously injured Han and her co\-star [Eric Mun](/wiki/Eric_Mun "Eric Mun"),{{cite web\|title\=Eric Hurt in Gallant Attempt to Save Han Ji\-min\|url\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2006/01/23/2006012361028\.html\|work\=\[\[The Chosun Ilbo]]\|date\=January 23, 2006\|access\-date\=May 29, 2013\|archive\-date\=March 5, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305004545/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2006/01/23/2006012361028\.html\|url\-status\=live}}["Stars of TV drama *Wolf* injured in car accident"](http://www.hancinema.net/stars-of-tv-drama-wolf-injured-in-car-accident-5049.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005075932/http://www.hancinema.net/stars\-of\-tv\-drama\-wolf\-injured\-in\-car\-accident\-5049\.html \|date\=October 5, 2011 }}. *[The Korea Herald](/wiki/The_Korea_Herald "The Korea Herald")*. [Hancinema](/wiki/Hancinema "Hancinema"). January 24, 2006\. causing the drama to be delayed repeatedly["늑대 (Wolf) Return Set For Summer"](https://archive.today/20120716233258/http://twitchfilm.com/news/2006/02/wolf-return-set-for-summer.php). *[Twitch Film](/wiki/Twitch_Film "Twitch Film")*. February 14, 2006\. until the decision was finally made to discontinue it with only three episodes aired. After a long recovery for Mun, the two actors reunited instead in the drama *Super Rookie Ranger* (also known as *Invincible Parachute Agent* or *Korea Secret Agency*).["Super Rookie Ranger"](http://global.sbs.co.kr/America/AboutSBSPro/Drama/drama.jsp?vod_id=V0000329296) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721183536/http://global.sbs.co.kr/America/AboutSBSPro/Drama/drama.jsp?vod\_id\=V0000329296 \|date\=July 21, 2011 }}. *SBS Global*. Retrieved November 4, 2012\. Han continued to act in TV dramas, with memorable turns as a straitlaced resistance fighter in *[Capital Scandal](/wiki/Capital_Scandal "Capital Scandal")* and a royal concubine in the historical drama *[Yi San](/wiki/Yi_San_%28TV_series%29 "Yi San (TV series)")*.["Interview with Han Ji\-min (October 18, 2007\), who plays the role of Song\-yeon in Lee San, Wind of the Palace"](http://content.mbc.co.kr/english/interview/1673261_56322.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719091146/http://content.mbc.co.kr/english/interview/1673261\_56322\.html \|date\=July 19, 2014 }}. *MBC Global Media*. March 3, 2008\. Known for her sweet, innocent and fragile image and her depictions of good girls,["'Joseon Detective' mixes wit and tradition"](https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/12/141_78359.html) . *[The Korea Times](/wiki/The_Korea_Times "The Korea Times")*. December 21, 2010\. Han surprised audiences with her performance as a sexy [femme fatale](/wiki/Femme_fatale "Femme fatale") in *[Detective K: Secret of the Virtuous Widow](/wiki/Detective_K:Secret_of_the_Virtuous_Widow "Secret of the Virtuous Widow")*.["Han Ji Min: 'I Played Sexy and Mysterious Character'"](http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/entertainment_news_view.html?No=7660) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720232922/http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/entertainment\_news\_view.html?No\=7660 \|date\=July 20, 2013 }}. *KBS Global*. January 21, 2011\. ### 2011–2017: Diverse genres Han played a cynical veterinarian in *[Padam Padam](/wiki/Padam_Padam_%28TV_series%29 "Padam Padam (TV series)")*, written by famous drama writer [Noh Hee\-kyung](/wiki/Noh_Hee-kyung "Noh Hee-kyung"), which aired on newly launched cable channel [jTBC](/wiki/JTBC "JTBC").{{cite web\|title\=Jung Woo Sung and Han Ji Min are Lovey\-Dovey on Set\|url\=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\=739\|work\=enewsWorld\|date\=October 5, 2011\|archive\-date\=June 16, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130616013531/http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\=739\|url\-status\=dead}}["Han Ji Min Likes Her Co\-star Jung Woo Sung"](https://archive.today/20130419044921/http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=1870). *enewsWorld*. November 30, 2011\. She then starred in *[Rooftop Prince](/wiki/Rooftop_Prince "Rooftop Prince")*, about a [Joseon](/wiki/Joseon "Joseon")\-era prince who time\-travels to the 21st century where he meets his dead beloved's [doppelgänger](/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger "Doppelgänger").["Han Ji\-min to star in Park Yuchun drama"](https://archive.today/20130616013536/http://www.tenasia.com/archives/9730). *10Asia*. January 18, 2012\.{{cite web\|title\=TV series ''Rooftop Prince'' ready to make the audience raise the roof\|url\=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\=2012030521235405730\|work\=10Asia\|date\=March 5, 2012\|access\-date\=May 24, 2013\|archive\-date\=May 28, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528002650/https://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\=2012030521235405730\|url\-status\=live}} The popularity of *Rooftop Prince* garnered Han several awards,{{cite web\|title\=''Deep Rooted Tree'' scoops up grand prize at Seoul International Drama Awards\|url\=http://www.tenasia.com/archives/11967\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130616013702/http://www.tenasia.com/archives/11967\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=June 16, 2013\|work\=10Asia\|date\=August 31, 2012}} and increased her international profile, notably in Japan.{{cite web\|title\=Han Ji Min Holds First Fan Meet in Japan\|url\=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx\=21371\|work\=enewsWorld\|date\=November 19, 2012\|archive\-date\=January 28, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130128222222/http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx\=21371\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|title\=Han Ji\-min has first Japan fan meet\|url\=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid\=2962571\|work\=\[\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\|date\=November 20, 2012\|archive\-date\=November 30, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130032758/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\=2962571\|url\-status\=usurped}} [thumb\|upright\|Han in December 2013](/wiki/File:Han_Ji-min_on_December_21%2C_2013.jpg "Han Ji-min on December 21, 2013.jpg") In October 2013, Han left her talent agency [S.M. Entertainment](/wiki/S.M._Entertainment "S.M. Entertainment")'s [SM C\&C](/wiki/SM_Culture_%26_Contents "SM Culture & Contents") and joined [Lee Byung\-hun](/wiki/Lee_Byung-hun "Lee Byung-hun")'s BH Entertainment.{{cite web\|title\=Han Ji\-min Signs with Lee Byung\-hun's Agency\|url\=http://en.tenasia.com/archives/74151\|website\=10Asia\|date\=October 1, 2013\|access\-date\=February 23, 2018\|archive\-date\=February 28, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228193106/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/74151\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2014, she starred in the opposites\-attract [romantic comedy](/wiki/Romantic_comedy "Romantic comedy") film *[The Plan Man](/wiki/The_Plan_Man "The Plan Man")*, about a methodical, [mysophobic](/wiki/Mysophobic "Mysophobic") librarian who falls for a spontaneous, adventurous musician.{{cite web\|title\=Han Ji\-min Grunges Out But Still Adorable in New Movie\|url\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2014/01/16/2014011600488\.html\|work\=\[\[The Chosun Ilbo]]\|date\=January 16, 2014\|access\-date\=January 16, 2014\|archive\-date\=January 16, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116231140/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2014/01/16/2014011600488\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Han Ji\-min happy to be loud, wild\|url\=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid\=2983796\|work\=\[\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\|date\=January 21, 2014\|access\-date\=January 21, 2014\|archive\-date\=February 1, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201200413/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid\=2983796\|url\-status\=live}} Following that, she played the dowager [Queen Jeongsun](/wiki/Queen_Jeongsun "Queen Jeongsun") in period film *[The Fatal Encounter](/wiki/The_Fatal_Encounter "The Fatal Encounter")*, who is the fierce political rival of her step\-grandson [King Jeongjo](/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon "Jeongjo of Joseon").{{cite web\|title\='Fatal Encounter' deathly boring\|url\=http://mengnews.joins.com/view.aspx?aId\=2988394\|work\=\[\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\|access\-date\=July 7, 2017\|archive\-date\=August 10, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810050832/http://mengnews.joins.com/view.aspx?aId\=2988394\|url\-status\=live}} Han next reunited with *The Fatal Encounter* co\-star [Hyun Bin](/wiki/Hyun_Bin "Hyun Bin") in the 2015 suspense series *[Hyde Jekyll, Me](/wiki/Hyde_Jekyll%2C_Me "Hyde Jekyll, Me")*, in the role of a circus master who falls for a theme park owner with [split personality disorder](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder "Dissociative identity disorder").{{cite web\|title\=Han Ji Min to Transform into Circus Master and Hyun Bin's Love Interest in ''Jekyll, Hyde, I''\|url\=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/79371/han\-ji\-min\-to\-transform\-into\-circus\-master\-and\-hyun\-bins\-love\-interest\-in\-jekyll\-hyde\-i\|work\=enewsWorld\|date\=October 29, 2014\|access\-date\=October 29, 2014\|archive\-date\=October 29, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029233614/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/79371/han\-ji\-min\-to\-transform\-into\-circus\-master\-and\-hyun\-bins\-love\-interest\-in\-jekyll\-hyde\-i\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2016, Han starred in action thriller *[The Age of Shadows](/wiki/The_Age_of_Shadows "The Age of Shadows")*, based on the 1920s about anti\-Japanese independence workers' plots and betrayals.{{cite web\|title\='The Age of Shadows' is a beautiful spy adventure; Colonial era thriller keeps viewers on the edge of their seats\|url\=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\=3023330\|website\=\[\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\|date\=September 2, 2016\|access\-date\=February 23, 2018\|archive\-date\=March 1, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301010009/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\=3023330\|url\-status\=live}} In 2017, Han was cast in romantic short film titled *Two Rays of Light* alongside [Park Hyung\-sik](/wiki/Park_Hyung-sik "Park Hyung-sik").{{cite web\|title\=HUR Jin\-ho Returns with New Short Film\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?pageIndex\=1\&blbdComCd\=601006\&seq\=4596\&mode\=VIEW\&returnUrl\=\&searchKeyword\=\|work\=Korean Film Biz Zone\|date\=December 8, 2017\|access\-date\=December 9, 2017\|archive\-date\=July 11, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711151806/http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?pageIndex\=1\&blbdComCd\=601006\&seq\=4596\&mode\=VIEW\&returnUrl\=\&searchKeyword\=\|url\-status\=live}} ### 2018–present: Critical acclaim In 2018, Han starred in the film *[Miss Baek](/wiki/Miss_Baek "Miss Baek")*, playing the titular protagonist; an ex\-convict who is emotionally closed up due to the social stigma.{{cite web\|title\=Han Ji\-min of 'Miss Baek' : Taking new role was more exciting than nerve\-wracking\|url\=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/search1/2603000000\.html?cid\=AEN20180912009800315\|website\=\[\[Yonhap News Agency]]\|date\=September 13, 2018\|access\-date\=October 4, 2018\|archive\-date\=September 22, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922024810/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/search1/2603000000\.html?cid\=AEN20180912009800315\|url\-status\=live}} Han's performance in the film won her the Best Actress award at the prestigious [Blue Dragon Film Awards](/wiki/Blue_Dragon_Film_Awards "Blue Dragon Film Awards") and [Baeksang Arts Awards](/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards "Baeksang Arts Awards") as well as other major award ceremonies.{{cite web\|title\=Veteran actress Kim Hye\-ja wins grand prize at Baeksang Awards\|url\=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20190502000199\|website\=\[\[The Korea Herald]]\|date\=May 2, 2019\|access\-date\=May 2, 2019\|archive\-date\=March 9, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309000354/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20190502000199\|url\-status\=live}} The same year, she returned to the small screen with romance fantasy drama *[Familiar Wife](/wiki/Familiar_Wife "Familiar Wife")*, taking on the role of an ordinary wife with anger management issues.{{cite web\|title\='Angelic' Han Ji\-min takes role of angry, 'Familiar Wife'\|url\=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=201807252318331700330\_2\|website\=\[\[Kpop Herald]]\|date\=July 25, 2018\|access\-date\=July 26, 2018\|archive\-date\=April 22, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422135053/https://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=201807252318331700330\_2\|url\-status\=live}} [thumb\|upright\|Han in May 2019](/wiki/File:190520_MBC_%27%EB%B4%84%EB%B0%A4%27_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%91%EB%B0%9C%ED%91%9C%ED%9A%8C_%ED%95%9C%EC%A7%80%EB%AF%BC_%282%29.jpg "190520 MBC '봄밤' 제작발표회 한지민 (2).jpg") In 2019, Han starred in two television series; slice of life melodrama *[The Light in Your Eyes](/wiki/The_Light_in_Your_Eyes_%28TV_series%29 "The Light in Your Eyes (TV series)")*{{cite web\|script\-title\=ko:\[공식] 김혜자X한지민X남주혁X손호준 '눈이부시게' 확정..내년 상반기 방송\|url\=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\=076\&aid\=0003341386\|website\=\[\[Sports Chosun]]\|language\=ko\|date\=November 7, 2018\|access\-date\=November 7, 2018\|archive\-date\=November 11, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111191854/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\=076\&aid\=0003341386\|url\-status\=live}} and romance melodrama *[One Spring Night](/wiki/One_Spring_Night "One Spring Night")*.{{cite web\|title\=Han Ji\-min, Jung Hae\-in to co\-star in dram\|url\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2019/02/688\_263067\.html\|website\=\[\[The Korea Times]]\|date\=February 1, 2019\|access\-date\=February 2, 2019\|archive\-date\=February 1, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201100211/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2019/02/688\_263067\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Jung Hae\-in, Han Ji\-min to Warm Viewers with Rom\-Com This Spring\|url\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2019/02/04/2019020400180\.html\|website\=\[\[The Chosun Ilbo]]\|date\=February 4, 2019\|access\-date\=February 4, 2019\|archive\-date\=February 4, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204044801/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2019/02/04/2019020400180\.html\|url\-status\=live}} She then appeared in [Kwak Jae\-yong](/wiki/Kwak_Jae-yong "Kwak Jae-yong")'s romantic comedy film *[A Year\-End Medley](/wiki/A_Year-End_Medley "A Year-End Medley")* in 2021{{Cite news\|script\-title\=ko:해피뉴이어' 한지민·이동욱→임윤아·이광수 15人 캐스팅..극장·티빙 동시공개\|trans\-title\='Happy New Year' Han Ji\-min, Lee Dong\-wook → Im Yoon\-ah, Lee Kwang\-soo 15 cast...\|url\=https://entertain.naver.com/movie/now/read?oid\=477\&aid\=0000295834\|work\=Sport TV News\|publisher\=\[\[Naver]]\|language\=ko\|author\=Kim Hyun\-rok\|date\=April 22, 2021\|access\-date\=April 22, 2021\|archive\-date\=May 2, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502025704/https://entertain.naver.com/movie/now/read?oid\=477\&aid\=0000295834\|url\-status\=live}} and [tvN](/wiki/TvN "TvN") television series *[Our Blues](/wiki/Our_Blues "Our Blues")* in 2022\.{{cite web\|title\='Our Blues,' set on Jeju, will have star\-studded cast\|url\=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\=640\&aid\=0000016935\|via\=\[\[Naver]]\|publisher\=\[\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\|date\=October 17, 2021\|access\-date\=June 10, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610092956/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\=640\&aid\=0000016935\|url\-status\=live}} In 2023, she starred in [JTBC](/wiki/JTBC "JTBC")'s [Behind Your Touch](/wiki/Behind_Your_Touch "Behind Your Touch"), playing a veterinarian who gains psychometric powers. On November 17, 2023, [SBS](/wiki/Seoul_Broadcasting_System "Seoul Broadcasting System") confirmed that Han would star in the romance drama *Acquaintances* (working title) as Kang Ji\-yoon, CEO of a successful headhunting company. The show is set to air sometime in 2024\.{{cite web\|script\-title\=ko:한지민X이준혁, 로맨스로 만난다..'인사하는 사이' 출연확정(공식)\|trans\-title\=Han Ji\-min X Lee Jun\-hyuk, to Meet Through Romance..Confirmed to Appear in 'Acquaintances'(Official)\|language\=ko\|url\=https://m.entertain.naver.com/article/112/0003665052\|last\=Lee\|first\=Mi\-ji\|via\=\[\[Naver]]\|publisher\=\[\[Herald Pop]]\|date\=November 17, 2023\|access\-date\=August 6, 2024}} On September 24, 2024 she was appointed 'Blue Dragon Goddess', succeeding [Kim Hye\-soo](/wiki/Kim_Hye-soo "Kim Hye-soo"). She will also be master of ceremonies for the [45th Blue Dragon Film Awards](/wiki/45th_Blue_Dragon_Film_Awards "45th Blue Dragon Film Awards"), to be held on November 29, 2024\.{{cite web\|url\=https://m.entertain.naver.com/movie/article/021/0002661589 \|script\-title\=ko:청룡의 새 여신, 한지민이었다…김혜수 후임 발탁 \|trans\-title\=The new goddess of the Blue Dragon, Han Ji\-min… selected as Kim Hye\-soo's successor \|author\=Ahn Jin\-yong\|work\=\[\[Munhwa Ilbo]] \|publisher\=\[\[Naver]] \|date\= September 24, 2024\|access\-date\=September 24, 2024\|language\=ko}}
[ "Career\n------", "### 2003–2010: Beginnings and breakthrough", "Han Ji\\-min started her career in show business while still a high school student. She made various commercial films (CF) and music videos before gaining wider attention in 2003, when she appeared in hit Korean television dramas *[All In](/wiki/All_In_%28TV_series%29 \"All In (TV series)\")* and *[Dae Jang Geum](/wiki/Dae_Jang_Geum \"Dae Jang Geum\")*.{{cite web\\|script\\-title\\=ko:'대장금' 신비역 한지민, 데뷔 1년 주연급 성장\\|url\\=http://m.chosun.com/svc/article.html?sname\\=news\\&contid\\=2004022470121\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Chosun Ilbo]]\\|language\\=ko\\|date\\=February 24, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004225920/http://m.chosun.com/svc/article.html?sname\\=news\\&contid\\=2004022470121\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Han said she hadn't dreamed of becoming a serious actress, but changed her mind after starring in *[All In](/wiki/All_In_%28TV_series%29 \"All In (TV series)\")*, where she played the teenage counterpart of the drama's main character, played by popular actress [Song Hye\\-kyo](/wiki/Song_Hye-kyo \"Song Hye-kyo\").", "Han achieved breakthrough with her performance in the critically acclaimed [mania drama](/wiki/Cult_films \"Cult films\") *[Resurrection](/wiki/Resurrection_%282005_TV_series%29 \"Resurrection (2005 TV series)\")* in 2005\\.[\"Han Ji\\-min: I am a Happy Woman Addicted to *Revenge*\"](http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/entertainment_news_view.html?No=1079) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720215940/http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/entertainment\\_news\\_view.html?No\\=1079 \\|date\\=July 20, 2013 }}. *KBS Global*. July 7, 2005{{cite web\\|title\\=KOREAN TV DRAMA REVIEWS: 부활 (Rebirth \\- Director's Cut) PART 2\\|url\\=http://twitchfilm.net/archives/005751\\.html\\|work\\=Twitch Film\\|date\\=April 12, 2006\\|archive\\-date\\=February 28, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228234040/http://twitchfilm.net/archives/005751\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} She then challenged herself by playing a cute yet ambitious tomboy who dreams of becoming a pilot in her first movie *[Blue Swallow](/wiki/Blue_Swallow_%28film%29 \"Blue Swallow (film)\")*.[\"Sky's the Limit for Han Ji\\-min\"](http://www.hancinema.net/sky-s-the-limit-for-han-ji-min-4901.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104010428/http://www.hancinema.net/sky\\-s\\-the\\-limit\\-for\\-han\\-ji\\-min\\-4901\\.html \\|date\\=November 4, 2012 }}. *[The Korea Times](/wiki/The_Korea_Times \"The Korea Times\")*. January 8, 2006\\.", "A car accident on the set of *Wolf* seriously injured Han and her co\\-star [Eric Mun](/wiki/Eric_Mun \"Eric Mun\"),{{cite web\\|title\\=Eric Hurt in Gallant Attempt to Save Han Ji\\-min\\|url\\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2006/01/23/2006012361028\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Chosun Ilbo]]\\|date\\=January 23, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305004545/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2006/01/23/2006012361028\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}[\"Stars of TV drama *Wolf* injured in car accident\"](http://www.hancinema.net/stars-of-tv-drama-wolf-injured-in-car-accident-5049.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005075932/http://www.hancinema.net/stars\\-of\\-tv\\-drama\\-wolf\\-injured\\-in\\-car\\-accident\\-5049\\.html \\|date\\=October 5, 2011 }}. *[The Korea Herald](/wiki/The_Korea_Herald \"The Korea Herald\")*. [Hancinema](/wiki/Hancinema \"Hancinema\"). January 24, 2006\\. causing the drama to be delayed repeatedly[\"늑대 (Wolf) Return Set For Summer\"](https://archive.today/20120716233258/http://twitchfilm.com/news/2006/02/wolf-return-set-for-summer.php). *[Twitch Film](/wiki/Twitch_Film \"Twitch Film\")*. February 14, 2006\\. until the decision was finally made to discontinue it with only three episodes aired. After a long recovery for Mun, the two actors reunited instead in the drama *Super Rookie Ranger* (also known as *Invincible Parachute Agent* or *Korea Secret Agency*).[\"Super Rookie Ranger\"](http://global.sbs.co.kr/America/AboutSBSPro/Drama/drama.jsp?vod_id=V0000329296) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721183536/http://global.sbs.co.kr/America/AboutSBSPro/Drama/drama.jsp?vod\\_id\\=V0000329296 \\|date\\=July 21, 2011 }}. *SBS Global*. Retrieved November 4, 2012\\.", "Han continued to act in TV dramas, with memorable turns as a straitlaced resistance fighter in *[Capital Scandal](/wiki/Capital_Scandal \"Capital Scandal\")* and a royal concubine in the historical drama *[Yi San](/wiki/Yi_San_%28TV_series%29 \"Yi San (TV series)\")*.[\"Interview with Han Ji\\-min (October 18, 2007\\), who plays the role of Song\\-yeon in Lee San, Wind of the Palace\"](http://content.mbc.co.kr/english/interview/1673261_56322.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719091146/http://content.mbc.co.kr/english/interview/1673261\\_56322\\.html \\|date\\=July 19, 2014 }}. *MBC Global Media*. March 3, 2008\\. Known for her sweet, innocent and fragile image and her depictions of good girls,[\"'Joseon Detective' mixes wit and tradition\"](https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/12/141_78359.html) . *[The Korea Times](/wiki/The_Korea_Times \"The Korea Times\")*. December 21, 2010\\. Han surprised audiences with her performance as a sexy [femme fatale](/wiki/Femme_fatale \"Femme fatale\") in *[Detective K: Secret of the Virtuous Widow](/wiki/Detective_K:Secret_of_the_Virtuous_Widow \"Secret of the Virtuous Widow\")*.[\"Han Ji Min: 'I Played Sexy and Mysterious Character'\"](http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/entertainment_news_view.html?No=7660) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720232922/http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/entertainment\\_news\\_view.html?No\\=7660 \\|date\\=July 20, 2013 }}. *KBS Global*. January 21, 2011\\.", "### 2011–2017: Diverse genres", "Han played a cynical veterinarian in *[Padam Padam](/wiki/Padam_Padam_%28TV_series%29 \"Padam Padam (TV series)\")*, written by famous drama writer [Noh Hee\\-kyung](/wiki/Noh_Hee-kyung \"Noh Hee-kyung\"), which aired on newly launched cable channel [jTBC](/wiki/JTBC \"JTBC\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Jung Woo Sung and Han Ji Min are Lovey\\-Dovey on Set\\|url\\=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=739\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\|date\\=October 5, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=June 16, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130616013531/http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=739\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}[\"Han Ji Min Likes Her Co\\-star Jung Woo Sung\"](https://archive.today/20130419044921/http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=1870). *enewsWorld*. November 30, 2011\\. She then starred in *[Rooftop Prince](/wiki/Rooftop_Prince \"Rooftop Prince\")*, about a [Joseon](/wiki/Joseon \"Joseon\")\\-era prince who time\\-travels to the 21st century where he meets his dead beloved's [doppelgänger](/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger \"Doppelgänger\").[\"Han Ji\\-min to star in Park Yuchun drama\"](https://archive.today/20130616013536/http://www.tenasia.com/archives/9730). *10Asia*. January 18, 2012\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=TV series ''Rooftop Prince'' ready to make the audience raise the roof\\|url\\=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\\=2012030521235405730\\|work\\=10Asia\\|date\\=March 5, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=May 24, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=May 28, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528002650/https://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\\=2012030521235405730\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The popularity of *Rooftop Prince* garnered Han several awards,{{cite web\\|title\\=''Deep Rooted Tree'' scoops up grand prize at Seoul International Drama Awards\\|url\\=http://www.tenasia.com/archives/11967\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130616013702/http://www.tenasia.com/archives/11967\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=June 16, 2013\\|work\\=10Asia\\|date\\=August 31, 2012}} and increased her international profile, notably in Japan.{{cite web\\|title\\=Han Ji Min Holds First Fan Meet in Japan\\|url\\=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=21371\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\|date\\=November 19, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=January 28, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130128222222/http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=21371\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Han Ji\\-min has first Japan fan meet\\|url\\=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid\\=2962571\\|work\\=\\[\\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\\|date\\=November 20, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130032758/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\\=2962571\\|url\\-status\\=usurped}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Han in December 2013](/wiki/File:Han_Ji-min_on_December_21%2C_2013.jpg \"Han Ji-min on December 21, 2013.jpg\")", "In October 2013, Han left her talent agency [S.M. Entertainment](/wiki/S.M._Entertainment \"S.M. Entertainment\")'s [SM C\\&C](/wiki/SM_Culture_%26_Contents \"SM Culture & Contents\") and joined [Lee Byung\\-hun](/wiki/Lee_Byung-hun \"Lee Byung-hun\")'s BH Entertainment.{{cite web\\|title\\=Han Ji\\-min Signs with Lee Byung\\-hun's Agency\\|url\\=http://en.tenasia.com/archives/74151\\|website\\=10Asia\\|date\\=October 1, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=February 28, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228193106/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/74151\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In 2014, she starred in the opposites\\-attract [romantic comedy](/wiki/Romantic_comedy \"Romantic comedy\") film *[The Plan Man](/wiki/The_Plan_Man \"The Plan Man\")*, about a methodical, [mysophobic](/wiki/Mysophobic \"Mysophobic\") librarian who falls for a spontaneous, adventurous musician.{{cite web\\|title\\=Han Ji\\-min Grunges Out But Still Adorable in New Movie\\|url\\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2014/01/16/2014011600488\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Chosun Ilbo]]\\|date\\=January 16, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116231140/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2014/01/16/2014011600488\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Han Ji\\-min happy to be loud, wild\\|url\\=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid\\=2983796\\|work\\=\\[\\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\\|date\\=January 21, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=January 21, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201200413/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid\\=2983796\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Following that, she played the dowager [Queen Jeongsun](/wiki/Queen_Jeongsun \"Queen Jeongsun\") in period film *[The Fatal Encounter](/wiki/The_Fatal_Encounter \"The Fatal Encounter\")*, who is the fierce political rival of her step\\-grandson [King Jeongjo](/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon \"Jeongjo of Joseon\").{{cite web\\|title\\='Fatal Encounter' deathly boring\\|url\\=http://mengnews.joins.com/view.aspx?aId\\=2988394\\|work\\=\\[\\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=August 10, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810050832/http://mengnews.joins.com/view.aspx?aId\\=2988394\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Han next reunited with *The Fatal Encounter* co\\-star [Hyun Bin](/wiki/Hyun_Bin \"Hyun Bin\") in the 2015 suspense series *[Hyde Jekyll, Me](/wiki/Hyde_Jekyll%2C_Me \"Hyde Jekyll, Me\")*, in the role of a circus master who falls for a theme park owner with [split personality disorder](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder \"Dissociative identity disorder\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Han Ji Min to Transform into Circus Master and Hyun Bin's Love Interest in ''Jekyll, Hyde, I''\\|url\\=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/79371/han\\-ji\\-min\\-to\\-transform\\-into\\-circus\\-master\\-and\\-hyun\\-bins\\-love\\-interest\\-in\\-jekyll\\-hyde\\-i\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\|date\\=October 29, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029233614/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/79371/han\\-ji\\-min\\-to\\-transform\\-into\\-circus\\-master\\-and\\-hyun\\-bins\\-love\\-interest\\-in\\-jekyll\\-hyde\\-i\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In 2016, Han starred in action thriller *[The Age of Shadows](/wiki/The_Age_of_Shadows \"The Age of Shadows\")*, based on the 1920s about anti\\-Japanese independence workers' plots and betrayals.{{cite web\\|title\\='The Age of Shadows' is a beautiful spy adventure; Colonial era thriller keeps viewers on the edge of their seats\\|url\\=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\\=3023330\\|website\\=\\[\\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\\|date\\=September 2, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=March 1, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301010009/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\\=3023330\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2017, Han was cast in romantic short film titled *Two Rays of Light* alongside [Park Hyung\\-sik](/wiki/Park_Hyung-sik \"Park Hyung-sik\").{{cite web\\|title\\=HUR Jin\\-ho Returns with New Short Film\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?pageIndex\\=1\\&blbdComCd\\=601006\\&seq\\=4596\\&mode\\=VIEW\\&returnUrl\\=\\&searchKeyword\\=\\|work\\=Korean Film Biz Zone\\|date\\=December 8, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 9, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=July 11, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711151806/http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?pageIndex\\=1\\&blbdComCd\\=601006\\&seq\\=4596\\&mode\\=VIEW\\&returnUrl\\=\\&searchKeyword\\=\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### 2018–present: Critical acclaim", "In 2018, Han starred in the film *[Miss Baek](/wiki/Miss_Baek \"Miss Baek\")*, playing the titular protagonist; an ex\\-convict who is emotionally closed up due to the social stigma.{{cite web\\|title\\=Han Ji\\-min of 'Miss Baek' : Taking new role was more exciting than nerve\\-wracking\\|url\\=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/search1/2603000000\\.html?cid\\=AEN20180912009800315\\|website\\=\\[\\[Yonhap News Agency]]\\|date\\=September 13, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=September 22, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922024810/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/search1/2603000000\\.html?cid\\=AEN20180912009800315\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Han's performance in the film won her the Best Actress award at the prestigious [Blue Dragon Film Awards](/wiki/Blue_Dragon_Film_Awards \"Blue Dragon Film Awards\") and [Baeksang Arts Awards](/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards \"Baeksang Arts Awards\") as well as other major award ceremonies.{{cite web\\|title\\=Veteran actress Kim Hye\\-ja wins grand prize at Baeksang Awards\\|url\\=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20190502000199\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]]\\|date\\=May 2, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=March 9, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309000354/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20190502000199\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The same year, she returned to the small screen with romance fantasy drama *[Familiar Wife](/wiki/Familiar_Wife \"Familiar Wife\")*, taking on the role of an ordinary wife with anger management issues.{{cite web\\|title\\='Angelic' Han Ji\\-min takes role of angry, 'Familiar Wife'\\|url\\=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=201807252318331700330\\_2\\|website\\=\\[\\[Kpop Herald]]\\|date\\=July 25, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=July 26, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=April 22, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422135053/https://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=201807252318331700330\\_2\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Han in May 2019](/wiki/File:190520_MBC_%27%EB%B4%84%EB%B0%A4%27_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%91%EB%B0%9C%ED%91%9C%ED%9A%8C_%ED%95%9C%EC%A7%80%EB%AF%BC_%282%29.jpg \"190520 MBC '봄밤' 제작발표회 한지민 (2).jpg\")", "In 2019, Han starred in two television series; slice of life melodrama *[The Light in Your Eyes](/wiki/The_Light_in_Your_Eyes_%28TV_series%29 \"The Light in Your Eyes (TV series)\")*{{cite web\\|script\\-title\\=ko:\\[공식] 김혜자X한지민X남주혁X손호준 '눈이부시게' 확정..내년 상반기 방송\\|url\\=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\\=076\\&aid\\=0003341386\\|website\\=\\[\\[Sports Chosun]]\\|language\\=ko\\|date\\=November 7, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=November 11, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111191854/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\\=076\\&aid\\=0003341386\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and romance melodrama *[One Spring Night](/wiki/One_Spring_Night \"One Spring Night\")*.{{cite web\\|title\\=Han Ji\\-min, Jung Hae\\-in to co\\-star in dram\\|url\\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2019/02/688\\_263067\\.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]]\\|date\\=February 1, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201100211/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2019/02/688\\_263067\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Jung Hae\\-in, Han Ji\\-min to Warm Viewers with Rom\\-Com This Spring\\|url\\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2019/02/04/2019020400180\\.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Chosun Ilbo]]\\|date\\=February 4, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=February 4, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=February 4, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204044801/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2019/02/04/2019020400180\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "She then appeared in [Kwak Jae\\-yong](/wiki/Kwak_Jae-yong \"Kwak Jae-yong\")'s romantic comedy film *[A Year\\-End Medley](/wiki/A_Year-End_Medley \"A Year-End Medley\")* in 2021{{Cite news\\|script\\-title\\=ko:해피뉴이어' 한지민·이동욱→임윤아·이광수 15人 캐스팅..극장·티빙 동시공개\\|trans\\-title\\='Happy New Year' Han Ji\\-min, Lee Dong\\-wook → Im Yoon\\-ah, Lee Kwang\\-soo 15 cast...\\|url\\=https://entertain.naver.com/movie/now/read?oid\\=477\\&aid\\=0000295834\\|work\\=Sport TV News\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Naver]]\\|language\\=ko\\|author\\=Kim Hyun\\-rok\\|date\\=April 22, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=May 2, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502025704/https://entertain.naver.com/movie/now/read?oid\\=477\\&aid\\=0000295834\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and [tvN](/wiki/TvN \"TvN\") television series *[Our Blues](/wiki/Our_Blues \"Our Blues\")* in 2022\\.{{cite web\\|title\\='Our Blues,' set on Jeju, will have star\\-studded cast\\|url\\=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\\=640\\&aid\\=0000016935\\|via\\=\\[\\[Naver]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\\|date\\=October 17, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=June 10, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610092956/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\\=640\\&aid\\=0000016935\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2023, she starred in [JTBC](/wiki/JTBC \"JTBC\")'s [Behind Your Touch](/wiki/Behind_Your_Touch \"Behind Your Touch\"), playing a veterinarian who gains psychometric powers.", "On November 17, 2023, [SBS](/wiki/Seoul_Broadcasting_System \"Seoul Broadcasting System\") confirmed that Han would star in the romance drama *Acquaintances* (working title) as Kang Ji\\-yoon, CEO of a successful headhunting company. The show is set to air sometime in 2024\\.{{cite web\\|script\\-title\\=ko:한지민X이준혁, 로맨스로 만난다..'인사하는 사이' 출연확정(공식)\\|trans\\-title\\=Han Ji\\-min X Lee Jun\\-hyuk, to Meet Through Romance..Confirmed to Appear in 'Acquaintances'(Official)\\|language\\=ko\\|url\\=https://m.entertain.naver.com/article/112/0003665052\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Mi\\-ji\\|via\\=\\[\\[Naver]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Herald Pop]]\\|date\\=November 17, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=August 6, 2024}}", "On September 24, 2024 she was appointed 'Blue Dragon Goddess', succeeding [Kim Hye\\-soo](/wiki/Kim_Hye-soo \"Kim Hye-soo\"). She will also be master of ceremonies for the [45th Blue Dragon Film Awards](/wiki/45th_Blue_Dragon_Film_Awards \"45th Blue Dragon Film Awards\"), to be held on November 29, 2024\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://m.entertain.naver.com/movie/article/021/0002661589 \\|script\\-title\\=ko:청룡의 새 여신, 한지민이었다…김혜수 후임 발탁 \\|trans\\-title\\=The new goddess of the Blue Dragon, Han Ji\\-min… selected as Kim Hye\\-soo's successor \\|author\\=Ahn Jin\\-yong\\|work\\=\\[\\[Munhwa Ilbo]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Naver]] \\|date\\= September 24, 2024\\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2024\\|language\\=ko}}", "" ]
Main edifices ------------- ### Regional Office Buildings, at 1\-/, corner with 7 [Jagiellońska street](/wiki/Jagiello%C5%84ska_street_in_Bydgoszcz "Jagiellońska street in Bydgoszcz") 1962\-1965 (building on Konarski street), by architect Jerzy Jerka, 1966\-1969 (tower building), by architect Bronislaw Jablonki{{cite book \|last\=Umiński\|first\=Janusz \|date\=1996 \|title\=Bydgoszcz. Przewodnik \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Regionalny Oddział PTTK "Szlak Brdy" \|page\=102 }} [Modern architecture](/wiki/Modern_architecture "Modern architecture") Both buildings, (14\-storey tower and the long one on Konarski Street) are additions to the 19th century original edifice, where now seats the [Kuyavian\-Pomeranian Voivodeship](/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship "Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship") administration and leadership. They are connected to the historical house via a pedestrian covered bridge, crossing over an entry to the [Casimir the Great Park](/wiki/Casimir_the_Great_Park "Casimir the Great Park"). File:Bdg Jagiellonska3 4 6\-2015\.jpg\|View from \[\[Jagiellońska street in Bydgoszcz\|Jagiellońska street]] File:Bdg UWoj 7 4\-2015\.jpg\|View from Konarski Street File:Bdg UWoj 5 4\-2015\.jpg\|The tower at Nr.1, an extension at Nr.3 (left), the pedestrian bridge, and the historical building (right) ### Tenement at 8 [Jagiellońska street](/wiki/Jagiello%C5%84ska_street_in_Bydgoszcz "Jagiellońska street in Bydgoszcz"), corner with Konarskiego Street 1877, 1901 [Neoclassical architecture](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") The building was erected in 1872 on a design by architect [Müller](/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Architects_%281850-1970s%29%23Other_active_Prussian_architects "Bydgoszcz Architects (1850-1970s)#Other active Prussian architects"), so as to house the civic school for boys ({{lang\-ger\|Bürgerschule}}).{{cite book \|last\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\-Anzeiger von \|first\=Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr \|date\=1880\|title\=auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \|chapter\=Strassen\|page\=XXXXIII}} The school was initially located in the former Bydgoszcz's Carmelites monastery. It was an elite folk school, with a 9 years cycle, and pupils usually belonged to wealthy high society, rich enough to pay the high tuition fees.{{cite book \|last\=Biskup \|first\=Marian \|title\=Historia Bydgoszczy. Tom I. Do roku 1920 \|year\=1991 \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe Warszawa\-Poznań 1991 \|page\=588 \|isbn\=83\-01\-06666\-0}} In the mid\-1880s, the Bürgerschule moved further up in Konarskiego street, where is located today the Bydgoszcz School of Fine Arts (Nr.2\),{{cite book \|last\=Czachorowski \|first\=Antoni \|date\=1997 \|title\=Atlas historyczny miast polskich. Tom II Kujawy. Zeszyt I Bydgoszcz \|location\=Toruń \|publisher\=Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika }} or, according to the Prussian street numeration, from Nr.8 to Nr.7\. The edifice has been rebuilt in 1901{{cite book \|last\=Jasiakiewicz \|first\=Roman \|date\=24 April 2013 \|title\=Uchwala NR XLI/875/13 \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Miasta Bydgoszczy \|page\=55 }} In the 1990s, the edifice housed the Foreign Language Teacher Training College, which then moved to [Dworcowa Street](/wiki/Dworcowa_Street_in_Bydgoszcz "Dworcowa Street in Bydgoszcz"). Since 2010, the seat of the Kujawsko\-Pomorskie Centre for Education and [Kuyavian\-Pomeranian Voivodeship](/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship "Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship") Marshal's Office in Bydgoszcz are located here. On the sidewalk grows a [ginkgo](/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba "Ginkgo biloba") identified as [Natural landmark](/wiki/Natural_monument "Natural monument") of [Bydgoszcz](/wiki/Bydgoszcz "Bydgoszcz").{{cite book \|last\=Agnieszka Kołosowska \|first\=Leszek Woźniak \|date\=2014 \|title\=Bydgoszcz Guide \|url\=http://www.visitbydgoszcz.pl/en/ \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Wydawnictwo Tekst \|page\=148 \|isbn\=978\-83\-917786\-7\-8}} The building boasts [historicism](/wiki/Historicism_%28art%29 "Historicism (art)") features, with a predominant [Neoclassical architecture](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") form. It has a "L" shape, with a prominent [avant\-corps](/wiki/Avant-corps "Avant-corps") in the middle of its frontage, with two storey, an attic and a basement. The entrance double portal is topped with a triangular [pediment](/wiki/Pediment "Pediment") and a [tympanum](/wiki/Tympanum_%28architecture%29 "Tympanum (architecture)") in which is placed a circular ornament. The facade is divided by horizontal [cornices](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice") and a wide [frieze](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze") on its top. The ground floor is decorated with [bossage](/wiki/Bossage "Bossage").{{cite book \|last\=Parucka\|first\= Krystyna\|date\=2008 \|title\=Zabytki Bydgoszczy – minikatalog \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\="Tifen" Krystyna Parucka }} File:Jagiellonska 9 1915\.jpg\|The building ca. 1915 File:Bdg Jagiellońska UMarsz 05\-2013\.jpg\| Today, view from Jagiellońska street File:Bdg Jagiellonska9 UrzMarsz 1 6\-2015\.jpg\| The \[\[avant\-corps]] and its \[\[pediment]] ### Bydgoszcz School of Fine Arts, at 2 **Kuyavian\-Pomeranian Heritage list Nr.A/743 \& 158/A, 11 April**.{{cite book \|date\=20 May 2013 \|title\=Załącznik do uchwały Nr XXXIV/601/13 \|publisher\=Sejmiku Województwa Kujawsko\-Pomorskiego }} 1875\-1878, by [Heinrich Gruder](/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Architects_%281850-1970s%29%23Heinrich_Gr%C3%BCder_%281871%E2%80%931877%29 "Bydgoszcz Architects (1850-1970s)#Heinrich Grüder (1871–1877)") \& [Carl Rose](/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Architects_%281850-1970s%29%23Carl_Rose "Bydgoszcz Architects (1850-1970s)#Carl Rose") [Neoclassical architecture](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") The school building has been designed by engineer Heinrich GruderDerkowska\-Kostkowska Bogna: Miejscy radcy budowlani w Bydgoszczy w latach 1871\-1912\. \[w:] Materiały do Dziejów Kultury i Sztuki Bydgoszczy i Regionu. zeszyt 12\. Pracownia Dokumentacji i Popularyzacji Zabytków Wojewódzkiego Ośrodka Kultury w Bydgoszczy 2007\. ISSN 1427\-5465 who worked on the construction of nearby [St Peter's and St Paul's Church](/wiki/St_Peter%27s_and_St_Paul%27s_Church%2C_Bydgoszcz "St Peter's and St Paul's Church, Bydgoszcz"), and executed by city architect Carl Rose,{{cite book \|last\=Parucka\|first\=Krystyna \|date\=2008 \|title\=Zabytki Bydgoszczy – minikatalog \|location\=Bydgoszcz }} who realized several other edifices in Bydgoszcz, particularly in [Gdańska Street](/wiki/Gda%C5%84ska_Street%2C_Bydgoszcz "Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz"). Once completed in 1878, the building housed the Town School for girls ({{lang\-de\|Städtische Töchterschule}}), having its address at *SchulStraße 7*. In 1885, the School for girls swapped its location with the one for boys (Bürgerschule), between old Nr.7 and 8: girls moved to nowadays house at the corner with Jagiellońska street, boys to the present building at Konarskiego Nr.2\.{{cite book \|last\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\-Anzeiger von \|first\=Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr \|date\=1885\|title\=auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \|chapter\=Strassen}} The school for boys operated there till 1911, when it moved again to today's Staszica street. From 1920 to 1935, the edifice housed the [Faculty](/wiki/University "University") for boys, {{lang\-pl\|Męska Szkoła Wydziałowa dla Chłopców}}. Having accommodated a military hospital at the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the building resumed its initial role in 1982, when the Bydgoszcz School of Fine Arts (established 1945 by [Marian Turwid](/wiki/Marian_Turwid "Marian Turwid")) moved from [Pomeranian Arts House](/wiki/Pomeranian_Arts_House_in_Bydgoszcz "Pomeranian Arts House in Bydgoszcz") to the precincts.{{cite web \|url\=http://plastyk.bydgoszcz.pl/szkola/historia\-szkoly/ \|title\=Historia budynku szkoły przy ul. Konarskiego 2 \|last1\=Wankiewicz \|first1\=Jerzy \|website\=plastyk.bydgoszcz.pl \|access\-date\=20 August 2016}} The edifice has undergone its last renovation in 2011, with a co\-funding between European Regional Development and Polish State. The building was built in the style of [eclectic](/wiki/Eclecticism_%28architecture%29 "Eclecticism (architecture)") with a predominance of [Neo\-Renaissance](/wiki/Neo-Renaissance "Neo-Renaissance") elements. It has two\-storey, with a high [basement](/wiki/Basement "Basement"). The facade, in its central part displays a large [avant\-corps](/wiki/Avant-corps "Avant-corps"), topped by a [pediment](/wiki/Pediment "Pediment"). The first floor is adorned with [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster "Pilaster") flanking [lancet windows](/wiki/Lancet_window "Lancet window"), the ground floor has a [bossage](/wiki/Bossage "Bossage") decoration: on the elevation, floral [friezes](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze") are visible. Both building wings are covered with [gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable") roofs. Inside, one can notice the main staircase, adorned with a [wrought\-iron](/wiki/Wrought-iron "Wrought-iron") [balustrade](/wiki/Baluster "Baluster") with floral [motifs](/wiki/Motif_%28visual_arts%29 "Motif (visual arts)"). The main hall is ornamented with Tuscan pilasters and [ionic order](/wiki/Ionic_order "Ionic order") [columns](/wiki/Column "Column"). On the second floor, the auditorium is garnished with a magnificent contemporary [stucco](/wiki/Stucco "Stucco") work. File:Konarskiego 2 1937\.jpg\|Building ca 1937 File:Bdg ZSPlastycznych 8 4\-2015\.jpg\|General view of the elevation File:Bdg Plastyk 1 6\-2015\.jpg\|Detail of the \[\[avant\-corps]] File:Konarskiego 2 detail.jpg\|\[\[Frieze]]s and \[\[pilaster]]s File:Konarskiego 2 gate.jpg\|Main gate File:Bdg ZSPlastycznych 2 4\-2015\.jpg\|Backyard view ### Gymnasium at 4 ca 1878{{cite book \|last\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\-Anzeiger von \|first\=Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr \|date\=1878\|title\=auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \|chapter\=Strassen\|page\=XXXV}} [Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_%28architecture%29 "Eclecticism (architecture)") Since its inception, the building has been used as a sports hall ({{lang\-de\|Turnhalle}}) for the different schools in the street. It is still used today as such by the Catering School of Bydgoszcz.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.zsg.bydgoszcz.pl/o\-szkole/szkola\-w\-pigulce \|title\=Szkoła w pigułce\-galeria \|date\=2015\|website\=zsg.bydgoszcz.pl \|access\-date\=21 August 2016}} Despite being a simple gym hall, the building, nonetheless, exposes nice architectural details such as large round top windows on street facade flanked by [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster "Pilaster"), a [portal](/wiki/Portal_%28architecture%29 "Portal (architecture)") framing the main entry and carved wooden beams adorning the bottom of the [gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable"). File:Konarskiego 4\.jpg\|Sports hall from the street File:Konarskiego 4 facade.jpg\|Main entry File:1914 STADT BROMBERG 10K schule strasse.jpg\|The sports hall (Turnhalle) and surrounding schools on a 1914 map of \[\[Bydgoszcz\|Bromberg]] ### Building of the Catering School of Bydgoszcz, at 5 1882\-1884, by [Wilhelm Lincke](/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Architects_%281850-1970s%29%23Wilhelm_Lincke_%281878%E2%80%931885%29 "Bydgoszcz Architects (1850-1970s)#Wilhelm Lincke (1878–1885)") [Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_%28architecture%29 "Eclecticism (architecture)") The building was designed to fit a \[\[Höhere Mädchenschule}]] school for girls established May 1853\. Despite the high tuition fee, the edifice was too large and exceeded the needs.{{cite book \|last\=Biskup \|first\=Marian \|date\=1991 \|title\=Historia Bydgoszczy. Tom I. Do roku 1920 \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe Warszawa\-Poznań \|page\=588 \|isbn\=83\-01\-06666\-0}} Hence, the school was split in 1909\-1911 into an urban high school, a four\-year teachers' college and a two\-year school for educators nurseries and kindergartens ({{lang\-ger\|Frauenschule}}). In these schools, most of the students were from German origin. In 1920, the building housed the [Faculty](/wiki/University "University") for girls, as men's one was located in the same street at Nr.2\. In 1928, this girls institution received the patron name of [Maria Konopnicka](/wiki/Maria_Konopnicka "Maria Konopnicka"). Despite its success (719 pupils in 1925\), the 1932 new education system put an end to the university: in 1935, the facility was combined with men's high school and moved to a building at Chwytowo street 16\.{{cite book \|last\=Biskup \|first\=Marian \|date\=1999\|title\=Historia Bydgoszczy. Tom I. Część pierwsza 1920\-1939\|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe\|page\=690\|isbn\=83\-901329\-0\-7}} During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the building was converted to a field hospital.*From Bunia to "Bohema"*, discussion between Joanna and Janusz Franczak with Irena Stürm\-Delcroix, leaflet booklet published by hotel "Bohema" In 1946, Public School Nr.6 was located there.{{cite book \|last\=Michalski \|first\=Stanisław \|date\=1988\|title\=Bydgoszcz wczoraj i dziś 1945\-1980\|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe Warszawa\-Poznań}} In 1952, the building housed a vocational school for clothing and catering. In 1978, the name changed to the "School of Clothing and Cuisine in Bydgoszcz" ({{lang\-pl\|Zespół Szkół Gastronomicznych i Odzieżowych w Bydgoszczy}}), converted in 1984 into the *Catering School*. It comprised the following departments: Gastronomic Vocational School, Technical Gastronomy, Catering for Technical Workers.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.zsg.bydgoszcz.pl/o\-szkole/historia\-szkoly \|title\=Historia Szkoły \|date\=2013 \|website\=zsg.bydgoszcz.pl \|access\-date\=20 August 2016}} In 1990, the school opened new secondary vocational curriculum. In September 2006, a new building was opened, after 78 years without extension. In March 2011, the school received the ISO 9001 certificate. The original building has two\-storey, a basement, and is covered with a low [hip roof](/wiki/Hip_roof "Hip roof"). The block possesses small [wings](/wiki/Wing_%28architecture%29 "Wing (architecture)"), and displays three [avant\-corps](/wiki/Avant-corps "Avant-corps") on the street. The plastered brick facade is decorated with [friezes](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze"). Each level is separated by [cornices](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice") and wide geometric patterns. Each avant\-corps is topped by a prominent [gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable"), supported by [corbels](/wiki/Corbel "Corbel"). Windows are semicircular, and the main door is adorned with a high brick [portal](/wiki/Portal_%28architecture%29 "Portal (architecture)"). The 2006 addition is located in the backyard, giving onto [Casimir the Great Park](/wiki/Casimir_the_Great_Park "Casimir the Great Park"). File:Konarskiego 5 1901\.jpg\|Building ca 1901 File:Bdg ZSGastronomicznych 4 4\-2015\.jpg\|Main elevation on Konarskiego street File:Bdg ZSGastronomicznych 6 4\-2015\.jpg\|One of the three \[\[avant\-corps]] File:Konarskiego 5 gate.jpg\|Main entry gate ### Tenement at 6 ca 1950\-1960s [Functionalism](/wiki/Functionalism_%28architecture%29 "Functionalism (architecture)") This recent building from the second half of the 20th century, is a perfect illustration of functionalism style. It boasts two [avant\-corps](/wiki/Avant-corps "Avant-corps") on its edges. In this regard, it recalls early modern architecture tenement at [Plac Wolności](/wiki/Freedom_Square%2C_Bydgoszcz "Freedom Square, Bydgoszcz") 7 or others in [Gdańska Street](/wiki/Gda%C5%84ska_Street%2C_Bydgoszcz "Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz") (Nr.23 \& 188 for instance). File:Konarskiego 6\.jpg\|View from the street File:Konarskiego 6(1\).jpg\|View from the street ### Tenement at 7 1875{{cite book \|last\=Jasiakiewicz \|first\=Roman \|date\=24 April 2013 \|title\=Uchwala NR XLI/875/13\|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Miasta Bydgoszczy \|page\=90}} [Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_%28architecture%29 "Eclecticism (architecture)") Initially *Schule straße 2*, it was owned by Albert Giese, who never lived in. The building was designed as a tenement house with flats for rent. In 1900, Richard Lampe, a physician living at [35 Gdanska street](/wiki/Julius_Grey_house_in_Bydgoszcz "Julius Grey house in Bydgoszcz"), bought the tenement: as a surgeon, specialized in women's diseases, he opened a clinic in the building.{{cite book \|last\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\-Anzeiger von \|first\=Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr \|date\=1901\|title\=auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \|chapter\=Names\|page\=108}} In 1920, widowed Janina Zabłocka and her children moved there from the [Eastern Borderlands](/wiki/Kresy "Kresy") at the end of [WWI](/wiki/WWI "WWI"). His son Tadeusz will be a diplomat and a successful entrepreneur in [England](/wiki/England "England") after [WWII](/wiki/WWII "WWII"), in particular with his shipping company "Tazab", allowing Poles in exile to send parcels with food and medicines to their relatives in Poland.{{cite web \|url\=https://pomorska.pl/o\-rodzinie\-zablockich\-kawiarni\-wiejskiej\-i\-ortalionach/ar/6466826 \|title\=O rodzinie Zabłockich, Kawiarni Wiejskiej i ortalionach \|last\=Chmielewska \|first\=Gizela \|date\=12 February 2015 \|website\=pomorska.pl \|publisher\=Polska Press Sp. z o. o. \|access\-date\=6 January 2021}} The tenement displays [Neo\-Renaissance](/wiki/Neo-Renaissance "Neo-Renaissance") features. Each second level window of the facade is flanked with minutely designed [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster "Pilaster") and topped with [pediment](/wiki/Pediment "Pediment"). Likewise, the main entry gate has pilasters on its sides, adorned with floral [motifs](/wiki/Motif_%28visual_arts%29 "Motif (visual arts)"). File:Konarskiego 7\.jpg\|Main elevation on the street File:Konarskiego 7 gate.jpg\|Main gate File:Konarskiego 7 detail.jpg\|Architectural details of the facade ### Hotel "Bohema", at 9 {{main\|Hotel "Bohema" in Bydgoszcz}} **Kuyavian\-Pomeranian Heritage list Nr.A/1385, 16 September 2008** 1877, by [Anton Hoffmann](/wiki/Anton_Hoffmann "Anton Hoffmann") [Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_%28architecture%29 "Eclecticism (architecture)") Originally designed as a complex of renting flats, the building became in 2008 a 5\-star rated hotel, "Bohema Hotel". File:Bdg HotelBohema 8 4\-2015\.jpg\|Main elevation on the street File:Hotel przy Konarskiego.jpg\|By night ### Tenement at 11 ca 1910 [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau "Art Nouveau") Referenced initially as *Schulstraße 4/5*, the building was conceived as a tenement house for flat renting. His first landlord was a dentist, Sallh Jacobowski, living at [Danzigerstraße 165a](/wiki/Mix_Ernst_tenement_in_Bydgoszcz "Mix Ernst tenement in Bydgoszcz") (now 10 [Gdańska Street](/wiki/Gda%C5%84ska_Street%2C_Bydgoszcz "Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz")).{{cite book \|last\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\-Anzeiger von \|first\=Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr \|date\=1908\|title\=auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \|chapter\=Names\|page\=313}} It then became the property of various rentiers, and accommodated an average of 15 tenants till the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). Anecdotal detail, a dentist practitioner is installed today in this building. The edifice features a mix of [eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_%28architecture%29 "Eclecticism (architecture)") (wooden [loggias](/wiki/Loggia "Loggia") and [balconies](/wiki/Balcony "Balcony"), neo\-classical motifs) and [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau "Art Nouveau") (round shapes, curved entry gate, [ogee](/wiki/Ogee "Ogee") [gables](/wiki/Gable "Gable")) style and details. One can notice, among others: * wooden balconies and loggias on the [park](/wiki/Casimir_the_Great_Park "Casimir the Great Park") facade and in the backyard; * a [bartizan](/wiki/Bartizan "Bartizan") wedged on the elevation giving onto the park; * the main wood door, topped by a [transom light](/wiki/Transom_%28architectural%29 "Transom (architectural)"), and enclosed in an [ogee](/wiki/Ogee "Ogee") [portal](/wiki/Portal_%28architecture%29 "Portal (architecture)"). File:Konarskiego 11 facade.jpg\|Main elevation on the street File:Konarskiego 11 door.jpg\|\[\[Portal (architecture)\|Ornamented portal]] File:Konarskiego 11 back.jpg\|Backyard details File:Konarskiego 11 park.jpg\|Facade on the \[\[Casimir the Great Park\|park]]
[ "Main edifices\n-------------", "### Regional Office Buildings, at 1\\-/, corner with 7 [Jagiellońska street](/wiki/Jagiello%C5%84ska_street_in_Bydgoszcz \"Jagiellońska street in Bydgoszcz\")", "1962\\-1965 (building on Konarski street), by architect Jerzy Jerka,\n1966\\-1969 (tower building), by architect Bronislaw Jablonki{{cite book \\|last\\=Umiński\\|first\\=Janusz \\|date\\=1996 \\|title\\=Bydgoszcz. Przewodnik \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Regionalny Oddział PTTK \"Szlak Brdy\" \\|page\\=102 }}", "[Modern architecture](/wiki/Modern_architecture \"Modern architecture\")", "Both buildings, (14\\-storey tower and the long one on Konarski Street) are additions to the 19th century original edifice, where now seats the [Kuyavian\\-Pomeranian Voivodeship](/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship \"Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship\") administration and leadership. They are connected to the historical house via a pedestrian covered bridge, crossing over an entry to the [Casimir the Great Park](/wiki/Casimir_the_Great_Park \"Casimir the Great Park\").", "", "File:Bdg Jagiellonska3 4 6\\-2015\\.jpg\\|View from \\[\\[Jagiellońska street in Bydgoszcz\\|Jagiellońska street]]\nFile:Bdg UWoj 7 4\\-2015\\.jpg\\|View from Konarski Street\nFile:Bdg UWoj 5 4\\-2015\\.jpg\\|The tower at Nr.1, an extension at Nr.3 (left), the pedestrian bridge, and the historical building (right)", "", "### Tenement at 8 [Jagiellońska street](/wiki/Jagiello%C5%84ska_street_in_Bydgoszcz \"Jagiellońska street in Bydgoszcz\"), corner with Konarskiego Street", "1877, 1901", "[Neoclassical architecture](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\")", "The building was erected in 1872 on a design by architect [Müller](/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Architects_%281850-1970s%29%23Other_active_Prussian_architects \"Bydgoszcz Architects (1850-1970s)#Other active Prussian architects\"), so as to house the civic school for boys ({{lang\\-ger\\|Bürgerschule}}).{{cite book \\|last\\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\\-Anzeiger von \\|first\\=Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr \\|date\\=1880\\|title\\=auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\|chapter\\=Strassen\\|page\\=XXXXIII}} The school was initially located in the former Bydgoszcz's Carmelites monastery. It was an elite folk school, with a 9 years cycle, and pupils usually belonged to wealthy high society, rich enough to pay the high tuition fees.{{cite book \\|last\\=Biskup \\|first\\=Marian \\|title\\=Historia Bydgoszczy. Tom I. Do roku 1920 \\|year\\=1991 \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe Warszawa\\-Poznań 1991 \\|page\\=588 \\|isbn\\=83\\-01\\-06666\\-0}} In the mid\\-1880s, the Bürgerschule moved further up in Konarskiego street, where is located today the Bydgoszcz School of Fine Arts (Nr.2\\),{{cite book \\|last\\=Czachorowski \\|first\\=Antoni \\|date\\=1997 \\|title\\=Atlas historyczny miast polskich. Tom II Kujawy. Zeszyt I Bydgoszcz \\|location\\=Toruń \\|publisher\\=Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika }} or, according to the Prussian street numeration, from Nr.8 to Nr.7\\. The edifice has been rebuilt in 1901{{cite book \\|last\\=Jasiakiewicz \\|first\\=Roman \\|date\\=24 April 2013 \\|title\\=Uchwala NR XLI/875/13 \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Miasta Bydgoszczy \\|page\\=55 }} In the 1990s, the edifice housed the Foreign Language Teacher Training College, which then moved to [Dworcowa Street](/wiki/Dworcowa_Street_in_Bydgoszcz \"Dworcowa Street in Bydgoszcz\"). Since 2010, the seat of the Kujawsko\\-Pomorskie Centre for Education and [Kuyavian\\-Pomeranian Voivodeship](/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship \"Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship\") Marshal's Office in Bydgoszcz are located here.", "On the sidewalk grows a [ginkgo](/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba \"Ginkgo biloba\") identified as [Natural landmark](/wiki/Natural_monument \"Natural monument\") of [Bydgoszcz](/wiki/Bydgoszcz \"Bydgoszcz\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Agnieszka Kołosowska \\|first\\=Leszek Woźniak \\|date\\=2014 \\|title\\=Bydgoszcz Guide \\|url\\=http://www.visitbydgoszcz.pl/en/ \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Wydawnictwo Tekst \\|page\\=148 \\|isbn\\=978\\-83\\-917786\\-7\\-8}}", "The building boasts [historicism](/wiki/Historicism_%28art%29 \"Historicism (art)\") features, with a predominant [Neoclassical architecture](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\") form. It has a \"L\" shape, with a prominent [avant\\-corps](/wiki/Avant-corps \"Avant-corps\") in the middle of its frontage, with two storey, an attic and a basement. The entrance double portal is topped with a triangular [pediment](/wiki/Pediment \"Pediment\") and a [tympanum](/wiki/Tympanum_%28architecture%29 \"Tympanum (architecture)\") in which is placed a circular ornament. The facade is divided by horizontal [cornices](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\") and a wide [frieze](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\") on its top. The ground floor is decorated with [bossage](/wiki/Bossage \"Bossage\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Parucka\\|first\\= Krystyna\\|date\\=2008 \\|title\\=Zabytki Bydgoszczy – minikatalog \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=\"Tifen\" Krystyna Parucka }}", "File:Jagiellonska 9 1915\\.jpg\\|The building ca. 1915\nFile:Bdg Jagiellońska UMarsz 05\\-2013\\.jpg\\| Today, view from Jagiellońska street\nFile:Bdg Jagiellonska9 UrzMarsz 1 6\\-2015\\.jpg\\| The \\[\\[avant\\-corps]] and its \\[\\[pediment]]", "", "### Bydgoszcz School of Fine Arts, at 2", "**Kuyavian\\-Pomeranian Heritage list Nr.A/743 \\& 158/A, 11 April**.{{cite book \\|date\\=20 May 2013 \\|title\\=Załącznik do uchwały Nr XXXIV/601/13 \\|publisher\\=Sejmiku Województwa Kujawsko\\-Pomorskiego }}", "1875\\-1878, by [Heinrich Gruder](/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Architects_%281850-1970s%29%23Heinrich_Gr%C3%BCder_%281871%E2%80%931877%29 \"Bydgoszcz Architects (1850-1970s)#Heinrich Grüder (1871–1877)\") \\& [Carl Rose](/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Architects_%281850-1970s%29%23Carl_Rose \"Bydgoszcz Architects (1850-1970s)#Carl Rose\")", "[Neoclassical architecture](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\")", "The school building has been designed by engineer Heinrich GruderDerkowska\\-Kostkowska Bogna: Miejscy radcy budowlani w Bydgoszczy w latach 1871\\-1912\\. \\[w:] Materiały do Dziejów Kultury i Sztuki Bydgoszczy i Regionu. zeszyt 12\\. Pracownia Dokumentacji i Popularyzacji Zabytków Wojewódzkiego Ośrodka Kultury w Bydgoszczy 2007\\. ISSN 1427\\-5465 who worked on the construction of nearby [St Peter's and St Paul's Church](/wiki/St_Peter%27s_and_St_Paul%27s_Church%2C_Bydgoszcz \"St Peter's and St Paul's Church, Bydgoszcz\"), and executed by city architect Carl Rose,{{cite book \\|last\\=Parucka\\|first\\=Krystyna \\|date\\=2008 \\|title\\=Zabytki Bydgoszczy – minikatalog \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz }} who realized several other edifices in Bydgoszcz, particularly in [Gdańska Street](/wiki/Gda%C5%84ska_Street%2C_Bydgoszcz \"Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz\"). Once completed in 1878, the building housed the Town School for girls ({{lang\\-de\\|Städtische Töchterschule}}), having its address at *SchulStraße 7*. In 1885, the School for girls swapped its location with the one for boys (Bürgerschule), between old Nr.7 and 8: girls moved to nowadays house at the corner with Jagiellońska street, boys to the present building at Konarskiego Nr.2\\.{{cite book \\|last\\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\\-Anzeiger von \\|first\\=Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr \\|date\\=1885\\|title\\=auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\|chapter\\=Strassen}} The school for boys operated there till 1911, when it moved again to today's Staszica street. From 1920 to 1935, the edifice housed the [Faculty](/wiki/University \"University\") for boys, {{lang\\-pl\\|Męska Szkoła Wydziałowa dla Chłopców}}. Having accommodated a military hospital at the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the building resumed its initial role in 1982, when the Bydgoszcz School of Fine Arts (established 1945 by [Marian Turwid](/wiki/Marian_Turwid \"Marian Turwid\")) moved from [Pomeranian Arts House](/wiki/Pomeranian_Arts_House_in_Bydgoszcz \"Pomeranian Arts House in Bydgoszcz\") to the precincts.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://plastyk.bydgoszcz.pl/szkola/historia\\-szkoly/ \\|title\\=Historia budynku szkoły przy ul. Konarskiego 2 \\|last1\\=Wankiewicz \\|first1\\=Jerzy \\|website\\=plastyk.bydgoszcz.pl \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2016}} The edifice has undergone its last renovation in 2011, with a co\\-funding between European Regional Development and Polish State.", "The building was built in the style of [eclectic](/wiki/Eclecticism_%28architecture%29 \"Eclecticism (architecture)\") with a predominance of [Neo\\-Renaissance](/wiki/Neo-Renaissance \"Neo-Renaissance\") elements. It has two\\-storey, with a high [basement](/wiki/Basement \"Basement\"). The facade, in its central part displays a large [avant\\-corps](/wiki/Avant-corps \"Avant-corps\"), topped by a [pediment](/wiki/Pediment \"Pediment\"). The first floor is adorned with [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster \"Pilaster\") flanking [lancet windows](/wiki/Lancet_window \"Lancet window\"), the ground floor has a [bossage](/wiki/Bossage \"Bossage\") decoration: on the elevation, floral [friezes](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\") are visible. Both building wings are covered with [gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") roofs. Inside, one can notice the main staircase, adorned with a [wrought\\-iron](/wiki/Wrought-iron \"Wrought-iron\") [balustrade](/wiki/Baluster \"Baluster\") with floral [motifs](/wiki/Motif_%28visual_arts%29 \"Motif (visual arts)\"). The main hall is ornamented with Tuscan pilasters and [ionic order](/wiki/Ionic_order \"Ionic order\") [columns](/wiki/Column \"Column\"). On the second floor, the auditorium is garnished with a magnificent contemporary [stucco](/wiki/Stucco \"Stucco\") work.", "File:Konarskiego 2 1937\\.jpg\\|Building ca 1937\nFile:Bdg ZSPlastycznych 8 4\\-2015\\.jpg\\|General view of the elevation\nFile:Bdg Plastyk 1 6\\-2015\\.jpg\\|Detail of the \\[\\[avant\\-corps]]\nFile:Konarskiego 2 detail.jpg\\|\\[\\[Frieze]]s and \\[\\[pilaster]]s\nFile:Konarskiego 2 gate.jpg\\|Main gate\nFile:Bdg ZSPlastycznych 2 4\\-2015\\.jpg\\|Backyard view", "", "### Gymnasium at 4", "ca 1878{{cite book \\|last\\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\\-Anzeiger von \\|first\\=Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr \\|date\\=1878\\|title\\=auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\|chapter\\=Strassen\\|page\\=XXXV}}", "[Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_%28architecture%29 \"Eclecticism (architecture)\")", "Since its inception, the building has been used as a sports hall ({{lang\\-de\\|Turnhalle}}) for the different schools in the street. It is still used today as such by the Catering School of Bydgoszcz.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.zsg.bydgoszcz.pl/o\\-szkole/szkola\\-w\\-pigulce \\|title\\=Szkoła w pigułce\\-galeria \\|date\\=2015\\|website\\=zsg.bydgoszcz.pl \\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2016}}", "Despite being a simple gym hall, the building, nonetheless, exposes nice architectural details such as large round top windows on street facade flanked by [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster \"Pilaster\"), a [portal](/wiki/Portal_%28architecture%29 \"Portal (architecture)\") framing the main entry and carved wooden beams adorning the bottom of the [gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\").", "File:Konarskiego 4\\.jpg\\|Sports hall from the street\nFile:Konarskiego 4 facade.jpg\\|Main entry\nFile:1914 STADT BROMBERG 10K schule strasse.jpg\\|The sports hall (Turnhalle) and surrounding schools on a 1914 map of \\[\\[Bydgoszcz\\|Bromberg]]", "", "### Building of the Catering School of Bydgoszcz, at 5", "1882\\-1884, by [Wilhelm Lincke](/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Architects_%281850-1970s%29%23Wilhelm_Lincke_%281878%E2%80%931885%29 \"Bydgoszcz Architects (1850-1970s)#Wilhelm Lincke (1878–1885)\")", "[Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_%28architecture%29 \"Eclecticism (architecture)\")", "The building was designed to fit a \\[\\[Höhere Mädchenschule}]] school for girls established May 1853\\.\nDespite the high tuition fee, the edifice was too large and exceeded the needs.{{cite book \\|last\\=Biskup \\|first\\=Marian \\|date\\=1991 \\|title\\=Historia Bydgoszczy. Tom I. Do roku 1920 \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe Warszawa\\-Poznań \\|page\\=588 \\|isbn\\=83\\-01\\-06666\\-0}} Hence, the school was split in 1909\\-1911 into an urban high school, a four\\-year teachers' college and a two\\-year school for educators nurseries and kindergartens ({{lang\\-ger\\|Frauenschule}}). In these schools, most of the students were from German origin.\nIn 1920, the building housed the [Faculty](/wiki/University \"University\") for girls, as men's one was located in the same street at Nr.2\\. In 1928, this girls institution received the patron name of [Maria Konopnicka](/wiki/Maria_Konopnicka \"Maria Konopnicka\"). Despite its success (719 pupils in 1925\\), the 1932 new education system put an end to the university: in 1935, the facility was combined with men's high school and moved to a building at Chwytowo street 16\\.{{cite book \\|last\\=Biskup \\|first\\=Marian \\|date\\=1999\\|title\\=Historia Bydgoszczy. Tom I. Część pierwsza 1920\\-1939\\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe\\|page\\=690\\|isbn\\=83\\-901329\\-0\\-7}} During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the building was converted to a field hospital.*From Bunia to \"Bohema\"*, discussion between Joanna and Janusz Franczak with Irena Stürm\\-Delcroix, leaflet booklet published by hotel \"Bohema\"", "In 1946, Public School Nr.6 was located there.{{cite book \\|last\\=Michalski \\|first\\=Stanisław \\|date\\=1988\\|title\\=Bydgoszcz wczoraj i dziś 1945\\-1980\\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe Warszawa\\-Poznań}}\nIn 1952, the building housed a vocational school for clothing and catering. In 1978, the name changed to the \"School of Clothing and Cuisine in Bydgoszcz\" ({{lang\\-pl\\|Zespół Szkół Gastronomicznych i Odzieżowych w Bydgoszczy}}), converted in 1984 into the *Catering School*. It comprised the following departments: Gastronomic Vocational School, Technical Gastronomy, Catering for Technical Workers.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.zsg.bydgoszcz.pl/o\\-szkole/historia\\-szkoly \\|title\\=Historia Szkoły \\|date\\=2013 \\|website\\=zsg.bydgoszcz.pl \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2016}} In 1990, the school opened new secondary vocational curriculum. In September 2006, a new building was opened, after 78 years without extension. In March 2011, the school received the ISO 9001 certificate.", "The original building has two\\-storey, a basement, and is covered with a low [hip roof](/wiki/Hip_roof \"Hip roof\"). The block possesses small [wings](/wiki/Wing_%28architecture%29 \"Wing (architecture)\"), and displays three [avant\\-corps](/wiki/Avant-corps \"Avant-corps\") on the street. The plastered brick facade is decorated with [friezes](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\"). Each level is separated by [cornices](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\") and wide geometric patterns. Each avant\\-corps is topped by a prominent [gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\"), supported by [corbels](/wiki/Corbel \"Corbel\"). Windows are semicircular, and the main door is adorned with a high brick [portal](/wiki/Portal_%28architecture%29 \"Portal (architecture)\"). The 2006 addition is located in the backyard, giving onto [Casimir the Great Park](/wiki/Casimir_the_Great_Park \"Casimir the Great Park\").", "File:Konarskiego 5 1901\\.jpg\\|Building ca 1901\nFile:Bdg ZSGastronomicznych 4 4\\-2015\\.jpg\\|Main elevation on Konarskiego street\nFile:Bdg ZSGastronomicznych 6 4\\-2015\\.jpg\\|One of the three \\[\\[avant\\-corps]]\nFile:Konarskiego 5 gate.jpg\\|Main entry gate", "", "### Tenement at 6", "ca 1950\\-1960s", "[Functionalism](/wiki/Functionalism_%28architecture%29 \"Functionalism (architecture)\")", "This recent building from the second half of the 20th century, is a perfect illustration of functionalism style. It boasts two [avant\\-corps](/wiki/Avant-corps \"Avant-corps\") on its edges. In this regard, it recalls early modern architecture tenement at [Plac Wolności](/wiki/Freedom_Square%2C_Bydgoszcz \"Freedom Square, Bydgoszcz\") 7 or others in [Gdańska Street](/wiki/Gda%C5%84ska_Street%2C_Bydgoszcz \"Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz\") (Nr.23 \\& 188 for instance).", "File:Konarskiego 6\\.jpg\\|View from the street\nFile:Konarskiego 6(1\\).jpg\\|View from the street", "", "### Tenement at 7", "1875{{cite book \\|last\\=Jasiakiewicz \\|first\\=Roman \\|date\\=24 April 2013 \\|title\\=Uchwala NR XLI/875/13\\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Miasta Bydgoszczy \\|page\\=90}}", "[Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_%28architecture%29 \"Eclecticism (architecture)\")", "Initially *Schule straße 2*, it was owned by Albert Giese, who never lived in. The building was designed as a tenement house with flats for rent. \nIn 1900, Richard Lampe, a physician living at [35 Gdanska street](/wiki/Julius_Grey_house_in_Bydgoszcz \"Julius Grey house in Bydgoszcz\"), bought the tenement: as a surgeon, specialized in women's diseases, he opened a clinic in the building.{{cite book \\|last\\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\\-Anzeiger von \\|first\\=Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr \\|date\\=1901\\|title\\=auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\|chapter\\=Names\\|page\\=108}}\nIn 1920, widowed Janina Zabłocka and her children moved there from the [Eastern Borderlands](/wiki/Kresy \"Kresy\") at the end of [WWI](/wiki/WWI \"WWI\"). His son Tadeusz will be a diplomat and a successful entrepreneur in [England](/wiki/England \"England\") after [WWII](/wiki/WWII \"WWII\"), in particular with his shipping company \"Tazab\", allowing Poles in exile to send parcels with food and medicines to their relatives in Poland.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://pomorska.pl/o\\-rodzinie\\-zablockich\\-kawiarni\\-wiejskiej\\-i\\-ortalionach/ar/6466826 \\|title\\=O rodzinie Zabłockich, Kawiarni Wiejskiej i ortalionach \\|last\\=Chmielewska \\|first\\=Gizela \\|date\\=12 February 2015 \\|website\\=pomorska.pl \\|publisher\\=Polska Press Sp. z o. o. \\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2021}}", "The tenement displays [Neo\\-Renaissance](/wiki/Neo-Renaissance \"Neo-Renaissance\") features. Each second level window of the facade is flanked with minutely designed [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster \"Pilaster\") and topped with [pediment](/wiki/Pediment \"Pediment\"). Likewise, the main entry gate has pilasters on its sides, adorned with floral [motifs](/wiki/Motif_%28visual_arts%29 \"Motif (visual arts)\").", "File:Konarskiego 7\\.jpg\\|Main elevation on the street\nFile:Konarskiego 7 gate.jpg\\|Main gate\nFile:Konarskiego 7 detail.jpg\\|Architectural details of the facade", "", "### Hotel \"Bohema\", at 9", "{{main\\|Hotel \"Bohema\" in Bydgoszcz}}", "**Kuyavian\\-Pomeranian Heritage list Nr.A/1385, 16 September 2008**", "1877, by [Anton Hoffmann](/wiki/Anton_Hoffmann \"Anton Hoffmann\")", "[Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_%28architecture%29 \"Eclecticism (architecture)\")", "Originally designed as a complex of renting flats, the building became in 2008 a 5\\-star rated hotel, \"Bohema Hotel\".", "", "File:Bdg HotelBohema 8 4\\-2015\\.jpg\\|Main elevation on the street\nFile:Hotel przy Konarskiego.jpg\\|By night", "", "### Tenement at 11", "ca 1910", "[Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau \"Art Nouveau\")", "Referenced initially as *Schulstraße 4/5*, the building was conceived as a tenement house for flat renting. His first landlord was a dentist, Sallh Jacobowski, living at [Danzigerstraße 165a](/wiki/Mix_Ernst_tenement_in_Bydgoszcz \"Mix Ernst tenement in Bydgoszcz\") (now 10 [Gdańska Street](/wiki/Gda%C5%84ska_Street%2C_Bydgoszcz \"Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz\")).{{cite book \\|last\\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\\-Anzeiger von \\|first\\=Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr \\|date\\=1908\\|title\\=auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\|chapter\\=Names\\|page\\=313}} It then became the property of various rentiers, and accommodated an average of 15 tenants till the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). Anecdotal detail, a dentist practitioner is installed today in this building.", "The edifice features a mix of [eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_%28architecture%29 \"Eclecticism (architecture)\") (wooden [loggias](/wiki/Loggia \"Loggia\") and [balconies](/wiki/Balcony \"Balcony\"), neo\\-classical motifs) and [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau \"Art Nouveau\") (round shapes, curved entry gate, [ogee](/wiki/Ogee \"Ogee\") [gables](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\")) style and details. One can notice, among others:\n* wooden balconies and loggias on the [park](/wiki/Casimir_the_Great_Park \"Casimir the Great Park\") facade and in the backyard;\n* a [bartizan](/wiki/Bartizan \"Bartizan\") wedged on the elevation giving onto the park;\n* the main wood door, topped by a [transom light](/wiki/Transom_%28architectural%29 \"Transom (architectural)\"), and enclosed in an [ogee](/wiki/Ogee \"Ogee\") [portal](/wiki/Portal_%28architecture%29 \"Portal (architecture)\").", "File:Konarskiego 11 facade.jpg\\|Main elevation on the street\nFile:Konarskiego 11 door.jpg\\|\\[\\[Portal (architecture)\\|Ornamented portal]]\nFile:Konarskiego 11 back.jpg\\|Backyard details\nFile:Konarskiego 11 park.jpg\\|Facade on the \\[\\[Casimir the Great Park\\|park]]", "" ]
Properties ---------- The hydrogen bonding in oxyhydrides can be [covalent](/wiki/Covalent_bond "Covalent bond"), [metallic](/wiki/Metallic_bonding "Metallic bonding"), and [ionic bonding](/wiki/Ionic_bond "Ionic bond"), depending on the metals present in the compound. Oxyhydrides lose their hydrogen less than the pure metal hydrides. The hydrogen in oxyhydrides is much more exchangeable. For example [oxynitrides](/wiki/Oxynitride "Oxynitride") can be made at much lower temperatures by heating the oxyhydride in [ammonia](/wiki/Ammonia "Ammonia") or [nitrogen](/wiki/Nitrogen "Nitrogen") gas (say around 400 °C rather than 900 °C required for an oxide) Acidic attack can replace the hydrogen, for example moderate heating in [hydrogen fluoride](/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride "Hydrogen fluoride") yields compounds containing oxide, fluoride, and hydride ions ([oxyfluorohydride](/wiki/Oxyfluorohydride "Oxyfluorohydride").{{cite journal \|last1\=KAMIGAITO \|first1\=Osami \|title\=Density of Compound Oxides. \|journal\=Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan \|date\=2000 \|volume\=108 \|issue\=1262 \|pages\=944–947 \|doi\=10\.2109/jcersj.108\.1262\_944 \|doi\-access\=free}}) The hydrogen is more [thermolabile](/wiki/Thermolabile "Thermolabile"), and can be lost by heating yielding a reduced valence metal compound. Changing the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen can modify electrical or magnetic properties. Then [band gap](/wiki/Band_gap "Band gap") can be altered. The hydride atom can be mobile in a compound undergoing electron coupled hydride transfer. The hydride ion is highly polarisable, so it presence raised the [dielectric constant](/wiki/Dielectric_constant "Dielectric constant") and [refractive index](/wiki/Refractive_index "Refractive index"). Some oxyhydrides have [photocatalytic](/wiki/Photocatalytic "Photocatalytic") capability. For example BaTiO2\.5H0\.5 can function as a catalyst for ammonia production from hydrogen and nitrogen. The hydride ion is quite variable in size, ranging from 130 to 153 [pm](/wiki/Picometer "Picometer"). The hydride ion actually does not only have a −1 charge, but will have a charge dependent on its environment, so it is often written as Hδ−.{{cite journal \|last1\=Kageyama \|first1\=Hiroshi \|last2\=Hayashi \|first2\=Katsuro \|last3\=Maeda \|first3\=Kazuhiko \|last4\=Attfield \|first4\=J. Paul \|last5\=Hiroi \|first5\=Zenji \|last6\=Rondinelli \|first6\=James M. \|last7\=Poeppelmeier \|first7\=Kenneth R. \|author7\-link\=Kenneth Poeppelmeier \|title\=Expanding frontiers in materials chemistry and physics with multiple anions \|journal\=Nature Communications \|date\=22 February 2018 \|volume\=9 \|issue\=1 \|page\=772 \|doi\=10\.1038/s41467\-018\-02838\-4 \|pmid\=29472526 \|pmc\=5823932 \|bibcode\=2018NatCo...9\..772K}} In oxyhydrides, the hydride ion is much more compressible than the other atoms in compounds. Hydride is the only anion with no [π orbital](/wiki/%CE%A0_orbital "Π orbital"), so if it is incorporated into a compound, it acts as a π\-blocker, reducing dimensionality of the solid. Oxyhydride structures with [heavy metals](/wiki/Heavy_metals "Heavy metals") cannot be properly studied with [X\-ray diffraction](/wiki/X-ray_diffraction "X-ray diffraction"), as hydrogen hardly has any effect on X\-rays. [Neutron diffraction](/wiki/Neutron_diffraction "Neutron diffraction") can be used to observe hydrogen, but not if there are heavy neutron absorbers like Eu, Sm, Gd, Dy in the material.
[ "Properties\n----------", "The hydrogen bonding in oxyhydrides can be [covalent](/wiki/Covalent_bond \"Covalent bond\"), [metallic](/wiki/Metallic_bonding \"Metallic bonding\"), and [ionic bonding](/wiki/Ionic_bond \"Ionic bond\"), depending on the metals present in the compound.", "Oxyhydrides lose their hydrogen less than the pure metal hydrides.", "The hydrogen in oxyhydrides is much more exchangeable. For example [oxynitrides](/wiki/Oxynitride \"Oxynitride\") can be made at much lower temperatures by heating the oxyhydride in [ammonia](/wiki/Ammonia \"Ammonia\") or [nitrogen](/wiki/Nitrogen \"Nitrogen\") gas (say around 400 °C rather than 900 °C required for an oxide) Acidic attack can replace the hydrogen, for example moderate heating in [hydrogen fluoride](/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride \"Hydrogen fluoride\") yields compounds containing oxide, fluoride, and hydride ions ([oxyfluorohydride](/wiki/Oxyfluorohydride \"Oxyfluorohydride\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=KAMIGAITO \\|first1\\=Osami \\|title\\=Density of Compound Oxides. \\|journal\\=Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan \\|date\\=2000 \\|volume\\=108 \\|issue\\=1262 \\|pages\\=944–947 \\|doi\\=10\\.2109/jcersj.108\\.1262\\_944 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}) The hydrogen is more [thermolabile](/wiki/Thermolabile \"Thermolabile\"), and can be lost by heating yielding a reduced valence metal compound.", "Changing the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen can modify electrical or magnetic properties. Then [band gap](/wiki/Band_gap \"Band gap\") can be altered. The hydride atom can be mobile in a compound undergoing electron coupled hydride transfer. The hydride ion is highly polarisable, so it presence raised the [dielectric constant](/wiki/Dielectric_constant \"Dielectric constant\") and [refractive index](/wiki/Refractive_index \"Refractive index\").", "Some oxyhydrides have [photocatalytic](/wiki/Photocatalytic \"Photocatalytic\") capability. For example BaTiO2\\.5H0\\.5 can function as a catalyst for ammonia production from hydrogen and nitrogen.", "The hydride ion is quite variable in size, ranging from 130 to 153 [pm](/wiki/Picometer \"Picometer\").", "The hydride ion actually does not only have a −1 charge, but will have a charge dependent on its environment, so it is often written as Hδ−.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Kageyama \\|first1\\=Hiroshi \\|last2\\=Hayashi \\|first2\\=Katsuro \\|last3\\=Maeda \\|first3\\=Kazuhiko \\|last4\\=Attfield \\|first4\\=J. Paul \\|last5\\=Hiroi \\|first5\\=Zenji \\|last6\\=Rondinelli \\|first6\\=James M. \\|last7\\=Poeppelmeier \\|first7\\=Kenneth R. \\|author7\\-link\\=Kenneth Poeppelmeier \\|title\\=Expanding frontiers in materials chemistry and physics with multiple anions \\|journal\\=Nature Communications \\|date\\=22 February 2018 \\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=1 \\|page\\=772 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/s41467\\-018\\-02838\\-4 \\|pmid\\=29472526 \\|pmc\\=5823932 \\|bibcode\\=2018NatCo...9\\..772K}} In oxyhydrides, the hydride ion is much more compressible than the other atoms in compounds. Hydride is the only anion with no [π orbital](/wiki/%CE%A0_orbital \"Π orbital\"), so if it is incorporated into a compound, it acts as a π\\-blocker, reducing dimensionality of the solid.", "Oxyhydride structures with [heavy metals](/wiki/Heavy_metals \"Heavy metals\") cannot be properly studied with [X\\-ray diffraction](/wiki/X-ray_diffraction \"X-ray diffraction\"), as hydrogen hardly has any effect on X\\-rays. [Neutron diffraction](/wiki/Neutron_diffraction \"Neutron diffraction\") can be used to observe hydrogen, but not if there are heavy neutron absorbers like Eu, Sm, Gd, Dy in the material.", "" ]
Career ------ Hurley served on Cumberland County's first Board of Chosen Freeholders. He was later elected a member of the [New Jersey General Assembly](/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly "New Jersey General Assembly"), where he represented the [1st Legislative District](/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_1st_legislative_district "New Jersey's 1st legislative district") from 1968 to 1982 and served as both Minority Leader and Majority Leader. In 1982 he was elevated to the [New Jersey Senate](/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate "New Jersey Senate") where he served for a time as Minority Leader."*Fitzgerald's Legislative Manual of the State of New Jersey (2007\)*, Skinder\-Strauss Associates, p. 319 re Senate, 327 re Assembly. {{ISBN\|1\-57741\-245\-1}}. On January 2, 1990, Hurley stepped down from the Senate, after he was appointed a member of the [New Jersey Casino Control Commission](/wiki/New_Jersey_Casino_Control_Commission "New Jersey Casino Control Commission") by [Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey "Governor of New Jersey") [Thomas Kean](/wiki/Thomas_Kean "Thomas Kean"). He was reappointed in 1992 by Governor [James Florio](/wiki/James_Florio "James Florio") and in 1997 by Governor [Christine Todd Whitman](/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman "Christine Todd Whitman"). On October 29, 1998, he was appointed the commission's fifth [Chairman](/wiki/Chair_%28official%29 "Chair (official)") and served in that capacity until 2002\.[*New Jersey Casino Control Commission, 2000 Annual Report*](http://www.state.nj.us/casinos/about/commrepo/docs/ccc2000annrpt.pdf), page 6\.[*New Jersey Legislative Digest for October 19, 1998*](http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/legislativepub/digest/19981019.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124233347/https://njleg.state.nj.us/legislativepub/digest/19981019\.pdf \|date\=November 24, 2020 }}, page 2\. In 1976, Hurley made an unsuccessful run for the [House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") in {{ushr\|New Jersey\|2}} against [William J. Hughes](/wiki/William_J._Hughes "William J. Hughes"), who had unseated the Republican incumbent in the previous election of 1974\. However, Hughes defended his seat and convincingly won the election with 62% of the vote to Hurley's 38%. As a state senator in August 1983, Hurley received a reprimand from a legislative ethics panel for accepting a $10,000 fee in a land deal between [Wawa, Inc.](/wiki/Wawa_Food_Markets "Wawa Food Markets") and the state.["THE REGION; State Senator Gets Reprimand on Fee"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E3DF1E39F936A3575BC0A965948260), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, August 5, 1983\. Outside politics Hurley worked in [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") and advertising.[James R. Hurley profile](http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hurley.html#0R81CB0XT), [The Political Graveyard](/wiki/The_Political_Graveyard "The Political Graveyard"). Accessed May 30, 2007\. He created the non\-profit Affordable Homes of Millville Ecumenical (AHOME) and served on its board of directors. In December 2010, Hurley was named AHOME's first Chairman Emeritus. The James R. Hurley Industrial Park in Millville is named for him.
[ "Career\n------", "Hurley served on Cumberland County's first Board of Chosen Freeholders. He was later elected a member of the [New Jersey General Assembly](/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly \"New Jersey General Assembly\"), where he represented the [1st Legislative District](/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_1st_legislative_district \"New Jersey's 1st legislative district\") from 1968 to 1982 and served as both Minority Leader and Majority Leader. In 1982 he was elevated to the [New Jersey Senate](/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate \"New Jersey Senate\") where he served for a time as Minority Leader.\"*Fitzgerald's Legislative Manual of the State of New Jersey (2007\\)*, Skinder\\-Strauss Associates, p. 319 re Senate, 327 re Assembly. {{ISBN\\|1\\-57741\\-245\\-1}}.", "On January 2, 1990, Hurley stepped down from the Senate, after he was appointed a member of the [New Jersey Casino Control Commission](/wiki/New_Jersey_Casino_Control_Commission \"New Jersey Casino Control Commission\") by [Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey \"Governor of New Jersey\") [Thomas Kean](/wiki/Thomas_Kean \"Thomas Kean\"). He was reappointed in 1992 by Governor [James Florio](/wiki/James_Florio \"James Florio\") and in 1997 by Governor [Christine Todd Whitman](/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman \"Christine Todd Whitman\"). On October 29, 1998, he was appointed the commission's fifth [Chairman](/wiki/Chair_%28official%29 \"Chair (official)\") and served in that capacity until 2002\\.[*New Jersey Casino Control Commission, 2000 Annual Report*](http://www.state.nj.us/casinos/about/commrepo/docs/ccc2000annrpt.pdf), page 6\\.[*New Jersey Legislative Digest for October 19, 1998*](http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/legislativepub/digest/19981019.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124233347/https://njleg.state.nj.us/legislativepub/digest/19981019\\.pdf \\|date\\=November 24, 2020 }}, page 2\\.", "In 1976, Hurley made an unsuccessful run for the [House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") in {{ushr\\|New Jersey\\|2}} against [William J. Hughes](/wiki/William_J._Hughes \"William J. Hughes\"), who had unseated the Republican incumbent in the previous election of 1974\\. However, Hughes defended his seat and convincingly won the election with 62% of the vote to Hurley's 38%.", "As a state senator in August 1983, Hurley received a reprimand from a legislative ethics panel for accepting a $10,000 fee in a land deal between [Wawa, Inc.](/wiki/Wawa_Food_Markets \"Wawa Food Markets\") and the state.[\"THE REGION; State Senator Gets Reprimand on Fee\"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E3DF1E39F936A3575BC0A965948260), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, August 5, 1983\\.", "Outside politics Hurley worked in [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations \"Public relations\") and advertising.[James R. Hurley profile](http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hurley.html#0R81CB0XT), [The Political Graveyard](/wiki/The_Political_Graveyard \"The Political Graveyard\"). Accessed May 30, 2007\\. He created the non\\-profit Affordable Homes of Millville Ecumenical (AHOME) and served on its board of directors. In December 2010, Hurley was named AHOME's first Chairman Emeritus. The James R. Hurley Industrial Park in Millville is named for him.", "" ]
Biography --------- Salvatore was born and brought up in [Enna](/wiki/Enna "Enna"), [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily "Sicily"), and is married to Luciana Leone. He graduated in paleography and musical philology at the [University of Pavia](/wiki/University_of_Pavia "University of Pavia") with honors, with a thesis on the history of the [pontiffs](/wiki/Pontiff "Pontiff") of the first millennium in the light of the liturgical innovations contained in *[Liber Pontificalis](/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis "Liber Pontificalis")*. He has published twenty\-six books. The last one, which was published in October 2018, was dedicated to [Pope Paul VI](/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI "Pope Paul VI"), when he was declared a [Saint](/wiki/Saint "Saint"). Among the books, published by Edizioni San Paolo, *[Sospinti dallo Spirito](/wiki/Sospinti_dallo_Spirito "Sospinti dallo Spirito")* (Moved by the Spirit), in May 2014, was translated in Spanish, English, Portuguese and French. He has held lectures, courses and consultations for Pontifical and [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church") Universities in Rome and several other countries, for Institutions and Institutes of Formation in Italy and abroad. In 2018\-2019 he conducted a course of specialization in [dogmatic](/wiki/Dogma "Dogma") theology on the "Theology of the Holy Spirit". He collaborates with Italian and foreign magazines on themes of [spirituality](/wiki/Spirituality "Spirituality") or on subjects of the social doctrine of the Church. Salvatore has intervened in national and international Conferences in 44 countries on subjects of spirituality, with particular reference to youth, families, priests, the promotion of the [laity](/wiki/Laity "Laity"), social discomfort, and the social doctrine of the Church, held by Vatican Dicasteries, national Bishops’ conferences, universities, and other public institutions. He has organized or collaborated in the organization of international events organized by Vatican Dicasteries, by Catholic Charismatic Renewal or Renewal in the Spirit, by Ecumenical or Interreligious Organizations, by governmental and non\-governmental organizations in Italy, Europe and the Americas.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Salvatore was born and brought up in [Enna](/wiki/Enna \"Enna\"), [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily \"Sicily\"), and is married to Luciana Leone.", "He graduated in paleography and musical philology at the [University of Pavia](/wiki/University_of_Pavia \"University of Pavia\") with honors, with a thesis on the history of the [pontiffs](/wiki/Pontiff \"Pontiff\") of the first millennium in the light of the liturgical innovations contained in *[Liber Pontificalis](/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis \"Liber Pontificalis\")*.", "He has published twenty\\-six books. The last one, which was published in October 2018, was dedicated to [Pope Paul VI](/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI \"Pope Paul VI\"), when he was declared a [Saint](/wiki/Saint \"Saint\").", "Among the books, published by Edizioni San Paolo, *[Sospinti dallo Spirito](/wiki/Sospinti_dallo_Spirito \"Sospinti dallo Spirito\")* (Moved by the Spirit), in May 2014, was translated in Spanish, English, Portuguese and French.", "He has held lectures, courses and consultations for Pontifical and [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") Universities in Rome and several other countries, for Institutions and Institutes of Formation in Italy and abroad. In 2018\\-2019 he conducted a course of specialization in [dogmatic](/wiki/Dogma \"Dogma\") theology on the \"Theology of the Holy Spirit\".", "He collaborates with Italian and foreign magazines on themes of [spirituality](/wiki/Spirituality \"Spirituality\") or on subjects of the social doctrine of the Church.", "Salvatore has intervened in national and international Conferences in 44 countries on subjects of spirituality, with particular reference to youth, families, priests, the promotion of the [laity](/wiki/Laity \"Laity\"), social discomfort, and the social doctrine of the Church, held by Vatican Dicasteries, national Bishops’ conferences, universities, and other public institutions.", "He has organized or collaborated in the organization of international events organized by Vatican Dicasteries, by Catholic Charismatic Renewal or Renewal in the Spirit, by Ecumenical or Interreligious Organizations, by governmental and non\\-governmental organizations in Italy, Europe and the Americas.", "" ]
Positions and main activities ----------------------------- Since 1997, Martinez was the first layperson to preside the *Rinnovamento nello Spirito Santo*. He was succeeded by Giuseppe :Peppino" Contaldo, alias. RnS is a private association of faithful whose statutes have been recognized by the Italian Bishops’ Conference (CEI) and by the [Holy See](/wiki/Holy_See "Holy See"). It has around 1,900 groups and communities in Italy, with over 250,000 participants, nine overseas missions (among which are in [Moldova](/wiki/Moldova "Moldova") \[and [Transnistria](/wiki/Transnistria "Transnistria")], [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), and [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan")), schools of formation, a publishing house, a foundation for the promotion of social utility projects, and a cooperative for event organization. Since 2012 Martinez served as the president of the Vatican foundation "International Center Family of Nazareth" (CIFN) erected *ex audientia* by [Pope Benedict XVI](/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI "Pope Benedict XVI") on October 17, 2012, with juridical canonical public and Vatican civil personality, for the development of the Magisterium of the Family in the world, with a special mandate to build and manage the "Home of the Pope for families" in Nazareth,[International Center for the Family in Nazareth](http://www.rns-italia.it/news/Terra%20Santa/CIpF.htm) as an ecumenical and interreligious way of dialogue and of peace in the Middle East. As President of the Vatican Foundation, "International Center Family of Nazareth," on November 15 and 16 he intervened at the «World Tolerance Summit», held at the Armani Hotel in [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai "Dubai") (UAE). The conference, first worldwide event on the theme of tolerance, peace and of the cultural understanding of humanity, was promoted by the International Institute for Tolerance under the patronage of [Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum](/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum "Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum"), UAE Vice President, Prime Minister and Emirate of Dubai, and attended by over 1,500 government leaders. On January 2, 2018 he was nominated Personal Representative of the OSCE 2018 Chairperson\-in\-Office for Dimension 3, to "Combat Racism, Xenophobia and Discrimination, with a focus on Intolerance and Discrimination against Christians and members of Other Religions". The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe represents 57 Countries (Europe 44, Asia 11, USA and Canada, representing a population of over one billion) The mission of OSCE is articulated into 3 Dimensions: Politics \- military Security; Economy and environment; Human rights. As part of the OSCE Representation, he was one of the promoters and organizers of the International Conference of Rome on the "Responsibility of States, Institutions and Individuals in the fight against Anti\-Semitism in the OSCE area", scheduled within the framework of the Italian OSCE Presidency 2018, held in Rome on January 29, 2018 at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation \- Hall of International Conferences. He went on mission to Toronto in Canada, (October 1–2\) \- Montreal (October 3\) \- Ottawa (October 4–5\), on a "joint visit" with the other two special Representatives of the OSCE Presidency, Rabbi Andrew Baker (for Antisemitism) and prof. Bulent Senay (for Islamophobia). The visit included several meetings and hearings with the main Representatives of government Institutions and of civil society. During the year 2018, within the OSCE context, he intervened as Speaker in the following international meetings: * European Academy of Religion (EuARe), I Annual Conference, Inaugural Address, Bologna, 5 March 2018\); * Working Group Breakfast on Intercultural and Religious, organized by the specific Commission of European Parliament, on the theme: "Freedom" (Bruselles, 23–25 April 2018\); * International Ministerial Conference on the theme of victims of ethnic and religious violence in the Middle East, organized by the Government of Belgium and Lebanon (Bruselles, 14 May 2018\); * 15th European Meeting of the Balkans – inspired by the tradition of the National Prayer Breakfast – organized by a Commission of the Parliament of Albania, on the subject: "Love your neighbor as yourself" (Tirana, 25–27 May 2018\); * International Seminar Supplementary Human Dimension Meeting, organized by OSCE and ODIHR, on the subject: "Child Trafficking – From Prevention to Protection" (Vienna, 28–29 May 2018\); * International Conference on the theme: "Religious freedom in Russia. The way of dialogue", organized by "St. Gregory the Theologian Charity Foundation" of the Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow in collaboration with the Presidency of the Russian Federation (Moscow, 31 May 2018\); * "Faith and Freedom Summit: practicing what we preach in Europe", organized by the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europa (28 June 2018 \- Solvay Library, Bruselles); * International Conference on the theme: "Interreligious Engagement and Freedom of Religion or Belief (FoRB): a new policy approach for the Mediterranean", organized by OSCE, Institute for the Studies of International Politics – ISPI and the University of Sussex (London, 12 July 2018, The House of Commons, Palace of Westminster). * "Human Dimension Implementation Meeting" (HDIM), organized by ODIHR \- Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights) (Warsaw, 10–21 September 2018, Sofitel Victoria Warsaw Hotel). * "VI Congress of Leaders world and traditional Religions" (Astana, 10 – 11 October 2018, The Palace of Peace and Accord). * Conference "Combatting Intolerance and Discrimination, with a Focus on Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief: Towards a Comprehensive Response in the OSCE Region", organized by ODIHR and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Rome, 22 October), Hall of International Conferences of the Ministry (Farnesina). * 25th Ministerial Council Meeting, to conclude the Italian OSCE Presidency 2018, held in Milan at the MI.CO Conference Center. He is Consultor, a nomination of Pope Benedict XVI, ad quinquennium, from April 2012, of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelization.[Consulter of the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization](http://www.annusfidei.va/content/novaevangelizatio/en/segreteria/membriconsultori.html) He was Consultor, until the dissolution of the Dicastery, of the Pontifical Council for the Laity, nominated ad quinquennium by Pope Benedict XVI in March 2008, appointment renewed by Pope Francis in 2013\.[Consulter of the Pontifical Council for the Laity](https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/laity/laity_it/presentazione/membri_it.htm) He was Consultor, until the dissolution of the Dicastery, of the Pontifical Council for the Family [Pontifical Council for the Family](/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_the_Family "Pontifical Council for the Family"),[Consulter of the Pontifical Council for the Family](http://www.familiam.org/famiglia_eng/about_us/00002567_Members_and_Consulters.html) nominated ad quinquennium by Pope Benedict XVI, in September 2009, appointment renewed by Pope Francis in 2014\. Since 1997 he is president of *Fondazione "Alleanza del Rinnovamento nello Spirito Onlus"*, an organization recognized by the Republic of Italy and the Bishops' Conference of Italy, which operates in the field of formation of formators with the organization and the promotion of national and interregional Schools dedicated to families, to youth, to animators and operators in the social field, as well as through specific initiatives for the reduction of social discomfort of disadvantaged persons. From 2002, the Foundation has begun a mission in Chisinau, capital of the Republic of Moldova, with the creation of a missionary Center and of a Home to welcome the poor; it has also stipulated protocols of understanding with government socio\-health Institutions to take care of children afflicted with mental handicap. Since 2014, in agreement with Prison Fellowship Italia onlus and RnS, in collaboration with the Ministry of Justice and the Inspectorate General of the Prison Chaplains, on the occasion of Christmas the foundation promotes *"L'Altra Cucina... Per un Pranzo d'Amore"* (The Other Kitchen ... For a Lunch of Love), a great charity event of "social justice" in favor of prisoners. In 2018 the initiative was held in 13 prisons of Italy involving over 2,500 prisoners. Since 2000 he is president of the foundation, Institute of human promotion "Mons. Francesco Di Vincenzo", a charitable organization (recognized by the Republic of Italy in 1995\) and Ecclesiastical (recognized by the Diocese of Piazza Armerina in 1989\) for the integration of social formations which are the basis of the dignity of the human person (Church, Family, Culture, Work). The Foundation has created the "Mario e Luigi Sturzo ‘Polo of excellence of solidarity and human promotion’", at the Historical site of the Sturzo Brothers (now owned by the Diocese of Piazza Armerina), a social Work for the redemption of prisoners, former prisoners and their families, as well as unaccompanied immigrant children. On the occasion of the centenary of *"Appello ai liberi e forti"* (Appeal to the free and strong) (18 January 2019\), initiatives are planned to remember and celebrate the spiritual, human, cultural and political heritage of the thought of don Luigi Sturzo. In particular, an International Conference in Caltagirone, on April 12–14, to review the relevance of the 12 explanatory points of the Appeal. Since April 2016 he is President of the Association *"Laudato si"*{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.associazionelaudatosi.org/ \|title\=Laudato Si \- per una leadership di successo \|access\-date\=2019\-02\-05 \|archive\-date\=2019\-01\-20 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120192332/http://www.associazionelaudatosi.org/ \|url\-status\=dead }} for the national project "*Lab.Ora*. A thousand youth for a leadership of service". The Initiative represents a response implementing the appeal of Pope Francis to Christians present at the V National Ecclesial Convention, of Florence 2015\. It is an innovative and systemic, interdisciplinary format open to international developments and collaborations, which brings together an expert and representative group of laypeople, ecclesiastics and academics who have decided to get involved in a free and generous personal testimony at the service of young people who distinguish themselves in local communities, for the creation of a new generation of leaders and for their new social and political leadership in Italy, in a special way through innovation in giving value to local resources. As part of the initiatives promoted by the Association, on December 7, 2018, in Rome, at the *Parco Tirreno Residence*, a Conference was held on the subject "Physiology of a crisis. A systemic response". Numerous young adults participated, who had taken earlier taken part in the *Lab.Ora* schools held in Campania; Piedmont\-Valle D'Aosta\-Liguria; Sicily; and Emilia Romagna\- Marche. Authoritative speakers intervened with their contributions. From September 22 to October 5, 2019, he was on mission to China, which included diplomatic meetings with local authorities, inter\-religious dialogue and formation reserved for some ecclesial communities. In particular, at the invitation of the Venerable Shi Yong Xin, 30th Abbot of the Temple of Shaolin, a culture recognized in 2010 by UNESCO, as World Cultural Heritage. During the mission, at the suggestion of Bishop Sun Jigen, he coordinated the formation for priests, religious and laity in the Diocese of Handan, the main Center of study of the Christian faith for the whole of China. Since 2017 he is President of the Observatory on Religious Minorities in the World and on Respect for Religious Freedom. An Observatory promoted by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and of International Cooperation (MAECI). "The activity of the Observatory is part of the Italian foreign policy in favor of the protection and promotion of the freedom of religion, of public profession of religious belief, of the rights of those belonging to ethnic and religious minorities, in bilateral and multilateral relationships and in programs of Cooperation towards development, with particular attention to the new generations, so that they acquire awareness of the protection of human rights". (Statutes, art 1\.2\) "The Observatory coordinates, through MAECI, its action with the work carried out by the Italian diplomatic missions abroad on themes and projects of common interest and keeping in line with the objectives assigned (Statutes, art. 3\.1\) Since 2002 he coordinates the Italian Delegation which participates at the "National Prayer Breakfast" (NPB) in Washington, which in 2019 is the 67th edition. The NPB is the biggest inter\-religious network of leaders (an international Convention is held every year in Washington, with invitations from an *ad hoc* Commission of the Senate and the Congress of the US, with the ruling President and Vice President always present) who recognize in Jesus, regardless of the profession of a faith or belonging to a particular religion, a "model" of leadership which places at the center universal values of the Gospel and therefore the human person, their integral dignity, ideals of peace and solidarity among the Nations. Over 150 Countries are represented every year. He was a speaker at the 63° NPB, on February 4, 2015, the only European Christian to give a speech during the session dedicated to the Middle East, together with Jewish and Muslim speakers on the theme "Family, Middle East and Pope Francis". He is member of the International Charismatic Consultation (ICC), an ecumenical organization which brings together the principal Christian charismatic leaders of the world (representing over 400 million Christians). He is International Vice\-president of Youth Arise International (YAI), a project of formation for evangelization for the youth, which organizes events throughout the world, in particular gatherings leading to the World Youth Day organized by the Vatican with the presence of the Pope (the first YAI gathering was held in 1997 in France). He is the founding member of the committee and of the Association *Scienza e Vita* (Science and Life), a national Body with local offices throughout Italy, to which men and women of various ideals and inspirations involved in the field of bioethics are involved. He is a historical member of the "Forum of Family Associations", a national body which brings together 48 Associations, 18 Regional Forums and 564 Associations for the promotion and safeguard of the rights of the family. From 2011 to 2014, he was Member of the Office of Presidency of *Rete in Opera*, for two terms, a national Body to which 20 Associations and Movements \- Catholic or of Christian inspiration – adhere to, a widespread "Work of networks" founded on the principles of social Doctrine of the Church, expression of the autonomy and of the constitutive role of civil society on issues of major public relevance. He participated as Auditor, nominated by the Pope, at the XIII Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops on the theme: "The new Evangelization for the transmission of the Christian faith" held in the Vatican from October 7 to 28, 2012\. He was part of the Delegation of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, on the invitation of the Authorities of Israel, Jordan and Palestine, on the occasion of the Pontifical journey of Pope Francis to the Holy Land (May 24–26, 2014\). As President of Renewal in the Spirit of Italy he organized and presided at the Olympic Stadium of Rome (June 1–2, 2014\), with the special presence of Pope Francis, the 37th Convocation of the Renewal with 52\.000 participants represented by 64 Countries. It was the first time that a Pope intervened at a Gathering in a Stadium organized by an ecclesial Movement. As President of RnS he organized and presided in St. Peter's Square (3 July 2015\) an International event "Voices in prayer for the martyrs of today. For a spiritual Ecumenism and for an Ecumenism of blood", with the participation of Pope Francis, on the occasion of the 38th Convocation of the Renewal. 11 high level Representatives of the three Christian traditions intervened (Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox) and artists Andrea Bocelli, Noa, Don Moen, Darlene Zschech with 35\.000 participants. As President of RnS, since 2007 he plans, presides and leads an annual, special National Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, with song and music, mystagogical conferences and spiritual experiences in the principal places of the Christian faith, even through the involvement of the Arab Christian community in Israel and in Palestine, as well as the representatives of the 3 Abrahamic religions present in the Holy Land, beginning with the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Custos of the Holy Land. As President of RnS from 2008 he plans, presides and leads an annual National Pilgrimage of Families for the Family in Pompei, a popular gesture of prayer which unites grandparents, parents and children through the "Rosary of the Family", in collaboration with Pontifical Council for the Family (now Dicastery for Laity, Family and Life), with the Office of the Bishops’ Conference for the Family and the National Forum of Family Associations. As President of the Vatican Foundation "CIFN", on the occasion of the Extraordinary Synod of Bishops on the Family, under the aegis of the Secretary General of the Synod, he organized and presided at the Pontifical Urbaniana University (Rome, 11 October 2014\) an International Conference on the theme: "A glimpse of truth and of mercy on the Family in the Middle East. Speakers: Patriarchs Card. Béchara Boutros RAÏ, (for the Maronites), Fouad TWAL (for the Latins), Ignace Youssif III YOUNAN, (for the Syrians), Louis Raphaël I SAKO (for the Chaldeans). As President of the Vatican Foundation "CIFN", following the publication of the Apostolic Exhortation of Pope Francis on love in the family, "Amoris Laetitia", he organized and presided, at the Pontifical Urbaniana University (Rome, 21 September 2016\), an International Conference on the theme: "The mother of all crisis is spiritual! For a Culture of encounter (Pope Francis)", an intercultural reading with high level representatives of the three monotheistic religions. Among these Maria Teresa Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and Mohammad Sammak, member of the Board of Presidency of World Conference Religion for Peace. As President of the Observatory on Religious Minorities in the World and on the Respect for Religious Freedom promoted by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and of International Cooperation (MAECI), he organized and presided \- in Rome (21 December 2017, Auditorium of the Pontifical Antonianum University and the Sala Conferenze Internazionali at the Palazzo della Farnesina) and Assisi (22 December, Sala Papale del Sacro Convento, Sala della Spogliazione del Palazzo Vescovile and the Porziuncola in the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli) \- an International Conference on the theme: "Dialogue among cultures and religions in the promotion of peace: 800 years of Franciscan presence in the Holy Land" in collaboration with the Custos of the Holy Land, and the participation of the high level diplomatic and religious representatives from the Middle East as well as those accredited in Italy, belonging to the three Abrahamic religious traditions. ### Organizations * International Charismatic Consultation, an ecumenical organization that brings together the principal Christian charismatic leaders in the world. * Association "Scienza e Vita"[Founding member of the Committee and the Associazione Scienza e Vita](http://www.scienzaevita.org/soci_fondatori.php?&R_pagina=4) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042744/http://www.scienzaevita.org/soci\_fondatori.php?\&R\_pagina\=4 \|date\=2014\-08\-08 }} (brings together bodies of Christian inspiration in the bioethical field.) * Directive of the "Forum of Family Associations" which brings together 52 Associations, Bodies and Institutions linked to the promotion of the family * Office of the presidency of "Rete in Opera"[Member of the Board of Presidency Rete in Opera](https://archive.today/20130413105102/http://www.retinopera.it/actions/archives.do?action=view&id=11) which brings together the 18 principal catholic organizations or of Christian inspiration who operate in the social field in Italy (2011\-2014\) * Foundation, Institute of human promotion "Mons. Francesco Di Vincenzo",[President of the Foundation, Institute of human promotion Mons. Francesco Di Vincenzo](http://www.fondazionemonsdivincenzo.it/content/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12&Itemid=11) a corporate body to work for the integration of social forms that are the foundation of human dignity (Church, family, education, work), which has given birth to "Polo di eccellenza della solidarietà e della promozione umana «Mario e [Luigi Sturzo](/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo "Luigi Sturzo")»", a social work for the redemption of prisoners and their families. President 2000\- * Foundation "Casa Museo Sturzo" \- President * Foundation "Alleanza del Rinnovamento nello Spirito" \- President * Foundation Moldova "Alleanza del RnS" \- President * Youth Arise International \- International vice president
[ "Positions and main activities\n-----------------------------", "Since 1997, Martinez was the first layperson to preside the *Rinnovamento nello Spirito Santo*. He was succeeded by Giuseppe :Peppino\" Contaldo, alias. RnS is a private association of faithful whose statutes have been recognized by the Italian Bishops’ Conference (CEI) and by the [Holy See](/wiki/Holy_See \"Holy See\"). It has around 1,900 groups and communities in Italy, with over 250,000 participants, nine overseas missions (among which are in [Moldova](/wiki/Moldova \"Moldova\") \\[and [Transnistria](/wiki/Transnistria \"Transnistria\")], [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), and [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\")), schools of formation, a publishing house, a foundation for the promotion of social utility projects, and a cooperative for event organization.", "Since 2012 Martinez served as the president of the Vatican foundation \"International Center Family of Nazareth\" (CIFN) erected *ex audientia* by [Pope Benedict XVI](/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI \"Pope Benedict XVI\") on October 17, 2012, with juridical canonical public and Vatican civil personality, for the development of the Magisterium of the Family in the world, with a special mandate to build and manage the \"Home of the Pope for families\" in Nazareth,[International Center for the Family in Nazareth](http://www.rns-italia.it/news/Terra%20Santa/CIpF.htm) as an ecumenical and interreligious way of dialogue and of peace in the Middle East.", "As President of the Vatican Foundation, \"International Center Family of Nazareth,\" on November 15 and 16 he intervened at the «World Tolerance Summit», held at the Armani Hotel in [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\") (UAE). The conference, first worldwide event on the theme of tolerance, peace and of the cultural understanding of humanity, was promoted by the International Institute for Tolerance under the patronage of [Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum](/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum \"Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum\"), UAE Vice President, Prime Minister and Emirate of Dubai, and attended by over 1,500 government leaders.", "On January 2, 2018 he was nominated Personal Representative of the OSCE 2018 Chairperson\\-in\\-Office for Dimension 3, to \"Combat Racism, Xenophobia and Discrimination, with a focus on Intolerance and Discrimination against Christians and members of Other Religions\". The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe represents 57 Countries (Europe 44, Asia 11, USA and Canada, representing a population of over one billion) The mission of OSCE is articulated into 3 Dimensions: Politics \\- military Security; Economy and environment; Human rights.", "As part of the OSCE Representation, he was one of the promoters and organizers of the International Conference of Rome on the \"Responsibility of States, Institutions and Individuals in the fight against Anti\\-Semitism in the OSCE area\", scheduled within the framework of the Italian OSCE Presidency 2018, held in Rome on January 29, 2018 at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation \\- Hall of International Conferences.", "He went on mission to Toronto in Canada, (October 1–2\\) \\- Montreal (October 3\\) \\- Ottawa (October 4–5\\), on a \"joint visit\" with the other two special Representatives of the OSCE Presidency, Rabbi Andrew Baker (for Antisemitism) and prof. Bulent Senay (for Islamophobia). The visit included several meetings and hearings with the main Representatives of government Institutions and of civil society.", "During the year 2018, within the OSCE context, he intervened as Speaker in the following international meetings:\n* European Academy of Religion (EuARe), I Annual Conference, Inaugural Address, Bologna, 5 March 2018\\);\n* Working Group Breakfast on Intercultural and Religious, organized by the specific Commission of European Parliament, on the theme: \"Freedom\" (Bruselles, 23–25 April 2018\\);\n* International Ministerial Conference on the theme of victims of ethnic and religious violence in the Middle East, organized by the Government of Belgium and Lebanon (Bruselles, 14 May 2018\\);\n* 15th European Meeting of the Balkans – inspired by the tradition of the National Prayer Breakfast – organized by a Commission of the Parliament of Albania, on the subject: \"Love your neighbor as yourself\" (Tirana, 25–27 May 2018\\);\n* International Seminar Supplementary Human Dimension Meeting, organized by OSCE and ODIHR, on the subject: \"Child Trafficking – From Prevention to Protection\" (Vienna, 28–29 May 2018\\);\n* International Conference on the theme: \"Religious freedom in Russia. The way of dialogue\", organized by \"St. Gregory the Theologian Charity Foundation\" of the Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow in collaboration with the Presidency of the Russian Federation (Moscow, 31 May 2018\\);\n* \"Faith and Freedom Summit: practicing what we preach in Europe\", organized by the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europa (28 June 2018 \\- Solvay Library, Bruselles);\n* International Conference on the theme: \"Interreligious Engagement and Freedom of Religion or Belief (FoRB): a new policy approach for the Mediterranean\", organized by OSCE, Institute for the Studies of International Politics – ISPI and the University of Sussex (London, 12 July 2018, The House of Commons, Palace of Westminster).\n* \"Human Dimension Implementation Meeting\" (HDIM), organized by ODIHR \\- Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights) (Warsaw, 10–21 September 2018, Sofitel Victoria Warsaw Hotel).\n* \"VI Congress of Leaders world and traditional Religions\" (Astana, 10 – 11 October 2018, The Palace of Peace and Accord).\n* Conference \"Combatting Intolerance and Discrimination, with a Focus on Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief: Towards a Comprehensive Response in the OSCE Region\", organized by ODIHR and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Rome, 22 October), Hall of International Conferences of the Ministry (Farnesina).\n* 25th Ministerial Council Meeting, to conclude the Italian OSCE Presidency 2018, held in Milan at the MI.CO Conference Center.", "He is Consultor, a nomination of Pope Benedict XVI, ad quinquennium, from April 2012, of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelization.[Consulter of the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization](http://www.annusfidei.va/content/novaevangelizatio/en/segreteria/membriconsultori.html)", "He was Consultor, until the dissolution of the Dicastery, of the Pontifical Council for the Laity, nominated ad quinquennium by Pope Benedict XVI in March 2008, appointment renewed by Pope Francis in 2013\\.[Consulter of the Pontifical Council for the Laity](https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/laity/laity_it/presentazione/membri_it.htm)", "He was Consultor, until the dissolution of the Dicastery, of the Pontifical Council for the Family [Pontifical Council for the Family](/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_the_Family \"Pontifical Council for the Family\"),[Consulter of the Pontifical Council for the Family](http://www.familiam.org/famiglia_eng/about_us/00002567_Members_and_Consulters.html) nominated ad quinquennium by Pope Benedict XVI, in September 2009, appointment renewed by Pope Francis in 2014\\.", "Since 1997 he is president of *Fondazione \"Alleanza del Rinnovamento nello Spirito Onlus\"*, an organization recognized by the Republic of Italy and the Bishops' Conference of Italy, which operates in the field of formation of formators with the organization and the promotion of national and interregional Schools dedicated to families, to youth, to animators and operators in the social field, as well as through specific initiatives for the reduction of social discomfort of disadvantaged persons. From 2002, the Foundation has begun a mission in Chisinau, capital of the Republic of Moldova, with the creation of a missionary Center and of a Home to welcome the poor; it has also stipulated protocols of understanding with government socio\\-health Institutions to take care of children afflicted with mental handicap.", "Since 2014, in agreement with Prison Fellowship Italia onlus and RnS, in collaboration with the Ministry of Justice and the Inspectorate General of the Prison Chaplains, on the occasion of Christmas the foundation promotes *\"L'Altra Cucina... Per un Pranzo d'Amore\"* (The Other Kitchen ... For a Lunch of Love), a great charity event of \"social justice\" in favor of prisoners. In 2018 the initiative was held in 13 prisons of Italy involving over 2,500 prisoners.", "Since 2000 he is president of the foundation, Institute of human promotion \"Mons. Francesco Di Vincenzo\", a charitable organization (recognized by the Republic of Italy in 1995\\) and Ecclesiastical (recognized by the Diocese of Piazza Armerina in 1989\\) for the integration of social formations which are the basis of the dignity of the human person (Church, Family, Culture, Work). The Foundation has created the \"Mario e Luigi Sturzo ‘Polo of excellence of solidarity and human promotion’\", at the Historical site of the Sturzo Brothers (now owned by the Diocese of Piazza Armerina), a social Work for the redemption of prisoners, former prisoners and their families, as well as unaccompanied immigrant children.", "On the occasion of the centenary of *\"Appello ai liberi e forti\"* (Appeal to the free and strong) (18 January 2019\\), initiatives are planned to remember and celebrate the spiritual, human, cultural and political heritage of the thought of don Luigi Sturzo. In particular, an International Conference in Caltagirone, on April 12–14, to review the relevance of the 12 explanatory points of the Appeal.", "Since April 2016 he is President of the Association *\"Laudato si\"*{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.associazionelaudatosi.org/ \\|title\\=Laudato Si \\- per una leadership di successo \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-20 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120192332/http://www.associazionelaudatosi.org/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} for the national project \"*Lab.Ora*. A thousand youth for a leadership of service\". The Initiative represents a response implementing the appeal of Pope Francis to Christians present at the V National Ecclesial Convention, of Florence 2015\\. It is an innovative and systemic, interdisciplinary format open to international developments and collaborations, which brings together an expert and representative group of laypeople, ecclesiastics and academics who have decided to get involved in a free and generous personal testimony at the service of young people who distinguish themselves in local communities, for the creation of a new generation of leaders and for their new social and political leadership in Italy, in a special way through innovation in giving value to local resources.", "As part of the initiatives promoted by the Association, on December 7, 2018, in Rome, at the *Parco Tirreno Residence*, a Conference was held on the subject \"Physiology of a crisis. A systemic response\". Numerous young adults participated, who had taken earlier taken part in the *Lab.Ora* schools held in Campania; Piedmont\\-Valle D'Aosta\\-Liguria; Sicily; and Emilia Romagna\\- Marche. Authoritative speakers intervened with their contributions.", "From September 22 to October 5, 2019, he was on mission to China, which included diplomatic meetings with local authorities, inter\\-religious dialogue and formation reserved for some ecclesial communities. In particular, at the invitation of the Venerable Shi Yong Xin, 30th Abbot of the Temple of Shaolin, a culture recognized in 2010 by UNESCO, as World Cultural Heritage. During the mission, at the suggestion of Bishop Sun Jigen, he coordinated the formation for priests, religious and laity in the Diocese of Handan, the main Center of study of the Christian faith for the whole of China.", "Since 2017 he is President of the Observatory on Religious Minorities in the World and on Respect for Religious Freedom. An Observatory promoted by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and of International Cooperation (MAECI). \"The activity of the Observatory is part of the Italian foreign policy in favor of the protection and promotion of the freedom of religion, of public profession of religious belief, of the rights of those belonging to ethnic and religious minorities, in bilateral and multilateral relationships and in programs of Cooperation towards development, with particular attention to the new generations, so that they acquire awareness of the protection of human rights\". (Statutes, art 1\\.2\\) \"The Observatory coordinates, through MAECI, its action with the work carried out by the Italian diplomatic missions abroad on themes and projects of common interest and keeping in line with the objectives assigned (Statutes, art. 3\\.1\\)", "Since 2002 he coordinates the Italian Delegation which participates at the \"National Prayer Breakfast\" (NPB) in Washington, which in 2019 is the 67th edition. The NPB is the biggest inter\\-religious network of leaders (an international Convention is held every year in Washington, with invitations from an *ad hoc* Commission of the Senate and the Congress of the US, with the ruling President and Vice President always present) who recognize in Jesus, regardless of the profession of a faith or belonging to a particular religion, a \"model\" of leadership which places at the center universal values of the Gospel and therefore the human person, their integral dignity, ideals of peace and solidarity among the Nations. Over 150 Countries are represented every year. He was a speaker at the 63° NPB, on February 4, 2015, the only European Christian to give a speech during the session dedicated to the Middle East, together with Jewish and Muslim speakers on the theme \"Family, Middle East and Pope Francis\".", "He is member of the International Charismatic Consultation (ICC), an ecumenical organization which brings together the principal Christian charismatic leaders of the world (representing over 400 million Christians).", "He is International Vice\\-president of Youth Arise International (YAI), a project of formation for evangelization for the youth, which organizes events throughout the world, in particular gatherings leading to the World Youth Day organized by the Vatican with the presence of the Pope (the first YAI gathering was held in 1997 in France).", "He is the founding member of the committee and of the Association *Scienza e Vita* (Science and Life), a national Body with local offices throughout Italy, to which men and women of various ideals and inspirations involved in the field of bioethics are involved.", "He is a historical member of the \"Forum of Family Associations\", a national body which brings together 48 Associations, 18 Regional Forums and 564 Associations for the promotion and safeguard of the rights of the family.", "From 2011 to 2014, he was Member of the Office of Presidency of *Rete in Opera*, for two terms, a national Body to which 20 Associations and Movements \\- Catholic or of Christian inspiration – adhere to, a widespread \"Work of networks\" founded on the principles of social Doctrine of the Church, expression of the autonomy and of the constitutive role of civil society on issues of major public relevance.", "He participated as Auditor, nominated by the Pope, at the XIII Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops on the theme: \"The new Evangelization for the transmission of the Christian faith\" held in the Vatican from October 7 to 28, 2012\\.", "He was part of the Delegation of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, on the invitation of the Authorities of Israel, Jordan and Palestine, on the occasion of the Pontifical journey of Pope Francis to the Holy Land (May 24–26, 2014\\).", "As President of Renewal in the Spirit of Italy he organized and presided at the Olympic Stadium of Rome (June 1–2, 2014\\), with the special presence of Pope Francis, the 37th Convocation of the Renewal with 52\\.000 participants represented by 64 Countries. It was the first time that a Pope intervened at a Gathering in a Stadium organized by an ecclesial Movement.\nAs President of RnS he organized and presided in St. Peter's Square (3 July 2015\\) an International event \"Voices in prayer for the martyrs of today. For a spiritual Ecumenism and for an Ecumenism of blood\", with the participation of Pope Francis, on the occasion of the 38th Convocation of the Renewal. 11 high level Representatives of the three Christian traditions intervened (Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox) and artists Andrea Bocelli, Noa, Don Moen, Darlene Zschech with 35\\.000 participants.", "As President of RnS, since 2007 he plans, presides and leads an annual, special National Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, with song and music, mystagogical conferences and spiritual experiences in the principal places of the Christian faith, even through the involvement of the Arab Christian community in Israel and in Palestine, as well as the representatives of the 3 Abrahamic religions present in the Holy Land, beginning with the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Custos of the Holy Land.", "As President of RnS from 2008 he plans, presides and leads an annual National Pilgrimage of Families for the Family in Pompei, a popular gesture of prayer which unites grandparents, parents and children through the \"Rosary of the Family\", in collaboration with Pontifical Council for the Family (now Dicastery for Laity, Family and Life), with the Office of the Bishops’ Conference for the Family and the National Forum of Family Associations.", "As President of the Vatican Foundation \"CIFN\", on the occasion of the Extraordinary Synod of Bishops on the Family, under the aegis of the Secretary General of the Synod, he organized and presided at the Pontifical Urbaniana University (Rome, 11 October 2014\\) an International Conference on the theme: \"A glimpse of truth and of mercy on the Family in the Middle East. Speakers: Patriarchs Card. Béchara Boutros RAÏ, (for the Maronites), Fouad TWAL (for the Latins), Ignace Youssif III YOUNAN, (for the Syrians), Louis Raphaël I SAKO (for the Chaldeans).", "As President of the Vatican Foundation \"CIFN\", following the publication of the Apostolic Exhortation of Pope Francis on love in the family, \"Amoris Laetitia\", he organized and presided, at the Pontifical Urbaniana University (Rome, 21 September 2016\\), an International Conference on the theme: \"The mother of all crisis is spiritual! For a Culture of encounter (Pope Francis)\", an intercultural reading with high level representatives of the three monotheistic religions. Among these Maria Teresa Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and Mohammad Sammak, member of the Board of Presidency of World Conference Religion for Peace.", "As President of the Observatory on Religious Minorities in the World and on the Respect for Religious Freedom promoted by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and of International Cooperation (MAECI), he organized and presided \\- in Rome (21 December 2017, Auditorium of the Pontifical Antonianum University and the Sala Conferenze Internazionali at the Palazzo della Farnesina) and Assisi (22 December, Sala Papale del Sacro Convento, Sala della Spogliazione del Palazzo Vescovile and the Porziuncola in the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli) \\- an International Conference on the theme: \"Dialogue among cultures and religions in the promotion of peace: 800 years of Franciscan presence in the Holy Land\" in collaboration with the Custos of the Holy Land, and the participation of the high level diplomatic and religious representatives from the Middle East as well as those accredited in Italy, belonging to the three Abrahamic religious traditions.", "### Organizations", "* International Charismatic Consultation, an ecumenical organization that brings together the principal Christian charismatic leaders in the world.\n* Association \"Scienza e Vita\"[Founding member of the Committee and the Associazione Scienza e Vita](http://www.scienzaevita.org/soci_fondatori.php?&R_pagina=4) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042744/http://www.scienzaevita.org/soci\\_fondatori.php?\\&R\\_pagina\\=4 \\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-08 }} (brings together bodies of Christian inspiration in the bioethical field.)\n* Directive of the \"Forum of Family Associations\" which brings together 52 Associations, Bodies and Institutions linked to the promotion of the family\n* Office of the presidency of \"Rete in Opera\"[Member of the Board of Presidency Rete in Opera](https://archive.today/20130413105102/http://www.retinopera.it/actions/archives.do?action=view&id=11) which brings together the 18 principal catholic organizations or of Christian inspiration who operate in the social field in Italy (2011\\-2014\\)\n* Foundation, Institute of human promotion \"Mons. Francesco Di Vincenzo\",[President of the Foundation, Institute of human promotion Mons. Francesco Di Vincenzo](http://www.fondazionemonsdivincenzo.it/content/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12&Itemid=11) a corporate body to work for the integration of social forms that are the foundation of human dignity (Church, family, education, work), which has given birth to \"Polo di eccellenza della solidarietà e della promozione umana «Mario e [Luigi Sturzo](/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo \"Luigi Sturzo\")»\", a social work for the redemption of prisoners and their families. President 2000\\-\n* Foundation \"Casa Museo Sturzo\" \\- President\n* Foundation \"Alleanza del Rinnovamento nello Spirito\" \\- President\n* Foundation Moldova \"Alleanza del RnS\" \\- President\n* Youth Arise International \\- International vice president" ]
Plot ---- Sudama Pandey is a notorious criminal who runs a global operation of capturing women on camera. He operates out of London and is assisted by his two partners in crime. Be it a honeymoon bedroom, changing rooms, or girls hostels, none of these places misses the third eye—the eye of a camera. First, they capture girls on film and blackmail them, then abuse them, both physically and mentally. One girl who gets trapped by them is Sapna, an air hostess. She is a lovely girl who has dreams of making it big in her career. She found the love of her life through her fiancé, Arjun Singh. Sudama installs hidden cameras in her changing room and blackmails her into doing blue films in exchange for the hidden camera footage he took of her. Sudama does nasty things with her but gives her the film afterwards. She is brutally murdered by Sudama's gang not long after. The murder is witnessed by Ammu, who tries to rescue Sapna, but her efforts are in vain. Ammu is traumatized by the events but soon finds herself in danger as Sudama begins plotting to kill her. Meanwhile, Ammu's sister Aarti and her partner Rahul are searching for Sapna after her disappearance. Arjun, who turns out to be an A.C.P. in Mumbai, is also seeking his fiancé's whereabouts, investigating Sudama as he was the last person seen with her. His investigation leads him to London, where the only clue that could give him any answers turns out to be the sole witness, Ammu. Unfortunately, Ammu herself has gone missing. He makes all possible attempts to find her but reaches a dead end. Without Ammu, he has nowhere else to turn. The race is on to find her and solve the case. But it won't be easy, because Arjun just doesn't have to fight criminals – he also has to fight technology.
[ "Plot\n----", "Sudama Pandey is a notorious criminal who runs a global operation of capturing women on camera. He operates out of London and is assisted by his two partners in crime.", "Be it a honeymoon bedroom, changing rooms, or girls hostels, none of these places misses the third eye—the eye of a camera. First, they capture girls on film and blackmail them, then abuse them, both physically and mentally.", "One girl who gets trapped by them is Sapna, an air hostess. She is a lovely girl who has dreams of making it big in her career. She found the love of her life through her fiancé, Arjun Singh. Sudama installs hidden cameras in her changing room and blackmails her into doing blue films in exchange for the hidden camera footage he took of her. Sudama does nasty things with her but gives her the film afterwards. She is brutally murdered by Sudama's gang not long after.", "The murder is witnessed by Ammu, who tries to rescue Sapna, but her efforts are in vain. Ammu is traumatized by the events but soon finds herself in danger as Sudama begins plotting to kill her.", "Meanwhile, Ammu's sister Aarti and her partner Rahul are searching for Sapna after her disappearance. Arjun, who turns out to be an A.C.P. in Mumbai, is also seeking his fiancé's whereabouts, investigating Sudama as he was the last person seen with her. His investigation leads him to London, where the only clue that could give him any answers turns out to be the sole witness, Ammu.", "Unfortunately, Ammu herself has gone missing. He makes all possible attempts to find her but reaches a dead end. Without Ammu, he has nowhere else to turn. The race is on to find her and solve the case. But it won't be easy, because Arjun just doesn't have to fight criminals – he also has to fight technology.", "" ]
Leadership at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health ------------------------------------------------------- In August 2015, [Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health](/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health "Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health") dean [Julio Frenk](/wiki/Julio_Frenk "Julio Frenk") left to become president of the [University of Miami](/wiki/University_of_Miami "University of Miami"), and Williams was appointed as Frenk's successor as dean."[Frenk named new president of University of Miami](https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/04/frenk-named-new-president-of-university-of-miami/)". ***Harvard Gazette. Harvard University.*** April 13, 2015\. Retrieved July 21, 2016\. When announcing her appointment, then\-Harvard President [Drew Faust](/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust "Drew Gilpin Faust") called Williams a "skilled builder of bridges — between the theoretical and the practical, the domestic and the international.""Harvard Names Michelle A. Williams Its First Black Faculty Dean”. ***Boston* magazine.** February 19, 2016\. Retrieved July 13, 2022\. She was the first Black woman to lead a Harvard school.“[Public Health’s Past and Future](https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2017/11/public-healths-past-and-future),” *Harvard Magazine*, November\-December 2017, Retrieved July 12, 2022 As Harvard Chan dean, Williams has prioritized research and engagement with policy makers around pandemic response and preparedness, climate change, and systemic racism. She has also focused on supporting cross\-disciplinary research, building global coalitions and empowering nursing leadership. In addition, she has worked to increase institutional support for junior faculty. Williams has also recruited high\-profile faculty to the school, including Dr. Kizzmekia Corbett, who helped lead the groundbreaking research that led to Moderna’s mRNA COVID\-19 vaccine.[“Leading coronavirus scientist, Kizzmekia S. Corbett, to join Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health to continue vaccine development research.”](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/kizzmekia-corbett-joins-harvard-chan-school/) **Harvard Chan Press Release.** May 11, 2021\. Retrieved Sept. 6, 2022\. Corbett joined the school as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases. On campus, Williams has been “deeply attuned to the larger issue of school culture,” which among other initiatives, has meant a renewed commitment to campus diversity and inclusion.“[End\-of\-Year Report to the Harvard Chan School Community](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/deans-office/2017/06/21/2016-2017-end-of-year-report-to-the-harvard-chan-school-community/)”. **Office of the Dean.** Spring 2017\. Retrieved July 13, 2022\. She hired Lilu Barbosa as the school’s first Chief Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging Officer in June 2020 with a mandate to improve training, discussion, and support for diversity and inclusion across the campus.[Office of Diversity and Inclusion Website](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/diversity/people/barbosa/). Retrieved July 13, 2022\. Williams has been outspoken on issues of race and equity. She declared racism a public health crisis in 2020[“Racism is a public health crisis: Harvard public health dean releases statement on death of George Floyd.”](https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2020/06/02/michelle-williams-harvard-chan-school-racism-public-health/) **Boston.com.** June 2, 2020\. Retrieved July 13, 2022 and has written numerous op\-eds explaining how structural racism contributes to health disparities and poor health outcomes for many communities of color in the U.S. Another notable effort launched by Williams is the Apple Women’s Health Study, a collaboration between the Harvard Chan School, Apple, and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.[“Apple Women’s Health Study”](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/applewomenshealthstudy/) website. Retrieved Sept. 6, 2022\. The research draws upon data from more than 10,000 volunteers who agree to track their menstrual cycles on their iPhone or Apple Watch and respond to regular surveys.[“Apple Women’s Health Study releases preliminary data to help destigmatize menstrual symptoms,”](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2021/03/apple-womens-health-study-releases-preliminary-data-to-help-destigmatize-menstrual-symptoms/) Apple press release, March 9, 2021\. Retrieved Sept. 6, 2022\. The study has led to several publications, including a study showing that women were less likely to try to conceive during the first year of COVID pandemic.{{cite journal \| pmid\=35568191 \| year\=2022 \| last1\=Fruh \| first1\=V. \| last2\=Lyons \| first2\=G. \| last3\=Scalise \| first3\=A. L. \| last4\=Gallagher \| first4\=N. J. \| last5\=Jukic \| first5\=A. M. \| last6\=Baird \| first6\=D. D. \| last7\=Chaturvedi \| first7\=U. \| last8\=Suharwardy \| first8\=S. \| last9\=Onnela \| first9\=J. P. \| last10\=Williams \| first10\=M. A. \| last11\=Hauser \| first11\=R. \| last12\=Coull \| first12\=B. A. \| last13\=Mahalingaiah \| first13\=S. \| title\=Attempts to conceive and the COVID\-19 pandemic: Data from the Apple Women's Health Study \| journal\=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology \| volume\=227 \| issue\=3 \| pages\=484\.e1–484\.e17 \| doi\=10\.1016/j.ajog.2022\.05\.013 \| pmc\=9093060 }} Also under Williams' leadership, the school co\-launched [HealthLab](https://www.lpce.college.harvard.edu/healthlab), an accelerator for student\-led ventures that seek to improve public and planetary health, as part of the school’s commitment to social impact.[“The HealthLab” website](https://www.lpce.college.harvard.edu/healthlab). Retrieved Sept. 6, 2022\. Williams was appointed to a second five\-year term as dean in 2021\. In November 2022, Williams announced she would step down as dean at the end of the 2022\-23 academic year. [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/11/michelle\-williams\-to\-step\-down\-as\-harvard\-chan\-school\-dean/](https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/11/michelle-williams-to-step-down-as-harvard-chan-school-dean/). Retrieved Nov. 10, 2022\. ### Global coalitions In 2021, Williams announced a partnership between the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and a newly established school in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), the Vanke School of Public Health at [Tsinghua University](/wiki/Tsinghua_University "Tsinghua University").[“Harvard's public health school forms partnership with Chinese university to tackle global threats”.](https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/12/01/metro/harvards-public-health-school-forms-partnership-with-chinese-university-tackle-global-threats/) *The Boston Globe*, December 1, 2021\. Retrieved Sept. 6, 2022\. In addition to allowing Vanke students to take courses at Harvard, the program will allow professors and students from both universities to develop joint, cross\-national research projects. Williams, who also serves on the Vanke School’s international advisory board, believes “the solutions for the biggest threats to global population health today won't come from any one institution or one continent.” In addition, Williams, along with former director\-general of the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") [Margaret Chan](/wiki/Margaret_Chan "Margaret Chan"), founded a Global Coalition of Deans of Schools of Public Health to work on issues of global health security. Under Williams’ leadership, the school has also been involved in the [Partnership for Central America](/wiki/Partnership_for_Central_America "Partnership for Central America"), a public\-private\-academic partnership mobilizing investment to improve the quality of life for residents of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, with a goal of curbing irregular migration to the U.S.[Partnership for Central America website](https://www.centampartnership.org/), Retrieved July 13, 2022 ### [Global Nursing Leadership Program](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/global-nursing/) In April 2021, Williams oversaw the launch of the Harvard Global Nursing Leadership program, a partnership between three Harvard graduate schools — Harvard Chan School, [Harvard Kennedy](/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School") School, and [Harvard Graduate School of Education](/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education "Harvard Graduate School of Education") — and the [Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention") and the African Union to identify and train executive\-level nurses and midwives to “improve [population health](/wiki/Population_health "Population health") and generate key regulatory reforms.”[“Certificate in Global Public Health for Nurse Leaders”.](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/global-nursing/certificate/) Global Nursing Leadership Program. Retrieved July 13, 2022\. In summer 2022, the program enrolled its first African cohort,[Harvard Global Nursing Leadership Website](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/global-nursing/), retrieved July 13, 2022 with plans to expand to [Asia](/wiki/Asia "Asia"), [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America "Latin America"), [the Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean"), and [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America") in the following years. ### COVID response During the COVID pandemic, Williams co\-founded the COVID Collaborative, a diverse team of experts in health, education, and the economy.[COVID Collaborative website](https://www.covidcollaborative.us/about), retrieved July 13, 2022 They issued numerous high\-profile recommendations on the public health response to the pandemic and drafted policy briefs on topics including supporting children orphaned by COVID and improving virtual education. Williams was highly active in advocating for the U.S. to lead the charge in vaccinating the world, including by transferring technology to developing nations in the Global South to enable them to produce vaccines.[“Biden has failed to defeat COVID\-19 as promised. Here’s how he must shift his strategy”.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/01/24/biden-has-failed-defeat-covid-19-promised-heres-how-he-must-shift-his-strategy/) Washington Post, January 24, 2022, retrieved Sept. 6, 2022 She also raised an early, urgent alarm about the public health impact of Long COVID in an [article she co\-wrote](https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2109285) in the New England Journal of Medicine with Dr. Steven Phillips in August 2021\.{{cite journal \| url\=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10\.1056/NEJMp2109285 \| doi\=10\.1056/NEJMp2109285 \| title\=Confronting Our Next National Health Disaster — Long\-Haul Covid \| year\=2021 \| last1\=Phillips \| first1\=Steven \| last2\=Williams \| first2\=Michelle A. \| journal\=New England Journal of Medicine \| volume\=385 \| issue\=7 \| pages\=577–579 \| pmid\=34192429 \| s2cid\=235696667 \| doi\-access\=free }} Also during the pandemic, Williams joined [Arianna Huffington](/wiki/Arianna_Huffington "Arianna Huffington"), founder of [Thrive Global](/wiki/Thrive_Global "Thrive Global"), and Natalie Tran, the Executive Director of the CAA Foundation, in founding \#FirstRespondersFirst, a collaboration to provide frontline healthcare workers with support and advocate for increased attention to employee mental health and well\-being.[“Transcript: Coronavirus: Helping First Responders”.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/washington-post-live/2020/06/26/transcript-coronavirus-helping-first-responders/) *The Washington Post*, June 26, 2020\. Retrieved July 13, 2022\. In a June 2020 interview with [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post"), Williams argued that it was “incumbent on us to help frontline health workers recognize the very fundamental aspects of what it's going to take for them to be able to build the resilience to continue to do the thing that they have trained all their lives to do, and that is, care for others.”
[ "Leadership at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health\n-------------------------------------------------------", "In August 2015, [Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health](/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health \"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health\") dean [Julio Frenk](/wiki/Julio_Frenk \"Julio Frenk\") left to become president of the [University of Miami](/wiki/University_of_Miami \"University of Miami\"), and Williams was appointed as Frenk's successor as dean.\"[Frenk named new president of University of Miami](https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/04/frenk-named-new-president-of-university-of-miami/)\". ***Harvard Gazette. Harvard University.*** April 13, 2015\\. Retrieved July 21, 2016\\. When announcing her appointment, then\\-Harvard President [Drew Faust](/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust \"Drew Gilpin Faust\") called Williams a \"skilled builder of bridges — between the theoretical and the practical, the domestic and the international.\"\"Harvard Names Michelle A. Williams Its First Black Faculty Dean”. ***Boston* magazine.** February 19, 2016\\. Retrieved July 13, 2022\\. She was the first Black woman to lead a Harvard school.“[Public Health’s Past and Future](https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2017/11/public-healths-past-and-future),” *Harvard Magazine*, November\\-December 2017, Retrieved July 12, 2022", "As Harvard Chan dean, Williams has prioritized research and engagement with policy makers around pandemic response and preparedness, climate change, and systemic racism. She has also focused on supporting cross\\-disciplinary research, building global coalitions and empowering nursing leadership. In addition, she has worked to increase institutional support for junior faculty.", "Williams has also recruited high\\-profile faculty to the school, including Dr. Kizzmekia Corbett, who helped lead the groundbreaking research that led to Moderna’s mRNA COVID\\-19 vaccine.[“Leading coronavirus scientist, Kizzmekia S. Corbett, to join Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health to continue vaccine development research.”](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/kizzmekia-corbett-joins-harvard-chan-school/) **Harvard Chan Press Release.** May 11, 2021\\. Retrieved Sept. 6, 2022\\. Corbett joined the school as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases.", "On campus, Williams has been “deeply attuned to the larger issue of school culture,” which among other initiatives, has meant a renewed commitment to campus diversity and inclusion.“[End\\-of\\-Year Report to the Harvard Chan School Community](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/deans-office/2017/06/21/2016-2017-end-of-year-report-to-the-harvard-chan-school-community/)”. **Office of the Dean.** Spring 2017\\. Retrieved July 13, 2022\\. She hired Lilu Barbosa as the school’s first Chief Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging Officer in June 2020 with a mandate to improve training, discussion, and support for diversity and inclusion across the campus.[Office of Diversity and Inclusion Website](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/diversity/people/barbosa/). Retrieved July 13, 2022\\.", "Williams has been outspoken on issues of race and equity. She declared racism a public health crisis in 2020[“Racism is a public health crisis: Harvard public health dean releases statement on death of George Floyd.”](https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2020/06/02/michelle-williams-harvard-chan-school-racism-public-health/) **Boston.com.** June 2, 2020\\. Retrieved July 13, 2022 and has written numerous op\\-eds explaining how structural racism contributes to health disparities and poor health outcomes for many communities of color in the U.S.", "Another notable effort launched by Williams is the Apple Women’s Health Study, a collaboration between the Harvard Chan School, Apple, and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.[“Apple Women’s Health Study”](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/applewomenshealthstudy/) website. Retrieved Sept. 6, 2022\\. The research draws upon data from more than 10,000 volunteers who agree to track their menstrual cycles on their iPhone or Apple Watch and respond to regular surveys.[“Apple Women’s Health Study releases preliminary data to help destigmatize menstrual symptoms,”](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2021/03/apple-womens-health-study-releases-preliminary-data-to-help-destigmatize-menstrual-symptoms/) Apple press release, March 9, 2021\\. Retrieved Sept. 6, 2022\\. The study has led to several publications, including a study showing that women were less likely to try to conceive during the first year of COVID pandemic.{{cite journal \\| pmid\\=35568191 \\| year\\=2022 \\| last1\\=Fruh \\| first1\\=V. \\| last2\\=Lyons \\| first2\\=G. \\| last3\\=Scalise \\| first3\\=A. L. \\| last4\\=Gallagher \\| first4\\=N. J. \\| last5\\=Jukic \\| first5\\=A. M. \\| last6\\=Baird \\| first6\\=D. D. \\| last7\\=Chaturvedi \\| first7\\=U. \\| last8\\=Suharwardy \\| first8\\=S. \\| last9\\=Onnela \\| first9\\=J. P. \\| last10\\=Williams \\| first10\\=M. A. \\| last11\\=Hauser \\| first11\\=R. \\| last12\\=Coull \\| first12\\=B. A. \\| last13\\=Mahalingaiah \\| first13\\=S. \\| title\\=Attempts to conceive and the COVID\\-19 pandemic: Data from the Apple Women's Health Study \\| journal\\=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology \\| volume\\=227 \\| issue\\=3 \\| pages\\=484\\.e1–484\\.e17 \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/j.ajog.2022\\.05\\.013 \\| pmc\\=9093060 }}", "Also under Williams' leadership, the school co\\-launched [HealthLab](https://www.lpce.college.harvard.edu/healthlab), an accelerator for student\\-led ventures that seek to improve public and planetary health, as part of the school’s commitment to social impact.[“The HealthLab” website](https://www.lpce.college.harvard.edu/healthlab). Retrieved Sept. 6, 2022\\.", "Williams was appointed to a second five\\-year term as dean in 2021\\.", "In November 2022, Williams announced she would step down as dean at the end of the 2022\\-23 academic year. [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/11/michelle\\-williams\\-to\\-step\\-down\\-as\\-harvard\\-chan\\-school\\-dean/](https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/11/michelle-williams-to-step-down-as-harvard-chan-school-dean/). Retrieved Nov. 10, 2022\\.", "### Global coalitions", "In 2021, Williams announced a partnership between the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and a newly established school in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\"), the Vanke School of Public Health at [Tsinghua University](/wiki/Tsinghua_University \"Tsinghua University\").[“Harvard's public health school forms partnership with Chinese university to tackle global threats”.](https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/12/01/metro/harvards-public-health-school-forms-partnership-with-chinese-university-tackle-global-threats/) *The Boston Globe*, December 1, 2021\\. Retrieved Sept. 6, 2022\\. In addition to allowing Vanke students to take courses at Harvard, the program will allow professors and students from both universities to develop joint, cross\\-national research projects.", "Williams, who also serves on the Vanke School’s international advisory board, believes “the solutions for the biggest threats to global population health today won't come from any one institution or one continent.” In addition, Williams, along with former director\\-general of the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") [Margaret Chan](/wiki/Margaret_Chan \"Margaret Chan\"), founded a Global Coalition of Deans of Schools of Public Health to work on issues of global health security.", "Under Williams’ leadership, the school has also been involved in the [Partnership for Central America](/wiki/Partnership_for_Central_America \"Partnership for Central America\"), a public\\-private\\-academic partnership mobilizing investment to improve the quality of life for residents of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, with a goal of curbing irregular migration to the U.S.[Partnership for Central America website](https://www.centampartnership.org/), Retrieved July 13, 2022", "### [Global Nursing Leadership Program](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/global-nursing/)", "In April 2021, Williams oversaw the launch of the Harvard Global Nursing Leadership program, a partnership between three Harvard graduate schools — Harvard Chan School, [Harvard Kennedy](/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School \"Harvard Kennedy School\") School, and [Harvard Graduate School of Education](/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education \"Harvard Graduate School of Education\") — and the [Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention\") and the African Union to identify and train executive\\-level nurses and midwives to “improve [population health](/wiki/Population_health \"Population health\") and generate key regulatory reforms.”[“Certificate in Global Public Health for Nurse Leaders”.](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/global-nursing/certificate/) Global Nursing Leadership Program. Retrieved July 13, 2022\\.", "In summer 2022, the program enrolled its first African cohort,[Harvard Global Nursing Leadership Website](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/global-nursing/), retrieved July 13, 2022 with plans to expand to [Asia](/wiki/Asia \"Asia\"), [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America \"Latin America\"), [the Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\"), and [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") in the following years.", "### COVID response", "During the COVID pandemic, Williams co\\-founded the COVID Collaborative, a diverse team of experts in health, education, and the economy.[COVID Collaborative website](https://www.covidcollaborative.us/about), retrieved July 13, 2022 They issued numerous high\\-profile recommendations on the public health response to the pandemic and drafted policy briefs on topics including supporting children orphaned by COVID and improving virtual education.", "Williams was highly active in advocating for the U.S. to lead the charge in vaccinating the world, including by transferring technology to developing nations in the Global South to enable them to produce vaccines.[“Biden has failed to defeat COVID\\-19 as promised. Here’s how he must shift his strategy”.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/01/24/biden-has-failed-defeat-covid-19-promised-heres-how-he-must-shift-his-strategy/) Washington Post, January 24, 2022, retrieved Sept. 6, 2022", "She also raised an early, urgent alarm about the public health impact of Long COVID in an [article she co\\-wrote](https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2109285) in the New England Journal of Medicine with Dr. Steven Phillips in August 2021\\.{{cite journal \\| url\\=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10\\.1056/NEJMp2109285 \\| doi\\=10\\.1056/NEJMp2109285 \\| title\\=Confronting Our Next National Health Disaster — Long\\-Haul Covid \\| year\\=2021 \\| last1\\=Phillips \\| first1\\=Steven \\| last2\\=Williams \\| first2\\=Michelle A. \\| journal\\=New England Journal of Medicine \\| volume\\=385 \\| issue\\=7 \\| pages\\=577–579 \\| pmid\\=34192429 \\| s2cid\\=235696667 \\| doi\\-access\\=free }}", "Also during the pandemic, Williams joined [Arianna Huffington](/wiki/Arianna_Huffington \"Arianna Huffington\"), founder of [Thrive Global](/wiki/Thrive_Global \"Thrive Global\"), and Natalie Tran, the Executive Director of the CAA Foundation, in founding \\#FirstRespondersFirst, a collaboration to provide frontline healthcare workers with support and advocate for increased attention to employee mental health and well\\-being.[“Transcript: Coronavirus: Helping First Responders”.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/washington-post-live/2020/06/26/transcript-coronavirus-helping-first-responders/) *The Washington Post*, June 26, 2020\\. Retrieved July 13, 2022\\.", "In a June 2020 interview with [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\"), Williams argued that it was “incumbent on us to help frontline health workers recognize the very fundamental aspects of what it's going to take for them to be able to build the resilience to continue to do the thing that they have trained all their lives to do, and that is, care for others.”", "" ]
Operation --------- In [manually operated](/wiki/Repeating_firearm%23Manual "Repeating firearm#Manual") firearms, such as [bolt\-action](/wiki/Bolt-action "Bolt-action"), [lever\-action](/wiki/Lever-action "Lever-action"), and [pump\-action](/wiki/Pump-action "Pump-action") [rifles](/wiki/Rifle "Rifle") or [shotguns](/wiki/Shotgun "Shotgun"), the bolt is held fixed by its locking lugs during firing, forcing all the expanding gas forward. It is manually unlocked and moved to extract the spent casing and chamber another round. In a [self\-loading firearm](/wiki/Self-loading_firearm "Self-loading firearm") ([semi\-automatic](/wiki/Semi-automatic_firearm "Semi-automatic firearm"), [burst fire](/wiki/Burst_mode_%28weapons%29 "Burst mode (weapons)"), or [fully\-automatic](/wiki/Automatic_firearm "Automatic firearm")), the bolt cycles back and forward between each shot, propelled back by [recoil](/wiki/Recoil "Recoil") ([recoil operation](/wiki/Recoil_operation "Recoil operation")) or the expanding gas ([blowback](/wiki/Blowback_%28firearms%29 "Blowback (firearms)") and [gas operation](/wiki/Gas_operation "Gas operation")) and forward by a [spring](/wiki/Spring_%28device%29 "Spring (device)"). When it moves back, the [extractor](/wiki/Extractor_%28firearms%29 "Extractor (firearms)") pulls the spent casing of the previous shot from the chamber, and once the case is clear out of the chamber, the ejector kicks the case out of the firearm. When the bolt moves forward, it picks up a new cartridge from the [magazine](/wiki/Magazine_%28firearms%29 "Magazine (firearms)") and pushes it into the chamber. A [telescoping bolt](/wiki/Telescoping_bolt "Telescoping bolt") is a bolt that wraps around the breech end of the barrel. This bolt design is often used to reduce overall weapon length without sacrificing barrel length or bolt weight. A turn bolt refers to a firearm component where the whole bolt without using a bolt carrier turns to lock/unlock. This is mostly used to describe manually operated bolt action firearms, but also on some automatic firearms. The most common locking mechanism on rifles is a [rotating bolt](/wiki/Rotating_bolt "Rotating bolt"), which can be classified as a rigid type of bolt lock. Semi\-rigid bolt locks have their locking elements movably mounted on either the bolt, barrel or breech housing and using a bolt carrier. Examples of semi\-rigid bolt locks are [roller\-locked](/wiki/Roller-locked "Roller-locked") bolts, or ball bearings as on [Heym SR 30](/wiki/Heym_SR_30 "Heym SR 30") or [Anschütz 1827 Fortner](/wiki/Ansch%C3%BCtz_1827_Fortner "Anschütz 1827 Fortner") (both [straight\-pull rifles](/wiki/Straight-pull_rifles "Straight-pull rifles")).
[ "Operation\n---------", "In [manually operated](/wiki/Repeating_firearm%23Manual \"Repeating firearm#Manual\") firearms, such as [bolt\\-action](/wiki/Bolt-action \"Bolt-action\"), [lever\\-action](/wiki/Lever-action \"Lever-action\"), and [pump\\-action](/wiki/Pump-action \"Pump-action\") [rifles](/wiki/Rifle \"Rifle\") or [shotguns](/wiki/Shotgun \"Shotgun\"), the bolt is held fixed by its locking lugs during firing, forcing all the expanding gas forward. It is manually unlocked and moved to extract the spent casing and chamber another round.", "In a [self\\-loading firearm](/wiki/Self-loading_firearm \"Self-loading firearm\") ([semi\\-automatic](/wiki/Semi-automatic_firearm \"Semi-automatic firearm\"), [burst fire](/wiki/Burst_mode_%28weapons%29 \"Burst mode (weapons)\"), or [fully\\-automatic](/wiki/Automatic_firearm \"Automatic firearm\")), the bolt cycles back and forward between each shot, propelled back by [recoil](/wiki/Recoil \"Recoil\") ([recoil operation](/wiki/Recoil_operation \"Recoil operation\")) or the expanding gas ([blowback](/wiki/Blowback_%28firearms%29 \"Blowback (firearms)\") and [gas operation](/wiki/Gas_operation \"Gas operation\")) and forward by a [spring](/wiki/Spring_%28device%29 \"Spring (device)\"). When it moves back, the [extractor](/wiki/Extractor_%28firearms%29 \"Extractor (firearms)\") pulls the spent casing of the previous shot from the chamber, and once the case is clear out of the chamber, the ejector kicks the case out of the firearm. When the bolt moves forward, it picks up a new cartridge from the [magazine](/wiki/Magazine_%28firearms%29 \"Magazine (firearms)\") and pushes it into the chamber.", "A [telescoping bolt](/wiki/Telescoping_bolt \"Telescoping bolt\") is a bolt that wraps around the breech end of the barrel. This bolt design is often used to reduce overall weapon length without sacrificing barrel length or bolt weight.", "A turn bolt refers to a firearm component where the whole bolt without using a bolt carrier turns to lock/unlock. This is mostly used to describe manually operated bolt action firearms, but also on some automatic firearms.", "The most common locking mechanism on rifles is a [rotating bolt](/wiki/Rotating_bolt \"Rotating bolt\"), which can be classified as a rigid type of bolt lock. Semi\\-rigid bolt locks have their locking elements movably mounted on either the bolt, barrel or breech housing and using a bolt carrier. Examples of semi\\-rigid bolt locks are [roller\\-locked](/wiki/Roller-locked \"Roller-locked\") bolts, or ball bearings as on [Heym SR 30](/wiki/Heym_SR_30 \"Heym SR 30\") or [Anschütz 1827 Fortner](/wiki/Ansch%C3%BCtz_1827_Fortner \"Anschütz 1827 Fortner\") (both [straight\\-pull rifles](/wiki/Straight-pull_rifles \"Straight-pull rifles\")).", "" ]
Coaching career --------------- After his professional playing career, Noël moved into coaching. He began in the [East Coast Hockey League](/wiki/East_Coast_Hockey_League "East Coast Hockey League"), spending one season as head coach of the [Roanoke Valley Rebels](/wiki/Roanoke_Valley_Rebels_%28ECHL%29 "Roanoke Valley Rebels (ECHL)") then two seasons as head coach of the [Dayton Bombers](/wiki/Dayton_Bombers "Dayton Bombers"). Noël moved to the [International Hockey League](/wiki/International_Hockey_League_%281945%E2%80%932001%29 "International Hockey League (1945–2001)")'s [Kalamazoo Wings](/wiki/Kalamazoo_Wings "Kalamazoo Wings") (later the renamed the [Michigan K\-Wings](/wiki/Michigan_K-Wings "Michigan K-Wings")), spending two seasons as assistant coach and two seasons as head coach. From there, Noël moved on to take an assistant coaching job with the [Milwaukee Admirals](/wiki/Milwaukee_Admirals "Milwaukee Admirals") also of the IHL and later the [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League "American Hockey League"). After three seasons in Milwaukee, Noël went back to the ECHL for one season as the head coach of the [Toledo Storm](/wiki/Toledo_Storm "Toledo Storm"). In 2003, Noël returned to the Admirals as head coach. In his first season, the Admirals won the [Calder Cup](/wiki/Calder_Cup "Calder Cup"). Noël was awarded the Louis A. Pieri Memorial Award as Coach of the Year. Noël spent three more seasons in Milwaukee, leading the team to winning record each season. In 2007, Noël was hired by [Ken Hitchcock](/wiki/Ken_Hitchcock "Ken Hitchcock") and the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets "Columbus Blue Jackets") as an assistant coach. On February 3, 2010, Noël was named interim head coach of the Columbus Blue Jackets, after Ken Hitchcock was relieved of his coaching duties. The team went 10–8–6 under Noël, but his contract was not renewed at the end of the season. On June 18, 2010, Noël was offered the head coaching position for the Vancouver Canucks AHL affiliate, the [Manitoba Moose](/wiki/Manitoba_Moose "Manitoba Moose").{{cite web\|last\=Lawless\|first\=Gary\|title\=Moose offer coaching job to Noel\|url\=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/hockey/moose/Moose\-offer\-coaching\-job\-to\-Noel\-96669319\.html\|publisher\=Winnipeg Free Press\|date\=2010\-06\-18}} Noël was officially introduced to the media as the new head coach of the Manitoba Moose on June 21, 2010\.{{cite web\|last\=Lawless\|first\=Gary\|title\=REPLAY: Moose announce new coach\|url\=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/hockey/moose/LIVE\-Moose\-announce\-new\-coach\-96768209\.html\|publisher\=Winnipeg Free Press\|date\=2010\-06\-21}} Coincidentally, Columbus hired [Scott Arniel](/wiki/Scott_Arniel "Scott Arniel"), Manitoba's former coach, for the head coach job in [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets "Columbus Blue Jackets"). The return of the NHL to Winnipeg forced the Moose to relocate in June 2011\. [True North Sports and Entertainment](/wiki/True_North_Sports_and_Entertainment "True North Sports and Entertainment"), owners of both the new Winnipeg NHL team and the Moose, received permission from the Canucks to interview Noël for their vacant head coaching job. On June 24, Noël was named the head coach of the [Winnipeg Jets](/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets "Winnipeg Jets").{{cite web\|last\=Wiebe\|first\=Ken\|title\=Noel to be named Winnipeg NHL head coach \|url\=http://www.winnipegsun.com/2011/06/23/noel\-to\-be\-named\-head\-coach\|publisher\=Winnipeg Free Press\|date\=2011\-06\-23}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/Noel\-named\-as\-Winnipeg\-head\-coach\-124427079\.html\|publisher\=Noel named as Winnipeg Head Coach\|title\=Noel named as Winnipeg Head Coach\|accessdate\=2011\-06\-23\|date\=2011\-06\-23}} He was fired on January 12, 2014 and replaced by former [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes "Carolina Hurricanes") and [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs "Toronto Maple Leafs") head coach [Paul Maurice](/wiki/Paul_Maurice "Paul Maurice").{{cite web\|last\=Tait\|first\=Ed\|title\=Jets fire Noel, hire Paul Maurice\|url\=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/hockey/jets/Jets\-fire\-Noel\-hire\-Paul\-Maurice\-\-239822921\.html\|publisher\=Winnipeg Free Press\|date\=2014\-01\-12}} On November 30, 2014, Noël was announced as the head coach of the [WHL](/wiki/Western_Hockey_League "Western Hockey League") [Vancouver Giants](/wiki/Vancouver_Giants "Vancouver Giants").{{cite web\|last\=Frapp\|first\=A\|title\=WHL's Vancouver Giants hire Claude Noel as head coach\|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/whl\-s\-vancouver\-giants\-hire\-claude\-noel\-as\-head\-coach\-1\.2855599\|publisher\=CBC.ca\|date\=2014\-11\-30}} He coached the team for the remainder of the season before a mutual parting of ways at the season's conclusion. On August 4, 2015, Noël was named as a pro scout of the NHL [New Jersey Devils](/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils "New Jersey Devils").{{cite web\|title\=Andre Savard, Claude Noel named pro scouts\|url\=http://devils.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\=776265\|publisher\=NHL.com\|date\=2015\-08\-04}}
[ "Coaching career\n---------------", "After his professional playing career, Noël moved into coaching. He began in the [East Coast Hockey League](/wiki/East_Coast_Hockey_League \"East Coast Hockey League\"), spending one season as head coach of the [Roanoke Valley Rebels](/wiki/Roanoke_Valley_Rebels_%28ECHL%29 \"Roanoke Valley Rebels (ECHL)\") then two seasons as head coach of the [Dayton Bombers](/wiki/Dayton_Bombers \"Dayton Bombers\"). Noël moved to the [International Hockey League](/wiki/International_Hockey_League_%281945%E2%80%932001%29 \"International Hockey League (1945–2001)\")'s [Kalamazoo Wings](/wiki/Kalamazoo_Wings \"Kalamazoo Wings\") (later the renamed the [Michigan K\\-Wings](/wiki/Michigan_K-Wings \"Michigan K-Wings\")), spending two seasons as assistant coach and two seasons as head coach. From there, Noël moved on to take an assistant coaching job with the [Milwaukee Admirals](/wiki/Milwaukee_Admirals \"Milwaukee Admirals\") also of the IHL and later the [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\"). After three seasons in Milwaukee, Noël went back to the ECHL for one season as the head coach of the [Toledo Storm](/wiki/Toledo_Storm \"Toledo Storm\").", "In 2003, Noël returned to the Admirals as head coach. In his first season, the Admirals won the [Calder Cup](/wiki/Calder_Cup \"Calder Cup\"). Noël was awarded the Louis A. Pieri Memorial Award as Coach of the Year. Noël spent three more seasons in Milwaukee, leading the team to winning record each season.", "In 2007, Noël was hired by [Ken Hitchcock](/wiki/Ken_Hitchcock \"Ken Hitchcock\") and the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\") as an assistant coach. On February 3, 2010, Noël was named interim head coach of the Columbus Blue Jackets, after Ken Hitchcock was relieved of his coaching duties. The team went 10–8–6 under Noël, but his contract was not renewed at the end of the season.", "On June 18, 2010, Noël was offered the head coaching position for the Vancouver Canucks AHL affiliate, the [Manitoba Moose](/wiki/Manitoba_Moose \"Manitoba Moose\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Lawless\\|first\\=Gary\\|title\\=Moose offer coaching job to Noel\\|url\\=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/hockey/moose/Moose\\-offer\\-coaching\\-job\\-to\\-Noel\\-96669319\\.html\\|publisher\\=Winnipeg Free Press\\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-18}} Noël was officially introduced to the media as the new head coach of the Manitoba Moose on June 21, 2010\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Lawless\\|first\\=Gary\\|title\\=REPLAY: Moose announce new coach\\|url\\=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/hockey/moose/LIVE\\-Moose\\-announce\\-new\\-coach\\-96768209\\.html\\|publisher\\=Winnipeg Free Press\\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-21}} Coincidentally, Columbus hired [Scott Arniel](/wiki/Scott_Arniel \"Scott Arniel\"), Manitoba's former coach, for the head coach job in [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\").", "The return of the NHL to Winnipeg forced the Moose to relocate in June 2011\\. [True North Sports and Entertainment](/wiki/True_North_Sports_and_Entertainment \"True North Sports and Entertainment\"), owners of both the new Winnipeg NHL team and the Moose, received permission from the Canucks to interview Noël for their vacant head coaching job. On June 24, Noël was named the head coach of the [Winnipeg Jets](/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets \"Winnipeg Jets\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Wiebe\\|first\\=Ken\\|title\\=Noel to be named Winnipeg NHL head coach \\|url\\=http://www.winnipegsun.com/2011/06/23/noel\\-to\\-be\\-named\\-head\\-coach\\|publisher\\=Winnipeg Free Press\\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-23}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/Noel\\-named\\-as\\-Winnipeg\\-head\\-coach\\-124427079\\.html\\|publisher\\=Noel named as Winnipeg Head Coach\\|title\\=Noel named as Winnipeg Head Coach\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-23\\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-23}} He was fired on January 12, 2014 and replaced by former [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") and [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs \"Toronto Maple Leafs\") head coach [Paul Maurice](/wiki/Paul_Maurice \"Paul Maurice\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Tait\\|first\\=Ed\\|title\\=Jets fire Noel, hire Paul Maurice\\|url\\=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/hockey/jets/Jets\\-fire\\-Noel\\-hire\\-Paul\\-Maurice\\-\\-239822921\\.html\\|publisher\\=Winnipeg Free Press\\|date\\=2014\\-01\\-12}} On November 30, 2014, Noël was announced as the head coach of the [WHL](/wiki/Western_Hockey_League \"Western Hockey League\") [Vancouver Giants](/wiki/Vancouver_Giants \"Vancouver Giants\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Frapp\\|first\\=A\\|title\\=WHL's Vancouver Giants hire Claude Noel as head coach\\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/whl\\-s\\-vancouver\\-giants\\-hire\\-claude\\-noel\\-as\\-head\\-coach\\-1\\.2855599\\|publisher\\=CBC.ca\\|date\\=2014\\-11\\-30}} He coached the team for the remainder of the season before a mutual parting of ways at the season's conclusion.", "On August 4, 2015, Noël was named as a pro scout of the NHL [New Jersey Devils](/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils \"New Jersey Devils\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Andre Savard, Claude Noel named pro scouts\\|url\\=http://devils.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\\=776265\\|publisher\\=NHL.com\\|date\\=2015\\-08\\-04}}", "" ]
Plot summary ------------ Emily Byrd Starr longs to attend Queen's Academy to earn her teaching licence, but her tradition\-bound relatives at New Moon refuse. She is instead offered the chance to go to Shrewsbury High School with her friends, on two conditions. The first is that she board with her disliked Aunt Ruth, but it is the second that causes Emily difficulties. Emily must not write (aside from schoolwork) during her high\-school education. At first, Emily refuses the offer, unable to contemplate a life without any writing. Cousin Jimmy changes the condition slightly, saying that she cannot write anything that is not true, meaning she must not write stories for the duration of her high school education. Emily does not think this much of an improvement but it turns out to be an excellent exercise for her budding writing career. Emily clashes with the ever\-suspicious Aunt Ruth, who must know all but rarely believes it. After more than a year of Aunt Ruth's disrespect and arbitrariness, Emily walks the seven miles back to New Moon in the dead of night, only to walk back after fully venting her feelings to Cousin Jimmy. Emily's friendship with Ilse Burnley is tested by Evelyn Blake, the school's would\-be writer, who is jealous and condescending. Emily vanquishes her once and for all when she finds physical proof that Evelyn plagiarized an old poem to win a school contest. Rather than tell everyone about it, Emily only shows the evidence to Evelyn who admits she did it so her father would allow her to take a trip to Vancouver if she won. Thanks to Aunt Elizabeth's ban on writing fiction, Emily starts to develop her powers of storytelling, writing 'portraits' of people and keeping a journal diligently. Through a series of adventures, Emily is furnished with materials to write stories and poems, and even sees monetary success with the short story "The Woman Who Spanked the King," as told to her by an addled Scottish woman. In the meantime, Emily also begins to see romantic possibilities for her life. She and Teddy Kent draw closer, but due to misunderstandings and interference from Teddy's jealous mother, the romance stalls. Emily refuses a proposal from her childhood friend Perry Miller, and her cousin Andrew, but continues her long\-lasting friendship with Dean Priest. At the end of the novel, Emily, now a budding young writer, is offered the opportunity to move to New York with the famous writer Janet Royal to jumpstart her career. After much thought and hesitation, Emily chooses to remain at her beloved New Moon, intent on finding fame her own way.
[ "Plot summary\n------------", "Emily Byrd Starr longs to attend Queen's Academy to earn her teaching licence, but her tradition\\-bound relatives at New Moon refuse. She is instead offered the chance to go to Shrewsbury High School with her friends, on two conditions. The first is that she board with her disliked Aunt Ruth, but it is the second that causes Emily difficulties. Emily must not write (aside from schoolwork) during her high\\-school education. At first, Emily refuses the offer, unable to contemplate a life without any writing. Cousin Jimmy changes the condition slightly, saying that she cannot write anything that is not true, meaning she must not write stories for the duration of her high school education. Emily does not think this much of an improvement but it turns out to be an excellent exercise for her budding writing career.", "Emily clashes with the ever\\-suspicious Aunt Ruth, who must know all but rarely believes it. After more than a year of Aunt Ruth's disrespect and arbitrariness, Emily walks the seven miles back to New Moon in the dead of night, only to walk back after fully venting her feelings to Cousin Jimmy.", "Emily's friendship with Ilse Burnley is tested by Evelyn Blake, the school's would\\-be writer, who is jealous and condescending. Emily vanquishes her once and for all when she finds physical proof that Evelyn plagiarized an old poem to win a school contest. Rather than tell everyone about it, Emily only shows the evidence to Evelyn who admits she did it so her father would allow her to take a trip to Vancouver if she won.", "Thanks to Aunt Elizabeth's ban on writing fiction, Emily starts to develop her powers of storytelling, writing 'portraits' of people and keeping a journal diligently. Through a series of adventures, Emily is furnished with materials to write stories and poems, and even sees monetary success with the short story \"The Woman Who Spanked the King,\" as told to her by an addled Scottish woman.", "In the meantime, Emily also begins to see romantic possibilities for her life. She and Teddy Kent draw closer, but due to misunderstandings and interference from Teddy's jealous mother, the romance stalls. Emily refuses a proposal from her childhood friend Perry Miller, and her cousin Andrew, but continues her long\\-lasting friendship with Dean Priest.", "At the end of the novel, Emily, now a budding young writer, is offered the opportunity to move to New York with the famous writer Janet Royal to jumpstart her career. After much thought and hesitation, Emily chooses to remain at her beloved New Moon, intent on finding fame her own way.", "" ]
By\-Elections ------------- ### No. 22 Granby, 27 November 1912 Caused by the election to alderman of Councillor John Lea (Liberal, Granby, elected unopposed 1 November 1911\)[1911 Liverpool City Council election\#Granby](/wiki/1911_Liverpool_City_Council_election%23Granby "1911 Liverpool City Council election#Granby") on 9 November 1912 {{Election box begin \| title\=No. 22 \[\[Granby (Liverpool ward)\|Granby]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= Conservative Party (UK) \|candidate \= '''James Waterworth''' \|votes \= '''978''' \|percentage \= '''44%''' \|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= \|candidate \= John Parry Edwards \|votes \= 664 \|percentage \= 30% \|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= \|candidate \= \[\[Arthur Kilpin Bulley]] \|votes \= 577 \|percentage \= 26% \|change \= }} {{Election box majority\| \|votes \= 314 \|percentage \= 14% \|change \= ''N/A'' }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors \= }} {{Election box turnout\| \|votes \= 2,219 \|percentage \= \|change \= }} {{Election box gain with party link\| \|winner \= Conservative Party (UK) \|loser \= Liberal Party (UK) \|swing \= }} {{Election box end}} {{Cite web \|url\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrMnRGNE9XZFFGaEU \|title\=Liverpool City Council \- Proceedings of the Council 1912\-1913 page 74 \|access\-date\= 19 May 2017 }} ### No. 6 Breckfield, 29 January 1913 Caused by Councillor Frank John Leslie (Conservative, Breckfield, elected 1 November 1911\) being elected as an alderman by the Council on 8 January 1913\. {{Election box begin \| title\=No. 6 \[\[Breckfield (Liverpool ward)\|Breckfield]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= Conservative Party (UK) \|candidate \= '''Edward Powell''' \|votes \= '''966''' \|percentage \= '''53%''' \|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= \|candidate \= William Charles Clothier \|votes \= 495 \|percentage \= 27% \|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= Labour Party (UK) \|candidate \= Robert Donaldson \|votes \= 372 \|percentage \= 20% \|change \= }} {{Election box majority\| \|votes \= 471 \|percentage \= \|change \= }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors \= 4,176 }} {{Election box turnout\| \|votes \= 1,833 \|percentage \= 44% \|change \= }} {{Election box hold with party link\| \|winner \= Conservative Party (UK) \|swing \= }} {{Election box end}} {{Cite web \|url\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\=0B5tU3qJPIYtreUgzNXZicGtWLXc \|title\=Liverpool City Council \- Proceedings of the Council 1912\-1913 page 161 \|access\-date\= 19 May 2017 }} ### No. 3A Walton, 17 March 1913 Caused by the death of Councillor Sampson Gannon (Conservative, Walton, elected 1 November 1911\) {{Cite web \|url\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrbWdielRJbmx1TkU \|title\=Liverpool City Council \- Proceedings of the Council 1912\-1913 page 3 \|access\-date\= 19 May 2017 }} on 19 January 1913\. {{Cite web \|url\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrX1VhNjFwanFkczA \|title\=Liverpool City Council \- Proceedings of the Council 1912\-1913 page 153 \|access\-date\= 19 May 2017 }} {{Election box begin \| title\=No. 3a \[\[Walton (Liverpool ward)\|Walton]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= Conservative Party (UK) \|candidate \= '''James Conrad Cross''' \|votes \= '''1,106''' \|percentage \= '''%''' \|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= \|candidate \= James Hughes \|votes \= 763 \|percentage \= % \|change \= }} {{Election box majority\| \|votes \= 343 \|percentage \= \|change \= }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors \= 5,181 }} {{Election box turnout\| \|votes \= 1,869 \|percentage \= % \|change \= }} {{Election box hold with party link\| \|winner \= Conservative Party (UK) \|swing \= }} {{Election box end}} {{Cite web \|url\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrc2g5TlhVTkJPTVU \|title\=Liverpool City Council \- Proceedings of the Council 1912\-1913 page 256 \|access\-date\= 19 May 2017 }} ### No. 21 Abercromby, 18 March 1913 Caused by the death of Councillor Thomas James Smith junr. (Conservative, Abercromby, elected 1 November 1910\) {{Cite web \|url\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrVWgzVFJkb1VpU2c \|title\=Liverpool City Council \- Proceedings of the Council 1910\-1911 page 3 \|access\-date\= 19 May 2017 }} {{Election box begin \| title\=No. 21 \[\[Abercromby (Liverpool ward)\|Abercromby]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= \|candidate \= '''Francis James Strong Heaney''' \|votes \= '''unopposed''' \|percentage \= \|change \= }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors \= }} {{Election box gain with party link\| \|winner \= \|loser \= \|swing \= }} {{Election box end}} {{Cite web \|url\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrQUxjcXVBckRiaUE \|title\=Liverpool City Council \- Proceedings of the Council 1912\-1913 page 257 \|access\-date\= 19 May 2017 }} ### No. 29 Aigburth, 18 March 1913 Caused by Councillor Hartley Wilson (Conservative, Aigburth, elected 1 November 1911\) being elected as an alderman by the Council on 5 March 1913\. {{Election box begin \| title\=No. 29 \[\[Aigburth (Liverpool ward)\|Aigburth]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= Conservative Party (UK) \|candidate \= '''William James Burgess''' \|votes \= '''unopposed''' \|percentage \= \|change \= }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors \= }} {{Election box hold with party link\| \|winner \= Conservative Party (UK) \|swing \= }} {{Election box end}} The Term of Office to expire on 1 November 1914\. {{Cite web \|url\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrUTUyY09zVkJfY1U \|title\=Liverpool City Council \- Proceedings of the Council 1912\-1913 page 258 \|access\-date\= 19 May 2017 }} ### No. 31 Fazakerley, 19 March 1913 Caused by the resignation of Councillor Dr. Henry Herbert Clarke (Conservative, Fazakerley, elected 1 November 1911\) . {{Cite web \|url\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrQm81c1RLWGlhdkk \|title\=Liverpool City Council \- Proceedings of the Council 1911\-1912 page 4 \|access\-date\= 19 May 2017 }} {{Election box begin \| title\=No. 31 \[\[Fazakerley (Liverpool ward)\|Fazakerley]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= Conservative Party (UK) \|candidate \= '''George Brodrick Smith\-Brodrick''' \|votes \= '''unopposed''' \|percentage \= \|change \= }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors \= 752 }} {{Election box hold with party link\| \|winner \= Conservative Party (UK) \|swing \= }} {{Election box end}} {{Cite web \|url\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrZk1vbHZraldQTzQ \|title\=Liverpool City Council \- Proceedings of the Council 1912\-1913 page 259 \|access\-date\= 19 May 2017 }} ### No. 5A Wavertree West, 8 April 1913 Caused by the resignation of Councillor Edmund Gerson Jackson (Conservative, Wavertree West, elected 1 November 1911\) {{Election box begin \| title\=No. 5A \[\[Wavertree West (Liverpool ward)\|Wavertree West]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= Conservative Party (UK) \|candidate \= '''Dennis Benjamin Seaman''' \|votes \= '''901''' \|percentage \= '''%''' \|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= \|candidate \= Clement Freeman \|votes \= 604 \|percentage \= % \|change \= }} {{Election box majority\| \|votes \= 297 \|percentage \= \|change \= }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors \= 3,673 }} {{Election box turnout\| \|votes \= 1,505 \|percentage \= % \|change \= }} {{Election box hold with party link\| \|winner \= Conservative Party (UK) \|swing \= }} {{Election box end}} {{Cite web \|url\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrWkFGV1o5aHJZWUE \|title\=Liverpool City Council \- Proceedings of the Council 1912\-1913 page 364 \|access\-date\= 19 May 2017 }} ### No. 13 North Scotland, 15 July 1913 Caused by Councillor George Jeremy Lynskey ([Irish Nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_%28Ireland%29 "Nationalist Party (Ireland)"), North Scotland, elected 1 November 1910\) being elected as an alderman by the Council on 2 July 1913\. {{Election box begin \| title\=No. 13 \[\[North Scotland (Liverpool ward)\|North Scotland]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= Nationalist Party (Ireland) \|candidate \= '''William John Loughrey''' \|votes \= '''unopposed''' \|percentage \= \|change \= }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors \= }} {{Election box hold with party link\| \|winner \= Nationalist Party (Ireland) \|swing \= }} {{Election box end}} The Term of Office to expire on 1 November 1913 {{Cite web \|url\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrMTJUOHFZT3lfOXM \|title\=Liverpool City Council \- Proceedings of the Council 1912\-1913 page 452 \|access\-date\= 19 May 2017 }} ### No. 2 Kirkdale, 14 October 1913 Caused by the election as an alderman of Councillor John Utting (Conservative, Kirkdale, elected 1 November 1912\) on 30 July 1913\. {{Election box begin \| title\=No. 2 \[\[Kirkdale (Liverpool ward)\|Kirkdale]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= Conservative Party (UK) \|candidate \= '''John Lucas Rankin''' \|votes \= '''1,304''' \|percentage \= '''61%''' \|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= Labour Party (UK) \|candidate \= James Clayton \|votes \= 846 \|percentage \= 39% \|change \= }} {{Election box majority\| \|votes \= 458 \|percentage \= \|change \= }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors \= 6,401 }} {{Election box turnout\| \|votes \= 2,150 \|percentage \= 34% \|change \= }} {{Election box hold with party link\| \|winner \= Conservative Party (UK) \|swing \= }} {{Election box end}} {{Cite web \|url\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrNS1uUkN0OHQxTms \|title\=Liverpool City Council \- Proceedings of the Council 1912\-1913 page 528 \|access\-date\= 19 May 2017 }} ### No. 4 Fairfield, 14 October 1913 Caused by Councillor Francis L'Estrange Joseph (Liberal, Fairfield, elected 1 November 1912\) ceasing to be a councillor. {{Election box begin \| title\=No. 4 \[\[Fairfield (Liverpool ward)\|Fairfield]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= Liberal Party (UK) \|candidate \= '''Joseph Lucas''' \|votes \= '''956''' \|percentage \= '''%''' \|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party \= \|candidate \= John Waterworth \|votes \= 861 \|percentage \= % \|change \= }} {{Election box majority\| \|votes \= 509 \|percentage \= \|change \= }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors \= 3,991 }} {{Election box turnout\| \|votes \= 1,817 \|percentage \= 46% \|change \= }} {{Election box hold with party link\| \|winner \= Liberal Party (UK) \|swing \= }} {{Election box end}} {{Cite web \|url\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrQk4tVmpxT0k5NWM \|title\=Liverpool City Council \- Proceedings of the Council 1912\-1913 page 529 \|access\-date\= 19 May 2017 }}
[ "By\\-Elections\n-------------", "### No. 22 Granby, 27 November 1912", "Caused by the election to alderman of Councillor John Lea (Liberal, Granby, elected unopposed 1 November 1911\\)[1911 Liverpool City Council election\\#Granby](/wiki/1911_Liverpool_City_Council_election%23Granby \"1911 Liverpool City Council election#Granby\") on 9 November 1912", "{{Election box begin \\| title\\=No. 22 \\[\\[Granby (Liverpool ward)\\|Granby]]}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= '''James Waterworth'''\n \\|votes \\= '''978'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''44%'''\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= \n \\|candidate \\= John Parry Edwards\n \\|votes \\= 664\n \\|percentage \\= 30%\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= \n \\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Arthur Kilpin Bulley]]\n \\|votes \\= 577\n \\|percentage \\= 26%\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 314\n \\|percentage \\= 14%\n \\|change \\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box Registered electors\n \\|reg. electors \\= \n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 2,219\n \\|percentage \\= \n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Liberal Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrMnRGNE9XZFFGaEU\n\\|title\\=Liverpool City Council \\- Proceedings of the Council 1912\\-1913 page 74\n\\|access\\-date\\= 19 May 2017 }}", "### No. 6 Breckfield, 29 January 1913", "Caused by Councillor Frank John Leslie (Conservative, Breckfield, elected 1 November 1911\\) being elected as an alderman by the Council on 8 January 1913\\.", "{{Election box begin \\| title\\=No. 6 \\[\\[Breckfield (Liverpool ward)\\|Breckfield]]}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Edward Powell'''\n \\|votes \\= '''966'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''53%'''\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= \n \\|candidate \\= William Charles Clothier\n \\|votes \\= 495\n \\|percentage \\= 27%\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= Robert Donaldson\n \\|votes \\= 372\n \\|percentage \\= 20%\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 471\n \\|percentage \\= \n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box Registered electors\n \\|reg. electors \\= 4,176\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,833\n \\|percentage \\= 44%\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\\=0B5tU3qJPIYtreUgzNXZicGtWLXc\n\\|title\\=Liverpool City Council \\- Proceedings of the Council 1912\\-1913 page 161\n\\|access\\-date\\= 19 May 2017 }}", "### No. 3A Walton, 17 March 1913", "Caused by the death of Councillor Sampson Gannon (Conservative, Walton, elected 1 November 1911\\)", "{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrbWdielRJbmx1TkU\n\\|title\\=Liverpool City Council \\- Proceedings of the Council 1912\\-1913 page 3\n\\|access\\-date\\= 19 May 2017 }} on 19 January 1913\\.\n{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrX1VhNjFwanFkczA\n\\|title\\=Liverpool City Council \\- Proceedings of the Council 1912\\-1913 page 153\n\\|access\\-date\\= 19 May 2017 }}", "{{Election box begin \\| title\\=No. 3a \\[\\[Walton (Liverpool ward)\\|Walton]]}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= '''James Conrad Cross'''\n \\|votes \\= '''1,106'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''%'''\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= \n \\|candidate \\= James Hughes\n \\|votes \\= 763\n \\|percentage \\= %\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 343\n \\|percentage \\= \n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box Registered electors\n \\|reg. electors \\= 5,181\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,869\n \\|percentage \\= %\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrc2g5TlhVTkJPTVU\n\\|title\\=Liverpool City Council \\- Proceedings of the Council 1912\\-1913 page 256\n\\|access\\-date\\= 19 May 2017 }}", "### No. 21 Abercromby, 18 March 1913", "Caused by the death of Councillor Thomas James Smith junr. (Conservative, Abercromby, elected 1 November 1910\\)", "{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrVWgzVFJkb1VpU2c\n\\|title\\=Liverpool City Council \\- Proceedings of the Council 1910\\-1911 page 3\n\\|access\\-date\\= 19 May 2017 }}", "{{Election box begin \\| title\\=No. 21 \\[\\[Abercromby (Liverpool ward)\\|Abercromby]]}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= \n \\|candidate \\= '''Francis James Strong Heaney'''\n \\|votes \\= '''unopposed'''\n \\|percentage \\= \n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box Registered electors\n \\|reg. electors \\= \n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= \n \\|loser \\= \n \\|swing \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrQUxjcXVBckRiaUE\n\\|title\\=Liverpool City Council \\- Proceedings of the Council 1912\\-1913 page 257\n\\|access\\-date\\= 19 May 2017 }}", "### No. 29 Aigburth, 18 March 1913", "Caused by Councillor Hartley Wilson (Conservative, Aigburth, elected 1 November 1911\\) \nbeing elected as an alderman by the Council on 5 March 1913\\.", "{{Election box begin \\| title\\=No. 29 \\[\\[Aigburth (Liverpool ward)\\|Aigburth]]}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= '''William James Burgess'''\n \\|votes \\= '''unopposed'''\n \\|percentage \\= \n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box Registered electors\n \\|reg. electors \\= \n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "The Term of Office to expire on 1 November 1914\\.", "{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrUTUyY09zVkJfY1U\n\\|title\\=Liverpool City Council \\- Proceedings of the Council 1912\\-1913 page 258\n\\|access\\-date\\= 19 May 2017 }}", "### No. 31 Fazakerley, 19 March 1913", "Caused by the resignation of Councillor Dr. Henry Herbert Clarke (Conservative, Fazakerley, elected 1 November 1911\\)\n.\n{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrQm81c1RLWGlhdkk\n\\|title\\=Liverpool City Council \\- Proceedings of the Council 1911\\-1912 page 4\n\\|access\\-date\\= 19 May 2017 }}", "{{Election box begin \\| title\\=No. 31 \\[\\[Fazakerley (Liverpool ward)\\|Fazakerley]]}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= '''George Brodrick Smith\\-Brodrick'''\n \\|votes \\= '''unopposed'''\n \\|percentage \\= \n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box Registered electors\n \\|reg. electors \\= 752\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrZk1vbHZraldQTzQ\n\\|title\\=Liverpool City Council \\- Proceedings of the Council 1912\\-1913 page 259\n\\|access\\-date\\= 19 May 2017 }}", "### No. 5A Wavertree West, 8 April 1913", "Caused by the resignation of Councillor Edmund Gerson Jackson (Conservative, Wavertree West, \nelected 1 November 1911\\)", "{{Election box begin \\| title\\=No. 5A \\[\\[Wavertree West (Liverpool ward)\\|Wavertree West]]}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Dennis Benjamin Seaman'''\n \\|votes \\= '''901'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''%'''\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= \n \\|candidate \\= Clement Freeman\n \\|votes \\= 604\n \\|percentage \\= %\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 297\n \\|percentage \\= \n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box Registered electors\n \\|reg. electors \\= 3,673\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,505\n \\|percentage \\= %\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrWkFGV1o5aHJZWUE\n\\|title\\=Liverpool City Council \\- Proceedings of the Council 1912\\-1913 page 364\n\\|access\\-date\\= 19 May 2017 }}", "### No. 13 North Scotland, 15 July 1913", "Caused by Councillor George Jeremy Lynskey ([Irish Nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_%28Ireland%29 \"Nationalist Party (Ireland)\"), North Scotland, elected 1 November 1910\\)\n \nbeing elected as an alderman by the Council on 2 July 1913\\.", "", "{{Election box begin \\| title\\=No. 13 \\[\\[North Scotland (Liverpool ward)\\|North Scotland]]}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Nationalist Party (Ireland)\n \\|candidate \\= '''William John Loughrey'''\n \\|votes \\= '''unopposed'''\n \\|percentage \\= \n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box Registered electors\n \\|reg. electors \\= \n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Nationalist Party (Ireland)\n \\|swing \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "The Term of Office to expire on 1 November 1913", "{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrMTJUOHFZT3lfOXM\n\\|title\\=Liverpool City Council \\- Proceedings of the Council 1912\\-1913 page 452\n\\|access\\-date\\= 19 May 2017 }}", "### No. 2 Kirkdale, 14 October 1913", "Caused by the election as an alderman of Councillor John Utting (Conservative, Kirkdale, elected 1 November 1912\\)\n on 30 July 1913\\.", "", "{{Election box begin \\| title\\=No. 2 \\[\\[Kirkdale (Liverpool ward)\\|Kirkdale]]}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= '''John Lucas Rankin'''\n \\|votes \\= '''1,304'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''61%'''\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Labour Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= James Clayton\n \\|votes \\= 846\n \\|percentage \\= 39%\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 458\n \\|percentage \\= \n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box Registered electors\n \\|reg. electors \\= 6,401\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 2,150\n \\|percentage \\= 34%\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrNS1uUkN0OHQxTms\n\\|title\\=Liverpool City Council \\- Proceedings of the Council 1912\\-1913 page 528\n\\|access\\-date\\= 19 May 2017 }}", "### No. 4 Fairfield, 14 October 1913", "Caused by Councillor Francis L'Estrange Joseph (Liberal, Fairfield, elected 1 November 1912\\) ceasing to be a councillor.", "{{Election box begin \\| title\\=No. 4 \\[\\[Fairfield (Liverpool ward)\\|Fairfield]]}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Liberal Party (UK)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Joseph Lucas'''\n \\|votes \\= '''956'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''%'''\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= \n \\|candidate \\= John Waterworth\n \\|votes \\= 861\n \\|percentage \\= %\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 509\n \\|percentage \\= \n \\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box Registered electors\n \\|reg. electors \\= 3,991\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 1,817\n \\|percentage \\= 46%\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/open?id\\=0B5tU3qJPIYtrQk4tVmpxT0k5NWM\n\\|title\\=Liverpool City Council \\- Proceedings of the Council 1912\\-1913 page 529\n\\|access\\-date\\= 19 May 2017 }}", "" ]
History ------- The station dates from 1888, when the [Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway](/wiki/Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Railway "Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway") opened a direct line between Windsor Bridge Junction and Crow Nest Junction (near {{rws\|Hindley}}) to shorten its main line between Manchester and Liverpool and avoid the congested Bolton area. It was well used from the beginning and was subsequently quadrupled shortly after the turn of the century, later carrying through expresses from Manchester to [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool_Central_railway_station "Blackpool Central railway station"), {{rws\|Windermere}} and [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow_Central_station "Glasgow Central station") (again to avoid Bolton) in addition to Liverpool workings. The station became part of the [London, Midland and Scottish Railway](/wiki/London%2C_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway "London, Midland and Scottish Railway") during the [Grouping](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 "Railways Act 1921") of 1923, and then passed on to the [London Midland Region of British Railways](/wiki/London_Midland_Region_of_British_Railways "London Midland Region of British Railways") on [nationalisation](/wiki/Nationalisation "Nationalisation") in 1948\. The cutbacks of the mid to late 1960s saw all the long\-distance services diverted via other routes, rendering the additional ("fast line") tracks obsolete and they were taken out of use on 21 November 1965\. The inner tracks and platform faces on each side were retained to serve the two remaining lines to begin with (even though the tracks had previously been arranged with fast lines serving one [island platform](/wiki/Island_platform "Island platform") and the slows the other), but in the late 1980s the surviving tracks were realigned so as to serve just one of the two island platforms (the one used by the old fast lines) in order to allow the other to be abandoned.[Atherton station in 1977](https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20091015153316/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1011887) Whatley, Peter *Geograph.org*; Retrieved 20 December 2016 It was subsequently demolished and the former site is now heavily overgrown. During the early to middle 1970s, the station had a sparse service outside weekday peak periods (see British Railways timetable 95, 1974\) but in more recent times, the frequency levels have improved considerably with financial support from GMPTE, with a resultant increase in patronage. When [Sectorisation](/wiki/British_Rail_brand_names "British Rail brand names") was introduced in the 1980s, the station was served by [Regional Railways](/wiki/Regional_Railways "Regional Railways") with support from the PTE, an arrangement that continued after the [Privatisation of British Railways](/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail "Privatisation of British Rail") with co\-operation from the current operating company.
[ "History\n-------", "The station dates from 1888, when the [Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway](/wiki/Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Railway \"Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway\") opened a direct line between Windsor Bridge Junction and Crow Nest Junction (near {{rws\\|Hindley}}) to shorten its main line between Manchester and Liverpool and avoid the congested Bolton area. It was well used from the beginning and was subsequently quadrupled shortly after the turn of the century, later carrying through expresses from Manchester to [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool_Central_railway_station \"Blackpool Central railway station\"), {{rws\\|Windermere}} and [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow_Central_station \"Glasgow Central station\") (again to avoid Bolton) in addition to Liverpool workings.", "The station became part of the [London, Midland and Scottish Railway](/wiki/London%2C_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway \"London, Midland and Scottish Railway\") during the [Grouping](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 \"Railways Act 1921\") of 1923, and then passed on to the [London Midland Region of British Railways](/wiki/London_Midland_Region_of_British_Railways \"London Midland Region of British Railways\") on [nationalisation](/wiki/Nationalisation \"Nationalisation\") in 1948\\.", "The cutbacks of the mid to late 1960s saw all the long\\-distance services diverted via other routes, rendering the additional (\"fast line\") tracks obsolete and they were taken out of use on 21 November 1965\\. The inner tracks and platform faces on each side were retained to serve the two remaining lines to begin with (even though the tracks had previously been arranged with fast lines serving one [island platform](/wiki/Island_platform \"Island platform\") and the slows the other), but in the late 1980s the surviving tracks were realigned so as to serve just one of the two island platforms (the one used by the old fast lines) in order to allow the other to be abandoned.[Atherton station in 1977](https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20091015153316/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1011887) Whatley, Peter *Geograph.org*; Retrieved 20 December 2016 It was subsequently demolished and the former site is now heavily overgrown.", "During the early to middle 1970s, the station had a sparse service outside weekday peak periods (see British Railways timetable 95, 1974\\) but in more recent times, the frequency levels have improved considerably with financial support from GMPTE, with a resultant increase in patronage.", "When [Sectorisation](/wiki/British_Rail_brand_names \"British Rail brand names\") was introduced in the 1980s, the station was served by [Regional Railways](/wiki/Regional_Railways \"Regional Railways\") with support from the PTE, an arrangement that continued after the [Privatisation of British Railways](/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail \"Privatisation of British Rail\") with co\\-operation from the current operating company.", "" ]
Club career ----------- ### Super Reds Having finished last in the [2007 S\-League](/wiki/2007_S.League "2007 S.League") season, [Super Reds](/wiki/Super_Reds_FC "Super Reds FC") made several changes to their squad and Moon, along with his [Incheon Korail](/wiki/Incheon_Korail "Incheon Korail") team\-mate [Choi Young\-Min](/wiki/Choi_Young-Min "Choi Young-Min"), were signed up from the [Korea National League](/wiki/Korea_National_League "Korea National League") side for the [2008 S\-League](/wiki/2008_S.League "2008 S.League") season. Moon scored a total of seven goals during that season, netting crucial match winning goals against [Gombak United](/wiki/Gombak_United "Gombak United"){{cite web\|title\=Gombak United vs Super Reds\|url\=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2008/07/01/singapore/sleague/gombak\-united/super\-reds/552046/}} and [Courts Young Lions](/wiki/Young_Lions_%28football_team%29 "Young Lions (football team)").{{cite web\|title\=Young Lions vs Super Reds\|url\=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2008/03/02/singapore/sleague/young\-lions/super\-reds/551965/}} In 2009, Moon decided to move back to his native South Korea to join Korea National League side [Cheonan City](/wiki/Cheonan_City_FC "Cheonan City FC"). ### Cheonan City With a knee injury hampering him during his time back in the Korea National League, Moon had little playing time at Cheonan. However, he managed to score 2 goals during his maiden season in 2009 despite spending most of his time on the sidelines. He was deployed mostly as a substitute. He finish his season with 2 goals in 6 appearances for the club. In his second season with Cheonan, Moon did make an impact by coming off the bench to score a stunner for Cheonan against [Yongin City](/wiki/Yongin_City_FC "Yongin City FC") on 30 April 2010\. His knack for scoring goals when coming on as a substitute earned him the title "super\-sub".{{cite web\|title\=Cheonan City's super sub, Moon Soon Ho\|date\=3 May 2010 \|url\=http://blog.daum.net/koreanleague/133}} At the end of the 2010 Korea National League season, despite scoring 3 goals in 10 appearances, Moon was released by the club as he struggled to recover from his injury. ### Woodlands Wellington Moon would soon return to the S.League when he was snapped up by [Woodlands Wellington](/wiki/Woodlands_Wellington_FC "Woodlands Wellington FC") during the 2011 mid\-season transfer window as a free agent. Joining him at the club was fellow Korean [Hyun Jong\-Woon](/wiki/Hyun_Jong-Woon "Hyun Jong-Woon"), whom switched to the Rams from [Tanjong Pagar United](/wiki/Tanjong_Pagar_United "Tanjong Pagar United"). Moon proved to be a shrewd signing for Woodlands, as he scored 8 goals in the latter half of the season and finished the [2011 season](/wiki/2011_Woodlands_Wellington_Season "2011 Woodlands Wellington Season") as Woodlands' top scorer. Moon kick\-started the 2012 S\-League season in great fashion, earning a penalty against the favoured Courts Young Lions and calmly slotting it home in the 48th minute, putting the [Rams](/wiki/Woodlands_Wellington_FC "Woodlands Wellington FC") into the lead and ultimately winning the game for them.{{cite news\|title\=Rams shock Young Lions\|url\=http://www.justsports.com.sg/2012/02/12/rams\-shock\-young\-lions\-1\-0/\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305205128/http://www.justsports.com.sg/2012/02/12/rams\-shock\-young\-lions\-1\-0/\|archivedate\=5 March 2012}} Moon's telepathic understanding with [Lebanese Australian](/wiki/Lebanese_Australian "Lebanese Australian") attacking midfielder [Hussein Akil](/wiki/Hussein_Akil "Hussein Akil") has also been praised by football pundits, despite the pair only playing together at the start of the [2012 season](/wiki/2012_Woodlands_Wellington_Season "2012 Woodlands Wellington Season").{{cite web \|title\=Woodlands kick off their season with morale boosting win \|url\=http://www.footballopod.com/ViewArticle.aspx?id\=5771/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130123125810/http://www.footballopod.com/ViewArticle.aspx?id\=5771/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=23 January 2013 }} Moon finished as Woodlands Wellington's top scorer for the Rams' [2012 S.League season](/wiki/2012_Woodlands_Wellington_Season "2012 Woodlands Wellington Season") with 9 goals in the [S\-League](/wiki/S-League "S-League") and 1 goal in the [Singapore Cup](/wiki/Singapore_Cup "Singapore Cup"), which he scored against [Kanbawza FC](/wiki/Kanbawza_FC "Kanbawza FC"). In the [2013 S.League season](/wiki/2013_Woodlands_Wellington_Season "2013 Woodlands Wellington Season"), Moon finished as joint\-top scorer in the S.League with 15 league goals and built up a telepathic relationship with fellow Korean striker [Jang Jo\-Yoon](/wiki/Jang_Jo-Yoon "Jang Jo-Yoon") as the Rams stormed to a top\-six finish. Moon's fantastic performances also earned him a spot in the inaugural Goal.com Singapore Football Awards' Team of the Year.{{cite web\|title\=Goal Singapore Football Awards: Team of the Year \|url\=http://www.goal.com/en\-sg/news/5681/goal\-singapore\-football\-awards/2013/12/01/4445485/goal\-singapore\-football\-awards\-team\-of\-the\-year?ICID\=AR\_RS\_4}}
[ "Club career\n-----------", "### Super Reds", "Having finished last in the [2007 S\\-League](/wiki/2007_S.League \"2007 S.League\") season, [Super Reds](/wiki/Super_Reds_FC \"Super Reds FC\") made several changes to their squad and Moon, along with his [Incheon Korail](/wiki/Incheon_Korail \"Incheon Korail\") team\\-mate [Choi Young\\-Min](/wiki/Choi_Young-Min \"Choi Young-Min\"), were signed up from the [Korea National League](/wiki/Korea_National_League \"Korea National League\") side for the [2008 S\\-League](/wiki/2008_S.League \"2008 S.League\") season.", "Moon scored a total of seven goals during that season, netting crucial match winning goals against [Gombak United](/wiki/Gombak_United \"Gombak United\"){{cite web\\|title\\=Gombak United vs Super Reds\\|url\\=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2008/07/01/singapore/sleague/gombak\\-united/super\\-reds/552046/}} and [Courts Young Lions](/wiki/Young_Lions_%28football_team%29 \"Young Lions (football team)\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Young Lions vs Super Reds\\|url\\=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2008/03/02/singapore/sleague/young\\-lions/super\\-reds/551965/}}", "In 2009, Moon decided to move back to his native South Korea to join Korea National League side [Cheonan City](/wiki/Cheonan_City_FC \"Cheonan City FC\").", "### Cheonan City", "With a knee injury hampering him during his time back in the Korea National League, Moon had little playing time at Cheonan. However, he managed to score 2 goals during his maiden season in 2009 despite spending most of his time on the sidelines. He was deployed mostly as a substitute. He finish his season with 2 goals in 6 appearances for the club.\nIn his second season with Cheonan, Moon did make an impact by coming off the bench to score a stunner for Cheonan against [Yongin City](/wiki/Yongin_City_FC \"Yongin City FC\") on 30 April 2010\\. His knack for scoring goals when coming on as a substitute earned him the title \"super\\-sub\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Cheonan City's super sub, Moon Soon Ho\\|date\\=3 May 2010 \\|url\\=http://blog.daum.net/koreanleague/133}}", "At the end of the 2010 Korea National League season, despite scoring 3 goals in 10 appearances, Moon was released by the club as he struggled to recover from his injury.", "### Woodlands Wellington", "Moon would soon return to the S.League when he was snapped up by [Woodlands Wellington](/wiki/Woodlands_Wellington_FC \"Woodlands Wellington FC\") during the 2011 mid\\-season transfer window as a free agent. Joining him at the club was fellow Korean [Hyun Jong\\-Woon](/wiki/Hyun_Jong-Woon \"Hyun Jong-Woon\"), whom switched to the Rams from [Tanjong Pagar United](/wiki/Tanjong_Pagar_United \"Tanjong Pagar United\").", "Moon proved to be a shrewd signing for Woodlands, as he scored 8 goals in the latter half of the season and finished the [2011 season](/wiki/2011_Woodlands_Wellington_Season \"2011 Woodlands Wellington Season\") as Woodlands' top scorer.", "Moon kick\\-started the 2012 S\\-League season in great fashion, earning a penalty against the favoured Courts Young Lions and calmly slotting it home in the 48th minute, putting the [Rams](/wiki/Woodlands_Wellington_FC \"Woodlands Wellington FC\") into the lead and ultimately winning the game for them.{{cite news\\|title\\=Rams shock Young Lions\\|url\\=http://www.justsports.com.sg/2012/02/12/rams\\-shock\\-young\\-lions\\-1\\-0/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305205128/http://www.justsports.com.sg/2012/02/12/rams\\-shock\\-young\\-lions\\-1\\-0/\\|archivedate\\=5 March 2012}}", "Moon's telepathic understanding with [Lebanese Australian](/wiki/Lebanese_Australian \"Lebanese Australian\") attacking midfielder [Hussein Akil](/wiki/Hussein_Akil \"Hussein Akil\") has also been praised by football pundits, despite the pair only playing together at the start of the [2012 season](/wiki/2012_Woodlands_Wellington_Season \"2012 Woodlands Wellington Season\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Woodlands kick off their season with morale boosting win \\|url\\=http://www.footballopod.com/ViewArticle.aspx?id\\=5771/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130123125810/http://www.footballopod.com/ViewArticle.aspx?id\\=5771/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=23 January 2013 }}", "Moon finished as Woodlands Wellington's top scorer for the Rams' [2012 S.League season](/wiki/2012_Woodlands_Wellington_Season \"2012 Woodlands Wellington Season\") with 9 goals in the [S\\-League](/wiki/S-League \"S-League\") and 1 goal in the [Singapore Cup](/wiki/Singapore_Cup \"Singapore Cup\"), which he scored against [Kanbawza FC](/wiki/Kanbawza_FC \"Kanbawza FC\").", "In the [2013 S.League season](/wiki/2013_Woodlands_Wellington_Season \"2013 Woodlands Wellington Season\"), Moon finished as joint\\-top scorer in the S.League with 15 league goals and built up a telepathic relationship with fellow Korean striker [Jang Jo\\-Yoon](/wiki/Jang_Jo-Yoon \"Jang Jo-Yoon\") as the Rams stormed to a top\\-six finish. Moon's fantastic performances also earned him a spot in the inaugural Goal.com Singapore Football Awards' Team of the Year.{{cite web\\|title\\=Goal Singapore Football Awards: Team of the Year \\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/en\\-sg/news/5681/goal\\-singapore\\-football\\-awards/2013/12/01/4445485/goal\\-singapore\\-football\\-awards\\-team\\-of\\-the\\-year?ICID\\=AR\\_RS\\_4}}", "" ]
Architecture and decoration --------------------------- [220px\|thumb\|The sanctuary with the mihrab and minbar](/wiki/File:%C4%B0stanbul_5606.jpg "İstanbul 5606.jpg") The building has a central [Greek Cross](/wiki/Greek_Cross "Greek Cross") plan with deep [barrel vaults](/wiki/Barrel_vault "Barrel vault") over the arms, and is surmounted by a [dome](/wiki/Dome "Dome") with 16 ribs. The structure has a typically middle Byzantine [brickwork](/wiki/Brickwork "Brickwork") with alternating layers of [brick](/wiki/Brick "Brick") and stone masonry. The entry is via an [esonarthex](/wiki/Narthex "Narthex") and an exonarthex (added much later) in the west side. An upper gallery over the esonarthex, following the same plan of the one existing in the [Church of the Pantokrator](/wiki/Church_of_the_Pantokrator_%28Constantinople%29 "Church of the Pantokrator (Constantinople)"), was removed in 1854\. Also the north and south aisles along the [nave](/wiki/Nave "Nave") were destroyed, possibly during the nineteenth century too. The tall triple arches connecting the aisles with the nave are now the lower windows of the church. The sanctuary is on the east side; however, the reconstructed mihrab and minbar are in a corner to obtain the proper alignment with [Mecca](/wiki/Mecca "Mecca"). Two small chapels named *[prothesis](/wiki/Prothesis_%28altar%29 "Prothesis (altar)")* and *[diakonikon](/wiki/Diaconicon "Diaconicon")*, typical of the Byzantine churches of the middle and late period have survived. The interior decoration of the church, consisting of beautiful colored marble panels and [moldings](/wiki/Molding_%28decorative%29 "Molding (decorative)"), and of elaborated [icon](/wiki/Icon "Icon") frames, is largely extant. The building possesses two features which both represent a unicum in Istanbul: a [mosaic](/wiki/Mosaic%23Byzantine_mosaics "Mosaic#Byzantine mosaics"), one meter square, representing the "[Presentation of Christ](/wiki/Presentation_of_Christ_in_the_Temple "Presentation of Christ in the Temple")", which is the only [pre\-iconoclastic](/wiki/Iconoclasm_%28Byzantine%29 "Iconoclasm (Byzantine)") exemplar of a religious subject surviving in the city, and a cycle of frescoes of the thirteenth century (found in a chapel at the southeast corner of the building, and painted during the Latin domination) portraying the life of [Saint Francis of Assisi](/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi "Francis of Assisi").Mathews (1976\), p. 172\. This is the oldest known representation of the saint, and may have been painted only a few years after his death in 1226\. Both have now been detached and partially restored, and can be seen in the [Archaeological Museum of Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museum "Istanbul Archaeology Museum"). As a whole, the mosque of Kalenderhane represents – together with the [Gül Mosque](/wiki/G%C3%BCl_Mosque "Gül Mosque") in Istanbul, the [Church of Hagia Sophia](/wiki/Hagia_Sophia_%28Thessaloniki%29 "Hagia Sophia (Thessaloniki)") in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki") and the Church of the Dormition in (*[Koimesis](/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos "Dormition of the Theotokos")*) in [Iznik](/wiki/Iznik "Iznik") (Nicaea),This church was destroyed by an act of vandalism in 1920, but was studied some years before. Krautheimer (1986\). one of the main architectural examples of a domed Greek cross church from the [Byzantine middle period](/wiki/Byzantine_Architecture "Byzantine Architecture").Krautheimer (1986\), p. 317\. File:Kalenderhane Mosque 1315\.jpg\|Kalenderhane Mosque fresco File:Kalenderhane Mosque 4782\.jpg\|Kalenderhane Mosque interior File:Kalenderhane Mosque 4785\.jpg\|Kalenderhane Mosque interior File:Kalenderhane Mosque 4806\.jpg\|Kalenderhane Mosque interior with dome File:Kalenderhane Mosque 4830\.jpg\|Kalenderhane Mosque exterior File:Kalenderhane Mosque 7086\.jpg\|Kalenderhane Mosque exterior
[ "Architecture and decoration\n---------------------------", "[220px\\|thumb\\|The sanctuary with the mihrab and minbar](/wiki/File:%C4%B0stanbul_5606.jpg \"İstanbul 5606.jpg\")", "The building has a central [Greek Cross](/wiki/Greek_Cross \"Greek Cross\") plan with deep [barrel vaults](/wiki/Barrel_vault \"Barrel vault\") over the arms, and is surmounted by a [dome](/wiki/Dome \"Dome\") with 16 ribs. The structure has a typically middle Byzantine [brickwork](/wiki/Brickwork \"Brickwork\") with alternating layers of [brick](/wiki/Brick \"Brick\") and stone masonry. The entry is via an [esonarthex](/wiki/Narthex \"Narthex\") and an exonarthex (added much later) in the west side.", "An upper gallery over the esonarthex, following the same plan of the one existing in the [Church of the Pantokrator](/wiki/Church_of_the_Pantokrator_%28Constantinople%29 \"Church of the Pantokrator (Constantinople)\"), was removed in 1854\\. Also the north and south aisles along the [nave](/wiki/Nave \"Nave\") were destroyed, possibly during the nineteenth century too. The tall triple arches connecting the aisles with the nave are now the lower windows of the church.", "The sanctuary is on the east side; however, the reconstructed mihrab and minbar are in a corner to obtain the proper alignment with [Mecca](/wiki/Mecca \"Mecca\").", "Two small chapels named *[prothesis](/wiki/Prothesis_%28altar%29 \"Prothesis (altar)\")* and *[diakonikon](/wiki/Diaconicon \"Diaconicon\")*, typical of the Byzantine churches of the middle and late period have survived.", "The interior decoration of the church, consisting of beautiful colored marble panels and [moldings](/wiki/Molding_%28decorative%29 \"Molding (decorative)\"), and of elaborated [icon](/wiki/Icon \"Icon\") frames, is largely extant. The building possesses two features which both represent a unicum in Istanbul: a [mosaic](/wiki/Mosaic%23Byzantine_mosaics \"Mosaic#Byzantine mosaics\"), one meter square, representing the \"[Presentation of Christ](/wiki/Presentation_of_Christ_in_the_Temple \"Presentation of Christ in the Temple\")\", which is the only [pre\\-iconoclastic](/wiki/Iconoclasm_%28Byzantine%29 \"Iconoclasm (Byzantine)\") exemplar of a religious subject surviving in the city, and a cycle of frescoes of the thirteenth century (found in a chapel at the southeast corner of the building, and painted during the Latin domination) portraying the life of [Saint Francis of Assisi](/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi \"Francis of Assisi\").Mathews (1976\\), p. 172\\. This is the oldest known representation of the saint, and may have been painted only a few years after his death in 1226\\. Both have now been detached and partially restored, and can be seen in the [Archaeological Museum of Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museum \"Istanbul Archaeology Museum\").", "As a whole, the mosque of Kalenderhane represents – together with the [Gül Mosque](/wiki/G%C3%BCl_Mosque \"Gül Mosque\") in Istanbul, the [Church of Hagia Sophia](/wiki/Hagia_Sophia_%28Thessaloniki%29 \"Hagia Sophia (Thessaloniki)\") in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki \"Thessaloniki\") and the Church of the Dormition in (*[Koimesis](/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos \"Dormition of the Theotokos\")*) in [Iznik](/wiki/Iznik \"Iznik\") (Nicaea),This church was destroyed by an act of vandalism in 1920, but was studied some years before. Krautheimer (1986\\). one of the main architectural examples of a domed Greek cross church from the [Byzantine middle period](/wiki/Byzantine_Architecture \"Byzantine Architecture\").Krautheimer (1986\\), p. 317\\.", "", "File:Kalenderhane Mosque 1315\\.jpg\\|Kalenderhane Mosque fresco\nFile:Kalenderhane Mosque 4782\\.jpg\\|Kalenderhane Mosque interior\nFile:Kalenderhane Mosque 4785\\.jpg\\|Kalenderhane Mosque interior\nFile:Kalenderhane Mosque 4806\\.jpg\\|Kalenderhane Mosque interior with dome\nFile:Kalenderhane Mosque 4830\\.jpg\\|Kalenderhane Mosque exterior\nFile:Kalenderhane Mosque 7086\\.jpg\\|Kalenderhane Mosque exterior", "", "" ]
Career ------ Madcon released their first single, "God Forgive Me", in 2000 for [Virgin Records](/wiki/Virgin_Records "Virgin Records"), but their first commercial breakthrough came with the hit single "Barcelona" in 2002, which they issued with long\-time collaborators [Paperboys](/wiki/Paperboys_%28group%29 "Paperboys (group)") on the "Bonnier Amigo" record label, a division of [Cosmos Music Group](/wiki/Cosmos_Music_Group "Cosmos Music Group"), headquartered in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"). In 2004, the duo released their first official album, *It's All a Madcon*, through AA\-Recordings/Bonnier Amigo label, for which they won a Norwegian Grammy and several other awards. In 2005, Madcon became a TV personality on the Nordic music channel "The Voice" while working on their music in the studio{{citation needed\|date\=June 2012}}. The show "The Voice of Madcon", a behind\-the\-scenes look at the duo, was a great success for both Madcon and the network. In the autumn of 2007, Baqwa was invited to take part in the popular TV talent show *[Skal vi danse?](/wiki/Skal_vi_danse%3F "Skal vi danse?")*, the Norwegian version of *[Strictly Come Dancing](/wiki/Strictly_Come_Dancing "Strictly Come Dancing")*, eventually winning that year's series, the third season of the TV program{{citation needed\|date\=June 2012}}. Their second album, *So Dark, The Con of Man*, was released on December 3, 2007: in the United Kingdom, it reached number 137 on the album charts, and in Norway was certified gold in 3 hours and platinum in 3 days. The LP featured the soul singer [Noora Noor](/wiki/Noora_Noor "Noora Noor") and their friends "Paperboys" on two songs{{citation needed\|date\=June 2012}}. In 2007, the duo released a cover version of the 1967 song "[Beggin'](/wiki/Beggin%27 "Beggin'")" by [The Four Seasons](/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_%28band%29 "The Four Seasons (band)"), earning the group several \#1 chart positions in France, Portugal, Norway, and Russia and a global position of \#2 on the European [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100") chart. This version of the song reached also gold sales in the United States. In addition, they achieved 9× platinum in Norway and were No. 1 on the official Norwegian sales charts for 12 weeks, making "Beggin'" one of the biggest hits of all time in Norway. This cover of the song was created by *3Elementz* (now [ELEMENT](/wiki/Element_%28production_team%29 "Element (production team)")), who also produced the eponymous single of the album, "So Dark, The Con of Man". Madcon led the World Music Awards on November 10, 2008, and won the World's Best Selling Norwegian Artist Award. After several negotiations, their label Bonnier Amigo signed a licensing agreement with [Sony BMG](/wiki/Sony_BMG "Sony BMG") for Central Europe, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand, with [Universal Republic](/wiki/Universal_Republic "Universal Republic") in the U.S., with [Warner Music](/wiki/Warner_Music "Warner Music") in Spain, and with [Just Music](/wiki/Just_Music "Just Music") in South Africa. Madcon has also hosted the Norwegian version of *[Don't Forget the Lyrics!](/wiki/Don%27t_Forget_the_Lyrics%21 "Don't Forget the Lyrics!")*, *Kan du Teksten?*, on the Norwegian television channel "[TV 2](/wiki/TV_2_%28Norway%29 "TV 2 (Norway)")". The duo's third album, *Inconvenient Truth*, was released all over Europe in early\-to\-mid 2009 and was also produced by "ELEMENT"; the group also saw other major releases, including in the U.S., Japan, and Australia. Madcon performed their song "Glow" as the background of the "Eurovision 2010 Flashmob Dance", broadcast in the [Eurovision Song Contest 2010](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2010 "Eurovision Song Contest 2010") interval act. The single became one of the biggest hits of all time in Norway, reaching more than 10× platinum status in Norway and the same certification in Germany; also this recording was produced by ELEMENT.{{cite web \|title\=ELEMENT \|url\=http://www.elementmusicworld.com \|access\-date\=April 26, 2015}} They reached platinum status also with their 2010 hit single "[Freaky Like Me](/wiki/Freaky_Like_Me "Freaky Like Me")", featuring [Ameerah](/wiki/Ameerah_%28singer%29 "Ameerah (singer)") and produced by Dutch musician **DreamRoc'a**, also known as **Sha Arjang Shishegar** or [TJ Oosterhuis](/wiki/Tjeerd_Oosterhuis "Tjeerd Oosterhuis"); "Freaky Like Me" is the group's third biggest international hit. In 2011, the duo was awarded the International Band of the Year during the "ESKA Music Awards 2011" in [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland").{{cite web \|date\=May 29, 2011 \|title\=Alexis Jordan received the first prize \|url\=http://www.ema.eska.pl/ \|access\-date\=May 29, 2011}} In 2012, Madcon was referred to as "moccha men" during the ceremony of [Spellemannsprisen](/wiki/Spellemannsprisen "Spellemannsprisen"), a Norwegian award for musicians; the comment was apparently made as an inoffensive joke, but was perceived as racist at some level. They wrote on "SoMe" the next day that the case had now been settled and closed.[https://www.nettavisen.no/livsstil/spellemann\-skandalene\-overraskende\-klining\-rasismeanklager\-og\-nakensjokk/s/5\-95\-457377](https://www.nettavisen.no/livsstil/spellemann-skandalene-overraskende-klining-rasismeanklager-og-nakensjokk/s/5-95-457377). [Nettavisen](/wiki/Nettavisen "Nettavisen").no In 2012, Wolde\-Mariam was a mentor on the Norwegian version of *[The Voice](/wiki/The_Voice_%28TV_series%29 "The Voice (TV series)")*, known as *[The Voice: Norges beste stemme](/wiki/The_Voice_%E2%80%93_Norges_beste_stemme "The Voice – Norges beste stemme")*, a TV program also broadcast on TV 2\. In 2015, Madcon released the song *[Don't Worry](/wiki/Don%27t_Worry_%28Madcon_song%29 "Don't Worry (Madcon song)")* featuring [Ray Dalton](/wiki/Ray_Dalton "Ray Dalton"). ### Films and television series featuring Madcon's cover of "Beggin'" Madcon's cover of the song "Beggin'" was also used in the movies *Step Up 3*, *Street Dance 3D*, *Just Go With It*, and the theatrical trailer for *Bad Teacher*. It was sung by Philip Phillips on *American Idol* in 2012 and by Bill Downs and Max Milner in the battle rounds of *[The Voice UK](/wiki/The_Voice_UK "The Voice UK")* series 1\.{{cite web \|date\=April 21, 2012 \|title\=Bill Downs Vs Max Milner: Battle Performance \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00rb9rb \|access\-date\=April 26, 2015}}{{cite web \| url\=https://thevogue.com/artists/madcon/ \| title\=Madcon – the Vogue }} In 2021, Madcon appeared on the Norwegian [television series](/wiki/Television_series "Television series") *[Exit](/wiki/Exit_%28Norwegian_TV_series%29 "Exit (Norwegian TV series)")* during the 7th episode of the second season, portraying a musical duo invited to play at an open\-air party. They are heard performing, among other songs, their cover of "Beggin'".
[ "Career\n------", "Madcon released their first single, \"God Forgive Me\", in 2000 for [Virgin Records](/wiki/Virgin_Records \"Virgin Records\"), but their first commercial breakthrough came with the hit single \"Barcelona\" in 2002, which they issued with long\\-time collaborators [Paperboys](/wiki/Paperboys_%28group%29 \"Paperboys (group)\") on the \"Bonnier Amigo\" record label, a division of [Cosmos Music Group](/wiki/Cosmos_Music_Group \"Cosmos Music Group\"), headquartered in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\").", "In 2004, the duo released their first official album, *It's All a Madcon*, through AA\\-Recordings/Bonnier Amigo label, for which they won a Norwegian Grammy and several other awards.", "In 2005, Madcon became a TV personality on the Nordic music channel \"The Voice\" while working on their music in the studio{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2012}}. The show \"The Voice of Madcon\", a behind\\-the\\-scenes look at the duo, was a great success for both Madcon and the network.", "In the autumn of 2007, Baqwa was invited to take part in the popular TV talent show *[Skal vi danse?](/wiki/Skal_vi_danse%3F \"Skal vi danse?\")*, the Norwegian version of *[Strictly Come Dancing](/wiki/Strictly_Come_Dancing \"Strictly Come Dancing\")*, eventually winning that year's series, the third season of the TV program{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2012}}. Their second album, *So Dark, The Con of Man*, was released on December 3, 2007: in the United Kingdom, it reached number 137 on the album charts, and in Norway was certified gold in 3 hours and platinum in 3 days. The LP featured the soul singer [Noora Noor](/wiki/Noora_Noor \"Noora Noor\") and their friends \"Paperboys\" on two songs{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2012}}.", "In 2007, the duo released a cover version of the 1967 song \"[Beggin'](/wiki/Beggin%27 \"Beggin'\")\" by [The Four Seasons](/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_%28band%29 \"The Four Seasons (band)\"), earning the group several \\#1 chart positions in France, Portugal, Norway, and Russia and a global position of \\#2 on the European [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") chart. This version of the song reached also gold sales in the United States. In addition, they achieved 9× platinum in Norway and were No. 1 on the official Norwegian sales charts for 12 weeks, making \"Beggin'\" one of the biggest hits of all time in Norway. This cover of the song was created by *3Elementz* (now [ELEMENT](/wiki/Element_%28production_team%29 \"Element (production team)\")), who also produced the eponymous single of the album, \"So Dark, The Con of Man\".", "Madcon led the World Music Awards on November 10, 2008, and won the World's Best Selling Norwegian Artist Award. After several negotiations, their label Bonnier Amigo signed a licensing agreement with [Sony BMG](/wiki/Sony_BMG \"Sony BMG\") for Central Europe, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand, with [Universal Republic](/wiki/Universal_Republic \"Universal Republic\") in the U.S., with [Warner Music](/wiki/Warner_Music \"Warner Music\") in Spain, and with [Just Music](/wiki/Just_Music \"Just Music\") in South Africa. Madcon has also hosted the Norwegian version of *[Don't Forget the Lyrics!](/wiki/Don%27t_Forget_the_Lyrics%21 \"Don't Forget the Lyrics!\")*, *Kan du Teksten?*, on the Norwegian television channel \"[TV 2](/wiki/TV_2_%28Norway%29 \"TV 2 (Norway)\")\".", "The duo's third album, *Inconvenient Truth*, was released all over Europe in early\\-to\\-mid 2009 and was also produced by \"ELEMENT\"; the group also saw other major releases, including in the U.S., Japan, and Australia.", "Madcon performed their song \"Glow\" as the background of the \"Eurovision 2010 Flashmob Dance\", broadcast in the [Eurovision Song Contest 2010](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2010 \"Eurovision Song Contest 2010\") interval act. The single became one of the biggest hits of all time in Norway, reaching more than 10× platinum status in Norway and the same certification in Germany; also this recording was produced by ELEMENT.{{cite web \\|title\\=ELEMENT \\|url\\=http://www.elementmusicworld.com \\|access\\-date\\=April 26, 2015}} They reached platinum status also with their 2010 hit single \"[Freaky Like Me](/wiki/Freaky_Like_Me \"Freaky Like Me\")\", featuring [Ameerah](/wiki/Ameerah_%28singer%29 \"Ameerah (singer)\") and produced by Dutch musician **DreamRoc'a**, also known as **Sha Arjang Shishegar** or [TJ Oosterhuis](/wiki/Tjeerd_Oosterhuis \"Tjeerd Oosterhuis\"); \"Freaky Like Me\" is the group's third biggest international hit.", "In 2011, the duo was awarded the International Band of the Year during the \"ESKA Music Awards 2011\" in [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\").{{cite web \\|date\\=May 29, 2011 \\|title\\=Alexis Jordan received the first prize \\|url\\=http://www.ema.eska.pl/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2011}}", "In 2012, Madcon was referred to as \"moccha men\" during the ceremony of [Spellemannsprisen](/wiki/Spellemannsprisen \"Spellemannsprisen\"), a Norwegian award for musicians; the comment was apparently made as an inoffensive joke, but was perceived as racist at some level. They wrote on \"SoMe\" the next day that the case had now been settled and closed.[https://www.nettavisen.no/livsstil/spellemann\\-skandalene\\-overraskende\\-klining\\-rasismeanklager\\-og\\-nakensjokk/s/5\\-95\\-457377](https://www.nettavisen.no/livsstil/spellemann-skandalene-overraskende-klining-rasismeanklager-og-nakensjokk/s/5-95-457377). [Nettavisen](/wiki/Nettavisen \"Nettavisen\").no In 2012, Wolde\\-Mariam was a mentor on the Norwegian version of *[The Voice](/wiki/The_Voice_%28TV_series%29 \"The Voice (TV series)\")*, known as *[The Voice: Norges beste stemme](/wiki/The_Voice_%E2%80%93_Norges_beste_stemme \"The Voice – Norges beste stemme\")*, a TV program also broadcast on TV 2\\.", "In 2015, Madcon released the song *[Don't Worry](/wiki/Don%27t_Worry_%28Madcon_song%29 \"Don't Worry (Madcon song)\")* featuring [Ray Dalton](/wiki/Ray_Dalton \"Ray Dalton\").", "### Films and television series featuring Madcon's cover of \"Beggin'\"", "Madcon's cover of the song \"Beggin'\" was also used in the movies *Step Up 3*, *Street Dance 3D*, *Just Go With It*, and the theatrical trailer for *Bad Teacher*. It was sung by Philip Phillips on *American Idol* in 2012 and by Bill Downs and Max Milner in the battle rounds of *[The Voice UK](/wiki/The_Voice_UK \"The Voice UK\")* series 1\\.{{cite web \\|date\\=April 21, 2012 \\|title\\=Bill Downs Vs Max Milner: Battle Performance \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00rb9rb \\|access\\-date\\=April 26, 2015}}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://thevogue.com/artists/madcon/ \\| title\\=Madcon – the Vogue }}", "In 2021, Madcon appeared on the Norwegian [television series](/wiki/Television_series \"Television series\") *[Exit](/wiki/Exit_%28Norwegian_TV_series%29 \"Exit (Norwegian TV series)\")* during the 7th episode of the second season, portraying a musical duo invited to play at an open\\-air party. They are heard performing, among other songs, their cover of \"Beggin'\".", "" ]
History ------- The team was founded by two brothers, Rodney and David Goins. They announced the CISL expansion team on February 22, 1996\. The team received its nickname after a "Name the Team" contest that drew more than 250 entries. The name "Tornados" was the winning entry, but team owners Executive Sports Management, Inc. (ESM, Inc. Owner David Goins, CEO Creighton LaRue and COO Elizabeth Pribyl) altered that a bit to capitalize on the release that summer of the motion picture *[Twister](/wiki/Twister_%281996_film%29 "Twister (1996 film)")*. The Indianapolis Twisters made their debut in an 8–2 loss to the [Detroit Neon](/wiki/Detroit_Neon "Detroit Neon") in Auburn Hills, Michigan on June 14, 1996\. While the Twisters suffered several hard\-luck losses through their first half of their inaugural season, things were really tumultuous behind the scenes. After drawing a home\-opener crowd of 5,109 on June 21 against the Washington Warthogs (a 7–6 overtime loss), the crowds at [Market Square Arena](/wiki/Market_Square_Arena "Market Square Arena") dwindled to 2,563 by a July 27 game against the [Portland Pride](/wiki/Portland_Pride "Portland Pride") and 2,125 who witnessed a 12–10 loss to the [Anaheim Splash](/wiki/Anaheim_Splash "Anaheim Splash") on August 14\. By that point, the league had already made efforts to intercede and take over the franchise. On August 7, 1996, league commissioner [Ron Weinstein](/wiki/Ron_Weinstein "Ron Weinstein") and [Roy Turner](/wiki/Roy_Turner_%28soccer%29 "Roy Turner (soccer)"), a former indoor soccer general manager working with the league, met with Twisters' ownership to outline what the *[Indianapolis Star](/wiki/Indianapolis_Star "Indianapolis Star")* described as "the league's intent to control the franchise until new ownership is found." The league wound up operating the team for its final six games as David and Rodney Goins, brothers who had headed up the ownership group, suspended operations on September 1, 1996 following an 8–5 win over the [Houston Hotshots](/wiki/Houston_Hotshots "Houston Hotshots") attended by an announced 2,856 fans. The team went 2–4 as "wards of the league", and was not eliminated from the playoff hunt until a 7–4 loss to [Monterrey La Raza](/wiki/Monterrey_La_Raza_%281992%E2%80%932001%29 "Monterrey La Raza (1992–2001)") on September 20, 1996 in front of a club\-record crowd of 9,315 (many enticed by $5 general\-admission tickets). On September 27, 1996, Indianapolis trucking company owners Dan and Carl Cook became the team's new owners and announced plans to change its name to the Indiana Twisters for its second season in the league. Two days later, the Twisters finished their first season with an 8–7 win in Monterrey to finish with a 10–18 record. Besides the new name, the team acquired new colors (green and purple to replace black, red and silver) for its 1997 season and showed what a difference a year could make by winning its season opener 9–2 at Detroit, 364 days after its inaugural game. While the team struggled out of the starting blocks in 1997 (winning just two of its first seven games), it caught fire in mid\-July, winning 13 of its next 16 outings. The Twisters officially clinched a playoff spot with a 15–7 win at home to the [Sacramento Knights](/wiki/Sacramento_Knights "Sacramento Knights") on September 7, 1997\. Finishing 17–11, the Twisters finished second by virtue of a tiebreaker with the [Houston Hotshots](/wiki/Houston_Hotshots "Houston Hotshots"), but were forced to give up home field advantage in the first round of the playoffs with Houston because [Market Square Arena](/wiki/Market_Square_Arena "Market Square Arena") was booked for an [International Hockey League](/wiki/International_Hockey_League_%281945-2001%29 "International Hockey League (1945-2001)") game on Saturday, October 4, 1997\. Indiana hosted Game One of the best\-of\-two\-with\-minigame series on Friday, October 3 and, surprisingly (as they had won 10 of their last 11 at home and gone 11–3 at MSA during the regular season) lost 6–4 in a game nationally televised on [Prime Network](/wiki/Prime_Sports "Prime Sports"). Forced to win twice in a place they'd never won before, the Twisters managed to force a third and decisive "minigame" by scoring four fourth\-quarter goals and taking Game Two, 7–4, on Sunday evening, October 5, 1997\. Having spent most of their energy and having lost team captain and leading scorer [Mariano Bollella](/wiki/Mariano_Bollella "Mariano Bollella") to a knee injury late in the second game spelled doom for the Twisters in the fifteen\-minute tiebreaker as they fell 4–1\. [Matt Blackbourne](/wiki/Matt_Blackbourne "Matt Blackbourne") scored the final goal in team history. When the league collapsed at Christmas 1997, the Twisters were left in limbo. What was left of its assets were purchased in the winter of 1998 by MorSports, Inc., owners of the city's A\-League outdoor soccer franchise, the [Indiana Blast](/wiki/Indiana_Blast "Indiana Blast"). MorSports intended to enter the club in the [National Professional Soccer League](/wiki/National_Professional_Soccer_League_II "National Professional Soccer League II"), and, in fact, held a press conference announcing those intentions on February 18, 1998\. The plans never came to fruition, however, and the Twisters never played again.
[ "History\n-------", "The team was founded by two brothers, Rodney and David Goins. They announced the CISL expansion team on February 22, 1996\\. The team received its nickname after a \"Name the Team\" contest that drew more than 250 entries. The name \"Tornados\" was the winning entry, but team owners Executive Sports Management, Inc. (ESM, Inc. Owner David Goins, CEO Creighton LaRue and COO Elizabeth Pribyl) altered that a bit to capitalize on the release that summer of the motion picture *[Twister](/wiki/Twister_%281996_film%29 \"Twister (1996 film)\")*. The Indianapolis Twisters made their debut in an 8–2 loss to the [Detroit Neon](/wiki/Detroit_Neon \"Detroit Neon\") in Auburn Hills, Michigan on June 14, 1996\\.", "While the Twisters suffered several hard\\-luck losses through their first half of their inaugural season, things were really tumultuous behind the scenes. After drawing a home\\-opener crowd of 5,109 on June 21 against the Washington Warthogs (a 7–6 overtime loss), the crowds at [Market Square Arena](/wiki/Market_Square_Arena \"Market Square Arena\") dwindled to 2,563 by a July 27 game against the [Portland Pride](/wiki/Portland_Pride \"Portland Pride\") and 2,125 who witnessed a 12–10 loss to the [Anaheim Splash](/wiki/Anaheim_Splash \"Anaheim Splash\") on August 14\\.", "By that point, the league had already made efforts to intercede and take over the franchise. On August 7, 1996, league commissioner [Ron Weinstein](/wiki/Ron_Weinstein \"Ron Weinstein\") and [Roy Turner](/wiki/Roy_Turner_%28soccer%29 \"Roy Turner (soccer)\"), a former indoor soccer general manager working with the league, met with Twisters' ownership to outline what the *[Indianapolis Star](/wiki/Indianapolis_Star \"Indianapolis Star\")* described as \"the league's intent to control the franchise until new ownership is found.\"", "The league wound up operating the team for its final six games as David and Rodney Goins, brothers who had headed up the ownership group, suspended operations on September 1, 1996 following an 8–5 win over the [Houston Hotshots](/wiki/Houston_Hotshots \"Houston Hotshots\") attended by an announced 2,856 fans. The team went 2–4 as \"wards of the league\", and was not eliminated from the playoff hunt until a 7–4 loss to [Monterrey La Raza](/wiki/Monterrey_La_Raza_%281992%E2%80%932001%29 \"Monterrey La Raza (1992–2001)\") on September 20, 1996 in front of a club\\-record crowd of 9,315 (many enticed by $5 general\\-admission tickets).", "On September 27, 1996, Indianapolis trucking company owners Dan and Carl Cook became the team's new owners and announced plans to change its name to the Indiana Twisters for its second season in the league. Two days later, the Twisters finished their first season with an 8–7 win in Monterrey to finish with a 10–18 record.", "Besides the new name, the team acquired new colors (green and purple to replace black, red and silver) for its 1997 season and showed what a difference a year could make by winning its season opener 9–2 at Detroit, 364 days after its inaugural game.", "While the team struggled out of the starting blocks in 1997 (winning just two of its first seven games), it caught fire in mid\\-July, winning 13 of its next 16 outings. The Twisters officially clinched a playoff spot with a 15–7 win at home to the [Sacramento Knights](/wiki/Sacramento_Knights \"Sacramento Knights\") on September 7, 1997\\.", "Finishing 17–11, the Twisters finished second by virtue of a tiebreaker with the [Houston Hotshots](/wiki/Houston_Hotshots \"Houston Hotshots\"), but were forced to give up home field advantage in the first round of the playoffs with Houston because [Market Square Arena](/wiki/Market_Square_Arena \"Market Square Arena\") was booked for an [International Hockey League](/wiki/International_Hockey_League_%281945-2001%29 \"International Hockey League (1945-2001)\") game on Saturday, October 4, 1997\\. Indiana hosted Game One of the best\\-of\\-two\\-with\\-minigame series on Friday, October 3 and, surprisingly (as they had won 10 of their last 11 at home and gone 11–3 at MSA during the regular season) lost 6–4 in a game nationally televised on [Prime Network](/wiki/Prime_Sports \"Prime Sports\").", "Forced to win twice in a place they'd never won before, the Twisters managed to force a third and decisive \"minigame\" by scoring four fourth\\-quarter goals and taking Game Two, 7–4, on Sunday evening, October 5, 1997\\. Having spent most of their energy and having lost team captain and leading scorer [Mariano Bollella](/wiki/Mariano_Bollella \"Mariano Bollella\") to a knee injury late in the second game spelled doom for the Twisters in the fifteen\\-minute tiebreaker as they fell 4–1\\. [Matt Blackbourne](/wiki/Matt_Blackbourne \"Matt Blackbourne\") scored the final goal in team history.", "When the league collapsed at Christmas 1997, the Twisters were left in limbo. What was left of its assets were purchased in the winter of 1998 by MorSports, Inc., owners of the city's A\\-League outdoor soccer franchise, the [Indiana Blast](/wiki/Indiana_Blast \"Indiana Blast\"). MorSports intended to enter the club in the [National Professional Soccer League](/wiki/National_Professional_Soccer_League_II \"National Professional Soccer League II\"), and, in fact, held a press conference announcing those intentions on February 18, 1998\\. The plans never came to fruition, however, and the Twisters never played again.", "" ]
Background ---------- Gluck was born in [Rosedale, Queens](/wiki/Rosedale%2C_Queens "Rosedale, Queens"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)"). His father was a Brooklyn police officer and his mother an architect. Gluck played clarinet and bass clarinet in his school jazz band and symphonic band. “I always took band classes because I loved playing music. I had my own metal band in high school. I wrestled (folkstyle) for four years varsity, but I was really into music. I listened mostly to metal. I didn’t start to get into electronic music heavily till my summer after high school. My favourite bands were [Slayer](/wiki/Slayer "Slayer"), [Napalm Death](/wiki/Napalm_Death "Napalm Death"). [Godflesh](/wiki/Godflesh "Godflesh") was huge to me, also.” In 1999 he founded Ohm Resistance, a collective of musicians and DJs on two continents, which was also a label that released progressive [Washington, DC](/wiki/Washington%2C_DC "Washington, DC") artists including Sinthetix, Impulse, Kiko, MC Mecha, and Skynet. For one year, Ohm Resistance threw a Wednesday weekly called Tangent at the U\-Turn club. Submerged moved Ohm's headquarters to [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn") in late 2002 to facilitate global distribution of its releases. In 2003 he co\-created a second label, Obliterati, to pursue the darker and more experimental roots of Ohm Resistance. In 2003, Laswell met with Submerged to discuss working together and said he owed John Zorn a record. Submerged came up with eight compositions to which Laswell added more music and live bass. This first historic drum and bass\-jazz fusion collaboration by Bill Laswell and Submerged, “Brutal Calling,” was released on Zorn's Avant label in the first half of 2004\. In 2005, Laswell and Submerged as Method of Defiance released a 9\-track album, “The Only Way to Go Is Down,” on Sublight Records.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dogsonacid.com/showthread.php?postid\=7006785\|title\=DOA \- DOA \- Drum \& Bass Forum\|publisher\=\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120906004902/http://www.dogsonacid.com/showthread.php?postid\=7006785\|archive\-date\=2012\-09\-06}} In 2007, Method of Defiance released an album called *Inamorata*, a fusion of drum and bass and jazz music, with the collaboration of many artists from the drum and bass and jazz scenes.{{cite web\|url\=http://eng.drumandbass.ru/content433\|title\=Drumandbass.ru review of Inamorata\|website\=Eng.drumandbass.ru}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.discogs.com/Method\-Of\-Defiance\-Inamorata/master/23110\|title\=Method Of Defiance \- Inamorata\|website\=Discogs.com\|year\=2007 }} Alex Henderson of [All Music Guide](/wiki/All_Music_Guide "All Music Guide") described Submerged's *Violence as First Nature* (2008\) double\-CD release as "forceful, abrasive, confrontational stuff" and compared his work to "industrial rockers like [Ministry](/wiki/Ministry_%28band%29 "Ministry (band)"), [Skinny Puppy](/wiki/Skinny_Puppy "Skinny Puppy"), and the [Revolting Cocks](/wiki/Revolting_Cocks "Revolting Cocks") (as well as hip\-hop agitators [Public Enemy](/wiki/Public_Enemy_%28group%29 "Public Enemy (group)"))."{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/violence\-as\-first\-nature\-submerged/17408889?ean\=0708527171028\|title\=Violence as First Nature \[Bonus Disc]\|website\=Barnesandnoble.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-05\-30}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theomegaorder.com/s.nl/it.A/id.22963/.f\|title\=Review of Violence as First Nature, The Omega Order, 2008\|website\=Theomegaorder.com}} In April 2010, Submerged project The Blood of Heroes released its self\-titled debut on Ohm Resistance \- a collaboration project featuring [Justin Broadrick](/wiki/Justin_Broadrick "Justin Broadrick") ([Godflesh](/wiki/Godflesh "Godflesh"), [Jesu](/wiki/Jesu_%28band%29 "Jesu (band)"), [Napalm Death](/wiki/Napalm_Death "Napalm Death")) and [Bill Laswell](/wiki/Bill_Laswell "Bill Laswell"), with beats from Submerged and End.user and vocals from Doctor Israel, described in an album review as follows: "Post apocalyptic soundscapes and de\-imaged electronic beats backed up with heavy guitar and bass. Features live drumming from [KJ Sawka](/wiki/KJ_Sawka "KJ Sawka") and Balazs Pandi, and sound design from film sound architect M. Gregor Filip. Powerful anthemic tracks collide with vicious drum n bass beatdowns and intersperse with breathtaking synth beauty and Aphex Twin style mezzed beats. The soundtrack to post\-solarflare humanity!"{{cite web\|url\=http://toneshift.wordpress.com/page/4/\|title\=TONESHIFT\|website\=Toneshift.wordpress.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://blog.limewire.com/posts/40841\-album\-review\-the\-blood\-of\-heroes\-the\-blood\-of\-heroes/\|title\=Review by Dave Wedge, Limewire blog, April 29, 2010\|website\=Blog.limewire.com}} In 2016, Submerged moved to the Pacific Northwest and started a [shoegaze](/wiki/Shoegaze "Shoegaze")\-influenced live drum and bass band called You Will Choose Fire with multi\-instrumentalist [nem0](/wiki/Nem0 "Nem0"). They have toured in the US and Ukraine.
[ "Background\n----------", "Gluck was born in [Rosedale, Queens](/wiki/Rosedale%2C_Queens \"Rosedale, Queens\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\"). His father was a Brooklyn police officer and his mother an architect.", "Gluck played clarinet and bass clarinet in his school jazz band and symphonic band. “I always took band classes because I loved playing music. I had my own metal band in high school. I wrestled (folkstyle) for four years varsity, but I was really into music. I listened mostly to metal. I didn’t start to get into electronic music heavily till my summer after high school. My favourite bands were [Slayer](/wiki/Slayer \"Slayer\"), [Napalm Death](/wiki/Napalm_Death \"Napalm Death\"). [Godflesh](/wiki/Godflesh \"Godflesh\") was huge to me, also.”", "In 1999 he founded Ohm Resistance, a collective of musicians and DJs on two continents, which was also a label that released progressive [Washington, DC](/wiki/Washington%2C_DC \"Washington, DC\") artists including Sinthetix, Impulse, Kiko, MC Mecha, and Skynet. For one year, Ohm Resistance threw a Wednesday weekly called Tangent at the U\\-Turn club.", "Submerged moved Ohm's headquarters to [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\") in late 2002 to facilitate global distribution of its releases. In 2003 he co\\-created a second label, Obliterati, to pursue the darker and more experimental roots of Ohm Resistance.", "In 2003, Laswell met with Submerged to discuss working together and said he owed John Zorn a record. Submerged came up with eight compositions to which Laswell added more music and live bass. This first historic drum and bass\\-jazz fusion collaboration by Bill Laswell and Submerged, “Brutal Calling,” was released on Zorn's Avant label in the first half of 2004\\.", "In 2005, Laswell and Submerged as Method of Defiance released a 9\\-track album, “The Only Way to Go Is Down,” on Sublight Records.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dogsonacid.com/showthread.php?postid\\=7006785\\|title\\=DOA \\- DOA \\- Drum \\& Bass Forum\\|publisher\\=\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120906004902/http://www.dogsonacid.com/showthread.php?postid\\=7006785\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-06}}", "In 2007, Method of Defiance released an album called *Inamorata*, a fusion of drum and bass and jazz music, with the collaboration of many artists from the drum and bass and jazz scenes.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://eng.drumandbass.ru/content433\\|title\\=Drumandbass.ru review of Inamorata\\|website\\=Eng.drumandbass.ru}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.discogs.com/Method\\-Of\\-Defiance\\-Inamorata/master/23110\\|title\\=Method Of Defiance \\- Inamorata\\|website\\=Discogs.com\\|year\\=2007 }}", "Alex Henderson of [All Music Guide](/wiki/All_Music_Guide \"All Music Guide\") described Submerged's *Violence as First Nature* (2008\\) double\\-CD release as \"forceful, abrasive, confrontational stuff\" and compared his work to \"industrial rockers like [Ministry](/wiki/Ministry_%28band%29 \"Ministry (band)\"), [Skinny Puppy](/wiki/Skinny_Puppy \"Skinny Puppy\"), and the [Revolting Cocks](/wiki/Revolting_Cocks \"Revolting Cocks\") (as well as hip\\-hop agitators [Public Enemy](/wiki/Public_Enemy_%28group%29 \"Public Enemy (group)\")).\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/violence\\-as\\-first\\-nature\\-submerged/17408889?ean\\=0708527171028\\|title\\=Violence as First Nature \\[Bonus Disc]\\|website\\=Barnesandnoble.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-30}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theomegaorder.com/s.nl/it.A/id.22963/.f\\|title\\=Review of Violence as First Nature, The Omega Order, 2008\\|website\\=Theomegaorder.com}}", "In April 2010, Submerged project The Blood of Heroes released its self\\-titled debut on Ohm Resistance \\- a collaboration project featuring [Justin Broadrick](/wiki/Justin_Broadrick \"Justin Broadrick\") ([Godflesh](/wiki/Godflesh \"Godflesh\"), [Jesu](/wiki/Jesu_%28band%29 \"Jesu (band)\"), [Napalm Death](/wiki/Napalm_Death \"Napalm Death\")) and [Bill Laswell](/wiki/Bill_Laswell \"Bill Laswell\"), with beats from Submerged and End.user and vocals from Doctor Israel, described in an album review as follows: \"Post apocalyptic soundscapes and de\\-imaged electronic beats backed up with heavy guitar and bass. Features live drumming from [KJ Sawka](/wiki/KJ_Sawka \"KJ Sawka\") and Balazs Pandi, and sound design from film sound architect M. Gregor Filip. Powerful anthemic tracks collide with vicious drum n bass beatdowns and intersperse with breathtaking synth beauty and Aphex Twin style mezzed beats. The soundtrack to post\\-solarflare humanity!\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://toneshift.wordpress.com/page/4/\\|title\\=TONESHIFT\\|website\\=Toneshift.wordpress.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blog.limewire.com/posts/40841\\-album\\-review\\-the\\-blood\\-of\\-heroes\\-the\\-blood\\-of\\-heroes/\\|title\\=Review by Dave Wedge, Limewire blog, April 29, 2010\\|website\\=Blog.limewire.com}}", "In 2016, Submerged moved to the Pacific Northwest and started a [shoegaze](/wiki/Shoegaze \"Shoegaze\")\\-influenced live drum and bass band called You Will Choose Fire with multi\\-instrumentalist [nem0](/wiki/Nem0 \"Nem0\"). They have toured in the US and Ukraine.", "" ]
Regular season -------------- ### Schedule | Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Venue | Recap | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | {{dow tooltip\|September 9, 2013}} | at **[Washington Redskins](/wiki/2013_Washington_Redskins_season "2013 Washington Redskins season")** | **W** 33–27 | 1–0 | [FedExField](/wiki/FedExField "FedExField") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013090900/2013/REG1/eagles@redskins) | | 2 | September 15 | [San Diego Chargers](/wiki/2013_San_Diego_Chargers_season "2013 San Diego Chargers season") | **L** 30–33 | 1–1 | [Lincoln Financial Field](/wiki/Lincoln_Financial_Field "Lincoln Financial Field") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013091508/2013/REG2/chargers@eagles) | | 3 | {{dow tooltip\|September 19, 2013}} | [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/2013_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season "2013 Kansas City Chiefs season") | **L** 16–26 | 1–2 | Lincoln Financial Field | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013091900/2013/REG3/chiefs@eagles) | | 4 | September 29 | at [Denver Broncos](/wiki/2013_Denver_Broncos_season "2013 Denver Broncos season") | **L** 20–52 | 1–3 | [Sports Authority Field at Mile High](/wiki/Sports_Authority_Field_at_Mile_High "Sports Authority Field at Mile High") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013092909/2013/REG4/eagles@broncos) | | 5 | October 6 | at **[New York Giants](/wiki/2013_New_York_Giants_season "2013 New York Giants season")** | **W** 36–21 | 2–3 | [MetLife Stadium](/wiki/MetLife_Stadium "MetLife Stadium") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013100605/2013/REG5/eagles@giants) | | 6 | October 13 | at [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/2013_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_season "2013 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season") | **W** 31–20 | 3–3 | [Raymond James Stadium](/wiki/Raymond_James_Stadium "Raymond James Stadium") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013101307/2013/REG6/eagles@buccaneers) | | 7 | October 20 | **[Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/2013_Dallas_Cowboys_season "2013 Dallas Cowboys season")** | **L** 3–17 | 3–4 | Lincoln Financial Field | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013102008/2013/REG7/cowboys@eagles) | | 8 | October 27 | **[New York Giants](/wiki/2013_New_York_Giants_season "2013 New York Giants season")** | **L** 7–15 | 3–5 | Lincoln Financial Field | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013102705/2013/REG8/giants@eagles) | | 9 | November 3 | at [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/2013_Oakland_Raiders_season "2013 Oakland Raiders season") | **W** 49–20 | 4–5 | [O.co Coliseum](/wiki/O.co_Coliseum "O.co Coliseum") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013110306/2013/REG9/eagles@raiders) | | 10 | November 10 | at [Green Bay Packers](/wiki/2013_Green_Bay_Packers_season "2013 Green Bay Packers season") | **W** 27–13 | 5–5 | [Lambeau Field](/wiki/Lambeau_Field "Lambeau Field") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013111003/2013/REG10/eagles@packers) | | 11 | November 17 | **[Washington Redskins](/wiki/2013_Washington_Redskins_season "2013 Washington Redskins season")** | **W** 24–16 | 6–5 | Lincoln Financial Field | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013111706/2013/REG11/redskins@eagles) | | 12 | *[Bye](/wiki/Bye_%28sports%29 "Bye (sports)")* | | | | | | | 13 | December 1 | [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/2013_Arizona_Cardinals_season "2013 Arizona Cardinals season") | **W** 24–21 | 7–5 | Lincoln Financial Field | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013120106/2013/REG13/cardinals@eagles) | | 14 | December 8 | [Detroit Lions](/wiki/2013_Detroit_Lions_season "2013 Detroit Lions season") | **W** 34–20 | 8–5 | Lincoln Financial Field | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013120805/2013/REG14/lions@eagles) | | 15 | December 15 | at [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/2013_Minnesota_Vikings_season "2013 Minnesota Vikings season") | **L** 30–48 | 8–6 | [Mall of America Field](/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey_Metrodome "Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013121505/2013/REG15/eagles@vikings) | | 16 | December 22 | [Chicago Bears](/wiki/2013_Chicago_Bears_season "2013 Chicago Bears season") | **W** 54–11 | 9–6 | Lincoln Financial Field | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013122207/2013/REG16/bears@eagles) | | 17 | December 29 | at **[Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/2013_Dallas_Cowboys_season "2013 Dallas Cowboys season")** | **W** 24–22 | 10–6 | [AT\&T Stadium](/wiki/AT%26T_Stadium "AT&T Stadium") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013122903/2013/REG17/eagles@cowboys) | **Note:** Intra\-division opponents are in **bold** text. ### Game summaries #### Week 1: at Washington Redskins * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week One: Philadelphia Eagles at Washington Redskins – Game summary \|date\=September 9 \|time\=7:10 p.m. \[\[Eastern Time Zone\|EDT]] \|road\='''Eagles''' \|R1\=12\|R2\=14\|R3\=7\|R4\=0 \|home\=Redskins \|H1\=7\|H2\=0\|H3\=7\|H4\=13 \|stadium\=\[\[FedExField]], \[\[Landover, Maryland]] \|attendance\=82,743 \|weather\={{convert\|80\|F\|C}}, cloudy \|referee\=\[\[Ron Winter]] \|TV\=\[\[Monday Night Football\|ESPN]] \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Mike Tirico]], \[\[Jon Gruden]] and \[\[Lisa Salters]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013090900/2013/REG1/eagles@redskins Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55851/WAS\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*WAS – \[\[DeAngelo Hall]] 75\-yard fumble return (\[\[Kai Forbath]] kick), 11:54\. ''Redskins 7–0\.'' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 48\-yard field goal, 9:15\. ''Redskins 7–3\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 51 yards, 2:39\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 25\-yard pass from \[\[Michael Vick]] (Alex Henery kick), 8:59\. ''Eagles 10–7\. '''Drive: 1 play, 25 yards, 0:08\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Alfred Morris (American football)\|Alfred Morris]] tackled in the end zone by \[\[Trent Cole]] for a safety, 4:50\. ''Eagles 12–7\.'' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] 28\-yard pass from Michael Vick (Alex Henery kick), 6:10\. ''Eagles 19–7\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 62 yards, 2:07\.''''' \*PHI – Michael Vick 3\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 0:58\. ''Eagles 26–7\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 44 yards, 3:13\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 34\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 13:26\. ''Eagles 33–7\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 30 yards, 0:34\.''''' \*WAS – Alfred Morris 5\-yard run (Kai Forbath kick), 0:06\. ''Eagles 33–14\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 66 yards, 3:30\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*WAS – \[\[Leonard Hankerson]] 10\-yard pass from \[\[Robert Griffin III]] (pass failed), 12:24\. ''Eagles 33–20\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 29 yards, 1:22\.''''' \*WAS – Leonard Hankerson 24\-yard pass from Robert Griffin III (Kai Forbath kick), 1:14\. ''Eagles 33–27\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 89 yards, 2:28\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Michael Vick]] – 15/25, 203 yards, 2 TD \*WAS – \[\[Robert Griffin III]] – 30/49, 329 yards, 2 TD, 2 INT '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 31 rushes, 184 yards, TD \*WAS – \[\[Alfred Morris (American football)\|Alfred Morris]] – 12 rushes, 45 yards, TD '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] – 7 receptions, 104 yards, TD \*WAS – \[\[Leonard Hankerson]] – 5 receptions, 80 yards, 2 TD }} The Eagles started their 2013 season with a [Monday Night](/wiki/Monday_Night_Football "Monday Night Football") divisional clash on the road against the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/2013_Washington_Redskins_season "2013 Washington Redskins season"). The Skins scored first when DeAngelo Hall returned a fumble 75 yards for a touchdown for a 7–0 lead. After this the Eagles dominated scoring 33 straight points as Alex Henery kicked a field goal from 48 yards out to come within four points for a 7–3 game. Next Michael Vick found DeSean Jackson on a 25\-yard pass as the team took the lead 10–7\. On the Skins' next possession, Alfred Morris was tackled in the end zone for a safety making the score 12–7\. In the second quarter, the Eagles continued to increase their lead as Vick found Brent Celek on a 28\-yard touchdown pass for a 19–7 lead. Later on in the quarter, Vick ran for a 3\-yard touchdown bringing the halftime score to 26–7\. In the third quarter, LeSean McCoy ran for a 34\-yard touchdown bringing the score to 33–7\. The Skins started their scoring again as Morris ran for a 5\-yard touchdown making the score 33–14\. In the fourth quarter, it was all Skins as RG3 found Leonard Hankerson on a 10\-yard touchdown pass (with a failed two\-point conversion) for a 33–20 game. Finally, the Skins came within six points as RG3 and Hankerson connected again this time on a 24\-yard pass bringing the final score to 33–27\. With the win, the Eagles started their season 1–0\. #### Week 2: vs. San Diego Chargers * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Two: San Diego Chargers at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=September 15 \|time\=1:00 pm. EDT \|road\='''Chargers''' \|R1\=3\|R2\=10\|R3\=7\|R4\=13 \|home\=Eagles \|H1\=3\|H2\=7\|H3\=10\|H4\=10 \|stadium\=\[\[Lincoln Financial Field]], \[\[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Sunny, {{convert\|72\|F\|C}} \|referee\=\[\[Terry McAulay]] \|TV\=\[\[NFL on CBS\|CBS]] \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Greg Gumbel]] and \[\[Dan Dierdorf]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013091508/2013/REG2/chargers@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55862/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*SD – \[\[Nick Novak]] 49\-yard field goal, 7:26\. ''Chargers 3–0\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 59 yards, 4:25\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 25\-yard field goal, 5:30\. ''Tied 3–3\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 70 yards, 1:56\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*SD – \[\[Eddie Royal]] 11\-yard pass from \[\[Philip Rivers]] (Nick Novak kick), 14:07\. ''Chargers 10–3\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 93 yards, 6:23\.''''' \*SD – Nick Novak 44\-yard field goal, 8:01\. ''Chargers 13–3\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 53 yards, 3:37\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] 13\-yard pass from \[\[Michael Vick]] (Alex Henery kick), 6:41\. ''Chargers 13–10\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 75 yards, 1:20\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*SD – Eddie Royal 24\-yard pass from Philip Rivers (Nick Novak kick), 10:04\. ''Chargers 20–10\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 80 yards, 4:56\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 48\-yard field goal, 6:45\. ''Chargers 20–13\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 49 yards, 3:19\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 61\-yard pass from Michael Vick (Alex Henery kick), 4:42\. ''Tied 20–20\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 65 yards, 0:26\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*SD – Nick Novak 33\-yard field goal, 10:47\. ''Chargers 23–20\. '''Drive: 17 plays, 73 yards, 8:55\.''''' \*PHI – Michael Vick 2\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 7:06\. ''Eagles 27–23\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 76 yards, 3:41\.''''' \*SD – Eddie Royal 15\-yard pass from Philip Rivers (Nick Novak kick), 3:11\. ''Chargers 30–27\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 39 yards, 3:55\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 32\-yard field goal, 1:51\. ''Tied 30–30\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 57 yards, 1:20\.''''' \*SD – Nick Novak 46\-yard field goal, 0:07\. ''Chargers 33–30\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 51 yards, 1:44\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*SD – \[\[Philip Rivers]] – 36/47, 419 yards, 3 TD \*PHI – \[\[Michael Vick]] – 24/37, 428 yards, 2 TD '''Top rushers''' \*SD – \[\[Ryan Mathews (American football)\|Ryan Mathews]] – 16 rushes, 73 yards \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 11 rushes, 53 yards '''Top receivers''' \*SD – \[\[Antonio Gates]] – 8 receptions, 124 yards \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] – 9 receptions, 193 yards, TD }} The Eagles punted on their first possession. The Chargers took the ball and marched to the Eagles 31, but had to settle for a 49 field goal. The Eagles took the ball next and stormed 75 yards in 5 plays, driving to the Chargers 2, but kicked a field goal. #### Week 3: vs. Kansas City Chiefs * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Three: Kansas City Chiefs at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=September 19 \|time\=8:25 pm. EDT \|road\='''Chiefs''' \|R1\=10\|R2\=6\|R3\=0\|R4\=10 \|home\=Eagles \|H1\=6\|H2\=0\|H3\=3\|H4\=7 \|stadium\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Clear, {{convert\|63\|F\|C}} \|referee\=\[\[Walt Anderson (American football)\|Walt Anderson]] \|TV\=\[\[Thursday Night Football\|NFLN]] \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Brad Nessler]], \[\[Mike Mayock]] and \[\[Alex Flanagan]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013091900/2013/REG3/chiefs@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55869/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*KC – \[\[Ryan Succop]] 33\-yard field goal, 12:08\. ''Chiefs 3–0\. '''Drive: 4 plays, −7 yards, 1:50\.''''' \*KC – \[\[Eric Berry]] 38\-yard interception return (Ryan Succop kick), 11:12\. ''Chiefs 10–0\.'' \*PHI – \[\[Jason Avant]] 22\-yard pass from \[\[Michael Vick]] (run failed), 5:06\. ''Chiefs 10–6\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 87 yards, 1:16\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*KC – Ryan Succop 31\-yard field goal, 8:21\. ''Chiefs 13–6\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 69 yards, 3:07\.''''' \*KC – Ryan Succop 34\-yard field goal, 2:26\. ''Chiefs 16–6\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 45 yards, 3:51\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 29\-yard field goal, 6:29\. ''Chiefs 16–9\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 70 yards, 3:05\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*KC – \[\[Jamaal Charles]] 3\-yard run (Ryan Succop kick), 12:57\. ''Chiefs 23–9\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 62 yards, 4:45\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 41\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 11:36\. ''Chiefs 23–16\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 78 yards, 1:21\.''''' \*KC – Ryan Succop 38\-yard field goal, 3:21\. ''Chiefs 26–16\. '''Drive: 15 plays, 75 yards, 8:15\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*KC – \[\[Alex Smith]] – 22/35, 273 yards \*PHI – \[\[Michael Vick]] – 13/30, 201 yards, TD, 2 INT '''Top rushers''' \*KC – \[\[Jamaal Charles]] – 20 rushes, 92 yards, TD \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 20 rushes, 158 yards, TD '''Top receivers''' \*KC – \[\[Donnie Avery]] – 7 receptions, 141 yards \*PHI – \[\[Jason Avant]] – 5 receptions, 87 yards, TD }} This week marked the return of former Eagles head coach [Andy Reid](/wiki/Andy_Reid "Andy Reid"). The Eagles forced the Chiefs to a quick three\-and\-out, but the Eagles muffed the punt, and the Chiefs recovered at the Philadelphia 8\. A few plays later, Ryan Succop kicked a 33\-yard field goal. On Philadelphia's first possession, Michael Vick was intercepted by Eric Berry, on a pass intended for Brent Celek, who returned it 38 yards for a touchdown. After a Chiefs punt, Michael Vick busted off a 61\-yard run, setting up his 22\-yard touchdown pass to Jason Avant. Zach Ertz attempted to run in the two\-point conversion, but failed, keeping the score 10–6\. With less than a minute remaining in the first quarter the Eagles drove into Chiefs territory, but Vick was sacked by Justin Houston and fumbled. Two field goals by Ryan Succop was the only scoring of the second quarter, giving the Chiefs a 16–6 halftime lead. An Alex Henery field goal was the only score of the third quarter, giving the Chiefs a 16–9 lead entering the fourth quarter. On their first drive of the fourth quarter, Jamaal Charles capped off an eight\-play, 62\-yard drive with a 3\-yard touchdown run, making the score 23–9\. The Eagles immediately responded with a touchdown of their own, driving 78 yards with a 41\-yard touchdown rush by LeSean McCoy, pulling to within 7\. However, Kansas City struck the decisive blow with a 15\-play, 73\-yard drive, taking 8:15 off the clock and Ryan Succop adding his fourth field goals making the score 26–16\. On their next drive, Michael Vick completed a 19\-yard pass on third\-and\-10, but guard Todd Herremans was called for holding making it third\-and\-20 at their own 21\. The Eagles turned the ball over on downs. The Chiefs did the same on their next drive. Finally, a strip sack by Justin Houston with recovering for Kansas City, sealed the deal. With the loss, the Eagles lost their second in a row, both being at home. The Eagles outgained Chiefs 431–394 and had more first downs, 21–19, but the Chiefs had almost twice as much time of possession and won the turnover battle 5–0\. #### Week 4: at Denver Broncos * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Four: Philadelphia Eagles at Denver Broncos – Game summary \|date\=September 29 \|time\=4:25 pm. EDT/2:25 p.m. \[\[Mountain Time Zone\|MDT]] \|road\=Eagles \|R1\=3\|R2\=10\|R3\=0\|R4\=7 \|home\='''Broncos''' \|H1\=14\|H2\=7\|H3\=21\|H4\=10 \|stadium\=\[\[Sports Authority Field at Mile High]], \[\[Denver, Colorado]] \|attendance\=77,002 \|weather\={{convert\|76\|F\|C}}, partly cloudy \|referee\=\[\[Pete Morelli]] \|TV\=\[\[NFL on Fox\|Fox]] \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Joe Buck]], \[\[Troy Aikman]] and \[\[Pam Oliver]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013092909/2013/REG4/eagles@broncos Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55895/DEN\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*DEN – \[\[Wes Welker]] 6\-yard pass from \[\[Peyton Manning]] (\[\[Matt Prater]] kick), 10:19\. ''Broncos 7–0\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 74 yards, 3:52\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 35\-yard field goal, 6:03\. ''Broncos 7–3\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 65 yards, 4:16\.''''' \*DEN – \[\[Trindon Holliday]] 105\-yard kickoff return (Matt Prater kick), 5:50\. ''Broncos 14–3\. '''Drive: 0 plays, 0 yards, 0:13\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 25\-yard field goal, 14:18\. ''Broncos 14–6\. '''Drive: 15 plays, 73 yards, 6:32\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Chris Polk]] 4\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 11:06\. ''Broncos 14–13\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 64 yards, 2:10\.''''' \*DEN – \[\[Knowshon Moreno]] 4\-yard run (Matt Prater kick), 5:05\. ''Broncos 21–13\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 80 yards, 6:01\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*DEN – \[\[Demaryius Thomas]] 1\-yard pass from Peyton Manning (Matt Prater kick), 9:54\. ''Broncos 28–13\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 80 yards, 5:06\.''''' \*DEN – Demaryius Thomas 15\-yard pass from Peyton Manning (Matt Prater kick), 5:10\. ''Broncos 35–13\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 80 yards, 3:12\.''''' \*DEN – Wes Welker 4\-yard pass from Peyton Manning (Matt Prater kick), 0:22\. ''Broncos 42–13\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 65 yards, 3:35\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*DEN – \[\[Steven Johnson (American football)\|Steven Johnson]] 17\-yard return of blocked punt (Matt Prater kick), 13:54\. ''Broncos 49–13\.'' \*DEN – Matt Prater 53\-yard field goal, 6:53\. ''Broncos 52–13\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 30 yards, 3:49\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Jeff Maehl]] 6\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 4:35\. ''Broncos 52–20\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 80 yards, 2:18\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Michael Vick]] – 14/27, 248 yards \*DEN – \[\[Peyton Manning]] – 28/34, 327 yards, 4 TD '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 16 rushes, 73 yards \*DEN – \[\[Knowshon Moreno]] – 12 rushes, 78 yards, TD '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] – 3 receptions, 57 yards \*DEN – \[\[Eric Decker]] – 5 receptions, 88 yards }} The Eagles visited Sports Authority Field in Denver to face the Broncos and their \#1 offense. The Eagles received the ball first, but punted after only four plays. The Broncos took over and stormed 74 yards in only 9 plays to take the early lead. On the drive the Broncos converted three third downs on the drive including one on [Peyton Manning](/wiki/Peyton_Manning "Peyton Manning")'s 6\-yard touchdown pass to [Wes Welker](/wiki/Wes_Welker "Wes Welker"). The Eagles responded on their next drive by driving from their own 18 to the Broncos 17, but had to settle for Henery's 35\-yard field goal. On the ensuing kickoff [Trindon Holliday](/wiki/Trindon_Holliday "Trindon Holliday") returned the kick 105 yards for a touchdown, extending the lead to 14–3\. The Eagles then engineered a 15\-play, 73\-yard drive to the 7\-yard line, but the Broncos kept them out of the end zone and Henery kicked a 25\-yard field goal. After a Broncos three\-and\-out, the Eagles finally managed to reach the end zone. They needed only 7 plays to go 64 yards. A 35\-yard completion to [Bryce Brown](/wiki/Bryce_Brown "Bryce Brown") on third\-and\-11 moved the ball to the Denver 4\. Two plays later [Chris Polk](/wiki/Chris_Polk "Chris Polk") rushed for a 4\-yard touchdown, trimming the score to 14–13\. Denver responded by marching 80 yards in 11 plays in a drive that took over 6 minutes off the clock and increased the lead to 21–13 after a [Knowshon Moreno](/wiki/Knowshon_Moreno "Knowshon Moreno") 4\-yard touchdown run. Both teams punted to close out the half. Denver started where they left off, driving 80 yards in one less play culminating in Manning's 1\-yard touchdown pass to [Demaryius Thomas](/wiki/Demaryius_Thomas "Demaryius Thomas"). Manning threw for 44 yards on the drive. After an Eagles punt, the Broncos ate 80 more yards on another touchdown drive which. Manning continued to pick apart the Eagles secondary throwing for 58 yards on the drive which concluded with Manning once again connecting with Demaryius Thomas on a touchdown, this one for 15 yards, extending the lead to 35–13\. The Eagles offense continued sputter as they punted again. The Broncos were completely the opposite, driving 65 yards for another touchdown, increasing the lead to 42–13\. Manning added 56 more yards and a 4\-yard touchdown pass to Welker. The Broncos forced the Eagles to punt again, but [Steven Johnson](/wiki/Steven_Johnson_%28American_football%29 "Steven Johnson (American football)") blocked it and returned it 17 yards for a touchdown, making the score 49–13\. The Eagles finally managed to avoid punting on their next drive, but Henery missed a 46\-yard field goal. [Matt Prater](/wiki/Matt_Prater "Matt Prater") made one from 53 yards away on the Broncos next drive to make the score 52–13\. The Eagles managed to march 80 yards on their next drive with Nick Foles hitting Jeff Maehl for a 6\-yard touchdown pass to close the scoring. The Broncos held the ball for the final 4:35 to end the game. The Eagles lost their third in a row to fall to 1–3 on the season. #### Week 5: at New York Giants * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Five: Philadelphia Eagles at New York Giants – Game summary \|date\=October 6 \|time\=1:00 pm. EDT \|road\='''Eagles''' \|R1\=3\|R2\=16\|R3\=3\|R4\=14 \|home\=Giants \|H1\=7\|H2\=0\|H3\=14\|H4\=0 \|stadium\=\[\[MetLife Stadium]], \[\[East Rutherford, New Jersey]] \|attendance\=80,738 \|weather\={{convert\|66\|F\|C}}, mostly cloudy \|referee\=\[\[Walt Coleman]] \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Thom Brennaman]], \[\[Brian Billick]] and \[\[Laura Okmin]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013100605/2013/REG5/eagles@giants Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55906/NYG\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*NYG – \[\[David Wilson (running back)\|David Wilson]] 5\-yard run (\[\[Josh Brown (American football)\|Josh Brown]] kick), 11:37\. ''Giants 7–0\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 62 yards, 2:24\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 40\-yard field goal, 6:49\. ''Giants 7–3\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 58 yards, 4:48\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 27\-yard field goal, 10:40\. ''Giants 7–6\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 51 yards, 3:21\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 1\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 8:11\. ''Eagles 13–7\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 71 yards, 1:29\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 29\-yard field goal, 2:38\. ''Eagles 16–7\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 36 yards, 3:51\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 36\-yard field goal, 0:00\. ''Eagles 19–7\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 75 yards, 1:33\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*NYG – \[\[Rueben Randle]] 26\-yard pass from \[\[Eli Manning]] (Josh Brown kick), 6:58\. ''Eagles 19–14\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 87 yards, 3:44\.''''' \*NYG – Rueben Randle 6\-yard pass from Eli Manning (Josh Brown kick), 3:46\. ''Eagles 21–19\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 51 yards, 1:57\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 41\-yard field goal, 1:04\. ''Eagles 22–21\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 57 yards, 2:42\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] 25\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 10:26\. ''Eagles 29–21\. '''Drive: 1 play, 25 yards, 0:09\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 5\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 8:24\. ''Eagles 36–21\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 38 yards, 1:38\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 16/25, 197 yards, 2 TD \*NYG – \[\[Eli Manning]] – 24/52, 334 yards, 2 TD, 3 INT '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – \[\[Michael Vick]] – 7 rushes, 79 yards \*NYG – \[\[Brandon Jacobs]] – 11 rushes, 37 yards '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] – 7 receptions, 132 yards, TD \*NYG – \[\[Hakeem Nicks]] – 9 receptions, 142 yards }} Nick Foles relieved an injured Michael Vick. With the win, the Eagles improved to 2–3\. #### Week 6: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Six: Philadelphia Eagles at Tampa Bay Buccaneers – Game summary \|date\=October 13 \|time\=1:00 pm. EDT \|road\='''Eagles''' \|R1\=7\|R2\=7\|R3\=7\|R4\=10 \|home\=Buccaneers \|H1\=3\|H2\=14\|H3\=0\|H4\=3 \|stadium\=\[\[Raymond James Stadium]], \[\[Tampa, Florida]] \|attendance\=62,505 \|weather\={{convert\|82\|F\|C}}, cloudy \|referee\=\[\[Clete Blakeman]] \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Dick Stockton]], \[\[Ronde Barber]] and \[\[Kris Budden]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013101307/2013/REG6/eagles@buccaneers Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55922/TB\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] 4\-yard run (\[\[Alex Henery]] kick), 11:46\. ''Eagles 7–0\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 85 yards, 3:14\.''''' \*TB – \[\[Rian Lindell]] 38\-yard field goal, 6:30\. ''Eagles 7–3\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 20 yards, 4:06\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*TB – \[\[Vincent Jackson]] 24\-yard pass from \[\[Mike Glennon]] (Rian Lindell kick), 14:46\. ''Buccaneers 10–7\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 39 yards, 0:55\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 12\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 7:05\. ''Eagles 14–10\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 54 yards, 3:20\.''''' \*TB – Vincent Jackson 1\-yard pass from Mike Glennon (Rian Lindell kick), 1:02\. ''Buccaneers 17–14\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 79 yards, 6:03\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] 47\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:41\. ''Eagles 21–17\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 66 yards, 1:58\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*TB – Rian Lindell 27\-yard field goal, 10:48\. ''Eagles 21–20\. '''Drive: 16 plays, 90 yards, 7:57\.''''' \*PHI – DeSean Jackson 36\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 9:32\. ''Eagles 28–20\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 80 yards, 1:16\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 24\-yard field goal, 2:34\. ''Eagles 31–20\. '''Drive: 12 plays, 49 yards, 5:29\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 22/31, 296 yards, 3 TD \*TB – \[\[Mike Glennon]] – 26/43, 273 yards, 2 TD, INT '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 25 rushes, 116 yards \*TB – \[\[Doug Martin (running back)\|Doug Martin]] – 16 rushes, 67 yards '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] – 4 receptions, 120 yards, TD \*TB – \[\[Vincent Jackson]] – 9 receptions, 114 yards, 2 TD }} With the win, the Eagles improved to 3–3\. #### Week 7: vs. Dallas Cowboys * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Seven: Dallas Cowboys at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=October 20 \|time\=1:00 pm. EDT \|road\='''Cowboys''' \|R1\=0\|R2\=3\|R3\=7\|R4\=7 \|home\=Eagles \|H1\=0\|H2\=0\|H3\=0\|H4\=3 \|stadium\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Sunny, {{convert\|63\|F\|C}} \|referee\=\[\[John Parry (American football official)\|John Parry]] \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Thom Brennaman]], Troy Aikman and Pam Oliver \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013102008/2013/REG7/cowboys@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55937/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*''No scoring plays.'' '''Second quarter''' \*DAL – \[\[Dan Bailey (American football)\|Dan Bailey]] 38\-yard field goal, 3:17\. ''Cowboys 3–0\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 44 yards, 3:42\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*DAL – \[\[Philip Tanner]] 1\-yard run (Dan Bailey kick), 9:17\. ''Cowboys 10–0\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 66 yards, 5:43\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 31\-yard field goal, 14:57\. ''Cowboys 10–3\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 17 yards, 2:49\.''''' \*DAL – \[\[Terrance Williams]] 9\-yard pass from \[\[Tony Romo]] (Dan Bailey kick), 9:25\. ''Cowboys 17–3\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 72 yards, 5:32\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*DAL – \[\[Tony Romo]] – 28/47, 317 yards, TD, 2 INT \*PHI – \[\[Matt Barkley]] – 11/20, 129 yards, 3 INT '''Top rushers''' \*DAL – \[\[Joseph Randle]] – 19 rushes, 65 yards \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 18 rushes, 55 yards '''Top receivers''' \*DAL – \[\[Dez Bryant]] – 8 receptions, 110 yards \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] – 6 receptions, 88 yards }} With the loss, the Eagles fell to 3–4\. #### Week 8: vs. New York Giants * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Eight: New York Giants at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=October 27 \|time\=1:00 pm. EDT \|road\='''Giants''' \|R1\=6\|R2\=6\|R3\=0\|R4\=3 \|home\=Eagles \|H1\=0\|H2\=0\|H3\=0\|H4\=7 \|stadium\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Sunny, {{convert\|59\|F\|C}} \|referee\=\[\[Carl Cheffers]] \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Kenny Albert]], \[\[Daryl Johnston]] and \[\[Tony Siragusa]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013102705/2013/REG8/giants@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55950/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*NYG – \[\[Josh Brown (American football)\|Josh Brown]] 40\-yard field goal, 7:30\. ''Giants 3–0\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 57 yards, 4:24\.''''' \*NYG – Josh Brown 44\-yard field goal, 2:59\. ''Giants 6–0\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 45 yards, 3:04\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*NYG – Josh Brown 33\-yard field goal, 10:22\. ''Giants 9–0\. '''Drive: 12 plays, 48 yards, 5:31\.''''' \*NYG – Josh Brown 46\-yard field goal, 2:24\. ''Giants 12–0\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 53 yards, 5:08\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*''No scoring plays.'' '''Fourth quarter''' \*NYG – Josh Brown 27\-yard field goal, 12:23\. ''Giants 15–0\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 32 yards, 5:58\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Najee Goode]] 2\-yard fumble return (\[\[Alex Henery]] kick), 4:11\. ''Giants 15–7\.'' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*NYG – \[\[Eli Manning]] – 25/39, 246 yards \*PHI – \[\[Matt Barkley]] – 17/26, 158 yards '''Top rushers''' \*NYG – \[\[Peyton Hillis]] – 20 rushes, 70 yards \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 15 rushes, 48 yards '''Top receivers''' \*NYG – \[\[Victor Cruz (American football)\|Victor Cruz]] – 7 receptions, 86 yards \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] – 8 receptions, 63 yards }} Nick Foles was injured again, so Michael Vick was reinserted into the starting role, but after a few series, Matt Barkley took his place. Despite the Eagles defense not allowing a touchdown all game, the offense was stymied throughout the contest. Philadelphia's lone score, and the game's only touchdown, occurred on a fumble recovery late in the fourth quarter; the Giants botched a snap for a punt, which was then recovered by [Najee Goode](/wiki/Najee_Goode "Najee Goode") in New York's endzone for a touchdown. With the 15\-7 loss, the Eagles fell to 3–5\. As of the 2023 season, this is Philadelphia's most recent home loss to New York. #### Week 9: at Oakland Raiders * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Nine: Philadelphia Eagles at Oakland Raiders – Game summary \|date\=November 3 \|time\=4:05 pm. EST/1:05 p.m. \[\[Pacific Time Zone\|PST]] \|road\='''Eagles''' \|R1\=7\|R2\=21\|R3\=21\|R4\=0 \|home\=Raiders \|H1\=3\|H2\=10\|H3\=0\|H4\=7 \|stadium\=\[\[O.co Coliseum]], \[\[Oakland, California]] \|attendance\=51,751 \|weather\={{convert\|62\|F\|C}}, sunny, hazy skies \|referee\=\[\[Ed Hochuli]] \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Chris Myers]], \[\[Tim Ryan (American football, born 1967\)\|Tim Ryan]] and \[\[Jennifer Hale (sportscaster)\|Jennifer Hale]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013110306/2013/REG9/eagles@raiders Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55964/OAK\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] 2\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (\[\[Alex Henery]] kick), 5:18\. ''Eagles 7–0\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 84 yards, 3:58\.''''' \*OAK – \[\[Sebastian Janikowski]] 24\-yard field goal, 2:02\. ''Eagles 7–3\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 74 yards, 3:16\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] 17\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 14:17\. ''Eagles 14–3\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 82 yards, 2:45\.''''' \*PHI – Riley Cooper 63\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:17\. ''Eagles 21–3\. '''Drive: 1 play, 63 yards, 0:09\.''''' \*OAK – \[\[Rashad Jennings]] 8\-yard run (Sebastian Janikowski kick), 7:34\. ''Eagles 21–10\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 80 yards, 3:43\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Zach Ertz]] 15\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 4:03\. ''Eagles 28–10\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 80 yards, 3:31\.''''' \*OAK – Sebastian Janikowski 53\-yard field goal, 0:03\. ''Eagles 28–13\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 40 yards, 0:56\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 25\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 14:14\. ''Eagles 35–13\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 61 yards, 0:46\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 46\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:13\. ''Eagles 42–13\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 57 yards, 0:51\.''''' \*PHI – Riley Cooper 5\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 4:28\. ''Eagles 49–13\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 68 yards, 1:18\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*OAK – \[\[Jeremy Stewart]] 2\-yard run (Sebastian Janikowski kick), 0:52\. ''Eagles 49–20\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 71 yards, 2:30\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 22/28, 406 yards, 7 TD \*OAK – \[\[Terrelle Pryor]] – 22/41, 288 yards '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – \[\[Bryce Brown]] – 7 rushes, 54 yards \*OAK – \[\[Rashad Jennings]] – 15 rushes, 102 yards, TD '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] – 5 receptions, 150 yards, TD \*OAK – \[\[Rod Streater]] – 5 receptions, 98 yards }} Nick Foles tied an NFL record in this game with seven touchdown passes as the Eagles beat the Raiders 49–20\. #### Week 10: at Green Bay Packers * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Ten: Philadelphia Eagles at Green Bay Packers – Game summary \|date\=November 10 \|time\=1:00 pm. EST/12:00 p.m. \[\[Central Time Zone\|CST]] \|road\='''Eagles''' \|R1\=7\|R2\=3\|R3\=17\|R4\=0 \|home\=Packers \|H1\=0\|H2\=3\|H3\=7\|H4\=3 \|stadium\=\[\[Lambeau Field]], \[\[Green Bay, Wisconsin]] \|attendance\=78,011 \|weather\={{convert\|45\|F\|C}}, mostly sunny \|referee\=\[\[Mike Carey (American football)\|Mike Carey]] \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=Joe Buck, Troy Aikman and Pam Oliver \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013111003/2013/REG10/eagles@packers Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55974/GB\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 55\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (\[\[Alex Henery]] kick), 5:57\. ''Eagles 7–0\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 57 yards, 0:25\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 25\-yard field goal, 1:16\. ''Eagles 10–0\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 60 yards, 1:38\.''''' \*GB – \[\[Mason Crosby]] 26\-yard field goal, 0:02\. ''Eagles 10–3\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 72 yards, 1:14\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] 45\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:21\. ''Eagles 17–3\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 84 yards, 0:51\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 41\-yard field goal, 7:28\. ''Eagles 20–3\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 21 yards, 1:39\.''''' \*GB – \[\[Brandon Bostick]] 22\-yard pass from \[\[Scott Tolzien]] (Mason Crosby kick), 3:22\. ''Eagles 20–10\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 86 yards, 4:06\.''''' \*PHI – Riley Cooper 32\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 0:10\. ''Eagles 27–10\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 80 yards, 3:12\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*GB – Mason Crosby 35\-yard field goal, 12:19\. ''Eagles 27–13\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 54 yards, 2:51\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 12/18, 228 yards, 3 TD \*GB – \[\[Scott Tolzien]] – 24/39, 280 yards, TD, 2 INT '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 25 rushes, 155 yards \*GB – \[\[Eddie Lacy]] – 24 rushes, 73 yards '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] – 3 receptions, 102 yards, 2 TD \*GB – \[\[Jarrett Boykin]] – 8 receptions, 112 yards }} Nick Foles threw three touchdown passes in this game, and the Eagles defense intercepted [Scott Tolzien](/wiki/Scott_Tolzien "Scott Tolzien") twice. Tolzien started in place of [Aaron Rodgers](/wiki/Aaron_Rodgers "Aaron Rodgers"), who had a collarbone injury. With the win, the Eagles evened their record at 5–5\. #### Week 11: vs. Washington Redskins * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Eleven: Washington Redskins at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=November 17 \|time\=1:00 pm. EST \|road\=Redskins \|R1\=0\|R2\=0\|R3\=0\|R4\=16 \|home\='''Eagles''' \|H1\=7\|H2\=10\|H3\=7\|H4\=0 \|stadium\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Mostly cloudy, {{convert\|68\|F\|C}} \|referee\=Walt Coleman \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Kevin Burkhardt]], \[\[John Lynch (American football)\|John Lynch]] and \[\[Erin Andrews]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013111706/2013/REG11/redskins@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55991/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] 4\-yard run (\[\[Alex Henery]] kick), 2:48\. ''Eagles 7–0\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 68 yards, 1:16\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 1\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 14:31\. ''Eagles 14–0\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 69 yards, 1:48\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 24\-yard field goal, 3:51\. ''Eagles 17–0\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 83 yards, 3:53\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – LeSean McCoy 1\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 9:41\. ''Eagles 24–0\. '''Drive: 13 plays, 80 yards, 5:19\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*WAS – \[\[Darrel Young]] 62\-yard pass from \[\[Robert Griffin III]] (Robert Griffin III–\[\[Nick Williams (wide receiver)\|Nick Williams]] pass), 12:56\. ''Eagles 24–8\. '''Drive: 1 play, 62 yards, 0:12\.''''' \*WAS – \[\[Aldrick Robinson]] 41\-yard pass from Robert Griffin III (Robert Griffin III run), 5:57\. ''Eagles 24–16\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 85 yards, 2:40\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*WAS – \[\[Robert Griffin III]] – 17/35, 264 yards, 2 TD, INT \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 17/26, 298 yards '''Top rushers''' \*WAS – \[\[Alfred Morris (American football)\|Alfred Morris]] – 22 rushes, 93 yards \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 20 rushes, 77 yards, 2 TD '''Top receivers''' \*WAS – \[\[Pierre Garçon]] – 6 receptions, 68 yards \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] – 4 receptions, 82 yards }} A late game rally by Washington led them to the Eagles' 26\-yard line. A shot to the end zone by Robert Griffin III was intercepted by Brandon Boykin, clinching an Eagles win. The Eagles moved to 6–5\. Prior to this game, the Eagles hadn't won a game at home in 414 days since Week 4 of the [2012 season](/wiki/2012_Philadelphia_Eagles_season "2012 Philadelphia Eagles season") against the New York Giants, thus snapping a 10\-game losing streak at home with this win. #### Week 13: vs. Arizona Cardinals * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Thirteen: Arizona Cardinals at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=December 1 \|time\=1:00 pm. EST \|road\=Cardinals \|R1\=0\|R2\=7\|R3\=7\|R4\=7 \|home\='''Eagles''' \|H1\=7\|H2\=10\|H3\=7\|H4\=0 \|stadium\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Cloudy, {{convert\|48\|F\|C}} \|referee\=\[\[Tony Corrente]] \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=Kenny Albert, Daryl Johnston and Tony Siragusa \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013120106/2013/REG13/cardinals@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56022/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Zach Ertz]] 6\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (\[\[Alex Henery]] kick), 12:30\. ''Eagles 7–0\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 25 yards, 0:56\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*ARI – \[\[Larry Fitzgerald]] 43\-yard pass from \[\[Carson Palmer]] (\[\[Jay Feely]] kick), 7:50\. ''Tied 7–7\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 57 yards, 4:13\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 32\-yard field goal, 3:59\. ''Eagles 10–7\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 64 yards, 3:51\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] 1\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 0:15\. ''Eagles 17–7\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 78 yards, 2:07\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – Zach Ertz 24\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 10:16\. ''Eagles 24–7\. '''Drive: 13 plays, 80 yards, 4:44\.''''' \*ARI – \[\[Michael Floyd]] 23\-yard pass from Carson Palmer (Jay Feely kick), 5:14\. ''Eagles 24–14\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 80 yards, 5:02\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*ARI – \[\[Jim Dray]] 3\-yard pass from Carson Palmer (Jay Feely kick), 4:45\. ''Eagles 24–21\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 86 yards, 2:35\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*ARI – \[\[Carson Palmer]] – 24/41, 302 yards, 3 TD, 2 INT \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 21/34, 237 yards, 3 TD '''Top rushers''' \*ARI – \[\[Rashard Mendenhall]] – 18 rushes, 76 yards \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 19 rushes, 79 yards '''Top receivers''' \*ARI – \[\[Michael Floyd]] – 5 receptions, 99 yards, TD \*PHI – \[\[Zach Ertz]] – 5 receptions, 68 yards, 2 TD }} With the win, the Eagles improved to 7–5\. #### Week 14: vs. Detroit Lions * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Fourteen: Detroit Lions at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=December 8 \|time\=1:00 pm. EST \|road\=Lions \|R1\=0\|R2\=8\|R3\=6\|R4\=6 \|home\='''Eagles''' \|H1\=0\|H2\=0\|H3\=6\|H4\=28 \|stadium\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Snow, {{convert\|27\|F\|C}} \|referee\=Ed Hochuli \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=Kevin Burkhardt, John Lynch and \[\[Molly McGrath]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013120805/2013/REG14/lions@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56035/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*''No scoring plays.'' '''Second quarter''' \*DET – \[\[Joique Bell]] 2\-yard run (\[\[Matthew Stafford]]–Joique Bell pass), 10:02\. ''Lions 8–0\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 20 yards, 2:04\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*DET – \[\[Jeremy Ross]] 58\-yard punt return (pass failed), 6:37\. ''Lions 14–0\.'' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 19\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (pass failed), 4:05\. ''Lions 14–6\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 74 yards, 2:32\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 40\-yard run (\[\[Bryce Brown]] run), 14:34\. ''Tied 14–14\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 80 yards, 0:50\.''''' \*DET – \[\[Jeremy Ross]] 98\-yard kickoff return (kick blocked), 14:20\. ''Lions 20–14\. '''Drive: 0 plays, 0 yards, 0:14\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 57\-yard run (Nick Foles–\[\[Riley Cooper]] pass), 13:13\. ''Eagles 22–20\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 76 yards, 1:07\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] 1\-yard run (pass failed), 8:18\. ''Eagles 28–20\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 71 yards, 4:02\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Chris Polk]] 38\-yard run (run failed), 2:58\. ''Eagles 34–20\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 60 yards, 4:17\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*DET – \[\[Matthew Stafford]] – 10/25, 151 yards \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 11/22, 179 yards, TD, INT '''Top rushers''' \*DET – \[\[Joique Bell]] – 23 carries, 69 yards, TD \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 29 carries, 217 yards, 2 TDs '''Top receivers''' \*DET – \[\[Joique Bell]] – 4 receptions, 58 yards \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] – 3 receptions, 74 yards }} In a blinding snowstorm, with at least eight inches of snow on the field by the end of the game, LeSean McCoy broke the Eagles' single\-game rushing record with 217 yards on the ground. #### Week 15: at Minnesota Vikings * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Fifteen: Philadelphia Eagles at Minnesota Vikings – Game summary \|date\=December 15 \|time\=1:00 pm. EST/12:00 pm. CST \|road\=Eagles \|R1\=3\|R2\=6\|R3\=13\|R4\=8 \|home\='''Vikings''' \|H1\=7\|H2\=10\|H3\=10\|H4\=21 \|stadium\=\[\[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome\|Mall of America Field at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]], \[\[Minneapolis, Minnesota]] \|attendance\=64,087 \|weather\=None (indoor stadium) \|referee\=Walt Anderson \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=Kenny Albert, Daryl Johnston and Tony Siragusa \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013121505/2013/REG15/eagles@vikings Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56051/MIN\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*MIN – \[\[Greg Jennings]] 57\-yard pass from \[\[Matt Cassel]] (\[\[Blair Walsh]] kick), 6:18\. ''Vikings 7–0\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 91 yards, 2:04\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 35\-yard field goal, 2:35\. ''Vikings 7–3\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 63 yards, 3:43\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*MIN – Blair Walsh 21\-yard field goal, 13:19\. ''Vikings 10–3\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 59 yards, 4:16\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 51\-yard field goal, 8:55\. ''Vikings 10–6\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 47 yards, 4:24\.''''' \*MIN – \[\[Matt Asiata]] 1\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 1:06\. ''Vikings 17–6\. '''Drive: 16 plays, 75 yards, 7:49\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 33\-yard field goal, 0:00\. ''Vikings 17–9\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 66 yards, 1:06\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*MIN – Matt Cassel 6\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 12:03\. ''Vikings 24–9\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 52 yards, 1:38\.''''' \*MIN – Blair Walsh 38\-yard field goal, 4:43\. ''Vikings 27–9\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 4 yards, 1:21\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 30\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 3:14\. ''Vikings 27–16\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 70 yards, 1:29\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Zach Ertz]] 3\-yard pass from Nick Foles (pass failed), 0:15\. ''Vikings 27–22\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 45 yards, 1:03\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*MIN – Matt Asiata 1\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 13:01\. ''Vikings 34–22\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 54 yards, 2:14\.''''' \*MIN – \[\[Cordarrelle Patterson]] 5\-yard pass from Matt Cassel (Blair Walsh kick), 6:54\. ''Vikings 41–22\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 36 yards, 1:01\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Jason Avant]] 16\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Nick Foles–\[\[Riley Cooper]] pass), 4:26\. ''Vikings 41–30\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 80 yards, 2:28\.''''' \*MIN – Matt Asiata 5\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 1:09\. ''Vikings 48–30\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 48 yards, 3:17\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 30/48, 428 yards, 3 TD, INT \*MIN – \[\[Matt Cassel]] – 26/35, 382 yards, 2 TD, INT '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – Nick Foles – 5 rushes, 41 yards \*MIN – \[\[Matt Asiata]] – 30 rushes, 51 yards, 3 TD '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] – 10 receptions, 195 yards, TD \*MIN – \[\[Greg Jennings]] – 11 receptions, 163 yards, TD }} With the loss, the Eagles fell to 8–6\. #### Week 16: vs. Chicago Bears * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Sixteen: Chicago Bears at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=December 22 \|time\=8:30 pm. EST \|road\=Bears \|R1\=0\|R2\=3\|R3\=8\|R4\=0 \|home\='''Eagles''' \|H1\=21\|H2\=3\|H3\=9\|H4\=21 \|stadium\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Clear, {{convert\|63\|F\|C}} \|referee\=Mike Carey \|TV\=\[\[NBC Sunday Night Football\|NBC]] \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Al Michaels]], \[\[Cris Collinsworth]] and \[\[Michele Tafoya]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013122207/2013/REG16/bears@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56068/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] 5\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (\[\[Alex Henery]] kick), 9:54\. ''Eagles 7–0\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 43 yards, 2:59\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 1\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 7:44\. ''Eagles 14–0\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 39 yards, 1:58\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] 10\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 1:27\. ''Eagles 21–0\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 72 yards, 4:33\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 49\-yard field goal, 1:07\. ''Eagles 24–0\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 60 yards, 3:59\.''''' \*CHI – \[\[Robbie Gould]] 50\-yard field goal, 0:00\. ''Eagles 24–3\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 49 yards, 1:07\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Matt Forte]] tackled in the end zone by \[\[Cedric Thornton]] for a safety, 9:52\. ''Eagles 26–3\.'' \*PHI – LeSean McCoy 1\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 7:11 (PHI 33–3\) \*CHI – \[\[Brandon Marshall]] 6\-yard pass from \[\[Jay Cutler]] (Jay Cutler–\[\[Earl Bennett]] pass), 0:00\. ''Eagles 33–11\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 70 yards, 5:21\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Chris Polk]] 11\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 11:19\. ''Eagles 40–11\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 70 yards, 3:41\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Brandon Boykin]] 54\-yard interception return (Alex Henery kick), 8:00\. ''Eagles 47–11\.'' \*PHI – \[\[Bryce Brown]] 65\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 6:14\. ''Eagles 54–11\. '''Drive: 1 play, 65 yards, 0:10\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*CHI – \[\[Jay Cutler]] – 20/35, 222 yards, TD, INT \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 21/25, 230 yards, 2 TD '''Top rushers''' \*CHI – \[\[Matt Forte]] – 9 rushes, 29 yards \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 18 rushes, 133 yards, 2 TD '''Top receivers''' \*CHI – \[\[Martellus Bennett]] – 5 receptions, 85 yards \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] – 3 receptions, 58 yards, TD }} The Eagles beat the Chicago Bears 54–11 on Sunday Night Football. Nick Foles went 21/25 for 230 yards and two touchdowns. [LeSean McCoy](/wiki/LeSean_McCoy "LeSean McCoy") ran the ball 18 times for 133 yards and two touchdowns. Towards the end, the Eagles brought in bench players to finish the game. [Bryce Brown](/wiki/Bryce_Brown "Bryce Brown") ran for a 65\-yard touchdown with 6:14 to go with [Michael Vick](/wiki/Michael_Vick "Michael Vick") at the quarterback helm. This was Michael Vick's final appearance as an Eagle. This was the first game in NFL history to end with a [final score of 54–11](/wiki/Scorigami "Scorigami"). With the convincing win, the Eagles improved to 9–6, and would face their [archrivals](/wiki/Cowboys%E2%80%93Eagles_rivalry "Cowboys–Eagles rivalry"), the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys "Dallas Cowboys"), the following Sunday night for the division title. #### Week 17: at Dallas Cowboys * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Seventeen: Philadelphia Eagles at Dallas Cowboys – Game summary \|date\=December 29 \|time\=8:30 pm. EST/7:30 pm. CST \|road\='''Eagles''' \|R1\=3\|R2\=14\|R3\=0\|R4\=7 \|home\=Cowboys \|H1\=0\|H2\=10\|H3\=6\|H4\=6 \|stadium\=\[\[AT\&T Stadium]], \[\[Arlington, Texas]] \|attendance\=91,166 \|weather\=None (retractable roof closed) \|referee\=\[\[Gene Steratore]] \|TV\=NBC \|TVAnnouncers\=Al Michaels, Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013122903/2013/REG17/eagles@cowboys Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56080/DAL\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 46\-yard field goal, 7:07\. ''Eagles 3–0\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 48 yards, 3:35\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 3\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 14:13\. ''Eagles 10–0\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 88 yards, 4:20\.''''' \*DAL – \[\[Gavin Escobar]] 17\-yard pass from \[\[Kyle Orton]] (\[\[Dan Bailey (American football)\|Dan Bailey]] kick), 8:16\. ''Eagles 10–7\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 66 yards, 2:51\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] 14\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 1:19\. ''Eagles 17–7\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 49 yards, 0:34\.''''' \*DAL – Dan Bailey 44\-yard field goal, 0:18\. ''Eagles 17–10\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 54 yards, 1:01\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*DAL – Dan Bailey 43\-yard field goal, 8:59\. ''Eagles 17–13\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 41 yards, 4:50\.''''' \*DAL – Dan Bailey 36\-yard field goal, 5:38\. ''Eagles 17–16\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 2 yards, 2:06\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Bryce Brown]] 6\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 6:09\. ''Eagles 24–16\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 60 yards, 5:37\.''''' \*DAL – \[\[Dez Bryant]] 32\-yard pass from Kyle Orton (pass failed), 3:50\. ''Eagles 24–22\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 80 yards, 2:19\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 17/26, 263 yards, 2 TD \*DAL – \[\[Kyle Orton]] – 30/46, 358 yards, 2 TD, 2 INT '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 27 rushes, 131 yards \*DAL – \[\[DeMarco Murray]] – 17 rushes, 51 yards '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] – 3 receptions, 71 yards, TD \*DAL – \[\[Jason Witten]] – 12 receptions, 135 yards }} This game ended when Kyle Orton threw an interception late in the fourth quarter. With the win, the Eagles improved to 10–6 and sealed the NFC East title and the \#3 seed in the playoffs. They were also the third team in a row to defeat the Cowboys in the last game of the regular season on Sunday Night Football (Giants, 2011 and Redskins, 2012\). ### Standings #### Division {{2013 NFC East standings\|team\=PHI}} #### Conference {{2013 NFC standings\|team\=PHI}}
[ "Regular season\n--------------", "### Schedule", "", "| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Venue | Recap |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | {{dow tooltip\\|September 9, 2013}} | at **[Washington Redskins](/wiki/2013_Washington_Redskins_season \"2013 Washington Redskins season\")** | **W** 33–27 | 1–0 | [FedExField](/wiki/FedExField \"FedExField\") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013090900/2013/REG1/eagles@redskins) |\n| 2 | September 15 | [San Diego Chargers](/wiki/2013_San_Diego_Chargers_season \"2013 San Diego Chargers season\") | **L** 30–33 | 1–1 | [Lincoln Financial Field](/wiki/Lincoln_Financial_Field \"Lincoln Financial Field\") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013091508/2013/REG2/chargers@eagles) |\n| 3 | {{dow tooltip\\|September 19, 2013}} | [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/2013_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season \"2013 Kansas City Chiefs season\") | **L** 16–26 | 1–2 | Lincoln Financial Field | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013091900/2013/REG3/chiefs@eagles) |\n| 4 | September 29 | at [Denver Broncos](/wiki/2013_Denver_Broncos_season \"2013 Denver Broncos season\") | **L** 20–52 | 1–3 | [Sports Authority Field at Mile High](/wiki/Sports_Authority_Field_at_Mile_High \"Sports Authority Field at Mile High\") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013092909/2013/REG4/eagles@broncos) |\n| 5 | October 6 | at **[New York Giants](/wiki/2013_New_York_Giants_season \"2013 New York Giants season\")** | **W** 36–21 | 2–3 | [MetLife Stadium](/wiki/MetLife_Stadium \"MetLife Stadium\") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013100605/2013/REG5/eagles@giants) |\n| 6 | October 13 | at [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/2013_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_season \"2013 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season\") | **W** 31–20 | 3–3 | [Raymond James Stadium](/wiki/Raymond_James_Stadium \"Raymond James Stadium\") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013101307/2013/REG6/eagles@buccaneers) |\n| 7 | October 20 | **[Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/2013_Dallas_Cowboys_season \"2013 Dallas Cowboys season\")** | **L** 3–17 | 3–4 | Lincoln Financial Field | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013102008/2013/REG7/cowboys@eagles) |\n| 8 | October 27 | **[New York Giants](/wiki/2013_New_York_Giants_season \"2013 New York Giants season\")** | **L** 7–15 | 3–5 | Lincoln Financial Field | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013102705/2013/REG8/giants@eagles) |\n| 9 | November 3 | at [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/2013_Oakland_Raiders_season \"2013 Oakland Raiders season\") | **W** 49–20 | 4–5 | [O.co Coliseum](/wiki/O.co_Coliseum \"O.co Coliseum\") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013110306/2013/REG9/eagles@raiders) |\n| 10 | November 10 | at [Green Bay Packers](/wiki/2013_Green_Bay_Packers_season \"2013 Green Bay Packers season\") | **W** 27–13 | 5–5 | [Lambeau Field](/wiki/Lambeau_Field \"Lambeau Field\") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013111003/2013/REG10/eagles@packers) |\n| 11 | November 17 | **[Washington Redskins](/wiki/2013_Washington_Redskins_season \"2013 Washington Redskins season\")** | **W** 24–16 | 6–5 | Lincoln Financial Field | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013111706/2013/REG11/redskins@eagles) |\n| 12 | *[Bye](/wiki/Bye_%28sports%29 \"Bye (sports)\")* | | | | | |\n| 13 | December 1 | [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/2013_Arizona_Cardinals_season \"2013 Arizona Cardinals season\") | **W** 24–21 | 7–5 | Lincoln Financial Field | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013120106/2013/REG13/cardinals@eagles) |\n| 14 | December 8 | [Detroit Lions](/wiki/2013_Detroit_Lions_season \"2013 Detroit Lions season\") | **W** 34–20 | 8–5 | Lincoln Financial Field | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013120805/2013/REG14/lions@eagles) |\n| 15 | December 15 | at [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/2013_Minnesota_Vikings_season \"2013 Minnesota Vikings season\") | **L** 30–48 | 8–6 | [Mall of America Field](/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey_Metrodome \"Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome\") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013121505/2013/REG15/eagles@vikings) |\n| 16 | December 22 | [Chicago Bears](/wiki/2013_Chicago_Bears_season \"2013 Chicago Bears season\") | **W** 54–11 | 9–6 | Lincoln Financial Field | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013122207/2013/REG16/bears@eagles) |\n| 17 | December 29 | at **[Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/2013_Dallas_Cowboys_season \"2013 Dallas Cowboys season\")** | **W** 24–22 | 10–6 | [AT\\&T Stadium](/wiki/AT%26T_Stadium \"AT&T Stadium\") | [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013122903/2013/REG17/eagles@cowboys) |", "**Note:** Intra\\-division opponents are in **bold** text.", "### Game summaries", "#### Week 1: at Washington Redskins", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week One: Philadelphia Eagles at Washington Redskins – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=September 9\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=7:10 p.m. \\[\\[Eastern Time Zone\\|EDT]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=12\\|R2\\=14\\|R3\\=7\\|R4\\=0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Redskins\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=7\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=7\\|H4\\=13\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[FedExField]], \\[\\[Landover, Maryland]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=82,743\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\={{convert\\|80\\|F\\|C}}, cloudy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Ron Winter]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=\\[\\[Monday Night Football\\|ESPN]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Mike Tirico]], \\[\\[Jon Gruden]] and \\[\\[Lisa Salters]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013090900/2013/REG1/eagles@redskins Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55851/WAS\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[DeAngelo Hall]] 75\\-yard fumble return (\\[\\[Kai Forbath]] kick), 11:54\\. ''Redskins 7–0\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 48\\-yard field goal, 9:15\\. ''Redskins 7–3\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 51 yards, 2:39\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 25\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Michael Vick]] (Alex Henery kick), 8:59\\. ''Eagles 10–7\\. '''Drive: 1 play, 25 yards, 0:08\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alfred Morris (American football)\\|Alfred Morris]] tackled in the end zone by \\[\\[Trent Cole]] for a safety, 4:50\\. ''Eagles 12–7\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] 28\\-yard pass from Michael Vick (Alex Henery kick), 6:10\\. ''Eagles 19–7\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 62 yards, 2:07\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Michael Vick 3\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 0:58\\. ''Eagles 26–7\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 44 yards, 3:13\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 34\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 13:26\\. ''Eagles 33–7\\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 30 yards, 0:34\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – Alfred Morris 5\\-yard run (Kai Forbath kick), 0:06\\. ''Eagles 33–14\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 66 yards, 3:30\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Leonard Hankerson]] 10\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Robert Griffin III]] (pass failed), 12:24\\. ''Eagles 33–20\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 29 yards, 1:22\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – Leonard Hankerson 24\\-yard pass from Robert Griffin III (Kai Forbath kick), 1:14\\. ''Eagles 33–27\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 89 yards, 2:28\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Michael Vick]] – 15/25, 203 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Robert Griffin III]] – 30/49, 329 yards, 2 TD, 2 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 31 rushes, 184 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Alfred Morris (American football)\\|Alfred Morris]] – 12 rushes, 45 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] – 7 receptions, 104 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Leonard Hankerson]] – 5 receptions, 80 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}", "The Eagles started their 2013 season with a [Monday Night](/wiki/Monday_Night_Football \"Monday Night Football\") divisional clash on the road against the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/2013_Washington_Redskins_season \"2013 Washington Redskins season\"). The Skins scored first when DeAngelo Hall returned a fumble 75 yards for a touchdown for a 7–0 lead. After this the Eagles dominated scoring 33 straight points as Alex Henery kicked a field goal from 48 yards out to come within four points for a 7–3 game. Next Michael Vick found DeSean Jackson on a 25\\-yard pass as the team took the lead 10–7\\. On the Skins' next possession, Alfred Morris was tackled in the end zone for a safety making the score 12–7\\. In the second quarter, the Eagles continued to increase their lead as Vick found Brent Celek on a 28\\-yard touchdown pass for a 19–7 lead. Later on in the quarter, Vick ran for a 3\\-yard touchdown bringing the halftime score to 26–7\\. In the third quarter, LeSean McCoy ran for a 34\\-yard touchdown bringing the score to 33–7\\. The Skins started their scoring again as Morris ran for a 5\\-yard touchdown making the score 33–14\\. In the fourth quarter, it was all Skins as RG3 found Leonard Hankerson on a 10\\-yard touchdown pass (with a failed two\\-point conversion) for a 33–20 game. Finally, the Skins came within six points as RG3 and Hankerson connected again this time on a 24\\-yard pass bringing the final score to 33–27\\.", "With the win, the Eagles started their season 1–0\\.", "#### Week 2: vs. San Diego Chargers", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Two: San Diego Chargers at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=September 15\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EDT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Chargers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=3\\|R2\\=10\\|R3\\=7\\|R4\\=13\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Eagles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=3\\|H2\\=7\\|H3\\=10\\|H4\\=10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[Lincoln Financial Field]], \\[\\[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Sunny, {{convert\\|72\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Terry McAulay]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=\\[\\[NFL on CBS\\|CBS]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Greg Gumbel]] and \\[\\[Dan Dierdorf]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013091508/2013/REG2/chargers@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55862/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – \\[\\[Nick Novak]] 49\\-yard field goal, 7:26\\. ''Chargers 3–0\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 59 yards, 4:25\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 25\\-yard field goal, 5:30\\. ''Tied 3–3\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 70 yards, 1:56\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – \\[\\[Eddie Royal]] 11\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Philip Rivers]] (Nick Novak kick), 14:07\\. ''Chargers 10–3\\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 93 yards, 6:23\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – Nick Novak 44\\-yard field goal, 8:01\\. ''Chargers 13–3\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 53 yards, 3:37\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] 13\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Michael Vick]] (Alex Henery kick), 6:41\\. ''Chargers 13–10\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 75 yards, 1:20\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – Eddie Royal 24\\-yard pass from Philip Rivers (Nick Novak kick), 10:04\\. ''Chargers 20–10\\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 80 yards, 4:56\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 48\\-yard field goal, 6:45\\. ''Chargers 20–13\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 49 yards, 3:19\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 61\\-yard pass from Michael Vick (Alex Henery kick), 4:42\\. ''Tied 20–20\\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 65 yards, 0:26\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – Nick Novak 33\\-yard field goal, 10:47\\. ''Chargers 23–20\\. '''Drive: 17 plays, 73 yards, 8:55\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Michael Vick 2\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 7:06\\. ''Eagles 27–23\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 76 yards, 3:41\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – Eddie Royal 15\\-yard pass from Philip Rivers (Nick Novak kick), 3:11\\. ''Chargers 30–27\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 39 yards, 3:55\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 32\\-yard field goal, 1:51\\. ''Tied 30–30\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 57 yards, 1:20\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – Nick Novak 46\\-yard field goal, 0:07\\. ''Chargers 33–30\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 51 yards, 1:44\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – \\[\\[Philip Rivers]] – 36/47, 419 yards, 3 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Michael Vick]] – 24/37, 428 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – \\[\\[Ryan Mathews (American football)\\|Ryan Mathews]] – 16 rushes, 73 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 11 rushes, 53 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – \\[\\[Antonio Gates]] – 8 receptions, 124 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] – 9 receptions, 193 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}", "The Eagles punted on their first possession. The Chargers took the ball and marched to the Eagles 31, but had to settle for a 49 field goal. The Eagles took the ball next and stormed 75 yards in 5 plays, driving to the Chargers 2, but kicked a field goal.", "#### Week 3: vs. Kansas City Chiefs", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Three: Kansas City Chiefs at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=September 19\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=8:25 pm. EDT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Chiefs'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=10\\|R2\\=6\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Eagles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=6\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=3\\|H4\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Clear, {{convert\\|63\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Walt Anderson (American football)\\|Walt Anderson]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=\\[\\[Thursday Night Football\\|NFLN]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Brad Nessler]], \\[\\[Mike Mayock]] and \\[\\[Alex Flanagan]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013091900/2013/REG3/chiefs@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55869/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – \\[\\[Ryan Succop]] 33\\-yard field goal, 12:08\\. ''Chiefs 3–0\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, −7 yards, 1:50\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – \\[\\[Eric Berry]] 38\\-yard interception return (Ryan Succop kick), 11:12\\. ''Chiefs 10–0\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Jason Avant]] 22\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Michael Vick]] (run failed), 5:06\\. ''Chiefs 10–6\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 87 yards, 1:16\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – Ryan Succop 31\\-yard field goal, 8:21\\. ''Chiefs 13–6\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 69 yards, 3:07\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – Ryan Succop 34\\-yard field goal, 2:26\\. ''Chiefs 16–6\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 45 yards, 3:51\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 29\\-yard field goal, 6:29\\. ''Chiefs 16–9\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 70 yards, 3:05\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – \\[\\[Jamaal Charles]] 3\\-yard run (Ryan Succop kick), 12:57\\. ''Chiefs 23–9\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 62 yards, 4:45\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 41\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 11:36\\. ''Chiefs 23–16\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 78 yards, 1:21\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – Ryan Succop 38\\-yard field goal, 3:21\\. ''Chiefs 26–16\\. '''Drive: 15 plays, 75 yards, 8:15\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – \\[\\[Alex Smith]] – 22/35, 273 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Michael Vick]] – 13/30, 201 yards, TD, 2 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – \\[\\[Jamaal Charles]] – 20 rushes, 92 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 20 rushes, 158 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – \\[\\[Donnie Avery]] – 7 receptions, 141 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Jason Avant]] – 5 receptions, 87 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThis week marked the return of former Eagles head coach [Andy Reid](/wiki/Andy_Reid \"Andy Reid\"). The Eagles forced the Chiefs to a quick three\\-and\\-out, but the Eagles muffed the punt, and the Chiefs recovered at the Philadelphia 8\\. A few plays later, Ryan Succop kicked a 33\\-yard field goal. On Philadelphia's first possession, Michael Vick was intercepted by Eric Berry, on a pass intended for Brent Celek, who returned it 38 yards for a touchdown. After a Chiefs punt, Michael Vick busted off a 61\\-yard run, setting up his 22\\-yard touchdown pass to Jason Avant. Zach Ertz attempted to run in the two\\-point conversion, but failed, keeping the score 10–6\\. With less than a minute remaining in the first quarter the Eagles drove into Chiefs territory, but Vick was sacked by Justin Houston and fumbled. Two field goals by Ryan Succop was the only scoring of the second quarter, giving the Chiefs a 16–6 halftime lead. An Alex Henery field goal was the only score of the third quarter, giving the Chiefs a 16–9 lead entering the fourth quarter. On their first drive of the fourth quarter, Jamaal Charles capped off an eight\\-play, 62\\-yard drive with a 3\\-yard touchdown run, making the score 23–9\\. The Eagles immediately responded with a touchdown of their own, driving 78 yards with a 41\\-yard touchdown rush by LeSean McCoy, pulling to within 7\\. However, Kansas City struck the decisive blow with a 15\\-play, 73\\-yard drive, taking 8:15 off the clock and Ryan Succop adding his fourth field goals making the score 26–16\\. On their next drive, Michael Vick completed a 19\\-yard pass on third\\-and\\-10, but guard Todd Herremans was called for holding making it third\\-and\\-20 at their own 21\\. The Eagles turned the ball over on downs. The Chiefs did the same on their next drive. Finally, a strip sack by Justin Houston with recovering for Kansas City, sealed the deal. With the loss, the Eagles lost their second in a row, both being at home. The Eagles outgained Chiefs 431–394 and had more first downs, 21–19, but the Chiefs had almost twice as much time of possession and won the turnover battle 5–0\\.", "#### Week 4: at Denver Broncos", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Four: Philadelphia Eagles at Denver Broncos – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=September 29\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=4:25 pm. EDT/2:25 p.m. \\[\\[Mountain Time Zone\\|MDT]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\=Eagles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=3\\|R2\\=10\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\='''Broncos'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=14\\|H2\\=7\\|H3\\=21\\|H4\\=10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[Sports Authority Field at Mile High]], \\[\\[Denver, Colorado]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=77,002\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\={{convert\\|76\\|F\\|C}}, partly cloudy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Pete Morelli]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=\\[\\[NFL on Fox\\|Fox]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Joe Buck]], \\[\\[Troy Aikman]] and \\[\\[Pam Oliver]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013092909/2013/REG4/eagles@broncos Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55895/DEN\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Wes Welker]] 6\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Peyton Manning]] (\\[\\[Matt Prater]] kick), 10:19\\. ''Broncos 7–0\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 74 yards, 3:52\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 35\\-yard field goal, 6:03\\. ''Broncos 7–3\\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 65 yards, 4:16\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Trindon Holliday]] 105\\-yard kickoff return (Matt Prater kick), 5:50\\. ''Broncos 14–3\\. '''Drive: 0 plays, 0 yards, 0:13\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 25\\-yard field goal, 14:18\\. ''Broncos 14–6\\. '''Drive: 15 plays, 73 yards, 6:32\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Chris Polk]] 4\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 11:06\\. ''Broncos 14–13\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 64 yards, 2:10\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Knowshon Moreno]] 4\\-yard run (Matt Prater kick), 5:05\\. ''Broncos 21–13\\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 80 yards, 6:01\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Demaryius Thomas]] 1\\-yard pass from Peyton Manning (Matt Prater kick), 9:54\\. ''Broncos 28–13\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 80 yards, 5:06\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – Demaryius Thomas 15\\-yard pass from Peyton Manning (Matt Prater kick), 5:10\\. ''Broncos 35–13\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 80 yards, 3:12\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – Wes Welker 4\\-yard pass from Peyton Manning (Matt Prater kick), 0:22\\. ''Broncos 42–13\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 65 yards, 3:35\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Steven Johnson (American football)\\|Steven Johnson]] 17\\-yard return of blocked punt (Matt Prater kick), 13:54\\. ''Broncos 49–13\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – Matt Prater 53\\-yard field goal, 6:53\\. ''Broncos 52–13\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 30 yards, 3:49\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Jeff Maehl]] 6\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 4:35\\. ''Broncos 52–20\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 80 yards, 2:18\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Michael Vick]] – 14/27, 248 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Peyton Manning]] – 28/34, 327 yards, 4 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 16 rushes, 73 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Knowshon Moreno]] – 12 rushes, 78 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] – 3 receptions, 57 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Eric Decker]] – 5 receptions, 88 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}", "The Eagles visited Sports Authority Field in Denver to face the Broncos and their \\#1 offense. The Eagles received the ball first, but punted after only four plays. The Broncos took over and stormed 74 yards in only 9 plays to take the early lead. On the drive the Broncos converted three third downs on the drive including one on [Peyton Manning](/wiki/Peyton_Manning \"Peyton Manning\")'s 6\\-yard touchdown pass to [Wes Welker](/wiki/Wes_Welker \"Wes Welker\"). The Eagles responded on their next drive by driving from their own 18 to the Broncos 17, but had to settle for Henery's 35\\-yard field goal. On the ensuing kickoff [Trindon Holliday](/wiki/Trindon_Holliday \"Trindon Holliday\") returned the kick 105 yards for a touchdown, extending the lead to 14–3\\. The Eagles then engineered a 15\\-play, 73\\-yard drive to the 7\\-yard line, but the Broncos kept them out of the end zone and Henery kicked a 25\\-yard field goal. After a Broncos three\\-and\\-out, the Eagles finally managed to reach the end zone. They needed only 7 plays to go 64 yards. A 35\\-yard completion to [Bryce Brown](/wiki/Bryce_Brown \"Bryce Brown\") on third\\-and\\-11 moved the ball to the Denver 4\\. Two plays later [Chris Polk](/wiki/Chris_Polk \"Chris Polk\") rushed for a 4\\-yard touchdown, trimming the score to 14–13\\. Denver responded by marching 80 yards in 11 plays in a drive that took over 6 minutes off the clock and increased the lead to 21–13 after a [Knowshon Moreno](/wiki/Knowshon_Moreno \"Knowshon Moreno\") 4\\-yard touchdown run. Both teams punted to close out the half. Denver started where they left off, driving 80 yards in one less play culminating in Manning's 1\\-yard touchdown pass to [Demaryius Thomas](/wiki/Demaryius_Thomas \"Demaryius Thomas\"). Manning threw for 44 yards on the drive. After an Eagles punt, the Broncos ate 80 more yards on another touchdown drive which. Manning continued to pick apart the Eagles secondary throwing for 58 yards on the drive which concluded with Manning once again connecting with Demaryius Thomas on a touchdown, this one for 15 yards, extending the lead to 35–13\\. The Eagles offense continued sputter as they punted again. The Broncos were completely the opposite, driving 65 yards for another touchdown, increasing the lead to 42–13\\. Manning added 56 more yards and a 4\\-yard touchdown pass to Welker. The Broncos forced the Eagles to punt again, but [Steven Johnson](/wiki/Steven_Johnson_%28American_football%29 \"Steven Johnson (American football)\") blocked it and returned it 17 yards for a touchdown, making the score 49–13\\. The Eagles finally managed to avoid punting on their next drive, but Henery missed a 46\\-yard field goal. [Matt Prater](/wiki/Matt_Prater \"Matt Prater\") made one from 53 yards away on the Broncos next drive to make the score 52–13\\. The Eagles managed to march 80 yards on their next drive with Nick Foles hitting Jeff Maehl for a 6\\-yard touchdown pass to close the scoring. The Broncos held the ball for the final 4:35 to end the game. The Eagles lost their third in a row to fall to 1–3 on the season.", "#### Week 5: at New York Giants", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Five: Philadelphia Eagles at New York Giants – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=October 6\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EDT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=3\\|R2\\=16\\|R3\\=3\\|R4\\=14\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Giants\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=7\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=14\\|H4\\=0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[MetLife Stadium]], \\[\\[East Rutherford, New Jersey]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=80,738\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\={{convert\\|66\\|F\\|C}}, mostly cloudy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Walt Coleman]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Thom Brennaman]], \\[\\[Brian Billick]] and \\[\\[Laura Okmin]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013100605/2013/REG5/eagles@giants Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55906/NYG\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[David Wilson (running back)\\|David Wilson]] 5\\-yard run (\\[\\[Josh Brown (American football)\\|Josh Brown]] kick), 11:37\\. ''Giants 7–0\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 62 yards, 2:24\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 40\\-yard field goal, 6:49\\. ''Giants 7–3\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 58 yards, 4:48\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 27\\-yard field goal, 10:40\\. ''Giants 7–6\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 51 yards, 3:21\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 1\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 8:11\\. ''Eagles 13–7\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 71 yards, 1:29\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 29\\-yard field goal, 2:38\\. ''Eagles 16–7\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 36 yards, 3:51\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 36\\-yard field goal, 0:00\\. ''Eagles 19–7\\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 75 yards, 1:33\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Rueben Randle]] 26\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Eli Manning]] (Josh Brown kick), 6:58\\. ''Eagles 19–14\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 87 yards, 3:44\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – Rueben Randle 6\\-yard pass from Eli Manning (Josh Brown kick), 3:46\\. ''Eagles 21–19\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 51 yards, 1:57\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 41\\-yard field goal, 1:04\\. ''Eagles 22–21\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 57 yards, 2:42\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] 25\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 10:26\\. ''Eagles 29–21\\. '''Drive: 1 play, 25 yards, 0:09\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 5\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 8:24\\. ''Eagles 36–21\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 38 yards, 1:38\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 16/25, 197 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Eli Manning]] – 24/52, 334 yards, 2 TD, 3 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Michael Vick]] – 7 rushes, 79 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Brandon Jacobs]] – 11 rushes, 37 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] – 7 receptions, 132 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Hakeem Nicks]] – 9 receptions, 142 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNick Foles relieved an injured Michael Vick. With the win, the Eagles improved to 2–3\\.", "#### Week 6: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Six: Philadelphia Eagles at Tampa Bay Buccaneers – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=October 13\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EDT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=7\\|R2\\=7\\|R3\\=7\\|R4\\=10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Buccaneers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=3\\|H2\\=14\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[Raymond James Stadium]], \\[\\[Tampa, Florida]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=62,505\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\={{convert\\|82\\|F\\|C}}, cloudy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Clete Blakeman]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Dick Stockton]], \\[\\[Ronde Barber]] and \\[\\[Kris Budden]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013101307/2013/REG6/eagles@buccaneers Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55922/TB\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] 4\\-yard run (\\[\\[Alex Henery]] kick), 11:46\\. ''Eagles 7–0\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 85 yards, 3:14\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*TB – \\[\\[Rian Lindell]] 38\\-yard field goal, 6:30\\. ''Eagles 7–3\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 20 yards, 4:06\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*TB – \\[\\[Vincent Jackson]] 24\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Mike Glennon]] (Rian Lindell kick), 14:46\\. ''Buccaneers 10–7\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 39 yards, 0:55\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 12\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 7:05\\. ''Eagles 14–10\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 54 yards, 3:20\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*TB – Vincent Jackson 1\\-yard pass from Mike Glennon (Rian Lindell kick), 1:02\\. ''Buccaneers 17–14\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 79 yards, 6:03\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] 47\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:41\\. ''Eagles 21–17\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 66 yards, 1:58\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*TB – Rian Lindell 27\\-yard field goal, 10:48\\. ''Eagles 21–20\\. '''Drive: 16 plays, 90 yards, 7:57\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – DeSean Jackson 36\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 9:32\\. ''Eagles 28–20\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 80 yards, 1:16\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 24\\-yard field goal, 2:34\\. ''Eagles 31–20\\. '''Drive: 12 plays, 49 yards, 5:29\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 22/31, 296 yards, 3 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*TB – \\[\\[Mike Glennon]] – 26/43, 273 yards, 2 TD, INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 25 rushes, 116 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*TB – \\[\\[Doug Martin (running back)\\|Doug Martin]] – 16 rushes, 67 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] – 4 receptions, 120 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*TB – \\[\\[Vincent Jackson]] – 9 receptions, 114 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWith the win, the Eagles improved to 3–3\\.", "#### Week 7: vs. Dallas Cowboys", "* + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Seven: Dallas Cowboys at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=October 20\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EDT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Cowboys'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=3\\|R3\\=7\\|R4\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Eagles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Sunny, {{convert\\|63\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[John Parry (American football official)\\|John Parry]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Thom Brennaman]], Troy Aikman and Pam Oliver\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013102008/2013/REG7/cowboys@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55937/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*''No scoring plays.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Dan Bailey (American football)\\|Dan Bailey]] 38\\-yard field goal, 3:17\\. ''Cowboys 3–0\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 44 yards, 3:42\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Philip Tanner]] 1\\-yard run (Dan Bailey kick), 9:17\\. ''Cowboys 10–0\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 66 yards, 5:43\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 31\\-yard field goal, 14:57\\. ''Cowboys 10–3\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 17 yards, 2:49\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Terrance Williams]] 9\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Tony Romo]] (Dan Bailey kick), 9:25\\. ''Cowboys 17–3\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 72 yards, 5:32\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Tony Romo]] – 28/47, 317 yards, TD, 2 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Matt Barkley]] – 11/20, 129 yards, 3 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Joseph Randle]] – 19 rushes, 65 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 18 rushes, 55 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Dez Bryant]] – 8 receptions, 110 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] – 6 receptions, 88 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWith the loss, the Eagles fell to 3–4\\.", "#### Week 8: vs. New York Giants", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Eight: New York Giants at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=October 27\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EDT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Giants'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=6\\|R2\\=6\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Eagles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Sunny, {{convert\\|59\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Carl Cheffers]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Kenny Albert]], \\[\\[Daryl Johnston]] and \\[\\[Tony Siragusa]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013102705/2013/REG8/giants@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55950/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Josh Brown (American football)\\|Josh Brown]] 40\\-yard field goal, 7:30\\. ''Giants 3–0\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 57 yards, 4:24\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – Josh Brown 44\\-yard field goal, 2:59\\. ''Giants 6–0\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 45 yards, 3:04\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – Josh Brown 33\\-yard field goal, 10:22\\. ''Giants 9–0\\. '''Drive: 12 plays, 48 yards, 5:31\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – Josh Brown 46\\-yard field goal, 2:24\\. ''Giants 12–0\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 53 yards, 5:08\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*''No scoring plays.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – Josh Brown 27\\-yard field goal, 12:23\\. ''Giants 15–0\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 32 yards, 5:58\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Najee Goode]] 2\\-yard fumble return (\\[\\[Alex Henery]] kick), 4:11\\. ''Giants 15–7\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Eli Manning]] – 25/39, 246 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Matt Barkley]] – 17/26, 158 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Peyton Hillis]] – 20 rushes, 70 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 15 rushes, 48 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Victor Cruz (American football)\\|Victor Cruz]] – 7 receptions, 86 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] – 8 receptions, 63 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNick Foles was injured again, so Michael Vick was reinserted into the starting role, but after a few series, Matt Barkley took his place. Despite the Eagles defense not allowing a touchdown all game, the offense was stymied throughout the contest. Philadelphia's lone score, and the game's only touchdown, occurred on a fumble recovery late in the fourth quarter; the Giants botched a snap for a punt, which was then recovered by [Najee Goode](/wiki/Najee_Goode \"Najee Goode\") in New York's endzone for a touchdown. With the 15\\-7 loss, the Eagles fell to 3–5\\. As of the 2023 season, this is Philadelphia's most recent home loss to New York.", "#### Week 9: at Oakland Raiders", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Nine: Philadelphia Eagles at Oakland Raiders – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=November 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=4:05 pm. EST/1:05 p.m. \\[\\[Pacific Time Zone\\|PST]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=7\\|R2\\=21\\|R3\\=21\\|R4\\=0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Raiders\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=3\\|H2\\=10\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[O.co Coliseum]], \\[\\[Oakland, California]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=51,751\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\={{convert\\|62\\|F\\|C}}, sunny, hazy skies\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Ed Hochuli]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Chris Myers]], \\[\\[Tim Ryan (American football, born 1967\\)\\|Tim Ryan]] and \\[\\[Jennifer Hale (sportscaster)\\|Jennifer Hale]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013110306/2013/REG9/eagles@raiders Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55964/OAK\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] 2\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (\\[\\[Alex Henery]] kick), 5:18\\. ''Eagles 7–0\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 84 yards, 3:58\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*OAK – \\[\\[Sebastian Janikowski]] 24\\-yard field goal, 2:02\\. ''Eagles 7–3\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 74 yards, 3:16\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] 17\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 14:17\\. ''Eagles 14–3\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 82 yards, 2:45\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Riley Cooper 63\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:17\\. ''Eagles 21–3\\. '''Drive: 1 play, 63 yards, 0:09\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*OAK – \\[\\[Rashad Jennings]] 8\\-yard run (Sebastian Janikowski kick), 7:34\\. ''Eagles 21–10\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 80 yards, 3:43\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Zach Ertz]] 15\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 4:03\\. ''Eagles 28–10\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 80 yards, 3:31\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*OAK – Sebastian Janikowski 53\\-yard field goal, 0:03\\. ''Eagles 28–13\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 40 yards, 0:56\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 25\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 14:14\\. ''Eagles 35–13\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 61 yards, 0:46\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 46\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:13\\. ''Eagles 42–13\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 57 yards, 0:51\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Riley Cooper 5\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 4:28\\. ''Eagles 49–13\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 68 yards, 1:18\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*OAK – \\[\\[Jeremy Stewart]] 2\\-yard run (Sebastian Janikowski kick), 0:52\\. ''Eagles 49–20\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 71 yards, 2:30\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 22/28, 406 yards, 7 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*OAK – \\[\\[Terrelle Pryor]] – 22/41, 288 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Bryce Brown]] – 7 rushes, 54 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*OAK – \\[\\[Rashad Jennings]] – 15 rushes, 102 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] – 5 receptions, 150 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*OAK – \\[\\[Rod Streater]] – 5 receptions, 98 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNick Foles tied an NFL record in this game with seven touchdown passes as the Eagles beat the Raiders 49–20\\.", "#### Week 10: at Green Bay Packers", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Ten: Philadelphia Eagles at Green Bay Packers – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=November 10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EST/12:00 p.m. \\[\\[Central Time Zone\\|CST]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=7\\|R2\\=3\\|R3\\=17\\|R4\\=0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Packers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=3\\|H3\\=7\\|H4\\=3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[Lambeau Field]], \\[\\[Green Bay, Wisconsin]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=78,011\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\={{convert\\|45\\|F\\|C}}, mostly sunny\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Mike Carey (American football)\\|Mike Carey]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=Joe Buck, Troy Aikman and Pam Oliver\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013111003/2013/REG10/eagles@packers Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55974/GB\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 55\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (\\[\\[Alex Henery]] kick), 5:57\\. ''Eagles 7–0\\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 57 yards, 0:25\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 25\\-yard field goal, 1:16\\. ''Eagles 10–0\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 60 yards, 1:38\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*GB – \\[\\[Mason Crosby]] 26\\-yard field goal, 0:02\\. ''Eagles 10–3\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 72 yards, 1:14\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] 45\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:21\\. ''Eagles 17–3\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 84 yards, 0:51\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 41\\-yard field goal, 7:28\\. ''Eagles 20–3\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 21 yards, 1:39\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*GB – \\[\\[Brandon Bostick]] 22\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Scott Tolzien]] (Mason Crosby kick), 3:22\\. ''Eagles 20–10\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 86 yards, 4:06\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Riley Cooper 32\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 0:10\\. ''Eagles 27–10\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 80 yards, 3:12\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*GB – Mason Crosby 35\\-yard field goal, 12:19\\. ''Eagles 27–13\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 54 yards, 2:51\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 12/18, 228 yards, 3 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*GB – \\[\\[Scott Tolzien]] – 24/39, 280 yards, TD, 2 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 25 rushes, 155 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*GB – \\[\\[Eddie Lacy]] – 24 rushes, 73 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] – 3 receptions, 102 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*GB – \\[\\[Jarrett Boykin]] – 8 receptions, 112 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNick Foles threw three touchdown passes in this game, and the Eagles defense intercepted [Scott Tolzien](/wiki/Scott_Tolzien \"Scott Tolzien\") twice. Tolzien started in place of [Aaron Rodgers](/wiki/Aaron_Rodgers \"Aaron Rodgers\"), who had a collarbone injury.", "With the win, the Eagles evened their record at 5–5\\.", "#### Week 11: vs. Washington Redskins", "* + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Eleven: Washington Redskins at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=November 17\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EST\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\=Redskins\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=0\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=16\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=7\\|H2\\=10\\|H3\\=7\\|H4\\=0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Mostly cloudy, {{convert\\|68\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=Walt Coleman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Kevin Burkhardt]], \\[\\[John Lynch (American football)\\|John Lynch]] and \\[\\[Erin Andrews]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013111706/2013/REG11/redskins@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55991/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] 4\\-yard run (\\[\\[Alex Henery]] kick), 2:48\\. ''Eagles 7–0\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 68 yards, 1:16\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 1\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 14:31\\. ''Eagles 14–0\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 69 yards, 1:48\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 24\\-yard field goal, 3:51\\. ''Eagles 17–0\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 83 yards, 3:53\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – LeSean McCoy 1\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 9:41\\. ''Eagles 24–0\\. '''Drive: 13 plays, 80 yards, 5:19\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Darrel Young]] 62\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Robert Griffin III]] (Robert Griffin III–\\[\\[Nick Williams (wide receiver)\\|Nick Williams]] pass), 12:56\\. ''Eagles 24–8\\. '''Drive: 1 play, 62 yards, 0:12\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Aldrick Robinson]] 41\\-yard pass from Robert Griffin III (Robert Griffin III run), 5:57\\. ''Eagles 24–16\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 85 yards, 2:40\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Robert Griffin III]] – 17/35, 264 yards, 2 TD, INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 17/26, 298 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Alfred Morris (American football)\\|Alfred Morris]] – 22 rushes, 93 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 20 rushes, 77 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Pierre Garçon]] – 6 receptions, 68 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] – 4 receptions, 82 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}", "A late game rally by Washington led them to the Eagles' 26\\-yard line. A shot to the end zone by Robert Griffin III was intercepted by Brandon Boykin, clinching an Eagles win. The Eagles moved to 6–5\\. Prior to this game, the Eagles hadn't won a game at home in 414 days since Week 4 of the [2012 season](/wiki/2012_Philadelphia_Eagles_season \"2012 Philadelphia Eagles season\") against the New York Giants, thus snapping a 10\\-game losing streak at home with this win.", "#### Week 13: vs. Arizona Cardinals", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Thirteen: Arizona Cardinals at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=December 1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EST\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\=Cardinals\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=7\\|R3\\=7\\|R4\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=7\\|H2\\=10\\|H3\\=7\\|H4\\=0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Cloudy, {{convert\\|48\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Tony Corrente]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=Kenny Albert, Daryl Johnston and Tony Siragusa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013120106/2013/REG13/cardinals@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56022/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Zach Ertz]] 6\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (\\[\\[Alex Henery]] kick), 12:30\\. ''Eagles 7–0\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 25 yards, 0:56\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*ARI – \\[\\[Larry Fitzgerald]] 43\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Carson Palmer]] (\\[\\[Jay Feely]] kick), 7:50\\. ''Tied 7–7\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 57 yards, 4:13\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 32\\-yard field goal, 3:59\\. ''Eagles 10–7\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 64 yards, 3:51\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] 1\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 0:15\\. ''Eagles 17–7\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 78 yards, 2:07\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Zach Ertz 24\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 10:16\\. ''Eagles 24–7\\. '''Drive: 13 plays, 80 yards, 4:44\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*ARI – \\[\\[Michael Floyd]] 23\\-yard pass from Carson Palmer (Jay Feely kick), 5:14\\. ''Eagles 24–14\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 80 yards, 5:02\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*ARI – \\[\\[Jim Dray]] 3\\-yard pass from Carson Palmer (Jay Feely kick), 4:45\\. ''Eagles 24–21\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 86 yards, 2:35\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*ARI – \\[\\[Carson Palmer]] – 24/41, 302 yards, 3 TD, 2 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 21/34, 237 yards, 3 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*ARI – \\[\\[Rashard Mendenhall]] – 18 rushes, 76 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 19 rushes, 79 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*ARI – \\[\\[Michael Floyd]] – 5 receptions, 99 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Zach Ertz]] – 5 receptions, 68 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWith the win, the Eagles improved to 7–5\\.", "#### Week 14: vs. Detroit Lions", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Fourteen: Detroit Lions at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=December 8\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EST\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\=Lions\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=8\\|R3\\=6\\|R4\\=6\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=6\\|H4\\=28\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Snow, {{convert\\|27\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=Ed Hochuli\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=Kevin Burkhardt, John Lynch and \\[\\[Molly McGrath]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013120805/2013/REG14/lions@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56035/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*''No scoring plays.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DET – \\[\\[Joique Bell]] 2\\-yard run (\\[\\[Matthew Stafford]]–Joique Bell pass), 10:02\\. ''Lions 8–0\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 20 yards, 2:04\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DET – \\[\\[Jeremy Ross]] 58\\-yard punt return (pass failed), 6:37\\. ''Lions 14–0\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 19\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (pass failed), 4:05\\. ''Lions 14–6\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 74 yards, 2:32\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 40\\-yard run (\\[\\[Bryce Brown]] run), 14:34\\. ''Tied 14–14\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 80 yards, 0:50\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DET – \\[\\[Jeremy Ross]] 98\\-yard kickoff return (kick blocked), 14:20\\. ''Lions 20–14\\. '''Drive: 0 plays, 0 yards, 0:14\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 57\\-yard run (Nick Foles–\\[\\[Riley Cooper]] pass), 13:13\\. ''Eagles 22–20\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 76 yards, 1:07\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] 1\\-yard run (pass failed), 8:18\\. ''Eagles 28–20\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 71 yards, 4:02\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Chris Polk]] 38\\-yard run (run failed), 2:58\\. ''Eagles 34–20\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 60 yards, 4:17\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DET – \\[\\[Matthew Stafford]] – 10/25, 151 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 11/22, 179 yards, TD, INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DET – \\[\\[Joique Bell]] – 23 carries, 69 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 29 carries, 217 yards, 2 TDs\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DET – \\[\\[Joique Bell]] – 4 receptions, 58 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] – 3 receptions, 74 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn a blinding snowstorm, with at least eight inches of snow on the field by the end of the game, LeSean McCoy broke the Eagles' single\\-game rushing record with 217 yards on the ground.", "#### Week 15: at Minnesota Vikings", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Fifteen: Philadelphia Eagles at Minnesota Vikings – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=December 15\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EST/12:00 pm. CST\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\=Eagles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=3\\|R2\\=6\\|R3\\=13\\|R4\\=8\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\='''Vikings'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=7\\|H2\\=10\\|H3\\=10\\|H4\\=21\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome\\|Mall of America Field at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]], \\[\\[Minneapolis, Minnesota]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=64,087\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=None (indoor stadium)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=Walt Anderson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=Kenny Albert, Daryl Johnston and Tony Siragusa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013121505/2013/REG15/eagles@vikings Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56051/MIN\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – \\[\\[Greg Jennings]] 57\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Matt Cassel]] (\\[\\[Blair Walsh]] kick), 6:18\\. ''Vikings 7–0\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 91 yards, 2:04\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 35\\-yard field goal, 2:35\\. ''Vikings 7–3\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 63 yards, 3:43\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – Blair Walsh 21\\-yard field goal, 13:19\\. ''Vikings 10–3\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 59 yards, 4:16\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 51\\-yard field goal, 8:55\\. ''Vikings 10–6\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 47 yards, 4:24\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – \\[\\[Matt Asiata]] 1\\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 1:06\\. ''Vikings 17–6\\. '''Drive: 16 plays, 75 yards, 7:49\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 33\\-yard field goal, 0:00\\. ''Vikings 17–9\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 66 yards, 1:06\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – Matt Cassel 6\\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 12:03\\. ''Vikings 24–9\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 52 yards, 1:38\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – Blair Walsh 38\\-yard field goal, 4:43\\. ''Vikings 27–9\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 4 yards, 1:21\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 30\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 3:14\\. ''Vikings 27–16\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 70 yards, 1:29\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Zach Ertz]] 3\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (pass failed), 0:15\\. ''Vikings 27–22\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 45 yards, 1:03\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – Matt Asiata 1\\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 13:01\\. ''Vikings 34–22\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 54 yards, 2:14\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – \\[\\[Cordarrelle Patterson]] 5\\-yard pass from Matt Cassel (Blair Walsh kick), 6:54\\. ''Vikings 41–22\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 36 yards, 1:01\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Jason Avant]] 16\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Nick Foles–\\[\\[Riley Cooper]] pass), 4:26\\. ''Vikings 41–30\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 80 yards, 2:28\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – Matt Asiata 5\\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 1:09\\. ''Vikings 48–30\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 48 yards, 3:17\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 30/48, 428 yards, 3 TD, INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – \\[\\[Matt Cassel]] – 26/35, 382 yards, 2 TD, INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Nick Foles – 5 rushes, 41 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – \\[\\[Matt Asiata]] – 30 rushes, 51 yards, 3 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] – 10 receptions, 195 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – \\[\\[Greg Jennings]] – 11 receptions, 163 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWith the loss, the Eagles fell to 8–6\\.", "#### Week 16: vs. Chicago Bears", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Sixteen: Chicago Bears at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=December 22\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=8:30 pm. EST\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\=Bears\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=3\\|R3\\=8\\|R4\\=0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=21\\|H2\\=3\\|H3\\=9\\|H4\\=21\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Clear, {{convert\\|63\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=Mike Carey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=\\[\\[NBC Sunday Night Football\\|NBC]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Al Michaels]], \\[\\[Cris Collinsworth]] and \\[\\[Michele Tafoya]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013122207/2013/REG16/bears@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56068/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] 5\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (\\[\\[Alex Henery]] kick), 9:54\\. ''Eagles 7–0\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 43 yards, 2:59\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 1\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 7:44\\. ''Eagles 14–0\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 39 yards, 1:58\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] 10\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 1:27\\. ''Eagles 21–0\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 72 yards, 4:33\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 49\\-yard field goal, 1:07\\. ''Eagles 24–0\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 60 yards, 3:59\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*CHI – \\[\\[Robbie Gould]] 50\\-yard field goal, 0:00\\. ''Eagles 24–3\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 49 yards, 1:07\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Matt Forte]] tackled in the end zone by \\[\\[Cedric Thornton]] for a safety, 9:52\\. ''Eagles 26–3\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – LeSean McCoy 1\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 7:11 (PHI 33–3\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*CHI – \\[\\[Brandon Marshall]] 6\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Jay Cutler]] (Jay Cutler–\\[\\[Earl Bennett]] pass), 0:00\\. ''Eagles 33–11\\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 70 yards, 5:21\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Chris Polk]] 11\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 11:19\\. ''Eagles 40–11\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 70 yards, 3:41\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brandon Boykin]] 54\\-yard interception return (Alex Henery kick), 8:00\\. ''Eagles 47–11\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Bryce Brown]] 65\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 6:14\\. ''Eagles 54–11\\. '''Drive: 1 play, 65 yards, 0:10\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*CHI – \\[\\[Jay Cutler]] – 20/35, 222 yards, TD, INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 21/25, 230 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*CHI – \\[\\[Matt Forte]] – 9 rushes, 29 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 18 rushes, 133 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*CHI – \\[\\[Martellus Bennett]] – 5 receptions, 85 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] – 3 receptions, 58 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}", "The Eagles beat the Chicago Bears 54–11 on Sunday Night Football. Nick Foles went 21/25 for 230 yards and two touchdowns. [LeSean McCoy](/wiki/LeSean_McCoy \"LeSean McCoy\") ran the ball 18 times for 133 yards and two touchdowns. Towards the end, the Eagles brought in bench players to finish the game. [Bryce Brown](/wiki/Bryce_Brown \"Bryce Brown\") ran for a 65\\-yard touchdown with 6:14 to go with [Michael Vick](/wiki/Michael_Vick \"Michael Vick\") at the quarterback helm. This was Michael Vick's final appearance as an Eagle. This was the first game in NFL history to end with a [final score of 54–11](/wiki/Scorigami \"Scorigami\").", "With the convincing win, the Eagles improved to 9–6, and would face their [archrivals](/wiki/Cowboys%E2%80%93Eagles_rivalry \"Cowboys–Eagles rivalry\"), the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys \"Dallas Cowboys\"), the following Sunday night for the division title.", "#### Week 17: at Dallas Cowboys", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Seventeen: Philadelphia Eagles at Dallas Cowboys – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=December 29\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=8:30 pm. EST/7:30 pm. CST\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=3\\|R2\\=14\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Cowboys\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=10\\|H3\\=6\\|H4\\=6\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[AT\\&T Stadium]], \\[\\[Arlington, Texas]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=91,166\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=None (retractable roof closed)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Gene Steratore]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=NBC\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=Al Michaels, Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013122903/2013/REG17/eagles@cowboys Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56080/DAL\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 46\\-yard field goal, 7:07\\. ''Eagles 3–0\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 48 yards, 3:35\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 3\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 14:13\\. ''Eagles 10–0\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 88 yards, 4:20\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Gavin Escobar]] 17\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Kyle Orton]] (\\[\\[Dan Bailey (American football)\\|Dan Bailey]] kick), 8:16\\. ''Eagles 10–7\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 66 yards, 2:51\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] 14\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 1:19\\. ''Eagles 17–7\\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 49 yards, 0:34\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – Dan Bailey 44\\-yard field goal, 0:18\\. ''Eagles 17–10\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 54 yards, 1:01\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – Dan Bailey 43\\-yard field goal, 8:59\\. ''Eagles 17–13\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 41 yards, 4:50\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – Dan Bailey 36\\-yard field goal, 5:38\\. ''Eagles 17–16\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 2 yards, 2:06\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Bryce Brown]] 6\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 6:09\\. ''Eagles 24–16\\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 60 yards, 5:37\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Dez Bryant]] 32\\-yard pass from Kyle Orton (pass failed), 3:50\\. ''Eagles 24–22\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 80 yards, 2:19\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 17/26, 263 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Kyle Orton]] – 30/46, 358 yards, 2 TD, 2 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 27 rushes, 131 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[DeMarco Murray]] – 17 rushes, 51 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] – 3 receptions, 71 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Jason Witten]] – 12 receptions, 135 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThis game ended when Kyle Orton threw an interception late in the fourth quarter. With the win, the Eagles improved to 10–6 and sealed the NFC East title and the \\#3 seed in the playoffs. They were also the third team in a row to defeat the Cowboys in the last game of the regular season on Sunday Night Football (Giants, 2011 and Redskins, 2012\\).", "### Standings", "#### Division", "{{2013 NFC East standings\\|team\\=PHI}}", "#### Conference", "{{2013 NFC standings\\|team\\=PHI}}", "" ]
### Game summaries #### Week 1: at Washington Redskins * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week One: Philadelphia Eagles at Washington Redskins – Game summary \|date\=September 9 \|time\=7:10 p.m. \[\[Eastern Time Zone\|EDT]] \|road\='''Eagles''' \|R1\=12\|R2\=14\|R3\=7\|R4\=0 \|home\=Redskins \|H1\=7\|H2\=0\|H3\=7\|H4\=13 \|stadium\=\[\[FedExField]], \[\[Landover, Maryland]] \|attendance\=82,743 \|weather\={{convert\|80\|F\|C}}, cloudy \|referee\=\[\[Ron Winter]] \|TV\=\[\[Monday Night Football\|ESPN]] \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Mike Tirico]], \[\[Jon Gruden]] and \[\[Lisa Salters]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013090900/2013/REG1/eagles@redskins Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55851/WAS\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*WAS – \[\[DeAngelo Hall]] 75\-yard fumble return (\[\[Kai Forbath]] kick), 11:54\. ''Redskins 7–0\.'' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 48\-yard field goal, 9:15\. ''Redskins 7–3\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 51 yards, 2:39\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 25\-yard pass from \[\[Michael Vick]] (Alex Henery kick), 8:59\. ''Eagles 10–7\. '''Drive: 1 play, 25 yards, 0:08\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Alfred Morris (American football)\|Alfred Morris]] tackled in the end zone by \[\[Trent Cole]] for a safety, 4:50\. ''Eagles 12–7\.'' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] 28\-yard pass from Michael Vick (Alex Henery kick), 6:10\. ''Eagles 19–7\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 62 yards, 2:07\.''''' \*PHI – Michael Vick 3\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 0:58\. ''Eagles 26–7\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 44 yards, 3:13\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 34\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 13:26\. ''Eagles 33–7\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 30 yards, 0:34\.''''' \*WAS – Alfred Morris 5\-yard run (Kai Forbath kick), 0:06\. ''Eagles 33–14\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 66 yards, 3:30\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*WAS – \[\[Leonard Hankerson]] 10\-yard pass from \[\[Robert Griffin III]] (pass failed), 12:24\. ''Eagles 33–20\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 29 yards, 1:22\.''''' \*WAS – Leonard Hankerson 24\-yard pass from Robert Griffin III (Kai Forbath kick), 1:14\. ''Eagles 33–27\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 89 yards, 2:28\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Michael Vick]] – 15/25, 203 yards, 2 TD \*WAS – \[\[Robert Griffin III]] – 30/49, 329 yards, 2 TD, 2 INT '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 31 rushes, 184 yards, TD \*WAS – \[\[Alfred Morris (American football)\|Alfred Morris]] – 12 rushes, 45 yards, TD '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] – 7 receptions, 104 yards, TD \*WAS – \[\[Leonard Hankerson]] – 5 receptions, 80 yards, 2 TD }} The Eagles started their 2013 season with a [Monday Night](/wiki/Monday_Night_Football "Monday Night Football") divisional clash on the road against the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/2013_Washington_Redskins_season "2013 Washington Redskins season"). The Skins scored first when DeAngelo Hall returned a fumble 75 yards for a touchdown for a 7–0 lead. After this the Eagles dominated scoring 33 straight points as Alex Henery kicked a field goal from 48 yards out to come within four points for a 7–3 game. Next Michael Vick found DeSean Jackson on a 25\-yard pass as the team took the lead 10–7\. On the Skins' next possession, Alfred Morris was tackled in the end zone for a safety making the score 12–7\. In the second quarter, the Eagles continued to increase their lead as Vick found Brent Celek on a 28\-yard touchdown pass for a 19–7 lead. Later on in the quarter, Vick ran for a 3\-yard touchdown bringing the halftime score to 26–7\. In the third quarter, LeSean McCoy ran for a 34\-yard touchdown bringing the score to 33–7\. The Skins started their scoring again as Morris ran for a 5\-yard touchdown making the score 33–14\. In the fourth quarter, it was all Skins as RG3 found Leonard Hankerson on a 10\-yard touchdown pass (with a failed two\-point conversion) for a 33–20 game. Finally, the Skins came within six points as RG3 and Hankerson connected again this time on a 24\-yard pass bringing the final score to 33–27\. With the win, the Eagles started their season 1–0\. #### Week 2: vs. San Diego Chargers * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Two: San Diego Chargers at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=September 15 \|time\=1:00 pm. EDT \|road\='''Chargers''' \|R1\=3\|R2\=10\|R3\=7\|R4\=13 \|home\=Eagles \|H1\=3\|H2\=7\|H3\=10\|H4\=10 \|stadium\=\[\[Lincoln Financial Field]], \[\[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Sunny, {{convert\|72\|F\|C}} \|referee\=\[\[Terry McAulay]] \|TV\=\[\[NFL on CBS\|CBS]] \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Greg Gumbel]] and \[\[Dan Dierdorf]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013091508/2013/REG2/chargers@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55862/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*SD – \[\[Nick Novak]] 49\-yard field goal, 7:26\. ''Chargers 3–0\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 59 yards, 4:25\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 25\-yard field goal, 5:30\. ''Tied 3–3\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 70 yards, 1:56\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*SD – \[\[Eddie Royal]] 11\-yard pass from \[\[Philip Rivers]] (Nick Novak kick), 14:07\. ''Chargers 10–3\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 93 yards, 6:23\.''''' \*SD – Nick Novak 44\-yard field goal, 8:01\. ''Chargers 13–3\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 53 yards, 3:37\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] 13\-yard pass from \[\[Michael Vick]] (Alex Henery kick), 6:41\. ''Chargers 13–10\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 75 yards, 1:20\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*SD – Eddie Royal 24\-yard pass from Philip Rivers (Nick Novak kick), 10:04\. ''Chargers 20–10\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 80 yards, 4:56\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 48\-yard field goal, 6:45\. ''Chargers 20–13\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 49 yards, 3:19\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 61\-yard pass from Michael Vick (Alex Henery kick), 4:42\. ''Tied 20–20\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 65 yards, 0:26\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*SD – Nick Novak 33\-yard field goal, 10:47\. ''Chargers 23–20\. '''Drive: 17 plays, 73 yards, 8:55\.''''' \*PHI – Michael Vick 2\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 7:06\. ''Eagles 27–23\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 76 yards, 3:41\.''''' \*SD – Eddie Royal 15\-yard pass from Philip Rivers (Nick Novak kick), 3:11\. ''Chargers 30–27\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 39 yards, 3:55\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 32\-yard field goal, 1:51\. ''Tied 30–30\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 57 yards, 1:20\.''''' \*SD – Nick Novak 46\-yard field goal, 0:07\. ''Chargers 33–30\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 51 yards, 1:44\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*SD – \[\[Philip Rivers]] – 36/47, 419 yards, 3 TD \*PHI – \[\[Michael Vick]] – 24/37, 428 yards, 2 TD '''Top rushers''' \*SD – \[\[Ryan Mathews (American football)\|Ryan Mathews]] – 16 rushes, 73 yards \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 11 rushes, 53 yards '''Top receivers''' \*SD – \[\[Antonio Gates]] – 8 receptions, 124 yards \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] – 9 receptions, 193 yards, TD }} The Eagles punted on their first possession. The Chargers took the ball and marched to the Eagles 31, but had to settle for a 49 field goal. The Eagles took the ball next and stormed 75 yards in 5 plays, driving to the Chargers 2, but kicked a field goal. #### Week 3: vs. Kansas City Chiefs * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Three: Kansas City Chiefs at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=September 19 \|time\=8:25 pm. EDT \|road\='''Chiefs''' \|R1\=10\|R2\=6\|R3\=0\|R4\=10 \|home\=Eagles \|H1\=6\|H2\=0\|H3\=3\|H4\=7 \|stadium\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Clear, {{convert\|63\|F\|C}} \|referee\=\[\[Walt Anderson (American football)\|Walt Anderson]] \|TV\=\[\[Thursday Night Football\|NFLN]] \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Brad Nessler]], \[\[Mike Mayock]] and \[\[Alex Flanagan]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013091900/2013/REG3/chiefs@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55869/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*KC – \[\[Ryan Succop]] 33\-yard field goal, 12:08\. ''Chiefs 3–0\. '''Drive: 4 plays, −7 yards, 1:50\.''''' \*KC – \[\[Eric Berry]] 38\-yard interception return (Ryan Succop kick), 11:12\. ''Chiefs 10–0\.'' \*PHI – \[\[Jason Avant]] 22\-yard pass from \[\[Michael Vick]] (run failed), 5:06\. ''Chiefs 10–6\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 87 yards, 1:16\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*KC – Ryan Succop 31\-yard field goal, 8:21\. ''Chiefs 13–6\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 69 yards, 3:07\.''''' \*KC – Ryan Succop 34\-yard field goal, 2:26\. ''Chiefs 16–6\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 45 yards, 3:51\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 29\-yard field goal, 6:29\. ''Chiefs 16–9\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 70 yards, 3:05\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*KC – \[\[Jamaal Charles]] 3\-yard run (Ryan Succop kick), 12:57\. ''Chiefs 23–9\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 62 yards, 4:45\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 41\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 11:36\. ''Chiefs 23–16\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 78 yards, 1:21\.''''' \*KC – Ryan Succop 38\-yard field goal, 3:21\. ''Chiefs 26–16\. '''Drive: 15 plays, 75 yards, 8:15\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*KC – \[\[Alex Smith]] – 22/35, 273 yards \*PHI – \[\[Michael Vick]] – 13/30, 201 yards, TD, 2 INT '''Top rushers''' \*KC – \[\[Jamaal Charles]] – 20 rushes, 92 yards, TD \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 20 rushes, 158 yards, TD '''Top receivers''' \*KC – \[\[Donnie Avery]] – 7 receptions, 141 yards \*PHI – \[\[Jason Avant]] – 5 receptions, 87 yards, TD }} This week marked the return of former Eagles head coach [Andy Reid](/wiki/Andy_Reid "Andy Reid"). The Eagles forced the Chiefs to a quick three\-and\-out, but the Eagles muffed the punt, and the Chiefs recovered at the Philadelphia 8\. A few plays later, Ryan Succop kicked a 33\-yard field goal. On Philadelphia's first possession, Michael Vick was intercepted by Eric Berry, on a pass intended for Brent Celek, who returned it 38 yards for a touchdown. After a Chiefs punt, Michael Vick busted off a 61\-yard run, setting up his 22\-yard touchdown pass to Jason Avant. Zach Ertz attempted to run in the two\-point conversion, but failed, keeping the score 10–6\. With less than a minute remaining in the first quarter the Eagles drove into Chiefs territory, but Vick was sacked by Justin Houston and fumbled. Two field goals by Ryan Succop was the only scoring of the second quarter, giving the Chiefs a 16–6 halftime lead. An Alex Henery field goal was the only score of the third quarter, giving the Chiefs a 16–9 lead entering the fourth quarter. On their first drive of the fourth quarter, Jamaal Charles capped off an eight\-play, 62\-yard drive with a 3\-yard touchdown run, making the score 23–9\. The Eagles immediately responded with a touchdown of their own, driving 78 yards with a 41\-yard touchdown rush by LeSean McCoy, pulling to within 7\. However, Kansas City struck the decisive blow with a 15\-play, 73\-yard drive, taking 8:15 off the clock and Ryan Succop adding his fourth field goals making the score 26–16\. On their next drive, Michael Vick completed a 19\-yard pass on third\-and\-10, but guard Todd Herremans was called for holding making it third\-and\-20 at their own 21\. The Eagles turned the ball over on downs. The Chiefs did the same on their next drive. Finally, a strip sack by Justin Houston with recovering for Kansas City, sealed the deal. With the loss, the Eagles lost their second in a row, both being at home. The Eagles outgained Chiefs 431–394 and had more first downs, 21–19, but the Chiefs had almost twice as much time of possession and won the turnover battle 5–0\. #### Week 4: at Denver Broncos * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Four: Philadelphia Eagles at Denver Broncos – Game summary \|date\=September 29 \|time\=4:25 pm. EDT/2:25 p.m. \[\[Mountain Time Zone\|MDT]] \|road\=Eagles \|R1\=3\|R2\=10\|R3\=0\|R4\=7 \|home\='''Broncos''' \|H1\=14\|H2\=7\|H3\=21\|H4\=10 \|stadium\=\[\[Sports Authority Field at Mile High]], \[\[Denver, Colorado]] \|attendance\=77,002 \|weather\={{convert\|76\|F\|C}}, partly cloudy \|referee\=\[\[Pete Morelli]] \|TV\=\[\[NFL on Fox\|Fox]] \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Joe Buck]], \[\[Troy Aikman]] and \[\[Pam Oliver]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013092909/2013/REG4/eagles@broncos Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55895/DEN\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*DEN – \[\[Wes Welker]] 6\-yard pass from \[\[Peyton Manning]] (\[\[Matt Prater]] kick), 10:19\. ''Broncos 7–0\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 74 yards, 3:52\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 35\-yard field goal, 6:03\. ''Broncos 7–3\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 65 yards, 4:16\.''''' \*DEN – \[\[Trindon Holliday]] 105\-yard kickoff return (Matt Prater kick), 5:50\. ''Broncos 14–3\. '''Drive: 0 plays, 0 yards, 0:13\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 25\-yard field goal, 14:18\. ''Broncos 14–6\. '''Drive: 15 plays, 73 yards, 6:32\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Chris Polk]] 4\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 11:06\. ''Broncos 14–13\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 64 yards, 2:10\.''''' \*DEN – \[\[Knowshon Moreno]] 4\-yard run (Matt Prater kick), 5:05\. ''Broncos 21–13\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 80 yards, 6:01\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*DEN – \[\[Demaryius Thomas]] 1\-yard pass from Peyton Manning (Matt Prater kick), 9:54\. ''Broncos 28–13\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 80 yards, 5:06\.''''' \*DEN – Demaryius Thomas 15\-yard pass from Peyton Manning (Matt Prater kick), 5:10\. ''Broncos 35–13\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 80 yards, 3:12\.''''' \*DEN – Wes Welker 4\-yard pass from Peyton Manning (Matt Prater kick), 0:22\. ''Broncos 42–13\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 65 yards, 3:35\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*DEN – \[\[Steven Johnson (American football)\|Steven Johnson]] 17\-yard return of blocked punt (Matt Prater kick), 13:54\. ''Broncos 49–13\.'' \*DEN – Matt Prater 53\-yard field goal, 6:53\. ''Broncos 52–13\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 30 yards, 3:49\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Jeff Maehl]] 6\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 4:35\. ''Broncos 52–20\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 80 yards, 2:18\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Michael Vick]] – 14/27, 248 yards \*DEN – \[\[Peyton Manning]] – 28/34, 327 yards, 4 TD '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 16 rushes, 73 yards \*DEN – \[\[Knowshon Moreno]] – 12 rushes, 78 yards, TD '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] – 3 receptions, 57 yards \*DEN – \[\[Eric Decker]] – 5 receptions, 88 yards }} The Eagles visited Sports Authority Field in Denver to face the Broncos and their \#1 offense. The Eagles received the ball first, but punted after only four plays. The Broncos took over and stormed 74 yards in only 9 plays to take the early lead. On the drive the Broncos converted three third downs on the drive including one on [Peyton Manning](/wiki/Peyton_Manning "Peyton Manning")'s 6\-yard touchdown pass to [Wes Welker](/wiki/Wes_Welker "Wes Welker"). The Eagles responded on their next drive by driving from their own 18 to the Broncos 17, but had to settle for Henery's 35\-yard field goal. On the ensuing kickoff [Trindon Holliday](/wiki/Trindon_Holliday "Trindon Holliday") returned the kick 105 yards for a touchdown, extending the lead to 14–3\. The Eagles then engineered a 15\-play, 73\-yard drive to the 7\-yard line, but the Broncos kept them out of the end zone and Henery kicked a 25\-yard field goal. After a Broncos three\-and\-out, the Eagles finally managed to reach the end zone. They needed only 7 plays to go 64 yards. A 35\-yard completion to [Bryce Brown](/wiki/Bryce_Brown "Bryce Brown") on third\-and\-11 moved the ball to the Denver 4\. Two plays later [Chris Polk](/wiki/Chris_Polk "Chris Polk") rushed for a 4\-yard touchdown, trimming the score to 14–13\. Denver responded by marching 80 yards in 11 plays in a drive that took over 6 minutes off the clock and increased the lead to 21–13 after a [Knowshon Moreno](/wiki/Knowshon_Moreno "Knowshon Moreno") 4\-yard touchdown run. Both teams punted to close out the half. Denver started where they left off, driving 80 yards in one less play culminating in Manning's 1\-yard touchdown pass to [Demaryius Thomas](/wiki/Demaryius_Thomas "Demaryius Thomas"). Manning threw for 44 yards on the drive. After an Eagles punt, the Broncos ate 80 more yards on another touchdown drive which. Manning continued to pick apart the Eagles secondary throwing for 58 yards on the drive which concluded with Manning once again connecting with Demaryius Thomas on a touchdown, this one for 15 yards, extending the lead to 35–13\. The Eagles offense continued sputter as they punted again. The Broncos were completely the opposite, driving 65 yards for another touchdown, increasing the lead to 42–13\. Manning added 56 more yards and a 4\-yard touchdown pass to Welker. The Broncos forced the Eagles to punt again, but [Steven Johnson](/wiki/Steven_Johnson_%28American_football%29 "Steven Johnson (American football)") blocked it and returned it 17 yards for a touchdown, making the score 49–13\. The Eagles finally managed to avoid punting on their next drive, but Henery missed a 46\-yard field goal. [Matt Prater](/wiki/Matt_Prater "Matt Prater") made one from 53 yards away on the Broncos next drive to make the score 52–13\. The Eagles managed to march 80 yards on their next drive with Nick Foles hitting Jeff Maehl for a 6\-yard touchdown pass to close the scoring. The Broncos held the ball for the final 4:35 to end the game. The Eagles lost their third in a row to fall to 1–3 on the season. #### Week 5: at New York Giants * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Five: Philadelphia Eagles at New York Giants – Game summary \|date\=October 6 \|time\=1:00 pm. EDT \|road\='''Eagles''' \|R1\=3\|R2\=16\|R3\=3\|R4\=14 \|home\=Giants \|H1\=7\|H2\=0\|H3\=14\|H4\=0 \|stadium\=\[\[MetLife Stadium]], \[\[East Rutherford, New Jersey]] \|attendance\=80,738 \|weather\={{convert\|66\|F\|C}}, mostly cloudy \|referee\=\[\[Walt Coleman]] \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Thom Brennaman]], \[\[Brian Billick]] and \[\[Laura Okmin]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013100605/2013/REG5/eagles@giants Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55906/NYG\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*NYG – \[\[David Wilson (running back)\|David Wilson]] 5\-yard run (\[\[Josh Brown (American football)\|Josh Brown]] kick), 11:37\. ''Giants 7–0\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 62 yards, 2:24\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 40\-yard field goal, 6:49\. ''Giants 7–3\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 58 yards, 4:48\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 27\-yard field goal, 10:40\. ''Giants 7–6\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 51 yards, 3:21\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 1\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 8:11\. ''Eagles 13–7\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 71 yards, 1:29\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 29\-yard field goal, 2:38\. ''Eagles 16–7\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 36 yards, 3:51\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 36\-yard field goal, 0:00\. ''Eagles 19–7\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 75 yards, 1:33\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*NYG – \[\[Rueben Randle]] 26\-yard pass from \[\[Eli Manning]] (Josh Brown kick), 6:58\. ''Eagles 19–14\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 87 yards, 3:44\.''''' \*NYG – Rueben Randle 6\-yard pass from Eli Manning (Josh Brown kick), 3:46\. ''Eagles 21–19\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 51 yards, 1:57\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 41\-yard field goal, 1:04\. ''Eagles 22–21\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 57 yards, 2:42\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] 25\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 10:26\. ''Eagles 29–21\. '''Drive: 1 play, 25 yards, 0:09\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 5\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 8:24\. ''Eagles 36–21\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 38 yards, 1:38\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 16/25, 197 yards, 2 TD \*NYG – \[\[Eli Manning]] – 24/52, 334 yards, 2 TD, 3 INT '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – \[\[Michael Vick]] – 7 rushes, 79 yards \*NYG – \[\[Brandon Jacobs]] – 11 rushes, 37 yards '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] – 7 receptions, 132 yards, TD \*NYG – \[\[Hakeem Nicks]] – 9 receptions, 142 yards }} Nick Foles relieved an injured Michael Vick. With the win, the Eagles improved to 2–3\. #### Week 6: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Six: Philadelphia Eagles at Tampa Bay Buccaneers – Game summary \|date\=October 13 \|time\=1:00 pm. EDT \|road\='''Eagles''' \|R1\=7\|R2\=7\|R3\=7\|R4\=10 \|home\=Buccaneers \|H1\=3\|H2\=14\|H3\=0\|H4\=3 \|stadium\=\[\[Raymond James Stadium]], \[\[Tampa, Florida]] \|attendance\=62,505 \|weather\={{convert\|82\|F\|C}}, cloudy \|referee\=\[\[Clete Blakeman]] \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Dick Stockton]], \[\[Ronde Barber]] and \[\[Kris Budden]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013101307/2013/REG6/eagles@buccaneers Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55922/TB\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] 4\-yard run (\[\[Alex Henery]] kick), 11:46\. ''Eagles 7–0\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 85 yards, 3:14\.''''' \*TB – \[\[Rian Lindell]] 38\-yard field goal, 6:30\. ''Eagles 7–3\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 20 yards, 4:06\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*TB – \[\[Vincent Jackson]] 24\-yard pass from \[\[Mike Glennon]] (Rian Lindell kick), 14:46\. ''Buccaneers 10–7\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 39 yards, 0:55\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 12\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 7:05\. ''Eagles 14–10\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 54 yards, 3:20\.''''' \*TB – Vincent Jackson 1\-yard pass from Mike Glennon (Rian Lindell kick), 1:02\. ''Buccaneers 17–14\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 79 yards, 6:03\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] 47\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:41\. ''Eagles 21–17\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 66 yards, 1:58\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*TB – Rian Lindell 27\-yard field goal, 10:48\. ''Eagles 21–20\. '''Drive: 16 plays, 90 yards, 7:57\.''''' \*PHI – DeSean Jackson 36\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 9:32\. ''Eagles 28–20\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 80 yards, 1:16\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 24\-yard field goal, 2:34\. ''Eagles 31–20\. '''Drive: 12 plays, 49 yards, 5:29\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 22/31, 296 yards, 3 TD \*TB – \[\[Mike Glennon]] – 26/43, 273 yards, 2 TD, INT '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 25 rushes, 116 yards \*TB – \[\[Doug Martin (running back)\|Doug Martin]] – 16 rushes, 67 yards '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] – 4 receptions, 120 yards, TD \*TB – \[\[Vincent Jackson]] – 9 receptions, 114 yards, 2 TD }} With the win, the Eagles improved to 3–3\. #### Week 7: vs. Dallas Cowboys * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Seven: Dallas Cowboys at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=October 20 \|time\=1:00 pm. EDT \|road\='''Cowboys''' \|R1\=0\|R2\=3\|R3\=7\|R4\=7 \|home\=Eagles \|H1\=0\|H2\=0\|H3\=0\|H4\=3 \|stadium\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Sunny, {{convert\|63\|F\|C}} \|referee\=\[\[John Parry (American football official)\|John Parry]] \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Thom Brennaman]], Troy Aikman and Pam Oliver \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013102008/2013/REG7/cowboys@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55937/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*''No scoring plays.'' '''Second quarter''' \*DAL – \[\[Dan Bailey (American football)\|Dan Bailey]] 38\-yard field goal, 3:17\. ''Cowboys 3–0\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 44 yards, 3:42\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*DAL – \[\[Philip Tanner]] 1\-yard run (Dan Bailey kick), 9:17\. ''Cowboys 10–0\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 66 yards, 5:43\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 31\-yard field goal, 14:57\. ''Cowboys 10–3\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 17 yards, 2:49\.''''' \*DAL – \[\[Terrance Williams]] 9\-yard pass from \[\[Tony Romo]] (Dan Bailey kick), 9:25\. ''Cowboys 17–3\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 72 yards, 5:32\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*DAL – \[\[Tony Romo]] – 28/47, 317 yards, TD, 2 INT \*PHI – \[\[Matt Barkley]] – 11/20, 129 yards, 3 INT '''Top rushers''' \*DAL – \[\[Joseph Randle]] – 19 rushes, 65 yards \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 18 rushes, 55 yards '''Top receivers''' \*DAL – \[\[Dez Bryant]] – 8 receptions, 110 yards \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] – 6 receptions, 88 yards }} With the loss, the Eagles fell to 3–4\. #### Week 8: vs. New York Giants * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Eight: New York Giants at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=October 27 \|time\=1:00 pm. EDT \|road\='''Giants''' \|R1\=6\|R2\=6\|R3\=0\|R4\=3 \|home\=Eagles \|H1\=0\|H2\=0\|H3\=0\|H4\=7 \|stadium\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Sunny, {{convert\|59\|F\|C}} \|referee\=\[\[Carl Cheffers]] \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Kenny Albert]], \[\[Daryl Johnston]] and \[\[Tony Siragusa]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013102705/2013/REG8/giants@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55950/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*NYG – \[\[Josh Brown (American football)\|Josh Brown]] 40\-yard field goal, 7:30\. ''Giants 3–0\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 57 yards, 4:24\.''''' \*NYG – Josh Brown 44\-yard field goal, 2:59\. ''Giants 6–0\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 45 yards, 3:04\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*NYG – Josh Brown 33\-yard field goal, 10:22\. ''Giants 9–0\. '''Drive: 12 plays, 48 yards, 5:31\.''''' \*NYG – Josh Brown 46\-yard field goal, 2:24\. ''Giants 12–0\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 53 yards, 5:08\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*''No scoring plays.'' '''Fourth quarter''' \*NYG – Josh Brown 27\-yard field goal, 12:23\. ''Giants 15–0\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 32 yards, 5:58\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Najee Goode]] 2\-yard fumble return (\[\[Alex Henery]] kick), 4:11\. ''Giants 15–7\.'' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*NYG – \[\[Eli Manning]] – 25/39, 246 yards \*PHI – \[\[Matt Barkley]] – 17/26, 158 yards '''Top rushers''' \*NYG – \[\[Peyton Hillis]] – 20 rushes, 70 yards \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 15 rushes, 48 yards '''Top receivers''' \*NYG – \[\[Victor Cruz (American football)\|Victor Cruz]] – 7 receptions, 86 yards \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] – 8 receptions, 63 yards }} Nick Foles was injured again, so Michael Vick was reinserted into the starting role, but after a few series, Matt Barkley took his place. Despite the Eagles defense not allowing a touchdown all game, the offense was stymied throughout the contest. Philadelphia's lone score, and the game's only touchdown, occurred on a fumble recovery late in the fourth quarter; the Giants botched a snap for a punt, which was then recovered by [Najee Goode](/wiki/Najee_Goode "Najee Goode") in New York's endzone for a touchdown. With the 15\-7 loss, the Eagles fell to 3–5\. As of the 2023 season, this is Philadelphia's most recent home loss to New York. #### Week 9: at Oakland Raiders * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Nine: Philadelphia Eagles at Oakland Raiders – Game summary \|date\=November 3 \|time\=4:05 pm. EST/1:05 p.m. \[\[Pacific Time Zone\|PST]] \|road\='''Eagles''' \|R1\=7\|R2\=21\|R3\=21\|R4\=0 \|home\=Raiders \|H1\=3\|H2\=10\|H3\=0\|H4\=7 \|stadium\=\[\[O.co Coliseum]], \[\[Oakland, California]] \|attendance\=51,751 \|weather\={{convert\|62\|F\|C}}, sunny, hazy skies \|referee\=\[\[Ed Hochuli]] \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Chris Myers]], \[\[Tim Ryan (American football, born 1967\)\|Tim Ryan]] and \[\[Jennifer Hale (sportscaster)\|Jennifer Hale]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013110306/2013/REG9/eagles@raiders Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55964/OAK\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] 2\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (\[\[Alex Henery]] kick), 5:18\. ''Eagles 7–0\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 84 yards, 3:58\.''''' \*OAK – \[\[Sebastian Janikowski]] 24\-yard field goal, 2:02\. ''Eagles 7–3\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 74 yards, 3:16\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] 17\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 14:17\. ''Eagles 14–3\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 82 yards, 2:45\.''''' \*PHI – Riley Cooper 63\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:17\. ''Eagles 21–3\. '''Drive: 1 play, 63 yards, 0:09\.''''' \*OAK – \[\[Rashad Jennings]] 8\-yard run (Sebastian Janikowski kick), 7:34\. ''Eagles 21–10\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 80 yards, 3:43\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Zach Ertz]] 15\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 4:03\. ''Eagles 28–10\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 80 yards, 3:31\.''''' \*OAK – Sebastian Janikowski 53\-yard field goal, 0:03\. ''Eagles 28–13\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 40 yards, 0:56\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 25\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 14:14\. ''Eagles 35–13\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 61 yards, 0:46\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 46\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:13\. ''Eagles 42–13\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 57 yards, 0:51\.''''' \*PHI – Riley Cooper 5\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 4:28\. ''Eagles 49–13\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 68 yards, 1:18\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*OAK – \[\[Jeremy Stewart]] 2\-yard run (Sebastian Janikowski kick), 0:52\. ''Eagles 49–20\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 71 yards, 2:30\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 22/28, 406 yards, 7 TD \*OAK – \[\[Terrelle Pryor]] – 22/41, 288 yards '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – \[\[Bryce Brown]] – 7 rushes, 54 yards \*OAK – \[\[Rashad Jennings]] – 15 rushes, 102 yards, TD '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] – 5 receptions, 150 yards, TD \*OAK – \[\[Rod Streater]] – 5 receptions, 98 yards }} Nick Foles tied an NFL record in this game with seven touchdown passes as the Eagles beat the Raiders 49–20\. #### Week 10: at Green Bay Packers * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Ten: Philadelphia Eagles at Green Bay Packers – Game summary \|date\=November 10 \|time\=1:00 pm. EST/12:00 p.m. \[\[Central Time Zone\|CST]] \|road\='''Eagles''' \|R1\=7\|R2\=3\|R3\=17\|R4\=0 \|home\=Packers \|H1\=0\|H2\=3\|H3\=7\|H4\=3 \|stadium\=\[\[Lambeau Field]], \[\[Green Bay, Wisconsin]] \|attendance\=78,011 \|weather\={{convert\|45\|F\|C}}, mostly sunny \|referee\=\[\[Mike Carey (American football)\|Mike Carey]] \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=Joe Buck, Troy Aikman and Pam Oliver \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013111003/2013/REG10/eagles@packers Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55974/GB\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 55\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (\[\[Alex Henery]] kick), 5:57\. ''Eagles 7–0\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 57 yards, 0:25\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 25\-yard field goal, 1:16\. ''Eagles 10–0\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 60 yards, 1:38\.''''' \*GB – \[\[Mason Crosby]] 26\-yard field goal, 0:02\. ''Eagles 10–3\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 72 yards, 1:14\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] 45\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:21\. ''Eagles 17–3\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 84 yards, 0:51\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 41\-yard field goal, 7:28\. ''Eagles 20–3\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 21 yards, 1:39\.''''' \*GB – \[\[Brandon Bostick]] 22\-yard pass from \[\[Scott Tolzien]] (Mason Crosby kick), 3:22\. ''Eagles 20–10\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 86 yards, 4:06\.''''' \*PHI – Riley Cooper 32\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 0:10\. ''Eagles 27–10\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 80 yards, 3:12\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*GB – Mason Crosby 35\-yard field goal, 12:19\. ''Eagles 27–13\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 54 yards, 2:51\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 12/18, 228 yards, 3 TD \*GB – \[\[Scott Tolzien]] – 24/39, 280 yards, TD, 2 INT '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 25 rushes, 155 yards \*GB – \[\[Eddie Lacy]] – 24 rushes, 73 yards '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] – 3 receptions, 102 yards, 2 TD \*GB – \[\[Jarrett Boykin]] – 8 receptions, 112 yards }} Nick Foles threw three touchdown passes in this game, and the Eagles defense intercepted [Scott Tolzien](/wiki/Scott_Tolzien "Scott Tolzien") twice. Tolzien started in place of [Aaron Rodgers](/wiki/Aaron_Rodgers "Aaron Rodgers"), who had a collarbone injury. With the win, the Eagles evened their record at 5–5\. #### Week 11: vs. Washington Redskins * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Eleven: Washington Redskins at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=November 17 \|time\=1:00 pm. EST \|road\=Redskins \|R1\=0\|R2\=0\|R3\=0\|R4\=16 \|home\='''Eagles''' \|H1\=7\|H2\=10\|H3\=7\|H4\=0 \|stadium\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Mostly cloudy, {{convert\|68\|F\|C}} \|referee\=Walt Coleman \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Kevin Burkhardt]], \[\[John Lynch (American football)\|John Lynch]] and \[\[Erin Andrews]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013111706/2013/REG11/redskins@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55991/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] 4\-yard run (\[\[Alex Henery]] kick), 2:48\. ''Eagles 7–0\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 68 yards, 1:16\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 1\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 14:31\. ''Eagles 14–0\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 69 yards, 1:48\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 24\-yard field goal, 3:51\. ''Eagles 17–0\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 83 yards, 3:53\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – LeSean McCoy 1\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 9:41\. ''Eagles 24–0\. '''Drive: 13 plays, 80 yards, 5:19\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*WAS – \[\[Darrel Young]] 62\-yard pass from \[\[Robert Griffin III]] (Robert Griffin III–\[\[Nick Williams (wide receiver)\|Nick Williams]] pass), 12:56\. ''Eagles 24–8\. '''Drive: 1 play, 62 yards, 0:12\.''''' \*WAS – \[\[Aldrick Robinson]] 41\-yard pass from Robert Griffin III (Robert Griffin III run), 5:57\. ''Eagles 24–16\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 85 yards, 2:40\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*WAS – \[\[Robert Griffin III]] – 17/35, 264 yards, 2 TD, INT \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 17/26, 298 yards '''Top rushers''' \*WAS – \[\[Alfred Morris (American football)\|Alfred Morris]] – 22 rushes, 93 yards \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 20 rushes, 77 yards, 2 TD '''Top receivers''' \*WAS – \[\[Pierre Garçon]] – 6 receptions, 68 yards \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] – 4 receptions, 82 yards }} A late game rally by Washington led them to the Eagles' 26\-yard line. A shot to the end zone by Robert Griffin III was intercepted by Brandon Boykin, clinching an Eagles win. The Eagles moved to 6–5\. Prior to this game, the Eagles hadn't won a game at home in 414 days since Week 4 of the [2012 season](/wiki/2012_Philadelphia_Eagles_season "2012 Philadelphia Eagles season") against the New York Giants, thus snapping a 10\-game losing streak at home with this win. #### Week 13: vs. Arizona Cardinals * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Thirteen: Arizona Cardinals at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=December 1 \|time\=1:00 pm. EST \|road\=Cardinals \|R1\=0\|R2\=7\|R3\=7\|R4\=7 \|home\='''Eagles''' \|H1\=7\|H2\=10\|H3\=7\|H4\=0 \|stadium\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Cloudy, {{convert\|48\|F\|C}} \|referee\=\[\[Tony Corrente]] \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=Kenny Albert, Daryl Johnston and Tony Siragusa \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013120106/2013/REG13/cardinals@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56022/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Zach Ertz]] 6\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (\[\[Alex Henery]] kick), 12:30\. ''Eagles 7–0\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 25 yards, 0:56\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*ARI – \[\[Larry Fitzgerald]] 43\-yard pass from \[\[Carson Palmer]] (\[\[Jay Feely]] kick), 7:50\. ''Tied 7–7\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 57 yards, 4:13\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 32\-yard field goal, 3:59\. ''Eagles 10–7\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 64 yards, 3:51\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] 1\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 0:15\. ''Eagles 17–7\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 78 yards, 2:07\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – Zach Ertz 24\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 10:16\. ''Eagles 24–7\. '''Drive: 13 plays, 80 yards, 4:44\.''''' \*ARI – \[\[Michael Floyd]] 23\-yard pass from Carson Palmer (Jay Feely kick), 5:14\. ''Eagles 24–14\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 80 yards, 5:02\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*ARI – \[\[Jim Dray]] 3\-yard pass from Carson Palmer (Jay Feely kick), 4:45\. ''Eagles 24–21\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 86 yards, 2:35\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*ARI – \[\[Carson Palmer]] – 24/41, 302 yards, 3 TD, 2 INT \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 21/34, 237 yards, 3 TD '''Top rushers''' \*ARI – \[\[Rashard Mendenhall]] – 18 rushes, 76 yards \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 19 rushes, 79 yards '''Top receivers''' \*ARI – \[\[Michael Floyd]] – 5 receptions, 99 yards, TD \*PHI – \[\[Zach Ertz]] – 5 receptions, 68 yards, 2 TD }} With the win, the Eagles improved to 7–5\. #### Week 14: vs. Detroit Lions * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Fourteen: Detroit Lions at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=December 8 \|time\=1:00 pm. EST \|road\=Lions \|R1\=0\|R2\=8\|R3\=6\|R4\=6 \|home\='''Eagles''' \|H1\=0\|H2\=0\|H3\=6\|H4\=28 \|stadium\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Snow, {{convert\|27\|F\|C}} \|referee\=Ed Hochuli \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=Kevin Burkhardt, John Lynch and \[\[Molly McGrath]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013120805/2013/REG14/lions@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56035/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*''No scoring plays.'' '''Second quarter''' \*DET – \[\[Joique Bell]] 2\-yard run (\[\[Matthew Stafford]]–Joique Bell pass), 10:02\. ''Lions 8–0\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 20 yards, 2:04\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*DET – \[\[Jeremy Ross]] 58\-yard punt return (pass failed), 6:37\. ''Lions 14–0\.'' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 19\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (pass failed), 4:05\. ''Lions 14–6\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 74 yards, 2:32\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 40\-yard run (\[\[Bryce Brown]] run), 14:34\. ''Tied 14–14\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 80 yards, 0:50\.''''' \*DET – \[\[Jeremy Ross]] 98\-yard kickoff return (kick blocked), 14:20\. ''Lions 20–14\. '''Drive: 0 plays, 0 yards, 0:14\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 57\-yard run (Nick Foles–\[\[Riley Cooper]] pass), 13:13\. ''Eagles 22–20\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 76 yards, 1:07\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] 1\-yard run (pass failed), 8:18\. ''Eagles 28–20\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 71 yards, 4:02\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Chris Polk]] 38\-yard run (run failed), 2:58\. ''Eagles 34–20\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 60 yards, 4:17\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*DET – \[\[Matthew Stafford]] – 10/25, 151 yards \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 11/22, 179 yards, TD, INT '''Top rushers''' \*DET – \[\[Joique Bell]] – 23 carries, 69 yards, TD \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 29 carries, 217 yards, 2 TDs '''Top receivers''' \*DET – \[\[Joique Bell]] – 4 receptions, 58 yards \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] – 3 receptions, 74 yards }} In a blinding snowstorm, with at least eight inches of snow on the field by the end of the game, LeSean McCoy broke the Eagles' single\-game rushing record with 217 yards on the ground. #### Week 15: at Minnesota Vikings * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Fifteen: Philadelphia Eagles at Minnesota Vikings – Game summary \|date\=December 15 \|time\=1:00 pm. EST/12:00 pm. CST \|road\=Eagles \|R1\=3\|R2\=6\|R3\=13\|R4\=8 \|home\='''Vikings''' \|H1\=7\|H2\=10\|H3\=10\|H4\=21 \|stadium\=\[\[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome\|Mall of America Field at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]], \[\[Minneapolis, Minnesota]] \|attendance\=64,087 \|weather\=None (indoor stadium) \|referee\=Walt Anderson \|TV\=Fox \|TVAnnouncers\=Kenny Albert, Daryl Johnston and Tony Siragusa \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013121505/2013/REG15/eagles@vikings Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56051/MIN\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*MIN – \[\[Greg Jennings]] 57\-yard pass from \[\[Matt Cassel]] (\[\[Blair Walsh]] kick), 6:18\. ''Vikings 7–0\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 91 yards, 2:04\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 35\-yard field goal, 2:35\. ''Vikings 7–3\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 63 yards, 3:43\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*MIN – Blair Walsh 21\-yard field goal, 13:19\. ''Vikings 10–3\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 59 yards, 4:16\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 51\-yard field goal, 8:55\. ''Vikings 10–6\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 47 yards, 4:24\.''''' \*MIN – \[\[Matt Asiata]] 1\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 1:06\. ''Vikings 17–6\. '''Drive: 16 plays, 75 yards, 7:49\.''''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 33\-yard field goal, 0:00\. ''Vikings 17–9\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 66 yards, 1:06\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*MIN – Matt Cassel 6\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 12:03\. ''Vikings 24–9\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 52 yards, 1:38\.''''' \*MIN – Blair Walsh 38\-yard field goal, 4:43\. ''Vikings 27–9\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 4 yards, 1:21\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] 30\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 3:14\. ''Vikings 27–16\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 70 yards, 1:29\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Zach Ertz]] 3\-yard pass from Nick Foles (pass failed), 0:15\. ''Vikings 27–22\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 45 yards, 1:03\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*MIN – Matt Asiata 1\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 13:01\. ''Vikings 34–22\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 54 yards, 2:14\.''''' \*MIN – \[\[Cordarrelle Patterson]] 5\-yard pass from Matt Cassel (Blair Walsh kick), 6:54\. ''Vikings 41–22\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 36 yards, 1:01\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Jason Avant]] 16\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Nick Foles–\[\[Riley Cooper]] pass), 4:26\. ''Vikings 41–30\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 80 yards, 2:28\.''''' \*MIN – Matt Asiata 5\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 1:09\. ''Vikings 48–30\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 48 yards, 3:17\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 30/48, 428 yards, 3 TD, INT \*MIN – \[\[Matt Cassel]] – 26/35, 382 yards, 2 TD, INT '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – Nick Foles – 5 rushes, 41 yards \*MIN – \[\[Matt Asiata]] – 30 rushes, 51 yards, 3 TD '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[DeSean Jackson]] – 10 receptions, 195 yards, TD \*MIN – \[\[Greg Jennings]] – 11 receptions, 163 yards, TD }} With the loss, the Eagles fell to 8–6\. #### Week 16: vs. Chicago Bears * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Sixteen: Chicago Bears at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary \|date\=December 22 \|time\=8:30 pm. EST \|road\=Bears \|R1\=0\|R2\=3\|R3\=8\|R4\=0 \|home\='''Eagles''' \|H1\=21\|H2\=3\|H3\=9\|H4\=21 \|stadium\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|attendance\=69,144 \|weather\=Clear, {{convert\|63\|F\|C}} \|referee\=Mike Carey \|TV\=\[\[NBC Sunday Night Football\|NBC]] \|TVAnnouncers\=\[\[Al Michaels]], \[\[Cris Collinsworth]] and \[\[Michele Tafoya]] \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013122207/2013/REG16/bears@eagles Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56068/PHI\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Riley Cooper]] 5\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (\[\[Alex Henery]] kick), 9:54\. ''Eagles 7–0\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 43 yards, 2:59\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 1\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 7:44\. ''Eagles 14–0\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 39 yards, 1:58\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] 10\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 1:27\. ''Eagles 21–0\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 72 yards, 4:33\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – Alex Henery 49\-yard field goal, 1:07\. ''Eagles 24–0\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 60 yards, 3:59\.''''' \*CHI – \[\[Robbie Gould]] 50\-yard field goal, 0:00\. ''Eagles 24–3\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 49 yards, 1:07\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Matt Forte]] tackled in the end zone by \[\[Cedric Thornton]] for a safety, 9:52\. ''Eagles 26–3\.'' \*PHI – LeSean McCoy 1\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 7:11 (PHI 33–3\) \*CHI – \[\[Brandon Marshall]] 6\-yard pass from \[\[Jay Cutler]] (Jay Cutler–\[\[Earl Bennett]] pass), 0:00\. ''Eagles 33–11\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 70 yards, 5:21\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Chris Polk]] 11\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 11:19\. ''Eagles 40–11\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 70 yards, 3:41\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Brandon Boykin]] 54\-yard interception return (Alex Henery kick), 8:00\. ''Eagles 47–11\.'' \*PHI – \[\[Bryce Brown]] 65\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 6:14\. ''Eagles 54–11\. '''Drive: 1 play, 65 yards, 0:10\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*CHI – \[\[Jay Cutler]] – 20/35, 222 yards, TD, INT \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 21/25, 230 yards, 2 TD '''Top rushers''' \*CHI – \[\[Matt Forte]] – 9 rushes, 29 yards \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 18 rushes, 133 yards, 2 TD '''Top receivers''' \*CHI – \[\[Martellus Bennett]] – 5 receptions, 85 yards \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] – 3 receptions, 58 yards, TD }} The Eagles beat the Chicago Bears 54–11 on Sunday Night Football. Nick Foles went 21/25 for 230 yards and two touchdowns. [LeSean McCoy](/wiki/LeSean_McCoy "LeSean McCoy") ran the ball 18 times for 133 yards and two touchdowns. Towards the end, the Eagles brought in bench players to finish the game. [Bryce Brown](/wiki/Bryce_Brown "Bryce Brown") ran for a 65\-yard touchdown with 6:14 to go with [Michael Vick](/wiki/Michael_Vick "Michael Vick") at the quarterback helm. This was Michael Vick's final appearance as an Eagle. This was the first game in NFL history to end with a [final score of 54–11](/wiki/Scorigami "Scorigami"). With the convincing win, the Eagles improved to 9–6, and would face their [archrivals](/wiki/Cowboys%E2%80%93Eagles_rivalry "Cowboys–Eagles rivalry"), the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys "Dallas Cowboys"), the following Sunday night for the division title. #### Week 17: at Dallas Cowboys * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox \|titlestyle\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Philadelphia Eagles\|border\=2}};text\-align:center; \|state\=autocollapse \|title\=Week Seventeen: Philadelphia Eagles at Dallas Cowboys – Game summary \|date\=December 29 \|time\=8:30 pm. EST/7:30 pm. CST \|road\='''Eagles''' \|R1\=3\|R2\=14\|R3\=0\|R4\=7 \|home\=Cowboys \|H1\=0\|H2\=10\|H3\=6\|H4\=6 \|stadium\=\[\[AT\&T Stadium]], \[\[Arlington, Texas]] \|attendance\=91,166 \|weather\=None (retractable roof closed) \|referee\=\[\[Gene Steratore]] \|TV\=NBC \|TVAnnouncers\=Al Michaels, Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya \|reference\=\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013122903/2013/REG17/eagles@cowboys Recap], \[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56080/DAL\_Gamebook.pdf Game book] \|scoring\= '''First quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Alex Henery]] 46\-yard field goal, 7:07\. ''Eagles 3–0\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 48 yards, 3:35\.''''' '''Second quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] 3\-yard pass from \[\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 14:13\. ''Eagles 10–0\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 88 yards, 4:20\.''''' \*DAL – \[\[Gavin Escobar]] 17\-yard pass from \[\[Kyle Orton]] (\[\[Dan Bailey (American football)\|Dan Bailey]] kick), 8:16\. ''Eagles 10–7\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 66 yards, 2:51\.''''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] 14\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 1:19\. ''Eagles 17–7\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 49 yards, 0:34\.''''' \*DAL – Dan Bailey 44\-yard field goal, 0:18\. ''Eagles 17–10\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 54 yards, 1:01\.''''' '''Third quarter''' \*DAL – Dan Bailey 43\-yard field goal, 8:59\. ''Eagles 17–13\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 41 yards, 4:50\.''''' \*DAL – Dan Bailey 36\-yard field goal, 5:38\. ''Eagles 17–16\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 2 yards, 2:06\.''''' '''Fourth quarter''' \*PHI – \[\[Bryce Brown]] 6\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 6:09\. ''Eagles 24–16\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 60 yards, 5:37\.''''' \*DAL – \[\[Dez Bryant]] 32\-yard pass from Kyle Orton (pass failed), 3:50\. ''Eagles 24–22\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 80 yards, 2:19\.''''' \|stats\= '''Top passers''' \*PHI – \[\[Nick Foles]] – 17/26, 263 yards, 2 TD \*DAL – \[\[Kyle Orton]] – 30/46, 358 yards, 2 TD, 2 INT '''Top rushers''' \*PHI – \[\[LeSean McCoy]] – 27 rushes, 131 yards \*DAL – \[\[DeMarco Murray]] – 17 rushes, 51 yards '''Top receivers''' \*PHI – \[\[Brent Celek]] – 3 receptions, 71 yards, TD \*DAL – \[\[Jason Witten]] – 12 receptions, 135 yards }} This game ended when Kyle Orton threw an interception late in the fourth quarter. With the win, the Eagles improved to 10–6 and sealed the NFC East title and the \#3 seed in the playoffs. They were also the third team in a row to defeat the Cowboys in the last game of the regular season on Sunday Night Football (Giants, 2011 and Redskins, 2012\).
[ "### Game summaries", "#### Week 1: at Washington Redskins", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week One: Philadelphia Eagles at Washington Redskins – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=September 9\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=7:10 p.m. \\[\\[Eastern Time Zone\\|EDT]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=12\\|R2\\=14\\|R3\\=7\\|R4\\=0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Redskins\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=7\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=7\\|H4\\=13\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[FedExField]], \\[\\[Landover, Maryland]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=82,743\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\={{convert\\|80\\|F\\|C}}, cloudy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Ron Winter]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=\\[\\[Monday Night Football\\|ESPN]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Mike Tirico]], \\[\\[Jon Gruden]] and \\[\\[Lisa Salters]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013090900/2013/REG1/eagles@redskins Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55851/WAS\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[DeAngelo Hall]] 75\\-yard fumble return (\\[\\[Kai Forbath]] kick), 11:54\\. ''Redskins 7–0\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 48\\-yard field goal, 9:15\\. ''Redskins 7–3\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 51 yards, 2:39\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 25\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Michael Vick]] (Alex Henery kick), 8:59\\. ''Eagles 10–7\\. '''Drive: 1 play, 25 yards, 0:08\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alfred Morris (American football)\\|Alfred Morris]] tackled in the end zone by \\[\\[Trent Cole]] for a safety, 4:50\\. ''Eagles 12–7\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] 28\\-yard pass from Michael Vick (Alex Henery kick), 6:10\\. ''Eagles 19–7\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 62 yards, 2:07\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Michael Vick 3\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 0:58\\. ''Eagles 26–7\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 44 yards, 3:13\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 34\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 13:26\\. ''Eagles 33–7\\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 30 yards, 0:34\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – Alfred Morris 5\\-yard run (Kai Forbath kick), 0:06\\. ''Eagles 33–14\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 66 yards, 3:30\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Leonard Hankerson]] 10\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Robert Griffin III]] (pass failed), 12:24\\. ''Eagles 33–20\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 29 yards, 1:22\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – Leonard Hankerson 24\\-yard pass from Robert Griffin III (Kai Forbath kick), 1:14\\. ''Eagles 33–27\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 89 yards, 2:28\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Michael Vick]] – 15/25, 203 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Robert Griffin III]] – 30/49, 329 yards, 2 TD, 2 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 31 rushes, 184 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Alfred Morris (American football)\\|Alfred Morris]] – 12 rushes, 45 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] – 7 receptions, 104 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Leonard Hankerson]] – 5 receptions, 80 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}", "The Eagles started their 2013 season with a [Monday Night](/wiki/Monday_Night_Football \"Monday Night Football\") divisional clash on the road against the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/2013_Washington_Redskins_season \"2013 Washington Redskins season\"). The Skins scored first when DeAngelo Hall returned a fumble 75 yards for a touchdown for a 7–0 lead. After this the Eagles dominated scoring 33 straight points as Alex Henery kicked a field goal from 48 yards out to come within four points for a 7–3 game. Next Michael Vick found DeSean Jackson on a 25\\-yard pass as the team took the lead 10–7\\. On the Skins' next possession, Alfred Morris was tackled in the end zone for a safety making the score 12–7\\. In the second quarter, the Eagles continued to increase their lead as Vick found Brent Celek on a 28\\-yard touchdown pass for a 19–7 lead. Later on in the quarter, Vick ran for a 3\\-yard touchdown bringing the halftime score to 26–7\\. In the third quarter, LeSean McCoy ran for a 34\\-yard touchdown bringing the score to 33–7\\. The Skins started their scoring again as Morris ran for a 5\\-yard touchdown making the score 33–14\\. In the fourth quarter, it was all Skins as RG3 found Leonard Hankerson on a 10\\-yard touchdown pass (with a failed two\\-point conversion) for a 33–20 game. Finally, the Skins came within six points as RG3 and Hankerson connected again this time on a 24\\-yard pass bringing the final score to 33–27\\.", "With the win, the Eagles started their season 1–0\\.", "#### Week 2: vs. San Diego Chargers", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Two: San Diego Chargers at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=September 15\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EDT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Chargers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=3\\|R2\\=10\\|R3\\=7\\|R4\\=13\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Eagles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=3\\|H2\\=7\\|H3\\=10\\|H4\\=10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[Lincoln Financial Field]], \\[\\[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Sunny, {{convert\\|72\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Terry McAulay]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=\\[\\[NFL on CBS\\|CBS]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Greg Gumbel]] and \\[\\[Dan Dierdorf]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013091508/2013/REG2/chargers@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55862/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – \\[\\[Nick Novak]] 49\\-yard field goal, 7:26\\. ''Chargers 3–0\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 59 yards, 4:25\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 25\\-yard field goal, 5:30\\. ''Tied 3–3\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 70 yards, 1:56\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – \\[\\[Eddie Royal]] 11\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Philip Rivers]] (Nick Novak kick), 14:07\\. ''Chargers 10–3\\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 93 yards, 6:23\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – Nick Novak 44\\-yard field goal, 8:01\\. ''Chargers 13–3\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 53 yards, 3:37\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] 13\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Michael Vick]] (Alex Henery kick), 6:41\\. ''Chargers 13–10\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 75 yards, 1:20\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – Eddie Royal 24\\-yard pass from Philip Rivers (Nick Novak kick), 10:04\\. ''Chargers 20–10\\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 80 yards, 4:56\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 48\\-yard field goal, 6:45\\. ''Chargers 20–13\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 49 yards, 3:19\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 61\\-yard pass from Michael Vick (Alex Henery kick), 4:42\\. ''Tied 20–20\\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 65 yards, 0:26\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – Nick Novak 33\\-yard field goal, 10:47\\. ''Chargers 23–20\\. '''Drive: 17 plays, 73 yards, 8:55\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Michael Vick 2\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 7:06\\. ''Eagles 27–23\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 76 yards, 3:41\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – Eddie Royal 15\\-yard pass from Philip Rivers (Nick Novak kick), 3:11\\. ''Chargers 30–27\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 39 yards, 3:55\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 32\\-yard field goal, 1:51\\. ''Tied 30–30\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 57 yards, 1:20\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – Nick Novak 46\\-yard field goal, 0:07\\. ''Chargers 33–30\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 51 yards, 1:44\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – \\[\\[Philip Rivers]] – 36/47, 419 yards, 3 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Michael Vick]] – 24/37, 428 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – \\[\\[Ryan Mathews (American football)\\|Ryan Mathews]] – 16 rushes, 73 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 11 rushes, 53 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*SD – \\[\\[Antonio Gates]] – 8 receptions, 124 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] – 9 receptions, 193 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}", "The Eagles punted on their first possession. The Chargers took the ball and marched to the Eagles 31, but had to settle for a 49 field goal. The Eagles took the ball next and stormed 75 yards in 5 plays, driving to the Chargers 2, but kicked a field goal.", "#### Week 3: vs. Kansas City Chiefs", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Three: Kansas City Chiefs at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=September 19\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=8:25 pm. EDT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Chiefs'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=10\\|R2\\=6\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Eagles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=6\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=3\\|H4\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Clear, {{convert\\|63\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Walt Anderson (American football)\\|Walt Anderson]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=\\[\\[Thursday Night Football\\|NFLN]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Brad Nessler]], \\[\\[Mike Mayock]] and \\[\\[Alex Flanagan]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013091900/2013/REG3/chiefs@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55869/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – \\[\\[Ryan Succop]] 33\\-yard field goal, 12:08\\. ''Chiefs 3–0\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, −7 yards, 1:50\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – \\[\\[Eric Berry]] 38\\-yard interception return (Ryan Succop kick), 11:12\\. ''Chiefs 10–0\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Jason Avant]] 22\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Michael Vick]] (run failed), 5:06\\. ''Chiefs 10–6\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 87 yards, 1:16\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – Ryan Succop 31\\-yard field goal, 8:21\\. ''Chiefs 13–6\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 69 yards, 3:07\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – Ryan Succop 34\\-yard field goal, 2:26\\. ''Chiefs 16–6\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 45 yards, 3:51\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 29\\-yard field goal, 6:29\\. ''Chiefs 16–9\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 70 yards, 3:05\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – \\[\\[Jamaal Charles]] 3\\-yard run (Ryan Succop kick), 12:57\\. ''Chiefs 23–9\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 62 yards, 4:45\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 41\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 11:36\\. ''Chiefs 23–16\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 78 yards, 1:21\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – Ryan Succop 38\\-yard field goal, 3:21\\. ''Chiefs 26–16\\. '''Drive: 15 plays, 75 yards, 8:15\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – \\[\\[Alex Smith]] – 22/35, 273 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Michael Vick]] – 13/30, 201 yards, TD, 2 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – \\[\\[Jamaal Charles]] – 20 rushes, 92 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 20 rushes, 158 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*KC – \\[\\[Donnie Avery]] – 7 receptions, 141 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Jason Avant]] – 5 receptions, 87 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThis week marked the return of former Eagles head coach [Andy Reid](/wiki/Andy_Reid \"Andy Reid\"). The Eagles forced the Chiefs to a quick three\\-and\\-out, but the Eagles muffed the punt, and the Chiefs recovered at the Philadelphia 8\\. A few plays later, Ryan Succop kicked a 33\\-yard field goal. On Philadelphia's first possession, Michael Vick was intercepted by Eric Berry, on a pass intended for Brent Celek, who returned it 38 yards for a touchdown. After a Chiefs punt, Michael Vick busted off a 61\\-yard run, setting up his 22\\-yard touchdown pass to Jason Avant. Zach Ertz attempted to run in the two\\-point conversion, but failed, keeping the score 10–6\\. With less than a minute remaining in the first quarter the Eagles drove into Chiefs territory, but Vick was sacked by Justin Houston and fumbled. Two field goals by Ryan Succop was the only scoring of the second quarter, giving the Chiefs a 16–6 halftime lead. An Alex Henery field goal was the only score of the third quarter, giving the Chiefs a 16–9 lead entering the fourth quarter. On their first drive of the fourth quarter, Jamaal Charles capped off an eight\\-play, 62\\-yard drive with a 3\\-yard touchdown run, making the score 23–9\\. The Eagles immediately responded with a touchdown of their own, driving 78 yards with a 41\\-yard touchdown rush by LeSean McCoy, pulling to within 7\\. However, Kansas City struck the decisive blow with a 15\\-play, 73\\-yard drive, taking 8:15 off the clock and Ryan Succop adding his fourth field goals making the score 26–16\\. On their next drive, Michael Vick completed a 19\\-yard pass on third\\-and\\-10, but guard Todd Herremans was called for holding making it third\\-and\\-20 at their own 21\\. The Eagles turned the ball over on downs. The Chiefs did the same on their next drive. Finally, a strip sack by Justin Houston with recovering for Kansas City, sealed the deal. With the loss, the Eagles lost their second in a row, both being at home. The Eagles outgained Chiefs 431–394 and had more first downs, 21–19, but the Chiefs had almost twice as much time of possession and won the turnover battle 5–0\\.", "#### Week 4: at Denver Broncos", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Four: Philadelphia Eagles at Denver Broncos – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=September 29\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=4:25 pm. EDT/2:25 p.m. \\[\\[Mountain Time Zone\\|MDT]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\=Eagles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=3\\|R2\\=10\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\='''Broncos'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=14\\|H2\\=7\\|H3\\=21\\|H4\\=10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[Sports Authority Field at Mile High]], \\[\\[Denver, Colorado]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=77,002\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\={{convert\\|76\\|F\\|C}}, partly cloudy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Pete Morelli]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=\\[\\[NFL on Fox\\|Fox]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Joe Buck]], \\[\\[Troy Aikman]] and \\[\\[Pam Oliver]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013092909/2013/REG4/eagles@broncos Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55895/DEN\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Wes Welker]] 6\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Peyton Manning]] (\\[\\[Matt Prater]] kick), 10:19\\. ''Broncos 7–0\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 74 yards, 3:52\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 35\\-yard field goal, 6:03\\. ''Broncos 7–3\\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 65 yards, 4:16\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Trindon Holliday]] 105\\-yard kickoff return (Matt Prater kick), 5:50\\. ''Broncos 14–3\\. '''Drive: 0 plays, 0 yards, 0:13\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 25\\-yard field goal, 14:18\\. ''Broncos 14–6\\. '''Drive: 15 plays, 73 yards, 6:32\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Chris Polk]] 4\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 11:06\\. ''Broncos 14–13\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 64 yards, 2:10\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Knowshon Moreno]] 4\\-yard run (Matt Prater kick), 5:05\\. ''Broncos 21–13\\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 80 yards, 6:01\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Demaryius Thomas]] 1\\-yard pass from Peyton Manning (Matt Prater kick), 9:54\\. ''Broncos 28–13\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 80 yards, 5:06\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – Demaryius Thomas 15\\-yard pass from Peyton Manning (Matt Prater kick), 5:10\\. ''Broncos 35–13\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 80 yards, 3:12\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – Wes Welker 4\\-yard pass from Peyton Manning (Matt Prater kick), 0:22\\. ''Broncos 42–13\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 65 yards, 3:35\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Steven Johnson (American football)\\|Steven Johnson]] 17\\-yard return of blocked punt (Matt Prater kick), 13:54\\. ''Broncos 49–13\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – Matt Prater 53\\-yard field goal, 6:53\\. ''Broncos 52–13\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 30 yards, 3:49\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Jeff Maehl]] 6\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 4:35\\. ''Broncos 52–20\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 80 yards, 2:18\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Michael Vick]] – 14/27, 248 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Peyton Manning]] – 28/34, 327 yards, 4 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 16 rushes, 73 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Knowshon Moreno]] – 12 rushes, 78 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] – 3 receptions, 57 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DEN – \\[\\[Eric Decker]] – 5 receptions, 88 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}", "The Eagles visited Sports Authority Field in Denver to face the Broncos and their \\#1 offense. The Eagles received the ball first, but punted after only four plays. The Broncos took over and stormed 74 yards in only 9 plays to take the early lead. On the drive the Broncos converted three third downs on the drive including one on [Peyton Manning](/wiki/Peyton_Manning \"Peyton Manning\")'s 6\\-yard touchdown pass to [Wes Welker](/wiki/Wes_Welker \"Wes Welker\"). The Eagles responded on their next drive by driving from their own 18 to the Broncos 17, but had to settle for Henery's 35\\-yard field goal. On the ensuing kickoff [Trindon Holliday](/wiki/Trindon_Holliday \"Trindon Holliday\") returned the kick 105 yards for a touchdown, extending the lead to 14–3\\. The Eagles then engineered a 15\\-play, 73\\-yard drive to the 7\\-yard line, but the Broncos kept them out of the end zone and Henery kicked a 25\\-yard field goal. After a Broncos three\\-and\\-out, the Eagles finally managed to reach the end zone. They needed only 7 plays to go 64 yards. A 35\\-yard completion to [Bryce Brown](/wiki/Bryce_Brown \"Bryce Brown\") on third\\-and\\-11 moved the ball to the Denver 4\\. Two plays later [Chris Polk](/wiki/Chris_Polk \"Chris Polk\") rushed for a 4\\-yard touchdown, trimming the score to 14–13\\. Denver responded by marching 80 yards in 11 plays in a drive that took over 6 minutes off the clock and increased the lead to 21–13 after a [Knowshon Moreno](/wiki/Knowshon_Moreno \"Knowshon Moreno\") 4\\-yard touchdown run. Both teams punted to close out the half. Denver started where they left off, driving 80 yards in one less play culminating in Manning's 1\\-yard touchdown pass to [Demaryius Thomas](/wiki/Demaryius_Thomas \"Demaryius Thomas\"). Manning threw for 44 yards on the drive. After an Eagles punt, the Broncos ate 80 more yards on another touchdown drive which. Manning continued to pick apart the Eagles secondary throwing for 58 yards on the drive which concluded with Manning once again connecting with Demaryius Thomas on a touchdown, this one for 15 yards, extending the lead to 35–13\\. The Eagles offense continued sputter as they punted again. The Broncos were completely the opposite, driving 65 yards for another touchdown, increasing the lead to 42–13\\. Manning added 56 more yards and a 4\\-yard touchdown pass to Welker. The Broncos forced the Eagles to punt again, but [Steven Johnson](/wiki/Steven_Johnson_%28American_football%29 \"Steven Johnson (American football)\") blocked it and returned it 17 yards for a touchdown, making the score 49–13\\. The Eagles finally managed to avoid punting on their next drive, but Henery missed a 46\\-yard field goal. [Matt Prater](/wiki/Matt_Prater \"Matt Prater\") made one from 53 yards away on the Broncos next drive to make the score 52–13\\. The Eagles managed to march 80 yards on their next drive with Nick Foles hitting Jeff Maehl for a 6\\-yard touchdown pass to close the scoring. The Broncos held the ball for the final 4:35 to end the game. The Eagles lost their third in a row to fall to 1–3 on the season.", "#### Week 5: at New York Giants", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Five: Philadelphia Eagles at New York Giants – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=October 6\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EDT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=3\\|R2\\=16\\|R3\\=3\\|R4\\=14\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Giants\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=7\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=14\\|H4\\=0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[MetLife Stadium]], \\[\\[East Rutherford, New Jersey]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=80,738\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\={{convert\\|66\\|F\\|C}}, mostly cloudy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Walt Coleman]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Thom Brennaman]], \\[\\[Brian Billick]] and \\[\\[Laura Okmin]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013100605/2013/REG5/eagles@giants Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55906/NYG\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[David Wilson (running back)\\|David Wilson]] 5\\-yard run (\\[\\[Josh Brown (American football)\\|Josh Brown]] kick), 11:37\\. ''Giants 7–0\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 62 yards, 2:24\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 40\\-yard field goal, 6:49\\. ''Giants 7–3\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 58 yards, 4:48\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 27\\-yard field goal, 10:40\\. ''Giants 7–6\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 51 yards, 3:21\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 1\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 8:11\\. ''Eagles 13–7\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 71 yards, 1:29\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 29\\-yard field goal, 2:38\\. ''Eagles 16–7\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 36 yards, 3:51\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 36\\-yard field goal, 0:00\\. ''Eagles 19–7\\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 75 yards, 1:33\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Rueben Randle]] 26\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Eli Manning]] (Josh Brown kick), 6:58\\. ''Eagles 19–14\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 87 yards, 3:44\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – Rueben Randle 6\\-yard pass from Eli Manning (Josh Brown kick), 3:46\\. ''Eagles 21–19\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 51 yards, 1:57\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 41\\-yard field goal, 1:04\\. ''Eagles 22–21\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 57 yards, 2:42\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] 25\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 10:26\\. ''Eagles 29–21\\. '''Drive: 1 play, 25 yards, 0:09\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 5\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 8:24\\. ''Eagles 36–21\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 38 yards, 1:38\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 16/25, 197 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Eli Manning]] – 24/52, 334 yards, 2 TD, 3 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Michael Vick]] – 7 rushes, 79 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Brandon Jacobs]] – 11 rushes, 37 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] – 7 receptions, 132 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Hakeem Nicks]] – 9 receptions, 142 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNick Foles relieved an injured Michael Vick. With the win, the Eagles improved to 2–3\\.", "#### Week 6: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Six: Philadelphia Eagles at Tampa Bay Buccaneers – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=October 13\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EDT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=7\\|R2\\=7\\|R3\\=7\\|R4\\=10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Buccaneers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=3\\|H2\\=14\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[Raymond James Stadium]], \\[\\[Tampa, Florida]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=62,505\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\={{convert\\|82\\|F\\|C}}, cloudy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Clete Blakeman]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Dick Stockton]], \\[\\[Ronde Barber]] and \\[\\[Kris Budden]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013101307/2013/REG6/eagles@buccaneers Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55922/TB\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] 4\\-yard run (\\[\\[Alex Henery]] kick), 11:46\\. ''Eagles 7–0\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 85 yards, 3:14\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*TB – \\[\\[Rian Lindell]] 38\\-yard field goal, 6:30\\. ''Eagles 7–3\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 20 yards, 4:06\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*TB – \\[\\[Vincent Jackson]] 24\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Mike Glennon]] (Rian Lindell kick), 14:46\\. ''Buccaneers 10–7\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 39 yards, 0:55\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 12\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 7:05\\. ''Eagles 14–10\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 54 yards, 3:20\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*TB – Vincent Jackson 1\\-yard pass from Mike Glennon (Rian Lindell kick), 1:02\\. ''Buccaneers 17–14\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 79 yards, 6:03\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] 47\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:41\\. ''Eagles 21–17\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 66 yards, 1:58\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*TB – Rian Lindell 27\\-yard field goal, 10:48\\. ''Eagles 21–20\\. '''Drive: 16 plays, 90 yards, 7:57\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – DeSean Jackson 36\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 9:32\\. ''Eagles 28–20\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 80 yards, 1:16\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 24\\-yard field goal, 2:34\\. ''Eagles 31–20\\. '''Drive: 12 plays, 49 yards, 5:29\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 22/31, 296 yards, 3 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*TB – \\[\\[Mike Glennon]] – 26/43, 273 yards, 2 TD, INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 25 rushes, 116 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*TB – \\[\\[Doug Martin (running back)\\|Doug Martin]] – 16 rushes, 67 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] – 4 receptions, 120 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*TB – \\[\\[Vincent Jackson]] – 9 receptions, 114 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWith the win, the Eagles improved to 3–3\\.", "#### Week 7: vs. Dallas Cowboys", "* + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Seven: Dallas Cowboys at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=October 20\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EDT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Cowboys'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=3\\|R3\\=7\\|R4\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Eagles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Sunny, {{convert\\|63\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[John Parry (American football official)\\|John Parry]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Thom Brennaman]], Troy Aikman and Pam Oliver\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013102008/2013/REG7/cowboys@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55937/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*''No scoring plays.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Dan Bailey (American football)\\|Dan Bailey]] 38\\-yard field goal, 3:17\\. ''Cowboys 3–0\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 44 yards, 3:42\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Philip Tanner]] 1\\-yard run (Dan Bailey kick), 9:17\\. ''Cowboys 10–0\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 66 yards, 5:43\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 31\\-yard field goal, 14:57\\. ''Cowboys 10–3\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 17 yards, 2:49\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Terrance Williams]] 9\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Tony Romo]] (Dan Bailey kick), 9:25\\. ''Cowboys 17–3\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 72 yards, 5:32\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Tony Romo]] – 28/47, 317 yards, TD, 2 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Matt Barkley]] – 11/20, 129 yards, 3 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Joseph Randle]] – 19 rushes, 65 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 18 rushes, 55 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Dez Bryant]] – 8 receptions, 110 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] – 6 receptions, 88 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWith the loss, the Eagles fell to 3–4\\.", "#### Week 8: vs. New York Giants", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Eight: New York Giants at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=October 27\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EDT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Giants'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=6\\|R2\\=6\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Eagles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Sunny, {{convert\\|59\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Carl Cheffers]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Kenny Albert]], \\[\\[Daryl Johnston]] and \\[\\[Tony Siragusa]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013102705/2013/REG8/giants@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55950/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Josh Brown (American football)\\|Josh Brown]] 40\\-yard field goal, 7:30\\. ''Giants 3–0\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 57 yards, 4:24\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – Josh Brown 44\\-yard field goal, 2:59\\. ''Giants 6–0\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 45 yards, 3:04\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – Josh Brown 33\\-yard field goal, 10:22\\. ''Giants 9–0\\. '''Drive: 12 plays, 48 yards, 5:31\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – Josh Brown 46\\-yard field goal, 2:24\\. ''Giants 12–0\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 53 yards, 5:08\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*''No scoring plays.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – Josh Brown 27\\-yard field goal, 12:23\\. ''Giants 15–0\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 32 yards, 5:58\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Najee Goode]] 2\\-yard fumble return (\\[\\[Alex Henery]] kick), 4:11\\. ''Giants 15–7\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Eli Manning]] – 25/39, 246 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Matt Barkley]] – 17/26, 158 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Peyton Hillis]] – 20 rushes, 70 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 15 rushes, 48 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*NYG – \\[\\[Victor Cruz (American football)\\|Victor Cruz]] – 7 receptions, 86 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] – 8 receptions, 63 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNick Foles was injured again, so Michael Vick was reinserted into the starting role, but after a few series, Matt Barkley took his place. Despite the Eagles defense not allowing a touchdown all game, the offense was stymied throughout the contest. Philadelphia's lone score, and the game's only touchdown, occurred on a fumble recovery late in the fourth quarter; the Giants botched a snap for a punt, which was then recovered by [Najee Goode](/wiki/Najee_Goode \"Najee Goode\") in New York's endzone for a touchdown. With the 15\\-7 loss, the Eagles fell to 3–5\\. As of the 2023 season, this is Philadelphia's most recent home loss to New York.", "#### Week 9: at Oakland Raiders", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Nine: Philadelphia Eagles at Oakland Raiders – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=November 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=4:05 pm. EST/1:05 p.m. \\[\\[Pacific Time Zone\\|PST]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=7\\|R2\\=21\\|R3\\=21\\|R4\\=0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Raiders\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=3\\|H2\\=10\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[O.co Coliseum]], \\[\\[Oakland, California]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=51,751\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\={{convert\\|62\\|F\\|C}}, sunny, hazy skies\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Ed Hochuli]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Chris Myers]], \\[\\[Tim Ryan (American football, born 1967\\)\\|Tim Ryan]] and \\[\\[Jennifer Hale (sportscaster)\\|Jennifer Hale]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013110306/2013/REG9/eagles@raiders Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55964/OAK\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] 2\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (\\[\\[Alex Henery]] kick), 5:18\\. ''Eagles 7–0\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 84 yards, 3:58\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*OAK – \\[\\[Sebastian Janikowski]] 24\\-yard field goal, 2:02\\. ''Eagles 7–3\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 74 yards, 3:16\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] 17\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 14:17\\. ''Eagles 14–3\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 82 yards, 2:45\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Riley Cooper 63\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:17\\. ''Eagles 21–3\\. '''Drive: 1 play, 63 yards, 0:09\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*OAK – \\[\\[Rashad Jennings]] 8\\-yard run (Sebastian Janikowski kick), 7:34\\. ''Eagles 21–10\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 80 yards, 3:43\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Zach Ertz]] 15\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 4:03\\. ''Eagles 28–10\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 80 yards, 3:31\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*OAK – Sebastian Janikowski 53\\-yard field goal, 0:03\\. ''Eagles 28–13\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 40 yards, 0:56\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 25\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 14:14\\. ''Eagles 35–13\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 61 yards, 0:46\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 46\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:13\\. ''Eagles 42–13\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 57 yards, 0:51\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Riley Cooper 5\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 4:28\\. ''Eagles 49–13\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 68 yards, 1:18\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*OAK – \\[\\[Jeremy Stewart]] 2\\-yard run (Sebastian Janikowski kick), 0:52\\. ''Eagles 49–20\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 71 yards, 2:30\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 22/28, 406 yards, 7 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*OAK – \\[\\[Terrelle Pryor]] – 22/41, 288 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Bryce Brown]] – 7 rushes, 54 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*OAK – \\[\\[Rashad Jennings]] – 15 rushes, 102 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] – 5 receptions, 150 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*OAK – \\[\\[Rod Streater]] – 5 receptions, 98 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNick Foles tied an NFL record in this game with seven touchdown passes as the Eagles beat the Raiders 49–20\\.", "#### Week 10: at Green Bay Packers", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Ten: Philadelphia Eagles at Green Bay Packers – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=November 10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EST/12:00 p.m. \\[\\[Central Time Zone\\|CST]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=7\\|R2\\=3\\|R3\\=17\\|R4\\=0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Packers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=3\\|H3\\=7\\|H4\\=3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[Lambeau Field]], \\[\\[Green Bay, Wisconsin]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=78,011\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\={{convert\\|45\\|F\\|C}}, mostly sunny\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Mike Carey (American football)\\|Mike Carey]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=Joe Buck, Troy Aikman and Pam Oliver\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013111003/2013/REG10/eagles@packers Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55974/GB\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 55\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (\\[\\[Alex Henery]] kick), 5:57\\. ''Eagles 7–0\\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 57 yards, 0:25\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 25\\-yard field goal, 1:16\\. ''Eagles 10–0\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 60 yards, 1:38\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*GB – \\[\\[Mason Crosby]] 26\\-yard field goal, 0:02\\. ''Eagles 10–3\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 72 yards, 1:14\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] 45\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 11:21\\. ''Eagles 17–3\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 84 yards, 0:51\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 41\\-yard field goal, 7:28\\. ''Eagles 20–3\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 21 yards, 1:39\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*GB – \\[\\[Brandon Bostick]] 22\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Scott Tolzien]] (Mason Crosby kick), 3:22\\. ''Eagles 20–10\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 86 yards, 4:06\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Riley Cooper 32\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 0:10\\. ''Eagles 27–10\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 80 yards, 3:12\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*GB – Mason Crosby 35\\-yard field goal, 12:19\\. ''Eagles 27–13\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 54 yards, 2:51\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 12/18, 228 yards, 3 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*GB – \\[\\[Scott Tolzien]] – 24/39, 280 yards, TD, 2 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 25 rushes, 155 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*GB – \\[\\[Eddie Lacy]] – 24 rushes, 73 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] – 3 receptions, 102 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*GB – \\[\\[Jarrett Boykin]] – 8 receptions, 112 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNick Foles threw three touchdown passes in this game, and the Eagles defense intercepted [Scott Tolzien](/wiki/Scott_Tolzien \"Scott Tolzien\") twice. Tolzien started in place of [Aaron Rodgers](/wiki/Aaron_Rodgers \"Aaron Rodgers\"), who had a collarbone injury.", "With the win, the Eagles evened their record at 5–5\\.", "#### Week 11: vs. Washington Redskins", "* + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Eleven: Washington Redskins at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=November 17\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EST\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\=Redskins\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=0\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=16\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=7\\|H2\\=10\\|H3\\=7\\|H4\\=0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Mostly cloudy, {{convert\\|68\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=Walt Coleman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Kevin Burkhardt]], \\[\\[John Lynch (American football)\\|John Lynch]] and \\[\\[Erin Andrews]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013111706/2013/REG11/redskins@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/55991/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] 4\\-yard run (\\[\\[Alex Henery]] kick), 2:48\\. ''Eagles 7–0\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 68 yards, 1:16\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 1\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 14:31\\. ''Eagles 14–0\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 69 yards, 1:48\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 24\\-yard field goal, 3:51\\. ''Eagles 17–0\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 83 yards, 3:53\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – LeSean McCoy 1\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 9:41\\. ''Eagles 24–0\\. '''Drive: 13 plays, 80 yards, 5:19\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Darrel Young]] 62\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Robert Griffin III]] (Robert Griffin III–\\[\\[Nick Williams (wide receiver)\\|Nick Williams]] pass), 12:56\\. ''Eagles 24–8\\. '''Drive: 1 play, 62 yards, 0:12\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Aldrick Robinson]] 41\\-yard pass from Robert Griffin III (Robert Griffin III run), 5:57\\. ''Eagles 24–16\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 85 yards, 2:40\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Robert Griffin III]] – 17/35, 264 yards, 2 TD, INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 17/26, 298 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Alfred Morris (American football)\\|Alfred Morris]] – 22 rushes, 93 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 20 rushes, 77 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*WAS – \\[\\[Pierre Garçon]] – 6 receptions, 68 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] – 4 receptions, 82 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}", "A late game rally by Washington led them to the Eagles' 26\\-yard line. A shot to the end zone by Robert Griffin III was intercepted by Brandon Boykin, clinching an Eagles win. The Eagles moved to 6–5\\. Prior to this game, the Eagles hadn't won a game at home in 414 days since Week 4 of the [2012 season](/wiki/2012_Philadelphia_Eagles_season \"2012 Philadelphia Eagles season\") against the New York Giants, thus snapping a 10\\-game losing streak at home with this win.", "#### Week 13: vs. Arizona Cardinals", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Thirteen: Arizona Cardinals at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=December 1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EST\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\=Cardinals\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=7\\|R3\\=7\\|R4\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=7\\|H2\\=10\\|H3\\=7\\|H4\\=0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Cloudy, {{convert\\|48\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Tony Corrente]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=Kenny Albert, Daryl Johnston and Tony Siragusa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013120106/2013/REG13/cardinals@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56022/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Zach Ertz]] 6\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (\\[\\[Alex Henery]] kick), 12:30\\. ''Eagles 7–0\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 25 yards, 0:56\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*ARI – \\[\\[Larry Fitzgerald]] 43\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Carson Palmer]] (\\[\\[Jay Feely]] kick), 7:50\\. ''Tied 7–7\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 57 yards, 4:13\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 32\\-yard field goal, 3:59\\. ''Eagles 10–7\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 64 yards, 3:51\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] 1\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 0:15\\. ''Eagles 17–7\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 78 yards, 2:07\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Zach Ertz 24\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 10:16\\. ''Eagles 24–7\\. '''Drive: 13 plays, 80 yards, 4:44\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*ARI – \\[\\[Michael Floyd]] 23\\-yard pass from Carson Palmer (Jay Feely kick), 5:14\\. ''Eagles 24–14\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 80 yards, 5:02\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*ARI – \\[\\[Jim Dray]] 3\\-yard pass from Carson Palmer (Jay Feely kick), 4:45\\. ''Eagles 24–21\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 86 yards, 2:35\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*ARI – \\[\\[Carson Palmer]] – 24/41, 302 yards, 3 TD, 2 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 21/34, 237 yards, 3 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*ARI – \\[\\[Rashard Mendenhall]] – 18 rushes, 76 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 19 rushes, 79 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*ARI – \\[\\[Michael Floyd]] – 5 receptions, 99 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Zach Ertz]] – 5 receptions, 68 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWith the win, the Eagles improved to 7–5\\.", "#### Week 14: vs. Detroit Lions", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Fourteen: Detroit Lions at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=December 8\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EST\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\=Lions\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=8\\|R3\\=6\\|R4\\=6\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=6\\|H4\\=28\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Snow, {{convert\\|27\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=Ed Hochuli\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=Kevin Burkhardt, John Lynch and \\[\\[Molly McGrath]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013120805/2013/REG14/lions@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56035/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*''No scoring plays.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DET – \\[\\[Joique Bell]] 2\\-yard run (\\[\\[Matthew Stafford]]–Joique Bell pass), 10:02\\. ''Lions 8–0\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 20 yards, 2:04\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DET – \\[\\[Jeremy Ross]] 58\\-yard punt return (pass failed), 6:37\\. ''Lions 14–0\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 19\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (pass failed), 4:05\\. ''Lions 14–6\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 74 yards, 2:32\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 40\\-yard run (\\[\\[Bryce Brown]] run), 14:34\\. ''Tied 14–14\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 80 yards, 0:50\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DET – \\[\\[Jeremy Ross]] 98\\-yard kickoff return (kick blocked), 14:20\\. ''Lions 20–14\\. '''Drive: 0 plays, 0 yards, 0:14\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 57\\-yard run (Nick Foles–\\[\\[Riley Cooper]] pass), 13:13\\. ''Eagles 22–20\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 76 yards, 1:07\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] 1\\-yard run (pass failed), 8:18\\. ''Eagles 28–20\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 71 yards, 4:02\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Chris Polk]] 38\\-yard run (run failed), 2:58\\. ''Eagles 34–20\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 60 yards, 4:17\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DET – \\[\\[Matthew Stafford]] – 10/25, 151 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 11/22, 179 yards, TD, INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DET – \\[\\[Joique Bell]] – 23 carries, 69 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 29 carries, 217 yards, 2 TDs\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DET – \\[\\[Joique Bell]] – 4 receptions, 58 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] – 3 receptions, 74 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn a blinding snowstorm, with at least eight inches of snow on the field by the end of the game, LeSean McCoy broke the Eagles' single\\-game rushing record with 217 yards on the ground.", "#### Week 15: at Minnesota Vikings", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Fifteen: Philadelphia Eagles at Minnesota Vikings – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=December 15\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=1:00 pm. EST/12:00 pm. CST\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\=Eagles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=3\\|R2\\=6\\|R3\\=13\\|R4\\=8\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\='''Vikings'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=7\\|H2\\=10\\|H3\\=10\\|H4\\=21\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome\\|Mall of America Field at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]], \\[\\[Minneapolis, Minnesota]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=64,087\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=None (indoor stadium)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=Walt Anderson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=Fox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=Kenny Albert, Daryl Johnston and Tony Siragusa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013121505/2013/REG15/eagles@vikings Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56051/MIN\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – \\[\\[Greg Jennings]] 57\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Matt Cassel]] (\\[\\[Blair Walsh]] kick), 6:18\\. ''Vikings 7–0\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 91 yards, 2:04\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 35\\-yard field goal, 2:35\\. ''Vikings 7–3\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 63 yards, 3:43\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – Blair Walsh 21\\-yard field goal, 13:19\\. ''Vikings 10–3\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 59 yards, 4:16\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 51\\-yard field goal, 8:55\\. ''Vikings 10–6\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 47 yards, 4:24\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – \\[\\[Matt Asiata]] 1\\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 1:06\\. ''Vikings 17–6\\. '''Drive: 16 plays, 75 yards, 7:49\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 33\\-yard field goal, 0:00\\. ''Vikings 17–9\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 66 yards, 1:06\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – Matt Cassel 6\\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 12:03\\. ''Vikings 24–9\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 52 yards, 1:38\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – Blair Walsh 38\\-yard field goal, 4:43\\. ''Vikings 27–9\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 4 yards, 1:21\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] 30\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 3:14\\. ''Vikings 27–16\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 70 yards, 1:29\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Zach Ertz]] 3\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (pass failed), 0:15\\. ''Vikings 27–22\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 45 yards, 1:03\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – Matt Asiata 1\\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 13:01\\. ''Vikings 34–22\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 54 yards, 2:14\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – \\[\\[Cordarrelle Patterson]] 5\\-yard pass from Matt Cassel (Blair Walsh kick), 6:54\\. ''Vikings 41–22\\. '''Drive: 3 plays, 36 yards, 1:01\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Jason Avant]] 16\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Nick Foles–\\[\\[Riley Cooper]] pass), 4:26\\. ''Vikings 41–30\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 80 yards, 2:28\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – Matt Asiata 5\\-yard run (Blair Walsh kick), 1:09\\. ''Vikings 48–30\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 48 yards, 3:17\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 30/48, 428 yards, 3 TD, INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – \\[\\[Matt Cassel]] – 26/35, 382 yards, 2 TD, INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Nick Foles – 5 rushes, 41 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – \\[\\[Matt Asiata]] – 30 rushes, 51 yards, 3 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[DeSean Jackson]] – 10 receptions, 195 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*MIN – \\[\\[Greg Jennings]] – 11 receptions, 163 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWith the loss, the Eagles fell to 8–6\\.", "#### Week 16: vs. Chicago Bears", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Sixteen: Chicago Bears at Philadelphia Eagles – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=December 22\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=8:30 pm. EST\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\=Bears\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=3\\|R3\\=8\\|R4\\=0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=21\\|H2\\=3\\|H3\\=9\\|H4\\=21\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=69,144\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=Clear, {{convert\\|63\\|F\\|C}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=Mike Carey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=\\[\\[NBC Sunday Night Football\\|NBC]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=\\[\\[Al Michaels]], \\[\\[Cris Collinsworth]] and \\[\\[Michele Tafoya]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013122207/2013/REG16/bears@eagles Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56068/PHI\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Riley Cooper]] 5\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (\\[\\[Alex Henery]] kick), 9:54\\. ''Eagles 7–0\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 43 yards, 2:59\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 1\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 7:44\\. ''Eagles 14–0\\. '''Drive: 5 plays, 39 yards, 1:58\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] 10\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 1:27\\. ''Eagles 21–0\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 72 yards, 4:33\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – Alex Henery 49\\-yard field goal, 1:07\\. ''Eagles 24–0\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 60 yards, 3:59\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*CHI – \\[\\[Robbie Gould]] 50\\-yard field goal, 0:00\\. ''Eagles 24–3\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 49 yards, 1:07\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Matt Forte]] tackled in the end zone by \\[\\[Cedric Thornton]] for a safety, 9:52\\. ''Eagles 26–3\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – LeSean McCoy 1\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 7:11 (PHI 33–3\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*CHI – \\[\\[Brandon Marshall]] 6\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Jay Cutler]] (Jay Cutler–\\[\\[Earl Bennett]] pass), 0:00\\. ''Eagles 33–11\\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 70 yards, 5:21\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Chris Polk]] 11\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 11:19\\. ''Eagles 40–11\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 70 yards, 3:41\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brandon Boykin]] 54\\-yard interception return (Alex Henery kick), 8:00\\. ''Eagles 47–11\\.''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Bryce Brown]] 65\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 6:14\\. ''Eagles 54–11\\. '''Drive: 1 play, 65 yards, 0:10\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*CHI – \\[\\[Jay Cutler]] – 20/35, 222 yards, TD, INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 21/25, 230 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*CHI – \\[\\[Matt Forte]] – 9 rushes, 29 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 18 rushes, 133 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*CHI – \\[\\[Martellus Bennett]] – 5 receptions, 85 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] – 3 receptions, 58 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}", "The Eagles beat the Chicago Bears 54–11 on Sunday Night Football. Nick Foles went 21/25 for 230 yards and two touchdowns. [LeSean McCoy](/wiki/LeSean_McCoy \"LeSean McCoy\") ran the ball 18 times for 133 yards and two touchdowns. Towards the end, the Eagles brought in bench players to finish the game. [Bryce Brown](/wiki/Bryce_Brown \"Bryce Brown\") ran for a 65\\-yard touchdown with 6:14 to go with [Michael Vick](/wiki/Michael_Vick \"Michael Vick\") at the quarterback helm. This was Michael Vick's final appearance as an Eagle. This was the first game in NFL history to end with a [final score of 54–11](/wiki/Scorigami \"Scorigami\").", "With the convincing win, the Eagles improved to 9–6, and would face their [archrivals](/wiki/Cowboys%E2%80%93Eagles_rivalry \"Cowboys–Eagles rivalry\"), the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys \"Dallas Cowboys\"), the following Sunday night for the division title.", "#### Week 17: at Dallas Cowboys", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Americanfootballbox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|titlestyle\\={{NFLPrimaryStyle\\|Philadelphia Eagles\\|border\\=2}};text\\-align:center;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|state\\=autocollapse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|title\\=Week Seventeen: Philadelphia Eagles at Dallas Cowboys – Game summary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|date\\=December 29\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|time\\=8:30 pm. EST/7:30 pm. CST\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|road\\='''Eagles'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|R1\\=3\\|R2\\=14\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|home\\=Cowboys\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=10\\|H3\\=6\\|H4\\=6\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stadium\\=\\[\\[AT\\&T Stadium]], \\[\\[Arlington, Texas]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|attendance\\=91,166\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|weather\\=None (retractable roof closed)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|referee\\=\\[\\[Gene Steratore]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TV\\=NBC\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|TVAnnouncers\\=Al Michaels, Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|reference\\=\\[http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013122903/2013/REG17/eagles@cowboys Recap], \\[http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56080/DAL\\_Gamebook.pdf Game book]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|scoring\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''First quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Alex Henery]] 46\\-yard field goal, 7:07\\. ''Eagles 3–0\\. '''Drive: 7 plays, 48 yards, 3:35\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Second quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] 3\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Nick Foles]] (Alex Henery kick), 14:13\\. ''Eagles 10–0\\. '''Drive: 10 plays, 88 yards, 4:20\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Gavin Escobar]] 17\\-yard pass from \\[\\[Kyle Orton]] (\\[\\[Dan Bailey (American football)\\|Dan Bailey]] kick), 8:16\\. ''Eagles 10–7\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 66 yards, 2:51\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] 14\\-yard pass from Nick Foles (Alex Henery kick), 1:19\\. ''Eagles 17–7\\. '''Drive: 2 plays, 49 yards, 0:34\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – Dan Bailey 44\\-yard field goal, 0:18\\. ''Eagles 17–10\\. '''Drive: 8 plays, 54 yards, 1:01\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Third quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – Dan Bailey 43\\-yard field goal, 8:59\\. ''Eagles 17–13\\. '''Drive: 9 plays, 41 yards, 4:50\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – Dan Bailey 36\\-yard field goal, 5:38\\. ''Eagles 17–16\\. '''Drive: 4 plays, 2 yards, 2:06\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Fourth quarter'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Bryce Brown]] 6\\-yard run (Alex Henery kick), 6:09\\. ''Eagles 24–16\\. '''Drive: 11 plays, 60 yards, 5:37\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Dez Bryant]] 32\\-yard pass from Kyle Orton (pass failed), 3:50\\. ''Eagles 24–22\\. '''Drive: 6 plays, 80 yards, 2:19\\.'''''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|stats\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top passers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Nick Foles]] – 17/26, 263 yards, 2 TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Kyle Orton]] – 30/46, 358 yards, 2 TD, 2 INT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top rushers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[LeSean McCoy]] – 27 rushes, 131 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[DeMarco Murray]] – 17 rushes, 51 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'''Top receivers'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*PHI – \\[\\[Brent Celek]] – 3 receptions, 71 yards, TD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\*DAL – \\[\\[Jason Witten]] – 12 receptions, 135 yards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThis game ended when Kyle Orton threw an interception late in the fourth quarter. With the win, the Eagles improved to 10–6 and sealed the NFC East title and the \\#3 seed in the playoffs. They were also the third team in a row to defeat the Cowboys in the last game of the regular season on Sunday Night Football (Giants, 2011 and Redskins, 2012\\)." ]
Signs and symptoms ------------------ ### Cleft lip If the cleft does not affect the palate structure of the mouth, it is referred to as cleft lip. Cleft lip is formed in the top of the lip as either a small gap or an indentation in the lip (partial or incomplete cleft), or it continues into the nose (complete cleft). Lip cleft can occur as a one\-sided (unilateral) or two\-sided (bilateral) condition. It is due to the failure of fusion of the [maxillary prominence](/wiki/Maxillary_prominence "Maxillary prominence") and [medial nasal processes](/wiki/Frontonasal_process%23Nasal_processes "Frontonasal process#Nasal processes") (formation of the primary palate). File:CleftLip1\.svg\|Unilateral incomplete File:Cleftlip2\.svg\|Unilateral complete File:CleftLip3\.png\|Bilateral complete A mild form of a cleft lip is a microform cleft.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kim EK, Khang SK, Lee TJ, Kim TG \| title \= Clinical features of the microform cleft lip and the ultrastructural characteristics of the orbicularis oris muscle \| journal \= The Cleft Palate\-Craniofacial Journal \| volume \= 47 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 297–302 \| date \= May 2010 \| pmid \= 19860522 \| doi \= 10\.1597/08\-270\.1 \| s2cid \= 71448247 }}{{dead link\|date\=September 2017 \|bot\=Level C \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} A microform cleft can appear as small as a little dent in the red part of the lip or look like a scar from the lip up to the nostril.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Yuzuriha S, Mulliken JB \| title \= Minor\-form, microform, and mini\-microform cleft lip: anatomical features, operative techniques, and revisions \| journal \= Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery \| volume \= 122 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 1485–1493 \| date \= November 2008 \| pmid \= 18971733 \| doi \= 10\.1097/PRS.0b013e31818820bc \| s2cid \= 8551875 }} In some cases [muscle tissue in the lip](/wiki/Orbicularis_oris_muscle "Orbicularis oris muscle") underneath the scar is affected and might require reconstructive surgery.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Tosun Z, Hoşnuter M, Sentürk S, Savaci N \| title \= Reconstruction of microform cleft lip \| journal \= Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery \| volume \= 37 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 232–235 \| year \= 2003 \| pmid \= 14582757 \| doi \= 10\.1080/02844310310016412 \| s2cid \= 40850672 }} It is advised to have newborn infants with a microform cleft checked with a [craniofacial team](/wiki/Craniofacial_team "Craniofacial team") as soon as possible to determine the severity of the cleft.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Tollefson TT, Humphrey CD, Larrabee WF, Adelson RT, Karimi K, Kriet JD \| title \= The spectrum of isolated congenital nasal deformities resembling the cleft lip nasal morphology \| journal \= Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery \| volume \= 13 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 152–160 \| year \= 2011 \| pmid \= 21576661 \| doi \= 10\.1001/archfacial.2011\.26 \| doi\-access \= free }} File:13900470 3PREOPERATION0\.jpg\|Six\-month\-old girl before going into surgery to have her unilateral complete cleft lip repaired File:10\-month\-old girl showing scar from facial reconstruction surgery for cleft lip.jpg\|The same girl, one month after the surgery File:8\-year\-old girl showing scar from infantile facial reconstruction surgery.jpg\|The same girl, age eight, the scar almost gone ### Cleft palate Cleft palate is a condition in which the two plates of the [skull](/wiki/Human_skull "Human skull") that form the [hard palate](/wiki/Hard_palate "Hard palate") (roof of the mouth) are not completely joined. The [soft palate](/wiki/Soft_palate "Soft palate") is in these cases cleft as well. In most cases, cleft lip is also present. Palate cleft can occur as complete (soft and hard palate, possibly including a gap in the jaw) or incomplete (a 'hole' in the roof of the mouth, usually as a cleft soft palate). When cleft palate occurs, the [uvula](/wiki/Palatine_uvula "Palatine uvula") is usually split. It occurs due to the failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, or the median palatine processes (formation of the [secondary palate](/wiki/Secondary_palate "Secondary palate")). The hole in the roof of the mouth caused by a cleft connects the mouth directly to the [inside of the nose](/wiki/Nasal_cavity "Nasal cavity"). Note: the next images show the roof of the mouth. The top shows the nose, the lips are colored pink. For clarity the images depict a toothless infant. File:Cleftpalate3\.png\|Incomplete cleft palate File:Cleftpalate1\.png\|Unilateral complete lip and palate File:Cleftpalate2\.png\|Bilateral complete lip and palate A result of an open connection between the [mouth](/wiki/Oral_cavity "Oral cavity") and inside the nose is called [velopharyngeal insufficiency](/wiki/Velopharyngeal_insufficiency "Velopharyngeal insufficiency") (VPI). Because of the gap, air leaks into the nasal cavity resulting in a [hypernasal](/wiki/Hypernasal_speech "Hypernasal speech") voice [resonance](/wiki/Resonance "Resonance") and nasal emissions while talking.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Sloan GM \| title \= Posterior pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty: the state of the art \| journal \= The Cleft Palate\-Craniofacial Journal \| volume \= 37 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 112–122 \| date \= March 2000 \| pmid \= 10749049 \| doi \= 10\.1597/1545\-1569(2000\)037\<0112:PPFASP\>2\.3\.CO;2 }} Secondary effects of VPI include speech [articulation](/wiki/Manner_of_articulation "Manner of articulation") errors (e.g., [distortions](/wiki/Distortions "Distortions"), substitutions, and omissions) and compensatory misarticulations and mispronunciations (e.g., [glottal stops](/wiki/Glottal_stop "Glottal stop") and posterior nasal [fricatives](/wiki/Fricative "Fricative")).{{cite journal \|author\=Hill JS \|title\=Velopharyngeal insufficiency: An update on diagnostic and surgical techniques \|journal\=Current Opinion in Otolaryngology \& Head and Neck Surgery \|volume\=9 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=365–8 \|year\=2001 \|doi\=10\.1097/00020840\-200112000\-00005 \|s2cid\=76256148 }} Possible treatment options include [speech therapy](/wiki/Speech_therapy "Speech therapy"), prosthetics, augmentation of the posterior pharyngeal wall, lengthening of the palate, and [surgical procedures](/wiki/Pharyngeal_flap_surgery "Pharyngeal flap surgery"). Submucous cleft palate can also occur, which is a cleft of the soft palate with a split [uvula](/wiki/Uvula "Uvula"), a furrow along the midline of the soft palate, and a notch in the back margin of the hard palate.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kaplan EN \| title \= The occult submucous cleft palate \| journal \= The Cleft Palate Journal \| volume \= 12 \| pages \= 356–368 \| date \= October 1975 \| pmid \= 1058746 }} The diagnosis of submucous cleft palate often occurs late in children as a result of the nature of the cleft.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Hanny KH, de Vries IA, Haverkamp SJ, Oomen KP, Penris WM, Eijkemans MJ, Kon M, Mink van der Molen AB, Breugem CC \| title \= Late detection of cleft palate \| journal \= European Journal of Pediatrics \| volume \= 175 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 71–80 \| date \= January 2016 \| pmid \= 26231683 \| pmc \= 4709386 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s00431\-015\-2590\-9 }} While the muscles of the soft palate are not joined, the mucosal membranes covering the roof of the mouth appear relatively normal and intact.{{cite web \|title\=Cleft Lip and Palate \|url\=https://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid\=8589942918\&section\=Overview \|website\=American\-Speech\-Language\-Hearing Association \|access\-date\=May 9, 2019}} ### Teeth Tooth development can be delayed with increasing severity of CLP. Some of the dental problems affect the [primary teeth](/wiki/Deciduous_teeth "Deciduous teeth"), but most of the problems arise after the permanent teeth erupt. Problems may include fused teeth, missing teeth, and extra teeth erupting behind normal teeth. Missing teeth or extra teeth are both normal occurrences. Typically, the lateral incisors are missing. The [enamel](/wiki/Tooth_enamel "Tooth enamel") (outermost layer of the tooth) is commonly found to be hypomineralized and hypoplastic, making the teeth more likely to decay. As CLP can make oral hygiene more difficult, there is an increased rate of cavities.{{Citation\|chapter\=Index\|date\=August 23, 2013\|pages\=355–370\|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd,.\|isbn\=978\-1\-118\-78504\-1\|doi\=10\.1002/9781118785041\.index\|title\=Orthodontics: Principles and Practice\|doi\-access\=free}} In addition, abnormal positioning of individual teeth may affect occlusion, which can create an open bite or cross bite. This in turn can then affect the patient's speech.{{Cite book\| vauthors \= Goel S \|title\=Feeding in Cleft Lip And Cleft Palata Infants\|publisher\=LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing\|year\=2015\|isbn\=978\-3\-659\-38212\-3\|location\=Saarbrücken, Germany\|pages\=20–22}}{{Cite book\| vauthors \= Peterson\-Falzone SJ, Trost\-Cardamone JE, Karnell MP, Hardin\-Jones MA \|title\=The clinician's guide to treating cleft palate speech\|isbn\=978\-0\-323\-33934\-6\|edition\=Second\|location\=St. Louis, Missouri \| publisher \= Elsevier \|oclc\=936145822\|date\=September 21, 2016}} ### Complications [thumb\|A baby being fed using a customized bottle. The upright sitting position allows [gravity](/wiki/Earth%27s_gravity "Earth's gravity") to help the baby swallow the milk more easily.](/wiki/File:Cleft_Nurser_Mead_Johnson.jpg "Cleft Nurser Mead Johnson.jpg") Cleft may cause problems with feeding, ear disease, speech, socialization, and cognition. Due to lack of suction, an infant with a cleft may have trouble feeding. An infant with a cleft palate will have greater success feeding in a more upright position. Gravity will help prevent milk from coming through the baby's nose if he/she has cleft palate. Gravity feeding can be accomplished by using specialized equipment, such as the [Haberman Feeder](/wiki/Haberman_Feeder "Haberman Feeder"). Another equipment commonly used for gravity feeding is a customized bottle with a combination of nipples and bottle inserts. A large hole, crosscut, or slit in the nipple, a protruding nipple and rhythmically squeezing the bottle insert can result in controllable flow to the infant without the stigma caused by specialized equipment. Individuals with cleft also face many middle ear infections which may eventually lead to hearing loss. The [Eustachian tubes](/wiki/Eustachian_tube "Eustachian tube") and external ear canals may be angled or tortuous, leading to food or other contamination of a part of the body that is normally self\-cleaning. Hearing is related to learning to speak. Babies with palatal clefts may have compromised hearing and therefore, if the baby cannot hear, it cannot try to mimic the sounds of speech. Thus, even before expressive language acquisition, the baby with the cleft palate is at risk for receptive language acquisition. Because the lips and palate are both used in pronunciation, individuals with cleft usually need the aid of a speech therapist. Tentative evidence has found that those with clefts perform less well at language.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Roberts RM, Mathias JL, Wheaton P \| title \= Cognitive functioning in children and adults with nonsyndromal cleft lip and/or palate: a meta\-analysis \| journal \= Journal of Pediatric Psychology \| volume \= 37 \| issue \= 7 \| pages \= 786–797 \| date \= August 2012 \| pmid \= 22451260 \| doi \= 10\.1093/jpepsy/jss052 \| doi\-access \= free }} ### Psychosocial issues There is research dedicated to the [psychosocial development](/wiki/Psychosocial_development "Psychosocial development") of individuals with cleft palate. A cleft palate/lip may impact an individual's [self\-esteem](/wiki/Self-esteem "Self-esteem"), [social skills](/wiki/Social_skills "Social skills") and [behavior](/wiki/Behavior "Behavior"). Self\-concept may be adversely affected by the presence of a cleft lip or cleft palate, particularly among girls.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Leonard BJ, Brust JD, Abrahams G, Sielaff B \| title \= Self\-concept of children and adolescents with cleft lip and/or palate \| journal \= The Cleft Palate\-Craniofacial Journal \| volume \= 28 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 347–353 \| date \= October 1991 \| pmid \= 1742302 \| doi \= 10\.1597/1545\-1569(1991\)028\<0347:SCOCAA\>2\.3\.CO;2 }} Negative outcomes can also be associated with the long durations of hospitalization. Psychological issues could extend not just to the individual with CLP but also to their families, particularly their mothers, that experience varying levels of depression and anxiety.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Al\-Namankany A, Alhubaishi A \| title \= Effects of cleft lip and palate on children's psychological health: A systematic review \| journal \= Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences \| volume \= 13 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 311–318 \| date \= August 2018 \| pmid \= 31435341 \| pmc \= 6694901 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.jtumed.2018\.04\.007 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Hunt O, Burden D, Hepper P, Johnston C \| title \= The psychosocial effects of cleft lip and palate: a systematic review \| journal \= European Journal of Orthodontics \| volume \= 27 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 274–285 \| date \= June 2005 \| pmid \= 15947228 \| doi \= 10\.1093/ejo/cji004 \| doi\-access \= free }} Research has shown that during the early preschool years (ages 3–5\), children with cleft lip or cleft palate tend to have a self\-concept that is similar to their peers without a cleft. However, as they grow older and their social interactions increase, children with clefts tend to report more dissatisfaction with peer relationships and higher levels of [social anxiety](/wiki/Social_anxiety "Social anxiety"). Experts conclude that this is probably due to the associated stigma of visible deformities and possible [speech impediments](/wiki/Speech_impediment "Speech impediment"). Children who are judged as attractive tend to be perceived as more intelligent, exhibit more positive social behaviors, and are treated more positively than children with cleft lip or cleft palate.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Tobiasen JM \| title \= Psychosocial correlates of congenital facial clefts: a conceptualization and model \| journal \= The Cleft Palate Journal \| volume \= 21 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 131–139 \| date \= July 1984 \| pmid \= 6592056 }} Children with clefts tend to report feelings of anger, sadness, fear, and alienation from their peers, but these children were similar to their peers in regard to "how well they liked themselves." The relationship between parental attitudes and a child's self\-concept is crucial during the preschool years. It has been reported that elevated stress levels in mothers correlated with reduced social skills in their children.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Pope AW, Ward J \| title \= Self\-perceived facial appearance and psychosocial adjustment in preadolescents with craniofacial anomalies \| journal \= The Cleft Palate\-Craniofacial Journal \| volume \= 34 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 396–401 \| date \= September 1997 \| pmid \= 9345606 \| doi \= 10\.1597/1545\-1569(1997\)034\<0396:SPFAAP\>2\.3\.CO;2 }} Strong parent support networks may help to prevent the development of negative self\-concept in children with cleft palate.{{harvnb\|Bristow\|Bristow\|2007\|pp\=82–92}} In the later preschool and early elementary years, the development of social skills is no longer only impacted by parental attitudes but is beginning to be shaped by their peers. A cleft lip or cleft palate may affect the behavior of preschoolers. Experts suggest that parents discuss with their children ways to handle negative social situations related to their cleft lip or cleft palate. A child who is entering school should learn the proper (and age\-appropriate) terms related to the cleft. The ability to confidently explain the condition to others may limit feelings of awkwardness and embarrassment and reduce negative social experiences.{{cite web\|title\=Cleft Palate Foundation\|url\=http://cleftline.org\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701095458/http://www.cleftline.org/\|archive\-date\=July 1, 2007\|access\-date\=July 1, 2007}} As children reach adolescence, the period of time between age 13 and 19, the dynamics of the parent\-child relationship change as peer groups are now the focus of attention. An adolescent with cleft lip or cleft palate will deal with the typical challenges faced by most of their peers including issues related to self\-esteem, dating and social acceptance.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Snyder HT, Bilboul MJ, Pope AW \| title \= Psychosocial adjustment in adolescents with craniofacial anomalies: a comparison of parent and self\-reports \| journal \= The Cleft Palate\-Craniofacial Journal \| volume \= 42 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 548–555 \| date \= September 2005 \| pmid \= 16149838 \| doi \= 10\.1597/04\-078R.1 \| s2cid \= 37357550 \| citeseerx \= 10\.1\.1\.624\.1274 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Endriga MC, Kapp\-Simon KA \| title \= Psychological issues in craniofacial care: state of the art \| journal \= The Cleft Palate\-Craniofacial Journal \| volume \= 36 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 3–11 \| date \= January 1999 \| pmid \= 10067755 \| doi \= 10\.1597/1545\-1569(1999\)036\<0001:PIICCS\>2\.3\.CO;2 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Pope AW, Snyder HT \| title \= Psychosocial adjustment in children and adolescents with a craniofacial anomaly: age and sex patterns \| journal \= The Cleft Palate\-Craniofacial Journal \| volume \= 42 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 349–354 \| date \= July 2005 \| pmid \= 16001914 \| doi \= 10\.1597/04\-043R.1 \| s2cid \= 31313562 }} Adolescents, however, view appearance as the most important characteristic, above intelligence and humor.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Prokhorov AV, Perry CL, Kelder SH, Klepp KI \| title \= Lifestyle values of adolescents: results from Minnesota Heart Health Youth Program \| journal \= Adolescence \| volume \= 28 \| issue \= 111 \| pages \= 637–647 \| year \= 1993 \| pmid \= 8237549 }} This being the case, adolescents are susceptible to additional problems because they cannot hide their facial differences from their peers. Adolescent boys typically deal with issues relating to withdrawal, attention, thought, and [internalizing](/wiki/Internalization_%28psychology%29 "Internalization (psychology)") problems, and may possibly develop anxiousness\-depression and aggressive behaviors. Adolescent girls are more likely to develop problems relating to self\-concept and appearance. Individuals with cleft lip or cleft palate often deal with threats to their [quality of life](/wiki/Quality_of_life "Quality of life") for multiple reasons including unsuccessful social relationships, deviance in social appearance, and multiple surgeries.
[ "Signs and symptoms\n------------------", "### Cleft lip", "If the cleft does not affect the palate structure of the mouth, it is referred to as cleft lip. Cleft lip is formed in the top of the lip as either a small gap or an indentation in the lip (partial or incomplete cleft), or it continues into the nose (complete cleft). Lip cleft can occur as a one\\-sided (unilateral) or two\\-sided (bilateral) condition. It is due to the failure of fusion of the [maxillary prominence](/wiki/Maxillary_prominence \"Maxillary prominence\") and [medial nasal processes](/wiki/Frontonasal_process%23Nasal_processes \"Frontonasal process#Nasal processes\") (formation of the primary palate).", "", "File:CleftLip1\\.svg\\|Unilateral incomplete\nFile:Cleftlip2\\.svg\\|Unilateral complete\nFile:CleftLip3\\.png\\|Bilateral complete", "", "A mild form of a cleft lip is a microform cleft.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kim EK, Khang SK, Lee TJ, Kim TG \\| title \\= Clinical features of the microform cleft lip and the ultrastructural characteristics of the orbicularis oris muscle \\| journal \\= The Cleft Palate\\-Craniofacial Journal \\| volume \\= 47 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 297–302 \\| date \\= May 2010 \\| pmid \\= 19860522 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1597/08\\-270\\.1 \\| s2cid \\= 71448247 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2017 \\|bot\\=Level C \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} A microform cleft can appear as small as a little dent in the red part of the lip or look like a scar from the lip up to the nostril.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Yuzuriha S, Mulliken JB \\| title \\= Minor\\-form, microform, and mini\\-microform cleft lip: anatomical features, operative techniques, and revisions \\| journal \\= Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery \\| volume \\= 122 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 1485–1493 \\| date \\= November 2008 \\| pmid \\= 18971733 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1097/PRS.0b013e31818820bc \\| s2cid \\= 8551875 }} In some cases [muscle tissue in the lip](/wiki/Orbicularis_oris_muscle \"Orbicularis oris muscle\") underneath the scar is affected and might require reconstructive surgery.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Tosun Z, Hoşnuter M, Sentürk S, Savaci N \\| title \\= Reconstruction of microform cleft lip \\| journal \\= Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery \\| volume \\= 37 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 232–235 \\| year \\= 2003 \\| pmid \\= 14582757 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1080/02844310310016412 \\| s2cid \\= 40850672 }} It is advised to have newborn infants with a microform cleft checked with a [craniofacial team](/wiki/Craniofacial_team \"Craniofacial team\") as soon as possible to determine the severity of the cleft.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Tollefson TT, Humphrey CD, Larrabee WF, Adelson RT, Karimi K, Kriet JD \\| title \\= The spectrum of isolated congenital nasal deformities resembling the cleft lip nasal morphology \\| journal \\= Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery \\| volume \\= 13 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 152–160 \\| year \\= 2011 \\| pmid \\= 21576661 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1001/archfacial.2011\\.26 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}", "", "File:13900470 3PREOPERATION0\\.jpg\\|Six\\-month\\-old girl before going into surgery to have her unilateral complete cleft lip repaired\nFile:10\\-month\\-old girl showing scar from facial reconstruction surgery for cleft lip.jpg\\|The same girl, one month after the surgery\nFile:8\\-year\\-old girl showing scar from infantile facial reconstruction surgery.jpg\\|The same girl, age eight, the scar almost gone", "", "### Cleft palate", "Cleft palate is a condition in which the two plates of the [skull](/wiki/Human_skull \"Human skull\") that form the [hard palate](/wiki/Hard_palate \"Hard palate\") (roof of the mouth) are not completely joined. The [soft palate](/wiki/Soft_palate \"Soft palate\") is in these cases cleft as well. In most cases, cleft lip is also present.", "Palate cleft can occur as complete (soft and hard palate, possibly including a gap in the jaw) or incomplete (a 'hole' in the roof of the mouth, usually as a cleft soft palate). When cleft palate occurs, the [uvula](/wiki/Palatine_uvula \"Palatine uvula\") is usually split. It occurs due to the failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, or the median palatine processes (formation of the [secondary palate](/wiki/Secondary_palate \"Secondary palate\")).", "The hole in the roof of the mouth caused by a cleft connects the mouth directly to the [inside of the nose](/wiki/Nasal_cavity \"Nasal cavity\").", "Note: the next images show the roof of the mouth. The top shows the nose, the lips are colored pink. For clarity the images depict a toothless infant.", "", "File:Cleftpalate3\\.png\\|Incomplete cleft palate\nFile:Cleftpalate1\\.png\\|Unilateral complete lip and palate\nFile:Cleftpalate2\\.png\\|Bilateral complete lip and palate", "", "A result of an open connection between the [mouth](/wiki/Oral_cavity \"Oral cavity\") and inside the nose is called [velopharyngeal insufficiency](/wiki/Velopharyngeal_insufficiency \"Velopharyngeal insufficiency\") (VPI). Because of the gap, air leaks into the nasal cavity resulting in a [hypernasal](/wiki/Hypernasal_speech \"Hypernasal speech\") voice [resonance](/wiki/Resonance \"Resonance\") and nasal emissions while talking.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Sloan GM \\| title \\= Posterior pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty: the state of the art \\| journal \\= The Cleft Palate\\-Craniofacial Journal \\| volume \\= 37 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 112–122 \\| date \\= March 2000 \\| pmid \\= 10749049 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1597/1545\\-1569(2000\\)037\\<0112:PPFASP\\>2\\.3\\.CO;2 }} Secondary effects of VPI include speech [articulation](/wiki/Manner_of_articulation \"Manner of articulation\") errors (e.g., [distortions](/wiki/Distortions \"Distortions\"), substitutions, and omissions) and compensatory misarticulations and mispronunciations (e.g., [glottal stops](/wiki/Glottal_stop \"Glottal stop\") and posterior nasal [fricatives](/wiki/Fricative \"Fricative\")).{{cite journal \\|author\\=Hill JS \\|title\\=Velopharyngeal insufficiency: An update on diagnostic and surgical techniques \\|journal\\=Current Opinion in Otolaryngology \\& Head and Neck Surgery \\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=365–8 \\|year\\=2001 \\|doi\\=10\\.1097/00020840\\-200112000\\-00005 \\|s2cid\\=76256148 }} Possible treatment options include [speech therapy](/wiki/Speech_therapy \"Speech therapy\"), prosthetics, augmentation of the posterior pharyngeal wall, lengthening of the palate, and [surgical procedures](/wiki/Pharyngeal_flap_surgery \"Pharyngeal flap surgery\").", "Submucous cleft palate can also occur, which is a cleft of the soft palate with a split [uvula](/wiki/Uvula \"Uvula\"), a furrow along the midline of the soft palate, and a notch in the back margin of the hard palate.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kaplan EN \\| title \\= The occult submucous cleft palate \\| journal \\= The Cleft Palate Journal \\| volume \\= 12 \\| pages \\= 356–368 \\| date \\= October 1975 \\| pmid \\= 1058746 }} The diagnosis of submucous cleft palate often occurs late in children as a result of the nature of the cleft.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Hanny KH, de Vries IA, Haverkamp SJ, Oomen KP, Penris WM, Eijkemans MJ, Kon M, Mink van der Molen AB, Breugem CC \\| title \\= Late detection of cleft palate \\| journal \\= European Journal of Pediatrics \\| volume \\= 175 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 71–80 \\| date \\= January 2016 \\| pmid \\= 26231683 \\| pmc \\= 4709386 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s00431\\-015\\-2590\\-9 }} While the muscles of the soft palate are not joined, the mucosal membranes covering the roof of the mouth appear relatively normal and intact.{{cite web \\|title\\=Cleft Lip and Palate \\|url\\=https://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid\\=8589942918\\&section\\=Overview \\|website\\=American\\-Speech\\-Language\\-Hearing Association \\|access\\-date\\=May 9, 2019}}", "### Teeth", "Tooth development can be delayed with increasing severity of CLP. Some of the dental problems affect the [primary teeth](/wiki/Deciduous_teeth \"Deciduous teeth\"), but most of the problems arise after the permanent teeth erupt. Problems may include fused teeth, missing teeth, and extra teeth erupting behind normal teeth. Missing teeth or extra teeth are both normal occurrences. Typically, the lateral incisors are missing. The [enamel](/wiki/Tooth_enamel \"Tooth enamel\") (outermost layer of the tooth) is commonly found to be hypomineralized and hypoplastic, making the teeth more likely to decay. As CLP can make oral hygiene more difficult, there is an increased rate of cavities.{{Citation\\|chapter\\=Index\\|date\\=August 23, 2013\\|pages\\=355–370\\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons, Ltd,.\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-118\\-78504\\-1\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/9781118785041\\.index\\|title\\=Orthodontics: Principles and Practice\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} In addition, abnormal positioning of individual teeth may affect occlusion, which can create an open bite or cross bite. This in turn can then affect the patient's speech.{{Cite book\\| vauthors \\= Goel S \\|title\\=Feeding in Cleft Lip And Cleft Palata Infants\\|publisher\\=LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing\\|year\\=2015\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-659\\-38212\\-3\\|location\\=Saarbrücken, Germany\\|pages\\=20–22}}{{Cite book\\| vauthors \\= Peterson\\-Falzone SJ, Trost\\-Cardamone JE, Karnell MP, Hardin\\-Jones MA \\|title\\=The clinician's guide to treating cleft palate speech\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-323\\-33934\\-6\\|edition\\=Second\\|location\\=St. Louis, Missouri \\| publisher \\= Elsevier \\|oclc\\=936145822\\|date\\=September 21, 2016}}", "### Complications", "[thumb\\|A baby being fed using a customized bottle. The upright sitting position allows [gravity](/wiki/Earth%27s_gravity \"Earth's gravity\") to help the baby swallow the milk more easily.](/wiki/File:Cleft_Nurser_Mead_Johnson.jpg \"Cleft Nurser Mead Johnson.jpg\")\nCleft may cause problems with feeding, ear disease, speech, socialization, and cognition.", "Due to lack of suction, an infant with a cleft may have trouble feeding. An infant with a cleft palate will have greater success feeding in a more upright position. Gravity will help prevent milk from coming through the baby's nose if he/she has cleft palate. Gravity feeding can be accomplished by using specialized equipment, such as the [Haberman Feeder](/wiki/Haberman_Feeder \"Haberman Feeder\"). Another equipment commonly used for gravity feeding is a customized bottle with a combination of nipples and bottle inserts. A large hole, crosscut, or slit in the nipple, a protruding nipple and rhythmically squeezing the bottle insert can result in controllable flow to the infant without the stigma caused by specialized equipment.", "Individuals with cleft also face many middle ear infections which may eventually lead to hearing loss. The [Eustachian tubes](/wiki/Eustachian_tube \"Eustachian tube\") and external ear canals may be angled or tortuous, leading to food or other contamination of a part of the body that is normally self\\-cleaning. Hearing is related to learning to speak. Babies with palatal clefts may have compromised hearing and therefore, if the baby cannot hear, it cannot try to mimic the sounds of speech. Thus, even before expressive language acquisition, the baby with the cleft palate is at risk for receptive language acquisition. Because the lips and palate are both used in pronunciation, individuals with cleft usually need the aid of a speech therapist.", "Tentative evidence has found that those with clefts perform less well at language.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Roberts RM, Mathias JL, Wheaton P \\| title \\= Cognitive functioning in children and adults with nonsyndromal cleft lip and/or palate: a meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= Journal of Pediatric Psychology \\| volume \\= 37 \\| issue \\= 7 \\| pages \\= 786–797 \\| date \\= August 2012 \\| pmid \\= 22451260 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/jpepsy/jss052 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}", "### Psychosocial issues", "There is research dedicated to the [psychosocial development](/wiki/Psychosocial_development \"Psychosocial development\") of individuals with cleft palate. A cleft palate/lip may impact an individual's [self\\-esteem](/wiki/Self-esteem \"Self-esteem\"), [social skills](/wiki/Social_skills \"Social skills\") and [behavior](/wiki/Behavior \"Behavior\"). Self\\-concept may be adversely affected by the presence of a cleft lip or cleft palate, particularly among girls.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Leonard BJ, Brust JD, Abrahams G, Sielaff B \\| title \\= Self\\-concept of children and adolescents with cleft lip and/or palate \\| journal \\= The Cleft Palate\\-Craniofacial Journal \\| volume \\= 28 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 347–353 \\| date \\= October 1991 \\| pmid \\= 1742302 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1597/1545\\-1569(1991\\)028\\<0347:SCOCAA\\>2\\.3\\.CO;2 }} Negative outcomes can also be associated with the long durations of hospitalization. Psychological issues could extend not just to the individual with CLP but also to their families, particularly their mothers, that experience varying levels of depression and anxiety.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Al\\-Namankany A, Alhubaishi A \\| title \\= Effects of cleft lip and palate on children's psychological health: A systematic review \\| journal \\= Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences \\| volume \\= 13 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 311–318 \\| date \\= August 2018 \\| pmid \\= 31435341 \\| pmc \\= 6694901 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.jtumed.2018\\.04\\.007 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Hunt O, Burden D, Hepper P, Johnston C \\| title \\= The psychosocial effects of cleft lip and palate: a systematic review \\| journal \\= European Journal of Orthodontics \\| volume \\= 27 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 274–285 \\| date \\= June 2005 \\| pmid \\= 15947228 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/ejo/cji004 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}", "Research has shown that during the early preschool years (ages 3–5\\), children with cleft lip or cleft palate tend to have a self\\-concept that is similar to their peers without a cleft. However, as they grow older and their social interactions increase, children with clefts tend to report more dissatisfaction with peer relationships and higher levels of [social anxiety](/wiki/Social_anxiety \"Social anxiety\"). Experts conclude that this is probably due to the associated stigma of visible deformities and possible [speech impediments](/wiki/Speech_impediment \"Speech impediment\"). Children who are judged as attractive tend to be perceived as more intelligent, exhibit more positive social behaviors, and are treated more positively than children with cleft lip or cleft palate.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Tobiasen JM \\| title \\= Psychosocial correlates of congenital facial clefts: a conceptualization and model \\| journal \\= The Cleft Palate Journal \\| volume \\= 21 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 131–139 \\| date \\= July 1984 \\| pmid \\= 6592056 }} Children with clefts tend to report feelings of anger, sadness, fear, and alienation from their peers, but these children were similar to their peers in regard to \"how well they liked themselves.\"", "The relationship between parental attitudes and a child's self\\-concept is crucial during the preschool years. It has been reported that elevated stress levels in mothers correlated with reduced social skills in their children.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Pope AW, Ward J \\| title \\= Self\\-perceived facial appearance and psychosocial adjustment in preadolescents with craniofacial anomalies \\| journal \\= The Cleft Palate\\-Craniofacial Journal \\| volume \\= 34 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 396–401 \\| date \\= September 1997 \\| pmid \\= 9345606 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1597/1545\\-1569(1997\\)034\\<0396:SPFAAP\\>2\\.3\\.CO;2 }} Strong parent support networks may help to prevent the development of negative self\\-concept in children with cleft palate.{{harvnb\\|Bristow\\|Bristow\\|2007\\|pp\\=82–92}} In the later preschool and early elementary years, the development of social skills is no longer only impacted by parental attitudes but is beginning to be shaped by their peers. A cleft lip or cleft palate may affect the behavior of preschoolers. Experts suggest that parents discuss with their children ways to handle negative social situations related to their cleft lip or cleft palate. A child who is entering school should learn the proper (and age\\-appropriate) terms related to the cleft. The ability to confidently explain the condition to others may limit feelings of awkwardness and embarrassment and reduce negative social experiences.{{cite web\\|title\\=Cleft Palate Foundation\\|url\\=http://cleftline.org\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701095458/http://www.cleftline.org/\\|archive\\-date\\=July 1, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2007}}", "As children reach adolescence, the period of time between age 13 and 19, the dynamics of the parent\\-child relationship change as peer groups are now the focus of attention. An adolescent with cleft lip or cleft palate will deal with the typical challenges faced by most of their peers including issues related to self\\-esteem, dating and social acceptance.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Snyder HT, Bilboul MJ, Pope AW \\| title \\= Psychosocial adjustment in adolescents with craniofacial anomalies: a comparison of parent and self\\-reports \\| journal \\= The Cleft Palate\\-Craniofacial Journal \\| volume \\= 42 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 548–555 \\| date \\= September 2005 \\| pmid \\= 16149838 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1597/04\\-078R.1 \\| s2cid \\= 37357550 \\| citeseerx \\= 10\\.1\\.1\\.624\\.1274 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Endriga MC, Kapp\\-Simon KA \\| title \\= Psychological issues in craniofacial care: state of the art \\| journal \\= The Cleft Palate\\-Craniofacial Journal \\| volume \\= 36 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 3–11 \\| date \\= January 1999 \\| pmid \\= 10067755 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1597/1545\\-1569(1999\\)036\\<0001:PIICCS\\>2\\.3\\.CO;2 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Pope AW, Snyder HT \\| title \\= Psychosocial adjustment in children and adolescents with a craniofacial anomaly: age and sex patterns \\| journal \\= The Cleft Palate\\-Craniofacial Journal \\| volume \\= 42 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 349–354 \\| date \\= July 2005 \\| pmid \\= 16001914 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1597/04\\-043R.1 \\| s2cid \\= 31313562 }} Adolescents, however, view appearance as the most important characteristic, above intelligence and humor.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Prokhorov AV, Perry CL, Kelder SH, Klepp KI \\| title \\= Lifestyle values of adolescents: results from Minnesota Heart Health Youth Program \\| journal \\= Adolescence \\| volume \\= 28 \\| issue \\= 111 \\| pages \\= 637–647 \\| year \\= 1993 \\| pmid \\= 8237549 }} This being the case, adolescents are susceptible to additional problems because they cannot hide their facial differences from their peers. Adolescent boys typically deal with issues relating to withdrawal, attention, thought, and [internalizing](/wiki/Internalization_%28psychology%29 \"Internalization (psychology)\") problems, and may possibly develop anxiousness\\-depression and aggressive behaviors. Adolescent girls are more likely to develop problems relating to self\\-concept and appearance. Individuals with cleft lip or cleft palate often deal with threats to their [quality of life](/wiki/Quality_of_life \"Quality of life\") for multiple reasons including unsuccessful social relationships, deviance in social appearance, and multiple surgeries.", "" ]
### Cleft palate Cleft palate is a condition in which the two plates of the [skull](/wiki/Human_skull "Human skull") that form the [hard palate](/wiki/Hard_palate "Hard palate") (roof of the mouth) are not completely joined. The [soft palate](/wiki/Soft_palate "Soft palate") is in these cases cleft as well. In most cases, cleft lip is also present. Palate cleft can occur as complete (soft and hard palate, possibly including a gap in the jaw) or incomplete (a 'hole' in the roof of the mouth, usually as a cleft soft palate). When cleft palate occurs, the [uvula](/wiki/Palatine_uvula "Palatine uvula") is usually split. It occurs due to the failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, or the median palatine processes (formation of the [secondary palate](/wiki/Secondary_palate "Secondary palate")). The hole in the roof of the mouth caused by a cleft connects the mouth directly to the [inside of the nose](/wiki/Nasal_cavity "Nasal cavity"). Note: the next images show the roof of the mouth. The top shows the nose, the lips are colored pink. For clarity the images depict a toothless infant. File:Cleftpalate3\.png\|Incomplete cleft palate File:Cleftpalate1\.png\|Unilateral complete lip and palate File:Cleftpalate2\.png\|Bilateral complete lip and palate A result of an open connection between the [mouth](/wiki/Oral_cavity "Oral cavity") and inside the nose is called [velopharyngeal insufficiency](/wiki/Velopharyngeal_insufficiency "Velopharyngeal insufficiency") (VPI). Because of the gap, air leaks into the nasal cavity resulting in a [hypernasal](/wiki/Hypernasal_speech "Hypernasal speech") voice [resonance](/wiki/Resonance "Resonance") and nasal emissions while talking.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Sloan GM \| title \= Posterior pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty: the state of the art \| journal \= The Cleft Palate\-Craniofacial Journal \| volume \= 37 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 112–122 \| date \= March 2000 \| pmid \= 10749049 \| doi \= 10\.1597/1545\-1569(2000\)037\<0112:PPFASP\>2\.3\.CO;2 }} Secondary effects of VPI include speech [articulation](/wiki/Manner_of_articulation "Manner of articulation") errors (e.g., [distortions](/wiki/Distortions "Distortions"), substitutions, and omissions) and compensatory misarticulations and mispronunciations (e.g., [glottal stops](/wiki/Glottal_stop "Glottal stop") and posterior nasal [fricatives](/wiki/Fricative "Fricative")).{{cite journal \|author\=Hill JS \|title\=Velopharyngeal insufficiency: An update on diagnostic and surgical techniques \|journal\=Current Opinion in Otolaryngology \& Head and Neck Surgery \|volume\=9 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=365–8 \|year\=2001 \|doi\=10\.1097/00020840\-200112000\-00005 \|s2cid\=76256148 }} Possible treatment options include [speech therapy](/wiki/Speech_therapy "Speech therapy"), prosthetics, augmentation of the posterior pharyngeal wall, lengthening of the palate, and [surgical procedures](/wiki/Pharyngeal_flap_surgery "Pharyngeal flap surgery"). Submucous cleft palate can also occur, which is a cleft of the soft palate with a split [uvula](/wiki/Uvula "Uvula"), a furrow along the midline of the soft palate, and a notch in the back margin of the hard palate.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kaplan EN \| title \= The occult submucous cleft palate \| journal \= The Cleft Palate Journal \| volume \= 12 \| pages \= 356–368 \| date \= October 1975 \| pmid \= 1058746 }} The diagnosis of submucous cleft palate often occurs late in children as a result of the nature of the cleft.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Hanny KH, de Vries IA, Haverkamp SJ, Oomen KP, Penris WM, Eijkemans MJ, Kon M, Mink van der Molen AB, Breugem CC \| title \= Late detection of cleft palate \| journal \= European Journal of Pediatrics \| volume \= 175 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 71–80 \| date \= January 2016 \| pmid \= 26231683 \| pmc \= 4709386 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s00431\-015\-2590\-9 }} While the muscles of the soft palate are not joined, the mucosal membranes covering the roof of the mouth appear relatively normal and intact.{{cite web \|title\=Cleft Lip and Palate \|url\=https://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid\=8589942918\&section\=Overview \|website\=American\-Speech\-Language\-Hearing Association \|access\-date\=May 9, 2019}}
[ "### Cleft palate", "Cleft palate is a condition in which the two plates of the [skull](/wiki/Human_skull \"Human skull\") that form the [hard palate](/wiki/Hard_palate \"Hard palate\") (roof of the mouth) are not completely joined. The [soft palate](/wiki/Soft_palate \"Soft palate\") is in these cases cleft as well. In most cases, cleft lip is also present.", "Palate cleft can occur as complete (soft and hard palate, possibly including a gap in the jaw) or incomplete (a 'hole' in the roof of the mouth, usually as a cleft soft palate). When cleft palate occurs, the [uvula](/wiki/Palatine_uvula \"Palatine uvula\") is usually split. It occurs due to the failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, or the median palatine processes (formation of the [secondary palate](/wiki/Secondary_palate \"Secondary palate\")).", "The hole in the roof of the mouth caused by a cleft connects the mouth directly to the [inside of the nose](/wiki/Nasal_cavity \"Nasal cavity\").", "Note: the next images show the roof of the mouth. The top shows the nose, the lips are colored pink. For clarity the images depict a toothless infant.", "", "File:Cleftpalate3\\.png\\|Incomplete cleft palate\nFile:Cleftpalate1\\.png\\|Unilateral complete lip and palate\nFile:Cleftpalate2\\.png\\|Bilateral complete lip and palate", "", "A result of an open connection between the [mouth](/wiki/Oral_cavity \"Oral cavity\") and inside the nose is called [velopharyngeal insufficiency](/wiki/Velopharyngeal_insufficiency \"Velopharyngeal insufficiency\") (VPI). Because of the gap, air leaks into the nasal cavity resulting in a [hypernasal](/wiki/Hypernasal_speech \"Hypernasal speech\") voice [resonance](/wiki/Resonance \"Resonance\") and nasal emissions while talking.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Sloan GM \\| title \\= Posterior pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty: the state of the art \\| journal \\= The Cleft Palate\\-Craniofacial Journal \\| volume \\= 37 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 112–122 \\| date \\= March 2000 \\| pmid \\= 10749049 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1597/1545\\-1569(2000\\)037\\<0112:PPFASP\\>2\\.3\\.CO;2 }} Secondary effects of VPI include speech [articulation](/wiki/Manner_of_articulation \"Manner of articulation\") errors (e.g., [distortions](/wiki/Distortions \"Distortions\"), substitutions, and omissions) and compensatory misarticulations and mispronunciations (e.g., [glottal stops](/wiki/Glottal_stop \"Glottal stop\") and posterior nasal [fricatives](/wiki/Fricative \"Fricative\")).{{cite journal \\|author\\=Hill JS \\|title\\=Velopharyngeal insufficiency: An update on diagnostic and surgical techniques \\|journal\\=Current Opinion in Otolaryngology \\& Head and Neck Surgery \\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=365–8 \\|year\\=2001 \\|doi\\=10\\.1097/00020840\\-200112000\\-00005 \\|s2cid\\=76256148 }} Possible treatment options include [speech therapy](/wiki/Speech_therapy \"Speech therapy\"), prosthetics, augmentation of the posterior pharyngeal wall, lengthening of the palate, and [surgical procedures](/wiki/Pharyngeal_flap_surgery \"Pharyngeal flap surgery\").", "Submucous cleft palate can also occur, which is a cleft of the soft palate with a split [uvula](/wiki/Uvula \"Uvula\"), a furrow along the midline of the soft palate, and a notch in the back margin of the hard palate.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kaplan EN \\| title \\= The occult submucous cleft palate \\| journal \\= The Cleft Palate Journal \\| volume \\= 12 \\| pages \\= 356–368 \\| date \\= October 1975 \\| pmid \\= 1058746 }} The diagnosis of submucous cleft palate often occurs late in children as a result of the nature of the cleft.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Hanny KH, de Vries IA, Haverkamp SJ, Oomen KP, Penris WM, Eijkemans MJ, Kon M, Mink van der Molen AB, Breugem CC \\| title \\= Late detection of cleft palate \\| journal \\= European Journal of Pediatrics \\| volume \\= 175 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 71–80 \\| date \\= January 2016 \\| pmid \\= 26231683 \\| pmc \\= 4709386 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s00431\\-015\\-2590\\-9 }} While the muscles of the soft palate are not joined, the mucosal membranes covering the roof of the mouth appear relatively normal and intact.{{cite web \\|title\\=Cleft Lip and Palate \\|url\\=https://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid\\=8589942918\\&section\\=Overview \\|website\\=American\\-Speech\\-Language\\-Hearing Association \\|access\\-date\\=May 9, 2019}}", "" ]
Treatment --------- Cleft lip and palate is very treatable; however, the kind of treatment depends on the type and severity of the cleft. Most children with a form of clefting are monitored by a *cleft palate team* or *craniofacial team* through young adulthood.{{cite book \| vauthors \= Bristow L, Bristow S \|title\=Making faces: Logan's cleft lip and palate story \|publisher\=Pulsus Group \|location\=Oakville, Ontaria, CA \|year\=2007 \|pages\=1–92 }} Care can be lifelong and are looked after by craniofacial cleft teams often consist of: cleft surgeons, [orthodontists](/wiki/Orthodontics "Orthodontics"), speech and language therapists, [restorative dentists](/wiki/Restorative_dentistry "Restorative dentistry"), [psychologists](/wiki/Psychologist "Psychologist"), ENT surgeons and audio\-logical physicians.{{rp\|255}} Treatment procedures can vary between craniofacial teams. For example, some teams wait on jaw correction until the child is aged 10 to 12 (argument: growth is less influential as [deciduous teeth](/wiki/Deciduous_teeth "Deciduous teeth") are replaced by [permanent teeth](/wiki/Permanent_teeth "Permanent teeth"), thus saving the child from repeated corrective surgeries), while other teams correct the jaw earlier (argument: less speech therapy is needed than at a later age when speech therapy becomes harder). Within teams, treatment can differ between individual cases depending on the type and severity of the cleft. ### Cleft lip Within the first 2–3 months after birth, surgery is performed to close the cleft lip. While surgery to repair a cleft lip can be performed soon after birth, often the preferred age is at approximately 10 weeks of age, following the "[rule of 10s](/wiki/Millard_criteria "Millard criteria")" coined by surgeons Wilhelmmesen and Musgrave in 1969 (the child is at least 10 weeks of age; weighs at least 10 pounds, and has at least 10g/dL hemoglobin).{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lydiatt DD, Yonkers AJ, Schall DG \| title \= The management of the cleft lip and palate patient \| journal \= The Nebraska Medical Journal \| volume \= 74 \| issue \= 11 \| pages \= 325–8; discussion 328–9 \| date \= November 1989 \| pmid \= 2586685 }}{{cite book\| vauthors \= Sriram Bhat M \|title\=SRB's Surgical Operations: Text \& Atlas\|date\=2014\|publisher\=JP Medical Ltd\|isbn\=978\-93\-5025\-121\-8\|page\=414\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZN7fBAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA414\|language\=en}} If the cleft is bilateral and extensive, two surgeries may be required to close the cleft, one side first, and the second side a few weeks later. The most common procedure to repair a cleft lip is the *Millard procedure* pioneered by [Ralph Millard](/wiki/Ralph_Millard "Ralph Millard"). Millard performed the first procedure at a [Mobile Army Surgical Hospital](/wiki/Mobile_Army_Surgical_Hospital "Mobile Army Surgical Hospital") (MASH) unit in Korea.{{cite web \|url\=http://calder.med.miami.edu/Ralph\_Millard/biography.html \|title\=Biography and Personal Archive \|access\-date\=July 1, 2007 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070617215647/http://calder.med.miami.edu/Ralph\_Millard/biography.html \|archive\-date \= June 17, 2007}} at miami.edu Often an incomplete cleft lip requires the same surgery as complete cleft. This is done for two reasons. Firstly the group of [muscles](/wiki/Muscle "Muscle") required to purse the lips run through the upper lip. To restore the complete group a full incision must be made. Secondly, to create a less obvious scar the surgeon tries to line up the scar with the natural lines in the upper lip (such as the edges of the [philtrum](/wiki/Philtrum "Philtrum")) and tuck away stitches as far up the nose as possible. Incomplete cleft gives the surgeon more tissue to work with, creating a more supple and natural\-looking upper lip. File:Millardrepair1\.svg\|The blue lines indicate incisions. File:Millardrepair2\.svg\|Movement of the flaps; flap A is moved between B and C. C is rotated slightly while B is pushed down. File:Baby\_girl\_with\_cleft\_palate,\_smiling.jpg \| Pre\-operation File:17161036 POSTOPT3\.jpg\| Post\-operation, the lip is swollen from surgery and will look more natural within weeks. See photos in the \[\[\#Cleft lip\|section above]]. #### Pre\-surgical devices In some cases of a severe bilateral complete cleft, the premaxillary segment will be protruded far outside the mouth. [Nasoalveolar molding](/wiki/Nasolabial_fold "Nasolabial fold") prior to surgery can improve long\-term nasal symmetry where there is complete unilateral cleft lip–cleft palate, compared to correction by surgery alone, according to a retrospective [cohort study](/wiki/Cohort_study "Cohort study").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Barillas I, Dec W, Warren SM, Cutting CB, Grayson BH \| title \= Nasoalveolar molding improves long\-term nasal symmetry in complete unilateral cleft lip\-cleft palate patients \| journal \= Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery \| volume \= 123 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 1002–1006 \| date \= March 2009 \| pmid \= 19319066 \| doi \= 10\.1097/PRS.0b013e318199f46e \| s2cid \= 24514123 }} In this study, significant improvements in nasal symmetry were observed in multiple areas including measurements of the projected length of the nasal ala (lateral surface of the external nose), position of the superoinferior alar groove, position of the mediolateral nasal dome, and nasal bridge deviation. "The nasal ala projection length demonstrated an average ratio of 93\.0 percent in the surgery\-alone group and 96\.5 percent in the nasoalveolar molding group," this study concluded. A [systematic review](/wiki/Systematic_review "Systematic review") found in conclusion that nasoalveolar molding had a positive effect on the primary surgery of cleft lip/or palate treatment and aesthetics.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Maillard S, Retrouvey JM, Ahmed MK, Taub PJ \| title \= Correlation between Nasoalveolar Molding and Surgical, Aesthetic, Functional and Socioeconomic Outcomes Following Primary Repair Surgery: a Systematic Review \| journal \= Journal of Oral \& Maxillofacial Research \| volume \= 8 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= e2 \| date \= September 30, 2017 \| pmid \= 29142654 \| pmc \= 5676312 \| doi \= 10\.5037/jomr.2017\.8302 }} ### Cleft palate [thumb\|A repaired cleft palate on a 64\-year\-old female](/wiki/File:Repairedcleftpalate.JPG "Repairedcleftpalate.JPG") Often a cleft palate is temporarily covered by a [palatal obturator](/wiki/Palatal_obturator "Palatal obturator") (a prosthetic device made to fit the roof of the mouth covering the gap). This device re\-positions displaced alveolar segments and helps reduce the cleft lip separation. The obturator will improve speech as there's now proper airflow and improve feeding and breathing as the gap in the hard and soft palate is closed over so cannot affect it.{{Cite book\| vauthors \= Gill DS, Naini FB \|title\=Orthodontics: Principles and Practice\|year\=2011\|pages\=257}}{{rp\|257}} Cleft palate can also be corrected by [surgery](/wiki/Alveolar_cleft_grafting "Alveolar cleft grafting"), usually performed between 6 and 12 months. Approximately 20–25% only require one palatal surgery to achieve a competent velopharyngeal valve capable of producing normal, non\-[hypernasal speech](/wiki/Hypernasal_speech "Hypernasal speech"). However, combinations of surgical methods and repeated surgeries are often necessary as the child grows. One of the new innovations of cleft lip and cleft palate repair is the [Latham appliance](/wiki/Latham_appliance "Latham appliance").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Fukuyama E, Omura S, Fujita K, Soma K, Torikai K \| title \= Excessive rapid palatal expansion with Latham appliance for distal repositioning of protruded premaxilla in bilateral cleft lip and alveolus \| journal \= The Cleft Palate\-Craniofacial Journal \| volume \= 43 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 673–677 \| date \= November 2006 \| pmid \= 17105324 \| doi \= 10\.1597/05\-109 \| s2cid \= 34126577 }} The Latham is surgically inserted by use of pins during the child's fourth or fifth month. After it is in place, the doctor, or parents, turn a screw daily to bring the cleft together to assist with future lip or palate repair. If the cleft extends into the maxillary alveolar ridge, the gap is usually corrected by filling the gap with bone tissue. The bone tissue can be acquired from the individual's own chin, rib or hip. At age 1–7 years the child is regularly reviewed by the cleft team.{{rp\|257}} Age 7–12 years, for the children born with alveolar clefts, they may need to have a secondary alveolar bone graft. This is where autogenous [cancellous bone](/wiki/Cancellous_bone "Cancellous bone") from a donor site (often the pelvic bone) is transplanted into the alveolar cleft region. This transplant of bone will close the osseous cleft of the alveolus, close any oro\-nasal [fistulae](/wiki/Fistula "Fistula") and will become integrated with the [maxillary bone](/wiki/Maxillary_bone "Maxillary bone"). It provides bone for teeth to erupt into and to allow implants to be placed as a possible future treatment option. The procedure should be carried out before the upper canine has erupted. Ideally the root of the canine should be one to two\-thirds formed and that there is a space available to place the bone graft. [Radio\-graphs](/wiki/Radiography "Radiography") are taken to determine the quantity of missing bone in the cleft area.{{rp\|258}} #### Other surgeries [Orthognathic surgery](/wiki/Orthognathic_surgery "Orthognathic surgery") – surgical cutting of bone to realign the upper jaw ([osteotomy](/wiki/Osteotomy "Osteotomy")). The bone is cut then re\-positioned and held together by wires or rigid fixation plates to ensure there's no anterior\-posterior discrepancy, also to reduce scarring as it reduces growth. Single piece or multi\-piece osteotomy exist. Single piece osteotomy is carried out where there is sufficient alveolar continuity achieved from a successful bone graft. Multi piece osteotomy is performed when there is a notable residual alveolar defect with a dental gap and oronasal fistula (communication between the oral and nasal cavities). The goal of both single and multi piece osteotomy is to displace the maxilla forward to obtain adequate occlusion as well to provide better support for upper lip and the nose and to close any [fistulae](/wiki/Fistula "Fistula").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kloukos D, Fudalej P, Sequeira\-Byron P, Katsaros C \| title \= Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients \| journal \= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume \= 8 \| issue \= 8 \| pages \= CD010403 \| date \= August 2018 \| pmid \= 30095853 \| pmc \= 6513261 \| doi \= 10\.1002/14651858\.CD010403\.pub3 }} [Distraction osteogenesis](/wiki/Distraction_osteogenesis "Distraction osteogenesis") – bone lengthening by gradual distraction. This involves cutting bone and moving ends apart incrementally to allow new bone to form in the gap. This consists of several phases. After attachment of the distracting device and the bone cuts, there is a latency phase of 3–7 days when a [callus](/wiki/Callus_%28cell_biology%29 "Callus (cell biology)") forms. In the activation phase distraction of the callus induces bony ingrowth which can last up to 15 days depending on the required distraction. Once the required bone length is reached, the distraction device is left to remain in situ as it acts as a rigid skeletal fixation device until the new bone has matured (known as the consolidation period). ### Speech [Velopharyngeal insufficiency](/wiki/Velopharyngeal_insufficiency "Velopharyngeal insufficiency") (VPI) can occur as a result of an unrepaired or repaired cleft lip and palate. VPI is the inability of the soft palate to close tightly against the back of the throat during speech, resulting in incomplete velopharyngeal closure. In turn, this results in speech abnormalities. Velopharyngeal closure is necessary during speech because it forms a seal between the nose and mouth, allowing the production of normal speech sounds. VPI can cause [hypernasality](/wiki/Hypernasality "Hypernasality") (excessive nasal resonance), [hyponasality](/wiki/Hyponasality "Hyponasality") (reduced nasal resonance), or a mixed nasal resonance, which is when hypernasality and hyponasality occur simultaneously.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Nasser M, Fedorowicz Z, Newton JT, Nouri M \| title \= Interventions for the management of submucous cleft palate \| journal \= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= CD006703 \| date \= January 2008 \| pmid \= 18254111 \| doi \= 10\.1002/14651858\.CD006703\.pub2 \| veditors \= Nasser M }} In addition, CLP may cause abnormal positioning of individual teeth, which can in turn affect the patient's ability to make certain sounds when speaking such as the "f" or "v" sound and can also result in a lisp. The changes in speech may also be a manifestation on CLP's effects on the patient's occlusion. ### Hearing Children with cleft palate have a very high risk of developing a middle ear infection, specifically [otitis media](/wiki/Otitis_media "Otitis media"). This is due to the immature development of the different bones and muscles in the ear. Otitis media is caused by the obstruction of the [Eustachian tube](/wiki/Eustachian_tube "Eustachian tube"), negative middle ear pressure and fluid build\-up in the normally air\-filled space of the middle ear.{{Cite book\| vauthors \= Steele D, Adam GP, Di M, Halladay C, Pan I, Coppersmith N, Balk EM, Trikalinos TA \|url\=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK447521/\|title\=Tympanostomy Tubes in Children With Otitis Media\|date\=2017\|publisher\=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)\|series\=AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews\|location\=Rockville (MD)\|pmid\=28817250}} This is associated with hearing impairment or loss. The insertion of a ventilation tube into the eardrum is a surgical treatment option commonly used to improve hearing in children with otitis media.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Browning GG, Rovers MM, Williamson I, Lous J, Burton MJ \| title \= Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children \| journal \= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| issue \= 10 \| pages \= CD001801 \| date \= October 2010 \| pmid \= 20927726 \| doi \= 10\.1002/14651858\.CD001801\.pub3 \| s2cid \= 43568574 }} In addition, breast milk has been proven to decrease the incidence of otitis media in infants with clefts. ### Feeding There are different options on how to feed a baby with cleft lip or cleft palate which include: [breast\-feeding](/wiki/Breastfeeding "Breastfeeding"), bottle feeding, spoon feeding and syringe feeding. Although breast\-feeding is challenging, it improves weight\-gain compared to spoon\-feeding.{{Cite web\|url\=https://abm.memberclicks.net/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/17\-cleft\-lip\-cleft\-palate\-protocol\-english.pdf\|title\='ABM clinical protocol \#18: guidelines for breastfeeding infants with cleft lip, cleft palate, or cleft lip and palate, revised 2013\.', Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine\|vauthors\=Reilly S, Reid J, Skeat J, Cahir P, Mei C, Bunik M\|date\=2013}} Nasal regurgitation is common due to the open space between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. Bottle feeding can help (with squeezable bottles being easier to use than rigid bottles). In addition, maxillary plates can be added to aid in feeding. Whatever feeding method is established, it is important to keep the baby's weight gain and hydration monitored. Infants with cleft lip or palate may require supplemental feeds for adequate growth and nutrition. Breast feeding position as suggested by specialists can also improve success rate.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Matsunaka E, Ueki S, Makimoto K \| title \= Impact of breastfeeding or bottle\-feeding on surgical wound dehiscence after cleft lip repair in infants: a systematic review protocol \| language \= en\-US \| journal \= JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports \| volume \= 13 \| issue \= 10 \| pages \= 3–11 \| date \= October 2015 \| pmid \= 26571277 \| doi \= 10\.11124/jbisrir\-2015\-2336 \| s2cid \= 45396841 }} #### Breast\-feeding Babies with cleft lip are more likely to breastfeed successfully than those with cleft palate and cleft lip and palate. Larger clefts of the soft or hard palate may not be able to generate suction as the oral cavity cannot be separated from the nasal cavity when feeding which leads to fatigue, prolonged feeding time, impaired growth and nutrition. Changes in swallowing mechanics may result in coughing, choking, gagging and nasal regurgitation. Even after cleft repair, the problem may still persist as significant motor learning of swallowing and sucking was absent for many months before repair.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Bessell A, Hooper L, Shaw WC, Reilly S, Reid J, Glenny AM \| title \= Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate \| journal \= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume \= 2011 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= CD003315 \| date \= February 2011 \| pmid \= 21328261 \| doi \= 10\.1002/14651858\.cd003315 \| publisher \= John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd \| hdl\-access \= free \| hdl \= 10072/172084 }} These difficulties in feeding may result in secondary problems such as poor weight gain, excessive energy expenditure during feeding, lengthy feeding times, discomfort during feeding, and stressful feeding interactions between the infant and the mother. A potential source of discomfort for the baby during or after feeding is bloating or frequent "spit up" which is due to the excessive air intake through the nose and mouth in the open cleft. Babies with cleft lip and or palate should be evaluated individually taking into account the size and location of the cleft and the mother's previous experience with breastfeeding. Another option is feeding breast milk via bottle or syringe. Since babies with clip lip and cleft palate generate less section when breastfeeding, their nutrition, hydration and weight gain may be affected. This may result in the need for supplemental feeds. Modifying the position of holding the baby may increase the effectiveness and efficiency of breastfeeding. #### Alternative Feeding Methods Preoperative feeding – using a squeezable bottle instead of a rigid bottle can allow a higher volume of food intake and less effort to extract food. Using a syringe is practical, easy to perform and allows greater administered volume of food. It also means there will be weight gain and less time spent feeding.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Duarte GA, Ramos RB, Cardoso MC \| title \= Feeding methods for children with cleft lip and/or palate: a systematic review \| journal \= Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology \| volume \= 82 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 602–609 \| date \= September 1, 2016 \| pmid \= 26997574 \| pmc \= 9444722 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.bjorl.2015\.10\.020 \| doi\-access \= free }} Post\-operative feeding (isolated lip repair, or lip repair associated or not with [palatoplasty](/wiki/Palatoplasty "Palatoplasty")) – post [palatoplasty](/wiki/Palatoplasty "Palatoplasty"), some studies believe that inappropriate negative pressure on the suture line may affect results. Babies can be fed by a [nasogastric tube](/wiki/Nasogastric_tube "Nasogastric tube") instead. Studies suggest babies required less analgesics and shorter hospital stay with nasogastric feeding post\-surgery. With bottle\-feeding, there was higher feeding rejection and pain and required more frequent and prolonged feeding times. ### Treatment schedule Each person's treatment schedule is individualized. The table below shows a common sample treatment schedule. The colored squares indicate the average timeframe in which the indicated procedure occurs. In some cases, this is usually one procedure, for example lip repair. In other cases, it is an ongoing therapy, for example speech therapy. In most cases of cleft lip and palate that involve the alveolar bone, patients will need a treatment plan including the prevention of cavities, orthodontics, alveolar bone grafting, and possibly jaw surgery.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Scalzone A, Flores\-Mir C, Carozza D, d'Apuzzo F, Grassia V, Perillo L \| title \= Secondary alveolar bone grafting using autologous versus alloplastic material in the treatment of cleft lip and palate patients: systematic review and meta\-analysis \| journal \= Progress in Orthodontics \| volume \= 20 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 6 \| date \= February 2019 \| pmid \= 30740615 \| pmc \= 6369233 \| doi \= 10\.1186/s40510\-018\-0252\-y \| doi\-access \= free }} | Age | {{center\|0m}} | {{center\|3m}} | {{center\|6m}} | {{center\|9m}} | {{center\|1y}} | {{center\|2y}} | {{center\|3y}} | {{center\|4y}} | {{center\|5y}} | {{center\|6y}} | {{center\|7y}} | {{center\|8y}} | {{center\|9y}} | {{center\|10y}} | {{center\|11y}} | {{center\|12y}} | {{center\|13y}} | {{center\|14y}} | {{center\|15y}} | {{center\|16y}} | {{center\|17y}} | {{center\|18y}} | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [Palatal obturator](/wiki/Palatal_obturator "Palatal obturator") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Repair cleft lip | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Repair [soft palate](/wiki/Soft_palate "Soft palate") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Repair [hard palate](/wiki/Hard_palate "Hard palate") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Tympanostomy tube](/wiki/Tympanostomy_tube "Tympanostomy tube") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Speech therapy](/wiki/Speech_therapy "Speech therapy")/[pharyngoplasty](/wiki/Augmentation_pharyngoplasty "Augmentation pharyngoplasty") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Alveolar cleft grafting](/wiki/Alveolar_cleft_grafting "Alveolar cleft grafting") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Orthodontics](/wiki/Orthodontics "Orthodontics") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Orthognathic surgery](/wiki/Orthognathic_surgery "Orthognathic surgery") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ### Cleft team People with CLP present with a multiplicity of problems. Therefore, effective management of CLP involves a wide range of specialists. The current model for delivery of this care is the multidisciplinary cleft team. This is a group of individuals from different specialist backgrounds who work closely together to provide patients with comprehensive care from birth through adolescence. This system of delivery of care enables the individuals within the team to function in an interdisciplinary way, so that all aspects of care for CLP patients can be provided in the best way possible.{{Cite journal\| vauthors \= Hodgkinson PD, Brown S, Duncan D, Grant C, McNaughton AM, Thomas P \|date\=February 2005\|journal\=Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review\|language\=en\|volume\=16\|issue\=1\|pages\=1–27\|doi\=10\.1017/S0965539505001452\|issn\=1469\-5065\|title\=Management of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Review Describing the Application of Multidisciplinary Team Working in This Condition Based Upon the Experiences of a Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Centre in the United Kingdom\|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.483\.9042\|s2cid\=36404355 }} ### Outcomes assessment Measuring the outcomes of CLP treatment has been laden with difficulty due to the complexity and longitudinal nature of cleft care, which spans birth through young adulthood. Prior attempts to study the effectiveness of specific interventions or overall treatment protocols have been hindered by a lack of data standards for outcomes assessment in cleft care.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2022}} The International Consortium for Health Outcome Measurement (ICHOM) has proposed the Standard Set of Outcome Measures for Cleft Lip and Palate.{{Cite web \| url\=https://www.ichom.org/medical\-conditions/cleft\-lip\-palate/ \| title\=ICHOM \| Cleft Lip \& Palate Standard Set \| Measuring Outcomes}}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Allori AC, Kelley T, Meara JG, Albert A, Bonanthaya K, Chapman K, Cunningham M, Daskalogiannakis J, de Gier H, Heggie AA, Hernandez C, Jackson O, Jones Y, Kangesu L, Koudstaal MJ, Kuchhal R, Lohmander A, Long RE, Magee L, Monson L, Rose E, Sitzman TJ, Taylor JA, Thorburn G, van Eeden S, Williams C, Wirthlin JO, Wong KW \| title \= A Standard Set of Outcome Measures for the Comprehensive Appraisal of Cleft Care \| journal \= The Cleft Palate\-Craniofacial Journal \| volume \= 54 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 540–554 \| date \= September 2017 \| pmid \= 27223626 \| doi \= 10\.1597/15\-292 \| s2cid \= 43371901 }} The ICHOM Standard Set includes measures for many of the important outcome domains in cleft care (hearing, breathing, eating/drinking, speech, oral health, appearance and psychosocial well\-being). It includes clinician\-reported, patient\-reported, and family\-reported outcome measures.
[ "Treatment\n---------", "Cleft lip and palate is very treatable; however, the kind of treatment depends on the type and severity of the cleft.", "Most children with a form of clefting are monitored by a *cleft palate team* or *craniofacial team* through young adulthood.{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= Bristow L, Bristow S \\|title\\=Making faces: Logan's cleft lip and palate story \\|publisher\\=Pulsus Group \\|location\\=Oakville, Ontaria, CA \\|year\\=2007 \\|pages\\=1–92 }} Care can be lifelong and are looked after by craniofacial cleft teams often consist of: cleft surgeons, [orthodontists](/wiki/Orthodontics \"Orthodontics\"), speech and language therapists, [restorative dentists](/wiki/Restorative_dentistry \"Restorative dentistry\"), [psychologists](/wiki/Psychologist \"Psychologist\"), ENT surgeons and audio\\-logical physicians.{{rp\\|255}} Treatment procedures can vary between craniofacial teams. For example, some teams wait on jaw correction until the child is aged 10 to 12 (argument: growth is less influential as [deciduous teeth](/wiki/Deciduous_teeth \"Deciduous teeth\") are replaced by [permanent teeth](/wiki/Permanent_teeth \"Permanent teeth\"), thus saving the child from repeated corrective surgeries), while other teams correct the jaw earlier (argument: less speech therapy is needed than at a later age when speech therapy becomes harder). Within teams, treatment can differ between individual cases depending on the type and severity of the cleft.", "### Cleft lip", "Within the first 2–3 months after birth, surgery is performed to close the cleft lip. While surgery to repair a cleft lip can be performed soon after birth, often the preferred age is at approximately 10 weeks of age, following the \"[rule of 10s](/wiki/Millard_criteria \"Millard criteria\")\" coined by surgeons Wilhelmmesen and Musgrave in 1969 (the child is at least 10 weeks of age; weighs at least 10 pounds, and has at least 10g/dL hemoglobin).{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lydiatt DD, Yonkers AJ, Schall DG \\| title \\= The management of the cleft lip and palate patient \\| journal \\= The Nebraska Medical Journal \\| volume \\= 74 \\| issue \\= 11 \\| pages \\= 325–8; discussion 328–9 \\| date \\= November 1989 \\| pmid \\= 2586685 }}{{cite book\\| vauthors \\= Sriram Bhat M \\|title\\=SRB's Surgical Operations: Text \\& Atlas\\|date\\=2014\\|publisher\\=JP Medical Ltd\\|isbn\\=978\\-93\\-5025\\-121\\-8\\|page\\=414\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZN7fBAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA414\\|language\\=en}} If the cleft is bilateral and extensive, two surgeries may be required to close the cleft, one side first, and the second side a few weeks later. The most common procedure to repair a cleft lip is the *Millard procedure* pioneered by [Ralph Millard](/wiki/Ralph_Millard \"Ralph Millard\"). Millard performed the first procedure at a [Mobile Army Surgical Hospital](/wiki/Mobile_Army_Surgical_Hospital \"Mobile Army Surgical Hospital\") (MASH) unit in Korea.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://calder.med.miami.edu/Ralph\\_Millard/biography.html \\|title\\=Biography and Personal Archive \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2007 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070617215647/http://calder.med.miami.edu/Ralph\\_Millard/biography.html \\|archive\\-date \\= June 17, 2007}} at miami.edu", "Often an incomplete cleft lip requires the same surgery as complete cleft. This is done for two reasons. Firstly the group of [muscles](/wiki/Muscle \"Muscle\") required to purse the lips run through the upper lip. To restore the complete group a full incision must be made. Secondly, to create a less obvious scar the surgeon tries to line up the scar with the natural lines in the upper lip (such as the edges of the [philtrum](/wiki/Philtrum \"Philtrum\")) and tuck away stitches as far up the nose as possible. Incomplete cleft gives the surgeon more tissue to work with, creating a more supple and natural\\-looking upper lip.", "", "File:Millardrepair1\\.svg\\|The blue lines indicate incisions.\nFile:Millardrepair2\\.svg\\|Movement of the flaps; flap A is moved between B and C. C is rotated slightly while B is pushed down.\nFile:Baby\\_girl\\_with\\_cleft\\_palate,\\_smiling.jpg \\| Pre\\-operation\nFile:17161036 POSTOPT3\\.jpg\\| Post\\-operation, the lip is swollen from surgery and will look more natural within weeks. See photos in the \\[\\[\\#Cleft lip\\|section above]].", "", "#### Pre\\-surgical devices", "In some cases of a severe bilateral complete cleft, the premaxillary segment will be protruded far outside the mouth.", "[Nasoalveolar molding](/wiki/Nasolabial_fold \"Nasolabial fold\") prior to surgery can improve long\\-term nasal symmetry where there is complete unilateral cleft lip–cleft palate, compared to correction by surgery alone, according to a retrospective [cohort study](/wiki/Cohort_study \"Cohort study\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Barillas I, Dec W, Warren SM, Cutting CB, Grayson BH \\| title \\= Nasoalveolar molding improves long\\-term nasal symmetry in complete unilateral cleft lip\\-cleft palate patients \\| journal \\= Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery \\| volume \\= 123 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 1002–1006 \\| date \\= March 2009 \\| pmid \\= 19319066 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1097/PRS.0b013e318199f46e \\| s2cid \\= 24514123 }} In this study, significant improvements in nasal symmetry were observed in multiple areas including measurements of the projected length of the nasal ala (lateral surface of the external nose), position of the superoinferior alar groove, position of the mediolateral nasal dome, and nasal bridge deviation. \"The nasal ala projection length demonstrated an average ratio of 93\\.0 percent in the surgery\\-alone group and 96\\.5 percent in the nasoalveolar molding group,\" this study concluded. A [systematic review](/wiki/Systematic_review \"Systematic review\") found in conclusion that nasoalveolar molding had a positive effect on the primary surgery of cleft lip/or palate treatment and aesthetics.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Maillard S, Retrouvey JM, Ahmed MK, Taub PJ \\| title \\= Correlation between Nasoalveolar Molding and Surgical, Aesthetic, Functional and Socioeconomic Outcomes Following Primary Repair Surgery: a Systematic Review \\| journal \\= Journal of Oral \\& Maxillofacial Research \\| volume \\= 8 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= e2 \\| date \\= September 30, 2017 \\| pmid \\= 29142654 \\| pmc \\= 5676312 \\| doi \\= 10\\.5037/jomr.2017\\.8302 }}", "### Cleft palate", "[thumb\\|A repaired cleft palate on a 64\\-year\\-old female](/wiki/File:Repairedcleftpalate.JPG \"Repairedcleftpalate.JPG\")\nOften a cleft palate is temporarily covered by a [palatal obturator](/wiki/Palatal_obturator \"Palatal obturator\") (a prosthetic device made to fit the roof of the mouth covering the gap). This device re\\-positions displaced alveolar segments and helps reduce the cleft lip separation. The obturator will improve speech as there's now proper airflow and improve feeding and breathing as the gap in the hard and soft palate is closed over so cannot affect it.{{Cite book\\| vauthors \\= Gill DS, Naini FB \\|title\\=Orthodontics: Principles and Practice\\|year\\=2011\\|pages\\=257}}{{rp\\|257}}", "Cleft palate can also be corrected by [surgery](/wiki/Alveolar_cleft_grafting \"Alveolar cleft grafting\"), usually performed between 6 and 12 months. Approximately 20–25% only require one palatal surgery to achieve a competent velopharyngeal valve capable of producing normal, non\\-[hypernasal speech](/wiki/Hypernasal_speech \"Hypernasal speech\"). However, combinations of surgical methods and repeated surgeries are often necessary as the child grows. One of the new innovations of cleft lip and cleft palate repair is the [Latham appliance](/wiki/Latham_appliance \"Latham appliance\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Fukuyama E, Omura S, Fujita K, Soma K, Torikai K \\| title \\= Excessive rapid palatal expansion with Latham appliance for distal repositioning of protruded premaxilla in bilateral cleft lip and alveolus \\| journal \\= The Cleft Palate\\-Craniofacial Journal \\| volume \\= 43 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 673–677 \\| date \\= November 2006 \\| pmid \\= 17105324 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1597/05\\-109 \\| s2cid \\= 34126577 }} The Latham is surgically inserted by use of pins during the child's fourth or fifth month. After it is in place, the doctor, or parents, turn a screw daily to bring the cleft together to assist with future lip or palate repair.", "If the cleft extends into the maxillary alveolar ridge, the gap is usually corrected by filling the gap with bone tissue. The bone tissue can be acquired from the individual's own chin, rib or hip.", "At age 1–7 years the child is regularly reviewed by the cleft team.{{rp\\|257}}", "Age 7–12 years, for the children born with alveolar clefts, they may need to have a secondary alveolar bone graft. This is where autogenous [cancellous bone](/wiki/Cancellous_bone \"Cancellous bone\") from a donor site (often the pelvic bone) is transplanted into the alveolar cleft region. This transplant of bone will close the osseous cleft of the alveolus, close any oro\\-nasal [fistulae](/wiki/Fistula \"Fistula\") and will become integrated with the [maxillary bone](/wiki/Maxillary_bone \"Maxillary bone\"). It provides bone for teeth to erupt into and to allow implants to be placed as a possible future treatment option. The procedure should be carried out before the upper canine has erupted. Ideally the root of the canine should be one to two\\-thirds formed and that there is a space available to place the bone graft. [Radio\\-graphs](/wiki/Radiography \"Radiography\") are taken to determine the quantity of missing bone in the cleft area.{{rp\\|258}}", "#### Other surgeries", "[Orthognathic surgery](/wiki/Orthognathic_surgery \"Orthognathic surgery\") – surgical cutting of bone to realign the upper jaw ([osteotomy](/wiki/Osteotomy \"Osteotomy\")). The bone is cut then re\\-positioned and held together by wires or rigid fixation plates to ensure there's no anterior\\-posterior discrepancy, also to reduce scarring as it reduces growth. Single piece or multi\\-piece osteotomy exist. Single piece osteotomy is carried out where there is sufficient alveolar continuity achieved from a successful bone graft. Multi piece osteotomy is performed when there is a notable residual alveolar defect with a dental gap and oronasal fistula (communication between the oral and nasal cavities). The goal of both single and multi piece osteotomy is to displace the maxilla forward to obtain adequate occlusion as well to provide better support for upper lip and the nose and to close any [fistulae](/wiki/Fistula \"Fistula\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kloukos D, Fudalej P, Sequeira\\-Byron P, Katsaros C \\| title \\= Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients \\| journal \\= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \\| volume \\= 8 \\| issue \\= 8 \\| pages \\= CD010403 \\| date \\= August 2018 \\| pmid \\= 30095853 \\| pmc \\= 6513261 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/14651858\\.CD010403\\.pub3 }}", "[Distraction osteogenesis](/wiki/Distraction_osteogenesis \"Distraction osteogenesis\") – bone lengthening by gradual distraction. This involves cutting bone and moving ends apart incrementally to allow new bone to form in the gap. This consists of several phases. After attachment of the distracting device and the bone cuts, there is a latency phase of 3–7 days when a [callus](/wiki/Callus_%28cell_biology%29 \"Callus (cell biology)\") forms. In the activation phase distraction of the callus induces bony ingrowth which can last up to 15 days depending on the required distraction. Once the required bone length is reached, the distraction device is left to remain in situ as it acts as a rigid skeletal fixation device until the new bone has matured (known as the consolidation period).", "### Speech", "[Velopharyngeal insufficiency](/wiki/Velopharyngeal_insufficiency \"Velopharyngeal insufficiency\") (VPI) can occur as a result of an unrepaired or repaired cleft lip and palate. VPI is the inability of the soft palate to close tightly against the back of the throat during speech, resulting in incomplete velopharyngeal closure. In turn, this results in speech abnormalities. Velopharyngeal closure is necessary during speech because it forms a seal between the nose and mouth, allowing the production of normal speech sounds. VPI can cause [hypernasality](/wiki/Hypernasality \"Hypernasality\") (excessive nasal resonance), [hyponasality](/wiki/Hyponasality \"Hyponasality\") (reduced nasal resonance), or a mixed nasal resonance, which is when hypernasality and hyponasality occur simultaneously.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Nasser M, Fedorowicz Z, Newton JT, Nouri M \\| title \\= Interventions for the management of submucous cleft palate \\| journal \\= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= CD006703 \\| date \\= January 2008 \\| pmid \\= 18254111 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/14651858\\.CD006703\\.pub2 \\| veditors \\= Nasser M }} In addition, CLP may cause abnormal positioning of individual teeth, which can in turn affect the patient's ability to make certain sounds when speaking such as the \"f\" or \"v\" sound and can also result in a lisp. The changes in speech may also be a manifestation on CLP's effects on the patient's occlusion.", "### Hearing", "Children with cleft palate have a very high risk of developing a middle ear infection, specifically [otitis media](/wiki/Otitis_media \"Otitis media\"). This is due to the immature development of the different bones and muscles in the ear. Otitis media is caused by the obstruction of the [Eustachian tube](/wiki/Eustachian_tube \"Eustachian tube\"), negative middle ear pressure and fluid build\\-up in the normally air\\-filled space of the middle ear.{{Cite book\\| vauthors \\= Steele D, Adam GP, Di M, Halladay C, Pan I, Coppersmith N, Balk EM, Trikalinos TA \\|url\\=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK447521/\\|title\\=Tympanostomy Tubes in Children With Otitis Media\\|date\\=2017\\|publisher\\=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)\\|series\\=AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews\\|location\\=Rockville (MD)\\|pmid\\=28817250}} This is associated with hearing impairment or loss. The insertion of a ventilation tube into the eardrum is a surgical treatment option commonly used to improve hearing in children with otitis media.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Browning GG, Rovers MM, Williamson I, Lous J, Burton MJ \\| title \\= Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children \\| journal \\= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \\| issue \\= 10 \\| pages \\= CD001801 \\| date \\= October 2010 \\| pmid \\= 20927726 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/14651858\\.CD001801\\.pub3 \\| s2cid \\= 43568574 }} In addition, breast milk has been proven to decrease the incidence of otitis media in infants with clefts.", "### Feeding", "There are different options on how to feed a baby with cleft lip or cleft palate which include: [breast\\-feeding](/wiki/Breastfeeding \"Breastfeeding\"), bottle feeding, spoon feeding and syringe feeding. Although breast\\-feeding is challenging, it improves weight\\-gain compared to spoon\\-feeding.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://abm.memberclicks.net/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/17\\-cleft\\-lip\\-cleft\\-palate\\-protocol\\-english.pdf\\|title\\='ABM clinical protocol \\#18: guidelines for breastfeeding infants with cleft lip, cleft palate, or cleft lip and palate, revised 2013\\.', Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine\\|vauthors\\=Reilly S, Reid J, Skeat J, Cahir P, Mei C, Bunik M\\|date\\=2013}} Nasal regurgitation is common due to the open space between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. Bottle feeding can help (with squeezable bottles being easier to use than rigid bottles). In addition, maxillary plates can be added to aid in feeding. Whatever feeding method is established, it is important to keep the baby's weight gain and hydration monitored. Infants with cleft lip or palate may require supplemental feeds for adequate growth and nutrition. Breast feeding position as suggested by specialists can also improve success rate.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Matsunaka E, Ueki S, Makimoto K \\| title \\= Impact of breastfeeding or bottle\\-feeding on surgical wound dehiscence after cleft lip repair in infants: a systematic review protocol \\| language \\= en\\-US \\| journal \\= JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports \\| volume \\= 13 \\| issue \\= 10 \\| pages \\= 3–11 \\| date \\= October 2015 \\| pmid \\= 26571277 \\| doi \\= 10\\.11124/jbisrir\\-2015\\-2336 \\| s2cid \\= 45396841 }}", "#### Breast\\-feeding", "Babies with cleft lip are more likely to breastfeed successfully than those with cleft palate and cleft lip and palate. Larger clefts of the soft or hard palate may not be able to generate suction as the oral cavity cannot be separated from the nasal cavity when feeding which leads to fatigue, prolonged feeding time, impaired growth and nutrition. Changes in swallowing mechanics may result in coughing, choking, gagging and nasal regurgitation. Even after cleft repair, the problem may still persist as significant motor learning of swallowing and sucking was absent for many months before repair.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Bessell A, Hooper L, Shaw WC, Reilly S, Reid J, Glenny AM \\| title \\= Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate \\| journal \\= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \\| volume \\= 2011 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= CD003315 \\| date \\= February 2011 \\| pmid \\= 21328261 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/14651858\\.cd003315 \\| publisher \\= John Wiley \\& Sons, Ltd \\| hdl\\-access \\= free \\| hdl \\= 10072/172084 }} These difficulties in feeding may result in secondary problems such as poor weight gain, excessive energy expenditure during feeding, lengthy feeding times, discomfort during feeding, and stressful feeding interactions between the infant and the mother. A potential source of discomfort for the baby during or after feeding is bloating or frequent \"spit up\" which is due to the excessive air intake through the nose and mouth in the open cleft. Babies with cleft lip and or palate should be evaluated individually taking into account the size and location of the cleft and the mother's previous experience with breastfeeding.", "Another option is feeding breast milk via bottle or syringe. Since babies with clip lip and cleft palate generate less section when breastfeeding, their nutrition, hydration and weight gain may be affected. This may result in the need for supplemental feeds. Modifying the position of holding the baby may increase the effectiveness and efficiency of breastfeeding.", "#### Alternative Feeding Methods", "Preoperative feeding – using a squeezable bottle instead of a rigid bottle can allow a higher volume of food intake and less effort to extract food. Using a syringe is practical, easy to perform and allows greater administered volume of food. It also means there will be weight gain and less time spent feeding.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Duarte GA, Ramos RB, Cardoso MC \\| title \\= Feeding methods for children with cleft lip and/or palate: a systematic review \\| journal \\= Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology \\| volume \\= 82 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 602–609 \\| date \\= September 1, 2016 \\| pmid \\= 26997574 \\| pmc \\= 9444722 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.bjorl.2015\\.10\\.020 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}", "Post\\-operative feeding (isolated lip repair, or lip repair associated or not with [palatoplasty](/wiki/Palatoplasty \"Palatoplasty\")) – post [palatoplasty](/wiki/Palatoplasty \"Palatoplasty\"), some studies believe that inappropriate negative pressure on the suture line may affect results. Babies can be fed by a [nasogastric tube](/wiki/Nasogastric_tube \"Nasogastric tube\") instead. Studies suggest babies required less analgesics and shorter hospital stay with nasogastric feeding post\\-surgery. With bottle\\-feeding, there was higher feeding rejection and pain and required more frequent and prolonged feeding times.", "### Treatment schedule", "Each person's treatment schedule is individualized. The table below shows a common sample treatment schedule. The colored squares indicate the average timeframe in which the indicated procedure occurs. In some cases, this is usually one procedure, for example lip repair. In other cases, it is an ongoing therapy, for example speech therapy. In most cases of cleft lip and palate that involve the alveolar bone, patients will need a treatment plan including the prevention of cavities, orthodontics, alveolar bone grafting, and possibly jaw surgery.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Scalzone A, Flores\\-Mir C, Carozza D, d'Apuzzo F, Grassia V, Perillo L \\| title \\= Secondary alveolar bone grafting using autologous versus alloplastic material in the treatment of cleft lip and palate patients: systematic review and meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= Progress in Orthodontics \\| volume \\= 20 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 6 \\| date \\= February 2019 \\| pmid \\= 30740615 \\| pmc \\= 6369233 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1186/s40510\\-018\\-0252\\-y \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}", "| Age | {{center\\|0m}} | {{center\\|3m}} | {{center\\|6m}} | {{center\\|9m}} | {{center\\|1y}} | {{center\\|2y}} | {{center\\|3y}} | {{center\\|4y}} | {{center\\|5y}} | {{center\\|6y}} | {{center\\|7y}} | {{center\\|8y}} | {{center\\|9y}} | {{center\\|10y}} | {{center\\|11y}} | {{center\\|12y}} | {{center\\|13y}} | {{center\\|14y}} | {{center\\|15y}} | {{center\\|16y}} | {{center\\|17y}} | {{center\\|18y}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Palatal obturator](/wiki/Palatal_obturator \"Palatal obturator\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| Repair cleft lip | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| Repair [soft palate](/wiki/Soft_palate \"Soft palate\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| Repair [hard palate](/wiki/Hard_palate \"Hard palate\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Tympanostomy tube](/wiki/Tympanostomy_tube \"Tympanostomy tube\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Speech therapy](/wiki/Speech_therapy \"Speech therapy\")/[pharyngoplasty](/wiki/Augmentation_pharyngoplasty \"Augmentation pharyngoplasty\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Alveolar cleft grafting](/wiki/Alveolar_cleft_grafting \"Alveolar cleft grafting\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Orthodontics](/wiki/Orthodontics \"Orthodontics\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Orthognathic surgery](/wiki/Orthognathic_surgery \"Orthognathic surgery\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |", "", "### Cleft team", "People with CLP present with a multiplicity of problems. Therefore, effective management of CLP involves a wide range of specialists. The current model for delivery of this care is the multidisciplinary cleft team. This is a group of individuals from different specialist backgrounds who work closely together to provide patients with comprehensive care from birth through adolescence. This system of delivery of care enables the individuals within the team to function in an interdisciplinary way, so that all aspects of care for CLP patients can be provided in the best way possible.{{Cite journal\\| vauthors \\= Hodgkinson PD, Brown S, Duncan D, Grant C, McNaughton AM, Thomas P \\|date\\=February 2005\\|journal\\=Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=16\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=1–27\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0965539505001452\\|issn\\=1469\\-5065\\|title\\=Management of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Review Describing the Application of Multidisciplinary Team Working in This Condition Based Upon the Experiences of a Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Centre in the United Kingdom\\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.483\\.9042\\|s2cid\\=36404355 }}", "### Outcomes assessment", "Measuring the outcomes of CLP treatment has been laden with difficulty due to the complexity and longitudinal nature of cleft care, which spans birth through young adulthood. Prior attempts to study the effectiveness of specific interventions or overall treatment protocols have been hindered by a lack of data standards for outcomes assessment in cleft care.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2022}}", "The International Consortium for Health Outcome Measurement (ICHOM) has proposed the Standard Set of Outcome Measures for Cleft Lip and Palate.{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://www.ichom.org/medical\\-conditions/cleft\\-lip\\-palate/ \\| title\\=ICHOM \\| Cleft Lip \\& Palate Standard Set \\| Measuring Outcomes}}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Allori AC, Kelley T, Meara JG, Albert A, Bonanthaya K, Chapman K, Cunningham M, Daskalogiannakis J, de Gier H, Heggie AA, Hernandez C, Jackson O, Jones Y, Kangesu L, Koudstaal MJ, Kuchhal R, Lohmander A, Long RE, Magee L, Monson L, Rose E, Sitzman TJ, Taylor JA, Thorburn G, van Eeden S, Williams C, Wirthlin JO, Wong KW \\| title \\= A Standard Set of Outcome Measures for the Comprehensive Appraisal of Cleft Care \\| journal \\= The Cleft Palate\\-Craniofacial Journal \\| volume \\= 54 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 540–554 \\| date \\= September 2017 \\| pmid \\= 27223626 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1597/15\\-292 \\| s2cid \\= 43371901 }} The ICHOM Standard Set includes measures for many of the important outcome domains in cleft care (hearing, breathing, eating/drinking, speech, oral health, appearance and psychosocial well\\-being). It includes clinician\\-reported, patient\\-reported, and family\\-reported outcome measures.", "" ]
Sea --- ### Cruise ships About two million people visit the U.S. Virgin Islands by cruise ship each year.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/the\-world\-factbook/countries/virgin\-islands/\|title\=CIA World Factbook \- US Virgin Islands\|publisher\=CIA\|access\-date\=2009\-11\-27}} On Saint Thomas, large cruise ships dock at the West Indian Company Dock (WICO), [Havensight](/wiki/Havensight%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Havensight, U.S. Virgin Islands") and the Austin "Babe" Monsanto Marine Facility in Crown Bay (Subbase). Cruise ships can also anchor in the [Charlotte Amalie](/wiki/Charlotte_Amalie%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands") Harbor and tender to Waterfront; mini\-cruise ships can dock at the Waterfront.{{cite web\|url\=http://viport.com/seaports/seaports.html\|title\=Seaport and Marine Facilities\|publisher\=Virgin Islands Port Authority\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-09}} On Saint Croix, cruise ships arrive at the Ann E. Abramson Marine Facility in [Frederiksted](/wiki/Frederiksted%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Frederiksted, United States Virgin Islands"). Mini\-cruise ships can also dock at Gallows Bay near [Christiansted](/wiki/Christiansted%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands"). On Saint John, mini\-cruise ships arrive in [Cruz Bay](/wiki/Cruz_Bay%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Cruz Bay, United States Virgin Islands").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vinow.com/general\_usvi/cruiseship/\|access\-date\=2013\-09\-08\|title\=VInow: Virgin Islands Cruise Ship Guide}} ### Ferries The two main ferry terminals on Saint Thomas are The Edward Wilmoth Blyden IV Marine Terminal in Charlotte Amalie and the Urman Victor Fredericks Marine Terminal in [Red Hook](/wiki/Red_Hook%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Red Hook, United States Virgin Islands"). The ferry terminal for Saint Croix is at The Gallows Bay Dock. On Saint John, passenger ferries enter at The Loredon Lawrence Boynes Sr. Dock while The Theovald Eric Moorehead Dock and Terminal at [Enighed Pond](/wiki/Enighed%2C_Saint_John%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Enighed, Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands").{{clarify\|reason\=The sentence doesn't make sense.\|date\=September 2018}} Water Island has a small dock at Phillips Landing.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vinow.com/general\_usvi/interisland\_ferry/\|access\-date\=2013\-09\-08\|title\=VInow: Virgin Islands Ferry Schedules}} There are many and frequent inter\-island ferries. Cruz Bay, Saint John can be reached from Charlotte Amalie and Red Hook on Saint Thomas. Car barges also run between Cruz Bay and Red Hook. Water Island can be reached from Crown Bay, Saint Thomas. There is a once daily ferry between Charlotte Amalie and Gallows Bay, Saint Croix. International ferries also run between Saint Thomas, Saint John, and the neighboring [British Virgin Islands](/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands "British Virgin Islands"). ### Cargo On Saint Thomas, cargo vessels are served by the Crown Bay Cargo Port. On Saint Croix, cargo vessels are served by The Gallows Bay Dock near Christiansted and the Wilfred "Bomba" Allick Port and Transshipment Center (Containerport) in Krause Lagoon. On Saint John, cargo vessels are served by the Victor William Sewer Marine Facility (The Creek) and the Theovald Eric Moorehead Dock and Terminal. ### Other There are numerous marinas and anchorages in the USVI. Vessels entering the islands must proceed directly to a port of entry for clearance before passengers and crew go ashore.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vinow.com/general\_usvi/more\_info/marinas/index.php\|access\-date\=2013\-09\-08\|title\=VInow: Virgin Islands Marinas \& Anchorage Sites}} Additional ports, marinas, and anchorage sites include: * Saint Thomas + American Yacht Harbor + Benner Bay + [Frenchtown](/wiki/Frenchtown%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Frenchtown, United States Virgin Islands") + Yacht Haven Marina * Saint Croix + The Gordon A. Finch Molasses Pier + Green Cay Marina + Limetree Bay (formerly [Hovensa](/wiki/Hovensa "Hovensa")) * Saint John + [Coral Bay](/wiki/Coral_Bay%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Coral Bay, United States Virgin Islands") + Chocolate Hole
[ "Sea\n---", "### Cruise ships", "About two million people visit the U.S. Virgin Islands by cruise ship each year.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/the\\-world\\-factbook/countries/virgin\\-islands/\\|title\\=CIA World Factbook \\- US Virgin Islands\\|publisher\\=CIA\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-27}}", "On Saint Thomas, large cruise ships dock at the West Indian Company Dock (WICO), [Havensight](/wiki/Havensight%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands \"Havensight, U.S. Virgin Islands\") and the Austin \"Babe\" Monsanto Marine Facility in Crown Bay (Subbase). Cruise ships can also anchor in the [Charlotte Amalie](/wiki/Charlotte_Amalie%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands\") Harbor and tender to Waterfront; mini\\-cruise ships can dock at the Waterfront.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://viport.com/seaports/seaports.html\\|title\\=Seaport and Marine Facilities\\|publisher\\=Virgin Islands Port Authority\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-09}}", "On Saint Croix, cruise ships arrive at the Ann E. Abramson Marine Facility in [Frederiksted](/wiki/Frederiksted%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"Frederiksted, United States Virgin Islands\"). Mini\\-cruise ships can also dock at Gallows Bay near [Christiansted](/wiki/Christiansted%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands\").", "On Saint John, mini\\-cruise ships arrive in [Cruz Bay](/wiki/Cruz_Bay%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"Cruz Bay, United States Virgin Islands\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vinow.com/general\\_usvi/cruiseship/\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-08\\|title\\=VInow: Virgin Islands Cruise Ship Guide}}", "### Ferries", "The two main ferry terminals on Saint Thomas are The Edward Wilmoth Blyden IV Marine Terminal in Charlotte Amalie and the Urman Victor Fredericks Marine Terminal in [Red Hook](/wiki/Red_Hook%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"Red Hook, United States Virgin Islands\").", "The ferry terminal for Saint Croix is at The Gallows Bay Dock.", "On Saint John, passenger ferries enter at The Loredon Lawrence Boynes Sr. Dock while The Theovald Eric Moorehead Dock and Terminal at [Enighed Pond](/wiki/Enighed%2C_Saint_John%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands \"Enighed, Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands\").{{clarify\\|reason\\=The sentence doesn't make sense.\\|date\\=September 2018}}", "Water Island has a small dock at Phillips Landing.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vinow.com/general\\_usvi/interisland\\_ferry/\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-08\\|title\\=VInow: Virgin Islands Ferry Schedules}}", "There are many and frequent inter\\-island ferries. Cruz Bay, Saint John can be reached from Charlotte Amalie and Red Hook on Saint Thomas. Car barges also run between Cruz Bay and Red Hook. Water Island can be reached from Crown Bay, Saint Thomas. There is a once daily ferry between Charlotte Amalie and Gallows Bay, Saint Croix. International ferries also run between Saint Thomas, Saint John, and the neighboring [British Virgin Islands](/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands \"British Virgin Islands\").", "### Cargo", "On Saint Thomas, cargo vessels are served by the Crown Bay Cargo Port.", "On Saint Croix, cargo vessels are served by The Gallows Bay Dock near Christiansted and the Wilfred \"Bomba\" Allick Port and Transshipment Center (Containerport) in Krause Lagoon.", "On Saint John, cargo vessels are served by the Victor William Sewer Marine Facility (The Creek) and the Theovald Eric Moorehead Dock and Terminal.", "### Other", "There are numerous marinas and anchorages in the USVI. Vessels entering the islands must proceed directly to a port of entry for clearance before passengers and crew go ashore.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vinow.com/general\\_usvi/more\\_info/marinas/index.php\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-08\\|title\\=VInow: Virgin Islands Marinas \\& Anchorage Sites}}", "Additional ports, marinas, and anchorage sites include:", "* Saint Thomas\n\t+ American Yacht Harbor\n\t+ Benner Bay\n\t+ [Frenchtown](/wiki/Frenchtown%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"Frenchtown, United States Virgin Islands\")\n\t+ Yacht Haven Marina\n* Saint Croix\n\t+ The Gordon A. Finch Molasses Pier\n\t+ Green Cay Marina\n\t+ Limetree Bay (formerly [Hovensa](/wiki/Hovensa \"Hovensa\"))\n* Saint John\n\t+ [Coral Bay](/wiki/Coral_Bay%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"Coral Bay, United States Virgin Islands\")\n\t+ Chocolate Hole" ]
Director General of the Atlantic Institute ------------------------------------------ Ambassador Vine had started a new position as Director of the State Department’s Bureau of Refugee Programs in 1982 when he was asked by the Paris\-based Atlantic Institute for International Affairs to become its Director General. In 1984, soon after he had resigned from the Foreign Service and taken up the function, the French left\-wing guerilla group Action Directe bombed the Institute’s empty premises which were almost completely demolished by the blast. Although Institute activities resumed at a new location, Vine was later informed by French police that he personally was on the group’s hit list. Georges Besse, head of the Renault car manufacturing company, was gunned down on a Paris street by two members of the group in 1986\. Vine resigned his post, and returned to the United States, spending the last 20 years of his life in active retirement in Millington, and then Chestertown, Maryland. He remained on the Atlantic Institute’s Board of Governors, and was also a member of the Council on Foreign Affairs. He died in 2008 in [Chestertown, Maryland](/wiki/Chestertown%2C_Maryland "Chestertown, Maryland").
[ "Director General of the Atlantic Institute\n------------------------------------------", "Ambassador Vine had started a new position as Director of the State Department’s Bureau of Refugee Programs in 1982 when he was asked by the Paris\\-based Atlantic Institute for International Affairs to become its Director General.", "In 1984, soon after he had resigned from the Foreign Service and taken up the function, the French left\\-wing guerilla group Action Directe bombed the Institute’s empty premises which were almost completely demolished by the blast.", "Although Institute activities resumed at a new location, Vine was later informed by French police that he personally was on the group’s hit list. Georges Besse, head of the Renault car manufacturing company, was gunned down on a Paris street by two members of the group in 1986\\.", "Vine resigned his post, and returned to the United States, spending the last 20 years of his life in active retirement in Millington, and then Chestertown, Maryland.", "He remained on the Atlantic Institute’s Board of Governors, and was also a member of the Council on Foreign Affairs. He died in 2008 in [Chestertown, Maryland](/wiki/Chestertown%2C_Maryland \"Chestertown, Maryland\").", "" ]
For more information about Richard David Vine --------------------------------------------- ### As author/editor Richard D. Vine, Editor, *Soviet\-East European Relations As a Problem for the West*, London, New York, Croom Helm, 1987\. ### Additional biographical information Ambassador [John E. Dolibois](/wiki/John_E._Dolibois "John E. Dolibois"), "The Class of 1945", in *Prelude to Nuremberg. World War II Chronicles*. A Quarterly Publication of the World War II Veterans Committee, Washington D.C. Issue XXXI, Autumn, 2005, pp. 7–16\. Linda Scarbrough, "Washington Bird Watch", in *The Washington Post Potomac*, Washington D.C. April 10, 1977, pp. 12–13, 23–24\. **In the context of the hijackings, hostages and civil war in Jordan in September 1970, one of the major issues during Vine's 1969\-1972 tour of duty in Switzerland** David Raab, *Terror in Black September: The First Eyewitness Account of the Infamous 1970 Hijackings*, New York and Houndmills, UK, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007\. In the context of the Robert Vesco affair, another of the major issues during Vine's 1969\-1972 tour of duty in Switzerland Jim Hougan, *Spooks: The Haunting of America – The Private Use of Secret Agents*, New York, Bantam Books, 1979\. Robert A. Hutchinson, *Vesco*, New York, Avon Books, 1976\. In the context of US/Canada relations Jack Lawrence Granatstein, Robert Bothwell, *Pirouette: Pierre Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy*, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1991\. Jean\-François Lisée, *In the Eye of the Eagle*, Toronto, HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, 1990\. **In the context of Vine's directorship of the Bureau for Refugee Programs** *Refugee Report*, "In Profile: Richard D. Vine, Bureau of Refugee Programs", Volume III, Number 4, January 29, 1982\. *Refugee Report*, "U.S. to Process Cambodian Refugees", Volume III, Number 12, May 21, 1982, p. 4\. **In the context of American foreign policy during the Carter administration** The Rodney Kennedy\-Minott Papers 1967–1990, Folder 12, Richard D. Vine Esquire, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford, California, [Register of the Papers](http://www.oac.cdlib.org) John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, [The online American Presidency Project](http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31305) {{s\-start}} {{s\-gov}} {{succession box\| before\=\[\[Frank E. Loy]]\| title\=\[\[Assistant Secretary of State for Population, Refugees, and Migration\|Director of the Bureau of Refugee Programs]]\| after\=\[\[James N. Purcell, Jr.]]\| years\=January 10, 1982 – September 17, 1982 }} {{s\-dip}} {{succession box\|title\=\[\[United States Ambassador to Switzerland]]\|before\=\[\[Marvin L. Warner]]\|after\=\[\[Faith Whittlesey]]\|years\=1979–1981}} {{s\-end}} {{US Ambassadors to Switzerland}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vine, Robert David}} [Category:1925 births](/wiki/Category:1925_births "1925 births") [Category:2008 deaths](/wiki/Category:2008_deaths "2008 deaths") [Category:Diplomats from New York City](/wiki/Category:Diplomats_from_New_York_City "Diplomats from New York City") [Category:Georgetown University alumni](/wiki/Category:Georgetown_University_alumni "Georgetown University alumni") [Category:United States Army personnel of World War II](/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_of_World_War_II "United States Army personnel of World War II") [Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Switzerland](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Switzerland "Ambassadors of the United States to Switzerland") [Category:United States Foreign Service personnel](/wiki/Category:United_States_Foreign_Service_personnel "United States Foreign Service personnel") [Category:American expatriates in Germany](/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_Germany "American expatriates in Germany") [Category:American expatriates in France](/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_France "American expatriates in France") [Category:American expatriates in Israel](/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_Israel "American expatriates in Israel")
[ "For more information about Richard David Vine\n---------------------------------------------", "### As author/editor", "Richard D. Vine, Editor, *Soviet\\-East European Relations As a Problem for the West*, London, New York, Croom Helm, 1987\\.", "### Additional biographical information", "Ambassador [John E. Dolibois](/wiki/John_E._Dolibois \"John E. Dolibois\"), \"The Class of 1945\", in *Prelude to Nuremberg. World War II Chronicles*. A Quarterly Publication of the World War II Veterans Committee, Washington D.C. Issue XXXI, Autumn, 2005, pp. 7–16\\.", "Linda Scarbrough, \"Washington Bird Watch\", in *The Washington Post Potomac*, Washington D.C. April 10, 1977, pp. 12–13, 23–24\\.", "**In the context of the hijackings, hostages and civil war in Jordan in September 1970, one of the major issues during Vine's 1969\\-1972 tour of duty in Switzerland**", "David Raab, *Terror in Black September: The First Eyewitness Account of the Infamous 1970 Hijackings*, New York and Houndmills, UK, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007\\.", "In the context of the Robert Vesco affair, another of the major issues during Vine's 1969\\-1972 tour of duty in Switzerland\nJim Hougan, *Spooks: The Haunting of America – The Private Use of Secret Agents*, New York, Bantam Books, 1979\\.\nRobert A. Hutchinson, *Vesco*, New York, Avon Books, 1976\\.", "In the context of US/Canada relations\nJack Lawrence Granatstein, Robert Bothwell, *Pirouette: Pierre Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy*, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1991\\.", "Jean\\-François Lisée, *In the Eye of the Eagle*, Toronto, HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, 1990\\.", "**In the context of Vine's directorship of the Bureau for Refugee Programs**", "*Refugee Report*, \"In Profile: Richard D. Vine, Bureau of Refugee Programs\", Volume III, Number 4, January 29, 1982\\.", "*Refugee Report*, \"U.S. to Process Cambodian Refugees\", Volume III, Number 12, May 21, 1982, p. 4\\.", "**In the context of American foreign policy during the Carter administration**", "The Rodney Kennedy\\-Minott Papers 1967–1990, Folder 12, Richard D. Vine Esquire, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford, California, [Register of the Papers](http://www.oac.cdlib.org)", "John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, [The online American Presidency Project](http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31305)", "{{s\\-start}}\n{{s\\-gov}}\n{{succession box\\|\n before\\=\\[\\[Frank E. Loy]]\\|\n title\\=\\[\\[Assistant Secretary of State for Population, Refugees, and Migration\\|Director of the Bureau of Refugee Programs]]\\|\n after\\=\\[\\[James N. Purcell, Jr.]]\\|\n years\\=January 10, 1982 – September 17, 1982\n}}\n{{s\\-dip}}\n{{succession box\\|title\\=\\[\\[United States Ambassador to Switzerland]]\\|before\\=\\[\\[Marvin L. Warner]]\\|after\\=\\[\\[Faith Whittlesey]]\\|years\\=1979–1981}}\n{{s\\-end}}\n{{US Ambassadors to Switzerland}}\n{{Authority control}}", "{{DEFAULTSORT:Vine, Robert David}}\n[Category:1925 births](/wiki/Category:1925_births \"1925 births\")\n[Category:2008 deaths](/wiki/Category:2008_deaths \"2008 deaths\")\n[Category:Diplomats from New York City](/wiki/Category:Diplomats_from_New_York_City \"Diplomats from New York City\")\n[Category:Georgetown University alumni](/wiki/Category:Georgetown_University_alumni \"Georgetown University alumni\")\n[Category:United States Army personnel of World War II](/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_of_World_War_II \"United States Army personnel of World War II\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Switzerland](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Switzerland \"Ambassadors of the United States to Switzerland\")\n[Category:United States Foreign Service personnel](/wiki/Category:United_States_Foreign_Service_personnel \"United States Foreign Service personnel\")\n[Category:American expatriates in Germany](/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_Germany \"American expatriates in Germany\")\n[Category:American expatriates in France](/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_France \"American expatriates in France\")\n[Category:American expatriates in Israel](/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_Israel \"American expatriates in Israel\")", "" ]
Third generation (1965–1970\) ----------------------------- {{Infobox automobile \| name \= Third generation \| image \= 1965 Cadillac.jpg \| caption \= 1965 Cadillac Sedan de Ville \| model\_years \= 1965–1970 \| assembly \= \[\[Detroit Assembly]], \[\[Detroit, Michigan]], U.S. \| layout \= \[\[FR layout]] \| platform \= \[\[GM C platform (RWD)\|C\-body]] \| engine \= {{convert\|429\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} \[\[Cadillac V8 engine\#429\|OHV]] \[\[V8 engine\|V8]] {{convert\|472\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} \[\[Cadillac V8 engine\#472\|OHV]] \[\[V8 engine\|V8]] \| transmission \= 3\-speed \[\[Turbo\-Hydramatic\#Super Turbine 400 / THM400 / 3L80 / 3L80HD\|TH\-400]], \[\[automatic transmission\|automatic]] \| wheelbase \= {{convert\|129\.5\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cadillac/1965\_Cadillac/1965\_Cadillac\_Brochure\_1/1965%20Cadillac\-21\.html \|title\=Directory Index: Cadillac/1965\_Cadillac/1965\_Cadillac\_Brochure\_1 \|publisher\=Oldcarbrochures.com \|access\-date\=November 20, 2011 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019011410/http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cadillac/1965\_Cadillac/1965\_Cadillac\_Brochure\_1/1965%20Cadillac\-21\.html \|archive\-date\=October 19, 2013 }} \| length \= 1965–67: {{convert\|224\.0\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} [thumb\|left\|1965 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1965_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville.jpg "1965 Cadillac Coupe Deville.jpg") [thumb\|left\|1965 Cadillac de Ville convertible (interior)](/wiki/File:1965_Cadillac_Deville_convertible_dashboard1.jpg "1965 Cadillac Deville convertible dashboard1.jpg") [thumb\|left\|1966 Cadillac de Ville convertible](/wiki/File:1966_Cadillac_Deville_convertible_right.jpg "1966 Cadillac Deville convertible right.jpg") [left\|thumb\|1967 Cadillac Sedan de Ville](/wiki/File:1967_Cadillac_DeVille_%2816439709295%29.jpg "1967 Cadillac DeVille (16439709295).jpg") [thumb\|left\|1968 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1968_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_fvl1.jpg "1968 Cadillac Coupe Deville fvl1.jpg") [thumb\|left\|1969 Cadillac Sedan de Ville](/wiki/File:1969_Cadillac_Sedan_Deville_fvl.jpg "1969 Cadillac Sedan Deville fvl.jpg") [thumb\|left\|1970 Cadillac DeVille convertible](/wiki/File:1970_Cadillac_DeVille_convertible%2C_front_right%2C_06-16-2024.jpg "1970 Cadillac DeVille convertible, front right, 06-16-2024.jpg") As it had been since De Ville became a separate series, De Ville denoted Cadillac's mainstream model, falling between the [Calais](/wiki/Cadillac_Calais "Cadillac Calais") (which had replaced the [Series 62](/wiki/Cadillac_Series_62 "Cadillac Series 62")) and the [Sixty Special](/wiki/Cadillac_Sixty_Special "Cadillac Sixty Special") and [Eldorado](/wiki/Cadillac_Eldorado "Cadillac Eldorado"). The De Ville was redesigned for 1965 but rode on the same {{convert\|129\.5\|in\|mm\|adj\=on}} wheelbase. Tailfins were canted slightly downward, and sharp, distinct body lines replaced the rounded look. Also new were a straight rear bumper and vertical lamp clusters. The headlight pairs switched from horizontal to vertical, thus permitting a wider grille. Curved frameless side windows appeared, and convertibles acquired tempered glass backlights. New standard features included lamps for luggage, glove and rear passenger compartments and front and rear safety belts. Power was still supplied by the 340 horsepower {{convert\|429\|CID\|cc\|abbr\=on}} V8, which would be replaced by the {{convert\|472\|CID\|cc\|abbr\=on}} for 1968\. Cadillac dropped the X\-frame and used a new perimeter frame.{{cite web\|url\=http://oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cadillac/1965\_Cadillac/1965\_Cadillac\_Brochure\_1/1965%20Cadillac\-20\.html \|title\=Directory Index: Cadillac/1965\_Cadillac/1965\_Cadillac\_Brochure\_1 \|publisher\=Oldcarbrochures.com \|access\-date\=August 18, 2022}} Pillared sedans appeared on the De Ville series for the first time, while six\-window hardtop sedans were dropped. A padded vinyl roof was a $121 extra\-cost option on the hardtop model. All four DeVille models had small "[Tiffany\-like](/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co. "Tiffany & Co.")" script nameplates on the ends of their rear fenders just above the chrome [side molding](/wiki/Side_molding "Side molding"). In 1966, changes included a somewhat coarser mesh for the radiator grille insert, which was now divided by a thick, bright metal horizontal center bar housing rectangular parking lamps at the outer ends. Separate rectangular cornering lamps replaced the integral grille extension designs. There was generally less chrome on all Cadillac models this year. De Ville scripts were still above the rear tip of the horizontal body rub moldings. Cadillac crests and V\-shaped moldings, front and rear, were identifiers. Cadillac "firsts" this season included variable ratio steering and optional front seats with carbon cloth heating pads built into the cushions and seatbacks. Comfort and convenience innovations were headrests, reclining seats and an AM/FM stereo system. Automatic level control was available. Engineering improvements made to the perimeter frame increased ride and handling ease. Newly designed piston and oil rings and a new engine mounting system and patented quiet exhaust were used. The 1967 De Villes were extensively restyled. Prominent styling features were given a powerful frontal appearance with forward\-leaning front end, long, sculptured body lines, and redefined rear fenders that had more than just a hint of tail fins in them. The full\-width, forward\-thrusted "eggcrate" grille was flanked by dual stacked headlights for the third consecutive year. The squarer cornered grille insert had blades that seemed to emphasize its vertical members and it appeared both above the bumper and through a horizontal slot cut into it. Rectangular parking lamps were built into the outer edges of the grille. Rear end styling revisions were highlighted by metal divided tail lamps and a painted lower bumper section. Coupe de Villes got a new roofline, inspired by the Florentine show car created for the 1964 [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") World's Fair, that gave rear seat passengers added privacy. As on that show car, the quarter window glass retracted rearward into a sail panel. Minor trim variations and slightly richer interiors separated De Ville from [Calais](/wiki/Cadillac_Calais "Cadillac Calais"). Tiffany style chrome signature scripts were again found above the body side molding on the rear fenders. New standard DeVille features included non\-glare [rear\-view mirror](/wiki/Rear-view_mirror "Rear-view mirror"), electric clock, Automatic Climate Controls, padded dashboard, Hazard Warning system, outboard seatbelt retractors and rear cigarette lighters in all styles. A slide\-out fuse box and safety front seat back lock for two\-door models were additional Cadillac advances for the 1967 model year. Technical improvements included a revised engine valve train, different carburetor, Mylar printed circuit instrument panel, re\-tuned body mounts, and a new engine fan with clutch for quieter operation. A GM\-designed Energy Absorbing steering column and safety wheel became standard for all models. In 1968, grilles had an insert with finer mesh and step down outer section which held the rectangular parking lights just a little higher than before. Rear end styling was modestly altered with the deck lid having more of a rake. The most obvious change was an {{convert\|8\.5\|in\|adj\=on}} longer hood designed to accommodate recessed windshield wiper\-washers, which now came with three speeds standard. Of 20 exterior paint color combinations, 14 were totally new. On the inside enriched appointments included molded inner door panels with illuminated reflectors and a selection of 147 upholstery combinations, 76 in cloth, 67 in leather and four in vinyl. New standard features included a Light Group, a Mirror Group, a trip odometer and an ignition key warning buzzer. The DeVille also gained a new {{convert\|472\|CID\|cc\|abbr\=on}} [V8](/wiki/V8_engine "V8 engine") engine rated at 375 hp (SAE gross). 1968 was also the last year for the "stacked" dual headlights, which were replaced with side\-by\-side dual headlights in 1969\. This was also the last year for vent windows. Side marker lights in the rear bumper as well as front fender were also added. Side mirror changed from a round to rectangular shape. Also of note front disc brakes were available starting in 1968\. Cars built after January 1, 1968, got front shoulder belts per Federal safety standards. In 1969, DeVille was restyled in the Eldorado image. An Eldorado\-like front fender treatment evolved and helped to emphasize a stronger horizontal design line. Rear quarters were extended to give the car a longer look. There was an all new grille with dual horizontal headlamps positioned in the outboard step down areas of the grille. The hood was again extended, a total of {{convert\|2\.5\|in}} to add the impression of extra length. The roofline was squarer and the rear deck and bumper more sculptured. A new ventilation system eliminated the need for vent windows, which provided a longer sleeker look and improved visibility. New standard features included front and rear (except on convertibles) center seat armrests. The ignition switch was moved from the instrument panel to the steering column, and included a steering wheel and transmission lock, one year ahead of a mandated Federal standard. In 1970, a facelift included a grille with 13 vertical blades set against a delicately cross\-hatched rectangular opening. The bright metal headlamp surrounds were bordered with body color to give it a more refined look. Narrow vertical "vee" tail lights were seen again, but now had additional smaller V\-shaped bottom lenses pointing downward below the bumper. Wheel discs and winged crest fender tip emblems were new. Exterior distinctions came from a De Ville script above the rear end of the belt molding and from the use of long rectangular back up light lenses set into the lower bumper as opposed to the smaller square lens used on the Calais. A new feature was a body color border around the edge of the vinyl top covering, when this option was ordered. The 1970 model year was both the last year that De Ville offered a convertible body style and for pillared sedans until hardtops were permanently dropped in 1977\. A total of 181,719 De Villes were sold for that model year, accounting for 76% of all Cadillacs.{{cn\|date\=June 2024}} {{\-}}
[ "Third generation (1965–1970\\)\n-----------------------------", "{{Infobox automobile\n\\| name \\= Third generation\n\\| image \\= 1965 Cadillac.jpg\n\\| caption \\= 1965 Cadillac Sedan de Ville\n\\| model\\_years \\= 1965–1970\n\\| assembly \\= \\[\\[Detroit Assembly]], \\[\\[Detroit, Michigan]], U.S. \n\\| layout \\= \\[\\[FR layout]]\n\\| platform \\= \\[\\[GM C platform (RWD)\\|C\\-body]]\n\\| engine \\= {{convert\\|429\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} \\[\\[Cadillac V8 engine\\#429\\|OHV]] \\[\\[V8 engine\\|V8]] \n{{convert\\|472\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} \\[\\[Cadillac V8 engine\\#472\\|OHV]] \\[\\[V8 engine\\|V8]]\n\\| transmission \\= 3\\-speed \\[\\[Turbo\\-Hydramatic\\#Super Turbine 400 / THM400 / 3L80 / 3L80HD\\|TH\\-400]], \\[\\[automatic transmission\\|automatic]]\n\\| wheelbase \\= {{convert\\|129\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cadillac/1965\\_Cadillac/1965\\_Cadillac\\_Brochure\\_1/1965%20Cadillac\\-21\\.html \\|title\\=Directory Index: Cadillac/1965\\_Cadillac/1965\\_Cadillac\\_Brochure\\_1 \\|publisher\\=Oldcarbrochures.com \\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019011410/http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cadillac/1965\\_Cadillac/1965\\_Cadillac\\_Brochure\\_1/1965%20Cadillac\\-21\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2013 }}\n\\| length \\= 1965–67: {{convert\\|224\\.0\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|1965 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1965_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville.jpg \"1965 Cadillac Coupe Deville.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1965 Cadillac de Ville convertible (interior)](/wiki/File:1965_Cadillac_Deville_convertible_dashboard1.jpg \"1965 Cadillac Deville convertible dashboard1.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1966 Cadillac de Ville convertible](/wiki/File:1966_Cadillac_Deville_convertible_right.jpg \"1966 Cadillac Deville convertible right.jpg\")\n[left\\|thumb\\|1967 Cadillac Sedan de Ville](/wiki/File:1967_Cadillac_DeVille_%2816439709295%29.jpg \"1967 Cadillac DeVille (16439709295).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1968 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1968_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_fvl1.jpg \"1968 Cadillac Coupe Deville fvl1.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1969 Cadillac Sedan de Ville](/wiki/File:1969_Cadillac_Sedan_Deville_fvl.jpg \"1969 Cadillac Sedan Deville fvl.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1970 Cadillac DeVille convertible](/wiki/File:1970_Cadillac_DeVille_convertible%2C_front_right%2C_06-16-2024.jpg \"1970 Cadillac DeVille convertible, front right, 06-16-2024.jpg\")", "As it had been since De Ville became a separate series, De Ville denoted Cadillac's mainstream model, falling between the [Calais](/wiki/Cadillac_Calais \"Cadillac Calais\") (which had replaced the [Series 62](/wiki/Cadillac_Series_62 \"Cadillac Series 62\")) and the [Sixty Special](/wiki/Cadillac_Sixty_Special \"Cadillac Sixty Special\") and [Eldorado](/wiki/Cadillac_Eldorado \"Cadillac Eldorado\"). The De Ville was redesigned for 1965 but rode on the same {{convert\\|129\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|adj\\=on}} wheelbase. Tailfins were canted slightly downward, and sharp, distinct body lines replaced the rounded look. Also new were a straight rear bumper and vertical lamp clusters. The headlight pairs switched from horizontal to vertical, thus permitting a wider grille. Curved frameless side windows appeared, and convertibles acquired tempered glass backlights. New standard features included lamps for luggage, glove and rear passenger compartments and front and rear safety belts. Power was still supplied by the 340 horsepower {{convert\\|429\\|CID\\|cc\\|abbr\\=on}} V8, which would be replaced by the {{convert\\|472\\|CID\\|cc\\|abbr\\=on}} for 1968\\. Cadillac dropped the X\\-frame and used a new perimeter frame.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cadillac/1965\\_Cadillac/1965\\_Cadillac\\_Brochure\\_1/1965%20Cadillac\\-20\\.html \\|title\\=Directory Index: Cadillac/1965\\_Cadillac/1965\\_Cadillac\\_Brochure\\_1 \\|publisher\\=Oldcarbrochures.com \\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2022}} Pillared sedans appeared on the De Ville series for the first time, while six\\-window hardtop sedans were dropped. A padded vinyl roof was a $121 extra\\-cost option on the hardtop model. All four DeVille models had small \"[Tiffany\\-like](/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co. \"Tiffany & Co.\")\" script nameplates on the ends of their rear fenders just above the chrome [side molding](/wiki/Side_molding \"Side molding\").", "In 1966, changes included a somewhat coarser mesh for the radiator grille insert, which was now divided by a thick, bright metal horizontal center bar housing rectangular parking lamps at the outer ends. Separate rectangular cornering lamps replaced the integral grille extension designs. There was generally less chrome on all Cadillac models this year. De Ville scripts were still above the rear tip of the horizontal body rub moldings. Cadillac crests and V\\-shaped moldings, front and rear, were identifiers. Cadillac \"firsts\" this season included variable ratio steering and optional front seats with carbon cloth heating pads built into the cushions and seatbacks. Comfort and convenience innovations were headrests, reclining seats and an AM/FM stereo system. Automatic level control was available. Engineering improvements made to the perimeter frame increased ride and handling ease. Newly designed piston and oil rings and a new engine mounting system and patented quiet exhaust were used.", "The 1967 De Villes were extensively restyled. Prominent styling features were given a powerful frontal appearance with forward\\-leaning front end, long, sculptured body lines, and redefined rear fenders that had more than just a hint of tail fins in them. The full\\-width, forward\\-thrusted \"eggcrate\" grille was flanked by dual stacked headlights for the third consecutive year. The squarer cornered grille insert had blades that seemed to emphasize its vertical members and it appeared both above the bumper and through a horizontal slot cut into it. Rectangular parking lamps were built into the outer edges of the grille. Rear end styling revisions were highlighted by metal divided tail lamps and a painted lower bumper section. Coupe de Villes got a new roofline, inspired by the Florentine show car created for the 1964 [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") World's Fair, that gave rear seat passengers added privacy. As on that show car, the quarter window glass retracted rearward into a sail panel. Minor trim variations and slightly richer interiors separated De Ville from [Calais](/wiki/Cadillac_Calais \"Cadillac Calais\"). Tiffany style chrome signature scripts were again found above the body side molding on the rear fenders. New standard DeVille features included non\\-glare [rear\\-view mirror](/wiki/Rear-view_mirror \"Rear-view mirror\"), electric clock, Automatic Climate Controls, padded dashboard, Hazard Warning system, outboard seatbelt retractors and rear cigarette lighters in all styles. A slide\\-out fuse box and safety front seat back lock for two\\-door models were additional Cadillac advances for the 1967 model year. Technical improvements included a revised engine valve train, different carburetor, Mylar printed circuit instrument panel, re\\-tuned body mounts, and a new engine fan with clutch for quieter operation. A GM\\-designed Energy Absorbing steering column and safety wheel became standard for all models.", "In 1968, grilles had an insert with finer mesh and step down outer section which held the rectangular parking lights just a little higher than before. Rear end styling was modestly altered with the deck lid having more of a rake. The most obvious change was an {{convert\\|8\\.5\\|in\\|adj\\=on}} longer hood designed to accommodate recessed windshield wiper\\-washers, which now came with three speeds standard. Of 20 exterior paint color combinations, 14 were totally new. On the inside enriched appointments included molded inner door panels with illuminated reflectors and a selection of 147 upholstery combinations, 76 in cloth, 67 in leather and four in vinyl. New standard features included a Light Group, a Mirror Group, a trip odometer and an ignition key warning buzzer. The DeVille also gained a new {{convert\\|472\\|CID\\|cc\\|abbr\\=on}} [V8](/wiki/V8_engine \"V8 engine\") engine rated at 375 hp (SAE gross). 1968 was also the last year for the \"stacked\" dual headlights, which were replaced with side\\-by\\-side dual headlights in 1969\\. This was also the last year for vent windows. Side marker lights in the rear bumper as well as\nfront fender were also added. Side mirror changed from a round to rectangular shape.\nAlso of note front disc brakes were available starting in 1968\\. Cars built after January 1, 1968, got front shoulder belts per Federal safety standards.", "In 1969, DeVille was restyled in the Eldorado image. An Eldorado\\-like front fender treatment evolved and helped to emphasize a stronger horizontal design line. Rear quarters were extended to give the car a longer look. There was an all new grille with dual horizontal headlamps positioned in the outboard step down areas of the grille. The hood was again extended, a total of {{convert\\|2\\.5\\|in}} to add the impression of extra length. The roofline was squarer and the rear deck and bumper more sculptured. A new ventilation system eliminated the need for vent windows, which provided a longer sleeker look and improved visibility. New standard features included front and rear (except on convertibles) center seat armrests. The ignition switch was moved from the instrument panel to the steering column, and included a steering wheel and transmission lock, one year ahead of a mandated Federal standard.", "In 1970, a facelift included a grille with 13 vertical blades set against a delicately cross\\-hatched rectangular opening. The bright metal headlamp surrounds were bordered with body color to give it a more refined look. Narrow vertical \"vee\" tail lights were seen again, but now had additional smaller V\\-shaped bottom lenses pointing downward below the bumper. Wheel discs and winged crest fender tip emblems were new. Exterior distinctions came from a De Ville script above the rear end of the belt molding and from the use of long rectangular back up light lenses set into the lower bumper as opposed to the smaller square lens used on the Calais. A new feature was a body color border around the edge of the vinyl top covering, when this option was ordered. The 1970 model year was both the last year that De Ville offered a convertible body style and for pillared sedans until hardtops were permanently dropped in 1977\\. A total of 181,719 De Villes were sold for that model year, accounting for 76% of all Cadillacs.{{cn\\|date\\=June 2024}}\n{{\\-}}", "" ]
Fourth generation (1971–1976\) ------------------------------ {{Infobox automobile \| name \= Fourth generation \| image \= 1973 Cadillac Sedan Deville.jpg \| caption \= 1973 Cadillac Sedan de Ville \| model\_years \= 1971–1976 \| assembly \= \[\[Detroit Assembly]], \[\[Detroit, Michigan]], U.S. \[\[Linden Assembly]], \[\[Linden, New Jersey]], U.S. \| layout \= \[\[FR layout]] \| platform \= \[\[GM C platform (RWD)\|C\-body]] \| wheelbase \= {{convert\|130\.0\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} \| body\_style \= 4\-door \[\[hardtop]]{{cite web \|author\=John Barach \|url\=http://www.100megsfree4\.com/cadillac/cad1970/cad71d.htm \|title\=Cadillac history 1971 \|publisher\=100megsfree4\.com \|access\-date\=November 20, 2010 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911104351/http://100megsfree4\.com/cadillac/cad1970/cad71d.htm \|archive\-date\=September 11, 2010 }} 2\-door \[\[hardtop]] 2\-door \[\[coupe]] \| engine \= {{convert\|472\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} \[\[Cadillac V8 engine\#472\|OHV]] \[\[V8 engine\|V8]] [thumb\|left\|1971 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1971_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%2817%29.jpg "1971 Cadillac Coupe Deville (17).jpg") [thumb\|left\|1971 Cadillac Fleetwood El Deora Wagon](/wiki/File:1971_Cadillac_Fleetwood_El_Deora_Wagon_%2834745326926%29.jpg "1971 Cadillac Fleetwood El Deora Wagon (34745326926).jpg") [thumb\|left\|1972 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1972_Cadillac_Coupe_deVille%2C_front_left%2C_07-20-2024.jpg "1972 Cadillac Coupe deVille, front left, 07-20-2024.jpg") [thumb\|left\|1973 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1973_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%281%29.jpg "1973 Cadillac Coupe Deville (1).jpg") [thumb\|left\|1973 Cadillac Coupe de Ville (interior)](/wiki/File:1973_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%2811%29.jpg "1973 Cadillac Coupe Deville (11).jpg") [thumb\|left\|1974 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1974_Cadillac_Coupe_DeVille_red.jpg "1974 Cadillac Coupe DeVille red.jpg") [thumb\|left\|1974 Cadillac Coupe de Ville (rear)](/wiki/File:1974_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_rvl.jpg "1974 Cadillac Coupe Deville rvl.jpg") [thumb\|left\|1975 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1975_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_fvr.jpg "1975 Cadillac Coupe Deville fvr.jpg") [thumb\|left\|1976 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1976_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%289459532865%29.jpg "1976 Cadillac Coupe Deville (9459532865).jpg") As with all GM full\-size lines, the De Ville was completely redesigned for 1971\. The new GM full\-size bodies, at {{convert\|64\.3\|in}} front shoulder room ({{convert\|62\.1\|in\|disp\=sqbr}} on Cadillac) and {{convert\|63\.4\|in}} rear shoulder room ({{convert\|64\.0\|in\|disp\=sqbr}} on Cadillac) set a record for interior width that would not be matched by any car until the full\-size GM rear\-wheel\-drive models of the early to mid\-1990s. Pairs of individually housed squared\-off headlamps were set wider apart. The V\-shaped grille had an eggcrate style insert and was protected by massive vertical guards framing a rectangular license plate indentation. A wide hood with full\-length windsplints, a prominent center crease and hidden windshield wipers was seen. A Cadillac crest decorated the nose and new indicator lamps appeared atop each front fender. Horizontal beltline molding ran from behind the front wheel housing, almost to the rear, stopping where an elliptical bulge in the body came to a point and where thin rectangular side markers were placed above and below the chrome strip. The rear wheel openings were again housed in fender skirts. Tail lamps were of the same type as before but were no longer divided by a chrome bar. Long horizontal back\-up lamps were set in the bumper, on either side of a deeply recessed license plate housing. DeVilles were set apart visually by thin bright metal rocker panel steps and signature script on the front fenders bearing the series name. The bottoms of the rear fenders were decorated with a bright metal beauty panel that was wider than the rocker panel strips and blended into the molding running along the bottom of the fender skirt. The standard engine remained the [472](/wiki/Cadillac_V8_engine%23472 "Cadillac V8 engine#472"), however, in line with GMs edict for all engines to run on unleaded fuel, the compression ratio was lowered from 10:1 to 8\.5:1, reducing the SAE gross horsepower from 375 to 345\. Torque dropped from {{convert\|525\|lb·ft\|N.m\|abbr\=on}} to {{convert\|500\|lb·ft\|N.m\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cadillac/1971\_Cadillac/1971\_Cadillac\_Brochure\_1/1971%20Cadillac\-19\.html \|title\=Directory Index: Cadillac/1971\_Cadillac/1971\_Cadillac\_Brochure\_1 \|publisher\=Oldcarbrochures.com \|access\-date\=August 18, 2022}} Interiors were redesigned, featuring a new curved instrument panel and new seating configurations. A rear "lamp monitor", a fiber\-optic system which monitored the taillamps, turn signals and brake lights, was new and positioned on the shelf behind the rear seat. In November 1971, a showroom\-stock 1971 Coupe de Ville placed third in the annual coast\-to\-coast Cannonball Run, posting the highest average speed of the event, {{convert\|84\.6\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} (excluding stops) and averaging {{convert\|8\.9\|mpgus\|L/100 km mpgimp\|abbr\=on}}. In 1972, a modest frontal revision placed more emphasis on horizontal grille blades. The parking lamps were moved from the bumper to between the square bezeled headlamps, which were now set wider apart. V\-shaped emblems made a return on hood and deck lid. New standard features included a bumper impact system, automatic parking brake release, passenger assist straps and flow through ventilation system. New De Ville signature script was affixed to the sides of the rear roof panels. Sales reached a record 194,811\. New energy absorbing bumpers were seen on all GM cars in 1973 and it brought styling refinements to De Ville. Grilles were widened and had an intricate eggcrate design. Larger vertical rectangles housed the parking lamps between wide spaced headlamps which had square bezels but round lenses. Bumpers ran fully across the front and wrapped around each end. Vertical guards were spaced much further apart at a point outboard of the grille. The rear end had a bumper with a flatter upper section housing an angled license plate recess. Border outline moldings vertically "veed" paralleled the fender edge shape at the rear bodysides. Single horizontally mounted rectangular rear side marker lamps were placed over and under the rear tip of the thin beltline trim. Cadillac script was seen on the front fender sides below the belt molding behind the wheel opening. Inside, "soft\-pillow" door panels with larger, sturdier pull\-straps were new. The rear "lamp monitor" was repositioned from the rear seat shelf to the headliner just above the rear window. An Illuminated vanity mirror was an available option. This was the final year for hardtop Coupe de Villes. Sales set a new record at 216,243\.{{cn\|date\=June 2024}} In 1974, a wide eggcrate grille was used. Dual round headlamps were mounted close together in square bezels. Further outboard were double deck wraparound parking lamps. Shorter vertical grille guards appeared in about the same position as before. Rear fendersides were flatter without the elliptical bulge. The thin beltline molding was positioned lower by several inches. The rear end had vertical bumper ends with integrated side marker lights. New taillamps were positioned horizontally beneath the trunk lid. Both bumpers, especially the rear, protruded further from the body. Unlike the other "C" body GM coupes, the Coupe de Ville was no a longer true hardtop, instead sporting large wide "coach" windows giving a thick center pillar look. They retained their frameless door glass, however. The Sedan de Ville continued as a true hardtop however, and would remain so until the 1977 model. A new curved, two\-tiered instrument panel housed a new quartz controlled digital clock. New standard features included an integral litter container. A Space Saver spare tire was standard when DeVilles were ordered with optional white sidewall steel belted radial tires. 1974 also saw the introduction of the optional "[Air Cushion Restraint System](/wiki/Air_Cushion_Restraint_System "Air Cushion Restraint System")". One of the first production examples of what are now more commonly called airbags, this option provided protection for front seat occupants in the case of a frontal collision. One bag was located in the steering wheel, the other in the dashboard in front of the front seat passenger. The glove box was replaced with a lockable storage compartment under the dashboard. The option was expensive and therefore unpopular with customers and was discontinued after the 1976 model year. Cadillac would not offer airbags again until the 1990 model year. A new option package was a fully padded **Cabriolet** roof treatment. It incorporated a [landau](/wiki/Landau_%28automobile%29 "Landau (automobile)")\-style top with bright metal forward divider strip. Another new option package was the **d'Elegance** package. Similar to the Sixty Special Brougham's package of the same name, it featured [velour](/wiki/Velour "Velour") upholstery, Deluxe padded doors, front seatback storage pockets, deep pile carpeting, floor mats, see\-through standup hood ornament and vinyl tape accent stripes. The "d'Elegance" name remained with the De Ville series as a package through 1984\. For 1997, it became a separate model designation for the sedan. Styling changes for 1975 brought dual rectangular headlamps flanked by rectangular cornering lights wrapped around squared\-off front fenders. A new cross hatched grille also appeared, with Cadillac script on the header. Sedans now featured thin opera windows set within the D\-pillars. New standard equipment included front fender lamp monitors, power door locks, high energy ignition, steel\-belted radial whitewall tires. The 210 hp 500 V8 used exclusively in the Eldorado since 1970, replaced the 472 as the standard engine. Electronic fuel injection became optional in March 1975\. Another option was the Astroroof with sliding sunshade that permitted use as an electrically operated sunroof or a transparent closed skylight. An ordinary painted sunroof panel was also available. Inside, new hinged door pull handles replaced the former door pull straps. In 1976, the grille saw a new and finer crosshatching pattern. Cornering lamps received new horizontal silver trim; taillamp bezels also gained new silver trim. Eight different color accent stripes were available. Vinyl tops were now integral padded Elk grain material. New trims included sporty plaids, plush velours, knits and 11 distinctive genuine leathers. Coupe de Villes had a new vinyl roof whose top molding served as a continuation of the door "belt" molding. A Controlled (limited\-slip) Differential continued as an option for extra traction. An optional illuminated entry and theft deterrence system was optional. The new [Delco Freedom](/wiki/ACDelco "ACDelco") battery, never needed water added.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cadillac/1976\_Cadillac/1976%20Cadillac%20Full%20Line%20Brochure/image3\.html \|title\=1976 Cadillac Full Line Brochure \|access\-date\=May 15, 2017 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509191541/http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cadillac/1976\_Cadillac/1976%20Cadillac%20Full%20Line%20Brochure/image3\.html \|archive\-date\=May 9, 2018 }} New turbine\-vaned and wire wheel covers were offered. A new option locked the doors when the transmission lever was shifted to "Drive". Cadillac also offered Track Master, a computerized skid prevention system that automatically pumped the back brakes in an emergency to shorten stopping distance. New options included a push\-button Weather Band built into the AM/FM stereo signal\-seeking radio, loose pillow style seats for d'Elegance packages, plus power passenger and manual driver seatback recliners for 50/50 front seats. Of the 15 standard and six optional Firemist body colors, 13 were new this year. New standard features included Soft\-Ray [tinted glass](/wiki/Tinted_glass "Tinted glass"), spare tire cover, trunk mat, washer fluid level indicator, and steel belted radial whitewall tires. During 1975\-76, a small number of Coupe de Villes were converted into a [coupe utility](/wiki/Coupe_utility "Coupe utility"), similar to a [Chevrolet El Camino](/wiki/Chevrolet_El_Camino "Chevrolet El Camino"), but much more upscale. Coachbuilding company Traditional Coach Works manufactured 204 of these, called the **Cadillac Mirage**, to Cadillac's standards, such that one could be ordered through a participating Cadillac dealer.[History of the Cadillac Mirage – facereplace.com](http://www.facereplace.com/mirage/History%20of%20the%20Cadillac%20Mirage.htm) The floor bed could carry flat plywood 4\-foot × 8\-foot sheets with the tailgate closed, while the two\-seat front cabin offered driver and passenger a plush ride. A storage area behind the seats was used for golf\-clubs or small articles of value, out of view. A metal cover with a lock on it was available for the rear bed, just as a trunk would also have.[Cadillac Mirage video review – The Drive](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_kJlN_Sm0o){{cite web \|title\=Cadillac didn't build station wagons in 1976, but someone did \|url\=https://journal.classiccars.com/2019/11/04/cadillac\-didnt\-build\-station\-wagons\-in\-1976\-but\-someone\-did/ \|website\=The Classic Cars Journal.com \|date\=November 4, 2019 \|publisher\=The Collector Car Network, Inc \|access\-date\=March 11, 2022}}{{cite web \|title\=1970 Cadillac Fleetwood Wagon Is a Rare Bird, Packs Numbers\-Matching V8 \|url\=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/1970\-cadillac\-fleetwood\-wagon\-is\-a\-rare\-bird\-packs\-numbers\-matching\-v8\-169041\.html\# \|website\=Autoevolution \|date\=September 9, 2021 \|publisher\=SoftNews Net SRL. \|access\-date\=March 11, 2022}} {{clear}}
[ "Fourth generation (1971–1976\\)\n------------------------------", "{{Infobox automobile\n\\| name \\= Fourth generation\n\\| image \\= 1973 Cadillac Sedan Deville.jpg\n\\| caption \\= 1973 Cadillac Sedan de Ville\n\\| model\\_years \\= 1971–1976\n\\| assembly \\= \\[\\[Detroit Assembly]], \\[\\[Detroit, Michigan]], U.S. \n\\[\\[Linden Assembly]], \\[\\[Linden, New Jersey]], U.S.\n\\| layout \\= \\[\\[FR layout]]\n\\| platform \\= \\[\\[GM C platform (RWD)\\|C\\-body]]\n\\| wheelbase \\= {{convert\\|130\\.0\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| body\\_style \\= 4\\-door \\[\\[hardtop]]{{cite web \\|author\\=John Barach \\|url\\=http://www.100megsfree4\\.com/cadillac/cad1970/cad71d.htm \\|title\\=Cadillac history 1971 \\|publisher\\=100megsfree4\\.com \\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911104351/http://100megsfree4\\.com/cadillac/cad1970/cad71d.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=September 11, 2010 }} \n2\\-door \\[\\[hardtop]] \n2\\-door \\[\\[coupe]]\n\\| engine \\= {{convert\\|472\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} \\[\\[Cadillac V8 engine\\#472\\|OHV]] \\[\\[V8 engine\\|V8]]", "[thumb\\|left\\|1971 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1971_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%2817%29.jpg \"1971 Cadillac Coupe Deville (17).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1971 Cadillac Fleetwood El Deora Wagon](/wiki/File:1971_Cadillac_Fleetwood_El_Deora_Wagon_%2834745326926%29.jpg \"1971 Cadillac Fleetwood El Deora Wagon (34745326926).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1972 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1972_Cadillac_Coupe_deVille%2C_front_left%2C_07-20-2024.jpg \"1972 Cadillac Coupe deVille, front left, 07-20-2024.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1973 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1973_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%281%29.jpg \"1973 Cadillac Coupe Deville (1).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1973 Cadillac Coupe de Ville (interior)](/wiki/File:1973_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%2811%29.jpg \"1973 Cadillac Coupe Deville (11).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1974 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1974_Cadillac_Coupe_DeVille_red.jpg \"1974 Cadillac Coupe DeVille red.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1974 Cadillac Coupe de Ville (rear)](/wiki/File:1974_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_rvl.jpg \"1974 Cadillac Coupe Deville rvl.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1975 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1975_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_fvr.jpg \"1975 Cadillac Coupe Deville fvr.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1976 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1976_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%289459532865%29.jpg \"1976 Cadillac Coupe Deville (9459532865).jpg\")", "As with all GM full\\-size lines, the De Ville was completely redesigned for 1971\\. The new GM full\\-size bodies, at {{convert\\|64\\.3\\|in}} front shoulder room ({{convert\\|62\\.1\\|in\\|disp\\=sqbr}} on Cadillac) and {{convert\\|63\\.4\\|in}} rear shoulder room ({{convert\\|64\\.0\\|in\\|disp\\=sqbr}} on Cadillac) set a record for interior width that would not be matched by any car until the full\\-size GM rear\\-wheel\\-drive models of the early to mid\\-1990s.", "Pairs of individually housed squared\\-off headlamps were set wider apart. The V\\-shaped grille had an eggcrate style insert and was protected by massive vertical guards framing a rectangular license plate indentation. A wide hood with full\\-length windsplints, a prominent center crease and hidden windshield wipers was seen. A Cadillac crest decorated the nose and new indicator lamps appeared atop each front fender. Horizontal beltline molding ran from behind the front wheel housing, almost to the rear, stopping where an elliptical bulge in the body came to a point and where thin rectangular side markers were placed above and below the chrome strip. The rear wheel openings were again housed in fender skirts. Tail lamps were of the same type as before but were no longer divided by a chrome bar. Long horizontal back\\-up lamps were set in the bumper, on either side of a deeply recessed license plate housing. DeVilles were set apart visually by thin bright metal rocker panel steps and signature script on the front fenders bearing the series name. The bottoms of the rear fenders were decorated with a bright metal beauty panel that was wider than the rocker panel strips and blended into the molding running along the bottom of the fender skirt.", "The standard engine remained the [472](/wiki/Cadillac_V8_engine%23472 \"Cadillac V8 engine#472\"), however, in line with GMs edict for all engines to run on unleaded fuel, the compression ratio was lowered from 10:1 to 8\\.5:1, reducing the SAE gross horsepower from 375 to 345\\. Torque dropped from {{convert\\|525\\|lb·ft\\|N.m\\|abbr\\=on}} to {{convert\\|500\\|lb·ft\\|N.m\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cadillac/1971\\_Cadillac/1971\\_Cadillac\\_Brochure\\_1/1971%20Cadillac\\-19\\.html \\|title\\=Directory Index: Cadillac/1971\\_Cadillac/1971\\_Cadillac\\_Brochure\\_1 \\|publisher\\=Oldcarbrochures.com \\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2022}} Interiors were redesigned, featuring a new curved instrument panel and new seating configurations. A rear \"lamp monitor\", a fiber\\-optic system which monitored the taillamps, turn signals and brake lights, was new and positioned on the shelf behind the rear seat.", "In November 1971, a showroom\\-stock 1971 Coupe de Ville placed third in the annual coast\\-to\\-coast Cannonball Run, posting the highest average speed of the event, {{convert\\|84\\.6\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} (excluding stops) and averaging {{convert\\|8\\.9\\|mpgus\\|L/100 km mpgimp\\|abbr\\=on}}.", "In 1972, a modest frontal revision placed more emphasis on horizontal grille blades. The parking lamps were moved from the bumper to between the square bezeled headlamps, which were now set wider apart. V\\-shaped emblems made a return on hood and deck lid. New standard features included a bumper impact system, automatic parking brake release, passenger assist straps and flow through ventilation system. New De Ville signature script was affixed to the sides of the rear roof panels. Sales reached a record 194,811\\.", "New energy absorbing bumpers were seen on all GM cars in 1973 and it brought styling refinements to De Ville. Grilles were widened and had an intricate eggcrate design. Larger vertical rectangles housed the parking lamps between wide spaced headlamps which had square bezels but round lenses. Bumpers ran fully across the front and wrapped around each end. Vertical guards were spaced much further apart at a point outboard of the grille. The rear end had a bumper with a flatter upper section housing an angled license plate recess. Border outline moldings vertically \"veed\" paralleled the fender edge shape at the rear bodysides. Single horizontally mounted rectangular rear side marker lamps were placed over and under the rear tip of the thin beltline trim. Cadillac script was seen on the front fender sides below the belt molding behind the wheel opening. Inside, \"soft\\-pillow\" door panels with larger, sturdier pull\\-straps were new. The rear \"lamp monitor\" was repositioned from the rear seat shelf to the headliner just above the rear window. An Illuminated vanity mirror was an available option. This was the final year for hardtop Coupe de Villes. Sales set a new record at 216,243\\.{{cn\\|date\\=June 2024}}", "In 1974, a wide eggcrate grille was used. Dual round headlamps were mounted close together in square bezels. Further outboard were double deck wraparound parking lamps. Shorter vertical grille guards appeared in about the same position as before. Rear fendersides were flatter without the elliptical bulge. The thin beltline molding was positioned lower by several inches. The rear end had vertical bumper ends with integrated side marker lights. New taillamps were positioned horizontally beneath the trunk lid. Both bumpers, especially the rear, protruded further from the body. Unlike the other \"C\" body GM coupes, the Coupe de Ville was no a longer true hardtop, instead sporting large wide \"coach\" windows giving a thick center pillar look. They retained their frameless door glass, however. The Sedan de Ville continued as a true hardtop however, and would remain so until the 1977 model. A new curved, two\\-tiered instrument panel housed a new quartz controlled digital clock. New standard features included an integral litter container. A Space Saver spare tire was standard when DeVilles were ordered with optional white sidewall steel belted radial tires.", "1974 also saw the introduction of the optional \"[Air Cushion Restraint System](/wiki/Air_Cushion_Restraint_System \"Air Cushion Restraint System\")\". One of the first production examples of what are now more commonly called airbags, this option provided protection for front seat occupants in the case of a frontal collision. One bag was located in the steering wheel, the other in the dashboard in front of the front seat passenger. The glove box was replaced with a lockable storage compartment under the dashboard. The option was expensive and therefore unpopular with customers and was discontinued after the 1976 model year. Cadillac would not offer airbags again until the 1990 model year.", "A new option package was a fully padded **Cabriolet** roof treatment. It incorporated a [landau](/wiki/Landau_%28automobile%29 \"Landau (automobile)\")\\-style top with bright metal forward divider strip. Another new option package was the **d'Elegance** package. Similar to the Sixty Special Brougham's package of the same name, it featured [velour](/wiki/Velour \"Velour\") upholstery, Deluxe padded doors, front seatback storage pockets, deep pile carpeting, floor mats, see\\-through standup hood ornament and vinyl tape accent stripes. The \"d'Elegance\" name remained with the De Ville series as a package through 1984\\. For 1997, it became a separate model designation for the sedan.", "Styling changes for 1975 brought dual rectangular headlamps flanked by rectangular cornering lights wrapped around squared\\-off front fenders. A new cross hatched grille also appeared, with Cadillac script on the header. Sedans now featured thin opera windows set within the D\\-pillars. New standard equipment included front fender lamp monitors, power door locks, high energy ignition, steel\\-belted radial whitewall tires. The 210 hp 500 V8 used exclusively in the Eldorado since 1970, replaced the 472 as the standard engine. Electronic fuel injection became optional in March 1975\\. Another option was the Astroroof with sliding sunshade that permitted use as an electrically operated sunroof or a transparent closed skylight. An ordinary painted sunroof panel was also available. Inside, new hinged door pull handles replaced the former door pull straps.", "In 1976, the grille saw a new and finer crosshatching pattern. Cornering lamps received new horizontal silver trim; taillamp\nbezels also gained new silver trim. Eight different color accent stripes were available. Vinyl tops were now integral padded Elk grain material. New trims included sporty plaids, plush velours, knits and 11 distinctive genuine leathers. Coupe de Villes had a new vinyl roof whose top molding served as a continuation of the door \"belt\" molding. A Controlled (limited\\-slip) Differential continued as an option for extra traction. An optional illuminated entry and theft deterrence system was optional. The new [Delco Freedom](/wiki/ACDelco \"ACDelco\") battery, never needed water added.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cadillac/1976\\_Cadillac/1976%20Cadillac%20Full%20Line%20Brochure/image3\\.html \\|title\\=1976 Cadillac Full Line Brochure \\|access\\-date\\=May 15, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509191541/http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cadillac/1976\\_Cadillac/1976%20Cadillac%20Full%20Line%20Brochure/image3\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=May 9, 2018 }} New turbine\\-vaned and wire wheel covers were offered. A new option locked the doors when the transmission lever was shifted to \"Drive\". Cadillac also offered Track Master, a computerized skid prevention system that automatically pumped the back brakes in an emergency to shorten stopping distance. New options included a push\\-button Weather Band built into the AM/FM stereo signal\\-seeking radio, loose pillow style seats for d'Elegance packages, plus power passenger and manual driver seatback recliners for 50/50 front seats. Of the 15 standard and six optional Firemist body colors, 13 were new this year. New standard features included Soft\\-Ray [tinted glass](/wiki/Tinted_glass \"Tinted glass\"), spare tire cover, trunk mat, washer fluid level indicator, and steel belted radial whitewall tires.", "During 1975\\-76, a small number of Coupe de Villes were converted into a [coupe utility](/wiki/Coupe_utility \"Coupe utility\"), similar to a [Chevrolet El Camino](/wiki/Chevrolet_El_Camino \"Chevrolet El Camino\"), but much more upscale. Coachbuilding company Traditional Coach Works manufactured 204 of these, called the **Cadillac Mirage**, to Cadillac's standards, such that one could be ordered through a participating Cadillac dealer.[History of the Cadillac Mirage – facereplace.com](http://www.facereplace.com/mirage/History%20of%20the%20Cadillac%20Mirage.htm) The floor bed could carry flat plywood 4\\-foot × 8\\-foot sheets with the tailgate closed, while the two\\-seat front cabin offered driver and passenger a plush ride. A storage area behind the seats was used for golf\\-clubs or small articles of value, out of view. A metal cover with a lock on it was available for the rear bed, just as a trunk would also have.[Cadillac Mirage video review – The Drive](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_kJlN_Sm0o){{cite web \\|title\\=Cadillac didn't build station wagons in 1976, but someone did \\|url\\=https://journal.classiccars.com/2019/11/04/cadillac\\-didnt\\-build\\-station\\-wagons\\-in\\-1976\\-but\\-someone\\-did/ \\|website\\=The Classic Cars Journal.com \\|date\\=November 4, 2019 \\|publisher\\=The Collector Car Network, Inc \\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2022}}{{cite web \\|title\\=1970 Cadillac Fleetwood Wagon Is a Rare Bird, Packs Numbers\\-Matching V8 \\|url\\=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/1970\\-cadillac\\-fleetwood\\-wagon\\-is\\-a\\-rare\\-bird\\-packs\\-numbers\\-matching\\-v8\\-169041\\.html\\# \\|website\\=Autoevolution \\|date\\=September 9, 2021 \\|publisher\\=SoftNews Net SRL. \\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2022}}\n{{clear}}", "" ]
Fifth generation (1977–1984\) ----------------------------- {{Infobox automobile \| name \= Fifth generation \| image \= 1977 Cadillac Coupe Deville (01\).jpg \| caption \= 1977 Cadillac Coupe de Ville \| production \= 1977–1984 \| assembly \= {{ubl \| \[\[Detroit Assembly]], \[\[Detroit]], \[\[Michigan]] (1977–1984\) \| \[\[Linden Assembly]], \[\[Linden, New Jersey]] (1977–1978\) \| \[\[South Gate Assembly]], \[\[South Gate, California]] (1979–1980\) }} \| designer \= \[\[Bill Mitchell (designer)\|Bill Mitchell]] \| body\_style \= 4\-door \[\[Sedan (automobile)\|sedan]] 2\-door \[\[coupe]] \| platform \= \[\[GM C platform (RWD)\|C\-body]] \| related \= \[\[Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham]] \[\[Buick Electra]] \[\[Oldsmobile 98]] \| layout \= \[\[FR layout]] \| engine \= {{ubl \| '''\[\[Petrol engine\|Gasoline]]:''' \| {{convert\|250\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} \[\[Cadillac High Technology engine\#HT\-4100\|''HT\-4100'']] \[\[V8 engine\|V8]] \| {{convert\|252\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} \[\[Buick V6 engine\#LC4\|''LC4'']] \[\[V6]] \| {{convert\|368\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} \[\[Cadillac V8\-6\-4 engine\|''L62'']] V8 \| {{convert\|425\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} \[\[Cadillac V8 engine\#425\|''L33/L35'']] V8 \| '''\[\[Diesel engine\|Diesel]]:''' \| {{convert\|350\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} \[\[Oldsmobile Diesel engine\#LF9\|''LF9'']] V8 }} \| transmission \= 3\-speed \[\[Turbo\-Hydramatic\#Super Turbine 400 / THM400 / 3L80 / 3L80HD\|TH\-400]] \[\[Automatic transmission\|automatic]] 3\-speed \[\[Turbo\-Hydramatic\#THM350\|TH\-350C]] \[\[Automatic transmission\|automatic]] 4\-speed \[\[Turbo\-Hydramatic\#THM200\-4R\|TH\-200\-4R]] \[\[Automatic transmission\|automatic]] \| wheelbase \= 1977–79: {{convert\|121\.5\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} 1980–82: {{convert\|121\.4\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} 1983–84: {{convert\|121\.5\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} \| length \= 1977–79: {{convert\|221\.2\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} [thumb\|left\|1977 Cadillac Sedan de Ville](/wiki/File:Cadillac_1977_Sedan_de_Ville_.jpg "Cadillac 1977 Sedan de Ville .jpg") [thumb\|left\|1978 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1978_Cadillac_Coupe_de_Ville%2C_front_left_%28Cruisin%27_the_River_Lowellville_Car_Show%2C_June_19th%2C_2023%29.jpg "1978 Cadillac Coupe de Ville, front left (Cruisin' the River Lowellville Car Show, June 19th, 2023).jpg") [thumb\|left\|1979 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1979_Cadillac_Coupe_DeVille%2C_front_5.19.19.jpg "1979 Cadillac Coupe DeVille, front 5.19.19.jpg") [thumb\|left\|1979 Cadillac Coupe de Ville (rear)](/wiki/File:1979_Cadillac_Coup%C3%A9_deVille.jpg "1979 Cadillac Coupé deVille.jpg") [thumb\|left\|1980 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1980_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_fvl2.jpg "1980 Cadillac Coupe Deville fvl2.jpg") [thumb\|left\|1980 Cadillac Sedan de Ville](/wiki/File:1980_Cadillac_Sedan_DeVille_%2814%29.jpg "1980 Cadillac Sedan DeVille (14).jpg") [thumb\|left\|1980 Cadillac Coupe de Ville (interior)](/wiki/File:1980_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_interier1.jpg "1980 Cadillac Coupe Deville interier1.jpg") [left\|thumb\|1981 Cadillac Sedan de Ville rear](/wiki/File:1981_Cadillac_Sedan_Deville_D%27elegance_rvr.jpg "1981 Cadillac Sedan Deville D'elegance rvr.jpg") [thumb\|left\|1982 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1982_Cadillac_Coupe_DeVille_side_view.jpg "1982 Cadillac Coupe DeVille side view.jpg") [thumb\|left\|1983 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1983_Cadillac_Coup%C3%A9_de_Ville.jpg "1983 Cadillac Coupé de Ville.jpg") [thumb\|left\|1984 Cadillac Sedan de Ville](/wiki/File:Cadillac_Sedan_de_Ville_2012-07-15_15-12-36.JPG "Cadillac Sedan de Ville 2012-07-15 15-12-36.JPG") 1977 was Cadillac's 75th anniversary, and saw the introduction of the downsized DeVille coupes and sedans. These new cars featured a higher roofline, resulting in a vehicle that was over {{convert\|9\|in}} shorter, {{convert\|4\|in}} narrower, and 1/2 ton lighter than the previous year, but with a larger trunk and more headroom and legroom. These were also the first DeVilles ever to be marketed without [fender skirts](/wiki/Fender_skirts "Fender skirts") over the rear wheels. The old door pull straps returned for 1977\-80\. The 500 in3 V8 (which produced 190 horsepower) was replaced for 1977 by a 180\-horsepower 425 in3 V8 variant of similar design. The reduction in size and weight was implemented to improve fuel economy and emissions as a result of the United States Federal Government passage of [Corporate Average Fuel Economy](/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy "Corporate Average Fuel Economy") regulations. For 1977, the lineup included the two\-door Coupe de Ville for US$9,654 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\|US\|9654\|1977}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|US}} dollars {{inflation\-fn\|US}}) and four\-door Sedan de Ville for US$9,864 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\|US\|9864\|1977}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|US}} dollars {{inflation\-fn\|US}}). The $650 d'Elegance package, an interior dress\-up option carried over from the previous generation of De Villes, continued for both models. 3\-sided, wrap\-around tail lamps were a 1977 feature only. Coupe de Ville's popular "Cabriolet" option, priced at $348, included a rear\-half padded vinyl roof covering and opera lamps. An optional electronic fuel\-injected version of the standard 7\.0\-liter powerplant, adding {{convert\|15\|hp}}, was available for an additional $647\. Sales figures were 138,750 Coupe de Villes and 95,421 Sedan de Villes for an all\-time sales record of 234,171 De Villes sold. In addition to a redesigned grille and hood ornament, 1978 saw slim, vertical tail lamps inset into chrome bumper end caps with built\-in side marker lamps (Cadillac would retain this "vertical tail lamp inset" design feature on the De Ville through 1984, and again from 1989 through 1999\). New for 1978, a "Phaeton" package was optional for De Ville. Available on both coupe and sedan, the $1,929 Phaeton package featured a simulated convertible\-top, special pin striping, wire wheel discs, and "Phaeton" script in place of the usual "Coupe de Ville" or "Sedan de Ville" script on the rear fenders. Inside were leather upholstered seats and a leather\-wrapped steering wheel matching the exterior color. The package was available in "Cotillion White" (with Dark Blue roof), "Platinum Silver" (with a Black roof), or "Arizona Beige" (with a Dark Brown roof). Coupe de Ville's popular Cabriolet roof package was priced at $369, while the d'Elegance package (for coupe or sedan) was available at $689\. Electronic [fuel injection](/wiki/Fuel_injection "Fuel injection"), which added {{convert\|15\|hp}}, was available at $744\. Electronic level control \- which used suspension\-mounted sensors and air filled rear shocks \- kept the car's height level regardless of passengers and cargo weight, was available for $140\. Sales dropped slightly from 1977 to 117,750 for the $10,444 Coupe de Ville, and 88,951 for Sedan de Ville, priced at $10,668 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\|US\|10668\|1977}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|US}} dollars {{inflation\-fn\|US}}). With bigger changes coming for 1980, the 1979 models received few alterations, which included a new grille design with "Cadillac" script on the header above the grille and a new, lightweight aluminum hood. The "Phaeton" package, now priced at $2,029, was still available in three colors, but with two new replacement colors: "Western Saddle Firemist" (with leather interior in "Antique Saddle") replacing the "Arizona Beige", and "Slate Firemist" (with leather interior in "Antique Gray") replacing "Platinum Silver". The d'Elegance package was back, at $725, which included Venetian velour upholstery (in four colors) with a 50/50 split front seat, overhead assist handles, Tangier carpeting, door pull handles, and "d'Elegance" emblems among other niceties. In addition to the $783 "fuel\-injection" option, there was also the choice of a 350 in3 LF9 diesel V8 (built by [Oldsmobile](/wiki/Oldsmobile "Oldsmobile")) for $849\. Coupe de Ville's cabriolet package, priced at $384, was available in 17 colors. Production rose slightly to 121,890 for Coupe de Ville ($11,728\), and 93,211 for Sedan de Ville ($12,093\). 1980 saw the discontinuation of the 7 liter V8, which had generated power of {{convert\|145\|kW\|\|0\|abbr\=on}} and 0\-60 mph in 10\.9 seconds, with a top speed of {{convert\|187\|km/h\|\|0\|abbr\=on}} {{cite web\|url\=https://www.automobile\-catalog.com/car/1979/186815/cadillac\_sedan\_de\_vlle\_7\_0l\_v\-8\_efi.html\|title \= Detailed specs review of 1979 Cadillac Sedan de Ville 7\.0L V\-8 EFi offered since September 1978 for North America}} with a new *[Malaise era](/wiki/Malaise_era "Malaise era")* 368 CID (6\.0 L) V8\., generating power of {{convert\|112\|kW\|\|0\|abbr\=on}} and 0\-60 mph in 13\.6 seconds, with a top speed of {{convert\|171\|km/h\|\|0\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.automobile\-catalog.com/car/1980/186980/cadillac\_sedan\_de\_vlle\_6\_0l\_v\-8\.html\|title\=Detailed specs review of 1980 Cadillac Sedan de Ville 6\.0L V\-8 offered since October 1979 for North America}} Late in the 1980 model year, V6 power (in the form of a 4\-bbl 252 CID engine manufactured by [Buick](/wiki/Buick "Buick")) was offered as a credit option. Cadillac had not offered an engine with fewer than 8 cylinders since 1914 with the [Cadillac Model 30](/wiki/Cadillac_Model_30 "Cadillac Model 30"). The entire auto industry suffered miserable sales during the 1980 model year; despite new sheetmetal and a multitude of other improvements and refinements, sales of the Coupe de Ville fell to 55,490 (less than half of the 1979 figures) cars, while the Sedan de Ville was down by nearly half with 49,188 cars sold. The 1980 Cadillac Coupe and Sedan de Ville received a major facelift, with a more aerodynamic nose, nearly vertical rear window, new trunk lid and higher, straighter rear fenders capped by wider chrome taillamp bezels. The cars took on a more upright, formal silhouette and appeared heavier and somewhat longer, though in actuality they were slightly shorter than the 1977\-79 models. The Phaeton option was discontinued, but the $1,005 d'Elegance package remained. The Coupe de Ville now wore full, bright side window surround moldings, whereas the sedan had body\-color door frames with a thin chrome bead around the window opening (as used in 1977 \- 1979\). The chromed\-plastic grille held a very diplomatic, [Rolls\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_%28car%29 "Rolls-Royce (car)") inspired design, with thick vertical bars, featuring the 'Cadillac' script on the driver's side grille header. The 1980 grille cast was used again for the 1989 to 1992 [Cadillac Brougham](/wiki/Cadillac_Brougham "Cadillac Brougham"). Unlike the pre\-1980 models, the rear window glass for both coupe and sedan models was now the same, as the coupes did away with the sporty slanted rear window and adopted the formal near vertical look shared with the sedans. Pricing for DeVille was $12,899 for the coupe; $13,282 for the sedan. Oldsmobile's 5\.7\-liter diesel V8 was still an available option at $924, as was the popular Cabriolet roof option for Coupe de Ville at $350\. 1981's biggest news was the introduction of Cadillac's modulated\-displacement 368 in3 V8\-6\-4 engine. Developed by the [Eaton Corporation](/wiki/Eaton_Corporation "Eaton Corporation") \- with design elements that had been tested for over {{convert\|500000\|mi\|km}} \- allowed various engine computers to decide how many cylinders were needed to power the car for optimal fuel economy. The theory was 8 cylinders from a complete stop, 6 cylinders during usual driving, and just four cylinders at cruising speed. The changes in cylinder operation were slight, and most drivers did not detect any difference in operation. However, in some cases, reliability and component failure led to customer complaints. Cadillac defended its micro\-processor controlled powerplant, and even offered special extended warranties to customers. [Hemmings Motor News](/wiki/Hemmings_Motor_News "Hemmings Motor News") has described the operation of this engine in practice \- "Disaster doesn't quite cover the scope of what happened."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/cadillac\-v\-8\-6\-4\|title\=Cadillac V\-8\-6\-4 A variable displacement engine that tried to split the difference between power and economy\|author\=Jeff Koch\|date\=April 2008\|publisher\=Hemmings Motor News\|access\-date\=September 9, 2020}} Also available was [Oldsmobile](/wiki/Oldsmobile "Oldsmobile")'s 5\.7\-liter V\-8 diesel engine. The {{convert\|125\|hp}} [Buick](/wiki/Buick "Buick") V6, teamed with an automatic transmission, returned for 1981 after a short initial offering in the spring of 1980\. Coupe de Ville was priced at $13,450, while Sedan de Ville, priced at $13,847, now had the unique option of an available automatic seat belt system \- the first offered on a GM vehicle. With the automatic shoulder/lap belt system (only for the outboard front seat passengers), the shoulder point was moved from the upper B\-pillar to the upper door glass frame, and the belt reel was moved from the floor onto the door itself, installed in the lower corner. With this, you could theoretically leave the seat belt latched at all times, and simply get in and out of the vehicle without having to unfasten the belt. The $150 option (which would re\-appear as standard equipment on the 1990 \- 1992 Brougham), was available only on V6\-powered Sedan de Villes. The [V6](/wiki/V6 "V6") option itself was a $165 credit over the standard V8 in De Ville. A new grille design was made up of small squares, similar to the pattern from 1979, while the same chromed grille surround from 1980 continued. The egg\-crate 1981 grille cast was used again for the 1987 and 1988 [Cadillac Brougham](/wiki/Cadillac_Brougham "Cadillac Brougham") models. A new Electronic Climate Control panel did away with the slide lever and thumb wheel in favor of a digital display which allowed the driver to set the interior temperature to a single degree \- from 65 to 85 (or "max" settings at 60 and 90 degrees). Option groups included the $1,005 d'Elegance package (available on both models), and the Cabriolet package (for Coupe de Ville) at $363\. Sales were up slightly from 1980: 89,991 sedans versus 62,724 coupes (figures include DeVille and Fleetwood models). Exterior changes for 1982 were minimal, including a new thin vertical bar grille design (which was used through 1986\) with the same grille surround from the past two years, and a new standard wheel cover design. Cadillac introduced a new aluminum\-block 249\-cubic\-inch 4\.1\-liter HT series V8 engine to replace the V8\-6\-4, which was now available only in the Fleetwood limousine through 1984\. This new power plant featured a closed\-loop digital fuel injection system, free\-standing cast\-iron cylinders within a cast\-aluminum block, and was coupled with a 4\-speed automatic\-overdrive transmission. Other engine options included the Buick V6 or Oldsmobile's diesel V8\. Inside, the Electronic Climate Control had an updated fascia that now included an "Outside Temperature" button. Previously, the outside temperature was available through an illuminated thermometer mounted to the driver's outside mirror. With the new front\-drive [compact](/wiki/Compact_car "Compact car") [Cadillac Cimarron](/wiki/Cadillac_Cimarron "Cadillac Cimarron") taking over as Cadillac's entry\-level model, the $15,249 Coupe de Ville was now a step\-up. Sedan de Ville was priced at $15,699\. Sales totals for 1982 included 50,130 coupes and 86,020 sedans (figures include combined De Ville and Fleetwood models). For 1983, slight reworkings under the hood added 10 horsepower (now rated at 135\) to the standard 4\.1\-liter powerplant. Meanwhile, the Buick V6 credit\-option was dropped. There were a few minor exterior changes for 1983\. While the grille design was a carry\-over from the previous year (and would be through 1986\), the Cadillac script moved from the chrome header onto near the bottom of the grille itself. The wide parking lamps below the quad headlamps now had clear frosted lenses (previous years they were amber), with satin gold\-colored winged Cadillac emblems centered on each lens. A very minor change in the rear was the deletion of the chrome tips on both sides of the lower deck lid trim. These little chrome corner pieces, mounted on the filler panels, were prone to pitting as they were made of a different material than the bright aluminum trunk trim and upper license late surround. Coupe de Ville's popular Cabriolet roof package added $415 to its $15,970 sticker price. While both models, including the $16,441 Sedan de Ville, could be ordered with the $1,150 d'Elegance package. Sales figures looked healthy, with a total of 109,004 De Ville and Fleetwood models). Because of a delay in production of the new downsized front\-drive De Villes, their debut was pushed back from 1984 to 1985\. As a result, the 1984 De Villes were essentially a rerun of the 1983 models. 1984 would also be the last time De Ville used the "V" emblem below the Cadillac crest, as all Cadillac models (except Cimarron) from 1985 on, would use the wreath \& crest emblem \- formerly, a Fleetwood exclusive. Minor changes included new body\-color side moldings and a revised exhaust system with a revamped catalytic converter. The diesel V8 was now available at no additional charge. While the optional d'Elegance package remained at $1,150, the Cabriolet option for Coupe de Ville went up to $420\. For 1984, sales figures show a total four\-door production of 107,920 units, and an additional 50,840 two\-door units (figures include de Ville and Fleetwood models). The new front\-drive 1985 Coupe de Ville and Sedan de Ville arrived in Cadillac showrooms during the spring of 1984, about six months earlier than most new\-car introductions, so both the 1984 rear\-drive and totally redesigned 1985 front\-drive models were being produced (at separate assembly plants) and sold simultaneously for nearly half a year. **Size comparison between 1974 and 1977 Cadillac Sedan de Ville** | | 1974 Cadillac Sedan de Ville | 1977 Cadillac Sedan de Ville | | --- | --- | --- | | Wheelbase | {{Convert\|130\.0\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{Convert\|121\.5\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | | Overall Length | {{Convert\|230\.7\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{Convert\|221\.2\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | | Width | {{Convert\|79\.8\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{Convert\|76\.4\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | | Height | {{Convert\|54\.3\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{Convert\|57\.2\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | | Front Headroom | {{Convert\|39\.2\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{Convert\|39\.0\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | | Front Legroom | {{Convert\|41\.9\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{Convert\|42\.0\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | | Front Hip Room | {{Convert\|57\.8\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{Convert\|55\.0\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | | Front Shoulder Room | {{Convert\|62\.1\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{Convert\|59\.4\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | | Rear Headroom | {{Convert\|38\.2\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{Convert\|38\.1\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | | Rear Legroom–ins. | {{Convert\|40\.1\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{Convert\|41\.2\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | | Rear Hip Room | {{Convert\|58\.0\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{Convert\|55\.7\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | | Rear Shoulder Room | {{Convert\|64\.0\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{Convert\|59\.4\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} | | Luggage Capacity | {{Convert\|15\.9\|cuft\|L\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{Convert\|19\.5\|cuft\|L\|0\|abbr\=on}} | **Production Figures: (The source considers the Fleetwood Brougham as an option package for the DeVille, not a separate model)** | \+Cadillac DeVille Production Figures{{Cite book \|last\=Flammang \|first\=James M. \|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43301709 \|title\=Standard catalog of American cars, 1976\-1999 \|date\=1999 \|publisher\=Krause Publications \|others\=Ron Kowalke \|isbn\=0\-87341\-755\-0 \|edition\=3rd \|location\=Iola, WI \|oclc\=43301709}} | | Coupe de Ville | Sedan de Ville | Yearly Total | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **1977** | 138,750 | 123,421 | **262,171** | | **1978** | 117,750 | 125,751 | **243,501** | | **1979** | 121,890 | 135,411 | **257,301** | | **1980** | 57,790 | 78,847 | **136,637** | | **1981** | 62,724 | 86,991 | **149,715** | | **1982** | 50,130 | 86,020 | **136,150** | | **1983** | 65,670 | 109,004 | **174,674** | | **1984** | 50,840 | 107,920 | **158,760** | | Total | 665,544 | 853,365 | 1,518,909 | **Engines:** {{clear}}
[ "Fifth generation (1977–1984\\)\n-----------------------------", "{{Infobox automobile\n\\| name \\= Fifth generation\n\\| image \\= 1977 Cadillac Coupe Deville (01\\).jpg\n\\| caption \\= 1977 Cadillac Coupe de Ville\n\\| production \\= 1977–1984\n\\| assembly \\= {{ubl \\| \\[\\[Detroit Assembly]], \\[\\[Detroit]], \\[\\[Michigan]] (1977–1984\\) \\| \\[\\[Linden Assembly]], \\[\\[Linden, New Jersey]] (1977–1978\\) \\| \\[\\[South Gate Assembly]], \\[\\[South Gate, California]] (1979–1980\\) }}\n\\| designer \\= \\[\\[Bill Mitchell (designer)\\|Bill Mitchell]]\n\\| body\\_style \\= 4\\-door \\[\\[Sedan (automobile)\\|sedan]] \n2\\-door \\[\\[coupe]]\n\\| platform \\= \\[\\[GM C platform (RWD)\\|C\\-body]]\n\\| related \\= \\[\\[Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham]] \n\\[\\[Buick Electra]] \n\\[\\[Oldsmobile 98]]\n\\| layout \\= \\[\\[FR layout]]\n\\| engine \\= {{ubl\n \\| '''\\[\\[Petrol engine\\|Gasoline]]:'''\n \\| {{convert\\|250\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} \\[\\[Cadillac High Technology engine\\#HT\\-4100\\|''HT\\-4100'']] \\[\\[V8 engine\\|V8]]\n \\| {{convert\\|252\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} \\[\\[Buick V6 engine\\#LC4\\|''LC4'']] \\[\\[V6]]\n \\| {{convert\\|368\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} \\[\\[Cadillac V8\\-6\\-4 engine\\|''L62'']] V8\n \\| {{convert\\|425\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} \\[\\[Cadillac V8 engine\\#425\\|''L33/L35'']] V8\n \\| '''\\[\\[Diesel engine\\|Diesel]]:'''\n \\| {{convert\\|350\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} \\[\\[Oldsmobile Diesel engine\\#LF9\\|''LF9'']] V8 }}\n\\| transmission \\= 3\\-speed \\[\\[Turbo\\-Hydramatic\\#Super Turbine 400 / THM400 / 3L80 / 3L80HD\\|TH\\-400]] \\[\\[Automatic transmission\\|automatic]] \n3\\-speed \\[\\[Turbo\\-Hydramatic\\#THM350\\|TH\\-350C]] \\[\\[Automatic transmission\\|automatic]] \n4\\-speed \\[\\[Turbo\\-Hydramatic\\#THM200\\-4R\\|TH\\-200\\-4R]] \\[\\[Automatic transmission\\|automatic]]\n\\| wheelbase \\= 1977–79: {{convert\\|121\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1980–82: {{convert\\|121\\.4\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1983–84: {{convert\\|121\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| length \\= 1977–79: {{convert\\|221\\.2\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|1977 Cadillac Sedan de Ville](/wiki/File:Cadillac_1977_Sedan_de_Ville_.jpg \"Cadillac 1977 Sedan de Ville .jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1978 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1978_Cadillac_Coupe_de_Ville%2C_front_left_%28Cruisin%27_the_River_Lowellville_Car_Show%2C_June_19th%2C_2023%29.jpg \"1978 Cadillac Coupe de Ville, front left (Cruisin' the River Lowellville Car Show, June 19th, 2023).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1979 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1979_Cadillac_Coupe_DeVille%2C_front_5.19.19.jpg \"1979 Cadillac Coupe DeVille, front 5.19.19.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1979 Cadillac Coupe de Ville (rear)](/wiki/File:1979_Cadillac_Coup%C3%A9_deVille.jpg \"1979 Cadillac Coupé deVille.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1980 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1980_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_fvl2.jpg \"1980 Cadillac Coupe Deville fvl2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1980 Cadillac Sedan de Ville](/wiki/File:1980_Cadillac_Sedan_DeVille_%2814%29.jpg \"1980 Cadillac Sedan DeVille (14).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1980 Cadillac Coupe de Ville (interior)](/wiki/File:1980_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_interier1.jpg \"1980 Cadillac Coupe Deville interier1.jpg\")\n[left\\|thumb\\|1981 Cadillac Sedan de Ville rear](/wiki/File:1981_Cadillac_Sedan_Deville_D%27elegance_rvr.jpg \"1981 Cadillac Sedan Deville D'elegance rvr.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1982 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1982_Cadillac_Coupe_DeVille_side_view.jpg \"1982 Cadillac Coupe DeVille side view.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1983 Cadillac Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:1983_Cadillac_Coup%C3%A9_de_Ville.jpg \"1983 Cadillac Coupé de Ville.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1984 Cadillac Sedan de Ville](/wiki/File:Cadillac_Sedan_de_Ville_2012-07-15_15-12-36.JPG \"Cadillac Sedan de Ville 2012-07-15 15-12-36.JPG\")", "1977 was Cadillac's 75th anniversary, and saw the introduction of the downsized DeVille coupes and sedans. These new cars featured a higher roofline, resulting in a vehicle that was over {{convert\\|9\\|in}} shorter, {{convert\\|4\\|in}} narrower, and 1/2 ton lighter than the previous year, but with a larger trunk and more headroom and legroom. These were also the first DeVilles ever to be marketed without [fender skirts](/wiki/Fender_skirts \"Fender skirts\") over the rear wheels. The old door pull straps returned for 1977\\-80\\. The 500 in3 V8 (which produced 190 horsepower) was replaced for 1977 by a 180\\-horsepower 425 in3 V8 variant of similar design. The reduction in size and weight was implemented to improve fuel economy and emissions as a result of the United States Federal Government passage of [Corporate Average Fuel Economy](/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy \"Corporate Average Fuel Economy\") regulations.", "For 1977, the lineup included the two\\-door Coupe de Ville for US$9,654 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|US\\|9654\\|1977}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|US}} dollars {{inflation\\-fn\\|US}}) and four\\-door Sedan de Ville for US$9,864 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|US\\|9864\\|1977}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|US}} dollars {{inflation\\-fn\\|US}}). The $650 d'Elegance package, an interior dress\\-up option carried over from the previous generation of De Villes, continued for both models. 3\\-sided, wrap\\-around tail lamps were a 1977 feature only. Coupe de Ville's popular \"Cabriolet\" option, priced at $348, included a rear\\-half padded vinyl roof covering and opera lamps. An optional electronic fuel\\-injected version of the standard 7\\.0\\-liter powerplant, adding {{convert\\|15\\|hp}}, was available for an additional $647\\. Sales figures were 138,750 Coupe de Villes and 95,421 Sedan de Villes for an all\\-time sales record of 234,171 De Villes sold.", "In addition to a redesigned grille and hood ornament, 1978 saw slim, vertical tail lamps inset into chrome bumper end caps with built\\-in side marker lamps (Cadillac would retain this \"vertical tail lamp inset\" design feature on the De Ville through 1984, and again from 1989 through 1999\\). New for 1978, a \"Phaeton\" package was optional for De Ville. Available on both coupe and sedan, the $1,929 Phaeton package featured a simulated convertible\\-top, special pin striping, wire wheel discs, and \"Phaeton\" script in place of the usual \"Coupe de Ville\" or \"Sedan de Ville\" script on the rear fenders. Inside were leather upholstered seats and a leather\\-wrapped steering wheel matching the exterior color. The package was available in \"Cotillion White\" (with Dark Blue roof), \"Platinum Silver\" (with a Black roof), or \"Arizona Beige\" (with a Dark Brown roof). Coupe de Ville's popular Cabriolet roof package was priced at $369, while the d'Elegance package (for coupe or sedan) was available at $689\\. Electronic [fuel injection](/wiki/Fuel_injection \"Fuel injection\"), which added {{convert\\|15\\|hp}}, was available at $744\\. Electronic level control \\- which used suspension\\-mounted sensors and air filled rear shocks \\- kept the car's height level regardless of passengers and cargo weight, was available for $140\\. Sales dropped slightly from 1977 to 117,750 for the $10,444 Coupe de Ville, and 88,951 for Sedan de Ville, priced at $10,668 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|US\\|10668\\|1977}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|US}} dollars {{inflation\\-fn\\|US}}).", "With bigger changes coming for 1980, the 1979 models received few alterations, which included a new grille design with \"Cadillac\" script on the header above the grille and a new, lightweight aluminum hood. The \"Phaeton\" package, now priced at $2,029, was still available in three colors, but with two new replacement colors: \"Western Saddle Firemist\" (with leather interior in \"Antique Saddle\") replacing the \"Arizona Beige\", and \"Slate Firemist\" (with leather interior in \"Antique Gray\") replacing \"Platinum Silver\". The d'Elegance package was back, at $725, which included Venetian velour upholstery (in four colors) with a 50/50 split front seat, overhead assist handles, Tangier carpeting, door pull handles, and \"d'Elegance\" emblems among other niceties. In addition to the $783 \"fuel\\-injection\" option, there was also the choice of a 350 in3 LF9 diesel V8 (built by [Oldsmobile](/wiki/Oldsmobile \"Oldsmobile\")) for $849\\. Coupe de Ville's cabriolet package, priced at $384, was available in 17 colors. Production rose slightly to 121,890 for Coupe de Ville ($11,728\\), and 93,211 for Sedan de Ville ($12,093\\).", "1980 saw the discontinuation of the 7 liter V8, which had generated power of {{convert\\|145\\|kW\\|\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} and 0\\-60 mph in 10\\.9 seconds, with a top speed of {{convert\\|187\\|km/h\\|\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} {{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.automobile\\-catalog.com/car/1979/186815/cadillac\\_sedan\\_de\\_vlle\\_7\\_0l\\_v\\-8\\_efi.html\\|title \\= Detailed specs review of 1979 Cadillac Sedan de Ville 7\\.0L V\\-8 EFi offered since September 1978 for North America}} with a new *[Malaise era](/wiki/Malaise_era \"Malaise era\")* 368 CID (6\\.0 L) V8\\., generating power of {{convert\\|112\\|kW\\|\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} and 0\\-60 mph in 13\\.6 seconds, with a top speed of {{convert\\|171\\|km/h\\|\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.automobile\\-catalog.com/car/1980/186980/cadillac\\_sedan\\_de\\_vlle\\_6\\_0l\\_v\\-8\\.html\\|title\\=Detailed specs review of 1980 Cadillac Sedan de Ville 6\\.0L V\\-8 offered since October 1979 for North America}}", "Late in the 1980 model year, V6 power (in the form of a 4\\-bbl 252 CID engine manufactured by [Buick](/wiki/Buick \"Buick\")) was offered as a credit option. Cadillac had not offered an engine with fewer than 8 cylinders since 1914 with the [Cadillac Model 30](/wiki/Cadillac_Model_30 \"Cadillac Model 30\").", "The entire auto industry suffered miserable sales during the 1980 model year; despite new sheetmetal and a multitude of other improvements and refinements, sales of the Coupe de Ville fell to 55,490 (less than half of the 1979 figures) cars, while the Sedan de Ville was down by nearly half with 49,188 cars sold.", "The 1980 Cadillac Coupe and Sedan de Ville received a major facelift, with a more aerodynamic nose, nearly vertical rear window, new trunk lid and higher, straighter rear fenders capped by wider chrome taillamp bezels. The cars took on a more upright, formal silhouette and appeared heavier and somewhat longer, though in actuality they were slightly shorter than the 1977\\-79 models.\nThe Phaeton option was discontinued, but the $1,005 d'Elegance package remained. The Coupe de Ville now wore full, bright side window surround moldings, whereas the sedan had body\\-color door frames with a thin chrome bead around the window opening (as used in 1977 \\- 1979\\). The chromed\\-plastic grille held a very diplomatic, [Rolls\\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_%28car%29 \"Rolls-Royce (car)\") inspired design, with thick vertical bars, featuring the 'Cadillac' script on the driver's side grille header. The 1980 grille cast was used again for the 1989 to 1992 [Cadillac Brougham](/wiki/Cadillac_Brougham \"Cadillac Brougham\"). Unlike the pre\\-1980 models, the rear window glass for both coupe and sedan models was now the same, as the coupes did away with the sporty slanted rear window and adopted the formal near vertical look shared with the sedans. Pricing for DeVille was $12,899 for the coupe; $13,282 for the sedan. \nOldsmobile's 5\\.7\\-liter diesel V8 was still an available option at $924, as was the popular Cabriolet roof option for Coupe de Ville at $350\\.", "1981's biggest news was the introduction of Cadillac's modulated\\-displacement 368 in3 V8\\-6\\-4 engine. Developed by the [Eaton Corporation](/wiki/Eaton_Corporation \"Eaton Corporation\") \\- with design elements that had been tested for over {{convert\\|500000\\|mi\\|km}} \\- allowed various engine computers to decide how many cylinders were needed to power the car for optimal fuel economy. The theory was 8 cylinders from a complete stop, 6 cylinders during usual driving, and just four cylinders at cruising speed. The changes in cylinder operation were slight, and most drivers did not detect any difference in operation. However, in some cases, reliability and component failure led to customer complaints. Cadillac defended its micro\\-processor controlled powerplant, and even offered special extended warranties to customers. [Hemmings Motor News](/wiki/Hemmings_Motor_News \"Hemmings Motor News\") has described the operation of this engine in practice \\- \"Disaster doesn't quite cover the scope of what happened.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/cadillac\\-v\\-8\\-6\\-4\\|title\\=Cadillac V\\-8\\-6\\-4 A variable displacement engine that tried to split the difference between power and economy\\|author\\=Jeff Koch\\|date\\=April 2008\\|publisher\\=Hemmings Motor News\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2020}}", "Also available was [Oldsmobile](/wiki/Oldsmobile \"Oldsmobile\")'s 5\\.7\\-liter V\\-8 diesel engine. The {{convert\\|125\\|hp}} [Buick](/wiki/Buick \"Buick\") V6, teamed with an automatic transmission, returned for 1981 after a short initial offering in the spring of 1980\\. Coupe de Ville was priced at $13,450, while Sedan de Ville, priced at $13,847, now had the unique option of an available automatic seat belt system \\- the first offered on a GM vehicle. With the automatic shoulder/lap belt system (only for the outboard front seat passengers), the shoulder point was moved from the upper B\\-pillar to the upper door glass frame, and the belt reel was moved from the floor onto the door itself, installed in the lower corner. With this, you could theoretically leave the seat belt latched at all times, and simply get in and out of the vehicle without having to unfasten the belt. The $150 option (which would re\\-appear as standard equipment on the 1990 \\- 1992 Brougham), was available only on V6\\-powered Sedan de Villes. The [V6](/wiki/V6 \"V6\") option itself was a $165 credit over the standard V8 in De Ville. A new grille design was made up of small squares, similar to the pattern from 1979, while the same chromed grille surround from 1980 continued. The egg\\-crate 1981 grille cast was used again for the 1987 and 1988 [Cadillac Brougham](/wiki/Cadillac_Brougham \"Cadillac Brougham\") models. A new Electronic Climate Control panel did away with the slide lever and thumb wheel in favor of a digital display which allowed the driver to set the interior temperature to a single degree \\- from 65 to 85 (or \"max\" settings at 60 and 90 degrees). Option groups included the $1,005 d'Elegance package (available on both models), and the Cabriolet package (for Coupe de Ville) at $363\\. Sales were up slightly from 1980: 89,991 sedans versus 62,724 coupes (figures include DeVille and Fleetwood models).", "Exterior changes for 1982 were minimal, including a new thin vertical bar grille design (which was used through 1986\\) with the same grille surround from the past two years, and a new standard wheel cover design. Cadillac introduced a new aluminum\\-block 249\\-cubic\\-inch 4\\.1\\-liter HT series V8 engine to replace the V8\\-6\\-4, which was now available only in the Fleetwood limousine through 1984\\. This new power plant featured a closed\\-loop digital fuel injection system, free\\-standing cast\\-iron cylinders within a cast\\-aluminum block, and was coupled with a 4\\-speed automatic\\-overdrive transmission. Other engine options included the Buick V6 or Oldsmobile's diesel V8\\. Inside, the Electronic Climate Control had an updated fascia that now included an \"Outside Temperature\" button. Previously, the outside temperature was available through an illuminated thermometer mounted to the driver's outside mirror. With the new front\\-drive [compact](/wiki/Compact_car \"Compact car\") [Cadillac Cimarron](/wiki/Cadillac_Cimarron \"Cadillac Cimarron\") taking over as Cadillac's entry\\-level model, the $15,249 Coupe de Ville was now a step\\-up. Sedan de Ville was priced at $15,699\\. Sales totals for 1982 included 50,130 coupes and 86,020 sedans (figures include combined De Ville and Fleetwood models).", "For 1983, slight reworkings under the hood added 10 horsepower (now rated at 135\\) to the standard 4\\.1\\-liter powerplant. Meanwhile, the Buick V6 credit\\-option was dropped. There were a few minor exterior changes for 1983\\. While the grille design was a carry\\-over from the previous year (and would be through 1986\\), the Cadillac script moved from the chrome header onto near the bottom of the grille itself. The wide parking lamps below the quad headlamps now had clear frosted lenses (previous years they were amber), with satin gold\\-colored winged Cadillac emblems centered on each lens. A very minor change in the rear was the deletion of the chrome tips on both sides of the lower deck lid trim. These little chrome corner pieces, mounted on the filler panels, were prone to pitting as they were made of a different material than the bright aluminum trunk trim and upper license late surround. Coupe de Ville's popular Cabriolet roof package added $415 to its $15,970 sticker price. While both models, including the $16,441 Sedan de Ville, could be ordered with the $1,150 d'Elegance package. Sales figures looked healthy, with a total of 109,004 De Ville and Fleetwood models).", "Because of a delay in production of the new downsized front\\-drive De Villes, their debut was pushed back from 1984 to 1985\\. As a result, the 1984 De Villes were essentially a rerun of the 1983 models. 1984 would also be the last time De Ville used the \"V\" emblem below the Cadillac crest, as all Cadillac models (except Cimarron) from 1985 on, would use the wreath \\& crest emblem \\- formerly, a Fleetwood exclusive. Minor changes included new body\\-color side moldings and a revised exhaust system with a revamped catalytic converter. The diesel V8 was now available at no additional charge. While the optional d'Elegance package remained at $1,150, the Cabriolet option for Coupe de Ville went up to $420\\. For 1984, sales figures show a total four\\-door production of 107,920 units, and an additional 50,840 two\\-door units (figures include de Ville and Fleetwood models). The new front\\-drive 1985 Coupe de Ville and Sedan de Ville arrived in Cadillac showrooms during the spring of 1984, about six months earlier than most new\\-car introductions, so both the 1984 rear\\-drive and totally redesigned 1985 front\\-drive models were being produced (at separate assembly plants) and sold simultaneously for nearly half a year.", "**Size comparison between 1974 and 1977 Cadillac Sedan de Ville**", "| | 1974 Cadillac Sedan de Ville | 1977 Cadillac Sedan de Ville |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Wheelbase | {{Convert\\|130\\.0\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{Convert\\|121\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| Overall Length | {{Convert\\|230\\.7\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{Convert\\|221\\.2\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| Width | {{Convert\\|79\\.8\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{Convert\\|76\\.4\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| Height | {{Convert\\|54\\.3\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{Convert\\|57\\.2\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| Front Headroom | {{Convert\\|39\\.2\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{Convert\\|39\\.0\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| Front Legroom | {{Convert\\|41\\.9\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{Convert\\|42\\.0\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| Front Hip Room | {{Convert\\|57\\.8\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{Convert\\|55\\.0\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| Front Shoulder Room | {{Convert\\|62\\.1\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{Convert\\|59\\.4\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| Rear Headroom | {{Convert\\|38\\.2\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{Convert\\|38\\.1\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| Rear Legroom–ins. | {{Convert\\|40\\.1\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{Convert\\|41\\.2\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| Rear Hip Room | {{Convert\\|58\\.0\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{Convert\\|55\\.7\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| Rear Shoulder Room | {{Convert\\|64\\.0\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{Convert\\|59\\.4\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| Luggage Capacity | {{Convert\\|15\\.9\\|cuft\\|L\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{Convert\\|19\\.5\\|cuft\\|L\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |", "**Production Figures: (The source considers the Fleetwood Brougham as an option package for the DeVille, not a separate model)**", "| \\+Cadillac DeVille Production Figures{{Cite book \\|last\\=Flammang \\|first\\=James M. \\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43301709 \\|title\\=Standard catalog of American cars, 1976\\-1999 \\|date\\=1999 \\|publisher\\=Krause Publications \\|others\\=Ron Kowalke \\|isbn\\=0\\-87341\\-755\\-0 \\|edition\\=3rd \\|location\\=Iola, WI \\|oclc\\=43301709}} | | Coupe de Ville | Sedan de Ville | Yearly Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **1977** | 138,750 | 123,421 | **262,171** |\n| **1978** | 117,750 | 125,751 | **243,501** |\n| **1979** | 121,890 | 135,411 | **257,301** |\n| **1980** | 57,790 | 78,847 | **136,637** |\n| **1981** | 62,724 | 86,991 | **149,715** |\n| **1982** | 50,130 | 86,020 | **136,150** |\n| **1983** | 65,670 | 109,004 | **174,674** |\n| **1984** | 50,840 | 107,920 | **158,760** |\n| Total | 665,544 | 853,365 | 1,518,909 |", "", "**Engines:**", "{{clear}}", "" ]
Sixth generation (1985–1993\) ----------------------------- {{see also\|Cadillac Fleetwood\#1985\|l1\=1985–1992 Cadillac Fleetwood}} {{Infobox automobile \| name \= Sixth generation \| image \= 1988 Cadillac Coupe de Ville, front left, 09\-28\-2024\.jpg \| caption \= 1988 Cadillac Coupe de Ville \| model\_years \= 1985–1993 \| assembly \= \[\[Orion Assembly]], \[\[Lake Orion, Michigan]], U.S. \| layout \= \[\[Front\-engine, front\-wheel\-drive layout\#Front\-engine transversely mounted / Front\-wheel drive\|Transverse front\-engine, front\-wheel drive]] \| platform \= \[\[GM C platform (FWD)\|C\-body]] \| related \= \[\[Cadillac Sixty Special]] \[\[Cadillac Fleetwood]] \[\[Buick Electra]] \[\[Buick Park Avenue]] \[\[Oldsmobile 98]] \[\[Cadillac Series 75]] \| body\_style \= 4\-door \[\[sedan (car)\|sedan]] 2\-door \[\[coupe]] \| designer \= \[\[Irv Rybicki]] \| wheelbase \= 1985–88: {{convert\|110\.8\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} 1989–93 2\-doors: {{convert\|110\.8\|in\|abbr\=on}} 1989–93 4\-doors:{{convert\|113\.8\|in\|abbr\=on}} \| engine \= {{ubl \| '''\[\[Petrol engine\|Gasoline]]:''' \| 4\.1 L ''\[\[Cadillac High Technology engine\#HT\-4100\|HT\-4100]]'' \[\[V8 engine\|V8]] \| 4\.5 L ''\[\[Cadillac High Technology engine\#4\.5\|HT\-4500]]'' \[\[V8 engine\|V8]] \| 4\.9 L ''\[\[Cadillac High Technology engine\#L26 4\.9\|HT\-4900]]'' \[\[V8 engine\|V8]] \| '''\[\[Diesel engine\|Diesel]]:''' \| 4\.3 L ''\[\[Oldsmobile Diesel engine\#LS2\|LS2]]'' \[\[V6 engine\|V6]] }} \| transmission \= 4\-speed \[\[GM 4T60 transmission\|TH\-440\-T4]] \[\[automatic transmission\|automatic]] 4\-speed \[\[GM 4T60 transmission\|4T60]] \[\[automatic transmission\|automatic]] 4\-speed \[\[GM 4T60\-E transmission\|4T60E]] \[\[automatic transmission\|automatic]] \| length \= 1985–86: {{convert\|195\.0\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} 1987–88: {{convert\|196\.5\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} 1989 2\-door: {{convert\|202\.3\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} 1989 4\-door: {{convert\|205\.3\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} 1990 2\-door: {{convert\|202\.7\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} 1991–93 2\-door: {{convert\|202\.6\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} 1990–93 4\-door: {{convert\|205\.6\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} \| width \=1985–88: {{convert\|71\.7\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} 1989: {{convert\|72\.5\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} 1990: {{convert\|71\.7\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} 1991–93: {{convert\|73\.4\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} \| height \= 1985–89: {{convert\|55\.0\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} 1990–93 2\-door: {{convert\|54\.9\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} 1990–93 4\-door: {{convert\|55\.2\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} \| weight \= {{convert\|3500\|\-\|3900\|lb\|kg\|abbr\=on}} }} [thumb\|left\|200px\|1985 Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:85_Cadillac_Coupe_de_Ville_%282%29.jpg "85 Cadillac Coupe de Ville (2).jpg") [thumb\|left\|200px\|1986 Sedan de Ville with aftermarket roof and coach lamp](/wiki/File:1986_Cadillac_Sedan_Deville_%281%29.jpg "1986 Cadillac Sedan Deville (1).jpg") [thumb\|left\|200px\|1987 Coupe de Ville with factory "Cabriolet roof"](/wiki/File:85-88_Cadillac_Coupe_de_Ville.jpg "85-88 Cadillac Coupe de Ville.jpg") [thumb\|left\|200px\|1987 Coupe de Ville (interior)](/wiki/File:1987_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%22Spring_Special_Edition%22_%2805%29.jpg "1987 Cadillac Coupe Deville ") [thumb\|left\|200px\|1988 Sedan de Ville](/wiki/File:Cadillac-Sedan-de-Ville.jpg "Cadillac-Sedan-de-Ville.jpg") [thumb\|left\|200px\|1989 Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:89-93_Cadillac_Coupe_de_Ville.jpg "89-93 Cadillac Coupe de Ville.jpg") [thumb\|left\|200px\|1991 Sedan de Ville](/wiki/File:1989-93_Cadillac_DeVille.jpg "1989-93 Cadillac DeVille.jpg") [left\|thumb\|200x200px\|1992 Sedan de Ville (rear)](/wiki/File:1992_Cadillac_Sedan_DeVille_in_Royal_Maroon%2C_Rear_Right%2C_06-17-2022.jpg "1992 Cadillac Sedan DeVille in Royal Maroon, Rear Right, 06-17-2022.jpg") [thumb\|left\|200px\|A 1992 Sedan de Ville Limousine](/wiki/File:1992_Cadillac_Sedan_de_Ville_Limousine.jpg "1992 Cadillac Sedan de Ville Limousine.jpg") The sixth\-generation Deville marked a [sea change](/wiki/Sea_change_%28idiom%29 "Sea change (idiom)") for General Motors and Cadillac. Under the direction of [Irv Rybicki](/wiki/Irvin_Rybicki "Irvin Rybicki"), GM completely redesigned the DeVille, downsizing the model yet again, foregoing its rear drive configuration, and introducing a new front\-drive platform, the [C platform (C\-Body)](/wiki/GM_C_platform_%28FWD%29 "GM C platform (FWD)") — using the first transversely\-mounted V8 engine in series production. The new C\-Body models (along with their [Oldsmobile](/wiki/Oldsmobile_Ninety-Eight%23Eleventh_generation_%281985%E2%80%931990%29 "Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight#Eleventh generation (1985–1990)") and [Buick](/wiki/Buick_Electra%23Sixth_generation_%281985%E2%80%931990%29 "Buick Electra#Sixth generation (1985–1990)") counterparts) were significantly shorter, narrower, lighter and more fuel\-efficient than the platform they replaced and were noted for having nearly the same key interior dimensions as their predecessors and a much more nearly flat passenger compartment floor{{cite web \|title \= PS Drives GMs 85 Luxury Cars \|publisher \= Popular Science, April 1985 \|author \= \[\[Jim Dunne (automotive spy photographer)\|Jim Dunne]] \|date \= April 1984 \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=sQAAAAAAMBAJ\&dq\=buick\+electra\+1985\&pg\=PA96}} — albeit with thinner seats and dramatically less upper tumblehome, locating windshield as well as side glass closer to passengers. Production of the new C\-body commenced December 1983 at the [Orion Assembly](/wiki/Orion_Assembly "Orion Assembly") Plant in [Orion Township, Michigan](/wiki/Orion_Township%2C_Michigan "Orion Township, Michigan"); the redesigned models were introduced on April 5, 1984;{{cite web \| url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct\-xpm\-1985\-06\-21\-8502100121\-story.html \| title\=9\.9% Financing Set on Gm C\-Body Cars \| website\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]] \| date\=21 June 1985 }} and marketing began in early 1984 for the 1985 model year — with the front cover of the 1985 Deville brochure calling the sixth generation, the "Cadillac of Tomorrow". Cadillac's [HT\-4100](/wiki/Cadillac_High_Technology_engine%23HT-4100 "Cadillac High Technology engine#HT-4100") [V8](/wiki/V8_engine "V8 engine") remained the standard engine, mounted transversely and coupled with a [440\-T4](/wiki/GM_4T60_transmission "GM 4T60 transmission") [automatic](/wiki/Automatic_transmission "Automatic transmission"). Oldsmobile's 4\.3L V6 diesel was optional for 1985, but was dropped the following year. Of GM's front\-drive C\-Body models, Cadillac was the only line to offer a V8 engine; the others were equipped with a Buick\-derived 3\.0 or 3\.8 V6 engine, or for 1985 only, Oldsmobile's 4\.3L V6 diesel engine. Later Deville model years would use larger variants of the Cadillac HT V8\. All C\-bodies used four\-wheel independent suspension. The sixth\-generation DeVille was available as a [sedan](/wiki/Sedan_%28car%29 "Sedan (car)") or [coupe](/wiki/Coupe "Coupe"). At introduction, in part due to an extended model year (beginning in April 1984\), sales of the new downsized 1985 DeVille and Fleetwood models reached nearly 200,000 units. After the sixth generation's initial development and launch, GM reconsidered the marketplace and provided an extensive 1989 facelift that added considerable length — and associated weight. **Model year changes:** **1986:** An anti\-lock braking system, developed by Teves, became available. A 2\-position automatic rear\-view mirror utilized two electronic 'eyes' and a small motor to dim when headlights appeared from behind. A factory\-installed cellular telephone joined the option list at an astonishing $2,850\. The standard space\-saver spare tire now sat horizontally in the trunk, doing away with the small covered storage cubby in the spare tire well from last year. The optional aluminum wheels had new flush\-fitting center caps (last year's design featured exposed capped lugs), and bumper rub strips were changed from black to gray. Borrowed from the front\-wheel\-drive Fleetwood line, the narrow lower body side molding from the 1985 DeVille was replaced with a considerably wider one (which extended to the rear fenders only on the Fleetwood), and the trim surround from the rear window gave the formal appearance of a smaller window opening. Inside, a more tailored look was applied to the seat trim. Coupe de Ville's popular cabriolet option, featuring a padded vinyl covering over the rear half of the roof, was priced at $698\. Pricing for the Coupe de Ville was $19,669, with Sedan de Ville at $19,990\. The transverse\-mounted Cadillac 4\.1\-liter V\-8 continued from the previous year, but with 5 more horsepower. The 1986 Cadillac used a 90\-degree overhead valve V\-8 engine with an aluminum block and cast iron heads displacing 249 cu in (4\.1 liters) with a bore \& stroke: 3\.47 x 3\.31 in, compression ratio: 8\.5:1 making {{convert\|135\|hp\|abbr\=on}} at 4,200 rpm and: 200 lbf·ft (270 N·m) of torgue at 2,200 rpm. The engine had five main bearings, and used hydraulic valve lifters. Also introduced in 1986 was the **Deville Touring Sedan** and **Deville Touring Coupe** trim levels, which included a rear deck lid spoiler, body\-color tail lamp bezels, front air dam with fog lamps, rear seat headrests, leather upholstery, and a performance enhancement package among other features. The package was available for $2,880\. In addition, the Touring Coupe featured removable vertical louvers on the trailing edge of the side windows. **1987:** 1987 saw a new front\-end design including revised cornering lamps in front and one\-piece composite headlamps flanked a trapezoid\-shaped grille with a bold egg\-crate texture. Elongated fender caps were in back \- upping the overall length by {{convert\|1\.5\|in}}, but much more dramatic in appearance with new wrap\-around tail lamps. This new 3\-sided tail lamp style was similar to the tail lamp design used on the 1977 DeVille. Unlike the new one\-piece headlamps, the changes to the rear\-end in 1987 had little to do with engineering, but rather, feedback from Cadillac's customer base who felt the 1985\-86 car looked too short. Although the 1987 revamp was still quite similar to the 1986 model (so much in fact that it still used the previous year's deck lid), the design was more in\-tune with the look that traditional Cadillac buyers were used to. Pricing for 1987 included Coupe de Ville at $21,316, and Sedan de Ville at $21,659\. Fleetwood d'Elegance at $26,104, and the new Fleetwood Sixty\-Special was available for $34,850\. The Touring option, priced at $2,880 over DeVille's base cost, also included aluminum wheels mounted on 15\-inch Goodyear Eagle GT tires. At the end of the 1988 model year, Cadillac discontinued the slow\-selling DeVille\-based Touring Coupe and Sedan; the 4\-door variant would return in 1992\. **1988:** To mitigate a nearly $2,000 (\~${{Format price\|{{Inflation\|index\=US\-GDP\|value\=2000\|start\_year\=1988}}}} in {{Inflation/year\|US\-GDP}}) price increase, several previously optional items were made standard, including tilt steering column, telescopic steering wheel, power trunk release, split\-bench front seating, cruise control, and variable delay windshield wipers. Under the hood was a new 155 hp 4\.5 L V8 and heavy\-duty battery. Pricing rose to $23,049 for Coupe de Ville, and $23,404 for Sedan de Ville. Cadillac's main competition in this time frame continued to be Lincoln, which, alongside their successful Town Car, was now fielding an all\-new front\-wheel\-drive Continental (based on the [Ford Taurus](/wiki/Ford_Taurus "Ford Taurus")). The [Continental](/wiki/Lincoln_Continental%23Eighth_generation_%281988%E2%80%931994%29 "Lincoln Continental#Eighth generation (1988–1994)") went into production with a six\-cylinder engine so as to be considered a larger front\-wheel\-drive alternative to the [Acura Legend](/wiki/Acura_Legend%23First_generation_%281986%E2%80%931990%29 "Acura Legend#First generation (1986–1990)") that appeared in 1986, with a front\-wheel\-drive platform and a V6 engine. **1989 Facelift:** For the 1989 model year, Cadillac introduced a significantly revised Deville, restyled under the direction of [Irv Rybicki](/wiki/Irvin_Rybicki "Irvin Rybicki") with a {{convert\|113\.8\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} wheelbase for the Sedan de Ville, increased from {{convert\|110\.8\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} — along with a heavily revised rear roof and backlight; a rear parcel shelf with storage compartment on four\-door models (2\-door models retained a narrow carpeted parcel shelf); dent resistant composite (plastic) front fenders, and larger luggage compartment by {{convert\|2\|cuft\|m3}} over the previous model year. Carried over were the {{Convert\|155\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} 4\.5\-liter engine (introduced for 1988\), dash, and the front doors (on both the coupe and sedan). All Devilles featured a grille, slightly narrower at the top than bottom. The Coupe de Ville and Fleetwood coupe retained the previous year's interior, wheelbase, and doors — all hidden between the new front and rear styling. Previously optional equipment, made standard for 1989, included electrically powered outside mirrors and the AM/FM/cassette player stereo. New options included a driver's side airbag, [Bose](/wiki/Bose_Corporation "Bose Corporation") compact disc player, electrically\-heated windshield, and full reversible carpeted floor mats. **1990:** For 1990, DeVille and Fleetwood lost their telescopic steering column, but retained the tilt feature in exchange for an airbag mounted onto the newly standard leather\-trimmed steering wheel. Engine output was up an additional {{convert\|25\|hp}} from sequential multi\-port fuel injection. 1990 models also received GM's PASS Key theft\-deterrent system which used a coded electronic pellet embedded into the ignition key. Other new features for 1990 included a non\-illuminated vanity mirror on the driver's visor (a passenger side visor mirror had been standard equipment for decades now), door edge guards (previously optional), "clam shell" front center armrest with storage, and manual seat\-back recliners for driver and passenger. In addition to ongoing competition from Lincoln, new competition came from the 1990 debut of [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota")'s [Lexus LS400](/wiki/Lexus_LS400 "Lexus LS400") and the [Infiniti Q45](/wiki/Infiniti_Q45 "Infiniti Q45") from Nissan. The [Acura Legend](/wiki/Acura_Legend "Acura Legend") had also been gaining momentum in the luxury market since its 1986 introduction. **1991:** For this model year, Cadillac introduced a {{Convert\|200\|hp\|kW\|\-1\|abbr\=on}} 4\.9\-liter version of its V8 [HT (High Technology) engine series](/wiki/Cadillac_High_Technology_engine%23L26_4.9 "Cadillac High Technology engine#L26 4.9"), along with revised bumper and body\-side moldings — and a revised grille shape, now slightly narrower at the bottom than top, the inverse of the previous iteration's shape. The revised grille held the Cadillac crest and was now attached to the forward edge of the hood, and lifted up along with the hood when raised. The secondary hood release latch was at the bottom of the grille instead of its previous location above the passenger side headlight. In addition to the new engine and minor front\-end restyling, several previously optional features became standard this year, including the anti\-lock braking system, accent striping, automatic door locks, Twilight Sentinel headlamp control, electrochromic inside rear\-view mirror, and electric rear window and side mirror defogger. New standard features included rear\-seat air conditioning vents, central door unlocking from the driver's door and luggage compartment, sun visors with shaded slide\-out extensions, rear window lock\-out switch, brake / transmission interlock safety switch, and an oil life indicator through the fuel data center. Other new features included the available remote keyless entry system, and the optional illuminated mirrors now featured a slide switch that offered variable intensity lighting. Also for the 1991 model year, Cadillac introduced the *DeVille Touring Sedan* trim level, making 1,500 available beginning in April 1991\.*Orlando Sentinel* \- "Expert Reviews \- 1991 Cadillac DeVille TS" by Richard Truett dated August 8, 1991 The Touring Sedan was offered in 5 monochromatic paint schemes: Carmine Red; Cotillion White; Black; Dark Slate Gray metallic; and Black Sapphire Metallic; and included larger 16 x 6\.5\-inch forged aluminum wheels with a wreath and crest center caps, P215/60R16 Goodyear GA all\-season radial tires; quicker 17:1 steering ratio; and a model\-specific deep tan interior — marketed as *Beechwood,* with leather seating areas and revised seat contouring with integral lumbar support; six\-way power seats and recliners for driver and passenger; as well as genuine American Walnut wood accents on the doors and instrument panel. Further equipment included a grille\-mounted wreath and crest replacing the stand\-up hood ornament; side door moldings with "TOURING SEDAN" lettering; body\-color, breakaway outside rearview mirrors; body\-color door handles; and a cloisonne deck lid lock cover.Detroit Auto Show Press Release from Cadillac Motor Car Division dated January 7, 1991 For 1991–1993, Cadillac offered a "Spring Edition" package for the Sedan de Ville and Coupe de Ville in the U.S. This package included full “Phaeton” cabriolet roof (installed by ASC), body\-color door handles, gold trim package, perforated leather seats, digital instrument cluster, security system and “lace” aluminum wheels. **1992:** For 1992, the Touring Sedan continued as a limited edition option. Besides the special features included in the initial 1,500 models from 1991, it featured on Touring Sedans, like other DeVille models, the "Symphony Sound" stereo with cassette was standard, while the optional [Delco](/wiki/Delco_Electronics "Delco Electronics")/[Bose](/wiki/Bose_Corporation "Bose Corporation") music system was available with cassette or single\-slot CD player. Introduced for 1992, speed\-sensitive suspension and traction control (both standard on Touring Sedan when introduced in '91\) were available at extra cost on DeVille. Approximately 5,300 Touring Sedans were produced for 1992\.Standard Catalog of American Cars 1976\-1999 \- 3rd ed. by Flammang \& Kowalke. Krause publications 1999 **1993:** The previously optional speed\-sensitive suspension, *Computer Command Ride*, became standard equipment, and now included a new speed\-sensitive steering system. Minor trim changes included black\-out trim in the grille (used on the 1992 Touring Sedan), and deletion of the chrome strip from the glass divider on the sedan's rear doors. The 2\-door body style had been declining in sales for several years, and as a result, the 1994 redesign went into production solely as a 4\-door. Production of the coupe ended in July 1993\. {{clear}} **1990\-1993 Coupe de Ville production details:** Declining popularity led to the discontinuation of GM's last full\-size, six passenger two\-door with the 1993 model year. **1990:** Cadillac made 17,507 coupes. The full\-vinyl roof was included in the *Spring Edition* package (with 4,413 built), which also included perforated leather seat inserts. The most popular color was white (5,292 made) and least was medium dark gray (193 made). A]l two\-doors featured white\-wall Michelin tires, and this was the last year for plain wheel covers (2,788 made). 479 two\-doors were exported: Canada (383\), Japan (81\), and Saudi Arabia (15\). The 1990 Coupe de Ville was priced at $26,960\.Flammang, James *Standard Catalog of American Cars 1976–1999 3rd Edition* (Iola, WI: Krause Publications, Inc 1999\) **1991:** Cadillac manufactured 10,057 examples. Of those, 9,799 featured optional leather (in dark maroon, 19 were made, 11 in leather and 2 in velour). The most popular exterior color was white (2,967 made); least was medium dark gray (58 made). 3,397 *Spring Edition* were made. 1,122 featured the optional [Bose](/wiki/Bose_Corporation "Bose Corporation") sound system (752 with cassette, 370 with compact disc). Cadillac produced 164 for export: Canada (126\), Japan (23\), Persian Gulf countries (5\), Puerto Rico and U.S\> Virgin Islands (3\), and Europe (7\). Pricing was $30,205 for Coupe de Ville. **1992:** Cadillac made 6,980 examples; the most popular color was white (1,879 made) and least was *Mary Kay Pink* (1 made) $30,205 (\~${{Format price\|{{Inflation\|index\=US\-GDP\|value\=30205\|start\_year\=1992}}}} in {{Inflation/year\|US\-GDP}}). 2,635 were *Spring Edition* models. 89 examples featured the standard painted\-roof. 144 were manufactured for export, 129 for Canada and 15 for Japan. The base MSRP was $31,740\. **1993:** 4,711 were made, all featuring minor trim changes including black\-out grille trim. Standard equipment included the full\-vinyl roof, with 3,606 made; 1,105 were made with the optional partial vinyl roof ($170\); and no paint\-roof examples were made. The most popular color was white (1,147 made) and the least made color was dark maroon (24 made). The four wheel choices included standard\-design cast aluminum wheels (2,012 cars); optional $235 lace\-design aluminum wheel (1,766 cars), optional $235 locking wire wheel disc (749 cars), and the $1,195 chromed aluminum wheel (184 cars). 18 examples featured the no\-charge blackwall [Michelin](/wiki/Michelin "Michelin") radial tires and 4,693 models featured white\-walls. 3,036 had mono\-tone paint, and others had a lower body accent color: silver,1,130; dark red, 275; medium gray, 177; and beige, 93\. 4,168 had the standard Symphony Sound system, and 543 featured the optional [Bose](/wiki/Bose_Corporation "Bose Corporation") stereo (310 with cassette, 233 with compact disc). Nearly all examples had leather upholstery (most popular: neutral, with 1,236 made), and 239 featured velour interiors (least made: taupe, 24 made). No export models were made, and 523 of the 4,711 included California emission equipment. The base price of the 1993 Coupe de Ville was $33,915\. **Overall sixth\-generation production:** | | Coupe de Ville | Sedan de Ville | Yearly Total | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **1985** | 37,485 | 151,763 | **189,248** | | **1986** | 36,350 | 129,857 | **166,207** | | **1987** | 32,700 | N/A | | | **1988** | 26,420 | N/A | | | **1989** | 4,108 | 122,693 | **126,801** | | **1990** | 2,438 | 131,717 | **134,155** | | **1991** | 12,134 | 135,776 | **147,910** | | **1992** | 8,423 | 133,808 | **142,231** | | **1993** | 4,711 | 125,963 | **130,674** | | Total | 105,649 | 931,577 | 1,037,226 | {{clear}}
[ "Sixth generation (1985–1993\\)\n-----------------------------", "{{see also\\|Cadillac Fleetwood\\#1985\\|l1\\=1985–1992 Cadillac Fleetwood}}\n{{Infobox automobile\n\\| name \\= Sixth generation\n\\| image \\= 1988 Cadillac Coupe de Ville, front left, 09\\-28\\-2024\\.jpg\n\\| caption \\= 1988 Cadillac Coupe de Ville\n\\| model\\_years \\= 1985–1993\n\\| assembly \\= \\[\\[Orion Assembly]], \\[\\[Lake Orion, Michigan]], U.S.\n\\| layout \\= \\[\\[Front\\-engine, front\\-wheel\\-drive layout\\#Front\\-engine transversely mounted / Front\\-wheel drive\\|Transverse front\\-engine, front\\-wheel drive]]\n\\| platform \\= \\[\\[GM C platform (FWD)\\|C\\-body]]\n\\| related \\= \\[\\[Cadillac Sixty Special]] \n\\[\\[Cadillac Fleetwood]] \n\\[\\[Buick Electra]] \n\\[\\[Buick Park Avenue]] \n\\[\\[Oldsmobile 98]] \n\\[\\[Cadillac Series 75]]\n\\| body\\_style \\= 4\\-door \\[\\[sedan (car)\\|sedan]] \n2\\-door \\[\\[coupe]]\n\\| designer \\= \\[\\[Irv Rybicki]]\n\\| wheelbase \\= 1985–88: {{convert\\|110\\.8\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1989–93 2\\-doors: {{convert\\|110\\.8\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1989–93 4\\-doors:{{convert\\|113\\.8\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| engine \\= {{ubl\n \\| '''\\[\\[Petrol engine\\|Gasoline]]:'''\n \\| 4\\.1 L ''\\[\\[Cadillac High Technology engine\\#HT\\-4100\\|HT\\-4100]]'' \\[\\[V8 engine\\|V8]]\n \\| 4\\.5 L ''\\[\\[Cadillac High Technology engine\\#4\\.5\\|HT\\-4500]]'' \\[\\[V8 engine\\|V8]]\n \\| 4\\.9 L ''\\[\\[Cadillac High Technology engine\\#L26 4\\.9\\|HT\\-4900]]'' \\[\\[V8 engine\\|V8]]\n \\| '''\\[\\[Diesel engine\\|Diesel]]:''' \n \\| 4\\.3 L ''\\[\\[Oldsmobile Diesel engine\\#LS2\\|LS2]]'' \\[\\[V6 engine\\|V6]]\n}}\n\\| transmission \\= 4\\-speed \\[\\[GM 4T60 transmission\\|TH\\-440\\-T4]] \\[\\[automatic transmission\\|automatic]] \n4\\-speed \\[\\[GM 4T60 transmission\\|4T60]] \\[\\[automatic transmission\\|automatic]] \n4\\-speed \\[\\[GM 4T60\\-E transmission\\|4T60E]] \\[\\[automatic transmission\\|automatic]]\n\\| length \\= 1985–86: {{convert\\|195\\.0\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1987–88: {{convert\\|196\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1989 2\\-door: {{convert\\|202\\.3\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1989 4\\-door: {{convert\\|205\\.3\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1990 2\\-door: {{convert\\|202\\.7\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1991–93 2\\-door: {{convert\\|202\\.6\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1990–93 4\\-door: {{convert\\|205\\.6\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| width \\=1985–88: {{convert\\|71\\.7\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1989: {{convert\\|72\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1990: {{convert\\|71\\.7\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1991–93: {{convert\\|73\\.4\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| height \\= 1985–89: {{convert\\|55\\.0\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1990–93 2\\-door: {{convert\\|54\\.9\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1990–93 4\\-door: {{convert\\|55\\.2\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| weight \\= {{convert\\|3500\\|\\-\\|3900\\|lb\\|kg\\|abbr\\=on}}\n}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|1985 Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:85_Cadillac_Coupe_de_Ville_%282%29.jpg \"85 Cadillac Coupe de Ville (2).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|1986 Sedan de Ville with aftermarket roof and coach lamp](/wiki/File:1986_Cadillac_Sedan_Deville_%281%29.jpg \"1986 Cadillac Sedan Deville (1).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|1987 Coupe de Ville with factory \"Cabriolet roof\"](/wiki/File:85-88_Cadillac_Coupe_de_Ville.jpg \"85-88 Cadillac Coupe de Ville.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|1987 Coupe de Ville (interior)](/wiki/File:1987_Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%22Spring_Special_Edition%22_%2805%29.jpg \"1987 Cadillac Coupe Deville \")\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|1988 Sedan de Ville](/wiki/File:Cadillac-Sedan-de-Ville.jpg \"Cadillac-Sedan-de-Ville.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|1989 Coupe de Ville](/wiki/File:89-93_Cadillac_Coupe_de_Ville.jpg \"89-93 Cadillac Coupe de Ville.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|1991 Sedan de Ville](/wiki/File:1989-93_Cadillac_DeVille.jpg \"1989-93 Cadillac DeVille.jpg\")\n[left\\|thumb\\|200x200px\\|1992 Sedan de Ville (rear)](/wiki/File:1992_Cadillac_Sedan_DeVille_in_Royal_Maroon%2C_Rear_Right%2C_06-17-2022.jpg \"1992 Cadillac Sedan DeVille in Royal Maroon, Rear Right, 06-17-2022.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|A 1992 Sedan de Ville Limousine](/wiki/File:1992_Cadillac_Sedan_de_Ville_Limousine.jpg \"1992 Cadillac Sedan de Ville Limousine.jpg\")", "The sixth\\-generation Deville marked a [sea change](/wiki/Sea_change_%28idiom%29 \"Sea change (idiom)\") for General Motors and Cadillac. Under the direction of [Irv Rybicki](/wiki/Irvin_Rybicki \"Irvin Rybicki\"), GM completely redesigned the DeVille, downsizing the model yet again, foregoing its rear drive configuration, and introducing a new front\\-drive platform, the [C platform (C\\-Body)](/wiki/GM_C_platform_%28FWD%29 \"GM C platform (FWD)\") — using the first transversely\\-mounted V8 engine in series production.", "The new C\\-Body models (along with their [Oldsmobile](/wiki/Oldsmobile_Ninety-Eight%23Eleventh_generation_%281985%E2%80%931990%29 \"Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight#Eleventh generation (1985–1990)\") and [Buick](/wiki/Buick_Electra%23Sixth_generation_%281985%E2%80%931990%29 \"Buick Electra#Sixth generation (1985–1990)\") counterparts) were significantly shorter, narrower, lighter and more fuel\\-efficient than the platform they replaced and were noted for having nearly the same key interior dimensions as their predecessors and a much more nearly flat passenger compartment floor{{cite web\n \\|title \\= PS Drives GMs 85 Luxury Cars\n \\|publisher \\= Popular Science, April 1985\n \\|author \\= \\[\\[Jim Dunne (automotive spy photographer)\\|Jim Dunne]]\n \\|date \\= April 1984\n \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=sQAAAAAAMBAJ\\&dq\\=buick\\+electra\\+1985\\&pg\\=PA96}} — albeit with thinner seats and dramatically less upper tumblehome, locating windshield as well as side glass closer to passengers.", "Production of the new C\\-body commenced December 1983 at the [Orion Assembly](/wiki/Orion_Assembly \"Orion Assembly\") Plant in [Orion Township, Michigan](/wiki/Orion_Township%2C_Michigan \"Orion Township, Michigan\"); the redesigned models were introduced on April 5, 1984;{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct\\-xpm\\-1985\\-06\\-21\\-8502100121\\-story.html \\| title\\=9\\.9% Financing Set on Gm C\\-Body Cars \\| website\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]] \\| date\\=21 June 1985 }} and marketing began in early 1984 for the 1985 model year — with the front cover of the 1985 Deville brochure calling the sixth generation, the \"Cadillac of Tomorrow\".", "Cadillac's [HT\\-4100](/wiki/Cadillac_High_Technology_engine%23HT-4100 \"Cadillac High Technology engine#HT-4100\") [V8](/wiki/V8_engine \"V8 engine\") remained the standard engine, mounted transversely and coupled with a [440\\-T4](/wiki/GM_4T60_transmission \"GM 4T60 transmission\") [automatic](/wiki/Automatic_transmission \"Automatic transmission\"). Oldsmobile's 4\\.3L V6 diesel was optional for 1985, but was dropped the following year. Of GM's front\\-drive C\\-Body models, Cadillac was the only line to offer a V8 engine; the others were equipped with a Buick\\-derived 3\\.0 or 3\\.8 V6 engine, or for 1985 only, Oldsmobile's 4\\.3L V6 diesel engine. Later Deville model years would use larger variants of the Cadillac HT V8\\. All C\\-bodies used four\\-wheel independent suspension.", "The sixth\\-generation DeVille was available as a [sedan](/wiki/Sedan_%28car%29 \"Sedan (car)\") or [coupe](/wiki/Coupe \"Coupe\"). At introduction, in part due to an extended model year (beginning in April 1984\\), sales of the new downsized 1985 DeVille and Fleetwood models reached nearly 200,000 units. After the sixth generation's initial development and launch, GM reconsidered the marketplace and provided an extensive 1989 facelift that added considerable length — and associated weight.", "**Model year changes:**", "**1986:** An anti\\-lock braking system, developed by Teves, became available. A 2\\-position automatic rear\\-view mirror utilized two electronic 'eyes' and a small motor to dim when headlights appeared from behind. A factory\\-installed cellular telephone joined the option list at an astonishing $2,850\\. The standard space\\-saver spare tire now sat horizontally in the trunk, doing away with the small covered storage cubby in the spare tire well from last year. The optional aluminum wheels had new flush\\-fitting center caps (last year's design featured exposed capped lugs), and bumper rub strips were changed from black to gray. Borrowed from the front\\-wheel\\-drive Fleetwood line, the narrow lower body side molding from the 1985 DeVille was replaced with a considerably wider one (which extended to the rear fenders only on the Fleetwood), and the trim surround from the rear window gave the formal appearance of a smaller window opening. Inside, a more tailored look was applied to the seat trim. Coupe de Ville's popular cabriolet option, featuring a padded vinyl covering over the rear half of the roof, was priced at $698\\. Pricing for the Coupe de Ville was $19,669, with Sedan de Ville at $19,990\\. The transverse\\-mounted Cadillac 4\\.1\\-liter V\\-8 continued from the previous year, but with 5 more horsepower.", "The 1986 Cadillac used a 90\\-degree overhead valve V\\-8 engine with an aluminum block and cast iron heads displacing 249 cu in (4\\.1 liters) with a bore \\& stroke: 3\\.47 x 3\\.31 in, compression ratio: 8\\.5:1 making {{convert\\|135\\|hp\\|abbr\\=on}} at 4,200 rpm and: 200 lbf·ft (270 N·m) of torgue at 2,200 rpm. The engine had five main bearings, and used hydraulic valve lifters.", "Also introduced in 1986 was the **Deville Touring Sedan** and **Deville Touring Coupe** trim levels, which included a rear deck lid spoiler, body\\-color tail lamp bezels, front air dam with fog lamps, rear seat headrests, leather upholstery, and a performance enhancement package among other features. The package was available for $2,880\\. In addition, the Touring Coupe featured removable vertical louvers on the trailing edge of the side windows.", "**1987:** 1987 saw a new front\\-end design including revised cornering lamps in front and one\\-piece composite headlamps flanked a trapezoid\\-shaped grille with a bold egg\\-crate texture. Elongated fender caps were in back \\- upping the overall length by {{convert\\|1\\.5\\|in}}, but much more dramatic in appearance with new wrap\\-around tail lamps. This new 3\\-sided tail lamp style was similar to the tail lamp design used on the 1977 DeVille. Unlike the new one\\-piece headlamps, the changes to the rear\\-end in 1987 had little to do with engineering, but rather, feedback from Cadillac's customer base who felt the 1985\\-86 car looked too short. Although the 1987 revamp was still quite similar to the 1986 model (so much in fact that it still used the previous year's deck lid), the design was more in\\-tune with the look that traditional Cadillac buyers were used to.", "Pricing for 1987 included Coupe de Ville at $21,316, and Sedan de Ville at $21,659\\. Fleetwood d'Elegance at $26,104, and the new Fleetwood Sixty\\-Special was available for $34,850\\. The Touring option, priced at $2,880 over DeVille's base cost, also included aluminum wheels mounted on 15\\-inch Goodyear Eagle GT tires. At the end of the 1988 model year, Cadillac discontinued the slow\\-selling DeVille\\-based Touring Coupe and Sedan; the 4\\-door variant would return in 1992\\.", "**1988:** To mitigate a nearly $2,000 (\\~${{Format price\\|{{Inflation\\|index\\=US\\-GDP\\|value\\=2000\\|start\\_year\\=1988}}}} in {{Inflation/year\\|US\\-GDP}}) price increase, several previously optional items were made standard, including tilt steering column, telescopic steering wheel, power trunk release, split\\-bench front seating, cruise control, and variable delay windshield wipers. Under the hood was a new 155 hp 4\\.5 L V8 and heavy\\-duty battery. Pricing rose to $23,049 for Coupe de Ville, and $23,404 for Sedan de Ville.", "Cadillac's main competition in this time frame continued to be Lincoln, which, alongside their successful Town Car, was now fielding an all\\-new front\\-wheel\\-drive Continental (based on the [Ford Taurus](/wiki/Ford_Taurus \"Ford Taurus\")). The [Continental](/wiki/Lincoln_Continental%23Eighth_generation_%281988%E2%80%931994%29 \"Lincoln Continental#Eighth generation (1988–1994)\") went into production with a six\\-cylinder engine so as to be considered a larger front\\-wheel\\-drive alternative to the [Acura Legend](/wiki/Acura_Legend%23First_generation_%281986%E2%80%931990%29 \"Acura Legend#First generation (1986–1990)\") that appeared in 1986, with a front\\-wheel\\-drive platform and a V6 engine.", "**1989 Facelift:** For the 1989 model year, Cadillac introduced a significantly revised Deville, restyled under the direction of [Irv Rybicki](/wiki/Irvin_Rybicki \"Irvin Rybicki\") with a {{convert\\|113\\.8\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} wheelbase for the Sedan de Ville, increased from {{convert\\|110\\.8\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} — along with a heavily revised rear roof and backlight; a rear parcel shelf with storage compartment on four\\-door models (2\\-door models retained a narrow carpeted parcel shelf); dent resistant composite (plastic) front fenders, and larger luggage compartment by {{convert\\|2\\|cuft\\|m3}} over the previous model year. Carried over were the {{Convert\\|155\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} 4\\.5\\-liter engine (introduced for 1988\\), dash, and the front doors (on both the coupe and sedan). All Devilles featured a grille, slightly narrower at the top than bottom. The Coupe de Ville and Fleetwood coupe retained the previous year's interior, wheelbase, and doors — all hidden between the new front and rear styling. Previously optional equipment, made standard for 1989, included electrically powered outside mirrors and the AM/FM/cassette player stereo. New options included a driver's side airbag, [Bose](/wiki/Bose_Corporation \"Bose Corporation\") compact disc player, electrically\\-heated windshield, and full reversible carpeted floor mats.", "**1990:** For 1990, DeVille and Fleetwood lost their telescopic steering column, but retained the tilt feature in exchange for an airbag mounted onto the newly standard leather\\-trimmed steering wheel. Engine output was up an additional {{convert\\|25\\|hp}} from sequential multi\\-port fuel injection. 1990 models also received GM's PASS Key theft\\-deterrent system which used a coded electronic pellet embedded into the ignition key. Other new features for 1990 included a non\\-illuminated vanity mirror on the driver's visor (a passenger side visor mirror had been standard equipment for decades now), door edge guards (previously optional), \"clam shell\" front center armrest with storage, and manual seat\\-back recliners for driver and passenger. In addition to ongoing competition from Lincoln, new competition came from the 1990 debut of [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\")'s [Lexus LS400](/wiki/Lexus_LS400 \"Lexus LS400\") and the [Infiniti Q45](/wiki/Infiniti_Q45 \"Infiniti Q45\") from Nissan. The [Acura Legend](/wiki/Acura_Legend \"Acura Legend\") had also been gaining momentum in the luxury market since its 1986 introduction.", "**1991:** For this model year, Cadillac introduced a {{Convert\\|200\\|hp\\|kW\\|\\-1\\|abbr\\=on}} 4\\.9\\-liter version of its V8 [HT (High Technology) engine series](/wiki/Cadillac_High_Technology_engine%23L26_4.9 \"Cadillac High Technology engine#L26 4.9\"), along with revised bumper and body\\-side moldings — and a revised grille shape, now slightly narrower at the bottom than top, the inverse of the previous iteration's shape. The revised grille held the Cadillac crest and was now attached to the forward edge of the hood, and lifted up along with the hood when raised. The secondary hood release latch was at the bottom of the grille instead of its previous location above the passenger side headlight. In addition to the new engine and minor front\\-end restyling, several previously optional features became standard this year, including the anti\\-lock braking system, accent striping, automatic door locks, Twilight Sentinel headlamp control, electrochromic inside rear\\-view mirror, and electric rear window and side mirror defogger. New standard features included rear\\-seat air conditioning vents, central door unlocking from the driver's door and luggage compartment, sun visors with shaded slide\\-out extensions, rear window lock\\-out switch, brake / transmission interlock safety switch, and an oil life indicator through the fuel data center. Other new features included the available remote keyless entry system, and the optional illuminated mirrors now featured a slide switch that offered variable intensity lighting.", "Also for the 1991 model year, Cadillac introduced the *DeVille Touring Sedan* trim level, making 1,500 available beginning in April 1991\\.*Orlando Sentinel* \\- \"Expert Reviews \\- 1991 Cadillac DeVille TS\" by Richard Truett dated August 8, 1991 The Touring Sedan was offered in 5 monochromatic paint schemes: Carmine Red; Cotillion White; Black; Dark Slate Gray metallic; and Black Sapphire Metallic; and included larger 16 x 6\\.5\\-inch forged aluminum wheels with a wreath and crest center caps, P215/60R16 Goodyear GA all\\-season radial tires; quicker 17:1 steering ratio; and a model\\-specific deep tan interior — marketed as *Beechwood,* with leather seating areas and revised seat contouring with integral lumbar support; six\\-way power seats and recliners for driver and passenger; as well as genuine American Walnut wood accents on the doors and instrument panel. Further equipment included a grille\\-mounted wreath and crest replacing the stand\\-up hood ornament; side door moldings with \"TOURING SEDAN\" lettering; body\\-color, breakaway outside rearview mirrors; body\\-color door handles; and a cloisonne deck lid lock cover.Detroit Auto Show Press Release from Cadillac Motor Car Division dated January 7, 1991", "For 1991–1993, Cadillac offered a \"Spring Edition\" package for the Sedan de Ville and Coupe de Ville in the U.S. This package included full “Phaeton” cabriolet roof (installed by ASC), body\\-color door handles, gold trim package, perforated leather seats, digital instrument cluster, security system and “lace” aluminum wheels.", "**1992:** For 1992, the Touring Sedan continued as a limited edition option. Besides the special features included in the initial 1,500 models from 1991, it featured on Touring Sedans, like other DeVille models, the \"Symphony Sound\" stereo with cassette was standard, while the optional [Delco](/wiki/Delco_Electronics \"Delco Electronics\")/[Bose](/wiki/Bose_Corporation \"Bose Corporation\") music system was available with cassette or single\\-slot CD player. Introduced for 1992, speed\\-sensitive suspension and traction control (both standard on Touring Sedan when introduced in '91\\) were available at extra cost on DeVille. Approximately 5,300 Touring Sedans were produced for 1992\\.Standard Catalog of American Cars 1976\\-1999 \\- 3rd ed. by Flammang \\& Kowalke. Krause publications 1999", "**1993:** The previously optional speed\\-sensitive suspension, *Computer Command Ride*, became standard equipment, and now included a new speed\\-sensitive steering system. Minor trim changes included black\\-out trim in the grille (used on the 1992 Touring Sedan), and deletion of the chrome strip from the glass divider on the sedan's rear doors.", "The 2\\-door body style had been declining in sales for several years, and as a result, the 1994 redesign went into production solely as a 4\\-door. Production of the coupe ended in July 1993\\. \n{{clear}}", "**1990\\-1993 Coupe de Ville production details:**", "Declining popularity led to the discontinuation of GM's last full\\-size, six passenger two\\-door with the 1993 model year.", "**1990:** Cadillac made 17,507 coupes. The full\\-vinyl roof was included in the *Spring Edition* package (with 4,413 built), which also included perforated leather seat inserts. The most popular color was white (5,292 made) and least was medium dark gray (193 made). A]l two\\-doors featured white\\-wall Michelin tires, and this was the last year for plain wheel covers (2,788 made). 479 two\\-doors were exported: Canada (383\\), Japan (81\\), and Saudi Arabia (15\\). The 1990 Coupe de Ville was priced at $26,960\\.Flammang, James *Standard Catalog of American Cars 1976–1999 3rd Edition* (Iola, WI: Krause Publications, Inc 1999\\)", "**1991:** Cadillac manufactured 10,057 examples. Of those, 9,799 featured optional leather (in dark maroon, 19 were made, 11 in leather and 2 in velour). The most popular exterior color was white (2,967 made); least was medium dark gray (58 made). 3,397 *Spring Edition* were made. 1,122 featured the optional [Bose](/wiki/Bose_Corporation \"Bose Corporation\") sound system (752 with cassette, 370 with compact disc). Cadillac produced 164 for export: Canada (126\\), Japan (23\\), Persian Gulf countries (5\\), Puerto Rico and U.S\\> Virgin Islands (3\\), and Europe (7\\). Pricing was $30,205 for Coupe de Ville.", "**1992:** Cadillac made 6,980 examples; the most popular color was white (1,879 made) and least was *Mary Kay Pink* (1 made) $30,205 (\\~${{Format price\\|{{Inflation\\|index\\=US\\-GDP\\|value\\=30205\\|start\\_year\\=1992}}}} in {{Inflation/year\\|US\\-GDP}}). 2,635 were *Spring Edition* models. 89 examples featured the standard painted\\-roof. 144 were manufactured for export, 129 for Canada and 15 for Japan. The base MSRP was $31,740\\.", "**1993:** 4,711 were made, all featuring minor trim changes including black\\-out grille trim. Standard equipment included the full\\-vinyl roof, with 3,606 made; 1,105 were made with the optional partial vinyl roof ($170\\); and no paint\\-roof examples were made. The most popular color was white (1,147 made) and the least made color was dark maroon (24 made). The four wheel choices included standard\\-design cast aluminum wheels (2,012 cars); optional $235 lace\\-design aluminum wheel (1,766 cars), optional $235 locking wire wheel disc (749 cars), and the $1,195 chromed aluminum wheel (184 cars). 18 examples featured the no\\-charge blackwall [Michelin](/wiki/Michelin \"Michelin\") radial tires and 4,693 models featured white\\-walls. 3,036 had mono\\-tone paint, and others had a lower body accent color: silver,1,130; dark red, 275; medium gray, 177; and beige, 93\\. 4,168 had the standard Symphony Sound system, and 543 featured the optional [Bose](/wiki/Bose_Corporation \"Bose Corporation\") stereo (310 with cassette, 233 with compact disc). Nearly all examples had leather upholstery (most popular: neutral, with 1,236 made), and 239 featured velour interiors (least made: taupe, 24 made). No export models were made, and 523 of the 4,711 included California emission equipment. The base price of the 1993 Coupe de Ville was $33,915\\.", "**Overall sixth\\-generation production:**", "", "| | Coupe de Ville | Sedan de Ville | Yearly Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **1985** | 37,485 | 151,763 | **189,248** |\n| **1986** | 36,350 | 129,857 | **166,207** |\n| **1987** | 32,700 | N/A | |\n| **1988** | 26,420 | N/A | |\n| **1989** | 4,108 | 122,693 | **126,801** |\n| **1990** | 2,438 | 131,717 | **134,155** |\n| **1991** | 12,134 | 135,776 | **147,910** |\n| **1992** | 8,423 | 133,808 | **142,231** |\n| **1993** | 4,711 | 125,963 | **130,674** |\n| Total | 105,649 | 931,577 | 1,037,226 |", "{{clear}}", "" ]
Seventh generation (1994–1999\) ------------------------------- {{Infobox automobile \| name \= Seventh generation \| image \= 1994\-1996 Cadillac Deville \-\- 01\-28\-2010\.jpg \| caption \= 1994–1996 Cadillac Sedan DeVille \| model\_years \= 1994–1999 \| aka \= Cadillac Concours (Asia) \| assembly \= \[\[Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly]], \[\[Hamtramck, Michigan]], U.S. \| body\_style \= 4\-door \[\[Sedan (automobile)\|sedan]] \| layout \= \[\[Front\-engine, front\-wheel\-drive layout\#Front\-engine transversely mounted / Front\-wheel drive\|Transverse front\-engine, front\-wheel drive]] \| platform \= \[\[GM K platform (FWD)\|K\-body]] \| wheelbase \= {{convert\|2890\|mm\|in\|1\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}} \| length \= 1994–96: {{convert\|209\.7\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} 1997–99: {{convert\|209\.8\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} \| width \= {{convert\|76\.5\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} \| height \= 1994–96: {{convert\|56\.4\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} 1997–99: {{convert\|56\.0\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} \| weight \= {{convert\|4000\|\-\|4300\|lb\|kg\|abbr\=on}} \| engine \= {{ubl \| '''\[\[Petrol engine\|Gasoline]]:''' \| 4\.9 L ''\[\[Cadillac High Technology engine\#L26 4\.9\|L26]]'' \[\[V8 engine\|V8]] \| 4\.6 L ''\[\[Northstar engine series\|LD8 Northstar]]'' \[\[V8 engine\|V8]] \| 4\.6 L ''\[\[Northstar engine series\|L37 Northstar]]'' \[\[V8 engine\|V8]] }} \| transmission \= 4\-speed \[\[GM 4T80 transmission\|4T80\-E]] \[\[automatic transmission\|automatic]] \| designer \= \[\[Chuck Jordan (automobile designer)\|Chuck Jordan]] \| related \= \[\[Cadillac Seville]] }} [thumb\|right\|1994–1996 Cadillac Sedan DeVille](/wiki/File:1994_Cadillac_DeVille_%2804%29.jpg "1994 Cadillac DeVille (04).jpg") [right\|thumb\|1996 Cadillac DeVille interior](/wiki/File:1996_Cadillac_DeVille_%284%29.jpg "1996 Cadillac DeVille (4).jpg") [thumb\|right\|1997–1999 Cadillac DeVille](/wiki/File:97-99_Cadillac_DeVille.jpg "97-99 Cadillac DeVille.jpg") For 1994, Cadillac redesigned the *Sedan DeVille*, using a lengthened version of GM's front\-drive [K\-platform](/wiki/GM_K_platform_%28FWD%29 "GM K platform (FWD)") shared with the [Seville](/wiki/Cadillac_Seville "Cadillac Seville") — rather than the [C body](/wiki/GM_C_platform "GM C platform") used by the previous generation Deville and the Oldsmobile Ninety Eight and the Buick Park Avenue. Designed by [Chuck Jordan](/wiki/Chuck_Jordan_%28automobile_designer%29 "Chuck Jordan (automobile designer)") under the design direction of [Wayne Cherry](/wiki/Wayne_Cherry "Wayne Cherry"), the restyled Sedan Deville, later marketed simply as the *Deville*, used a {{convert\|113\.8\|in\|adj\=on}} wheelbase and featured a {{convert\|20\|cuft\|l}} trunk and {{convert\|117\.5\|cuft}} passenger volume.{{cite web \|title \= 1994 Cadillac Deville Concours \|publisher \= Motor Trend \|author \= Jeff Bartlett \|date \= August 2, 1995 \|url \= https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/1994\-cadillac\-deville\-concours/}} Production moved to [Hamtramck, Michigan](/wiki/Hamtramck%2C_Michigan "Hamtramck, Michigan"). Offered in two trim levels, the *Deville* retained the *[4\.9 L L26 V8](/wiki/Cadillac_High_Technology_engine%23L26_4.9 "Cadillac High Technology engine#L26 4.9")* until 1996, when the lower\-output Northstar was made standard. The *DeVille Concours* trim level replaced the previous generation's DeVille Touring Sedan and was available with the new 270 hp (201 kW) [*LD8* Northstar](/wiki/GM_Premium_V_engine%23LD8 "GM Premium V engine#LD8") [V8](/wiki/V8_engine "V8 engine"), and later, the high\-output [*L37* Northstar](/wiki/GM_Premium_V_engine%23L37 "GM Premium V engine#L37") generating {{Convert\|300\|hp\|kW\|\-1\|abbr\=on}}. The Concours featured an [adaptive, continuously variable road sensing suspension](/wiki/Active_suspension "Active suspension") initially marketed as *CVRSS* and later as *[MagneRide](/wiki/MagneRide "MagneRide")*, a first on the DeVille series. 1996 was the last model year Cadillac marketed this car as the "Sedan deVille", including the car's emblems. In 1994, all DeVille models included a passenger\-side front airbag (in addition to the standard driver\-side airbag); digital instrumentation with integrated message center; dual\-zone front HVAC system with controls located to the right of the instrument cluster and on the front passenger door panel; automatic lighting, marketed as *Twilight Sentinel,*; a leather wrapped, tilt\-adjustable steering wheel with buttons for radio and HVAC control; and six\-speaker audio system with AM/FM/Cassette stereo. Cloth seating, marketed as *Saratoga Cloth*, was standard — as was front and rear bench seating for six passengers. Options included AM/FM/Cassette/CD stereo; eleven\-speaker premium audio system; leather\-trimmed seating surfaces; full power adjustments, and front bucket seats. DeVille models received a facelift for the 1997 model year and added the *d'Elegance* trim line to replace the [Cadillac Fleetwood](/wiki/Cadillac_Fleetwood "Cadillac Fleetwood"). The name was shortened from Sedan DeVille to simply DeVille. Headlights and grille were revised, the rear wheel skirts were deleted, the interior was revised, and the black/chrome trim was replaced by a double chrome trim in the base DeVille, chrome and gold trim and gold hood ornament on the d'Elegance, and chrome and body colored trim for the Concours. Other features available with the D'Elegance package included special wheels and rear illuminated vanity mirrors. The Concours received real\-time damping and [Electronic stability control](/wiki/Electronic_stability_control "Electronic stability control") as standard. The interior received a revised dashboard design that concealed the passenger airbag seams; revised door panels with standard door\-mounted front side\-airbags; and optional availability of the [OnStar](/wiki/OnStar "OnStar") system. Production ceased in July 1999\. **Seventh Generation Deville Production:** | | Yearly Total | | --- | --- | | **1994** | 120,352 | | **1995** | 109,066 | | **1996** | 100,251 | | **1997** | 99,601 | | **1998** | 111,030 | | **1999** | \* | \*Production figures for 1999 were not provided **Seventh Generation Deville Engines:** | Model | Year | Engine | Power | Torque | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |Base 1994–1995 | 4\.9 L *[L26](/wiki/Cadillac_High_Technology_engine%23L26_4.9 "Cadillac High Technology engine#L26 4.9")* [V8](/wiki/V8_engine "V8 engine") | 200 hp (149 kW) at 4100 [rpm](/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute "Revolutions per minute") | 275 [lb·ft](/wiki/Lb%C2%B7ft "Lb·ft") (373 N·m) at 3000 rpm | | 1996–1999 | 4\.6 L [LD8 Northstar](/wiki/GM_Premium_V_engine%23LD8 "GM Premium V engine#LD8") [V8](/wiki/V8_engine "V8 engine") | 275 hp (205 [kW](/wiki/Kilowatt "Kilowatt")) at 5750 rpm | 300 lb·ft (407 N·m) at 4000 rpm | |Concours 1994 |4\.6 L [LD8 Northstar](/wiki/GM_Premium_V_engine%23LD8 "GM Premium V engine#LD8") [V8](/wiki/V8_engine "V8 engine") 270 hp (201 kW) | 300 lb·ft (407 N·m) | | 1995 | 275 hp (205 kW) at 5750 rpm | 275 lb·ft (373 N·m) at 4750 rpm | | 1996–1999 | 4\.6 L [L37 Northstar](/wiki/GM_Premium_V_engine%23L37 "GM Premium V engine#L37") [V8](/wiki/V8_engine "V8 engine") | 300 hp (224 kW) at 6000 rpm | 295 lb·ft (400 N·m) at 4400 rpm | {{clear}}
[ "Seventh generation (1994–1999\\)\n-------------------------------", "{{Infobox automobile\n\\| name \\= Seventh generation\n\\| image \\= 1994\\-1996 Cadillac Deville \\-\\- 01\\-28\\-2010\\.jpg\n\\| caption \\= 1994–1996 Cadillac Sedan DeVille\n\\| model\\_years \\= 1994–1999\n\\| aka \\= Cadillac Concours (Asia)\n\\| assembly \\= \\[\\[Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly]], \\[\\[Hamtramck, Michigan]], U.S.\n\\| body\\_style \\= 4\\-door \\[\\[Sedan (automobile)\\|sedan]]\n\\| layout \\= \\[\\[Front\\-engine, front\\-wheel\\-drive layout\\#Front\\-engine transversely mounted / Front\\-wheel drive\\|Transverse front\\-engine, front\\-wheel drive]]\n\\| platform \\= \\[\\[GM K platform (FWD)\\|K\\-body]]\n\\| wheelbase \\= {{convert\\|2890\\|mm\\|in\\|1\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}}\n\\| length \\= 1994–96: {{convert\\|209\\.7\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1997–99: {{convert\\|209\\.8\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| width \\= {{convert\\|76\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| height \\= 1994–96: {{convert\\|56\\.4\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1997–99: {{convert\\|56\\.0\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| weight \\= {{convert\\|4000\\|\\-\\|4300\\|lb\\|kg\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| engine \\= {{ubl\n \\| '''\\[\\[Petrol engine\\|Gasoline]]:'''\n \\| 4\\.9 L ''\\[\\[Cadillac High Technology engine\\#L26 4\\.9\\|L26]]'' \\[\\[V8 engine\\|V8]]\n \\| 4\\.6 L ''\\[\\[Northstar engine series\\|LD8 Northstar]]'' \\[\\[V8 engine\\|V8]]\n \\| 4\\.6 L ''\\[\\[Northstar engine series\\|L37 Northstar]]'' \\[\\[V8 engine\\|V8]]\n}}\n\\| transmission \\= 4\\-speed \\[\\[GM 4T80 transmission\\|4T80\\-E]] \\[\\[automatic transmission\\|automatic]]\n\\| designer \\= \\[\\[Chuck Jordan (automobile designer)\\|Chuck Jordan]]\n\\| related \\= \\[\\[Cadillac Seville]]\n}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|1994–1996 Cadillac Sedan DeVille](/wiki/File:1994_Cadillac_DeVille_%2804%29.jpg \"1994 Cadillac DeVille (04).jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|1996 Cadillac DeVille interior](/wiki/File:1996_Cadillac_DeVille_%284%29.jpg \"1996 Cadillac DeVille (4).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|1997–1999 Cadillac DeVille](/wiki/File:97-99_Cadillac_DeVille.jpg \"97-99 Cadillac DeVille.jpg\")", "For 1994, Cadillac redesigned the *Sedan DeVille*, using a lengthened version of GM's front\\-drive [K\\-platform](/wiki/GM_K_platform_%28FWD%29 \"GM K platform (FWD)\") shared with the [Seville](/wiki/Cadillac_Seville \"Cadillac Seville\") — rather than the [C body](/wiki/GM_C_platform \"GM C platform\") used by the previous generation Deville and the Oldsmobile Ninety Eight and the Buick Park Avenue.", "Designed by [Chuck Jordan](/wiki/Chuck_Jordan_%28automobile_designer%29 \"Chuck Jordan (automobile designer)\") under the design direction of [Wayne Cherry](/wiki/Wayne_Cherry \"Wayne Cherry\"), the restyled Sedan Deville, later marketed simply as the *Deville*, used a {{convert\\|113\\.8\\|in\\|adj\\=on}} wheelbase and featured a {{convert\\|20\\|cuft\\|l}} trunk and {{convert\\|117\\.5\\|cuft}} passenger volume.{{cite web\n \\|title \\= 1994 Cadillac Deville Concours\n \\|publisher \\= Motor Trend\n \\|author \\= Jeff Bartlett\n \\|date \\= August 2, 1995\n\\|url \\= https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/1994\\-cadillac\\-deville\\-concours/}} Production moved to [Hamtramck, Michigan](/wiki/Hamtramck%2C_Michigan \"Hamtramck, Michigan\").", "Offered in two trim levels, the *Deville* retained the *[4\\.9 L L26 V8](/wiki/Cadillac_High_Technology_engine%23L26_4.9 \"Cadillac High Technology engine#L26 4.9\")* until 1996, when the lower\\-output Northstar was made standard. The *DeVille Concours* trim level replaced the previous generation's DeVille Touring Sedan and was available with the new 270 hp (201 kW) [*LD8* Northstar](/wiki/GM_Premium_V_engine%23LD8 \"GM Premium V engine#LD8\") [V8](/wiki/V8_engine \"V8 engine\"), and later, the high\\-output [*L37* Northstar](/wiki/GM_Premium_V_engine%23L37 \"GM Premium V engine#L37\") generating {{Convert\\|300\\|hp\\|kW\\|\\-1\\|abbr\\=on}}. The Concours featured an [adaptive, continuously variable road sensing suspension](/wiki/Active_suspension \"Active suspension\") initially marketed as *CVRSS* and later as *[MagneRide](/wiki/MagneRide \"MagneRide\")*, a first on the DeVille series. 1996 was the last model year Cadillac marketed this car as the \"Sedan deVille\", including the car's emblems.", "In 1994, all DeVille models included a passenger\\-side front airbag (in addition to the standard driver\\-side airbag); digital instrumentation with integrated message center; dual\\-zone front HVAC system with controls located to the right of the instrument cluster and on the front passenger door panel; automatic lighting, marketed as *Twilight Sentinel,*; a leather wrapped, tilt\\-adjustable steering wheel with buttons for radio and HVAC control; and six\\-speaker audio system with AM/FM/Cassette stereo. Cloth seating, marketed as *Saratoga Cloth*, was standard — as was front and rear bench seating for six passengers.", "Options included AM/FM/Cassette/CD stereo; eleven\\-speaker premium audio system; leather\\-trimmed seating surfaces; full power adjustments, and front bucket seats.", "DeVille models received a facelift for the 1997 model year and added the *d'Elegance* trim line to replace the [Cadillac Fleetwood](/wiki/Cadillac_Fleetwood \"Cadillac Fleetwood\"). The name was shortened from Sedan DeVille to simply DeVille. Headlights and grille were revised, the rear wheel skirts were deleted, the interior was revised, and the black/chrome trim was replaced by a double chrome trim in the base DeVille, chrome and gold trim and gold hood ornament on the d'Elegance, and chrome and body colored trim for the Concours. Other features available with the D'Elegance package included special wheels and rear illuminated vanity mirrors. The Concours received real\\-time damping and [Electronic stability control](/wiki/Electronic_stability_control \"Electronic stability control\") as standard. The interior received a revised dashboard design that concealed the passenger airbag seams; revised door panels with standard door\\-mounted front side\\-airbags; and optional availability of the [OnStar](/wiki/OnStar \"OnStar\") system. Production ceased in July 1999\\.", "**Seventh Generation Deville Production:**", "", "| | Yearly Total |\n| --- | --- |\n| **1994** | 120,352 |\n| **1995** | 109,066 |\n| **1996** | 100,251 |\n| **1997** | 99,601 |\n| **1998** | 111,030 |\n| **1999** | \\* |", "\\*Production figures for 1999 were not provided", "**Seventh Generation Deville Engines:**", "", "| Model | Year | Engine | Power | Torque |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|Base 1994–1995 | 4\\.9 L *[L26](/wiki/Cadillac_High_Technology_engine%23L26_4.9 \"Cadillac High Technology engine#L26 4.9\")* [V8](/wiki/V8_engine \"V8 engine\") | 200 hp (149 kW) at 4100 [rpm](/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute \"Revolutions per minute\") | 275 [lb·ft](/wiki/Lb%C2%B7ft \"Lb·ft\") (373 N·m) at 3000 rpm |\n| 1996–1999 | 4\\.6 L [LD8 Northstar](/wiki/GM_Premium_V_engine%23LD8 \"GM Premium V engine#LD8\") [V8](/wiki/V8_engine \"V8 engine\") | 275 hp (205 [kW](/wiki/Kilowatt \"Kilowatt\")) at 5750 rpm | 300 lb·ft (407 N·m) at 4000 rpm |\n|Concours 1994 |4\\.6 L [LD8 Northstar](/wiki/GM_Premium_V_engine%23LD8 \"GM Premium V engine#LD8\") [V8](/wiki/V8_engine \"V8 engine\") 270 hp (201 kW) | 300 lb·ft (407 N·m) |\n| 1995 | 275 hp (205 kW) at 5750 rpm | 275 lb·ft (373 N·m) at 4750 rpm |\n| 1996–1999 | 4\\.6 L [L37 Northstar](/wiki/GM_Premium_V_engine%23L37 \"GM Premium V engine#L37\") [V8](/wiki/V8_engine \"V8 engine\") | 300 hp (224 kW) at 6000 rpm | 295 lb·ft (400 N·m) at 4400 rpm |", "{{clear}}", "" ]
Playing career -------------- The first mention of Walter in the Auckland newspapers was for coming second in a race at the Manukau Cruising Club's annual regatta on February 20, 1926\. The club was located on the shore of the [Manukau Harbour](/wiki/Manukau_Harbour "Manukau Harbour") in [Onehunga](/wiki/Onehunga "Onehunga"). He was competing in the Boys' Race and his older brother Ted, who often went by the nickname "Bunny" came first. Older brothers Cyril and John placed in other races that were held.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Cruising Club/The Annual Regatta \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXIII, Issue 19258 \| date \= 1926\-02\-22 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19260222\.2\.153\.6 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} Aside from rugby union and rugby league it was mentioned in an article in *The Rugby League News* in Australia in 1938 that "apart from football, the Brimbles have distinguished themselves in boxing and track athletics, and Walter won a caddies' golf championship. Walter and Lionel, the twins are keen yachtsmen".{{cite news \| title \= The Five Brimbles' Football Success/Springboks By Birth \| page \= 6 \| publisher \= The Rugby League News \| date \= 1938\-06\-25 \| url \=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj\-642499115/view?partId\=nla.obj\-642539301\#page/n7/mode/1up \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} ### Rugby Union #### Manukau Rovers Rugby Football Club The first mention of him in association with rugby was being named in the team list for a 7th Grade match for [Manukau Rovers](/wiki/Manukau_Rovers_RFC "Manukau Rovers RFC") against Green Lane on June 11, 1927\. He was playing alongside twin brother Lionel.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Rovers \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LVIII, Issue 135 \| date \= 1927\-06\-10 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19270610\.2\.174\.2 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} The following year on May 30 the Sun (Auckland) newspaper published a brief piece titled "The Seven Brimbles". It stated "the stocky Brimble, who is always in the thick of any scrummage in which Manukau is implicated, belongs to a rugby family that puts all other claimants to the description into the shade. Besides this Brimble there are six more, each one them plays in a different grade for Manukau. That is there are seven grade teams, and seven Brimbles, one for each. Saturday in the Brimble family is a big day. Now bring on your records". The article was slightly exaggerated in that there in fact were only 6 playing. After the death of father Harold, and youngest child Amyas around a decade earlier there were only 6 remaining males in the family.{{cite news \| title \= The Seven Brimbles \| page \= 11 \| publisher \= Sun (Auckland), Volume II, Issue 367 \| date \= 1928\-05\-30 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/SUNAK19280530\.2\.93 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} At the end of year prize giving Walter was presented with the Dodd Cup as captain of the 6th Grade side. The trophy was for the team with the highest aggregate number of points scored.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Rovers Rugby Prize\-Giving \| page \= 7 \| publisher \= Sun (Auckland), Volume II, Issue 497 \| date \= 1928\-10\-29 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/SUNAK19281029\.2\.46 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} In 1929 Walter and Lionel were still playing in the 6th Grade side.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Rovers \| page \= 11 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LX, Issue 139 \| date \= 1929\-06\-14 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19290614\.2\.138\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} Their side won the 6th grade championship (Northern Roller Mills Cup) and were presented with their winners caps at Manukau's annual prizegiving along with the championship cup and the Dodd's Cup.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Rovers/Club's Successful Year \| page \= 7 \| publisher \= Sun (Auckland), Volume III, Issue 829 \| date \= 1929\-11\-25 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/SUNAK19291125\.2\.45 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} Walter was not mentioned in relation to the Manukau rugby club in 1930, then in 1931 a "W Brimble" was granted a reinstatement to rugby union. It is likely this was Walter as Wilfred was two years his junior and less likely to have switched codes as he was only 16 in 1930 while Walter was 18\. The "W Brimble" in question was said to have attended the board for reinstatement "in person".{{cite news \| title \= Representative Fixtures/Other Games For Saturday \| page \= 19 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXII, Issue 202 \| date \= 1931\-08\-27 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19310827\.2\.133 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}}{{cite news \| title \= Rugby Football/Auckland Union Meeting \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXVIII, Issue 20950 \| date \= 1931\-08\-13 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19310813\.2\.145\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} Older brother [Ted](/wiki/Ted_Brimble "Ted Brimble") had switched from the Manukau rugby seniors to the [Newton Rangers](/wiki/Newton_Rangers "Newton Rangers") rugby league club in June 1930\. ##### Senior debut In 1932 Walter began the year in the [Manukau](/wiki/Manukau_Rovers_RFC "Manukau Rovers RFC") Senior B team. He was listed in their side for their opening game on May 14 until their July 9 match.{{cite news \| title \= Rugby Football/Auckland Union \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 112 \| date \= 1932\-05\-13 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320513\.2\.158 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}}{{cite news \| title \= Manukau \| page \= 10 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 160 \| date \= 1932\-07\-08 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320708\.2\.127 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} It is likely that Walter made his debut for the club's Senior A team on July 30 when he was named in one of the five eighth's positions alongside R. Stuart.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Rovers \| page \= 11 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 178 \| date \= 1932\-07\-29 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320729\.2\.127 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} They were playing [Training College](/wiki/Grammar_TEC_RC "Grammar TEC RC") at the Epsom Showgrounds on the No. 1 field at 3 pm in the Pollard Cup and won 6 to 5\.{{cite news \| title \= Pollard Cup \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 177 \| date \= 1932\-07\-28 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320728\.2\.159 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}}{{cite news \| title \= Grade Games/Pollard Cup \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 180 \| date \= 1932\-08\-01 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320801\.2\.171 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} He played in further matches against University on August 20, and [Ponsonby](/wiki/Ponsonby_RFC "Ponsonby RFC") on September 3\. In the later match Ponsonby won 16–13 in what was described as the best match seen at [Eden Park](/wiki/Eden_Park "Eden Park") in the season. The Prime Minister [George William Forbes](/wiki/George_Forbes_%28New_Zealand_politician%29 "George Forbes (New Zealand politician)") was in attendance. The [New Zealand Herald](/wiki/New_Zealand_Herald "New Zealand Herald") wrote that "Manukau was weakened by the absence of \[Leo] Heazlewood and \[Arnold] Berridge, but the substitute five\-eighths, W. Brimble proved a distinct find".{{cite news \| title \= The Senior Championship/Ponsonby Defeats Manukau \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXIX, Issue 21279 \| date \= 1932\-09\-05 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19320905\.2\.147\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} The [Auckland Star](/wiki/Auckland_Star "Auckland Star") was effusive in their praise, saying "Brimble, a substitute five\-eighth, did all that was asked of him and a good deal more. In fact, Brimble was one of the best backs on the field. Early on he showed himself to be a player above the ordinary run of club five\-eighths. He studied the outlook before making a move, and plied his men round him with subtle and generous touch. His display was one of the best exhibitions of five\-eighths play seen on Eden Park this year".{{cite news \| title \= Spectacular Play \| page \= 11 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 210 \| date \= 1932\-09\-05 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320905\.2\.153 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} The round was marred by the death of the [Otahuhu](/wiki/Otahuhu_RFC "Otahuhu RFC") captain, and All Black, [Bert Palmer](/wiki/Bert_Palmer "Bert Palmer") who died after collapsing in their match against University at the Showgrounds after breaking his neck. Brimble played against [Waihi](/wiki/Waihi "Waihi") in a friendly match on September 10, and then in a game against Training College on September 17 which they lost 13–0 after missing some of their regular players.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau \| page \= 10 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 220 \| date \= 1932\-09\-16 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320916\.2\.136 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} Brimble was said to have been the pick of the backs along with Arnold Berridge and Stuart, and he "played a fine game, and did more straight running than his mates".{{cite news \| title \= Training College Surprise Manukau \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 222 \| date \= 1932\-09\-19 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320919\.2\.191 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} Arnold Berridge was a long time Auckland representative player from the late 1920s and early to mid 1930s. Brimble played in a game against Technical Old Boys on September 24 and then in a game with [College Rifles](/wiki/College_Rifles_RFC "College Rifles RFC") the following week on October 1 he scored his first senior try. The match was the final of the Pollard Cup competition and Manukau won 12–5\. The Auckland Star said "Brimble was lively all through, his try being a smart piece of work".{{cite news \| title \= Pollard Cup Final \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 234 \| date \= 1932\-10\-03 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19321003\.2\.170 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} His final match of the year came in a game between Manukau and [Whakatāne](/wiki/Whakat%C4%81ne "Whakatāne") at Onehunga on October 8\.{{cite news \| title \= Rugby Football \| page \= 17 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 237 \| date \= 1932\-10\-06 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19321006\.2\.159 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} The Whakatane side which was made up entirely of Māori players won 17 to 8\.{{cite news \| title \= Whakatane Beats Manukau \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXIX, Issue 21309 \| date \= 1932\-10\-10 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19321010\.2\.151\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-13}} ##### 1933 Manukau rugby The 1933 season saw Walter Brimble start the season in the senior side and he went on to play 20 games, scoring 4 tries. His first came in their opening game against Grammar on April 29 in the main match at [Eden Park](/wiki/Eden_Park "Eden Park"). Manukau lost 17–14 with the Auckland Star commenting that Manukau have "an electric little first five eighth" and that "the elusive Brimble was a real danger and often flashed through the defence \[though] far too often his good work was in vain".{{cite news \| title \= Manukau's Fine Fight \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 100 \| date \= 1933\-05\-01 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330501\.2\.146 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} The Herald said he showed "good head work" and his try came after a passing movement involving several teammates.{{cite news \| title \= Opening Of The Season \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21479 \| date \= 1933\-05\-01 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330501\.2\.145\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} On May 6 the Manukau backs were disappointing in a 12–0 loss to University though Hunter and Berridge played well, and "there were odd occasions when Brimble did brilliant things".{{cite news \| title \= Clever 'Varsity Backs \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 106 \| date \= 1933\-05\-08 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330508\.2\.127 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} He "played a nippy game at first five\-eighths, making one or two nice openings. He allowed Mulvihill to get past him once or twice, however".{{cite news \| title \= University Beats Manukau \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21485 \| date \= 1933\-05\-08 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330508\.2\.139\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} Manukau then struggled again, this time at home in [Onehunga](/wiki/Onehunga "Onehunga"), losing 8–0 to [Marist Old Boys](/wiki/Marist_Brothers_Old_Boys_RFC "Marist Brothers Old Boys RFC"). Brimble had to play at halfback in place of Webster who went off injured early in the match and was said to have been "prominent" and made a couple of nice kicks during the game.{{cite news \| title \= Third Series Of Matches \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21491 \| date \= 1933\-05\-15 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330515\.2\.137\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} On May 27 Manukau lost to [Grafton](/wiki/Grammar_TEC_RC "Grammar TEC RC") in Onehunga 23–11, with Brimble "lively".{{cite news \| title \= Grafton Leave It Late \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 124 \| date \= 1933\-05\-29 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330529\.2\.150 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} The Herald wrote "Brimble, the Manukau second five\-eighths, was very nippy, and his solo efforts trouble the opposition". In the second half with Grafton attacking "Brimble turned the tables with a high kick" that eventually resulted in Papper scoring between the posts".{{cite news \| title \= Grafton Beats Manukau \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21503 \| date \= 1933\-05\-29 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330529\.2\.148\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} On June 3 Manukau was held scoreless for the third time in a 17–0 loss to College Rifles. Brimble, "the diminutive second five eighths, displayed his usual nippiness and was always on the alert".{{cite news \| title \= Sixth Series Of Matches \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21509 \| date \= 1933\-06\-05 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330605\.2\.165\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} On June 10, Manukau suffered an unlucky defeat, with the scores at 8–8 with time almost up Otahuhu scored a try to win. Brimble was "brilliant on occasions" and he scored one of their tries.{{cite news \| title \= A Last Minute Win \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 136 \| date \= 1933\-06\-12 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330612\.2\.150 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} The Herald wrote that "the shining light in the opening spell was Brimble at five eighths. He dodged and side\-stepped to advantage and scored a fine try" after securing the ball following an "open rush" and "darting over near the posts" after earlier making "a fine weaving run".{{cite news \| title \= Otahuhu Defeats Manukau \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21515 \| date \= 1933\-06\-12 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330612\.2\.142\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} They lost again on June 17, 11–3 to Ponsonby before a very large crowd at the Showgrounds. He was among the best of the Manukau backs along with Hunter, Berridge, and T. Allen.{{cite news \| title \= Excitement At Showground \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 142 \| date \= 1933\-06\-19 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330619\.2\.136 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} At times he was "elusive and clever, but spoiled many movements by knocking the ball on frequently". At one stage he took "a brilliant interception" and moved play back to halfway, and was unlucky to receive a bad pass from Fleet after a break by Berridge.{{cite news \| title \= Points In First Spell \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21521 \| date \= 1933\-06\-19 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330619\.2\.160\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} Manukau had their first on field win of the season after an earlier default victory, when they beat Technical Old Boys 11–3 on June 24 at Onehunga. Brimble was "fast off the mark and difficult to lay by the heels" according to the Auckland Star's writer.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau At Last \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 148 \| date \= 1933\-06\-26 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330626\.2\.130 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} He was seen in some nice attacking movements with Hunter and Berridge, and "was very elusive and tricky".{{cite news \| title \= First Round Concludes \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21527 \| date \= 1933\-06\-26 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330626\.2\.144\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} On July 1 they lost again with a 5–0 loss to Grammar which confined them to the bottom of the table after 10 rounds. Despite Brimble "making many fine openings" and he nearly set up a try with Carrington tackled on the line after he had beaten several opponents".{{cite news \| title \= Converted Try To Nil \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21533 \| date \= 1933\-07\-03 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330703\.2\.147\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} They then drew with Training College on July 8 with Brimble passing to Benjamin to score after a Berridge intercept. During the game he was "quick off the mark and needed constant watching".{{cite news \| title \= Fast And Exciting \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 160 \| date \= 1933\-07\-10 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330710\.2\.146 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} In a 6–3 loss to University on July 5 the Manukau backs struggled to handle the ball with "Brimble being the exception", and he "was easily the best of them, his defence being of great value to his side".{{cite news \| title \= Matches Played in Mud \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21545 \| date \= 1933\-07\-17 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330717\.2\.143\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} Manukau drew with Grafton in a July 29 game where "Brimble was always conspicuous".{{cite news \| title \= Manukau And Grafton Draw \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 178 \| date \= 1933\-07\-31 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330731\.2\.190 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} On August 5 Manukau was supposed to play Parnell in the Jubilee Cup competition but defaulted and Ponsonby stepped in to play in a friendly match. Ponsonby won 10 to 9 with Brimble scoring one of Manukau's tries.{{cite news \| title \= Ponsonby Gain One Point Margin \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 184 \| date \= 1933\-08\-07 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330807\.2\.135 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} Brimble played in further games against College Rifles (August 12\), Pukekohe (August 19\), and Otahuhu (September 3\). In the later match Manukau won 8–4 which moved them up to 7th out of 10\. Brimble, gave the "best all\-round display", as "both on attack and defence he played one of his best games, and received a great hearing from his supporters".{{cite news \| title \= Manukau V. Otahuhu \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 208 \| date \= 1933\-09\-04 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330904\.2\.141 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} At one point after a long forward rush "Brimble judiciously kicked to Flett, who following up fast, crossed the line and scored".{{cite news \| title \= Leading Teams Hard Pressed \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21587 \| date \= 1933\-09\-04 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330904\.2\.153\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} In an upset 13–12 win over Ponsonby at Eden Park on September 9, "Brimble and Berridge collaborated well".{{cite news \| title \= Match Of Thrills \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 214 \| date \= 1933\-09\-11 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330911\.2\.191 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} On September 23 Manukau traveled to [Whangārei](/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei "Whangārei") to play the City club from there. Manukau won 16 to 11 with Brimble playing "a fine game" before a crowd of 800\.{{cite news \| title \= Whangarei \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21605 \| date \= 1933\-09\-25 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330925\.2\.155\.2 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} Upon returning to [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland "Auckland"), Manukau continued their revival with a 9–7 win at Eden Park over the Marist side which was tied for the championship lead prior to the match. The Herald said Brimble "exploited the short kick to some effect".{{cite news \| title \= Margin Of Two Points \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21611 \| date \= 1933\-10\-02 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19331002\.2\.155\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} Manukau then played their final game of the season beating Technical Old Boys 9–8 at the Showgrounds. Brimble scored a try in the first half and set up another for Poulton.{{cite news \| title \= By One Point/Manukau Just Beat Technical Old Boys \| page \=2 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 237 \| date \= 1933\-10\-07 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19331007\.2\.197\.27 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} The Auckland Star wrote that his "nippiness on attack was the outstanding feature of his play".{{cite news \| title \= One Point Victory \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 238 \| date \= 1933\-10\-09 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19331009\.2\.163 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} The Herald said that he "combined splendidly" with Hunter at halfback and was "elusive and clever".{{cite news \| title \= University In Form \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21617 \| date \= 1933\-10\-09 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19331009\.2\.150\.2 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-14}} ##### 1934 Manukau Rugby At their annual meeting in 1934, Walter's older brother, John, was elected on to the executive committee of the Manukau club. He had retired from playing for the seniors for many years a couple of years prior.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Club \| page \= 18 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 71 \| date \= 1934\-03\-24 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340324\.2\.143 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} In Manukau's opening game of the season they defeated Otahuhu 13–8 at Sturges Park in [Ōtāhuhu](/wiki/%C5%8Ct%C4%81huhu "Ōtāhuhu"). Hatfield passed to Brimble who scored in the first half, then later in the game Hatfield (who was playing halfback), "sent the ball out smartly to Brimble, whose nippiness was a source of trouble to the opposing side".{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Beats Otahuhu \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 100 \| date \= 1934\-04\-30 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340430\.2\.151 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} The Herald noted Arthur Berridge and Brimble made "many openings" during the game.{{cite news \| title \= Superior Team Work/Manukau Beats Otahuhu \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21787 \| date \= 1934\-04\-30 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340430\.2\.168\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} They then beat University 14–13 at [Eden Park](/wiki/Eden_Park "Eden Park") on April 28\. Early in the game with the Manukau forwards dominating "Brimble beat Green, the University first five\-eighths, several times, only to find his passes go astray". He was said to be one of the backs to have played an "excellent game".{{cite news \| title \= Manukau's Slight Margin \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21793 \| date \= 1934\-05\-07 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340507\.2\.157\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} Manukau notched their third win to start the year with a 5–0 win over Technical. Brimble was said to have played a "resourceful game" at first five eighth. After the match he was chosen by the [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Union "Auckland Rugby Union") selectors to practice in the 21\-man Auckland squad for a June 4 game against [Waikato](/wiki/Waikato_Rugby_Union "Waikato Rugby Union").{{cite news \| title \= Auckland v. Waikato \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 112 \| date \= 1934\-05\-14 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340514\.2\.126 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} Another win for Manukau followed on May 19 when they beat College Rifles 9–8 at Eden Park. He was "as elusive as ever, and given good service by Hatfield, he was always dangerous".{{cite news \| title \= Day Of Surprises \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 118 \| date \= 1934\-05\-21 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340521\.2\.172 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} The pair of Hatfield and Brimble "worked well together".{{cite news \| title \= Manukau's Success \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21805 \| date \= 1934\-05\-21 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340521\.2\.166\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} Brimble didn't play in Manukau's next match on May 26 which they lost 19–6\.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Outplayed \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21811 \| date \= 1934\-05\-28 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340528\.2\.163\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} The Auckland Star said that he "was very badly missed, that excellent little player having contracted a dose of the popular flu".{{cite news \| title \= Round The Clubs \| page \= 17 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 126 \| date \= 1934\-05\-30 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340530\.2\.150 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} Brimble returned to the side a week later on June 2 which they lost 13–3 to Grafton. Hatfield had got injured halfway through the game and Brimble moved into the half back position for the remainder of the contest.{{cite news \| title \= Grafton's Fine Forwards \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 130 \| date \= 1934\-06\-04 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340604\.2\.145 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} #### Auckland B debut Brimble missed out on selection in the full [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Union "Auckland Rugby Union") side to play [Waikato](/wiki/Waikato_Rugby_Union "Waikato Rugby Union"), but was named in the Auckland B team to play against [Thames Valley](/wiki/Thames_Valley_Rugby_Football_Union "Thames Valley Rugby Football Union") at Rhodes Park in [Thames](/wiki/Thames%2C_New_Zealand "Thames, New Zealand") on June 4\.{{cite news \| title \= Auckland v. Thames \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 124 \| date \= 1934\-05\-28 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340528\.2\.131 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} Auckland B won the match 25 points to 14\.{{cite news \| title \= Win For Auckland B/Thames Team Defeated \| page \= 9 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21819 \| date \= 1934\-06\-06 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340606\.2\.44 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} Returning to the Manukau side Brimble "was not in the picture as much as usual" in their 8–3 win against [Marist Old Boys](/wiki/Marist_Brothers_Old_Boys_RFC "Marist Brothers Old Boys RFC").{{cite news \| title \= Manukau V. Marist \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 136 \| date \= 1934\-06\-11 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340611\.2\.143 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} Despite this he was involved in their first try after taking a pass from Hatfield and made a good run before passing to Poulton who scored. Then later he took a pass from Berridge and scored under the posts.{{cite news \| title \= Win In Closing Stages \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21823 \| date \= 1934\-06\-11 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340611\.2\.160\.2 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} There was less coverage of games in the following weeks and little mention of Brimble until a 0–0 draw with Technical Old Boys on July 14\. The competition had split into a top half and bottom half, with Manukau in the higher grouping. They had suffered a defeat in the first game of the second round against Otahuhu before this draw. The [Auckland Star](/wiki/Auckland_Star "Auckland Star") said Brimble "was responsible for some very fine work".{{cite news \| title \= Rugby Contests \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 166 \| date \= 1934\-07\-16 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340716\.2\.148 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} On August 4 they beat Grafton 6–3 which put them in a tie for first with their opponent on 17 competition points. During the second half with Manukau leading 3–0 Brimble took the ball at top speed from Hatfield and cut out his man and sent the ball to Berridge "who went over for a splendid try".{{cite news \| title \= By Three Points \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 184 \| date \= 1934\-08\-06 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340806\.2\.148 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} Then in another win, against University in the main match at Eden Park the forwards played well "with a rare flash of individualism by the two Manukau five\-eighths, Brimble and Poulton".{{cite news \| title \= Better Combination \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 202 \| date \= 1934\-08\-27 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340827\.2\.168 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} Brimble was selected for the Auckland B practice squad for another game against Thames on September 1\.{{cite news \| title \= Match Against Thames \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21889 \| date \= 1934\-08\-27 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340827\.2\.155\.10 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} He was named in the reserves to play in the game and was not required to take the field.{{cite news \| title \= Thames V. Auckland \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 206 \| date \= 1934\-08\-31 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340831\.2\.152 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} His next game was for Manukau against Tukapa on September 8 in [New Plymouth](/wiki/New_Plymouth "New Plymouth") at [Pukekura Park](/wiki/Pukekura_Park "Pukekura Park").{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Touring Team \| page \= 9 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21899 \| date \= 1934\-09\-07 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340907\.2\.37\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} He "played an excellent game and took the fancy of the New Plymouth fans" in a 20–9 loss.{{cite news \| title \= Round The Clubs \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 216 \| date \= 1934\-09\-12 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340912\.2\.154 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} The Taranaki Daily News said "Hatfield and Brimble were the best of the Manukau backs... Brimble was smart off the mark and at times caught the opposition napping". In a lengthy match report Brimble was mentioned many times for being involved in attacking play with several good runs down field.{{cite news \| title \= Fast Open Rugby Game/Manukau Defeated 20 To 9 \| page \= 10 \| publisher \= Taranaki Daily News \| date \= 1934\-09\-24 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TDN19340910\.2\.118 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} [500px\|rightAfter](/wiki/File:Walter_Brimble_in_the_Auckland_Rugby_Union_club_final.png "Walter Brimble in the Auckland Rugby Union club final.png") returning to Auckland, Manukau played the championship final against Grafton as both teams had been level on points. The match resulted in a 6–6 draw with a photograph of Brimble tackling Bunting of Grafton as he scored published in the Auckland Star.{{cite news \| title \= Brilliant Rugby Final At Eden Park \| page \= 5 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 226 \| date \= 1934\-09\-24 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340924\.2\.48\.2 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} With no extra time played in this era the match was replayed the following week on September 29\.{{cite news \| title \= Grafton V. Manukau \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 230 \| date \= 1934\-09\-28 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340928\.2\.138 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} Grafton won the match and the title. The Herald remarked that "Brimble’s last couple of games were below his best form" and that he and Poulton in the five\-eighths "gave promise earlier on of developing into a good combination. Their attack was all right, but their defence proved weak".{{cite news \| title \= Grafton Team's Success \| page \= 17 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21921 \| date \= 1934\-10\-03 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19341003\.2\.189\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} At Manukau's end of season prize\-giving and social at the Foresters' Theatre in [Onehunga](/wiki/Onehunga "Onehunga") on October 31 he was among the players congratulated for gaining representative honours which also included Leo Heazlewood who had played representative rugby for [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union "Wellington Rugby Football Union"), the [South Island](/wiki/South_Island_%28rugby_union%29 "South Island (rugby union)"), the [North Island](/wiki/North_Island_%28rugby_union%29 "North Island (rugby union)"), [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Union "Auckland Rugby Union"), and later [Canterbury](/wiki/Canterbury_Rugby_Football_Union "Canterbury Rugby Football Union") as well as being an All Black trialist on multiple occasions, and [Cyril Pepper](/wiki/Cyril_Pepper "Cyril Pepper") who became an [All Black](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team "New Zealand national rugby union team") in 1935\. In the same month of October, Walter's younger brother, [Wilfred](/wiki/Wilfred_Brimble "Wilfred Brimble") transferred from the Manukau 3rd Grade rugby side to the [Newton Rangers](/wiki/Newton_Rangers "Newton Rangers") rugby league club, joining their older brother [Ted](/wiki/Ted_Brimble "Ted Brimble"). Ted had been at the club for 3 seasons by this point and in 1932 had made his one and only appearance for [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team "New Zealand national rugby league team").{{cite news \| title \= Junior Management Affairs \| page \= 19 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 246 \| date \= 1934\-10\-17 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19341017\.2\.159 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-15}} ##### 1935 Manukau Rugby Brimble continued to play for Manukau in 1935 and was named in their senior side to play Grafton in their season opening game on April 27\.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau \| page \= 9 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22099 \| date \= 1935\-04\-03 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350503\.2\.42\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} He was marking [Brian Killeen](/wiki/Brian_Killeen "Brian Killeen"), who was an ex\-representative player from [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington "Wellington") and became an All Black in 1936\.{{cite news \| title \= Killeens' First Appearance \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 99 \| date \= 1935\-04\-29 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350429\.2\.124 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} Manukau lost 26 to 13 with the Herald speculating that "it may be worth the experiment of trying Brimble behind the pack, as he is quick and of the right type for a half".{{cite news \| title \= Strong Grafton Fifteen/Weakness At Half \| page \= 17 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22097 \| date \= 1935\-05\-01 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350501\.2\.183\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} On May 4 Manukau drew with Technical Old Boys 11–11\. McCormick started at first five\-eighths with Brimble at second as Manukau kept things in the forward, before the players switched, with Brimble coming in close. The two combined for a scissor movement described as "one of the prettiest movements of the match".{{cite news \| title \= Draw Of Eleven Points \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22101 \| date \= 1935\-05\-06 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350506\.2\.169\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} Manukau then lost to Otahuhu, 14–8 at Sturges Park. In the second half Brimble "made a brilliant cut in and passed to McCormick" who scored. He was said to be "the outstanding back on the field".{{cite news \| title \= Otahuhu Beats Manukau \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22107 \| date \= 1935\-05\-13 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350513\.2\.171\.4 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} Manukau had their first win against University by 14 points to 7 on May 18\. Brimble and McCormick were "both more reliable and more versatile than the ‘Varsity five eighths and were usually going at top when they got the ball".{{cite news \| title \= University Well Beaten \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 117 \| date \= 1935\-05\-20 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350520\.2\.181 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} Their following match at [Onehunga](/wiki/Onehunga "Onehunga") against Marist was described as being full of "rough play" with Manukau winning 11–8\. Brimble was "outstanding" along with several other teammates for the winners. Though Brimble did make a centring kick that saw Marist gain possession with a clear run down field to score a try.{{cite news \| title \= Warnings By Referee \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22119 \| date \= 1935\-05\-27 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350527\.2\.147\.2 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} During the following week, Walter's twin brother Lionel was reinstated to rugby so had obviously had a brief stint playing rugby league at the start of the year.{{cite news \| title \= Auckland Control Of Sport \| page \= 20 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 126 \| date \= 1935\-05\-30 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350530\.2\.171 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} An Auckland Star writer thought that Brimble should have been named in the squad of 38 players chosen by the selectors for the Auckland A and B teams.{{cite news \| title \= Onlooker's Viewpoint \| page \= 21 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 126 \| date \= 1935\-05\-30 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350530\.2\.185 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} Another writer to the newspaper questioned whether the selector had seen Manukau play this season and said "I venture to state that W. Brimble if given a chance would prove himself the best first five\-eighths in Auckland".{{cite news \| title \= The Rugby Reps. \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 127 \| date \= 1935\-05\-31 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350531\.2\.125 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} Manukau lost 11–6 to Grafton in their June 1 game at the Showgrounds. Brimble was said to be "not up to standard" though lacked opportunities.{{cite news \| title \= Too Strong For Manukau \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 129 \| date \= 1935\-06\-03 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350603\.2\.131 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} They lost again 6–3 to College Rifles on June 8 at Eden Park though Brimble "played well at times" and "combined well with" Hatfield at halfback.{{cite news \| title \= College Rifles Win \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 135 \| date \= 1935\-06\-10 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350610\.2\.153 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}}{{cite news \| title \= Lost Opportunities \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22131 \| date \= 1935\-06\-10 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350610\.2\.150\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} In a 22–22 draw with Ponsonby on July 6 Brimble and McCormick "never failed on defence and, with sometimes brilliant penetration, initiated several delightful movements".{{cite news \| title \= Game Ends In Draw \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22155 \| date \= 1935\-07\-08 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350708\.2\.154\.3 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} Manukau then lost to Otahuhu in the last few minutes on July 20 at the Showgrounds. Brimble scored his first points of the year with a try and penalty. Stuart "cut straight through to make an easy try for Brimble" in the first half while his penalty came during the second half.{{cite news \| title \= Last Minute Victory \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22167 \| date \= 1935\-07\-22 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350722\.2\.169\.5 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} Manukau lost heavily to University 2 weeks later by 31 points to 6\. Three of their points came from the boot of Brimble who also "played a very colourful game in the centre".{{cite news \| title \= Bush's Field Day \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 183 \| date \= 1935\-08\-05 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350805\.2\.149 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}}{{cite news \| title \= Nice Passing Rushes \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22179 \| date \= 1935\-08\-05 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350805\.2\.165\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} #### Auckland B Brimble was named in the reserves for Auckland B to play South Auckland (Waikato) on July 27 at [Pukekohe](/wiki/Pukekohe "Pukekohe"). He was ultimately not required to take the field.{{cite news \| title \= Auckland Representatives \| page \= 18 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 174 \| date \= 1935\-07\-25 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350725\.2\.152 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} Then on August 8 he was selected by Mr. R.F. Galbraith at first five eighth to play for Auckland B against [Thames Valley](/wiki/Thames_Valley_Rugby_Football_Union "Thames Valley Rugby Football Union") at [Waihi](/wiki/Waihi "Waihi") on August 10\. He was partnered in the five\-eighths with N. Vear, with Robert (Bob) Aro at halfback.{{cite news \| title \= Team Selected/Auckland B V. Thames \| page \= 20 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 186 \| date \= 1935\-08\-08 \| url \= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350808\.2\.175 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}}{{cite news \| title \= Auckland B Team Selected \| page \= 9 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22183 \| date \= 1935\-08\-09 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350809\.2\.32\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} Before a crowd of 1,200 at Rugby Park in Waihi, Auckland B won 32–14 with Brimble giving "a sound display".{{cite news \| title \= Auckland B Successful \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22185 \| date \= 1935\-08\-12 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350812\.2\.160\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} With the club season entering its later stages Manukau lost once more, to Marist by 8 points to 3 and were now second to last in the 8 team competition. In wet conditions Brimble had a drop goal strike the upright and he was said to have "put in a fine afternoon’s work".{{cite news \| title \= Marist Pack Turn Scale \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 195 \| date \= 1935\-08\-19 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350819\.2\.135\.7 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} Another loss followed, 6–3 against Technical Old Boys on August 24 on [Eden Park](/wiki/Eden_Park "Eden Park") number 2\. Brimble and W Hatfield were the "best backs" for Manukau.{{cite news \| title \= Margin Of Three Points \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22197 \| date \= 1935\-08\-26 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350826\.2\.170\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} On September 21 Manukau played a friendly match against Tukapa who had travelled up from [New Plymouth](/wiki/New_Plymouth "New Plymouth") to play at the Showgrounds with Brimble playing.{{cite news \| title \= Tukapa V. Manukau \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 223 \| date \= 1935\-09\-20 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350920\.2\.150 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} Manukau were well beaten 35–8\.{{cite news \| title \= Tukapa Beat Manukau \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 225 \| date \= 1935\-09\-23 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350923\.2\.135 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} Their last game of the year was a 14–8 loss to Grafton at Onehunga. Brimble was "the brightest and most impressive of the Manukau backs".{{cite news \| title \= Leaders Still Lead \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 243 \| date \= 1935\-10\-14 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19351014\.2\.148 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-19}} He showed "thrust" when he got the ball and made a break which led to Heighway scoring in the corner, and played "a fine game".{{cite news \| title \= Grafton Victorious \| page \= 17 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22239 \| date \= 1935\-10\-14 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19351014\.2\.166\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-25}} ##### 1936 Manukau Rugby The 1936 season was to be the last playing rugby for Walter Brimble as he switched to [rugby league](/wiki/Rugby_league "Rugby league") towards the end of the season. He was named in their opening game for the season against Grammar at Sturges Park in Otahuhu on May 2\.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 102 \| date \= 1936\-05\-01 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360501\.2\.113\.8 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} A 5–5 draw resulted with the [Auckland Star](/wiki/Auckland_Star "Auckland Star") saying that "little Brimble worked hard".{{cite news \| title \= "Scramble" At Sturgess Park \| page \= 15 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 104 \| date \= 1936\-05\-04 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360504\.2\.159 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} In a 25–8 loss to Grafton on May 23 on Eden Park No. 2 Brimble scored a try for the losers.{{cite news \| title \= Grafton's Easy Win/Stoppages For Injuries \| page \= 15 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22427 \| date \= 1936\-05\-25 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360525\.2\.151\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} On May 30 Manukau lost to College Rifles 9–8 on Eden Park No. 2 again. It was said that he "was as sound as ever and showed great soundness of handling as well as penetrative ability". It was his "opportunism" that resulted in Kenneth Hankin scoring in the corner.{{cite news \| title \= Reckless Play \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 128 \| date \= 1936\-06\-01 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360601\.2\.139 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} Another loss followed to Ponsonby on June 6 by 8 points to 3\. Brimble and Hankin, playing in the inside backs "were great spoilers and blanketed their opposition".{{cite news \| title \= Ponsonby Fortunate/Manukau's Fine Showing \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22439 \| date \= 1936\-06\-08 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360608\.2\.159\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} Manukau had four players leave the field injured in a 10–3 loss to Otahuhu at Sturges Park on June 13\. Brimble played "his usual sound game".{{cite news \| title \= Beyer Scores A Try \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 140 \| date \= 1936\-06\-15 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360615\.2\.143 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} Manukau had their first win of the season when they easily defeated North Shore 36 to 3\. Brimble and Anderson "baffled" North Shore whenever they elected to run instead of set their wings going. The Star wrote that "the hard running Brimble was a great asset. His dodging runs gained a good deal of ground and he was seldom found wanting on defence". He set up a try in the first minute "after a typical run… he did all the work and sent on to Anderson".{{cite news \| title \= Manukau's Big Score \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 146 \| date \= 1936\-06\-22 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360622\.2\.130 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} Then at Onehunga on June 27 Manukau won 11–8 over Training College. Brimble "got through an immense amount of work, but after making good openings was prone to pass wildly".{{cite news \| title \= Where Weight Told \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 152 \| date \= 1936\-06\-29 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360629\.2\.126 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} Manukau travelled to [Paeroa](/wiki/Paeroa "Paeroa") to play a friendly match against the local side on July 4\. [Cyril Pepper](/wiki/Cyril_Pepper "Cyril Pepper") (Manukau's All Black), and Brimble played "great football", with Brimble involved in a passing movement leading to a try to Pearce in Manukau's 14–6 win.{{cite news \| title \= Paeroa \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22463 \| date \= 1936\-07\-06 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360706\.2\.159\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} Manukau then lost to Marist 22–4 on July 11\. Brimble had started in the five\-eighths but after McLaren, their halfback retired at halftime Brimble moved in to full that position. Brimble and Gordon Littlejohn were "the only backs to impress" for Manukau.{{cite news \| title \= Strenuous Forward Play/Marist Team Superior \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22469 \| date \= 1936\-07\-13 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360713\.2\.162\.2 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} In their final match of the Gallaher Shield Manukau drew 0–0 draw with University at Sturges Park, Brimble was "great in the mud".{{cite news \| title \= A Bloodless Draw \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 170 \| date \= 1936\-07\-20 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360720\.2\.131\.11 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} In the first round of the Jubilee Trophy, Manukau upset Grammar 8 to 3\. Brimble set up their first try by throwing a long cut out pass to Anderson which caught the opposition out of position. Brimble with Stone in the five\-eighths "were steady on defence, while occasional cuts\-in and short punts by both players frequently placed the winners on attack".{{cite news \| title \= An Even Contest/Manukau Defeats Grammar \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22481 \| date \= 1936\-07\-27 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360727\.2\.144\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} Manukau lost to University in the last minute of their next match on August 1 at Onehunga. Anderson and Schubert made a break for Manukau before Brimble "came on the scene in time" to score.{{cite news \| title \= Varsity Win In Last Minute \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 182 \| date \= 1936\-08\-03 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360803\.2\.173 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} The Herald wrote that "Brimble was Manukau’s most valuable man, his defence being sound and his penetrating runs troubling University".{{cite news \| title \= Victory For University \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22487 \| date \= 1936\-08\-03 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360803\.2\.146\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} Brimble's career with the Manukau Rugby Club came to an end 2 weeks later in a match with Marist on August 15\. He kicked a conversion in a 16–6 win.{{cite news \| title \= Results Of Third Series \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 194 \| date \= 1936\-08\-17 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360817\.2\.124\.16 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} ### Rugby League #### Code switch to join Manukau Rugby League Football Club It was reported on September 10 that Walter Brimble had been registered with the [Manukau](/wiki/Manukau_Magpies "Manukau Magpies") rugby league club. Thus joining his brothers [Ted](/wiki/Ted_Brimble "Ted Brimble") and [Wilfred](/wiki/Wilfred_Brimble "Wilfred Brimble") in the Auckland club rugby league competition with Ted and Wilfred at the [Newton Rangers](/wiki/Newton_Rangers "Newton Rangers") club.{{cite news \| title \= Auckland Control Board \| page \= 23 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 215 \| date \= 1936\-09\-10 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360910\.2\.219 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} He had in fact played for Manukau on the weekend prior in round 1 of the Roope Rooster in their 10–8 win over [Ponsonby United](/wiki/Ponsonby_Ponies "Ponsonby Ponies") at [Carlaw Park](/wiki/Carlaw_Park "Carlaw Park"). He was said to be "a newcomer to the code", and "filled [Thomas Trevarthan](/wiki/Thomas_Trevarthan "Thomas Trevarthan")’s place at second five\-eighth, but hardly rose to the heights expected of him. With a few more games however, he should be an asset to his new club".{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Just Get There \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 212 \| date \= 1936\-09\-07 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360907\.2\.152 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} The Herald wrote that "Brimble, the former Manukau Rugby Union five\-eighths, made a fine opening and carried play to the Ponsonby line, where \[Peter] Mahima scored a good try". They went on to say he "was impressive at five eithths" where he was partnered with [Jack Hemi](/wiki/Jack_Hemi "Jack Hemi").{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Extended \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22517 \| date \= 1936\-09\-07 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360907\.2\.143\.10 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} Manukau had won the championship for the first ever time just prior to Brimble joining the side. It was the first time they had fielded a senior team since [1913](/wiki/1913_Auckland_Rugby_League_season "1913 Auckland Rugby League season") and had recruited heavily before and during the season focussing particularly on rugby union players with many of their team [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people "Māori people"). They then beat [Papakura](/wiki/Papakura_Sea_Eagles "Papakura Sea Eagles") at Prince Edward Park in [Papakura](/wiki/Papakura "Papakura") on September 12\. This put Manukau into the Roope Rooster final where they met [City Rovers](/wiki/City_Rovers "City Rovers") on September 26 at Carlaw Park. Manukau won 23 to 10 with Brimble scoring his first try in his new code. He "teamed well in the five eighths line" with Hemi.{{cite news \| title \= Triumph For Champions \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 230 \| date \= 1936\-09\-28 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360928\.2\.142 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} His try was their third and was converted by New Zealand international [Puti Tipene Watene](/wiki/Steve_Watene "Steve Watene"). Overall he was said to be "a clever player on attack" with his try "being a brilliant solo effort".{{cite news \| title \= Better Team Wins \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22535 \| date \= 1936\-09\-28 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360928\.2\.173\.5 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} His last match of the season was in the Stormont Shield match between Manukau and [Richmond Rovers](/wiki/Richmond_Rovers "Richmond Rovers") (who had won the championship). The match played on October 3 saw Richmond win easily 30–9\. Brimble crossed for another try for Manukau. [Jack Brodrick](/wiki/Jack_Brodrick "Jack Brodrick") made a 60\-yard run before tackling [Harold Tetley](/wiki/Harold_Tetley "Harold Tetley") of Richmond and [Angus Gault](/wiki/Angus_Gault "Angus Gault") "snapped up the ball and Brimble was over in a flash". Brimble and Hemi "played good games at five eighths".{{cite news \| title \= Backs Too Fast \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22541 \| date \= 1936\-10\-05 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19361005\.2\.167\.6 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-28}} #### 1937 Manukau, and Auckland The [1937](/wiki/1937_Auckland_Rugby_League_season "1937 Auckland Rugby League season") Auckland rugby league season saw Brimble play 19 times for Manukau, scoring 5 tries. He also made one appearance for the [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_rugby_league_team "Auckland rugby league team") representative team against [South Auckland (Waikato)](/wiki/Waikato_rugby_league_team "Waikato rugby league team") on June 9\. He was not named in their season opening game, a preliminary round match on April 17\.{{cite news \| title \= Ready For Fray \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 89 \| date \= 1937\-04\-16 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370416\.2\.130 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} He did however play in their second preliminary round match the following week on April 24\. Manukau won easily 37–19 over [Newton Rangers](/wiki/Newton_Rangers "Newton Rangers") with Walter playing opposite his younger brother [Wilfred](/wiki/Wilfred_Brimble "Wilfred Brimble"). Walter was said to have been prominent for Manukau while Wilfred played a good game for Newton.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Too Strong/Large Score Registered \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22712 \| date \= 1937\-04\-26 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370426\.2\.170\.8 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} Manukau's first Fox Memorial championship game was on May 1 and saw them beat [North Shore Albions](/wiki/North_Shore_Albions "North Shore Albions") 19–12 at [Carlaw Park](/wiki/Carlaw_Park "Carlaw Park"). The Auckland Star wrote that "the brilliance of the Manukau first five eighth, Brimble..." was a feature of the match. In the second half he made a break down the wing which was capped by Colin Murton scoring.{{cite news \| title \= Hemi's Goal Points \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 103 \| date \= 1937\-05\-03 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370503\.2\.211 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} The Herald said that he combined well with [Hemi](/wiki/Jack_Hemi "Jack Hemi") and he made some "brilliant openings which paved the way for tries" and also combined well with Peter Mahima.{{cite news \| title \= Bright Display \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22718 \| date \= 1937\-05\-03 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370503\.2\.175\.6 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} In the team list to play [Marist](/wiki/Marist_Saints "Marist Saints") on May 8 he was listed as "R. Brimble", likely due to his nickname being 'Riki'.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 107 \| date \= 1937\-05\-07 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370507\.2\.156\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} Manukau won 17–10 with Brimble, Jack Broughton, Jack Hemi, and Colin Murton involved in "a remarkably opportune move" that led to a try.{{cite news \| title \= Marist Bow To Manukau \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 109 \| date \= 1937\-05\-10 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370510\.2\.171 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} The movement had seen Brimble intercept and then run a long way before kicking with his teammates finishing it off.{{cite news \| title \= Spectacular Play \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22724 \| date \= 1937\-05\-10 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370510\.2\.143\.14 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} Brimble was named as a reserve for Auckland Māori in their game against Auckland Pākehā on May 12\. Wilfred was also named among the reserves. Considering neither of them was Māori it highlighted that the selection was as much based on skin colour as ethnicity. Wilfred was listed as "B Brimble" with his nickname being "Bunny".{{cite news \| title \= Maoris Versus Auckland \| page \= 15 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LVXIII, Issue 110 \| date \= 1937\-05\-11 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370511\.2\.120 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} Neither were required to play in the match. Walter played in further games for Manukau against [Ponsonby](/wiki/Ponsonby_Ponies "Ponsonby Ponies") on May 15 and [Mount Albert United](/wiki/Mount_Albert_Lions "Mount Albert Lions") on May 22 before a 13–13 draw with [City Rovers](/wiki/City_Rovers "City Rovers"). Walter scored his first try of the year. Brimble "made some splendid openings, while he teamed well with Mahima".{{cite news \| title \= Thirteen All \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 127 \| date \= 1937\-05\-31 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370531\.2\.130 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} His try came after he "cleverly beat the opposition" to equalise the scores and overall he was said to be "prominent on attack".{{cite news \| title \= Drawn Game Played \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22742 \| date \= 1937\-05\-31 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370531\.2\.174\.7 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} #### Auckland Debut Following a win over Newton, 14–9 on May 29 Brimble was selected to make his [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_rugby_league_team "Auckland rugby league team") debut against [South Auckland (Waikato)](/wiki/Waikato_rugby_league_team "Waikato rugby league team"). Auckland was playing two matches on the same day with the other Auckland team playing [Taranaki](/wiki/Taranaki_rugby_league_team "Taranaki rugby league team") with the games taking place on Wednesday, June 9\. He was paired with Len Schultz in the five\-eighths with his club mate Peter Mahima at halfback.{{cite news \| title \= Representatives Matches \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22748 \| date \= 1937\-06\-07 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370607\.2\.173\.13 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} Auckland won the game 26 to 12\. He supported Mahima who made a break in the first half and took his pass before putting Schultz over for the opening try. He made a break of his own later in the first half and passed to [Gordon Midgley](/wiki/Gordon_Midgley "Gordon Midgley") before the ball was spilled a try lost.{{cite news \| title \= Good Showing \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22751 \| date \= 1937\-06\-10 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370610\.2\.162\.2 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} For Auckland [Arthur Kay](/wiki/Arthur_Kay_%28rugby_league%29 "Arthur Kay (rugby league)")’s speed and "Brimble’s brilliance and cleverness at shooting through a gap and clever drawing of opponents before delivery of a good pass made them the most impressive inside backs".{{cite news \| title \= Bright Play \| page \= 24 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 136 \| date \= 1937\-06\-10 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370610\.2\.193\.2 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} ##### Manukau 1937 continued Brimble returned to Manukau for a 22–18 loss to [Richmond Rovers](/wiki/Richmond_Rovers "Richmond Rovers") on June 12\. He "was effective in the five eighths line" where he had [Rangi Chase](/wiki/Rangi_Chase_%28rugby_league%2C_born_1918%29 "Rangi Chase (rugby league, born 1918)") outside him who scored three tries.{{cite news \| title \= Richmond's Late Rally \| page \= 15 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Issue LXVIII \| date \= 1937\-06\-14 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370614\.2\.144\.6 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} Brimble was said to have done "some clever work".{{cite news \| title \= Fine Exhibition/Win For Richmond \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22754 \| date \= 1937\-06\-14 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370614\.2\.162\.5 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} Manukau then traveled to [Tāneatua](/wiki/T%C4%81neatua "Tāneatua") to play the [Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_rugby_league_team "Bay of Plenty rugby league team") and in an entertaining game won 51 to 33 on June 19\.{{cite news \| title \=Hemi's Great Day \| page \= 12 \| work\=\[\[Auckland Star]]\| volume\=LXVIII\| issue\=145 \| date \= 1937\-06\-21 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370621\.2\.124 \| access\-date \= 2021\-05\-11}} Brimble scored a try for Manukau in their 31–11 win over [North Shore](/wiki/North_Shore_Albions "North Shore Albions") at Carlaw Park on July 3\. He "was nippy in the five eighths line and always ready to go on either side of the scrum".{{cite news \| title \= Manukau In Form \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 157 \| date \= 1937\-07\-05 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370705\.2\.142 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} The Herald said that he and Mahima "excelled on attack, and the pair compare favourably with any inside backs in Auckland".{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Improves/Defeat Of North Shore \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22772 \| date \= 1937\-07\-05 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370705\.2\.161\.16 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} While the Auckland Star said he "rose to great heights at times".{{cite news \| title \= Manukau's Good Finish \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 163 \| date \= 1937\-07\-12 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370712\.2\.178 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} Manukau had well and truly found form with another win, 20–13 over [Marist](/wiki/Marist_Saints "Marist Saints") on July 10 in the main match at Carlaw Park. Their first two tries came from "splendid openings" by Mahima and Brimble in the second half. Brimble had been "closely watched, but he made a few openings in brilliant style".{{cite news \| title \= Disappointing Game \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22778 \| date \= 1937\-07\-12 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370712\.2\.161\.5 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} In a 22 to 5 win against Newton the following week Brimble and Mahima gave "attractive exhibitions" along with forward [Jack Brodrick](/wiki/Jack_Brodrick "Jack Brodrick"), Len Kawe, and [Puti Tipene Watene](/wiki/Puti_Tipene_Watene "Puti Tipene Watene"). Also playing well outside Brimble were Rangi Chase at centre and [Tommy Chase](/wiki/Tommy_Chase "Tommy Chase") and second five eighth.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau's Winning Vein \| page \= 15 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 169 \| date \= 1937\-07\-19 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370719\.2\.153\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} Manukau once again won, 18–6 over [Ponsonby](/wiki/Ponsonby_Ponies "Ponsonby Ponies") in their round 11 match and with 4 rounds left were in second behind [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond_Rovers "Richmond Rovers"). Brimble along with the Chase brothers "in possession and combination gave a lot of speed and colour to the Manukau attack".{{cite news \| title \= Manukau's Speed \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 175 \| date \= 1937\-07\-26 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370726\.2\.145 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} They then drew 11–11 with Richmond in round 12\. Brimble scored his third try of the season. He "defended soundly and ran up to his man before sending the ball along".{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Unlucky \| page \= 15 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 181 \| date \= 1937\-08\-02 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370802\.2\.179 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} He scored again the following week against [Mount Albert](/wiki/Mount_Albert_Lions "Mount Albert Lions"), however Manukau crucially lost 20–19\. He "frequently flashed into the picture in clever runs" in the loss.{{cite news \| title \= Margin of One Point \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22814 \| date \= 1937\-08\-23 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370823\.2\.155\.7 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} In the last round Manukau suffered defeat once more, 23–20 to [City](/wiki/City_Rovers "City Rovers") which confined them to fourth of the eight teams. For the third consecutive week Brimble crossed the line for a try. It came after he "cut through the defence, beating several opponents by a clever change of pace".{{cite news \| title \= Surprise Win For City \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22820 \| date \= 1937\-08\-30 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370830\.2\.153\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} Manukau now moved into the Roope Rooster knockout competition and were eliminated in round 1, losing to Mount Albert 35–18\. Both he and Mahima "were sound, and Brimble, as usual, was quick to sight an opening".{{cite news \| title \= Satherley's Place Kicking \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 211 \| date \= 1937\-09\-06 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370906\.2\.134 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} They were then placed in the Phelan Shield consolation competition and beat [Newton](/wiki/Newton_Rangers "Newton Rangers") 17–15\. Brimble was one of the best Manukau backs along with Joe/Jack Broughton, Chase, and Mahima while Newton were missing Brimble's brother, [Wilfred](/wiki/Wilfred_Brimble "Wilfred Brimble").{{cite news \| title \= Not Inspiring \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 217 \| date \= 1937\-09\-13 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370913\.2\.138\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} Manukau lost the Phelan Shield semi\-final to North Shore 16–10 on September 18\. In early October, Walter, Wilfred, and [Ted](/wiki/Ted_Brimble "Ted Brimble") were all chosen in the 18 player Auckland Māori squad to play Auckland Pākehā, though for all intents and purposes it was the New Zealand Māori side which had beaten [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team "Australia national rugby league team") months earlier.{{cite news \| title \= Sides For Saturday \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 231 \| date \= 1937\-09\-29 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370929\.2\.145 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}}{{cite news \| title \= Auckland\-Maori Match \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22850 \| date \= 1937\-10\-04 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19371004\.2\.160\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} The backs were trimmed from ten to eight with Walter and Ted both omitted the day before the game.{{cite news \| title \= Maoris Play Auckland \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 239 \| date \= 1937\-10\-08 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19371008\.2\.141 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} The final side selected saw Wilfred chosen at halfback with Peter Mahima and [Noel Bickerton](/wiki/Noel_Bickerton "Noel Bickerton") in the five\-eighths positions with the Māori side winning 43 to 21\.{{cite news \| title \= Superior Combination \| page \= 15 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Issue 22856 \| date \= 1937\-10\-11 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19371011\.2\.162\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-29}} #### Manukau (1938\) The [1938](/wiki/1938_Auckland_Rugby_League_season "1938 Auckland Rugby League season") season was to be the most significant of Brimble's career. He played in 18 matches for Manukau, scoring 4 tries, 2 matches for Auckland, his debut for the [North Island](/wiki/North_Island_rugby_league_team "North Island rugby league team"), and his debut for [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team "New Zealand national rugby league team"). He went on their Australian tour and played 8 matches in total. Brimble was named in the Manukau squad for the season which was named in mid March.{{cite news \| title \= George Nepia Again \| page \= 27 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 58 \| date \= 1938\-03\-10 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380310\.2\.215 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} Manukau won their first match of the year which was against a South Auckland XIII at Waikaraka Park in Onehunga on March 26\.{{cite news \| title \= "Pipe Opener" at Waikaraka Park \| page \= 15 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 73 \| date \= 1938\-03\-28 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380328\.2\.171 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} They then played Ponsonby on April 2 in a preliminary round match at Carlaw Park, winning 19–11\. Brimble, "the outstanding half, opened up the play well…", and he was "often dangerous" along with Mahima.{{cite news \| title \= Opening Of Season \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 79 \| date \= 1938\-04\-04 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380404\.2\.166 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}}{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Forwards \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23004 \| date \= 1938\-04\-04 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380404\.2\.170\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} In a preview of Manukau's Fox Memorial championship round 1 game against Newton it was suggested that Brimble and Broughton in the five\-eighths were likely to "make the play fast and open".{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Impresses \| page \= 20 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23006 \| date \= 1938\-04\-06 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380406\.2\.206\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} Manukau suffered a surprising loss, 19 to 8 with Walter's brother Wilfred, playing at halfback, scoring a try and kicked 4 goals for Newton. Their older brother Ted also played well for Newton on attack. It was also mentioned that Walter and Mahima "showed up" for Manukau.{{cite news \| title \= Surprise By Newton \| page \= 20 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23010 \| date \= 1938\-04\-11 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380411\.2\.180\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} The Star commented that Walter "played brightly in the intermediate line".{{cite news \| title \= Auspicious Start \| page \= 19 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 86 \| date \= 1938\-04\-12 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380412\.2\.151 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} Manukau beat North Shore a week later 26–21 with Brimble scoring one of their 6 tries and was "prominent on attack".{{cite news \| title \= Fast Display/Manukau Improves \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23015 \| date \= 1938\-04\-18 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380418\.2\.147 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} They defeated Marist 18–4 in round 3 but "the best was not seen of Brimble and Broughton at five eighths".{{cite news \| title \= Good Second Spell \| page \= 18 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23021 \| date \= 1938\-04\-26 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380426\.2\.203 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} He scored a try in their next match against [Mount Albert](/wiki/Mount_Albert_Lions "Mount Albert Lions") on May 7 when they won 17–9\.{{cite news \| title \= Chances Grasped \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 107 \| date \= 1938\-05\-09 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380509\.2\.149\.3 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} He played "an outstanding game at first five eighth \[handling] splendidly and his quickness off the mark gave the players outside him every opportunity. He made several fine openings and was always handy when defensive work was required".{{cite news \| title \= Hard Forward Play \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23032 \| date \= 1938\-05\-09 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380509\.2\.157 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} The Auckland Star wrote "Walter Brimble, with speed and incisive dash, continually opened the way for Manukau attack…".{{cite news \| title \= Thrustful Play \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 108 \| date \= 1938\-05\-10 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380510\.2\.105 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} Manukau had a narrow 18–16 win against [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond_Rovers "Richmond Rovers") in their next game. Brimble, "although not so conspicuous on attack as usual, showed out for some clever defensive work", and the Auckland Star mentioned that his "constructive play was good".{{cite news \| title \= Fortunes Fluctuate \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23038 \| date \= 1938\-05\-16 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380516\.2\.142 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}}{{cite news \| title \= League Code \| page \= 15 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 114 \| date \= 1938\-05\-17 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380517\.2\.120\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} #### Auckland and North Island selection On May 12 Brimble was named in the [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_rugby_league_team "Auckland rugby league team") side to play a 'Rest of North Island' side on May 18\. He was chosen by [Bert Avery](/wiki/Bert_Avery "Bert Avery"), [Hec Brisbane](/wiki/Hec_Brisbane "Hec Brisbane"), and A. Renwick to play at first five eighth with [Wally Tittleton](/wiki/Wally_Tittleton "Wally Tittleton") at second five. At halfback was his brother [Wilfred](/wiki/Wilfred_Brimble "Wilfred Brimble").{{cite news \| title \= Trial Match/Teams for Next Wednesday \| page \= 29 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 110 \| date \= 1938\-05\-12 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380512\.2\.204\.5 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} The Herald commenting on his play so far in the season said that "he combines well with Mahima and his speed off the mark often beats the defence. While not so prominent as usual on attack against Richmond, Brimble did great defensive work, his keen sense of anticipation enabling him to save some awkward situations".{{cite news \| title \= Strength Of Teams \| page \= 22 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23040 \| date \= 1938\-05\-18 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380518\.2\.213 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} Brimble and Tittleton were matched up against B. Blackie, and L. McCready both of the Bay of Plenty.{{cite news \| title \= Trial Match Today \| page \= 21 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23040 \| date \= 1938\-05\-18 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380518\.2\.207 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} The Auckland side routed their opponent 67–14 with Brimble scoring one of their 14 tries.{{cite news \| title \=Auckland's Runaway Win \| page \= 26 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 116 \| date \= 1938\-05\-19 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380519\.2\.216\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} The Herald wrote "all the home backs played well, particularly Brimble (Newton), halfback, and Brimble (Manukau), five eighths. Their combination was a feature of the game, although the opposition was weak".{{cite news \| title \= Trial Match Played \| page \= 11 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23041 \| date \= 1938\-05\-19 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380519\.2\.43 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} Both Walter and Wilfred were then selected in the [North Island](/wiki/North_Island_rugby_league_team "North Island rugby league team") side to play [South Island](/wiki/South_Island_rugby_league_team "South Island rugby league team") three days later on May 21 at Carlaw Park. He was again partnered with Wally Tittleton with Wilfred at halfback. They were playing opposite N. Kiely and D. Kirk of [Greymouth](/wiki/Greymouth "Greymouth") in the five\-eighths in what was essentially a trial match to choose the [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team "New Zealand national rugby league team") side to tour Australia.{{cite news \| title \= Inter\-Island Game \| page \= 17 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23041 \| date \= 1938\-05\-19 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380519\.2\.171 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} A curtain raiser was to be played between a Probables side and Possibles side with the former featuring their brother [Ted](/wiki/Ted_Brimble "Ted Brimble") at first five eighth.{{cite news \| title \= Curtain\-Raiser Trial \| page \= 18 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23042 \| date \= 1938\-05\-20 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380520\.2\.201 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} The North Island scored an easy 55–2 win over the South Island with Walter crossing for a try. It was said "speed from the base of the scrum, due to the fine combination of the Brimble brothers, gave the North backs every opportunity, and deep thrusts were made in the defence". Both brothers were involved in many attacking movements and Walter along with [Des Herring](/wiki/Des_Herring "Des Herring") and [Jack Brodrick](/wiki/Jack_Brodrick "Jack Brodrick") inter passed before a try for [Jack Satherley](/wiki/Jack_Satherley "Jack Satherley") to make the score 20–2 early in the second half. Then with the final try "the Brimble brothers cleverly evaded the defence, and Walter Brimble scored for [\[Jack] Smith](/wiki/Jack_Smith_%28rugby_league%2C_New_Zealand%29 "Jack Smith (rugby league, New Zealand)") to convert".{{cite news \| title \= North Team Wins \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23044 \| date \= 1938\-05\-23 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380523\.2\.156\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} #### New Zealand selection and Australian Tour [NZ Team 1938\|left\|450pxFollowing](/wiki/File:NZ_Team_1938.png "NZ Team 1938.png") the inter\-island match Walter Brimble was named in the 22\-man [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team "New Zealand national rugby league team") squad to tour Australia. His brother [Wilfred](/wiki/Wilfred_Brimble "Wilfred Brimble") was also selected by [Jim Amos](/wiki/Jim_Amos_%28rugby_league%29 "Jim Amos (rugby league)"), [Scottie McClymont](/wiki/Thomas_McClymont "Thomas McClymont"), and [Hec Brisbane](/wiki/Hec_Brisbane "Hec Brisbane").{{cite news \| title \= 22 Players Chosen \| page \= 15 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 119 \| date \= 1938\-05\-23 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380523\.2\.164 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} [thumb\|Walter is 4th from the right in the front row.In](/wiki/File:NZ_team_photo_to_visit_Australia_in_1938.png "NZ team photo to visit Australia in 1938.png") short pieces on all the players selected, the Herald wrote "W.P. Brimble (Auckland), five eighths, is 24 years of age and weighs 10st. 7lb. \[\[He is a brother of the halfback. Brimble came over from the Manukau Rugby Union Club two years ago and represented Auckland on one occasion \[in fact twice]. He has a lot of speed and is very elusive on attack, with a keen sense of anticipation on defence. The brothers should work up an excellent combination with a few more games together".{{cite news \| title \= Careers Of Players Chosen \| page \= 23 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23046 \| date \= 1938\-05\-25 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380525\.2\.179 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}}[thumb\|1938 New Zealand team](/wiki/File:1938_NZ_league_team_for_Australian_tour.jpg "1938 NZ league team for Australian tour.jpg") [thumb\|left\|Photograph of Brimble from the *New Zealand Herald*Before](/wiki/File:Walter_Brimble_portrait_photo_2.png "Walter Brimble portrait photo 2.png") leaving for Australia, Brimble played one last game for Manukau against City on May 28\. Manukau won 23–19 though "Mahima and Brimble did not combine as well as usual and found the opposition very elusive".{{cite news \| title \= Display Of City \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23050 \| date \= 1938\-05\-30 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380530\.2\.167 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} With the New Zealand side on their way [The Courier\-Mail](/wiki/The_Courier-Mail "The Courier-Mail") (Brisbane) newspaper reported that "the Brimble brothers should shine if the grounds are not too hard".{{cite news \| title \= Hemi Lost Form In Trials \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= The Courier\-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933 – 1954\) \| date \= 1938\-05\-24 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article41007804 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} In an article by sports writer L.H. Kearney with short profiles of the New Zealanders he said Walter "was the most brilliant club player in Auckland this season".{{cite news \| title \= Strength Lies In The Pack \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= The Courier\-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933 – 1954\) \| date \= 1938\-05\-31 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article40996551 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} While a correspondent from [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland "Auckland") writing in [The Referee (newspaper)](/wiki/The_Referee_%28newspaper%29 "The Referee (newspaper)") of [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") said "outstanding last year, Walter P. Brimble, five eighth, has a lot of speed and is very elusive, with a keen sense of anticipation on defence".{{cite news \| title \= Who's Who In The N.Z. Team \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= \[\[The Referee (newspaper)\|Referee]], issue 2671 \| date \= 1938\-06\-02 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article127506402 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} [The Rugby League News](/wiki/Big_League "Big League") publication produced an article on the Brimble brothers and extended family in their June 25 edition. It said "with four brothers in the front rank among rugby league footballers, the Brimble family has a record in the game second to none in New Zealand. A fifth has represented Auckland at rugby union. This season their success has been crowned by the selection of the two youngsters, Walter and Wilfred, better known as "Riki and Bunny", to represent New Zealand". It went on to say "Walter, Manukau's five\-eighth, who has the same small thrust and fleetness in attack, is a genius in making openings. [thumb\|Walter sixth from the right.A](/wiki/File:NZ_RL_team_to_tour_Australia%2C_1938.png "NZ RL team to tour Australia, 1938.png") pair of "pocket battleships," in combination they are a power to be reckoned with". Then in some family biographical details they wrote that "the family came originally from [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town"), but the boys were born in different parts of the world. They had temporary homes in [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") and [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") before settling down in [Onehunga](/wiki/Onehunga "Onehunga") about 22 years ago. Walter has a twin brother, Lionel, who played in the same team at school, in the school representatives, and in the lower grades. Lionel's football career was hampered, however by an injured knee".{{cite news \| title \= The Five Brimbles' Football Success/Springboks By Birth \| page \= 6 \| publisher \= The Rugby League News \| date \= 1938\-06\-25 \| url \=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj\-642499115/view?partId\=nla.obj\-642539301\#page/n7/mode/1up \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} [thumb\|left\|Wilfred passing to Walter at SCG training.](/wiki/File:Walter_and_Wilfred_training_at_the_SCG.png "Walter and Wilfred training at the SCG.png") [thumb\|[Wilfred Brimble](/wiki/Wilfred_Brimble "Wilfred Brimble") wearing his Newton jersey putting the ball into a scrum at the SCG. Walter is possibly at first five eighth to the right.](/wiki/File:Wilfred_Brimble_putting_the_ball_into_the_scrum.png "Wilfred Brimble putting the ball into the scrum.png") Walter was not chosen in New Zealand's first match on June 11 against [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team "New South Wales rugby league team") at the [Sydney Cricket Ground](/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground "Sydney Cricket Ground"). New Zealand lost 25 to 12\. He was however chosen in their second game against the same opponents at the same venue.{{cite news \| title \= Changes In State League Team \| page \= 29 \| publisher \= \[\[The Sun (Sydney)\|The Sun]], issue 1837 \| date \= 1938\-06\-12 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article231033196 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} He was playing with [Wally Tittleton](/wiki/Wally_Tittleton "Wally Tittleton") outside him at inside centre and Wilfred at halfback. New Zealand won 37 to 18 before a crowd of 18,426 with Brimble scoring a try on his international debut at five eighth. He was opposed by Toby Kerr at first five eighth for NSW. Walter was said to have been "lively at first five eighth".{{cite news \| title \= New Zealand Avenge Defeat \| page \= 7 \| publisher \= Timaru Herald, Volume CXLIV, Issue 21062 \| date \= 1938\-06\-14 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/THD19380614\.2\.54 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-30}} Early in the game "in a nice New Zealand movement the two Brimbles, Tittleton and \[Jack] Smith took play to the New South Wales 25". Nearing halftime [Jack Brodrick](/wiki/Jack_Brodrick "Jack Brodrick"), [Clarry McNeil](/wiki/Clarry_McNeil "Clarry McNeil") and [Jack McLeod](/wiki/Jack_McLeod_%28rugby_league%29 "Jack McLeod (rugby league)") were involved in an attack where "the ball was toed along, but Conlon missed it and Walter Brimble picking it up, went on to score alongside the goal". Then in the second half New South Wales dropped the ball "and Walter Brimble, gathering it, passed to Tittleton, who scored between the posts".{{cite news \| title \= Surprise In League Game \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= \[\[The Sun (Sydney)\|The Sun]], issue 8872 \| date \= 1938\-06\-13 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article231035456 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-31}} The Courier\-Mail said that "the two diminutive New Zealand halves, Walter Brimble, five eighth and Wilfred Brimble, half\-back played grand football, both in attack and in defence".{{cite news \| title \= New Zealand Team Makes Full Amends \| page \= 10 \| publisher \= \[\[The Courier\-mail]], issue 1492 \| date \= 1938\-06\-14 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article40997192 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-31}} The [Labor Daily](/wiki/Labor_Daily "Labor Daily") described Walter as "the mighty atom".{{cite news \| title \= How N. Zealanders Turned Tables On N.S.W. \| page \= 11 \| publisher \= \[\[The Labor Daily]], issue 26 \| date \= 1938\-06\-14 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article236407259 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-31}} The Referee publication said that the brothers "proved very smart and elusive and the entire back division handled the ball magnificently". They went on to mix the two up naming Walter as the half back and Wilfred as the five eighth. Correcting the names Walter "fitted in splendidly with the three quarters".{{cite news \| title \= Best N.Z. League Team \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Referee, Issue 2673 \| date \= 1938\-06\-16 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article127505919 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-31}} The Herald speculated that it was "very likely that the combination and speed of the Brimble brothers in the inside positions made a vast difference to the team’s penetration".{{cite news \| title \= New Zealand Team/Form In Australia \| page \= 24 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23064 \| date \= 1938\-06\-15 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380615\.2\.230\.5 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-31}} [450px\|leftWalter](/wiki/File:New_Zealand_RL_team_to_play_Far_North_Coast_in_1938.jpg "New Zealand RL team to play Far North Coast in 1938.jpg") was then named in the New Zealand side to play North Coast on June 15 in [Lismore](/wiki/Lismore%2C_New_South_Wales "Lismore, New South Wales"). New Zealand won the match 23–2 with 2,200 spectators watching. It rained during the first half and made the ground greasy with it said that "the play of the New Zealand backs did not inspire confidence, there being a lack of enterprise, while they seldom managed to penetrate the opposing defence".{{cite news \| title \= Second Victory \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23065 \| date \= 1938\-06\-16 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380616\.2\.107 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-31}} During the second half Brimble "made an opening for the first try, slicing the defence at the 25 yards line, after taking a well timed pass from [Gordon Midgley](/wiki/Gordon_Midgley "Gordon Midgley")" before scoring under the posts.{{cite news \| title \= Kiwis At Lismore/Far North Coast Beaten \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Queensland Times, Volume LXXVIII, issue 16,089 \| date \= 1938\-06\-16 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article115605885 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-31}} [The Northern Star](/wiki/The_Northern_Star "The Northern Star") wrote "Brimble’s display at standoff half for New Zealand was never better than that of a grade player. His passing was badly directed, and his reputation as a defender not enhanced".{{cite news \| title \= North Beaten/League Fixture Drew Large Attendance \| page \= 10 \| publisher \= Northern Star, Volume 63 \| date \= 1938\-06\-16 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article94568038 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-31}} Both Walter and Wilfred were named in their next match, against [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland_rugby_league_team "Queensland rugby league team") on June 18 at the [Brisbane Cricket Ground](/wiki/Brisbane_Cricket_Ground "Brisbane Cricket Ground").{{cite news \| title \= Only One Serious Injury Among the Players \| page \= 11 \| publisher \= The Telegraph \| date \= 1938\-06\-17 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article183486231 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-31}} Before the game W. Sneyd in the Telegraph wrote that "it won’t be surprising if everybody gets the two Brimbles mixed up, because they are so much alike. They play right at the scrum base, and do they combine!".{{cite news \| title \= The Kiwis – Through the Eyes of a cameraman \| page \= 20 \| publisher \= The Telegraph \| date \= 1938\-06\-17 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article183486429 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-31}} [thumb\|Wilfred passing to Walter in the match v Queensland on June 18\.New](/wiki/File:Wilfred_passing_to_Walter.png "Wilfred passing to Walter.png") Zealand were well beaten by 31 points to 11 before a crowd of 12,000\. Walter was marking the Queensland captain [Jack Reardon](/wiki/Jack_Reardon "Jack Reardon") who finished his career playing 21 games for Queensland, 1 for NSW, and 4 tests for Australia. It was said that Wilfred, "the scrum half showed none of the adventurous spirit which marked his second Sydney display, and he broke the hearts of both his forwards and supports by the way he kicked away the limited number of scrummage favours he received". As a result, Walter had very few opportunities with the ball.{{cite news \| title \= Inner Backs' Fighting Spirit Broken \| page \= 23 \| publisher \= Sunday Mail (Brisbane) \| date \= 1938\-06\-19 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article97870426 \| accessdate \= 2024\-05\-31}} The Truth newspaper said "the Brimble brothers were a rank disappointment. Half\-back "Bunny" and standoff "Rickety" are their noms\-de\-League and Shakespeare said, "What’s in a name." The same page featured a photograph of Wilfred lying on the ground after having passed to Walter.{{cite news \| title \= Queensland Polished Kiwis Off League Map \| page \= 7 \| publisher \= Truth \| date \= 1938\-06\-19 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article206133570 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} The Referee newspaper wrote that "it would be unwise to judge the Kiwi backs on this display. Tittleton and \[Rangi] Chase in the centre seldom got an even break in attack, due primarily to the inability of five eighth W.P. Brimble to get them on the run, … this Brimble did not shine in attack. Reardon and the Queensland back row forwards made a bird of him, but he, too, had Reardon well held in the moves from the scrum". They went on to say that Wilfred had been sick before the match but "got the passes away crisply and used a short kick through the defence when he found the tackled crowding his brother at five eighth. The tactics were right, though they did not come off through the men outside failing to follow the ball through".{{cite news \| title \= New Zealanders Outplayed By Fiery Forwards \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Referee \| date \= 1938\-06\-23 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article127497581 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} New Zealand then moved to [Toowoomba](/wiki/Toowoomba "Toowoomba") to play their 5th game of the tour which was against the local [Toowoomba](/wiki/Toowoomba_Rugby_League "Toowoomba Rugby League") side. New Zealand won 12–11 before a crowd of 2,500 with Walter marked by W. Bligh. Walter played once more at first five eighth with [Robert Grotte](/wiki/Robert_Grotte "Robert Grotte") at halfback. He was involved in one of John Anderson's tries after he received the ball from the scrum and "cut out the opposing five\-eighths and centre and ran 40 yds down the centre of the field". It was mentioned that "that was one of the few occasions upon which Brimble did anything else but short\-punt the ball".{{cite news \| title \= By One Point \| page \= 28 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 146 \| date \= 1938\-06\-23 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380623\.2\.226 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} The Telegraph said "Grotte showed more initiative than did \[Wilfred] Brimble in Brisbane last Saturday, his chief weakness being a habit of throwing his passes too high to his supports. The five eighth, Brimble made one of two nice openings, and it was his upsetting of the Toowoomba defence that led to play being so close to the line that [\[John] Anderson](/wiki/John_Anderson_%28rugby_league%29 "John Anderson (rugby league)") was able to clinch the then immediate issue with a try".{{cite news \| title \= Kiwis Were Forced to Hard, Close Struggle By Toowoomba Team \| page \= 23 \| publisher \= The Telegraph \| date \= 1938\-06\-23 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article183484757 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Neither brother was selected for the next match on June 25 which was a rematch with Queensland. The local side won 25 to 12 with Wally Tittleton at five eighth and Robert Grotte at halfback. Walter and Wilfred were chosen to play in the following game against [NSW Group 4](/wiki/Group_4_Rugby_League "Group 4 Rugby League") at [Tamworth](/wiki/Tamworth%2C_New_South_Wales "Tamworth, New South Wales") on June 29\. New Zealand won 26–15 before 2,200 spectators. It was said that they were "outstanding" and "the nippiness of the Brimble brothers, working from the base of the scrum… were too much for the Group side" along with the work of [Arthur Kay](/wiki/Arthur_Kay_%28rugby_league%29 "Arthur Kay (rugby league)"), Gordon Midgley, John Anderson, and Jack Brodrick. {{cite news \| title \= By 11 Points \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= \[\[Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate]], issue 19,256 \| date \= 1938\-06\-30 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article133622213 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}}{{cite news \| title \= N.Z.'s League Victory \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= The Labor Daily (Sydney) \| date \= 1938\-06\-30 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article236408707 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Walter and Wilfred "frequently cut holes in the home side's defence".{{cite news \| title \= Kiwis Defeat Group Team \| page \= 9 \| publisher \= The Courier Mail (Brisbane) \| date \= 1938\-06\-30 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article41010195 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Walter was then chosen in New Zealand's penultimate match of the tour, against [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle_rugby_league_team "Newcastle rugby league team") on July 2 at the [Newcastle Sports Ground](/wiki/Newcastle_Number_1_Sports_Ground "Newcastle Number 1 Sports Ground"). New Zealand won 30 points to 19 with 5,500 spectators present.{{cite news \| title \= N.Z. Side Is Strong \| page \= 9 \| publisher \= The Newcastle Sun \| date \= 1938\-07\-01 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article167301810 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} The [Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate](/wiki/Newcastle_Herald "Newcastle Herald") newspaper erroneously wrote in relation to their ancestry that "the Brimble brothers, who are Maoris, have delighted the crowds by their clever work behind the pack in Australia. Both are fast and difficult to stop".{{cite news \| title \=Strong Team \| page \= 23 \| publisher \= Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate \| date \= 1938\-07\-01 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article133138662 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Walter threw the final pass for New Zealand's first try after [Jack Hemi](/wiki/Jack_Hemi "Jack Hemi") had kicked three penalties. It started with "a passing rush, which was led by the five eighth, W. Brimble, who passed the ball to Anderson, who ran over after J Steedall had made a half\-hearted attempt to tackle".{{cite news \| title \= Newcastle v. N. Zealand \| page \= 6 \| publisher \= The Maitland Daily Mercury \| date \= 1938\-07\-02 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article125701432 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Walter was involved in New Zealand's last and best try being described as one of the best seen on the ground which saw the crowd cheer for several minutes. It started when Wilfred picked the ball up in his own 25 before passing it to Wally Tittleton who sent it on to [Rangi Chase](/wiki/Rangi_Chase_%28rugby_league%2C_born_1918%29 "Rangi Chase (rugby league, born 1918)") who then returned it to Wilfred before it next went to Walter, it then moved to Anderson, Tittleton again and then to [Jack McLeod](/wiki/Jack_McLeod_%28rugby_league%29 "Jack McLeod (rugby league)") who scored.{{cite news \| title \= Kiwis' Easy Win \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 155 \| date \= 1938\-07\-04 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380704\.2\.226\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} The Newcastle hooker (Bert Parsons) outplayed New Zealand's [George Orman](/wiki/George_Orman "George Orman"), winning most of the scrums. The Truth newspaper wrote that "had the Brimble brothers received the opportunities that came the opposition’s way, wingers [Jack Smith](/wiki/Jack_Smith_%28rugby_league%2C_New_Zealand%29 "Jack Smith (rugby league, New Zealand)") and [Ray Brown](/wiki/Ray_Brown_%28New_Zealand%29 "Ray Brown (New Zealand)") would have been seen to better advantage".{{cite news \| title \= Kiwis Home On the Bit At Newcastle \| page \= 6 \| publisher \= The Truth \| date \= 1938\-07\-03 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article169089980 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} [thumb\|left\|Walter on the left chasing Pierce of Sydney.](/wiki/File:Walter_Brimble_in_the_match_v_Sydney_on_July_6%2C_1938.png "Walter Brimble in the match v Sydney on July 6, 1938.png")[thumb\|Walter closing in on Pierce.In](/wiki/File:Walter_Brimble_attempting_a_tackle_v_Sydney.png "Walter Brimble attempting a tackle v Sydney.png") comments on the game the Maitland Daily Mercury said that "the Brimble brothers, splendidly supported by the New Zealand lock forward, Anderson, flashed through the centre time after time, and not all the fine defensive play of G Olivera could prevent their progress". They also echoed earlier observations that if they "had received only half the chances the local halves got, the game would have been a procession with Newcastle tailed off"{{cite news \| title \= Newcastle Outclassed \| page \= 8 \| publisher \= The Maitland Daily Mercury (NSW : 1894 – 1939\) \| date \= 1938\-07\-04 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article125726535 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Walter then played in New Zealand's final match of the tour, against [Sydney](/wiki/City_New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team "City New South Wales rugby league team") at the [Sydney Cricket Ground](/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground "Sydney Cricket Ground"). The match was drawn 19–19\.{{cite news \| title \=Sydney Snatches A Draw, 19\-All \| page \= 32 \| publisher \= The Sun (Sydney, NSW : 1910 – 1954\) \| date \= 1938\-07\-06 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article229141066 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}}{{cite news \| title \= Kiwis Last Game Of The Tour \| page \= 11 \| publisher \= The Newcastle Sun \| date \= 1938\-07\-06 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article167303824 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} The newspapers had named "W. Brimble" at halfback with Jack Smith at five eighth though a photograph of Walter appeared in the Labor Daily newspaper so it is more likely that Walter played at five eighth and Smith at halfback. Opposite Walter was Sydney five eighth Cal Lynch.{{cite news \| title \= Running Into Trouble \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= The Labor Daily \| date \= 1938\-07\-07 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article236398891 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} The Referee newspaper in naming the lineups after the game in their match report listed them in those positions.{{cite news \| title \= New Zealand, Nippy Team \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= Referee (Sydney) \| date \= 1938\-07\-07 \| url \=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article127501060 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} [thumb\|left\|Tommy Chase kicking for Auckland with Walter in the background for New Zealand.After](/wiki/File:Tommy_Chase_kicking_the_ball_for_Auckland_v_NZ_in_1938.png "Tommy Chase kicking the ball for Auckland v NZ in 1938.png") returning from the tour the New Zealand side played a match against [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_rugby_league_team "Auckland rugby league team") on July 16\.{{cite news \| title \= Auckland v. New Zealand \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 161 \| date \= 1938\-07\-11 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380711\.2\.167 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Before a crowd of 15,000 at [Carlaw Park](/wiki/Carlaw_Park "Carlaw Park") on July 16 the Auckland side won 21–13\. Walter played at second five\-eighth with Wally Tittleton at first five eighth and Wilfred at halfback. The Herald said "neither of the Brimbles… was up to form". When the score was 3–0 to Auckland Smith ran 40 yards before passing to Walter "who cut in nicely, but Tittleton dropped the final pass and a try was lost".{{cite news \| title \= Dominion Team \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23092 \| date \= 1938\-07\-18 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380718\.2\.158\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} ##### Return to Manukau The Fox Memorial championship still had 5 rounds remaining when Brimble returned to his Manukau side. He played in an 18–4 win over City on July 23\. In heavy rain the Carlaw Park fields turned into a "quagmire" with Manukau on the No. 2 field. In the second half Brimble "made a fine dash which was well supported by \[Mihaka] Panapa" with Freddie McGuire scoring. Brimble was said to have been "prominent on attack" in the match.{{cite news \| title \= Hemi's Good Form \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV \| date \= 1938\-07\-25 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380725\.2\.147 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Manukau then drew with Richmond 6–6 with Brimble "doing some clever work on attack" and "made a couple of characteristic straight breaks through the opposition".{{cite news \| title \= Richmond Unlucky \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23104 \| date \= 1938\-08\-01 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380801\.2\.152 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}}{{cite news \| title \= Hemi Had Day Out \| page \= 17 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 180 \| date \= 1938\-08\-02 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380802\.2\.176 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} In an easy round 16 win over [Mount Albert](/wiki/Mount_Albert_Lions "Mount Albert Lions") by 31 to 5, Brimble scored two tries. He and Mahima "gave the threequarters every opportunity" with Brimble showing "high\-class form, easily the best since his return from Australia. His two tries came from clever individual work".{{cite news \| title \= Splendid Display \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23110 \| date \= 1938\-08\-08 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380808\.2\.174 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} The Herald wrote "Brimble played a brilliant game … and has rarely been seen to better advantage. He showed great speed for 15 yards and always made an extra man on attack".{{cite news \| title \= Senior Championship \| page \= 21 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23112 \| date \= 1938\-08\-10 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380810\.2\.223 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} #### Auckland selection [thumb\|Manukau v Eastern Suburbs advertisement with Brimble's name featured.Brimble](/wiki/File:Manukau_v_Eastern_Suburbs_in_1938_advertisement.png "Manukau v Eastern Suburbs in 1938 advertisement.png") was selected in the [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_rugby_league_team "Auckland rugby league team") side to play [Canterbury](/wiki/Canterbury_rugby_league_team "Canterbury rugby league team") on August 13\. He was partnered with Wally Tittleton in the halves with Peter Mahima at halfback.{{cite news \| title \= Eight Kiwis In The Auckland Side \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 189 \| date \= 1938\-08\-12 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380812\.2\.139\.1 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Auckland won 28 to 22 though the backs were surprisingly disappointing with Brimble, Tittleton and Rangi Chase not combining as well as expected given they had played together a lot in Australia.{{cite news \| title \= By Six Points1 \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 191 \| date \= 1938\-08\-15 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380815\.2\.139 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} He then returned to the Manukau side for their game with Ponsonby on August 20\. It was the final round of the championship and with the 26–14 win they finished 4th out of the nine sides. Brimble was involved in "the best try of the game" after he took a pass from [Jack Brodrick](/wiki/Jack_Brodrick "Jack Brodrick") with it being handled four times before Brodrick eventually scored in the corner.{{cite news \| title \= Fast Display \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23122 \| date \= 1938\-08\-22 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380822\.2\.163 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Manukau then played in a series of Roope Rooster and Phelan Shield knockout games progressing to the final of the Phelan Shield. Prior to this however they had a match with the touring [Eastern Suburbs](/wiki/Sydney_Roosters "Sydney Roosters") side who had finished runners up in the NSW rugby league competition. Brimble was at five eighth matched opposite L. Pauley.{{cite news \| title \= Meet Manukau To\-morrow \| page \= 17 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 228 \| date \= 1938\-09\-27 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380927\.2\.142\.6 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} With the score 10–7 to Eastern Suburbs in the second half Rangi Chase made a break but when he passed to Brimble the ball hit the referee and the possible equalising try was lost.{{cite news \| title \= Win For Eastern Suburbs \| page \= 22 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23155 \| date \= 1938\-09\-29 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380929\.2\.179 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Three days later Manukau won the Phelan Shield knockout final beating Papakura 18–8 to finish their season. #### Manukau (1939\) Brimble did not play in Manukau's opening games of the [1939](/wiki/1939_Auckland_Rugby_League_season "1939 Auckland Rugby League season") season in April. He was named in the April 22 side to play [Papakura](/wiki/Papakura_Sea_Eagles "Papakura Sea Eagles") but did not take the field.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 93 \| date \= 1938\-04\-21 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390421\.2\.141 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Mount Albert won easily 38–15 with the Herald reporting that "Brimble, who made a reappearance at first five\-eighths, was not up to his best form".{{cite news \| title \=An Early Try \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23340 \| date \= 1939\-05\-08 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390508\.2\.160 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} In their next match against Richmond, a 15–5 loss "Panapa and Brimble were no match for [\[Abbie] Graham](/wiki/Abbie_Graham_%28rugby_league%29 "Abbie Graham (rugby league)") and [\[Noel] Bickerton](/wiki/Noel_Bickerton "Noel Bickerton")". They both received good ball from Mahima but were "standing flat\-footed".{{cite news \| title \= Richmond's Victory \| page \= 16 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23346 \| date \= 1939\-05\-15 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390515\.2\.163 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} In a 21–0 win over City a week later he was paired with [Tommy Chase](/wiki/Tommy_Chase "Tommy Chase") and they both "played good games, especially Brimble whose form was an improvement on that of earlier games".{{cite news \| title \= City Disappoints \| page \= 15 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23352 \| date \= 1939\-05\-22 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390522\.2\.159 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Manukau lost to Newton 16–10 with Brimble scoring one of their two tries. He was playing against his brothers Wilfred and Ted, with Ted opposite him in the Newton five\-eighths. Walter was prominent for Manukau while both of his brothers played well in the winning side.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Beaten \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23358 \| date \= 1939\-05\-29 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390529\.2\.149 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Walter and Ted were then chosen in an 18 player Auckland Māori squad by [Ernie Asher](/wiki/Ernie_Asher "Ernie Asher") to play against South Auckland Māori on May 28\. There was absolutely no newspaper coverage of the match which was played at Davies Park in Huntly so it is unknown if Brimble played or even what the score was.{{cite news \| title \= Auckland Maori Side \| page \= 19 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23355 \| date \= 1939\-05\-25 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390525\.2\.186 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} On King's Birthday (June 5\) an Auckland Māori squad was chosen to play Auckland Pākehā at Carlaw Park. It featured both of his brothers but not Walter.{{cite news \| title \= Rugby League/First Rep. Match \| page \= 10 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 124 \| date \= 1939\-05\-29 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390529\.2\.109 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} In a 10–6 win over Ponsonby he gave good support to Mihaka Panapa.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Just Home \| page \= 15 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 136 \| date \= 1939\-06\-12 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390612\.2\.180\.4 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Manukau had the bye in round 11 and organised a game against Huntly at Waikaraka Park in their home suburb of [Onehunga](/wiki/Onehunga "Onehunga"). It was said that Brimble and Panapa "failed to combine well and lost many chances given by the forwards" in Manukau's 9–8 win.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau Beats Huntly \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23376 \| date \= 1939\-06\-19 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390619\.2\.145 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} In their next match against [North Shore](/wiki/North_Shore_Albions "North Shore Albions") on July 1 Brimble went off injured. This was said to have "upset the arrangement of the Manukau backs" and they went on to lose 19–5\.{{cite news \| title \= Fine Forward Play \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23388 \| date \= 1939\-07\-03 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390703\.2\.175 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Brimble missed selection for the North Island v South Island match and was not even named in the Probables v Possibles trial played as curtain\-raiser. He was possibly injured at the time but he was somewhat out of form anyway and was named in the Manukau side to play on July 15 against Mount Albert.{{cite news \| title \= Manukau \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 164 \| date \= 1939\-07\-14 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390714\.2\.125 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} The Auckland Star named Walter in the reserves for the Auckland match against [South Auckland (Waikato)](/wiki/Waikato_rugby_league_team "Waikato rugby league team") on August 5 but later team lists had the lone Brimble in the reserves as Wilfred and he in fact actually started in the game.{{cite news \| title \= Provincial League Rivalry \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 179 \| date \= 1939\-08\-01 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390801\.2\.135 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}}{{cite news \| title \= Home Side Superior \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23418 \| date \= 1939\-08\-07 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390807\.2\.169 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} In a 28–6 loss to Marist on August 12 Brimble and Cyril Wiberg (fullback) "were triers all the way" in a backline that "failed to team well" overall.{{cite news \| title \= Marist Win Easily \| page \= 13 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 190 \| date \= 1939\-08\-14 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390814\.2\.161 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} The Herald said that Brimble and Mahima "were prominent for solid work behind the scrum".{{cite news \| title \= Easy Win For Marist \| page \=14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23424 \| date \= 1939\-08\-14 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390814\.2\.165 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} In Manukau's final round match Brimble once again played against his brothers in the Newton side with Newton winning 15–2\. They both played well while Walter "was quick off the mark and enterprising in the five\-eighth line". The loss meant Manukau finished the championship in 5th place from 9\.{{cite news \| title \= Newton In Form \| page \= 12 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 196 \| date \= 1939\-08\-21 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390821\.2\.151 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Manukau received a bye in the first round of the Roope Rooster competition before beating [Papakura](/wiki/Papakura_Sea_Eagles "Papakura Sea Eagles") in round 2 by 27 points to 12 with Brimble scoring one of their seven tries.{{cite news \| title \=Manukau Wins Semi\-Final \| page \= 14 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23442 \| date \= 1939\-09\-04 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390904\.2\.98 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Manukau lost their semi\-final to Marist 31–15 and then lost in the semi\-finals of the Phelan Shield to Richmond 26–16 on September 16\. There were no team lists published and little coverage of the games so it is uncertain if he played or not. With the war having broken out the newspapers focused much more of their space to that with less on sports. #### Move to Newton and retirement (1940\) Walter had seemingly retired, not playing at all in the opening weeks of the [1940](/wiki/1940_Auckland_Rugby_League_season "1940 Auckland Rugby League season") season. However the team list for the Newton match with Mount Albert on May 5 contained "Brimble (3\)" in it showing that he had joined brothers Ted and Wilfred in the [Newton Rangers](/wiki/Newton_Rangers "Newton Rangers") senior side.{{cite news \| title \= Rugby League/Manukau \| page \= 11 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXXI, Issue 122 \| date \= 1940\-05\-24 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19400524\.2\.101 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} Newton won 8 to 6\. The Herald said Wilfred "was versatile behind the scrum, varying his attack nicely in an attempt to find a weakness in the opposing defence. He combined splendidly with W. Brimble and E. Brimble, the trio making many determined efforts to break through with straight running".{{cite news \| title \= Resolute Tackling \| page \= 5 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVII, Issue 23666 \| date \= 1940\-05\-27 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19400527\.2\.18 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} It was mentioned in July in the Auckland Star that W Tawhai had replaced Brimble as first five eighth for Manukau in the 1940 season as he was playing with his brothers at Newton. However, there was little to no mention of him in any games other than the one against [Mount Albert](/wiki/Mount_Albert_Lions "Mount Albert Lions") until he came on as a replacement in an August 24 match with City.{{cite news \| title \= Tawhai's Safe Hands \| page \= 10 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXXI, Issue 154 \| date \= 1940\-07\-01 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19400701\.2\.137 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} In the later stages of the season Ted had also stopped playing. In the match with City, which Newton lost 10–3 Brimble (named "Riki", his nickname, in the newspaper) came on to replace Mortimer Stephens, a veteran forward who had spent time in the mid\-1930s playing for St Helens and Bradford Northern in England.{{cite news \| title \= Ragged Game \| page \= 10 \| publisher \= Auckland Star, Volume LXXI, Issue 202 \| date \= 1940\-08\-26 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19400826\.2\.125 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} At the August 27 meeting of the [Auckland Rugby League](/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_League "Auckland Rugby League") in 1941 it was raised that Walter had played for Manukau at some recent point despite being a registered player for Newton. It was "discussed at some length, and it was decided that, as Brimble was not a registered member of the Manukau club, he must stand down for a period of 12 months, dating from his last game with Newton".{{cite news \| title \= The League Code \| page \= 4 \| publisher \= New Zealand Herald, Volume 78, Issue 24055 \| date \= 1941\-08\-28 \| url \=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19410828\.2\.17 \| accessdate \= 2024\-06\-01}} It appears as though he had played his last game as he was not mentioned in connection with the game from this point onwards.
[ "Playing career\n--------------", "The first mention of Walter in the Auckland newspapers was for coming second in a race at the Manukau Cruising Club's annual regatta on February 20, 1926\\. The club was located on the shore of the [Manukau Harbour](/wiki/Manukau_Harbour \"Manukau Harbour\") in [Onehunga](/wiki/Onehunga \"Onehunga\"). He was competing in the Boys' Race and his older brother Ted, who often went by the nickname \"Bunny\" came first. Older brothers Cyril and John placed in other races that were held.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Cruising Club/The Annual Regatta\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXIII, Issue 19258\n\\| date \\= 1926\\-02\\-22\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19260222\\.2\\.153\\.6\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} Aside from rugby union and rugby league it was mentioned in an article in *The Rugby League News* in Australia in 1938 that \"apart from football, the Brimbles have distinguished themselves in boxing and track athletics, and Walter won a caddies' golf championship. Walter and Lionel, the twins are keen yachtsmen\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= The Five Brimbles' Football Success/Springboks By Birth\n\\| page \\= 6\n\\| publisher \\= The Rugby League News\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-25\n\\| url \\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj\\-642499115/view?partId\\=nla.obj\\-642539301\\#page/n7/mode/1up\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}", "### Rugby Union", "#### Manukau Rovers Rugby Football Club", "The first mention of him in association with rugby was being named in the team list for a 7th Grade match for [Manukau Rovers](/wiki/Manukau_Rovers_RFC \"Manukau Rovers RFC\") against Green Lane on June 11, 1927\\. He was playing alongside twin brother Lionel.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Rovers\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LVIII, Issue 135\n\\| date \\= 1927\\-06\\-10\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19270610\\.2\\.174\\.2\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} The following year on May 30 the Sun (Auckland) newspaper published a brief piece titled \"The Seven Brimbles\". It stated \"the stocky Brimble, who is always in the thick of any scrummage in which Manukau is implicated, belongs to a rugby family that puts all other claimants to the description into the shade. Besides this Brimble there are six more, each one them plays in a different grade for Manukau. That is there are seven grade teams, and seven Brimbles, one for each. Saturday in the Brimble family is a big day. Now bring on your records\". The article was slightly exaggerated in that there in fact were only 6 playing. After the death of father Harold, and youngest child Amyas around a decade earlier there were only 6 remaining males in the family.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= The Seven Brimbles\n\\| page \\= 11\n\\| publisher \\= Sun (Auckland), Volume II, Issue 367\n\\| date \\= 1928\\-05\\-30\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/SUNAK19280530\\.2\\.93\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} At the end of year prize giving Walter was presented with the Dodd Cup as captain of the 6th Grade side. The trophy was for the team with the highest aggregate number of points scored.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Rovers Rugby Prize\\-Giving\n\\| page \\= 7\n\\| publisher \\= Sun (Auckland), Volume II, Issue 497\n\\| date \\= 1928\\-10\\-29\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/SUNAK19281029\\.2\\.46\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} In 1929 Walter and Lionel were still playing in the 6th Grade side.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Rovers\n\\| page \\= 11\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LX, Issue 139\n\\| date \\= 1929\\-06\\-14\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19290614\\.2\\.138\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} Their side won the 6th grade championship (Northern Roller Mills Cup) and were presented with their winners caps at Manukau's annual prizegiving along with the championship cup and the Dodd's Cup.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Rovers/Club's Successful Year\n\\| page \\= 7\n\\| publisher \\= Sun (Auckland), Volume III, Issue 829\n\\| date \\= 1929\\-11\\-25\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/SUNAK19291125\\.2\\.45\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}}", "Walter was not mentioned in relation to the Manukau rugby club in 1930, then in 1931 a \"W Brimble\" was granted a reinstatement to rugby union. It is likely this was Walter as Wilfred was two years his junior and less likely to have switched codes as he was only 16 in 1930 while Walter was 18\\. The \"W Brimble\" in question was said to have attended the board for reinstatement \"in person\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Representative Fixtures/Other Games For Saturday\n\\| page \\= 19\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXII, Issue 202\n\\| date \\= 1931\\-08\\-27\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19310827\\.2\\.133\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}}{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Rugby Football/Auckland Union Meeting\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXVIII, Issue 20950\n\\| date \\= 1931\\-08\\-13\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19310813\\.2\\.145\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} Older brother [Ted](/wiki/Ted_Brimble \"Ted Brimble\") had switched from the Manukau rugby seniors to the [Newton Rangers](/wiki/Newton_Rangers \"Newton Rangers\") rugby league club in June 1930\\.", "##### Senior debut", "In 1932 Walter began the year in the [Manukau](/wiki/Manukau_Rovers_RFC \"Manukau Rovers RFC\") Senior B team. He was listed in their side for their opening game on May 14 until their July 9 match.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Rugby Football/Auckland Union\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 112\n\\| date \\= 1932\\-05\\-13\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320513\\.2\\.158\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}}{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau\n\\| page \\= 10\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 160\n\\| date \\= 1932\\-07\\-08\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320708\\.2\\.127\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} It is likely that Walter made his debut for the club's Senior A team on July 30 when he was named in one of the five eighth's positions alongside R. Stuart.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Rovers\n\\| page \\= 11\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 178\n\\| date \\= 1932\\-07\\-29\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320729\\.2\\.127\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} They were playing [Training College](/wiki/Grammar_TEC_RC \"Grammar TEC RC\") at the Epsom Showgrounds on the No. 1 field at 3 pm in the Pollard Cup and won 6 to 5\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Pollard Cup\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 177\n\\| date \\= 1932\\-07\\-28\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320728\\.2\\.159\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}}{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Grade Games/Pollard Cup\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 180\n\\| date \\= 1932\\-08\\-01\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320801\\.2\\.171\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} He played in further matches against University on August 20, and [Ponsonby](/wiki/Ponsonby_RFC \"Ponsonby RFC\") on September 3\\. In the later match Ponsonby won 16–13 in what was described as the best match seen at [Eden Park](/wiki/Eden_Park \"Eden Park\") in the season. The Prime Minister [George William Forbes](/wiki/George_Forbes_%28New_Zealand_politician%29 \"George Forbes (New Zealand politician)\") was in attendance. The [New Zealand Herald](/wiki/New_Zealand_Herald \"New Zealand Herald\") wrote that \"Manukau was weakened by the absence of \\[Leo] Heazlewood and \\[Arnold] Berridge, but the substitute five\\-eighths, W. Brimble proved a distinct find\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= The Senior Championship/Ponsonby Defeats Manukau\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXIX, Issue 21279\n\\| date \\= 1932\\-09\\-05\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19320905\\.2\\.147\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} The [Auckland Star](/wiki/Auckland_Star \"Auckland Star\") was effusive in their praise, saying \"Brimble, a substitute five\\-eighth, did all that was asked of him and a good deal more. In fact, Brimble was one of the best backs on the field. Early on he showed himself to be a player above the ordinary run of club five\\-eighths. He studied the outlook before making a move, and plied his men round him with subtle and generous touch. His display was one of the best exhibitions of five\\-eighths play seen on Eden Park this year\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Spectacular Play\n\\| page \\= 11\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 210\n\\| date \\= 1932\\-09\\-05\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320905\\.2\\.153\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} The round was marred by the death of the [Otahuhu](/wiki/Otahuhu_RFC \"Otahuhu RFC\") captain, and All Black, [Bert Palmer](/wiki/Bert_Palmer \"Bert Palmer\") who died after collapsing in their match against University at the Showgrounds after breaking his neck.", "Brimble played against [Waihi](/wiki/Waihi \"Waihi\") in a friendly match on September 10, and then in a game against Training College on September 17 which they lost 13–0 after missing some of their regular players.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau\n\\| page \\= 10\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 220\n\\| date \\= 1932\\-09\\-16\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320916\\.2\\.136\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} Brimble was said to have been the pick of the backs along with Arnold Berridge and Stuart, and he \"played a fine game, and did more straight running than his mates\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Training College Surprise Manukau\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 222\n\\| date \\= 1932\\-09\\-19\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320919\\.2\\.191\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} Arnold Berridge was a long time Auckland representative player from the late 1920s and early to mid 1930s. Brimble played in a game against Technical Old Boys on September 24 and then in a game with [College Rifles](/wiki/College_Rifles_RFC \"College Rifles RFC\") the following week on October 1 he scored his first senior try. The match was the final of the Pollard Cup competition and Manukau won 12–5\\. The Auckland Star said \"Brimble was lively all through, his try being a smart piece of work\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Pollard Cup Final\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 234\n\\| date \\= 1932\\-10\\-03\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19321003\\.2\\.170\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} His final match of the year came in a game between Manukau and [Whakatāne](/wiki/Whakat%C4%81ne \"Whakatāne\") at Onehunga on October 8\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Rugby Football\n\\| page \\= 17\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIII, Issue 237\n\\| date \\= 1932\\-10\\-06\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19321006\\.2\\.159\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}} The Whakatane side which was made up entirely of Māori players won 17 to 8\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Whakatane Beats Manukau \n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXIX, Issue 21309\n\\| date \\= 1932\\-10\\-10\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19321010\\.2\\.151\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-13}}", "##### 1933 Manukau rugby", "The 1933 season saw Walter Brimble start the season in the senior side and he went on to play 20 games, scoring 4 tries. His first came in their opening game against Grammar on April 29 in the main match at [Eden Park](/wiki/Eden_Park \"Eden Park\"). Manukau lost 17–14 with the Auckland Star commenting that Manukau have \"an electric little first five eighth\" and that \"the elusive Brimble was a real danger and often flashed through the defence \\[though] far too often his good work was in vain\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau's Fine Fight\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 100\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-05\\-01\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330501\\.2\\.146\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} The Herald said he showed \"good head work\" and his try came after a passing movement involving several teammates.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Opening Of The Season\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21479\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-05\\-01\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330501\\.2\\.145\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} On May 6 the Manukau backs were disappointing in a 12–0 loss to University though Hunter and Berridge played well, and \"there were odd occasions when Brimble did brilliant things\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Clever 'Varsity Backs\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 106\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-05\\-08\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330508\\.2\\.127\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} He \"played a nippy game at first five\\-eighths, making one or two nice openings. He allowed Mulvihill to get past him once or twice, however\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= University Beats Manukau\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21485\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-05\\-08\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330508\\.2\\.139\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} Manukau then struggled again, this time at home in [Onehunga](/wiki/Onehunga \"Onehunga\"), losing 8–0 to [Marist Old Boys](/wiki/Marist_Brothers_Old_Boys_RFC \"Marist Brothers Old Boys RFC\"). Brimble had to play at halfback in place of Webster who went off injured early in the match and was said to have been \"prominent\" and made a couple of nice kicks during the game.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Third Series Of Matches\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21491\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-05\\-15\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330515\\.2\\.137\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} On May 27 Manukau lost to [Grafton](/wiki/Grammar_TEC_RC \"Grammar TEC RC\") in Onehunga 23–11, with Brimble \"lively\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Grafton Leave It Late\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 124\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-05\\-29\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330529\\.2\\.150\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} The Herald wrote \"Brimble, the Manukau second five\\-eighths, was very nippy, and his solo efforts trouble the opposition\". In the second half with Grafton attacking \"Brimble turned the tables with a high kick\" that eventually resulted in Papper scoring between the posts\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Grafton Beats Manukau\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21503\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-05\\-29\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330529\\.2\\.148\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} On June 3 Manukau was held scoreless for the third time in a 17–0 loss to College Rifles. Brimble, \"the diminutive second five eighths, displayed his usual nippiness and was always on the alert\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Sixth Series Of Matches\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21509\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-06\\-05\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330605\\.2\\.165\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} On June 10, Manukau suffered an unlucky defeat, with the scores at 8–8 with time almost up Otahuhu scored a try to win. Brimble was \"brilliant on occasions\" and he scored one of their tries.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= A Last Minute Win\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 136\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-06\\-12\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330612\\.2\\.150\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} The Herald wrote that \"the shining light in the opening spell was Brimble at five eighths. He dodged and side\\-stepped to advantage and scored a fine try\" after securing the ball following an \"open rush\" and \"darting over near the posts\" after earlier making \"a fine weaving run\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Otahuhu Defeats Manukau\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21515\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-06\\-12\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330612\\.2\\.142\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} They lost again on June 17, 11–3 to Ponsonby before a very large crowd at the Showgrounds. He was among the best of the Manukau backs along with Hunter, Berridge, and T. Allen.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Excitement At Showground\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 142\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-06\\-19\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330619\\.2\\.136\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} At times he was \"elusive and clever, but spoiled many movements by knocking the ball on frequently\". At one stage he took \"a brilliant interception\" and moved play back to halfway, and was unlucky to receive a bad pass from Fleet after a break by Berridge.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Points In First Spell\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21521\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-06\\-19\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330619\\.2\\.160\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}}", "Manukau had their first on field win of the season after an earlier default victory, when they beat Technical Old Boys 11–3 on June 24 at Onehunga. Brimble was \"fast off the mark and difficult to lay by the heels\" according to the Auckland Star's writer.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau At Last\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 148\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-06\\-26\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330626\\.2\\.130\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} He was seen in some nice attacking movements with Hunter and Berridge, and \"was very elusive and tricky\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= First Round Concludes\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21527\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-06\\-26\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330626\\.2\\.144\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} On July 1 they lost again with a 5–0 loss to Grammar which confined them to the bottom of the table after 10 rounds. Despite Brimble \"making many fine openings\" and he nearly set up a try with Carrington tackled on the line after he had beaten several opponents\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Converted Try To Nil\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21533\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-07\\-03\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330703\\.2\\.147\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} They then drew with Training College on July 8 with Brimble passing to Benjamin to score after a Berridge intercept. During the game he was \"quick off the mark and needed constant watching\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Fast And Exciting\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 160\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-07\\-10\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330710\\.2\\.146\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} In a 6–3 loss to University on July 5 the Manukau backs struggled to handle the ball with \"Brimble being the exception\", and he \"was easily the best of them, his defence being of great value to his side\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Matches Played in Mud \n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21545\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-07\\-17\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330717\\.2\\.143\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} Manukau drew with Grafton in a July 29 game where \"Brimble was always conspicuous\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau And Grafton Draw\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 178\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-07\\-31\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330731\\.2\\.190\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}}", "On August 5 Manukau was supposed to play Parnell in the Jubilee Cup competition but defaulted and Ponsonby stepped in to play in a friendly match. Ponsonby won 10 to 9 with Brimble scoring one of Manukau's tries.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Ponsonby Gain One Point Margin\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 184\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-08\\-07\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330807\\.2\\.135\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} Brimble played in further games against College Rifles (August 12\\), Pukekohe (August 19\\), and Otahuhu (September 3\\). In the later match Manukau won 8–4 which moved them up to 7th out of 10\\. Brimble, gave the \"best all\\-round display\", as \"both on attack and defence he played one of his best games, and received a great hearing from his supporters\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau V. Otahuhu\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 208\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-09\\-04\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330904\\.2\\.141\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} At one point after a long forward rush \"Brimble judiciously kicked to Flett, who following up fast, crossed the line and scored\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Leading Teams Hard Pressed\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21587\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-09\\-04\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330904\\.2\\.153\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} In an upset 13–12 win over Ponsonby at Eden Park on September 9, \"Brimble and Berridge collaborated well\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Match Of Thrills\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 214\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-09\\-11\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330911\\.2\\.191\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}}", "On September 23 Manukau traveled to [Whangārei](/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei \"Whangārei\") to play the City club from there. Manukau won 16 to 11 with Brimble playing \"a fine game\" before a crowd of 800\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Whangarei\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21605\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-09\\-25\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330925\\.2\\.155\\.2\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} Upon returning to [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland \"Auckland\"), Manukau continued their revival with a 9–7 win at Eden Park over the Marist side which was tied for the championship lead prior to the match. The Herald said Brimble \"exploited the short kick to some effect\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Margin Of Two Points\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21611\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-10\\-02\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19331002\\.2\\.155\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} Manukau then played their final game of the season beating Technical Old Boys 9–8 at the Showgrounds. Brimble scored a try in the first half and set up another for Poulton.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= By One Point/Manukau Just Beat Technical Old Boys\n\\| page \\=2 \n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 237\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-10\\-07\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19331007\\.2\\.197\\.27\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} The Auckland Star wrote that his \"nippiness on attack was the outstanding feature of his play\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= One Point Victory\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIV, Issue 238\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-10\\-09\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19331009\\.2\\.163\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}} The Herald said that he \"combined splendidly\" with Hunter at halfback and was \"elusive and clever\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= University In Form\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21617\n\\| date \\= 1933\\-10\\-09\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19331009\\.2\\.150\\.2\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-14}}", "##### 1934 Manukau Rugby", "At their annual meeting in 1934, Walter's older brother, John, was elected on to the executive committee of the Manukau club. He had retired from playing for the seniors for many years a couple of years prior.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Club\n\\| page \\= 18\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 71\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-03\\-24\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340324\\.2\\.143\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} In Manukau's opening game of the season they defeated Otahuhu 13–8 at Sturges Park in [Ōtāhuhu](/wiki/%C5%8Ct%C4%81huhu \"Ōtāhuhu\"). Hatfield passed to Brimble who scored in the first half, then later in the game Hatfield (who was playing halfback), \"sent the ball out smartly to Brimble, whose nippiness was a source of trouble to the opposing side\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Beats Otahuhu\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 100\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-04\\-30\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340430\\.2\\.151\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} The Herald noted Arthur Berridge and Brimble made \"many openings\" during the game.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Superior Team Work/Manukau Beats Otahuhu\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21787\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-04\\-30\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340430\\.2\\.168\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} They then beat University 14–13 at [Eden Park](/wiki/Eden_Park \"Eden Park\") on April 28\\. Early in the game with the Manukau forwards dominating \"Brimble beat Green, the University first five\\-eighths, several times, only to find his passes go astray\". He was said to be one of the backs to have played an \"excellent game\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau's Slight Margin\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21793\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-05\\-07\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340507\\.2\\.157\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}}", "Manukau notched their third win to start the year with a 5–0 win over Technical. Brimble was said to have played a \"resourceful game\" at first five eighth. After the match he was chosen by the [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Union \"Auckland Rugby Union\") selectors to practice in the 21\\-man Auckland squad for a June 4 game against [Waikato](/wiki/Waikato_Rugby_Union \"Waikato Rugby Union\").{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Auckland v. Waikato\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 112\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-05\\-14\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340514\\.2\\.126\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} Another win for Manukau followed on May 19 when they beat College Rifles 9–8 at Eden Park. He was \"as elusive as ever, and given good service by Hatfield, he was always dangerous\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Day Of Surprises\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 118\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-05\\-21\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340521\\.2\\.172\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} The pair of Hatfield and Brimble \"worked well together\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau's Success\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21805\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-05\\-21\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340521\\.2\\.166\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} Brimble didn't play in Manukau's next match on May 26 which they lost 19–6\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Outplayed\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21811\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-05\\-28\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340528\\.2\\.163\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} The Auckland Star said that he \"was very badly missed, that excellent little player having contracted a dose of the popular flu\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Round The Clubs\n\\| page \\= 17\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 126\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-05\\-30\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340530\\.2\\.150\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} Brimble returned to the side a week later on June 2 which they lost 13–3 to Grafton. Hatfield had got injured halfway through the game and Brimble moved into the half back position for the remainder of the contest.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Grafton's Fine Forwards\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 130\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-06\\-04\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340604\\.2\\.145\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}}", "#### Auckland B debut", "Brimble missed out on selection in the full [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Union \"Auckland Rugby Union\") side to play [Waikato](/wiki/Waikato_Rugby_Union \"Waikato Rugby Union\"), but was named in the Auckland B team to play against [Thames Valley](/wiki/Thames_Valley_Rugby_Football_Union \"Thames Valley Rugby Football Union\") at Rhodes Park in [Thames](/wiki/Thames%2C_New_Zealand \"Thames, New Zealand\") on June 4\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Auckland v. Thames\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 124\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-05\\-28\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340528\\.2\\.131\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} Auckland B won the match 25 points to 14\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Win For Auckland B/Thames Team Defeated\n\\| page \\= 9\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21819\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-06\\-06\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340606\\.2\\.44\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} Returning to the Manukau side Brimble \"was not in the picture as much as usual\" in their 8–3 win against [Marist Old Boys](/wiki/Marist_Brothers_Old_Boys_RFC \"Marist Brothers Old Boys RFC\").{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau V. Marist\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 136\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-06\\-11\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340611\\.2\\.143\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} Despite this he was involved in their first try after taking a pass from Hatfield and made a good run before passing to Poulton who scored. Then later he took a pass from Berridge and scored under the posts.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Win In Closing Stages\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21823\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-06\\-11\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340611\\.2\\.160\\.2\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} There was less coverage of games in the following weeks and little mention of Brimble until a 0–0 draw with Technical Old Boys on July 14\\. The competition had split into a top half and bottom half, with Manukau in the higher grouping. They had suffered a defeat in the first game of the second round against Otahuhu before this draw. The [Auckland Star](/wiki/Auckland_Star \"Auckland Star\") said Brimble \"was responsible for some very fine work\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Rugby Contests\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 166\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-07\\-16\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340716\\.2\\.148\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} On August 4 they beat Grafton 6–3 which put them in a tie for first with their opponent on 17 competition points. During the second half with Manukau leading 3–0 Brimble took the ball at top speed from Hatfield and cut out his man and sent the ball to Berridge \"who went over for a splendid try\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= By Three Points\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 184\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-08\\-06\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340806\\.2\\.148\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} Then in another win, against University in the main match at Eden Park the forwards played well \"with a rare flash of individualism by the two Manukau five\\-eighths, Brimble and Poulton\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Better Combination\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 202\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-08\\-27\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340827\\.2\\.168\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}}", "Brimble was selected for the Auckland B practice squad for another game against Thames on September 1\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Match Against Thames\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21889\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-08\\-27\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340827\\.2\\.155\\.10\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} He was named in the reserves to play in the game and was not required to take the field.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Thames V. Auckland\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 206\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-08\\-31\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340831\\.2\\.152\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} His next game was for Manukau against Tukapa on September 8 in [New Plymouth](/wiki/New_Plymouth \"New Plymouth\") at [Pukekura Park](/wiki/Pukekura_Park \"Pukekura Park\").{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Touring Team\n\\| page \\= 9\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21899\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-09\\-07\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19340907\\.2\\.37\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} He \"played an excellent game and took the fancy of the New Plymouth fans\" in a 20–9 loss.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Round The Clubs\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 216\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-09\\-12\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340912\\.2\\.154\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} The Taranaki Daily News said \"Hatfield and Brimble were the best of the Manukau backs... Brimble was smart off the mark and at times caught the opposition napping\". In a lengthy match report Brimble was mentioned many times for being involved in attacking play with several good runs down field.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Fast Open Rugby Game/Manukau Defeated 20 To 9\n\\| page \\= 10\n\\| publisher \\= Taranaki Daily News\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-09\\-24\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TDN19340910\\.2\\.118\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}}", "[500px\\|rightAfter](/wiki/File:Walter_Brimble_in_the_Auckland_Rugby_Union_club_final.png \"Walter Brimble in the Auckland Rugby Union club final.png\") returning to Auckland, Manukau played the championship final against Grafton as both teams had been level on points. The match resulted in a 6–6 draw with a photograph of Brimble tackling Bunting of Grafton as he scored published in the Auckland Star.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Brilliant Rugby Final At Eden Park\n\\| page \\= 5\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 226\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-09\\-24\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340924\\.2\\.48\\.2\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} With no extra time played in this era the match was replayed the following week on September 29\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Grafton V. Manukau\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 230\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-09\\-28\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340928\\.2\\.138\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}} Grafton won the match and the title. The Herald remarked that \"Brimble’s last couple of games were below his best form\" and that he and Poulton in the five\\-eighths \"gave promise earlier on of developing into a good combination. Their attack was all right, but their defence proved weak\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Grafton Team's Success\n\\| page \\= 17\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXI, Issue 21921\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-10\\-03\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19341003\\.2\\.189\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}}", "At Manukau's end of season prize\\-giving and social at the Foresters' Theatre in [Onehunga](/wiki/Onehunga \"Onehunga\") on October 31 he was among the players congratulated for gaining representative honours which also included Leo Heazlewood who had played representative rugby for [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union \"Wellington Rugby Football Union\"), the [South Island](/wiki/South_Island_%28rugby_union%29 \"South Island (rugby union)\"), the [North Island](/wiki/North_Island_%28rugby_union%29 \"North Island (rugby union)\"), [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Union \"Auckland Rugby Union\"), and later [Canterbury](/wiki/Canterbury_Rugby_Football_Union \"Canterbury Rugby Football Union\") as well as being an All Black trialist on multiple occasions, and [Cyril Pepper](/wiki/Cyril_Pepper \"Cyril Pepper\") who became an [All Black](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team \"New Zealand national rugby union team\") in 1935\\. In the same month of October, Walter's younger brother, [Wilfred](/wiki/Wilfred_Brimble \"Wilfred Brimble\") transferred from the Manukau 3rd Grade rugby side to the [Newton Rangers](/wiki/Newton_Rangers \"Newton Rangers\") rugby league club, joining their older brother [Ted](/wiki/Ted_Brimble \"Ted Brimble\"). Ted had been at the club for 3 seasons by this point and in 1932 had made his one and only appearance for [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team \"New Zealand national rugby league team\").{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Junior Management Affairs\n\\| page \\= 19\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXV, Issue 246\n\\| date \\= 1934\\-10\\-17\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19341017\\.2\\.159\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-15}}", "##### 1935 Manukau Rugby", "Brimble continued to play for Manukau in 1935 and was named in their senior side to play Grafton in their season opening game on April 27\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau\n\\| page \\= 9\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22099\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-04\\-03\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350503\\.2\\.42\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} He was marking [Brian Killeen](/wiki/Brian_Killeen \"Brian Killeen\"), who was an ex\\-representative player from [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington \"Wellington\") and became an All Black in 1936\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Killeens' First Appearance\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 99\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-04\\-29\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350429\\.2\\.124\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} Manukau lost 26 to 13 with the Herald speculating that \"it may be worth the experiment of trying Brimble behind the pack, as he is quick and of the right type for a half\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Strong Grafton Fifteen/Weakness At Half\n\\| page \\= 17\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22097\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-05\\-01\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350501\\.2\\.183\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} On May 4 Manukau drew with Technical Old Boys 11–11\\. McCormick started at first five\\-eighths with Brimble at second as Manukau kept things in the forward, before the players switched, with Brimble coming in close. The two combined for a scissor movement described as \"one of the prettiest movements of the match\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Draw Of Eleven Points\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22101\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-05\\-06\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350506\\.2\\.169\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} Manukau then lost to Otahuhu, 14–8 at Sturges Park. In the second half Brimble \"made a brilliant cut in and passed to McCormick\" who scored. He was said to be \"the outstanding back on the field\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Otahuhu Beats Manukau\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22107\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-05\\-13\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350513\\.2\\.171\\.4\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} Manukau had their first win against University by 14 points to 7 on May 18\\. Brimble and McCormick were \"both more reliable and more versatile than the ‘Varsity five eighths and were usually going at top when they got the ball\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= University Well Beaten\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 117\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-05\\-20\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350520\\.2\\.181\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} Their following match at [Onehunga](/wiki/Onehunga \"Onehunga\") against Marist was described as being full of \"rough play\" with Manukau winning 11–8\\. Brimble was \"outstanding\" along with several other teammates for the winners. Though Brimble did make a centring kick that saw Marist gain possession with a clear run down field to score a try.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Warnings By Referee\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22119\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-05\\-27\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350527\\.2\\.147\\.2\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} During the following week, Walter's twin brother Lionel was reinstated to rugby so had obviously had a brief stint playing rugby league at the start of the year.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Auckland Control Of Sport\n\\| page \\= 20\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 126\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-05\\-30\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350530\\.2\\.171\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}}", "An Auckland Star writer thought that Brimble should have been named in the squad of 38 players chosen by the selectors for the Auckland A and B teams.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Onlooker's Viewpoint\n\\| page \\= 21\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 126\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-05\\-30\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350530\\.2\\.185\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} Another writer to the newspaper questioned whether the selector had seen Manukau play this season and said \"I venture to state that W. Brimble if given a chance would prove himself the best first five\\-eighths in Auckland\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= The Rugby Reps.\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 127\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-05\\-31\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350531\\.2\\.125\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} Manukau lost 11–6 to Grafton in their June 1 game at the Showgrounds. Brimble was said to be \"not up to standard\" though lacked opportunities.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Too Strong For Manukau\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 129\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-06\\-03\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350603\\.2\\.131\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} They lost again 6–3 to College Rifles on June 8 at Eden Park though Brimble \"played well at times\" and \"combined well with\" Hatfield at halfback.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= College Rifles Win\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 135\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-06\\-10\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350610\\.2\\.153\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}}{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Lost Opportunities\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22131\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-06\\-10\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350610\\.2\\.150\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} In a 22–22 draw with Ponsonby on July 6 Brimble and McCormick \"never failed on defence and, with sometimes brilliant penetration, initiated several delightful movements\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Game Ends In Draw\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22155\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-07\\-08\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350708\\.2\\.154\\.3\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} Manukau then lost to Otahuhu in the last few minutes on July 20 at the Showgrounds. Brimble scored his first points of the year with a try and penalty. Stuart \"cut straight through to make an easy try for Brimble\" in the first half while his penalty came during the second half.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Last Minute Victory\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22167\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-07\\-22\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350722\\.2\\.169\\.5\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} Manukau lost heavily to University 2 weeks later by 31 points to 6\\. Three of their points came from the boot of Brimble who also \"played a very colourful game in the centre\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Bush's Field Day\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 183\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-08\\-05\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350805\\.2\\.149\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}}{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Nice Passing Rushes\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22179\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-08\\-05\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350805\\.2\\.165\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}}", "#### Auckland B", "Brimble was named in the reserves for Auckland B to play South Auckland (Waikato) on July 27 at [Pukekohe](/wiki/Pukekohe \"Pukekohe\"). He was ultimately not required to take the field.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Auckland Representatives\n\\| page \\= 18\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 174\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-07\\-25\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350725\\.2\\.152\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} Then on August 8 he was selected by Mr. R.F. Galbraith at first five eighth to play for Auckland B against [Thames Valley](/wiki/Thames_Valley_Rugby_Football_Union \"Thames Valley Rugby Football Union\") at [Waihi](/wiki/Waihi \"Waihi\") on August 10\\. He was partnered in the five\\-eighths with N. Vear, with Robert (Bob) Aro at halfback.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Team Selected/Auckland B V. Thames\n\\| page \\= 20\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 186\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-08\\-08\n\\| url \\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350808\\.2\\.175\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}}{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Auckland B Team Selected\n\\| page \\= 9\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22183\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-08\\-09\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350809\\.2\\.32\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} Before a crowd of 1,200 at Rugby Park in Waihi, Auckland B won 32–14 with Brimble giving \"a sound display\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Auckland B Successful\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22185\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-08\\-12\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350812\\.2\\.160\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}}", "With the club season entering its later stages Manukau lost once more, to Marist by 8 points to 3 and were now second to last in the 8 team competition. In wet conditions Brimble had a drop goal strike the upright and he was said to have \"put in a fine afternoon’s work\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Marist Pack Turn Scale\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 195\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-08\\-19\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350819\\.2\\.135\\.7\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} Another loss followed, 6–3 against Technical Old Boys on August 24 on [Eden Park](/wiki/Eden_Park \"Eden Park\") number 2\\. Brimble and W Hatfield were the \"best backs\" for Manukau.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Margin Of Three Points\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22197\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-08\\-26\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350826\\.2\\.170\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}}", "On September 21 Manukau played a friendly match against Tukapa who had travelled up from [New Plymouth](/wiki/New_Plymouth \"New Plymouth\") to play at the Showgrounds with Brimble playing.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Tukapa V. Manukau\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 223\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-09\\-20\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350920\\.2\\.150\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} Manukau were well beaten 35–8\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Tukapa Beat Manukau\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 225\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-09\\-23\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19350923\\.2\\.135\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} Their last game of the year was a 14–8 loss to Grafton at Onehunga. Brimble was \"the brightest and most impressive of the Manukau backs\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Leaders Still Lead\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVI, Issue 243\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-10\\-14\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19351014\\.2\\.148\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-19}} He showed \"thrust\" when he got the ball and made a break which led to Heighway scoring in the corner, and played \"a fine game\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Grafton Victorious\n\\| page \\= 17\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22239\n\\| date \\= 1935\\-10\\-14\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19351014\\.2\\.166\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-25}}", "##### 1936 Manukau Rugby", "The 1936 season was to be the last playing rugby for Walter Brimble as he switched to [rugby league](/wiki/Rugby_league \"Rugby league\") towards the end of the season. He was named in their opening game for the season against Grammar at Sturges Park in Otahuhu on May 2\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 102\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-05\\-01\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360501\\.2\\.113\\.8\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} A 5–5 draw resulted with the [Auckland Star](/wiki/Auckland_Star \"Auckland Star\") saying that \"little Brimble worked hard\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= \"Scramble\" At Sturgess Park\n\\| page \\= 15\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 104\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-05\\-04\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360504\\.2\\.159\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} In a 25–8 loss to Grafton on May 23 on Eden Park No. 2 Brimble scored a try for the losers.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Grafton's Easy Win/Stoppages For Injuries\n\\| page \\= 15\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22427\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-05\\-25\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360525\\.2\\.151\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} On May 30 Manukau lost to College Rifles 9–8 on Eden Park No. 2 again. It was said that he \"was as sound as ever and showed great soundness of handling as well as penetrative ability\". It was his \"opportunism\" that resulted in Kenneth Hankin scoring in the corner.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Reckless Play\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 128\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-06\\-01\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360601\\.2\\.139\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} Another loss followed to Ponsonby on June 6 by 8 points to 3\\. Brimble and Hankin, playing in the inside backs \"were great spoilers and blanketed their opposition\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Ponsonby Fortunate/Manukau's Fine Showing\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22439\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-06\\-08\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360608\\.2\\.159\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} Manukau had four players leave the field injured in a 10–3 loss to Otahuhu at Sturges Park on June 13\\. Brimble played \"his usual sound game\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Beyer Scores A Try\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 140\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-06\\-15\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360615\\.2\\.143\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}}", "Manukau had their first win of the season when they easily defeated North Shore 36 to 3\\. Brimble and Anderson \"baffled\" North Shore whenever they elected to run instead of set their wings going. The Star wrote that \"the hard running Brimble was a great asset. His dodging runs gained a good deal of ground and he was seldom found wanting on defence\". He set up a try in the first minute \"after a typical run… he did all the work and sent on to Anderson\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau's Big Score\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 146\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-06\\-22\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360622\\.2\\.130\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} Then at Onehunga on June 27 Manukau won 11–8 over Training College. Brimble \"got through an immense amount of work, but after making good openings was prone to pass wildly\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Where Weight Told\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 152\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-06\\-29\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360629\\.2\\.126\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}}", "Manukau travelled to [Paeroa](/wiki/Paeroa \"Paeroa\") to play a friendly match against the local side on July 4\\. [Cyril Pepper](/wiki/Cyril_Pepper \"Cyril Pepper\") (Manukau's All Black), and Brimble played \"great football\", with Brimble involved in a passing movement leading to a try to Pearce in Manukau's 14–6 win.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Paeroa\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22463\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-07\\-06\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360706\\.2\\.159\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} Manukau then lost to Marist 22–4 on July 11\\. Brimble had started in the five\\-eighths but after McLaren, their halfback retired at halftime Brimble moved in to full that position. Brimble and Gordon Littlejohn were \"the only backs to impress\" for Manukau.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Strenuous Forward Play/Marist Team Superior\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22469\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-07\\-13\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360713\\.2\\.162\\.2\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} In their final match of the Gallaher Shield Manukau drew 0–0 draw with University at Sturges Park, Brimble was \"great in the mud\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= A Bloodless Draw \n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 170\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-07\\-20\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360720\\.2\\.131\\.11\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} In the first round of the Jubilee Trophy, Manukau upset Grammar 8 to 3\\. Brimble set up their first try by throwing a long cut out pass to Anderson which caught the opposition out of position. Brimble with Stone in the five\\-eighths \"were steady on defence, while occasional cuts\\-in and short punts by both players frequently placed the winners on attack\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= An Even Contest/Manukau Defeats Grammar\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22481\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-07\\-27\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360727\\.2\\.144\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} Manukau lost to University in the last minute of their next match on August 1 at Onehunga. Anderson and Schubert made a break for Manukau before Brimble \"came on the scene in time\" to score.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Varsity Win In Last Minute\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 182\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-08\\-03\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360803\\.2\\.173\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} The Herald wrote that \"Brimble was Manukau’s most valuable man, his defence being sound and his penetrating runs troubling University\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Victory For University\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22487\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-08\\-03\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360803\\.2\\.146\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} Brimble's career with the Manukau Rugby Club came to an end 2 weeks later in a match with Marist on August 15\\. He kicked a conversion in a 16–6 win.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Results Of Third Series\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 194\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-08\\-17\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360817\\.2\\.124\\.16\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}}", "### Rugby League", "#### Code switch to join Manukau Rugby League Football Club", "It was reported on September 10 that Walter Brimble had been registered with the [Manukau](/wiki/Manukau_Magpies \"Manukau Magpies\") rugby league club. Thus joining his brothers [Ted](/wiki/Ted_Brimble \"Ted Brimble\") and [Wilfred](/wiki/Wilfred_Brimble \"Wilfred Brimble\") in the Auckland club rugby league competition with Ted and Wilfred at the [Newton Rangers](/wiki/Newton_Rangers \"Newton Rangers\") club.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Auckland Control Board\n\\| page \\= 23\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 215\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-09\\-10\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360910\\.2\\.219\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} He had in fact played for Manukau on the weekend prior in round 1 of the Roope Rooster in their 10–8 win over [Ponsonby United](/wiki/Ponsonby_Ponies \"Ponsonby Ponies\") at [Carlaw Park](/wiki/Carlaw_Park \"Carlaw Park\"). He was said to be \"a newcomer to the code\", and \"filled [Thomas Trevarthan](/wiki/Thomas_Trevarthan \"Thomas Trevarthan\")’s place at second five\\-eighth, but hardly rose to the heights expected of him. With a few more games however, he should be an asset to his new club\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Just Get There\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 212\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-09\\-07\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360907\\.2\\.152\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} The Herald wrote that \"Brimble, the former Manukau Rugby Union five\\-eighths, made a fine opening and carried play to the Ponsonby line, where \\[Peter] Mahima scored a good try\". They went on to say he \"was impressive at five eithths\" where he was partnered with [Jack Hemi](/wiki/Jack_Hemi \"Jack Hemi\").{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Extended\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22517\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-09\\-07\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360907\\.2\\.143\\.10\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}}", "Manukau had won the championship for the first ever time just prior to Brimble joining the side. It was the first time they had fielded a senior team since [1913](/wiki/1913_Auckland_Rugby_League_season \"1913 Auckland Rugby League season\") and had recruited heavily before and during the season focussing particularly on rugby union players with many of their team [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people \"Māori people\"). They then beat [Papakura](/wiki/Papakura_Sea_Eagles \"Papakura Sea Eagles\") at Prince Edward Park in [Papakura](/wiki/Papakura \"Papakura\") on September 12\\. This put Manukau into the Roope Rooster final where they met [City Rovers](/wiki/City_Rovers \"City Rovers\") on September 26 at Carlaw Park. Manukau won 23 to 10 with Brimble scoring his first try in his new code. He \"teamed well in the five eighths line\" with Hemi.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Triumph For Champions\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVII, Issue 230\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-09\\-28\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19360928\\.2\\.142\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} His try was their third and was converted by New Zealand international [Puti Tipene Watene](/wiki/Steve_Watene \"Steve Watene\"). Overall he was said to be \"a clever player on attack\" with his try \"being a brilliant solo effort\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Better Team Wins\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22535\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-09\\-28\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19360928\\.2\\.173\\.5\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}} His last match of the season was in the Stormont Shield match between Manukau and [Richmond Rovers](/wiki/Richmond_Rovers \"Richmond Rovers\") (who had won the championship). The match played on October 3 saw Richmond win easily 30–9\\. Brimble crossed for another try for Manukau. [Jack Brodrick](/wiki/Jack_Brodrick \"Jack Brodrick\") made a 60\\-yard run before tackling [Harold Tetley](/wiki/Harold_Tetley \"Harold Tetley\") of Richmond and [Angus Gault](/wiki/Angus_Gault \"Angus Gault\") \"snapped up the ball and Brimble was over in a flash\". Brimble and Hemi \"played good games at five eighths\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Backs Too Fast\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIII, Issue 22541\n\\| date \\= 1936\\-10\\-05\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19361005\\.2\\.167\\.6\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-28}}", "#### 1937 Manukau, and Auckland", "The [1937](/wiki/1937_Auckland_Rugby_League_season \"1937 Auckland Rugby League season\") Auckland rugby league season saw Brimble play 19 times for Manukau, scoring 5 tries. He also made one appearance for the [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_rugby_league_team \"Auckland rugby league team\") representative team against [South Auckland (Waikato)](/wiki/Waikato_rugby_league_team \"Waikato rugby league team\") on June 9\\. He was not named in their season opening game, a preliminary round match on April 17\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Ready For Fray\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 89\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-04\\-16\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370416\\.2\\.130\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} He did however play in their second preliminary round match the following week on April 24\\. Manukau won easily 37–19 over [Newton Rangers](/wiki/Newton_Rangers \"Newton Rangers\") with Walter playing opposite his younger brother [Wilfred](/wiki/Wilfred_Brimble \"Wilfred Brimble\"). Walter was said to have been prominent for Manukau while Wilfred played a good game for Newton.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Too Strong/Large Score Registered\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22712\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-04\\-26\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370426\\.2\\.170\\.8\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}}", "Manukau's first Fox Memorial championship game was on May 1 and saw them beat [North Shore Albions](/wiki/North_Shore_Albions \"North Shore Albions\") 19–12 at [Carlaw Park](/wiki/Carlaw_Park \"Carlaw Park\"). The Auckland Star wrote that \"the brilliance of the Manukau first five eighth, Brimble...\" was a feature of the match. In the second half he made a break down the wing which was capped by Colin Murton scoring.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Hemi's Goal Points\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 103\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-05\\-03\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370503\\.2\\.211\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} The Herald said that he combined well with [Hemi](/wiki/Jack_Hemi \"Jack Hemi\") and he made some \"brilliant openings which paved the way for tries\" and also combined well with Peter Mahima.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Bright Display\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22718\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-05\\-03\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370503\\.2\\.175\\.6\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} In the team list to play [Marist](/wiki/Marist_Saints \"Marist Saints\") on May 8 he was listed as \"R. Brimble\", likely due to his nickname being 'Riki'.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 107\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-05\\-07\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370507\\.2\\.156\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} Manukau won 17–10 with Brimble, Jack Broughton, Jack Hemi, and Colin Murton involved in \"a remarkably opportune move\" that led to a try.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Marist Bow To Manukau \n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 109\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-05\\-10\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370510\\.2\\.171\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} The movement had seen Brimble intercept and then run a long way before kicking with his teammates finishing it off.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Spectacular Play\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22724\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-05\\-10\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370510\\.2\\.143\\.14\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}}", "Brimble was named as a reserve for Auckland Māori in their game against Auckland Pākehā on May 12\\. Wilfred was also named among the reserves. Considering neither of them was Māori it highlighted that the selection was as much based on skin colour as ethnicity. Wilfred was listed as \"B Brimble\" with his nickname being \"Bunny\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Maoris Versus Auckland\n\\| page \\= 15\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LVXIII, Issue 110\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-05\\-11\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370511\\.2\\.120\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} Neither were required to play in the match. Walter played in further games for Manukau against [Ponsonby](/wiki/Ponsonby_Ponies \"Ponsonby Ponies\") on May 15 and [Mount Albert United](/wiki/Mount_Albert_Lions \"Mount Albert Lions\") on May 22 before a 13–13 draw with [City Rovers](/wiki/City_Rovers \"City Rovers\"). Walter scored his first try of the year. Brimble \"made some splendid openings, while he teamed well with Mahima\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Thirteen All\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 127\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-05\\-31\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370531\\.2\\.130\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} His try came after he \"cleverly beat the opposition\" to equalise the scores and overall he was said to be \"prominent on attack\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Drawn Game Played\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22742\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-05\\-31\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370531\\.2\\.174\\.7\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}}", "#### Auckland Debut", "Following a win over Newton, 14–9 on May 29 Brimble was selected to make his [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_rugby_league_team \"Auckland rugby league team\") debut against [South Auckland (Waikato)](/wiki/Waikato_rugby_league_team \"Waikato rugby league team\"). Auckland was playing two matches on the same day with the other Auckland team playing [Taranaki](/wiki/Taranaki_rugby_league_team \"Taranaki rugby league team\") with the games taking place on Wednesday, June 9\\. He was paired with Len Schultz in the five\\-eighths with his club mate Peter Mahima at halfback.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Representatives Matches\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22748\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-06\\-07\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370607\\.2\\.173\\.13\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} Auckland won the game 26 to 12\\. He supported Mahima who made a break in the first half and took his pass before putting Schultz over for the opening try. He made a break of his own later in the first half and passed to [Gordon Midgley](/wiki/Gordon_Midgley \"Gordon Midgley\") before the ball was spilled a try lost.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Good Showing\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22751\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-06\\-10\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370610\\.2\\.162\\.2\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} For Auckland [Arthur Kay](/wiki/Arthur_Kay_%28rugby_league%29 \"Arthur Kay (rugby league)\")’s speed and \"Brimble’s brilliance and cleverness at shooting through a gap and clever drawing of opponents before delivery of a good pass made them the most impressive inside backs\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Bright Play\n\\| page \\= 24\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 136\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-06\\-10\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370610\\.2\\.193\\.2\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}}", "##### Manukau 1937 continued", "Brimble returned to Manukau for a 22–18 loss to [Richmond Rovers](/wiki/Richmond_Rovers \"Richmond Rovers\") on June 12\\. He \"was effective in the five eighths line\" where he had [Rangi Chase](/wiki/Rangi_Chase_%28rugby_league%2C_born_1918%29 \"Rangi Chase (rugby league, born 1918)\") outside him who scored three tries.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Richmond's Late Rally\n\\| page \\= 15\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Issue LXVIII\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-06\\-14\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370614\\.2\\.144\\.6\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} Brimble was said to have done \"some clever work\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Fine Exhibition/Win For Richmond\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22754\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-06\\-14\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370614\\.2\\.162\\.5\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} Manukau then traveled to [Tāneatua](/wiki/T%C4%81neatua \"Tāneatua\") to play the [Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_rugby_league_team \"Bay of Plenty rugby league team\") and in an entertaining game won 51 to 33 on June 19\\.{{cite news \n\\| title \\=Hemi's Great Day\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| work\\=\\[\\[Auckland Star]]\\| volume\\=LXVIII\\| issue\\=145\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-06\\-21\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370621\\.2\\.124\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2021\\-05\\-11}} Brimble scored a try for Manukau in their 31–11 win over [North Shore](/wiki/North_Shore_Albions \"North Shore Albions\") at Carlaw Park on July 3\\. He \"was nippy in the five eighths line and always ready to go on either side of the scrum\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau In Form\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 157\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-07\\-05\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370705\\.2\\.142\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} The Herald said that he and Mahima \"excelled on attack, and the pair compare favourably with any inside backs in Auckland\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Improves/Defeat Of North Shore\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22772\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-07\\-05\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370705\\.2\\.161\\.16\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} While the Auckland Star said he \"rose to great heights at times\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau's Good Finish\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 163\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-07\\-12\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370712\\.2\\.178\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} Manukau had well and truly found form with another win, 20–13 over [Marist](/wiki/Marist_Saints \"Marist Saints\") on July 10 in the main match at Carlaw Park. Their first two tries came from \"splendid openings\" by Mahima and Brimble in the second half. Brimble had been \"closely watched, but he made a few openings in brilliant style\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Disappointing Game\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22778\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-07\\-12\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370712\\.2\\.161\\.5\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} In a 22 to 5 win against Newton the following week Brimble and Mahima gave \"attractive exhibitions\" along with forward [Jack Brodrick](/wiki/Jack_Brodrick \"Jack Brodrick\"), Len Kawe, and [Puti Tipene Watene](/wiki/Puti_Tipene_Watene \"Puti Tipene Watene\"). Also playing well outside Brimble were Rangi Chase at centre and [Tommy Chase](/wiki/Tommy_Chase \"Tommy Chase\") and second five eighth.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau's Winning Vein\n\\| page \\= 15\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 169\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-07\\-19\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370719\\.2\\.153\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} Manukau once again won, 18–6 over [Ponsonby](/wiki/Ponsonby_Ponies \"Ponsonby Ponies\") in their round 11 match and with 4 rounds left were in second behind [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond_Rovers \"Richmond Rovers\"). Brimble along with the Chase brothers \"in possession and combination gave a lot of speed and colour to the Manukau attack\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau's Speed\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 175\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-07\\-26\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370726\\.2\\.145\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} They then drew 11–11 with Richmond in round 12\\. Brimble scored his third try of the season. He \"defended soundly and ran up to his man before sending the ball along\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Unlucky\n\\| page \\= 15\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 181\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-08\\-02\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370802\\.2\\.179\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} He scored again the following week against [Mount Albert](/wiki/Mount_Albert_Lions \"Mount Albert Lions\"), however Manukau crucially lost 20–19\\. He \"frequently flashed into the picture in clever runs\" in the loss.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Margin of One Point\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22814\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-08\\-23\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370823\\.2\\.155\\.7\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} In the last round Manukau suffered defeat once more, 23–20 to [City](/wiki/City_Rovers \"City Rovers\") which confined them to fourth of the eight teams. For the third consecutive week Brimble crossed the line for a try. It came after he \"cut through the defence, beating several opponents by a clever change of pace\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Surprise Win For City\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22820\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-08\\-30\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370830\\.2\\.153\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}}", "Manukau now moved into the Roope Rooster knockout competition and were eliminated in round 1, losing to Mount Albert 35–18\\. Both he and Mahima \"were sound, and Brimble, as usual, was quick to sight an opening\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Satherley's Place Kicking\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 211\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-09\\-06\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370906\\.2\\.134\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} They were then placed in the Phelan Shield consolation competition and beat [Newton](/wiki/Newton_Rangers \"Newton Rangers\") 17–15\\. Brimble was one of the best Manukau backs along with Joe/Jack Broughton, Chase, and Mahima while Newton were missing Brimble's brother, [Wilfred](/wiki/Wilfred_Brimble \"Wilfred Brimble\").{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Not Inspiring\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 217\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-09\\-13\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370913\\.2\\.138\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} Manukau lost the Phelan Shield semi\\-final to North Shore 16–10 on September 18\\. In early October, Walter, Wilfred, and [Ted](/wiki/Ted_Brimble \"Ted Brimble\") were all chosen in the 18 player Auckland Māori squad to play Auckland Pākehā, though for all intents and purposes it was the New Zealand Māori side which had beaten [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team \"Australia national rugby league team\") months earlier.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Sides For Saturday\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 231\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-09\\-29\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19370929\\.2\\.145\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}}{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Auckland\\-Maori Match\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXIV, Issue 22850\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-10\\-04\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19371004\\.2\\.160\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} The backs were trimmed from ten to eight with Walter and Ted both omitted the day before the game.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Maoris Play Auckland\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXVIII, Issue 239\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-10\\-08\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19371008\\.2\\.141\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}} The final side selected saw Wilfred chosen at halfback with Peter Mahima and [Noel Bickerton](/wiki/Noel_Bickerton \"Noel Bickerton\") in the five\\-eighths positions with the Māori side winning 43 to 21\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Superior Combination\n\\| page \\= 15\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Issue 22856\n\\| date \\= 1937\\-10\\-11\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19371011\\.2\\.162\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-29}}", "#### Manukau (1938\\)", "The [1938](/wiki/1938_Auckland_Rugby_League_season \"1938 Auckland Rugby League season\") season was to be the most significant of Brimble's career. He played in 18 matches for Manukau, scoring 4 tries, 2 matches for Auckland, his debut for the [North Island](/wiki/North_Island_rugby_league_team \"North Island rugby league team\"), and his debut for [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team \"New Zealand national rugby league team\"). He went on their Australian tour and played 8 matches in total. Brimble was named in the Manukau squad for the season which was named in mid March.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= George Nepia Again\n\\| page \\= 27\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 58\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-03\\-10\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380310\\.2\\.215\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} Manukau won their first match of the year which was against a South Auckland XIII at Waikaraka Park in Onehunga on March 26\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= \"Pipe Opener\" at Waikaraka Park\n\\| page \\= 15\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 73\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-03\\-28\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380328\\.2\\.171\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} They then played Ponsonby on April 2 in a preliminary round match at Carlaw Park, winning 19–11\\. Brimble, \"the outstanding half, opened up the play well…\", and he was \"often dangerous\" along with Mahima.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Opening Of Season\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 79\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-04\\-04\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380404\\.2\\.166\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}}{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Forwards\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23004\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-04\\-04\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380404\\.2\\.170\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}}", "In a preview of Manukau's Fox Memorial championship round 1 game against Newton it was suggested that Brimble and Broughton in the five\\-eighths were likely to \"make the play fast and open\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Impresses\n\\| page \\= 20\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23006\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-04\\-06\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380406\\.2\\.206\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} Manukau suffered a surprising loss, 19 to 8 with Walter's brother Wilfred, playing at halfback, scoring a try and kicked 4 goals for Newton. Their older brother Ted also played well for Newton on attack. It was also mentioned that Walter and Mahima \"showed up\" for Manukau.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Surprise By Newton\n\\| page \\= 20\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23010\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-04\\-11\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380411\\.2\\.180\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} The Star commented that Walter \"played brightly in the intermediate line\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Auspicious Start\n\\| page \\= 19\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 86\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-04\\-12\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380412\\.2\\.151\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} Manukau beat North Shore a week later 26–21 with Brimble scoring one of their 6 tries and was \"prominent on attack\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Fast Display/Manukau Improves\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23015\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-04\\-18\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380418\\.2\\.147\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} They defeated Marist 18–4 in round 3 but \"the best was not seen of Brimble and Broughton at five eighths\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Good Second Spell\n\\| page \\= 18\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23021\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-04\\-26\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380426\\.2\\.203\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} He scored a try in their next match against [Mount Albert](/wiki/Mount_Albert_Lions \"Mount Albert Lions\") on May 7 when they won 17–9\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Chances Grasped\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 107\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-09\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380509\\.2\\.149\\.3\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} He played \"an outstanding game at first five eighth \\[handling] splendidly and his quickness off the mark gave the players outside him every opportunity. He made several fine openings and was always handy when defensive work was required\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Hard Forward Play\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23032\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-09\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380509\\.2\\.157\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} The Auckland Star wrote \"Walter Brimble, with speed and incisive dash, continually opened the way for Manukau attack…\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Thrustful Play\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 108\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-10\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380510\\.2\\.105\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} Manukau had a narrow 18–16 win against [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond_Rovers \"Richmond Rovers\") in their next game. Brimble, \"although not so conspicuous on attack as usual, showed out for some clever defensive work\", and the Auckland Star mentioned that his \"constructive play was good\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Fortunes Fluctuate\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23038\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-16\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380516\\.2\\.142\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}}{{cite news\n\\| title \\= League Code\n\\| page \\= 15\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 114\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-17\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380517\\.2\\.120\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}}", "#### Auckland and North Island selection", "On May 12 Brimble was named in the [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_rugby_league_team \"Auckland rugby league team\") side to play a 'Rest of North Island' side on May 18\\. He was chosen by [Bert Avery](/wiki/Bert_Avery \"Bert Avery\"), [Hec Brisbane](/wiki/Hec_Brisbane \"Hec Brisbane\"), and A. Renwick to play at first five eighth with [Wally Tittleton](/wiki/Wally_Tittleton \"Wally Tittleton\") at second five. At halfback was his brother [Wilfred](/wiki/Wilfred_Brimble \"Wilfred Brimble\").{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Trial Match/Teams for Next Wednesday\n\\| page \\= 29\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 110\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-12\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380512\\.2\\.204\\.5\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} The Herald commenting on his play so far in the season said that \"he combines well with Mahima and his speed off the mark often beats the defence. While not so prominent as usual on attack against Richmond, Brimble did great defensive work, his keen sense of anticipation enabling him to save some awkward situations\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Strength Of Teams\n\\| page \\= 22\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23040\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-18\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380518\\.2\\.213\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} Brimble and Tittleton were matched up against B. Blackie, and L. McCready both of the Bay of Plenty.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Trial Match Today\n\\| page \\= 21\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23040\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-18\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380518\\.2\\.207\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} The Auckland side routed their opponent 67–14 with Brimble scoring one of their 14 tries.{{cite news\n\\| title \\=Auckland's Runaway Win\n\\| page \\= 26\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 116\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-19\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380519\\.2\\.216\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} The Herald wrote \"all the home backs played well, particularly Brimble (Newton), halfback, and Brimble (Manukau), five eighths. Their combination was a feature of the game, although the opposition was weak\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Trial Match Played\n\\| page \\= 11\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23041\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-19\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380519\\.2\\.43\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}}", "Both Walter and Wilfred were then selected in the [North Island](/wiki/North_Island_rugby_league_team \"North Island rugby league team\") side to play [South Island](/wiki/South_Island_rugby_league_team \"South Island rugby league team\") three days later on May 21 at Carlaw Park. He was again partnered with Wally Tittleton with Wilfred at halfback. They were playing opposite N. Kiely and D. Kirk of [Greymouth](/wiki/Greymouth \"Greymouth\") in the five\\-eighths in what was essentially a trial match to choose the [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team \"New Zealand national rugby league team\") side to tour Australia.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Inter\\-Island Game\n\\| page \\= 17\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23041\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-19\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380519\\.2\\.171\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} A curtain raiser was to be played between a Probables side and Possibles side with the former featuring their brother [Ted](/wiki/Ted_Brimble \"Ted Brimble\") at first five eighth.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Curtain\\-Raiser Trial\n\\| page \\= 18\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23042\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-20\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380520\\.2\\.201\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} The North Island scored an easy 55–2 win over the South Island with Walter crossing for a try. It was said \"speed from the base of the scrum, due to the fine combination of the Brimble brothers, gave the North backs every opportunity, and deep thrusts were made in the defence\". Both brothers were involved in many attacking movements and Walter along with [Des Herring](/wiki/Des_Herring \"Des Herring\") and [Jack Brodrick](/wiki/Jack_Brodrick \"Jack Brodrick\") inter passed before a try for [Jack Satherley](/wiki/Jack_Satherley \"Jack Satherley\") to make the score 20–2 early in the second half. Then with the final try \"the Brimble brothers cleverly evaded the defence, and Walter Brimble scored for [\\[Jack] Smith](/wiki/Jack_Smith_%28rugby_league%2C_New_Zealand%29 \"Jack Smith (rugby league, New Zealand)\") to convert\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= North Team Wins\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23044\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-23\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380523\\.2\\.156\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}}", "#### New Zealand selection and Australian Tour", "[NZ Team 1938\\|left\\|450pxFollowing](/wiki/File:NZ_Team_1938.png \"NZ Team 1938.png\") the inter\\-island match Walter Brimble was named in the 22\\-man [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team \"New Zealand national rugby league team\") squad to tour Australia. His brother [Wilfred](/wiki/Wilfred_Brimble \"Wilfred Brimble\") was also selected by [Jim Amos](/wiki/Jim_Amos_%28rugby_league%29 \"Jim Amos (rugby league)\"), [Scottie McClymont](/wiki/Thomas_McClymont \"Thomas McClymont\"), and [Hec Brisbane](/wiki/Hec_Brisbane \"Hec Brisbane\").{{cite news\n\\| title \\= 22 Players Chosen\n\\| page \\= 15\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 119\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-23\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380523\\.2\\.164\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} [thumb\\|Walter is 4th from the right in the front row.In](/wiki/File:NZ_team_photo_to_visit_Australia_in_1938.png \"NZ team photo to visit Australia in 1938.png\") short pieces on all the players selected, the Herald wrote \"W.P. Brimble (Auckland), five eighths, is 24 years of age and weighs 10st. 7lb. \\[\\[He is a brother of the halfback. Brimble came over from the Manukau Rugby Union Club two years ago and represented Auckland on one occasion \\[in fact twice]. He has a lot of speed and is very elusive on attack, with a keen sense of anticipation on defence. The brothers should work up an excellent combination with a few more games together\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Careers Of Players Chosen\n\\| page \\= 23\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23046\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-25\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380525\\.2\\.179\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}}[thumb\\|1938 New Zealand team](/wiki/File:1938_NZ_league_team_for_Australian_tour.jpg \"1938 NZ league team for Australian tour.jpg\") [thumb\\|left\\|Photograph of Brimble from the *New Zealand Herald*Before](/wiki/File:Walter_Brimble_portrait_photo_2.png \"Walter Brimble portrait photo 2.png\") leaving for Australia, Brimble played one last game for Manukau against City on May 28\\. Manukau won 23–19 though \"Mahima and Brimble did not combine as well as usual and found the opposition very elusive\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Display Of City\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23050\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-30\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380530\\.2\\.167\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}}", "With the New Zealand side on their way [The Courier\\-Mail](/wiki/The_Courier-Mail \"The Courier-Mail\") (Brisbane) newspaper reported that \"the Brimble brothers should shine if the grounds are not too hard\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Hemi Lost Form In Trials\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= The Courier\\-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933 – 1954\\)\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-24\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article41007804\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} In an article by sports writer L.H. Kearney with short profiles of the New Zealanders he said Walter \"was the most brilliant club player in Auckland this season\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Strength Lies In The Pack\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= The Courier\\-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933 – 1954\\)\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-05\\-31\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article40996551\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} While a correspondent from [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland \"Auckland\") writing in [The Referee (newspaper)](/wiki/The_Referee_%28newspaper%29 \"The Referee (newspaper)\") of [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") said \"outstanding last year, Walter P. Brimble, five eighth, has a lot of speed and is very elusive, with a keen sense of anticipation on defence\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Who's Who In The N.Z. Team\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[The Referee (newspaper)\\|Referee]], issue 2671\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-02\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article127506402\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} [The Rugby League News](/wiki/Big_League \"Big League\") publication produced an article on the Brimble brothers and extended family in their June 25 edition. It said \"with four brothers in the front rank among rugby league footballers, the Brimble family has a record in the game second to none in New Zealand. A fifth has represented Auckland at rugby union. This season their success has been crowned by the selection of the two youngsters, Walter and Wilfred, better known as \"Riki and Bunny\", to represent New Zealand\". It went on to say \"Walter, Manukau's five\\-eighth, who has the same small thrust and fleetness in attack, is a genius in making openings. [thumb\\|Walter sixth from the right.A](/wiki/File:NZ_RL_team_to_tour_Australia%2C_1938.png \"NZ RL team to tour Australia, 1938.png\") pair of \"pocket battleships,\" in combination they are a power to be reckoned with\". Then in some family biographical details they wrote that \"the family came originally from [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\"), but the boys were born in different parts of the world. They had temporary homes in [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") and [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") before settling down in [Onehunga](/wiki/Onehunga \"Onehunga\") about 22 years ago. Walter has a twin brother, Lionel, who played in the same team at school, in the school representatives, and in the lower grades. Lionel's football career was hampered, however by an injured knee\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= The Five Brimbles' Football Success/Springboks By Birth\n\\| page \\= 6\n\\| publisher \\= The Rugby League News\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-25\n\\| url \\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj\\-642499115/view?partId\\=nla.obj\\-642539301\\#page/n7/mode/1up\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|Wilfred passing to Walter at SCG training.](/wiki/File:Walter_and_Wilfred_training_at_the_SCG.png \"Walter and Wilfred training at the SCG.png\")\n[thumb\\|[Wilfred Brimble](/wiki/Wilfred_Brimble \"Wilfred Brimble\") wearing his Newton jersey putting the ball into a scrum at the SCG. Walter is possibly at first five eighth to the right.](/wiki/File:Wilfred_Brimble_putting_the_ball_into_the_scrum.png \"Wilfred Brimble putting the ball into the scrum.png\")\nWalter was not chosen in New Zealand's first match on June 11 against [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team \"New South Wales rugby league team\") at the [Sydney Cricket Ground](/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground \"Sydney Cricket Ground\"). New Zealand lost 25 to 12\\. He was however chosen in their second game against the same opponents at the same venue.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Changes In State League Team\n\\| page \\= 29\n\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[The Sun (Sydney)\\|The Sun]], issue 1837\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-12\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article231033196\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} He was playing with [Wally Tittleton](/wiki/Wally_Tittleton \"Wally Tittleton\") outside him at inside centre and Wilfred at halfback. New Zealand won 37 to 18 before a crowd of 18,426 with Brimble scoring a try on his international debut at five eighth. He was opposed by Toby Kerr at first five eighth for NSW. Walter was said to have been \"lively at first five eighth\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= New Zealand Avenge Defeat\n\\| page \\= 7\n\\| publisher \\= Timaru Herald, Volume CXLIV, Issue 21062\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-14\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/THD19380614\\.2\\.54\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-30}} Early in the game \"in a nice New Zealand movement the two Brimbles, Tittleton and \\[Jack] Smith took play to the New South Wales 25\". Nearing halftime [Jack Brodrick](/wiki/Jack_Brodrick \"Jack Brodrick\"), [Clarry McNeil](/wiki/Clarry_McNeil \"Clarry McNeil\") and [Jack McLeod](/wiki/Jack_McLeod_%28rugby_league%29 \"Jack McLeod (rugby league)\") were involved in an attack where \"the ball was toed along, but Conlon missed it and Walter Brimble picking it up, went on to score alongside the goal\". Then in the second half New South Wales dropped the ball \"and Walter Brimble, gathering it, passed to Tittleton, who scored between the posts\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Surprise In League Game\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[The Sun (Sydney)\\|The Sun]], issue 8872\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-13\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article231035456\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-31}} The Courier\\-Mail said that \"the two diminutive New Zealand halves, Walter Brimble, five eighth and Wilfred Brimble, half\\-back played grand football, both in attack and in defence\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= New Zealand Team Makes Full Amends\n\\| page \\= 10\n\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[The Courier\\-mail]], issue 1492\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-14\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article40997192\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-31}} The [Labor Daily](/wiki/Labor_Daily \"Labor Daily\") described Walter as \"the mighty atom\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= How N. Zealanders Turned Tables On N.S.W.\n\\| page \\= 11\n\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[The Labor Daily]], issue 26\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-14\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article236407259\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-31}} The Referee publication said that the brothers \"proved very smart and elusive and the entire back division handled the ball magnificently\". They went on to mix the two up naming Walter as the half back and Wilfred as the five eighth. Correcting the names Walter \"fitted in splendidly with the three quarters\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Best N.Z. League Team\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Referee, Issue 2673\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-16\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article127505919\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-31}} The Herald speculated that it was \"very likely that the combination and speed of the Brimble brothers in the inside positions made a vast difference to the team’s penetration\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= New Zealand Team/Form In Australia\n\\| page \\= 24\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23064\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-15\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380615\\.2\\.230\\.5\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-31}}", "[450px\\|leftWalter](/wiki/File:New_Zealand_RL_team_to_play_Far_North_Coast_in_1938.jpg \"New Zealand RL team to play Far North Coast in 1938.jpg\") was then named in the New Zealand side to play North Coast on June 15 in [Lismore](/wiki/Lismore%2C_New_South_Wales \"Lismore, New South Wales\"). New Zealand won the match 23–2 with 2,200 spectators watching. It rained during the first half and made the ground greasy with it said that \"the play of the New Zealand backs did not inspire confidence, there being a lack of enterprise, while they seldom managed to penetrate the opposing defence\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Second Victory\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23065\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-16\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380616\\.2\\.107\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-31}} During the second half Brimble \"made an opening for the first try, slicing the defence at the 25 yards line, after taking a well timed pass from [Gordon Midgley](/wiki/Gordon_Midgley \"Gordon Midgley\")\" before scoring under the posts.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Kiwis At Lismore/Far North Coast Beaten\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Queensland Times, Volume LXXVIII, issue 16,089\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-16\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article115605885\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-31}} [The Northern Star](/wiki/The_Northern_Star \"The Northern Star\") wrote \"Brimble’s display at standoff half for New Zealand was never better than that of a grade player. His passing was badly directed, and his reputation as a defender not enhanced\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= North Beaten/League Fixture Drew Large Attendance\n\\| page \\= 10\n\\| publisher \\= Northern Star, Volume 63\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-16\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article94568038\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-31}} Both Walter and Wilfred were named in their next match, against [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland_rugby_league_team \"Queensland rugby league team\") on June 18 at the [Brisbane Cricket Ground](/wiki/Brisbane_Cricket_Ground \"Brisbane Cricket Ground\").{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Only One Serious Injury Among the Players\n\\| page \\= 11\n\\| publisher \\= The Telegraph\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-17\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article183486231\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-31}} Before the game W. Sneyd in the Telegraph wrote that \"it won’t be surprising if everybody gets the two Brimbles mixed up, because they are so much alike. They play right at the scrum base, and do they combine!\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= The Kiwis – Through the Eyes of a cameraman\n\\| page \\= 20\n\\| publisher \\= The Telegraph\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-17\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article183486429\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-31}} [thumb\\|Wilfred passing to Walter in the match v Queensland on June 18\\.New](/wiki/File:Wilfred_passing_to_Walter.png \"Wilfred passing to Walter.png\") Zealand were well beaten by 31 points to 11 before a crowd of 12,000\\. Walter was marking the Queensland captain [Jack Reardon](/wiki/Jack_Reardon \"Jack Reardon\") who finished his career playing 21 games for Queensland, 1 for NSW, and 4 tests for Australia. It was said that Wilfred, \"the scrum half showed none of the adventurous spirit which marked his second Sydney display, and he broke the hearts of both his forwards and supports by the way he kicked away the limited number of scrummage favours he received\". As a result, Walter had very few opportunities with the ball.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Inner Backs' Fighting Spirit Broken\n\\| page \\= 23\n\\| publisher \\= Sunday Mail (Brisbane)\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-19\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article97870426\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-05\\-31}} The Truth newspaper said \"the Brimble brothers were a rank disappointment. Half\\-back \"Bunny\" and standoff \"Rickety\" are their noms\\-de\\-League and Shakespeare said, \"What’s in a name.\" The same page featured a photograph of Wilfred lying on the ground after having passed to Walter.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Queensland Polished Kiwis Off League Map\n\\| page \\= 7\n\\| publisher \\= Truth\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-19\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article206133570\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} The Referee newspaper wrote that \"it would be unwise to judge the Kiwi backs on this display. Tittleton and \\[Rangi] Chase in the centre seldom got an even break in attack, due primarily to the inability of five eighth W.P. Brimble to get them on the run, … this Brimble did not shine in attack. Reardon and the Queensland back row forwards made a bird of him, but he, too, had Reardon well held in the moves from the scrum\". They went on to say that Wilfred had been sick before the match but \"got the passes away crisply and used a short kick through the defence when he found the tackled crowding his brother at five eighth. The tactics were right, though they did not come off through the men outside failing to follow the ball through\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= New Zealanders Outplayed By Fiery Forwards\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Referee\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-23\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article127497581\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} New Zealand then moved to [Toowoomba](/wiki/Toowoomba \"Toowoomba\") to play their 5th game of the tour which was against the local [Toowoomba](/wiki/Toowoomba_Rugby_League \"Toowoomba Rugby League\") side. New Zealand won 12–11 before a crowd of 2,500 with Walter marked by W. Bligh. Walter played once more at first five eighth with [Robert Grotte](/wiki/Robert_Grotte \"Robert Grotte\") at halfback. He was involved in one of John Anderson's tries after he received the ball from the scrum and \"cut out the opposing five\\-eighths and centre and ran 40 yds down the centre of the field\". It was mentioned that \"that was one of the few occasions upon which Brimble did anything else but short\\-punt the ball\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= By One Point\n\\| page \\= 28\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 146\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-23\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380623\\.2\\.226\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} The Telegraph said \"Grotte showed more initiative than did \\[Wilfred] Brimble in Brisbane last Saturday, his chief weakness being a habit of throwing his passes too high to his supports. The five eighth, Brimble made one of two nice openings, and it was his upsetting of the Toowoomba defence that led to play being so close to the line that [\\[John] Anderson](/wiki/John_Anderson_%28rugby_league%29 \"John Anderson (rugby league)\") was able to clinch the then immediate issue with a try\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Kiwis Were Forced to Hard, Close Struggle By Toowoomba Team\n\\| page \\= 23\n\\| publisher \\= The Telegraph\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-23\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article183484757\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}", "Neither brother was selected for the next match on June 25 which was a rematch with Queensland. The local side won 25 to 12 with Wally Tittleton at five eighth and Robert Grotte at halfback. Walter and Wilfred were chosen to play in the following game against [NSW Group 4](/wiki/Group_4_Rugby_League \"Group 4 Rugby League\") at [Tamworth](/wiki/Tamworth%2C_New_South_Wales \"Tamworth, New South Wales\") on June 29\\. New Zealand won 26–15 before 2,200 spectators. It was said that they were \"outstanding\" and \"the nippiness of the Brimble brothers, working from the base of the scrum… were too much for the Group side\" along with the work of [Arthur Kay](/wiki/Arthur_Kay_%28rugby_league%29 \"Arthur Kay (rugby league)\"), Gordon Midgley, John Anderson, and Jack Brodrick.\n{{cite news\n\\| title \\= By 11 Points\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate]], issue 19,256\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-30\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article133622213\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}{{cite news\n\\| title \\= N.Z.'s League Victory\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= The Labor Daily (Sydney)\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-30\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article236408707\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Walter and Wilfred \"frequently cut holes in the home side's defence\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Kiwis Defeat Group Team\n\\| page \\= 9\n\\| publisher \\= The Courier Mail (Brisbane)\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-06\\-30\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article41010195\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}", "Walter was then chosen in New Zealand's penultimate match of the tour, against [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle_rugby_league_team \"Newcastle rugby league team\") on July 2 at the [Newcastle Sports Ground](/wiki/Newcastle_Number_1_Sports_Ground \"Newcastle Number 1 Sports Ground\"). New Zealand won 30 points to 19 with 5,500 spectators present.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= N.Z. Side Is Strong\n\\| page \\= 9\n\\| publisher \\= The Newcastle Sun\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-07\\-01\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article167301810\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} The [Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate](/wiki/Newcastle_Herald \"Newcastle Herald\") newspaper erroneously wrote in relation to their ancestry that \"the Brimble brothers, who are Maoris, have delighted the crowds by their clever work behind the pack in Australia. Both are fast and difficult to stop\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\=Strong Team \n\\| page \\= 23\n\\| publisher \\= Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-07\\-01\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article133138662\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Walter threw the final pass for New Zealand's first try after [Jack Hemi](/wiki/Jack_Hemi \"Jack Hemi\") had kicked three penalties. It started with \"a passing rush, which was led by the five eighth, W. Brimble, who passed the ball to Anderson, who ran over after J Steedall had made a half\\-hearted attempt to tackle\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Newcastle v. N. Zealand\n\\| page \\= 6\n\\| publisher \\= The Maitland Daily Mercury\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-07\\-02\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article125701432\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Walter was involved in New Zealand's last and best try being described as one of the best seen on the ground which saw the crowd cheer for several minutes. It started when Wilfred picked the ball up in his own 25 before passing it to Wally Tittleton who sent it on to [Rangi Chase](/wiki/Rangi_Chase_%28rugby_league%2C_born_1918%29 \"Rangi Chase (rugby league, born 1918)\") who then returned it to Wilfred before it next went to Walter, it then moved to Anderson, Tittleton again and then to [Jack McLeod](/wiki/Jack_McLeod_%28rugby_league%29 \"Jack McLeod (rugby league)\") who scored.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Kiwis' Easy Win\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 155\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-07\\-04\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380704\\.2\\.226\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} The Newcastle hooker (Bert Parsons) outplayed New Zealand's [George Orman](/wiki/George_Orman \"George Orman\"), winning most of the scrums. The Truth newspaper wrote that \"had the Brimble brothers received the opportunities that came the opposition’s way, wingers [Jack Smith](/wiki/Jack_Smith_%28rugby_league%2C_New_Zealand%29 \"Jack Smith (rugby league, New Zealand)\") and [Ray Brown](/wiki/Ray_Brown_%28New_Zealand%29 \"Ray Brown (New Zealand)\") would have been seen to better advantage\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Kiwis Home On the Bit At Newcastle\n\\| page \\= 6\n\\| publisher \\= The Truth\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-07\\-03\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article169089980\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} [thumb\\|left\\|Walter on the left chasing Pierce of Sydney.](/wiki/File:Walter_Brimble_in_the_match_v_Sydney_on_July_6%2C_1938.png \"Walter Brimble in the match v Sydney on July 6, 1938.png\")[thumb\\|Walter closing in on Pierce.In](/wiki/File:Walter_Brimble_attempting_a_tackle_v_Sydney.png \"Walter Brimble attempting a tackle v Sydney.png\") comments on the game the Maitland Daily Mercury said that \"the Brimble brothers, splendidly supported by the New Zealand lock forward, Anderson, flashed through the centre time after time, and not all the fine defensive play of G Olivera could prevent their progress\". They also echoed earlier observations that if they \"had received only half the chances the local halves got, the game would have been a procession with Newcastle tailed off\"{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Newcastle Outclassed\n\\| page \\= 8\n\\| publisher \\= The Maitland Daily Mercury (NSW : 1894 – 1939\\)\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-07\\-04\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article125726535\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Walter then played in New Zealand's final match of the tour, against [Sydney](/wiki/City_New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team \"City New South Wales rugby league team\") at the [Sydney Cricket Ground](/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground \"Sydney Cricket Ground\"). The match was drawn 19–19\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\=Sydney Snatches A Draw, 19\\-All \n\\| page \\= 32\n\\| publisher \\= The Sun (Sydney, NSW : 1910 – 1954\\)\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-07\\-06\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article229141066\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Kiwis Last Game Of The Tour\n\\| page \\= 11\n\\| publisher \\= The Newcastle Sun\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-07\\-06\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article167303824\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} The newspapers had named \"W. Brimble\" at halfback with Jack Smith at five eighth though a photograph of Walter appeared in the Labor Daily newspaper so it is more likely that Walter played at five eighth and Smith at halfback. Opposite Walter was Sydney five eighth Cal Lynch.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Running Into Trouble\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= The Labor Daily\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-07\\-07\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article236398891\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} The Referee newspaper in naming the lineups after the game in their match report listed them in those positions.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= New Zealand, Nippy Team\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= Referee (Sydney)\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-07\\-07\n\\| url \\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article127501060\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|Tommy Chase kicking for Auckland with Walter in the background for New Zealand.After](/wiki/File:Tommy_Chase_kicking_the_ball_for_Auckland_v_NZ_in_1938.png \"Tommy Chase kicking the ball for Auckland v NZ in 1938.png\") returning from the tour the New Zealand side played a match against [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_rugby_league_team \"Auckland rugby league team\") on July 16\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Auckland v. New Zealand\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 161\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-07\\-11\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380711\\.2\\.167\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Before a crowd of 15,000 at [Carlaw Park](/wiki/Carlaw_Park \"Carlaw Park\") on July 16 the Auckland side won 21–13\\. Walter played at second five\\-eighth with Wally Tittleton at first five eighth and Wilfred at halfback. The Herald said \"neither of the Brimbles… was up to form\". When the score was 3–0 to Auckland Smith ran 40 yards before passing to Walter \"who cut in nicely, but Tittleton dropped the final pass and a try was lost\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Dominion Team\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23092\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-07\\-18\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380718\\.2\\.158\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}", "##### Return to Manukau", "The Fox Memorial championship still had 5 rounds remaining when Brimble returned to his Manukau side. He played in an 18–4 win over City on July 23\\. In heavy rain the Carlaw Park fields turned into a \"quagmire\" with Manukau on the No. 2 field. In the second half Brimble \"made a fine dash which was well supported by \\[Mihaka] Panapa\" with Freddie McGuire scoring. Brimble was said to have been \"prominent on attack\" in the match.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Hemi's Good Form\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-07\\-25\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380725\\.2\\.147\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Manukau then drew with Richmond 6–6 with Brimble \"doing some clever work on attack\" and \"made a couple of characteristic straight breaks through the opposition\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Richmond Unlucky\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23104\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-08\\-01\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380801\\.2\\.152\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Hemi Had Day Out\n\\| page \\= 17\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 180\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-08\\-02\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380802\\.2\\.176\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} In an easy round 16 win over [Mount Albert](/wiki/Mount_Albert_Lions \"Mount Albert Lions\") by 31 to 5, Brimble scored two tries. He and Mahima \"gave the threequarters every opportunity\" with Brimble showing \"high\\-class form, easily the best since his return from Australia. His two tries came from clever individual work\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Splendid Display\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23110\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-08\\-08\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380808\\.2\\.174\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} The Herald wrote \"Brimble played a brilliant game … and has rarely been seen to better advantage. He showed great speed for 15 yards and always made an extra man on attack\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Senior Championship\n\\| page \\= 21\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23112\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-08\\-10\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380810\\.2\\.223\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}", "#### Auckland selection", "[thumb\\|Manukau v Eastern Suburbs advertisement with Brimble's name featured.Brimble](/wiki/File:Manukau_v_Eastern_Suburbs_in_1938_advertisement.png \"Manukau v Eastern Suburbs in 1938 advertisement.png\") was selected in the [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland_rugby_league_team \"Auckland rugby league team\") side to play [Canterbury](/wiki/Canterbury_rugby_league_team \"Canterbury rugby league team\") on August 13\\. He was partnered with Wally Tittleton in the halves with Peter Mahima at halfback.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Eight Kiwis In The Auckland Side\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 189\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-08\\-12\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380812\\.2\\.139\\.1\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Auckland won 28 to 22 though the backs were surprisingly disappointing with Brimble, Tittleton and Rangi Chase not combining as well as expected given they had played together a lot in Australia.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= By Six Points1\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 191\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-08\\-15\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380815\\.2\\.139\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}", "He then returned to the Manukau side for their game with Ponsonby on August 20\\. It was the final round of the championship and with the 26–14 win they finished 4th out of the nine sides. Brimble was involved in \"the best try of the game\" after he took a pass from [Jack Brodrick](/wiki/Jack_Brodrick \"Jack Brodrick\") with it being handled four times before Brodrick eventually scored in the corner.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Fast Display\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23122\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-08\\-22\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380822\\.2\\.163\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Manukau then played in a series of Roope Rooster and Phelan Shield knockout games progressing to the final of the Phelan Shield. Prior to this however they had a match with the touring [Eastern Suburbs](/wiki/Sydney_Roosters \"Sydney Roosters\") side who had finished runners up in the NSW rugby league competition. Brimble was at five eighth matched opposite L. Pauley.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Meet Manukau To\\-morrow\n\\| page \\= 17\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 228\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-09\\-27\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19380927\\.2\\.142\\.6\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} With the score 10–7 to Eastern Suburbs in the second half Rangi Chase made a break but when he passed to Brimble the ball hit the referee and the possible equalising try was lost.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Win For Eastern Suburbs\n\\| page \\= 22\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXV, Issue 23155\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-09\\-29\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380929\\.2\\.179\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Three days later Manukau won the Phelan Shield knockout final beating Papakura 18–8 to finish their season.", "#### Manukau (1939\\)", "Brimble did not play in Manukau's opening games of the [1939](/wiki/1939_Auckland_Rugby_League_season \"1939 Auckland Rugby League season\") season in April. He was named in the April 22 side to play [Papakura](/wiki/Papakura_Sea_Eagles \"Papakura Sea Eagles\") but did not take the field.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 93\n\\| date \\= 1938\\-04\\-21\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390421\\.2\\.141\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Mount Albert won easily 38–15 with the Herald reporting that \"Brimble, who made a reappearance at first five\\-eighths, was not up to his best form\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\=An Early Try \n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23340\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-05\\-08\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390508\\.2\\.160\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} In their next match against Richmond, a 15–5 loss \"Panapa and Brimble were no match for [\\[Abbie] Graham](/wiki/Abbie_Graham_%28rugby_league%29 \"Abbie Graham (rugby league)\") and [\\[Noel] Bickerton](/wiki/Noel_Bickerton \"Noel Bickerton\")\". They both received good ball from Mahima but were \"standing flat\\-footed\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Richmond's Victory\n\\| page \\= 16\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23346\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-05\\-15\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390515\\.2\\.163\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} In a 21–0 win over City a week later he was paired with [Tommy Chase](/wiki/Tommy_Chase \"Tommy Chase\") and they both \"played good games, especially Brimble whose form was an improvement on that of earlier games\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= City Disappoints\n\\| page \\= 15\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23352\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-05\\-22\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390522\\.2\\.159\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Manukau lost to Newton 16–10 with Brimble scoring one of their two tries. He was playing against his brothers Wilfred and Ted, with Ted opposite him in the Newton five\\-eighths. Walter was prominent for Manukau while both of his brothers played well in the winning side.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Beaten\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23358\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-05\\-29\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390529\\.2\\.149\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Walter and Ted were then chosen in an 18 player Auckland Māori squad by [Ernie Asher](/wiki/Ernie_Asher \"Ernie Asher\") to play against South Auckland Māori on May 28\\. There was absolutely no newspaper coverage of the match which was played at Davies Park in Huntly so it is unknown if Brimble played or even what the score was.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Auckland Maori Side\n\\| page \\= 19\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23355\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-05\\-25\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390525\\.2\\.186\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} On King's Birthday (June 5\\) an Auckland Māori squad was chosen to play Auckland Pākehā at Carlaw Park. It featured both of his brothers but not Walter.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Rugby League/First Rep. Match\n\\| page \\= 10\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 124\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-05\\-29\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390529\\.2\\.109\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} In a 10–6 win over Ponsonby he gave good support to Mihaka Panapa.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Just Home\n\\| page \\= 15\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 136\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-06\\-12\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390612\\.2\\.180\\.4\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}", "Manukau had the bye in round 11 and organised a game against Huntly at Waikaraka Park in their home suburb of [Onehunga](/wiki/Onehunga \"Onehunga\"). It was said that Brimble and Panapa \"failed to combine well and lost many chances given by the forwards\" in Manukau's 9–8 win.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau Beats Huntly\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23376\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-06\\-19\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390619\\.2\\.145\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} In their next match against [North Shore](/wiki/North_Shore_Albions \"North Shore Albions\") on July 1 Brimble went off injured. This was said to have \"upset the arrangement of the Manukau backs\" and they went on to lose 19–5\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Fine Forward Play\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23388\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-07\\-03\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390703\\.2\\.175\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Brimble missed selection for the North Island v South Island match and was not even named in the Probables v Possibles trial played as curtain\\-raiser. He was possibly injured at the time but he was somewhat out of form anyway and was named in the Manukau side to play on July 15 against Mount Albert.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Manukau\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 164\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-07\\-14\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390714\\.2\\.125\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}", "The Auckland Star named Walter in the reserves for the Auckland match against [South Auckland (Waikato)](/wiki/Waikato_rugby_league_team \"Waikato rugby league team\") on August 5 but later team lists had the lone Brimble in the reserves as Wilfred and he in fact actually started in the game.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Provincial League Rivalry\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 179\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-08\\-01\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390801\\.2\\.135\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Home Side Superior\n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23418\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-08\\-07\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390807\\.2\\.169\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} In a 28–6 loss to Marist on August 12 Brimble and Cyril Wiberg (fullback) \"were triers all the way\" in a backline that \"failed to team well\" overall.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Marist Win Easily\n\\| page \\= 13\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 190\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-08\\-14\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390814\\.2\\.161\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} The Herald said that Brimble and Mahima \"were prominent for solid work behind the scrum\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Easy Win For Marist\n\\| page \\=14 \n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23424\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-08\\-14\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390814\\.2\\.165\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} In Manukau's final round match Brimble once again played against his brothers in the Newton side with Newton winning 15–2\\. They both played well while Walter \"was quick off the mark and enterprising in the five\\-eighth line\". The loss meant Manukau finished the championship in 5th place from 9\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Newton In Form\n\\| page \\= 12\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 196\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-08\\-21\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390821\\.2\\.151\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Manukau received a bye in the first round of the Roope Rooster competition before beating [Papakura](/wiki/Papakura_Sea_Eagles \"Papakura Sea Eagles\") in round 2 by 27 points to 12 with Brimble scoring one of their seven tries.{{cite news\n\\| title \\=Manukau Wins Semi\\-Final \n\\| page \\= 14\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23442\n\\| date \\= 1939\\-09\\-04\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390904\\.2\\.98\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Manukau lost their semi\\-final to Marist 31–15 and then lost in the semi\\-finals of the Phelan Shield to Richmond 26–16 on September 16\\. There were no team lists published and little coverage of the games so it is uncertain if he played or not. With the war having broken out the newspapers focused much more of their space to that with less on sports.", "#### Move to Newton and retirement (1940\\)", "Walter had seemingly retired, not playing at all in the opening weeks of the [1940](/wiki/1940_Auckland_Rugby_League_season \"1940 Auckland Rugby League season\") season. However the team list for the Newton match with Mount Albert on May 5 contained \"Brimble (3\\)\" in it showing that he had joined brothers Ted and Wilfred in the [Newton Rangers](/wiki/Newton_Rangers \"Newton Rangers\") senior side.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Rugby League/Manukau\n\\| page \\= 11\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXXI, Issue 122\n\\| date \\= 1940\\-05\\-24\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19400524\\.2\\.101\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} Newton won 8 to 6\\. The Herald said Wilfred \"was versatile behind the scrum, varying his attack nicely in an attempt to find a weakness in the opposing defence. He combined splendidly with W. Brimble and E. Brimble, the trio making many determined efforts to break through with straight running\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Resolute Tackling\n\\| page \\= 5\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXVII, Issue 23666\n\\| date \\= 1940\\-05\\-27\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19400527\\.2\\.18\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} It was mentioned in July in the Auckland Star that W Tawhai had replaced Brimble as first five eighth for Manukau in the 1940 season as he was playing with his brothers at Newton. However, there was little to no mention of him in any games other than the one against [Mount Albert](/wiki/Mount_Albert_Lions \"Mount Albert Lions\") until he came on as a replacement in an August 24 match with City.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Tawhai's Safe Hands\n\\| page \\= 10\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXXI, Issue 154\n\\| date \\= 1940\\-07\\-01\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19400701\\.2\\.137\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} In the later stages of the season Ted had also stopped playing. In the match with City, which Newton lost 10–3 Brimble (named \"Riki\", his nickname, in the newspaper) came on to replace Mortimer Stephens, a veteran forward who had spent time in the mid\\-1930s playing for St Helens and Bradford Northern in England.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Ragged Game\n\\| page \\= 10\n\\| publisher \\= Auckland Star, Volume LXXI, Issue 202\n\\| date \\= 1940\\-08\\-26\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19400826\\.2\\.125\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}}", "At the August 27 meeting of the [Auckland Rugby League](/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_League \"Auckland Rugby League\") in 1941 it was raised that Walter had played for Manukau at some recent point despite being a registered player for Newton. It was \"discussed at some length, and it was decided that, as Brimble was not a registered member of the Manukau club, he must stand down for a period of 12 months, dating from his last game with Newton\".{{cite news\n\\| title \\= The League Code\n\\| page \\= 4\n\\| publisher \\= New Zealand Herald, Volume 78, Issue 24055\n\\| date \\= 1941\\-08\\-28\n\\| url \\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19410828\\.2\\.17\n\\| accessdate \\= 2024\\-06\\-01}} It appears as though he had played his last game as he was not mentioned in connection with the game from this point onwards.", "" ]
Geography --------- The main neighboring hydrographic slopes of the Salvail river are: * North side: [Yamaska River](/wiki/Yamaska_River "Yamaska River"), [rivière Pot au Beurre](/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_Pot_au_Beurre_%28Yamaska_River%29 "Rivière Pot au Beurre (Yamaska River)"); * East side: [Yamaska River](/wiki/Yamaska_River "Yamaska River"); * South side: [rivière des Hurons](/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_des_Hurons_%28Richelieu_River_tributary%29 "Rivière des Hurons (Richelieu River tributary)"); * West side: [Amyot River](/wiki/Amyot_River "Amyot River"), [Richelieu River](/wiki/Richelieu_River "Richelieu River"). The Salvail River has its source in the small hamlet of "Salvail", located along the [route 137](/wiki/Quebec_Route_137 "Quebec Route 137"), connecting the village of [La Presentation](/wiki/La_Presentation%2C_Quebec "La Presentation, Quebec") and [Saint\-Denis\-sur\-Richelieu](/wiki/Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu "Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu"). At this point, the river begins at the confluence of the "Décharge de Devant Sud de Salvail" (coming from the south) and the "Ruisseau Desgranges" (coming from the southwest). The course of the river flows north\-east, passing north\-west of the village of [La Présentation](/wiki/La_Pr%C3%A9sentation%2C_Quebec "La Présentation, Quebec"), while the river crosses boulevard Laframboise. Almost all of its course, the river is bordered by a rural road, especially on the south side. A second discontinuous road starting at Boulevard Laframboise borders the river on the northwest side. The Salvail river flows north\-east, generally in an agricultural zone (sometimes forest). **Upper course of the river** (segment of {{convert\|15\.3\|km}}) In its first segment, the river flows on {{convert\|10\.0\|km}} towards the northeast, winding up to the mouth of Red Creek (coming from the southeast); on {{convert\|0\.5\|km}} north to "Point du jour" stream; on {{convert\|1\.8\|km}} north\-east to the Zéphirin\-Fortin landfill (coming from the north\-west); on {{convert\|3\.0\|km}} towards the northeast collecting water from the Arthur\-Riendeau landfill (coming from the north), to [route 235](/wiki/Quebec_Route_235 "Quebec Route 235") (designated " chemin de Massueville "in this segment), just north of the village of [Saint\-Jude](/wiki/Saint-Jude%2C_Quebec "Saint-Jude, Quebec"). **Course downstream of [route 235](/wiki/Quebec_Route_235 "Quebec Route 235")** (segment of {{convert\|7\.6\|km}}) From [route 235](/wiki/Quebec_Route_235 "Quebec Route 235"), the river flows on {{convert\|7\.6\|km}} towards the northeast, winding up to its mouth.{{cite web\|url\=http://atlas.gc.ca/toporama/en/index.html\|title\=Atlas of Canada from the Department of Natural Resources Canada \- Features extracted from the geographic map, database and site instrumentation\|access\-date\=December 19, 2020}} The Salvail River empties on the west bank of the [Yamaska River](/wiki/Yamaska_River "Yamaska River"), in a bend in the river. Its mouth is located east of Rang Bourgchemin Ouest road.
[ "Geography\n---------", "The main neighboring hydrographic slopes of the Salvail river are:\n* North side: [Yamaska River](/wiki/Yamaska_River \"Yamaska River\"), [rivière Pot au Beurre](/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_Pot_au_Beurre_%28Yamaska_River%29 \"Rivière Pot au Beurre (Yamaska River)\");\n* East side: [Yamaska River](/wiki/Yamaska_River \"Yamaska River\");\n* South side: [rivière des Hurons](/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_des_Hurons_%28Richelieu_River_tributary%29 \"Rivière des Hurons (Richelieu River tributary)\");\n* West side: [Amyot River](/wiki/Amyot_River \"Amyot River\"), [Richelieu River](/wiki/Richelieu_River \"Richelieu River\").", "The Salvail River has its source in the small hamlet of \"Salvail\", located along the [route 137](/wiki/Quebec_Route_137 \"Quebec Route 137\"), connecting the village of [La Presentation](/wiki/La_Presentation%2C_Quebec \"La Presentation, Quebec\") and [Saint\\-Denis\\-sur\\-Richelieu](/wiki/Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu \"Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu\"). At this point, the river begins at the confluence of the \"Décharge de Devant Sud de Salvail\" (coming from the south) and the \"Ruisseau Desgranges\" (coming from the southwest). The course of the river flows north\\-east, passing north\\-west of the village of [La Présentation](/wiki/La_Pr%C3%A9sentation%2C_Quebec \"La Présentation, Quebec\"), while the river crosses boulevard Laframboise.", "Almost all of its course, the river is bordered by a rural road, especially on the south side. A second discontinuous road starting at Boulevard Laframboise borders the river on the northwest side. The Salvail river flows north\\-east, generally in an agricultural zone (sometimes forest).", "**Upper course of the river** (segment of {{convert\\|15\\.3\\|km}})", "In its first segment, the river flows on {{convert\\|10\\.0\\|km}} towards the northeast, winding up to the mouth of Red Creek (coming from the southeast); on {{convert\\|0\\.5\\|km}} north to \"Point du jour\" stream; on {{convert\\|1\\.8\\|km}} north\\-east to the Zéphirin\\-Fortin landfill (coming from the north\\-west); on {{convert\\|3\\.0\\|km}} towards the northeast collecting water from the Arthur\\-Riendeau landfill (coming from the north), to [route 235](/wiki/Quebec_Route_235 \"Quebec Route 235\") (designated \" chemin de Massueville \"in this segment), just north of the village of [Saint\\-Jude](/wiki/Saint-Jude%2C_Quebec \"Saint-Jude, Quebec\").", "**Course downstream of [route 235](/wiki/Quebec_Route_235 \"Quebec Route 235\")** (segment of {{convert\\|7\\.6\\|km}})", "From [route 235](/wiki/Quebec_Route_235 \"Quebec Route 235\"), the river flows on {{convert\\|7\\.6\\|km}} towards the northeast, winding up to its mouth.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://atlas.gc.ca/toporama/en/index.html\\|title\\=Atlas of Canada from the Department of Natural Resources Canada \\- Features extracted from the geographic map, database and site instrumentation\\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2020}}", "The Salvail River empties on the west bank of the [Yamaska River](/wiki/Yamaska_River \"Yamaska River\"), in a bend in the river. Its mouth is located east of Rang Bourgchemin Ouest road.", "" ]
Career ------ Renko attended the [University of Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas "University of Kansas") where he played baseball, [basketball](/wiki/Basketball "Basketball") and [American football](/wiki/American_football "American football").[Kansas Sports Hall of Fame](http://www.kshof.org/inductees/2-kansas-sports-hall-of-fame/inductees/214-renko-steve.html) Renko was a 24 year old minor league pitcher for the New York Mets when he was traded to the Montreal Expos in 1969\. It was the Expos inaugural year in Major League Baseball while the Mets became the 1969 World Series champions. Renko pitched for the Expos during their first seven seasons (1969\-1975\) leading the team in wins in 1973 with 15 victories. For his career, Renko ranks in the top five of all Expos pitchers with 68 career victories for the team. He helped the Angels win the 1982 [American League](/wiki/American_League "American League") Western Division, with a win/loss of 11\-6\. He was a 15\-game winner in 1971 and 1973\. He led the [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 "National League (baseball)") in [earned runs](/wiki/Earned_run "Earned run") allowed (115\) in 1971\. He led the National League in [wild pitches](/wiki/Wild_pitch "Wild pitch") (19\) in 1974\. He ranks 99th on the career [home runs](/wiki/Home_run "Home run") allowed List (248\). In 15 seasons he had a 134\-146 [win](/wiki/Win_%28baseball%29 "Win (baseball)")\-loss record, 451 games, 365 games started, 57 complete games, 9 shutouts, 36 games finished, 6 saves, 2,494 innings pitched, 2,438 hits allowed, 1,233 runs allowed, 1,107 earned runs allowed, 248 home runs allowed, 1,010 walks allowed, 1,455 [strikeouts](/wiki/Strikeout "Strikeout"), 22 hit batsmen, 73 wild pitches, 10,704 batters faced, 86 intentional walks, 4 balks and a 3\.99 [earned run average](/wiki/Earned_run_average "Earned run average"). In 1979, he carried a [no\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter "No-hitter") into the ninth inning against the Oakland A's in Oakland, only to be broken up by a [Rickey Henderson](/wiki/Rickey_Henderson "Rickey Henderson") double with one out in the bottom of the ninth. Renko pitched 3 career one\-hitters. As a hitter, Renko was above average for a pitcher, posting a .215 [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") (114\-for\-531\) with 44 [runs](/wiki/Run_%28baseball%29 "Run (baseball)"), 6 [home runs](/wiki/Home_runs "Home runs"), 42 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in "Run batted in"), 3 [stolen bases](/wiki/Stolen_bases "Stolen bases") and 25 [bases on balls](/wiki/Bases_on_balls "Bases on balls").
[ "Career\n------", "Renko attended the [University of Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas \"University of Kansas\") where he played baseball, [basketball](/wiki/Basketball \"Basketball\") and [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\").[Kansas Sports Hall of Fame](http://www.kshof.org/inductees/2-kansas-sports-hall-of-fame/inductees/214-renko-steve.html)", "Renko was a 24 year old minor league pitcher for the New York Mets when he was traded to the Montreal Expos in 1969\\. It was the Expos inaugural year in Major League Baseball while the Mets became the 1969 World Series champions. Renko pitched for the Expos during their first seven seasons (1969\\-1975\\) leading the team in wins in 1973 with 15 victories. For his career, Renko ranks in the top five of all Expos pitchers with 68 career victories for the team.", "He helped the Angels win the 1982 [American League](/wiki/American_League \"American League\") Western Division, with a win/loss of 11\\-6\\.", "He was a 15\\-game winner in 1971 and 1973\\.", "He led the [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 \"National League (baseball)\") in [earned runs](/wiki/Earned_run \"Earned run\") allowed (115\\) in 1971\\.", "He led the National League in [wild pitches](/wiki/Wild_pitch \"Wild pitch\") (19\\) in 1974\\.", "He ranks 99th on the career [home runs](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\") allowed List (248\\).", "In 15 seasons he had a 134\\-146 [win](/wiki/Win_%28baseball%29 \"Win (baseball)\")\\-loss record, 451 games, 365 games started, 57 complete games, 9 shutouts, 36 games finished, 6 saves, 2,494 innings pitched, 2,438 hits allowed, 1,233 runs allowed, 1,107 earned runs allowed, 248 home runs allowed, 1,010 walks allowed, 1,455 [strikeouts](/wiki/Strikeout \"Strikeout\"), 22 hit batsmen, 73 wild pitches, 10,704 batters faced, 86 intentional walks, 4 balks and a 3\\.99 [earned run average](/wiki/Earned_run_average \"Earned run average\"). In 1979, he carried a [no\\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter \"No-hitter\") into the ninth inning against the Oakland A's in Oakland, only to be broken up by a [Rickey Henderson](/wiki/Rickey_Henderson \"Rickey Henderson\") double with one out in the bottom of the ninth. Renko pitched 3 career one\\-hitters.", "As a hitter, Renko was above average for a pitcher, posting a .215 [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") (114\\-for\\-531\\) with 44 [runs](/wiki/Run_%28baseball%29 \"Run (baseball)\"), 6 [home runs](/wiki/Home_runs \"Home runs\"), 42 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in \"Run batted in\"), 3 [stolen bases](/wiki/Stolen_bases \"Stolen bases\") and 25 [bases on balls](/wiki/Bases_on_balls \"Bases on balls\").", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early life Hormuzd Rassam was an ethnic [Assyrian](/wiki/Assyrian_people "Assyrian people"), born in [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul "Mosul") in [Upper Mesopotamia](/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia "Upper Mesopotamia") (now modern northern [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq")), then part of the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire"). His father was a member of the [Chaldean Catholic Church](/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church "Chaldean Catholic Church"){{cite journal\|last1\=Reade\|first1\=Julian\|title\=Hormuzd Rassam and His Discoveries\|journal\=Iraq\|date\=1993\|volume\=55\|pages\=39–62\|doi\=10\.2307/4200366\|jstor\=4200366\|s2cid\=191367287 }} where his grandfather, [Anton Rassam](/wiki/Anton_Rassam "Anton Rassam"), from Mosul, was the church's archdeacon. His mother Theresa was a daughter of [Isaak Halabee](/wiki/Isaak_Halabee "Isaak Halabee") of [Aleppo](/wiki/Aleppo "Aleppo"), also then within the Ottoman Empire.{{cite web\|title\=Hormuzd Rassam Assyrian Archaeologist 1826\-1910\|url\=http://www.edessa.com/profiles/rasam.htm\|website\=Assyrian Information Medium Exchange\|access\-date\=8 August 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429050947/http://www.edessa.com/profiles/rasam.htm\|archive\-date\=29 April 2007}} Hormuzd's brother was British Vice\-Consul in Mosul,Oates, 6 which was how he obtained his start with [Layard](/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard "Austen Henry Layard"). ### Early archaeological career At the age of 20 in 1846, Rassam was hired by British [archaeologist](/wiki/Archaeology "Archaeology") [Austen Henry Layard](/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard "Austen Henry Layard") as a [paymaster](/wiki/Paymaster "Paymaster") at [Nimrud](/wiki/Nimrud "Nimrud"), a nearby ancient Assyrian excavation site. Layard, who was in Mosul on his first expedition (1845–47\), was impressed by the hardworking Rassam and took him under his wing; they would remain friends for life. Layard provided an opportunity for Rassam to travel to [England](/wiki/England "England") and study at [Magdalen College, Oxford](/wiki/Magdalen_College%2C_Oxford "Magdalen College, Oxford").{{cite web\|url\=https://marginalised.wpengine.com/1847\-1920/\|title\=Marginalised Histories\|access\-date\=19 June 2022}}{{Dead link\|date\=February 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} He studied there for 18 months before accompanying Layard on his second expedition to Iraq (1849–51\). Layard left archeology to begin a political career. Rassam continued field work (1852–54\) at Nimrud and [Nineveh](/wiki/Nineveh "Nineveh"), where he made a number of important and independent discoveries. These included the clay tablets that would later be deciphered by [George Smith](/wiki/George_Smith_%28Assyriologist%29 "George Smith (Assyriologist)") as the *[Epic of Gilgamesh](/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh "Epic of Gilgamesh")*, the world's oldest written narrative poem. The tablets' description of a [flood myth](/wiki/Flood_myth "Flood myth"), written 1000 years prior to the earliest record of the Biblical story of [Noah](/wiki/Noah "Noah"), caused much debate at the time about the Biblical narrative of ancient history. ### Diplomatic career Rassam returned to [England](/wiki/England "England"). With the help of Layard, he began a new career in government with a posting to the British Consulate in [Aden](/wiki/Aden "Aden"), quickly rising to the post of First Political Resident and facilitating a number of agreements between the British and formerly hostile local community leaders. In 1866, an international crisis arose in [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopia "Ethiopia") when British [missionaries](/wiki/Missionaries "Missionaries") were taken hostage by Emperor [Tewodros II](/wiki/Tewodros_II "Tewodros II"). England decided to send Rassam as an ambassador with a message from [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria") in the hope of resolving the situation peacefully. After being delayed for about a year in [Massawa](/wiki/Massawa "Massawa"), Rassam at last received permission from the Emperor to enter his realm. Due to rebellions in [Tigray Province](/wiki/Tigray_Province "Tigray Province"), Rassam was forced to follow a circuitous route taking him to [Kassala](/wiki/Kassala "Kassala"), then to [Metemma](/wiki/Metemma "Metemma") along the western shore of [Lake Tana](/wiki/Lake_Tana "Lake Tana") before finally meeting with Emperor Tewodros in northern [Gojjam](/wiki/Gojjam "Gojjam"). At first his effort seemed promising, as the Emperor established him at [Qorata](/wiki/Qorata "Qorata"), a village on the south\-eastern shores of Lake Tana, and sent him numerous gifts. The emperor sent the British consul [Charles Duncan Cameron](/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Cameron "Charles Duncan Cameron"), the missionary [Henry Aaron Stern](/wiki/Henry_Aaron_Stern "Henry Aaron Stern"), and the other hostages to his encampment. [thumb\|right\|Rassam (far left) with the other captives of [Tewodros II](/wiki/Tewodros_II "Tewodros II")](/wiki/File:The_Abyssinian_captives.jpg "The Abyssinian captives.jpg") However, about this time [Charles Tilstone Beke](/wiki/Charles_Tilstone_Beke "Charles Tilstone Beke") arrived at [Massawa](/wiki/Massawa "Massawa") and forwarded letters from the hostages' families to Tewodros asking for their release. At the least Beke's actions only made Tewodros suspicious.Alan Moorehead, *The Blue Nile*, revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972\), pp. 232f Rassam, writing in his memoirs of the incident, is more direct: "I date the change in the King's conduct towards me, and the misfortunes which eventually befell the members of the Mission and the old captives, from this day."Hormuzd Rassam, [*Narrative of the British Mission to Theodore, King of Abyssinia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4koAAAAYAAJ&dq=Hormuzd+Rassam) (London, 1869\), vol. 2 p. 22\. The monarch suddenly changed his mind, and made Rassam a prisoner as well. The British hostages were held for two years until English and [Indian](/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups "South Asian ethnic groups") troops under [Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala](/wiki/Robert_Napier%2C_1st_Baron_Napier_of_Magdala "Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala") in the 1868 [British Expedition to Abyssinia](/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia "British Expedition to Abyssinia") resolved the standoff by defeating the warlord and his army.Rassam described his experiences in Ethiopia in his memoir, [Hormuz Rassam, *Narrative of the British Mission to Theodore, King of Abyssinia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4koAAAAYAAJ&dq=Hormuzd+Rassam). London, 1869\. In two volumes. Rassam's reputation was damaged in newspaper accounts because he was unfairly portrayed as ineffectual in dealing with the emperor. This reflected Victorian prejudices of the time against "Orientals".Damrosch, David (2006\). *The Buried Book*. However, Rassam did have supporters, both in the press and especially in government amongst both Liberal and Tory ministers. In 1869, the *[London Quarterly Review](/wiki/Quarterly_Review "Quarterly Review")* received Rassam's memoir of the Abyssinian crisis positively, acknowledged Rassam's qualifications for the mission and defended his actions under difficult circumstances: {{blockquote\|\[I]t will remove any doubts that may still exist as to the origin of his mission, the wisdom of the selection of its chief, and the manner in which a task of extraordinary difficulty, delicacy, and danger was performed...it \[is] shown by Mr. Rassam that two successive Governments should have expressed their entire approval of his conduct Lord Stanley has done, that he is above party of a public officer who has been unjustly attacked and condemned; and in a letter to Mr. Rassam, laid before Parliament, he expressed the high sense entertained by Her Majesty's Government of his conduct during the difficult and arduous period of his employment under the Foreign Office, and declared that he had acted throughout for the best, and that his prudence, discretion, and good management seem to have tended greatly to preserve the peace. \[and secured] prisoners in the most serious risk... This ample recognition of his services, coming from so high and impartial a quarter, ought to afford ample compensation to Ram for the injustice and cruelty \- we might almost say malignity \- of the attacks made upon his personal character and his public conduct, both in Parliament and the press, when he was in captivity and unable to reply or to defend himself.{{cite journal\|title\=Narrative of the British Mission to Theodore King of Abyssinia; with notices of the country traversed from Massowahy through the Sudan, the Amhdra and back to Annesley Bay, Distant from Madgdala. By Hormuzd Rassam, F.R.G.S., First Political Resident at Aden in charge of the Mission. 2 vols. London, 1869 \|url\=http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook\_text/The\_Quarterly\_Review\_1000501261/331 \|journal\=The Quarterly Review \|pages\=299–327 \|date\=1869 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402195553/http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook\_text/The\_Quarterly\_Review\_1000501261/331 \|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-02 }}}} Queen Victoria presented him with a purse of £5,000 for services rendered as her envoy in the crisis. Rassam resumed his archaeological work, but did undertake other tasks for the British government in later years. During the [Russo\-Turkish War (1877–78\)](/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_%281877%E2%80%9378%29 "Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)"), he undertook a mission of inquiry to report on the condition of the [Christians](/wiki/Christians "Christians"), [Armenian](/wiki/Armenians "Armenians") and [Greek](/wiki/Greeks "Greeks") Christian communities of [Anatolia](/wiki/Anatolia "Anatolia") and [Armenia](/wiki/Armenia "Armenia"). ### Later archaeological career [thumb\|The [Rassam cylinder](/wiki/Rassam_cylinder "Rassam cylinder") of [Ashurbanipal](/wiki/Ashurbanipal "Ashurbanipal") is named after its discoverer Hormuzd Rassam. It is a 10\-sided prism and the most complete of the chronicles of Ashurbanipal, [Nineveh](/wiki/Nineveh "Nineveh"), 643 BCE. [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum "British Museum").{{cite web \|title\=Rassam cylinder British Museum \|url\=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W\_Rm\-1 \|website\=The British Museum \|language\=en}}](/wiki/File:Rassam_Prism_of_Ashurbanipal%2C_10-sided_prism%2C_Nineveh%2C_643_BCE.jpg "Rassam Prism of Ashurbanipal, 10-sided prism, Nineveh, 643 BCE.jpg") From 1877 to 1882, while undertaking four expeditions on behalf of the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum "British Museum"), Rassam made some important discoveries. Numerous finds of significance were transported to the museum, thanks to an agreement made with the Ottoman Sultan by Rassam's old colleague Austen Henry Layard, now Ambassador at Constantinople, allowing Rassam to return and continue their earlier excavations and to "pack and dispatch to England any antiquities \[he] found ... provided, however, there were no duplicates." A representative of the Sultan was instructed to be present at the dig to examine the objects as they were uncovered.[Rassam (1897\)](/wiki/%23Rassam "#Rassam"), p. 223 In Assyria his chief finds were the [Ashurnasirpal](/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II "Ashurnasirpal II") temple in Nimrud ([Calah](/wiki/Calah "Calah")), the cylinder of [Ashurbanipal](/wiki/Ashurbanipal "Ashurbanipal") at [Nineveh](/wiki/Nineveh "Nineveh"), and two of the unique and historically important bronze strips from the [Balawat Gates](/wiki/Balawat_Gates "Balawat Gates"). He identified the famous [Hanging Gardens of Babylon](/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon "Hanging Gardens of Babylon") with the mound known as *Babil*. He excavated a palace of [Nebuchadnezzar II](/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II "Nebuchadnezzar II") at [Borsippa](/wiki/Borsippa "Borsippa"). In March 1879 at the site of the [Esagila](/wiki/Esagila "Esagila") in Babylon, Rassam found the [Cyrus Cylinder](/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder "Cyrus Cylinder"), the famous declaration of [Cyrus the Great](/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great "Cyrus the Great") that was issued in 539 BCE to commemorate the [Achaemenid Empire](/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire "Achaemenid Empire")'s conquest of [Babylonia](/wiki/Babylonia "Babylonia"). At Abu Habba in 1881, Rassam discovered the temple of the sun at [Sippar](/wiki/Sippar "Sippar"). There he found a [Cylinder of Nabonidus](/wiki/Cylinders_of_Nabonidus "Cylinders of Nabonidus") and the stone tablet of [Nabu\-apla\-iddina](/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina "Nabu-apla-iddina") of Babylon with its ritual [bas\-relief](/wiki/Bas-relief "Bas-relief") and inscription. Besides these, he discovered some 50,000 clay tablets containing the temple accounts.[Goodspeed, George Stephen (1902\). Chapter 2, "The Excavations in Babylonia and Assyria"](http://www.kellscraft.com/HistoryofBabylonians/HistoryOfBabyloniansCh01.html), *A History of the Babylonians and Assyrians*, New York. Charles Scribner's Sons, Accessed April 4, 2011\. After 1882, Rassam lived mainly in [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton "Brighton"), England. He wrote about [Assyro\-Babylonian](/wiki/Assyro-Babylonian "Assyro-Babylonian") exploration, the ancient Christian peoples of the [Near East](/wiki/Near_East "Near East"), and current religious controversies in England. ### Archaeological reputation Rassam's discoveries attracted worldwide attention. The Italian Royal Academy of Sciences at [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin") awarded him the Brazza prize of 12,000 francs for the four years from 1879 to 1882\. He was elected as a fellow of the [Royal Geographical Society](/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society "Royal Geographical Society"), the Society of Biblical Archaeology, and the [Victoria Institute](/wiki/Victoria_Institute "Victoria Institute"). [Sir Henry Rawlinson](/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet"), the "Father of Assyriology", was a linguist who was a key figure in the deciphering of [cuneiform](/wiki/Cuneiform "Cuneiform"), also one of the trustees of the British Museum at the time of Rassam's later excavations. He had been British Consul in Baghdad at the time of Rassam's original excavations at Nineveh, and had been placed in charge of the British excavations in 1853\. Rawlinson alleged that he should receive the credit for the discovery of Ashurbanipal's palace himself. Rassam, he wrote, was just a "digger" who had overseen the work. In Rassam's defence, Layard wrote that he was, "one of the honestest and most straightforward fellows I ever knew, and one whose services have never been acknowledged".{{cite news \|last\=Adamson \|first\=Daniel Silas \|date\=22 March 2015 \|title\=The men who uncovered Assyria \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine\-31941827 \|newspaper\=BBC News Magazine \|location\=London \|access\-date\=22 March 2015 }} Rassam believed that the credit for some of his other discoveries had been taken by senior British Museum staff. In 1893 Rassam had sued the British Museum keeper [E. A. Wallis Budge](/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge "E. A. Wallis Budge") in the British courts for both slander and libel. Budge had written that Rassam had used "his relatives" to smuggle antiquities out of [Nineveh](/wiki/Nineveh "Nineveh") and had only sent "rubbish" to the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum "British Museum"). The elderly Rassam was upset by these accusations. When he challenged Budge in court, he received a partial apology that a later court considered "ungentlemanly". Rassam was fully supported by the courts.{{cite news\|last\=del Mar\|first\=Alexander\|title\=Discoveries at Nineveh\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/09/20/105091248\.pdf\|access\-date\=13 December 2013\|newspaper\=New York Times\|date\=18 September 1910}} Later archaeological evidence found in relation to artefacts such as the [Balawat Gates](/wiki/Balawat_Gates "Balawat Gates") at [Dur\-Sharrukin](/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin "Dur-Sharrukin") support Rassam's account of the dispute. By the end of his life, Rassam's reputation and achievements were once again receiving greater recognition, at least amidst his professional colleagues; in their obituary for Rassam, the Royal Geographical Society wrote: "The death of Mr Hormuzd Rassam... deprives the Royal Geographical Society of one of its older and more distinguished Fellows..."{{cite journal \| author \= \| title \= Obituary: Hormudz Rassam \| journal \= The Geographical Journal \|volume\=37 \|issue\=1 \| pages \= 100–102 \| date \= January 1911 \| jstor \= 1777613 }} However, a modern account of the archaeology says that Layard leaving Rassam in charge of his excavations when he left in 1851 was "not perhaps the wisest choice, since Rassam continued, even into the 1880s, an extensive and essentially unrecorded simultaneous looting of a large number of sites not only in Assyria but in Babylonia, at a times when other excavators were beginning to act more responsibly. ### Published works * *The British Mission to Theodore, King of Abyssinia* (1869\), memoir * *Biblical Nationalities, Past and Present*, article in Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, Vol.3, 8, pp. 358–385 * *The Garden of Eden and Biblical Sages* (1895\) * *Asshur and the Land of Nimrod* (1897\).
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life", "Hormuzd Rassam was an ethnic [Assyrian](/wiki/Assyrian_people \"Assyrian people\"), born in [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul \"Mosul\") in [Upper Mesopotamia](/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia \"Upper Mesopotamia\") (now modern northern [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\")), then part of the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\"). His father was a member of the [Chaldean Catholic Church](/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church \"Chaldean Catholic Church\"){{cite journal\\|last1\\=Reade\\|first1\\=Julian\\|title\\=Hormuzd Rassam and His Discoveries\\|journal\\=Iraq\\|date\\=1993\\|volume\\=55\\|pages\\=39–62\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/4200366\\|jstor\\=4200366\\|s2cid\\=191367287 }} where his grandfather, [Anton Rassam](/wiki/Anton_Rassam \"Anton Rassam\"), from Mosul, was the church's archdeacon. His mother Theresa was a daughter of [Isaak Halabee](/wiki/Isaak_Halabee \"Isaak Halabee\") of [Aleppo](/wiki/Aleppo \"Aleppo\"), also then within the Ottoman Empire.{{cite web\\|title\\=Hormuzd Rassam Assyrian Archaeologist 1826\\-1910\\|url\\=http://www.edessa.com/profiles/rasam.htm\\|website\\=Assyrian Information Medium Exchange\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429050947/http://www.edessa.com/profiles/rasam.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2007}} Hormuzd's brother was British Vice\\-Consul in Mosul,Oates, 6 which was how he obtained his start with [Layard](/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard \"Austen Henry Layard\").", "### Early archaeological career", "At the age of 20 in 1846, Rassam was hired by British [archaeologist](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\") [Austen Henry Layard](/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard \"Austen Henry Layard\") as a [paymaster](/wiki/Paymaster \"Paymaster\") at [Nimrud](/wiki/Nimrud \"Nimrud\"), a nearby ancient Assyrian excavation site. Layard, who was in Mosul on his first expedition (1845–47\\), was impressed by the hardworking Rassam and took him under his wing; they would remain friends for life. Layard provided an opportunity for Rassam to travel to [England](/wiki/England \"England\") and study at [Magdalen College, Oxford](/wiki/Magdalen_College%2C_Oxford \"Magdalen College, Oxford\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://marginalised.wpengine.com/1847\\-1920/\\|title\\=Marginalised Histories\\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2022}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=February 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} He studied there for 18 months before accompanying Layard on his second expedition to Iraq (1849–51\\).", "Layard left archeology to begin a political career. Rassam continued field work (1852–54\\) at Nimrud and [Nineveh](/wiki/Nineveh \"Nineveh\"), where he made a number of important and independent discoveries. These included the clay tablets that would later be deciphered by [George Smith](/wiki/George_Smith_%28Assyriologist%29 \"George Smith (Assyriologist)\") as the *[Epic of Gilgamesh](/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh \"Epic of Gilgamesh\")*, the world's oldest written narrative poem. The tablets' description of a [flood myth](/wiki/Flood_myth \"Flood myth\"), written 1000 years prior to the earliest record of the Biblical story of [Noah](/wiki/Noah \"Noah\"), caused much debate at the time about the Biblical narrative of ancient history.", "### Diplomatic career", "Rassam returned to [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). With the help of Layard, he began a new career in government with a posting to the British Consulate in [Aden](/wiki/Aden \"Aden\"), quickly rising to the post of First Political Resident and facilitating a number of agreements between the British and formerly hostile local community leaders. In 1866, an international crisis arose in [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopia \"Ethiopia\") when British [missionaries](/wiki/Missionaries \"Missionaries\") were taken hostage by Emperor [Tewodros II](/wiki/Tewodros_II \"Tewodros II\"). England decided to send Rassam as an ambassador with a message from [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\") in the hope of resolving the situation peacefully. After being delayed for about a year in [Massawa](/wiki/Massawa \"Massawa\"), Rassam at last received permission from the Emperor to enter his realm. Due to rebellions in [Tigray Province](/wiki/Tigray_Province \"Tigray Province\"), Rassam was forced to follow a circuitous route taking him to [Kassala](/wiki/Kassala \"Kassala\"), then to [Metemma](/wiki/Metemma \"Metemma\") along the western shore of [Lake Tana](/wiki/Lake_Tana \"Lake Tana\") before finally meeting with Emperor Tewodros in northern [Gojjam](/wiki/Gojjam \"Gojjam\"). At first his effort seemed promising, as the Emperor established him at [Qorata](/wiki/Qorata \"Qorata\"), a village on the south\\-eastern shores of Lake Tana, and sent him numerous gifts. The emperor sent the British consul [Charles Duncan Cameron](/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Cameron \"Charles Duncan Cameron\"), the missionary [Henry Aaron Stern](/wiki/Henry_Aaron_Stern \"Henry Aaron Stern\"), and the other hostages to his encampment.\n[thumb\\|right\\|Rassam (far left) with the other captives of [Tewodros II](/wiki/Tewodros_II \"Tewodros II\")](/wiki/File:The_Abyssinian_captives.jpg \"The Abyssinian captives.jpg\")\nHowever, about this time [Charles Tilstone Beke](/wiki/Charles_Tilstone_Beke \"Charles Tilstone Beke\") arrived at [Massawa](/wiki/Massawa \"Massawa\") and forwarded letters from the hostages' families to Tewodros asking for their release. At the least Beke's actions only made Tewodros suspicious.Alan Moorehead, *The Blue Nile*, revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972\\), pp. 232f Rassam, writing in his memoirs of the incident, is more direct: \"I date the change in the King's conduct towards me, and the misfortunes which eventually befell the members of the Mission and the old captives, from this day.\"Hormuzd Rassam, [*Narrative of the British Mission to Theodore, King of Abyssinia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4koAAAAYAAJ&dq=Hormuzd+Rassam) (London, 1869\\), vol. 2 p. 22\\. The monarch suddenly changed his mind, and made Rassam a prisoner as well. The British hostages were held for two years until English and [Indian](/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups \"South Asian ethnic groups\") troops under [Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala](/wiki/Robert_Napier%2C_1st_Baron_Napier_of_Magdala \"Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala\") in the 1868 [British Expedition to Abyssinia](/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia \"British Expedition to Abyssinia\") resolved the standoff by defeating the warlord and his army.Rassam described his experiences in Ethiopia in his memoir, [Hormuz Rassam, *Narrative of the British Mission to Theodore, King of Abyssinia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4koAAAAYAAJ&dq=Hormuzd+Rassam). London, 1869\\. In two volumes. Rassam's reputation was damaged in newspaper accounts because he was unfairly portrayed as ineffectual in dealing with the emperor. This reflected Victorian prejudices of the time against \"Orientals\".Damrosch, David (2006\\). *The Buried Book*. However, Rassam did have supporters, both in the press and especially in government amongst both Liberal and Tory ministers. In 1869, the *[London Quarterly Review](/wiki/Quarterly_Review \"Quarterly Review\")* received Rassam's memoir of the Abyssinian crisis positively, acknowledged Rassam's qualifications for the mission and defended his actions under difficult circumstances:\n{{blockquote\\|\\[I]t will remove any doubts that may still exist as to the origin of his mission, the wisdom of the selection of its chief, and the manner in which a task of extraordinary difficulty, delicacy, and danger was performed...it \\[is] shown by Mr. Rassam that two successive Governments should have expressed their entire approval of his conduct Lord Stanley has done, that he is above party of a public officer who has been unjustly attacked and condemned; and in a letter to Mr. Rassam, laid before Parliament, he expressed the high sense entertained by Her Majesty's Government of his conduct during the difficult and arduous period of his employment under the Foreign Office, and declared that he had acted throughout for the best, and that his prudence, discretion, and good management seem to have tended greatly to preserve the peace. \\[and secured] prisoners in the most serious risk... This ample recognition of his services, coming from so high and impartial a quarter, ought to afford ample compensation to Ram for the injustice and cruelty \\- we might almost say malignity \\- of the attacks made upon his personal character and his public conduct, both in Parliament and the press, when he was in captivity and unable to reply or to defend himself.{{cite journal\\|title\\=Narrative of the British Mission to Theodore King of Abyssinia; with notices of the country traversed from Massowahy through the Sudan, the Amhdra and back to Annesley Bay, Distant from Madgdala. By Hormuzd Rassam, F.R.G.S., First Political Resident at Aden in charge of the Mission. 2 vols. London, 1869 \\|url\\=http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook\\_text/The\\_Quarterly\\_Review\\_1000501261/331 \\|journal\\=The Quarterly Review \\|pages\\=299–327 \\|date\\=1869 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402195553/http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook\\_text/The\\_Quarterly\\_Review\\_1000501261/331 \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-02 }}}}", "Queen Victoria presented him with a purse of £5,000 for services rendered as her envoy in the crisis.", "Rassam resumed his archaeological work, but did undertake other tasks for the British government in later years. During the [Russo\\-Turkish War (1877–78\\)](/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_%281877%E2%80%9378%29 \"Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)\"), he undertook a mission of inquiry to report on the condition of the [Christians](/wiki/Christians \"Christians\"), [Armenian](/wiki/Armenians \"Armenians\") and [Greek](/wiki/Greeks \"Greeks\") Christian communities of [Anatolia](/wiki/Anatolia \"Anatolia\") and [Armenia](/wiki/Armenia \"Armenia\").", "### Later archaeological career", "[thumb\\|The [Rassam cylinder](/wiki/Rassam_cylinder \"Rassam cylinder\") of [Ashurbanipal](/wiki/Ashurbanipal \"Ashurbanipal\") is named after its discoverer Hormuzd Rassam. It is a 10\\-sided prism and the most complete of the chronicles of Ashurbanipal, [Nineveh](/wiki/Nineveh \"Nineveh\"), 643 BCE. [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum \"British Museum\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Rassam cylinder British Museum \\|url\\=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W\\_Rm\\-1 \\|website\\=The British Museum \\|language\\=en}}](/wiki/File:Rassam_Prism_of_Ashurbanipal%2C_10-sided_prism%2C_Nineveh%2C_643_BCE.jpg \"Rassam Prism of Ashurbanipal, 10-sided prism, Nineveh, 643 BCE.jpg\")\nFrom 1877 to 1882, while undertaking four expeditions on behalf of the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum \"British Museum\"), Rassam made some important discoveries. Numerous finds of significance were transported to the museum, thanks to an agreement made with the Ottoman Sultan by Rassam's old colleague Austen Henry Layard, now Ambassador at Constantinople, allowing Rassam to return and continue their earlier excavations and to \"pack and dispatch to England any antiquities \\[he] found ... provided, however, there were no duplicates.\" A representative of the Sultan was instructed to be present at the dig to examine the objects as they were uncovered.[Rassam (1897\\)](/wiki/%23Rassam \"#Rassam\"), p. 223", "In Assyria his chief finds were the [Ashurnasirpal](/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II \"Ashurnasirpal II\") temple in Nimrud ([Calah](/wiki/Calah \"Calah\")), the cylinder of [Ashurbanipal](/wiki/Ashurbanipal \"Ashurbanipal\") at [Nineveh](/wiki/Nineveh \"Nineveh\"), and two of the unique and historically important bronze strips from the [Balawat Gates](/wiki/Balawat_Gates \"Balawat Gates\"). He identified the famous [Hanging Gardens of Babylon](/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon \"Hanging Gardens of Babylon\") with the mound known as *Babil*. He excavated a palace of [Nebuchadnezzar II](/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II \"Nebuchadnezzar II\") at [Borsippa](/wiki/Borsippa \"Borsippa\").", "In March 1879 at the site of the [Esagila](/wiki/Esagila \"Esagila\") in Babylon, Rassam found the [Cyrus Cylinder](/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder \"Cyrus Cylinder\"), the famous declaration of [Cyrus the Great](/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great \"Cyrus the Great\") that was issued in 539 BCE to commemorate the [Achaemenid Empire](/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire \"Achaemenid Empire\")'s conquest of [Babylonia](/wiki/Babylonia \"Babylonia\").", "At Abu Habba in 1881, Rassam discovered the temple of the sun at [Sippar](/wiki/Sippar \"Sippar\"). There he found a [Cylinder of Nabonidus](/wiki/Cylinders_of_Nabonidus \"Cylinders of Nabonidus\") and the stone tablet of [Nabu\\-apla\\-iddina](/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina \"Nabu-apla-iddina\") of Babylon with its ritual [bas\\-relief](/wiki/Bas-relief \"Bas-relief\") and inscription. Besides these, he discovered some 50,000 clay tablets containing the temple accounts.[Goodspeed, George Stephen (1902\\). Chapter 2, \"The Excavations in Babylonia and Assyria\"](http://www.kellscraft.com/HistoryofBabylonians/HistoryOfBabyloniansCh01.html), *A History of the Babylonians and Assyrians*, New York. Charles Scribner's Sons, Accessed April 4, 2011\\.", "After 1882, Rassam lived mainly in [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\"), England. He wrote about [Assyro\\-Babylonian](/wiki/Assyro-Babylonian \"Assyro-Babylonian\") exploration, the ancient Christian peoples of the [Near East](/wiki/Near_East \"Near East\"), and current religious controversies in England.", "### Archaeological reputation", "Rassam's discoveries attracted worldwide attention. The Italian Royal Academy of Sciences at [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\") awarded him the Brazza prize of 12,000 francs for the four years from 1879 to 1882\\. He was elected as a fellow of the [Royal Geographical Society](/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society \"Royal Geographical Society\"), the Society of Biblical Archaeology, and the [Victoria Institute](/wiki/Victoria_Institute \"Victoria Institute\").", "[Sir Henry Rawlinson](/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet\"), the \"Father of Assyriology\", was a linguist who was a key figure in the deciphering of [cuneiform](/wiki/Cuneiform \"Cuneiform\"), also one of the trustees of the British Museum at the time of Rassam's later excavations. He had been British Consul in Baghdad at the time of Rassam's original excavations at Nineveh, and had been placed in charge of the British excavations in 1853\\. Rawlinson alleged that he should receive the credit for the discovery of Ashurbanipal's palace himself. Rassam, he wrote, was just a \"digger\" who had overseen the work. In Rassam's defence, Layard wrote that he was, \"one of the honestest and most straightforward fellows I ever knew, and one whose services have never been acknowledged\".{{cite news \\|last\\=Adamson \\|first\\=Daniel Silas \\|date\\=22 March 2015 \\|title\\=The men who uncovered Assyria \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine\\-31941827 \\|newspaper\\=BBC News Magazine \\|location\\=London \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2015 }}", "Rassam believed that the credit for some of his other discoveries had been taken by senior British Museum staff. In 1893 Rassam had sued the British Museum keeper [E. A. Wallis Budge](/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge \"E. A. Wallis Budge\") in the British courts for both slander and libel. Budge had written that Rassam had used \"his relatives\" to smuggle antiquities out of [Nineveh](/wiki/Nineveh \"Nineveh\") and had only sent \"rubbish\" to the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum \"British Museum\"). The elderly Rassam was upset by these accusations. When he challenged Budge in court, he received a partial apology that a later court considered \"ungentlemanly\". Rassam was fully supported by the courts.{{cite news\\|last\\=del Mar\\|first\\=Alexander\\|title\\=Discoveries at Nineveh\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/09/20/105091248\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=13 December 2013\\|newspaper\\=New York Times\\|date\\=18 September 1910}} Later archaeological evidence found in relation to artefacts such as the [Balawat Gates](/wiki/Balawat_Gates \"Balawat Gates\") at [Dur\\-Sharrukin](/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin \"Dur-Sharrukin\") support Rassam's account of the dispute. By the end of his life, Rassam's reputation and achievements were once again receiving greater recognition, at least amidst his professional colleagues; in their obituary for Rassam, the Royal Geographical Society wrote: \"The death of Mr Hormuzd Rassam... deprives the Royal Geographical Society of one of its older and more distinguished Fellows...\"{{cite journal\n\\| author \\=\n\\| title \\= Obituary: Hormudz Rassam\n\\| journal \\= The Geographical Journal \\|volume\\=37 \\|issue\\=1\n\\| pages \\= 100–102\n\\| date \\= January 1911\n\\| jstor \\= 1777613\n}}", "However, a modern account of the archaeology says that Layard leaving Rassam in charge of his excavations when he left in 1851 was \"not perhaps the wisest choice, since Rassam continued, even into the 1880s, an extensive and essentially unrecorded simultaneous looting of a large number of sites not only in Assyria but in Babylonia, at a times when other excavators were beginning to act more responsibly.", "### Published works", "* *The British Mission to Theodore, King of Abyssinia* (1869\\), memoir\n* *Biblical Nationalities, Past and Present*, article in Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, Vol.3, 8, pp. 358–385\n* *The Garden of Eden and Biblical Sages* (1895\\)\n* *Asshur and the Land of Nimrod* (1897\\)." ]
Ban on uranium mining near Grand Canyon National Park ----------------------------------------------------- In July 2009 Secretary of the Interior [Ken Salazar](/wiki/Ken_Salazar "Ken Salazar") announced a two\-year ban on new mining on federal land in an area of approximately {{convert\|1\|e6acre\|km2}} surrounding [Grand Canyon National Park](/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park "Grand Canyon National Park"). Although the ban is on all mining, the main effect is on exploration and development of breccia\-pipe uranium deposits. Those claims on which commercial mineral deposits have already been discovered are exempt from the ban. During the two\-year ban the Department of the Interior will study a proposed 20\-year ban on new mining in the area."Two\-year ban on mining near Grand Canyon imposed," *Mining Engineering*, September 2009, p. 7\. In January 2012, secretary [Ken Salazar](/wiki/Ken_Salazar "Ken Salazar") approved a 20\-year ban on mining around the [Grand Canyon](/wiki/Grand_Canyon "Grand Canyon"). This decision preserves about “1 million acres near the Grand Canyon, an area known to be rich in high\-grade uranium ore reserves” and has generated a number of different responses {{Cite web \| url\=https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/environment/story/2012\-01\-09/grand\-canyon\-mining\-ban/52466224/1 \| title\=New 20\-year ban on mining near Grand Canyon is final \| first\=Michael \| last\=Daly \| date\=2012\-01\-09}} The ban is supported by the president of the League of Conservation voters, Gene Karpinski: "Extending the current moratorium on new uranium mining claims will protect drinking water for millions downstream.” Many environmental groups agree that such mining would endanger the Colorado River as a source of water not only for wildlife, but for tens of millions of people; Phoenix, Las Vegas and Los Angeles rely on the river for drinking water. With areas of contamination already noted in United States environmental impact reports on old mining operations, opposition fears that allowing mining to expand and continue would increase the levels of contamination in the river.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/jan/09/grand\-canyon\-uranium\-mining\-banned \| title\=Grand Canyon uranium mining to be banned for 20 years \| date\=2012\-01\-09 \| website\=www.guardian.co.uk}} Supporters of the mining around the Grand Canyon argue that large\-scale contamination from accidents involving mining are unlikely. According to an Arizona Geological survey, “60 metric tons of dissolved uranium is naturally carried by the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon in an average year".{{Cite web \| url\=http://repository.azgs.az.gov/uri\_gin/azgs/dlio/1000 \| title\=Breccia\-pipe Uranium Mining in the Grand Canyon Region and Implications for Uranium Levels in Colorado River Water \| website\=repository.azgs.az.gov \| author1\=Spencer, J.E. \| author2\=Wenrich, K. \| year\=2011 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629221026/http://repository.azgs.az.gov/uri\_gin/azgs/dlio/1000 \| archive\-date\=2022\-06\-29}} J.E. Spencer, AZGS Senior Geologist, argues that in one hypothetical, worst\-case scenario experiment, a truck carrying “thirty metric tons (66,000 pounds) of one\-percent uranium ore” spilling and washing into the Colorado River increases the natural uranium level in the river by an insignificant amount. Providing further data on uranium levels in the Colorado River, a 2010 United States Geological survey found that the river carries about 40 to 80 tons through the canyon each year. In 2011 more than 200 Arizona small businesses addressed postcards to Interior Secretary Ken Salazar sign the 20\-year ban on new uranium mining near the Grand Canyon, to preserve thousands of tourism\-related jobs.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.wise\-uranium.org/upusaaz.html \| title\=New Uranium Mining Projects \- Arizona, USA \| date\=2024\-02\-13}} President of the League of Conservation voters Gene Karpinski agreed that protecting the tourism industry, which relies on the Grand Canyon, is more economically important than mining near the canyon. Coconino County Supervisor Carl Taylor argued that Uranium mining poses a great threat to tourism in the canyon and surrounding areas.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.grandcanyontrust.org/news/2012/02/grand\-canyon\-trust\-uranium\-campaign\-chronicle/ \| title\=Uranium Campaign Chronicle: 2007\-Current \| date\=2018\-03\-27 \| website\=www.grandcanyontrust.org}} Some believe that one mining accident could be destructive for tourism in the highly popular park. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar states that “the Grand Canyon attracts more than 4 million visitors a year and generates an estimated $3\.5 billion in economic activity”. Salazar also stated that people from the United States and even all over the world come to visit and see the Grand Canyon. He believes that allowing mining in this area to be pursued would negatively impact this tourism industry. Some argue that not allowing the mining to occur destroys years of resource development. Hal Quinn, president and CEO of the National Mining Association states that banning mining in the Grand Canyon only deprives the United States of energy and minerals that are critical to the survival and strength of the US economy. The mining industry agrees, believing that a ban on mining around the Grand Canyon would negatively impact Arizona's local economy and the United States’ energy independence. Jonathan DuHamel states that a permanent ban on mining would eliminate hundreds of potential jobs. Former presidential candidate John McCain argues that opposition to the mining provoked by environmental groups who have the goal of killing mining and grazing jobs throughout Arizona. The increasing number of claims that began in 2006 was a direct result of the rising uranium prices that began that year. Higher uranium prices encouraged mining companies to locate and mine new deposits around the canyon area. In 2011, when the price of uranium lowered about 35%, companies continued to explore the area.
[ "Ban on uranium mining near Grand Canyon National Park\n-----------------------------------------------------", "In July 2009 Secretary of the Interior [Ken Salazar](/wiki/Ken_Salazar \"Ken Salazar\") announced a two\\-year ban on new mining on federal land in an area of approximately {{convert\\|1\\|e6acre\\|km2}} surrounding [Grand Canyon National Park](/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park \"Grand Canyon National Park\"). Although the ban is on all mining, the main effect is on exploration and development of breccia\\-pipe uranium deposits. Those claims on which commercial mineral deposits have already been discovered are exempt from the ban. During the two\\-year ban the Department of the Interior will study a proposed 20\\-year ban on new mining in the area.\"Two\\-year ban on mining near Grand Canyon imposed,\" *Mining Engineering*, September 2009, p. 7\\.", "In January 2012, secretary [Ken Salazar](/wiki/Ken_Salazar \"Ken Salazar\") approved a 20\\-year ban on mining around the [Grand Canyon](/wiki/Grand_Canyon \"Grand Canyon\"). This decision preserves about “1 million acres near the Grand Canyon, an area known to be rich in high\\-grade uranium ore reserves” and has generated a number of different responses {{Cite web \\| url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/environment/story/2012\\-01\\-09/grand\\-canyon\\-mining\\-ban/52466224/1 \\| title\\=New 20\\-year ban on mining near Grand Canyon is final \\| first\\=Michael \\| last\\=Daly \\| date\\=2012\\-01\\-09}}", "The ban is supported by the president of the League of Conservation voters, Gene Karpinski: \"Extending the current moratorium on new uranium mining claims will protect drinking water for millions downstream.” Many environmental groups agree that such mining would endanger the Colorado River as a source of water not only for wildlife, but for tens of millions of people; Phoenix, Las Vegas and Los Angeles rely on the river for drinking water. With areas of contamination already noted in United States environmental impact reports on old mining operations, opposition fears that allowing mining to expand and continue would increase the levels of contamination in the river.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/jan/09/grand\\-canyon\\-uranium\\-mining\\-banned \\| title\\=Grand Canyon uranium mining to be banned for 20 years \\| date\\=2012\\-01\\-09 \\| website\\=www.guardian.co.uk}}", "Supporters of the mining around the Grand Canyon argue that large\\-scale contamination from accidents involving mining are unlikely. According to an Arizona Geological survey, “60 metric tons of dissolved uranium is naturally carried by the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon in an average year\".{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://repository.azgs.az.gov/uri\\_gin/azgs/dlio/1000 \\| title\\=Breccia\\-pipe Uranium Mining in the Grand Canyon Region and Implications for Uranium Levels in Colorado River Water \\| website\\=repository.azgs.az.gov \\| author1\\=Spencer, J.E. \\| author2\\=Wenrich, K. \\| year\\=2011 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629221026/http://repository.azgs.az.gov/uri\\_gin/azgs/dlio/1000 \\| archive\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-29}} J.E. Spencer, AZGS Senior Geologist, argues that in one hypothetical, worst\\-case scenario experiment, a truck carrying “thirty metric tons (66,000 pounds) of one\\-percent uranium ore” spilling and washing into the Colorado River increases the natural uranium level in the river by an insignificant amount. Providing further data on uranium levels in the Colorado River, a 2010 United States Geological survey found that the river carries about 40 to 80 tons through the canyon each year.", "In 2011 more than 200 Arizona small businesses addressed postcards to Interior Secretary Ken Salazar sign the 20\\-year ban on new uranium mining near the Grand Canyon, to preserve thousands of tourism\\-related jobs.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.wise\\-uranium.org/upusaaz.html \\| title\\=New Uranium Mining Projects \\- Arizona, USA \\| date\\=2024\\-02\\-13}} President of the League of Conservation voters Gene Karpinski agreed that protecting the tourism industry, which relies on the Grand Canyon, is more economically important than mining near the canyon. Coconino County Supervisor Carl Taylor argued that Uranium mining poses a great threat to tourism in the canyon and surrounding areas.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.grandcanyontrust.org/news/2012/02/grand\\-canyon\\-trust\\-uranium\\-campaign\\-chronicle/ \\| title\\=Uranium Campaign Chronicle: 2007\\-Current \\| date\\=2018\\-03\\-27 \\| website\\=www.grandcanyontrust.org}} Some believe that one mining accident could be destructive for tourism in the highly popular park. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar states that “the Grand Canyon attracts more than 4 million visitors a year and generates an estimated $3\\.5 billion in economic activity”. Salazar also stated that people from the United States and even all over the world come to visit and see the Grand Canyon. He believes that allowing mining in this area to be pursued would negatively impact this tourism industry.", "Some argue that not allowing the mining to occur destroys years of resource development. Hal Quinn, president and CEO of the National Mining Association states that banning mining in the Grand Canyon only deprives the United States of energy and minerals that are critical to the survival and strength of the US economy. The mining industry agrees, believing that a ban on mining around the Grand Canyon would negatively impact Arizona's local economy and the United States’ energy independence. Jonathan DuHamel states that a permanent ban on mining would eliminate hundreds of potential jobs. Former presidential candidate John McCain argues that opposition to the mining provoked by environmental groups who have the goal of killing mining and grazing jobs throughout Arizona.", "The increasing number of claims that began in 2006 was a direct result of the rising uranium prices that began that year. Higher uranium prices encouraged mining companies to locate and mine new deposits around the canyon area. In 2011, when the price of uranium lowered about 35%, companies continued to explore the area.", "" ]
2012 fire --------- On 28 May 2012 at around 11 A.M. a major fire broke out in the Villaggio Mall, triggering an alarm described by an eyewitness as being "a very benign fire alarm, almost like a door bell". At first many were not worried as there had been a recent false alarm.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki\-daily\-news/news/7005789/Kiwi\-kids\-feared\-dead\-in\-Doha\-mall\-fire \| title\=Kiwi triplets among 19 killed in mall fire \| work\=stuff.co.nz \| date\=May 29, 2012 \| access\-date\=May 29, 2012 \| author\=Migone, Paloma \|author2\=Field, Michael \|author3\=Kirk, Stacey }} As the fire engulfed the Gympanzee nursery, the entrances to the nursery became blocked by smoke, trapping 13 children and four staff inside. Firefighters from the Qatari Civil Defense force were forced to break a hole in the roof of the mall to attempt a rescue. Along with the 17 trapped in the nursery, two firefighters were killed. The victims included children from Spain, New Zealand, France, Japan, South Africa and The Philippines; along with three Filipino teachers and one teacher from South Africa.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.skynews.com.au/topstories/article.aspx?id\=755066\&vId\= \| title\=NZ triplets feared dead in Qatar fire \| work\=Sky News Australia \| date\=May 29, 2012 \| agency\=Sky News Australia \| access\-date\=May 29, 2012}} There were also 17 injured persons as a result of smoke inhalation, most of them members of the Qatari Civil Defense force.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-18243136 \| title\=Blaze at Qatar shopping centre kills 19 \| work\=BBC News \| date\=May 29, 2012 \| access\-date\=May 29, 2012}}{{cite news \| url\=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar\-mall\-blaze\-leaves\-19\-dead\-459563\.html \| title\=Qatar mall blaze leaves 19 dead \| work\=Arabian Business \| date\=May 28, 2012 \| access\-date\=May 29, 2012 \| author\=Shane, Daniel}}{{cite news \| url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/05/2012528135025997336\.html \| title\=Children killed in Qatar mall blaze \| work\=Al Jazeera \| access\-date\=May 29, 2012}} A total of 19 people lost their lives \- 13 being children; three of them triplets from New Zealand.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/may/28/new\-zealand\-triplets\-age\-2\-among\-qatar\-mall\-dead/\|title \= The San Diego Union\-Tribune \- San Diego, California \& National News}} The investigation committee revealed that an electrical fault at the [Nike](/wiki/Nike%2C_Inc. "Nike, Inc.") store as the cause of the deadly fire. It also found that all parties concerned had lacked adherence in varying degrees to related laws, systems and safety measures.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gulf\-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu\_no%3D2%26item\_no%3D512275%26version%3D1%26template\_id%3D57%26parent\_id%3D56 \|title\=Gulf Times – Qatar's top\-selling English daily newspaper \- First Page \|access\-date\=June 15, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615000730/http://gulf\-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu\_no\=2\&item\_no\=512275\&version\=1\&template\_id\=57\&parent\_id\=56 \|archive\-date\=June 15, 2012 }} The father of the killed triplets later said proper post\-mortems weren't carried out on his children, despite the presence of "highly flammable paint and illegal flammable mouldings" at the mall.{{cite news\| url\= http://www.3news.co.nz/Triplets\-dad\-criticises\-Doha\-fire\-probe/tabid/423/articleID/284260/Default.aspx\|work\=3 News NZ \| title\= Triplets' dad still waiting for Doha fire report\| date\=January 24, 2013}} He blamed a closed emergency exit at the mall's daycare centre for the children's deaths.{{cite news\| url\= http://www.3news.co.nz/Emergency\-exit\-was\-locked\-\-\-mall\-fire\-witness/tabid/417/articleID/281435/Default.aspx\|work\=3 News NZ \| title\= Emergency exit was locked \- witness\| date\=January 24, 2013}} It is still unclear whether or not Gympanzee was operating without a license from the Supreme Educational Council, as they had recently relinquished licensing duties to the Ministry of Social Affairs. An official at the ministry claimed that no license had ever been issued by their offices.{{Cite web\|url\=http://dohanews.co/post/24021333892/report\-qatars\-attorney\-general\-orders\-arrest\-of\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004034417/http://dohanews.co/post/24021333892/report\-qatars\-attorney\-general\-orders\-arrest\-of\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2012\-10\-04\|title\=Report: Qatar's attorney general orders arrest of Villaggio, Gympanzee owners {{!}} Doha News\|date\=2012\-10\-04\|access\-date\=2016\-08\-03}} ### Response and trials Shortly following the fire, Qatar's Attorney General, Dr. Ali al\-Marri, issued the arrest of five people in connection with the incident, as well as the detention of both the manager and assistant manager of Villaggio, Tzoulios Tzoulio and Rami Itani, respectively. The assistant director of mall security, Mohammed Abdul Rahman, was also detained in connection with the case. In June 2013, a lower court found five defendants guilty of involuntary manslaughter, and sentenced each to six years in jail (the maximum allowable sentence). Rami Itani and Mohammed Rahman were both acquitted. Husband and wife co\-owners of Gympanzee, Sheikh Ali bin Jassim al\-Thani and Iman Al\-Kuwari were among those convicted, along with Tzoulios Tzoulio and [Abdulaziz bin Mohammed al\-Rabban](/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Mohammed_al-Rabban "Abdulaziz bin Mohammed al-Rabban"). The last guilty verdict fell to Mansour Nasir Fazza al\-Shahwani, the Ministry of Business and Trade employee that issued Gympanzee its permits, Mr. al\-Shahwani was sentenced to five years in jail.{{Cite web\|url\=http://dohanews.co/qatar\-court\-hears\-closing\-arguments\-in\-villaggio\-mall\-fire\-appeal/\|title\=Qatar court hears closing arguments in Villaggio Mall fire appeal \- Doha News\|date\=2015\-06\-08\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2016\-08\-03}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://dohanews.co/five\-villaggio\-trial\-defendants\-jailed\-for\-involuntary/\|title\=Five charged in Villaggio fire deaths sentenced to jail for involuntary manslaughter \- Doha News\|date\=2013\-06\-20\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2016\-08\-03}} Co\-owner of Gympanzee, Sheikh Ali bin Jassim al\-Thani, is Qatar's ambassador to Belgium and is part of the powerful al\-Thani family, his wife, Iman al\-Kuwari, is the daughter of the then\-Minister of Culture, Art, and Heritage, [Hamad Bin Abdulaziz Al\-Kawari](/wiki/Hamad_Bin_Abdulaziz_Al-Kawari "Hamad Bin Abdulaziz Al-Kawari").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.qatarembassy.be/QatarEmbassy/English/Ambassador2\.html\|title\=Embassy of the State of Qatar, Brussels {{!}} About the Ambassador\|last\=Brussels\|first\=Embassy of State of Qatar in\|website\=www.qatarembassy.be\|access\-date\=2016\-08\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808151613/http://www.qatarembassy.be/QatarEmbassy/English/Ambassador2\.html\|archive\-date\=2016\-08\-08\|url\-status\=dead}} [Abdulaziz bin Mohammed al\-Rabban](/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Mohammed_al-Rabban "Abdulaziz bin Mohammed al-Rabban") is a private\-businessman who owns the Qatari Company for Real Estate and Commercial Projects (Villaggio).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/qatar\-envoy\-cleared\-over\-deadly\-mall\-blaze\-1699051977\|title\=Victims' families shocked as Qatar envoy cleared over deadly mall blaze\|access\-date\=2016\-08\-03}} During his closing arguments, which are reported to have lasted approximately five hours, Mr. Rabban's defense attorney claimed that his client didn't own any shares in the mall and was not a partner in the company that owned the mall. Despite these claims, Mr. Rabban remained listed on the mall's website under “key people” as Villagio's chairman. Mr. Rabban's defense attorney's tactics were heavily criticized by one of the parents of the victims that attended the hearing: > “It is quite frustrating how the defense lawyer continues to make a mockery out of court, joking around inappropriately and wasting time. Additionally, what’s absurd is for him to the pin the blame on the Nike store employee,” Raghda Kabbani – who lost her three\-year\-old daughter Hana in the fire.” ### Appeal process and acquittal During the appeal process, all those convicted remained free and able to travel; this was most clearly evident in the case of Sheikh al\-Thani who remained in Brussels as a diplomat despite being convicted of manslaughter nearly two years prior.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/qatari\-court\-decide\-convictions\-over\-arson\-death\-1141143303\|title\=Qatari court to decide on mall tragedy appeals\|access\-date\=2016\-08\-03}} Furthermore, all defendants were absent from the final appeal hearing. During the hearing, Judge Abdalrahman al\-Sharafi declared that he would be excluding all testimonies given by the victim's family as evidence, claiming that one cannot be a witness and a plaintiff in the same case. Judge al\-Sharafi further agreed with the owners of Gympanzee in their claim that it was not technically nursery, but an “entertainment centre”. This decision fell inline with the civil employee that decided to license it as such. After establishing that Gympanzee was an entertainment centre rather than a nursery, the co\-owners were fare less criminally\-accountable under Qatari law. On the 26th of October, 2015 Qatar's Appeals court overturned all five convictions and dropped all charges. The decision was met with shock and disappointment by the families of the blaze victims. During the judge's five\-hour reading of the verdict some victim's family members reportedly stormed out of the court in anger. While Mr. Rabban was also cleared of his involuntary manslaughter charge, the court found that his company was guilty of the same crime and, as such; Villaggio and its insurance company would have to pay a fine of only $5,500, and compensation to the victim's families.
[ "2012 fire\n---------", "On 28 May 2012 at around 11 A.M. a major fire broke out in the Villaggio Mall, triggering an alarm described by an eyewitness as being \"a very benign fire alarm, almost like a door bell\". At first many were not worried as there had been a recent false alarm.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki\\-daily\\-news/news/7005789/Kiwi\\-kids\\-feared\\-dead\\-in\\-Doha\\-mall\\-fire \\| title\\=Kiwi triplets among 19 killed in mall fire \\| work\\=stuff.co.nz \\| date\\=May 29, 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=May 29, 2012 \\| author\\=Migone, Paloma \\|author2\\=Field, Michael \\|author3\\=Kirk, Stacey }}", "As the fire engulfed the Gympanzee nursery, the entrances to the nursery became blocked by smoke, trapping 13 children and four staff inside. Firefighters from the Qatari Civil Defense force were forced to break a hole in the roof of the mall to attempt a rescue. Along with the 17 trapped in the nursery, two firefighters were killed. The victims included children from Spain, New Zealand, France, Japan, South Africa and The Philippines; along with three Filipino teachers and one teacher from South Africa.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.skynews.com.au/topstories/article.aspx?id\\=755066\\&vId\\= \\| title\\=NZ triplets feared dead in Qatar fire \\| work\\=Sky News Australia \\| date\\=May 29, 2012 \\| agency\\=Sky News Australia \\| access\\-date\\=May 29, 2012}}", "There were also 17 injured persons as a result of smoke inhalation, most of them members of the Qatari Civil Defense force.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-18243136 \\| title\\=Blaze at Qatar shopping centre kills 19 \\| work\\=BBC News \\| date\\=May 29, 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=May 29, 2012}}{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar\\-mall\\-blaze\\-leaves\\-19\\-dead\\-459563\\.html \\| title\\=Qatar mall blaze leaves 19 dead \\| work\\=Arabian Business \\| date\\=May 28, 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=May 29, 2012 \\| author\\=Shane, Daniel}}{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/05/2012528135025997336\\.html \\| title\\=Children killed in Qatar mall blaze \\| work\\=Al Jazeera \\| access\\-date\\=May 29, 2012}} A total of 19 people lost their lives \\- 13 being children; three of them triplets from New Zealand.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/may/28/new\\-zealand\\-triplets\\-age\\-2\\-among\\-qatar\\-mall\\-dead/\\|title \\= The San Diego Union\\-Tribune \\- San Diego, California \\& National News}} The investigation committee revealed that an electrical fault at the [Nike](/wiki/Nike%2C_Inc. \"Nike, Inc.\") store as the cause of the deadly fire. It also found that all parties concerned had lacked adherence in varying degrees to related laws, systems and safety measures.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gulf\\-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu\\_no%3D2%26item\\_no%3D512275%26version%3D1%26template\\_id%3D57%26parent\\_id%3D56 \\|title\\=Gulf Times – Qatar's top\\-selling English daily newspaper \\- First Page \\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615000730/http://gulf\\-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu\\_no\\=2\\&item\\_no\\=512275\\&version\\=1\\&template\\_id\\=57\\&parent\\_id\\=56 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 15, 2012 }}", "The father of the killed triplets later said proper post\\-mortems weren't carried out on his children, despite the presence of \"highly flammable paint and illegal flammable mouldings\" at the mall.{{cite news\\| url\\= http://www.3news.co.nz/Triplets\\-dad\\-criticises\\-Doha\\-fire\\-probe/tabid/423/articleID/284260/Default.aspx\\|work\\=3 News NZ \\| title\\= Triplets' dad still waiting for Doha fire report\\| date\\=January 24, 2013}} He blamed a closed emergency exit at the mall's daycare centre for the children's deaths.{{cite news\\| url\\= http://www.3news.co.nz/Emergency\\-exit\\-was\\-locked\\-\\-\\-mall\\-fire\\-witness/tabid/417/articleID/281435/Default.aspx\\|work\\=3 News NZ \\| title\\= Emergency exit was locked \\- witness\\| date\\=January 24, 2013}}", "It is still unclear whether or not Gympanzee was operating without a license from the Supreme Educational Council, as they had recently relinquished licensing duties to the Ministry of Social Affairs. An official at the ministry claimed that no license had ever been issued by their offices.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://dohanews.co/post/24021333892/report\\-qatars\\-attorney\\-general\\-orders\\-arrest\\-of\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004034417/http://dohanews.co/post/24021333892/report\\-qatars\\-attorney\\-general\\-orders\\-arrest\\-of\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-04\\|title\\=Report: Qatar's attorney general orders arrest of Villaggio, Gympanzee owners {{!}} Doha News\\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-04\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-03}}", "### Response and trials", "Shortly following the fire, Qatar's Attorney General, Dr. Ali al\\-Marri, issued the arrest of five people in connection with the incident, as well as the detention of both the manager and assistant manager of Villaggio, Tzoulios Tzoulio and Rami Itani, respectively. The assistant director of mall security, Mohammed Abdul Rahman, was also detained in connection with the case.", "In June 2013, a lower court found five defendants guilty of involuntary manslaughter, and sentenced each to six years in jail (the maximum allowable sentence). Rami Itani and Mohammed Rahman were both acquitted. Husband and wife co\\-owners of Gympanzee, Sheikh Ali bin Jassim al\\-Thani and Iman Al\\-Kuwari were among those convicted, along with Tzoulios Tzoulio and [Abdulaziz bin Mohammed al\\-Rabban](/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Mohammed_al-Rabban \"Abdulaziz bin Mohammed al-Rabban\"). The last guilty verdict fell to Mansour Nasir Fazza al\\-Shahwani, the Ministry of Business and Trade employee that issued Gympanzee its permits, Mr. al\\-Shahwani was sentenced to five years in jail.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://dohanews.co/qatar\\-court\\-hears\\-closing\\-arguments\\-in\\-villaggio\\-mall\\-fire\\-appeal/\\|title\\=Qatar court hears closing arguments in Villaggio Mall fire appeal \\- Doha News\\|date\\=2015\\-06\\-08\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-03}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://dohanews.co/five\\-villaggio\\-trial\\-defendants\\-jailed\\-for\\-involuntary/\\|title\\=Five charged in Villaggio fire deaths sentenced to jail for involuntary manslaughter \\- Doha News\\|date\\=2013\\-06\\-20\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-03}}", "Co\\-owner of Gympanzee, Sheikh Ali bin Jassim al\\-Thani, is Qatar's ambassador to Belgium and is part of the powerful al\\-Thani family, his wife, Iman al\\-Kuwari, is the daughter of the then\\-Minister of Culture, Art, and Heritage, [Hamad Bin Abdulaziz Al\\-Kawari](/wiki/Hamad_Bin_Abdulaziz_Al-Kawari \"Hamad Bin Abdulaziz Al-Kawari\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.qatarembassy.be/QatarEmbassy/English/Ambassador2\\.html\\|title\\=Embassy of the State of Qatar, Brussels {{!}} About the Ambassador\\|last\\=Brussels\\|first\\=Embassy of State of Qatar in\\|website\\=www.qatarembassy.be\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808151613/http://www.qatarembassy.be/QatarEmbassy/English/Ambassador2\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-08\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "[Abdulaziz bin Mohammed al\\-Rabban](/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Mohammed_al-Rabban \"Abdulaziz bin Mohammed al-Rabban\") is a private\\-businessman who owns the Qatari Company for Real Estate and Commercial Projects (Villaggio).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/qatar\\-envoy\\-cleared\\-over\\-deadly\\-mall\\-blaze\\-1699051977\\|title\\=Victims' families shocked as Qatar envoy cleared over deadly mall blaze\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-03}} During his closing arguments, which are reported to have lasted approximately five hours, Mr. Rabban's defense attorney claimed that his client didn't own any shares in the mall and was not a partner in the company that owned the mall. Despite these claims, Mr. Rabban remained listed on the mall's website under “key people” as Villagio's chairman. Mr. Rabban's defense attorney's tactics were heavily criticized by one of the parents of the victims that attended the hearing: \n> “It is quite frustrating how the defense lawyer continues to make a mockery out of court, joking around inappropriately and wasting time. Additionally, what’s absurd is for him to the pin the blame on the Nike store employee,” Raghda Kabbani – who lost her three\\-year\\-old daughter Hana in the fire.”", "", "### Appeal process and acquittal", "During the appeal process, all those convicted remained free and able to travel; this was most clearly evident in the case of Sheikh al\\-Thani who remained in Brussels as a diplomat despite being convicted of manslaughter nearly two years prior.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/qatari\\-court\\-decide\\-convictions\\-over\\-arson\\-death\\-1141143303\\|title\\=Qatari court to decide on mall tragedy appeals\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-03}} Furthermore, all defendants were absent from the final appeal hearing. During the hearing, Judge Abdalrahman al\\-Sharafi declared that he would be excluding all testimonies given by the victim's family as evidence, claiming that one cannot be a witness and a plaintiff in the same case.", "Judge al\\-Sharafi further agreed with the owners of Gympanzee in their claim that it was not technically nursery, but an “entertainment centre”. This decision fell inline with the civil employee that decided to license it as such. After establishing that Gympanzee was an entertainment centre rather than a nursery, the co\\-owners were fare less criminally\\-accountable under Qatari law.", "On the 26th of October, 2015 Qatar's Appeals court overturned all five convictions and dropped all charges. The decision was met with shock and disappointment by the families of the blaze victims. During the judge's five\\-hour reading of the verdict some victim's family members reportedly stormed out of the court in anger.", "While Mr. Rabban was also cleared of his involuntary manslaughter charge, the court found that his company was guilty of the same crime and, as such; Villaggio and its insurance company would have to pay a fine of only $5,500, and compensation to the victim's families.", "" ]
Production ---------- Fuel entered the studio on March 8, 2012 with producer [Eddie Wohl](/wiki/Eddie_Wohl "Eddie Wohl") to begin recording *Puppet Strings*. In late September the band re\-entered the studio to complete the guitar and bass tracks for the record. As guitarist and main songwriter [Carl Bell](/wiki/Carl_Bell_%28musician%29 "Carl Bell (musician)") left the group by "mutual agreement" after recording 2007's *[Angels \& Devils](/wiki/Angels_%26_Devils_%28Fuel_album%29 "Angels & Devils (Fuel album)")* without Brett Scallions, *Puppet Strings* features songs written by Scallions, along with new members Andy Andersson and [Brad Stewart](/wiki/Brad_Stewart "Brad Stewart").Graff, Gary. ["Fuel, 'Cold Summer': Exclusive Song Premiere"](http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5915470/fuel-cold-summer-exclusive-song-premiere-brett-scallions-interview). [billboard.com](/wiki/Billboard.com "Billboard.com"). Feb 20, 2014\. One exception is "Cold Summer", which was written by Scallions before 2003's *[Natural Selection](/wiki/Natural_Selection_%28Fuel_album%29 "Natural Selection (Fuel album)")* album. On April 30, 2013 Scallions commented on the new album; "The record has been recorded and is so close to being released for all of you I can taste it. There will be big announcements very soon regarding release dates, singles, videos, and much much more. Take care and we will see you all soon at a venue near you!" Recently Scallions announced that the record is done and the band just needs to work out "a few bugs" and that "a record label is already on hand" although he did not mention which label yet. In a July 22, 2013 interview with the Oakland Free Press it was revealed that the new record had an album title, the title was revealed as *Puppet Strings*, which is also a potential title track with Robby Krieger of The Doors as special guest lead guitar. Scallions confirmed that the new album was mixed by [Ben Grosse](/wiki/Ben_Grosse "Ben Grosse") who also produced and mixed Fuel's sophomore and most successful album *Something Like Human* from 2000\. It was announced through [Guitar World](/wiki/Guitar_World "Guitar World") on December 5, 2013 that the album indeed titled, Puppet Strings, will be released March 4, 2014\. The song, "Yeah!" was released for free download on the website as well, although it was believed to be the first single, Scallions stated that it is not the first single, but rather a "teaser." The first single, "Soul to Preach To" was released February 4, 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://loudwire.com/fuel\-soul\-to\-preach\-to\-exclusive\-song\-premiere/ \|title\=Fuel, 'Soul To Preach To' \- Exclusive Song Premiere \|publisher\=Loudwire.com \|date\= \|accessdate\=2016\-03\-19}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.alternativeaddiction.com/musicnews/article/3550/New\-Fuel\-Album\-Set\-For\-March\-4\-2014\-Release \|title\=New Music, Music News, Interviews, \& More \|work\=Alternative Addiction \|accessdate\=2016\-03\-19}} A second single, "Cold Summer" was released June 10, 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://q103albany.com/new\-on\-q\-fuel\-cold\-summer/ \|title\=New on Q: Fuel 'Cold Summer' \|publisher\=Q103albany.com \|date\=2014\-07\-01 \|accessdate\=2016\-03\-19}} A third single, "What We Can Never Have" was released December 31, 2014\.
[ "Production\n----------", "Fuel entered the studio on March 8, 2012 with producer [Eddie Wohl](/wiki/Eddie_Wohl \"Eddie Wohl\") to begin recording *Puppet Strings*. In late September the band re\\-entered the studio to complete the guitar and bass tracks for the record.", "As guitarist and main songwriter [Carl Bell](/wiki/Carl_Bell_%28musician%29 \"Carl Bell (musician)\") left the group by \"mutual agreement\" after recording 2007's *[Angels \\& Devils](/wiki/Angels_%26_Devils_%28Fuel_album%29 \"Angels & Devils (Fuel album)\")* without Brett Scallions, *Puppet Strings* features songs written by Scallions, along with new members Andy Andersson and [Brad Stewart](/wiki/Brad_Stewart \"Brad Stewart\").Graff, Gary. [\"Fuel, 'Cold Summer': Exclusive Song Premiere\"](http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5915470/fuel-cold-summer-exclusive-song-premiere-brett-scallions-interview). [billboard.com](/wiki/Billboard.com \"Billboard.com\"). Feb 20, 2014\\. One exception is \"Cold Summer\", which was written by Scallions before 2003's *[Natural Selection](/wiki/Natural_Selection_%28Fuel_album%29 \"Natural Selection (Fuel album)\")* album.", "On April 30, 2013 Scallions commented on the new album; \"The record has been recorded and is so close to being released for all of you I can taste it. There will be big announcements very soon regarding release dates, singles, videos, and much much more. Take care and we will see you all soon at a venue near you!\"", "Recently Scallions announced that the record is done and the band just needs to work out \"a few bugs\" and that \"a record label is already on hand\" although he did not mention which label yet. In a July 22, 2013 interview with the Oakland Free Press it was revealed that the new record had an album title, the title was revealed as *Puppet Strings*, which is also a potential title track with Robby Krieger of The Doors as special guest lead guitar.", "Scallions confirmed that the new album was mixed by [Ben Grosse](/wiki/Ben_Grosse \"Ben Grosse\") who also produced and mixed Fuel's sophomore and most successful album *Something Like Human* from 2000\\.", "It was announced through [Guitar World](/wiki/Guitar_World \"Guitar World\") on December 5, 2013 that the album indeed titled, Puppet Strings, will be released March 4, 2014\\. The song, \"Yeah!\" was released for free download on the website as well, although it was believed to be the first single, Scallions stated that it is not the first single, but rather a \"teaser.\" The first single, \"Soul to Preach To\" was released February 4, 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://loudwire.com/fuel\\-soul\\-to\\-preach\\-to\\-exclusive\\-song\\-premiere/ \\|title\\=Fuel, 'Soul To Preach To' \\- Exclusive Song Premiere \\|publisher\\=Loudwire.com \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-03\\-19}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.alternativeaddiction.com/musicnews/article/3550/New\\-Fuel\\-Album\\-Set\\-For\\-March\\-4\\-2014\\-Release \\|title\\=New Music, Music News, Interviews, \\& More \\|work\\=Alternative Addiction \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-03\\-19}} A second single, \"Cold Summer\" was released June 10, 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://q103albany.com/new\\-on\\-q\\-fuel\\-cold\\-summer/ \\|title\\=New on Q: Fuel 'Cold Summer' \\|publisher\\=Q103albany.com \\|date\\=2014\\-07\\-01 \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-03\\-19}} A third single, \"What We Can Never Have\" was released December 31, 2014\\.", "" ]
Synopsis -------- Henry and Muriel Rush are owners of a two\-unit house at 171–173 Buena Vista Avenue East [https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/shows/too\-close\-for\-comfort](https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/shows/too-close-for-comfort) [http://www.iamnotastalker.com/2016/09/29/too\-close\-for\-comfort\-final\-season\-filming\-locations/](http://www.iamnotastalker.com/2016/09/29/too-close-for-comfort-final-season-filming-locations/) <https://moviemaps.org/movies/2pg>* + - [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"). Henry is a conservative cartoonist who authors a comic strip called *Cosmic Cow* with a hand\-puppet version of "Cosmic Cow." Muriel is a freelance photographer. They have two adult daughters, Jackie and Sara. Additional characters include Sara's friend, Monroe Ficus, and Henry's boss, Arthur Wainwright, who was head of Wainwright Publishing. The character of Monroe was originally intended to be used for only a single episode but producers added the character to the series. ### Seasons 2 and 3 [left\|150px\|thumb\|The cast of *Too Close for Comfort* during the show's second season](/wiki/Image:Too_Close_for_Comfort.jpg "Too Close for Comfort.jpg") During its second season, the series' principal stories were focused around Muriel's pregnancy. Henry's niece April comes from [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware "Delaware") to live with the Rush family. The season concludes with Muriel giving birth to a son, Andrew (later played regularly by twins William and Michael Cannon from 1983 to 1984\). Knight's character became famous for wearing sweatshirts from various American colleges and universities that were sent to him by fans. In the fall of 1982, ABC moved the series to Thursday nights, which proved to be disastrous and the show saw its ratings fall drastically. The network canceled the series at the conclusion of the season after falling from \#6 for the 1981–82 season to \#38 for the 1982–83 season. ### First\-run syndication During the early 1980s, TV station owner [Metromedia](/wiki/Metromedia "Metromedia") was expanding its portfolio of original [syndicated](/wiki/Broadcast_syndication "Broadcast syndication") programming through its production subsidiary, Metromedia Producers Corporation. When *Too Close for Comfort* was canceled by ABC, Metromedia Producers Corporation elected to pick up the series and began producing all\-new episodes to run on various stations throughout the country. Starting in April 1984, a total of 23 new episodes were broadcast for the show's fourth season, featuring the same cast as seen on the ABC episodes. The show's ratings improved in syndication and Metromedia ordered an additional 30 episodes, airing through November 1985\. When the fifth season began, a single child actor, Joshua Goodwin, played the role of Andrew Rush. #### *The Ted Knight Show* [left\|150px\|thumb\|Season 6 title screen for first\-run episodes.](/wiki/Image:Too_Close_For_Comfort_6th_Season_original.jpg "Too Close For Comfort 6th Season original.jpg") In late 1985, several changes were made before production started for Season 6\. The show's title was changed to *The Ted Knight Show* (not to be confused with the short\-lived 1978 [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") [show of the same name](/wiki/The_Ted_Knight_Show_%281978_TV_series%29 "The Ted Knight Show (1978 TV series)")), and the premise and setting were altered. Henry retires from drawing Cosmic Cow and, along with Muriel and Andrew, moves to [Marin County](/wiki/Marin_County%2C_California "Marin County, California") where he buys a share of a local newspaper and becomes its editor. Monroe joins the Rushes and takes a job with Henry's paper as a reporter. Actress [Pat Carroll](/wiki/Pat_Carroll "Pat Carroll") played the role of Hope Stinson, who owns the majority share of the newspaper and serves as a foil for Henry. In addition, the Rushes hire a live\-in nanny, played by Lisa Antille. The characters of Jackie, Sara and Muriel's mother Iris were not included in the retooled show. First\-run episodes of *The Ted Knight Show* were broadcast starting in April 1986\. Twenty\-two episodes were produced prior to the summer of 1986 and 12 had aired by mid\-July. The revamped show was scheduled to resume production when Knight, who had been battling [colon cancer](/wiki/Colon_cancer "Colon cancer") since 1985, died on August 26, 1986\. The 10 remaining first\-run episodes were broadcast from September 1986 to February 1987, and those episodes were added to the *Too Close for Comfort* syndicated rerun package with the original show's title.
[ "Synopsis\n--------", "Henry and Muriel Rush are owners of a two\\-unit house at 171–173 Buena Vista Avenue East\n[https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/shows/too\\-close\\-for\\-comfort](https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/shows/too-close-for-comfort)\n[http://www.iamnotastalker.com/2016/09/29/too\\-close\\-for\\-comfort\\-final\\-season\\-filming\\-locations/](http://www.iamnotastalker.com/2016/09/29/too-close-for-comfort-final-season-filming-locations/)\n<https://moviemaps.org/movies/2pg>* + - [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). Henry is a conservative cartoonist who authors a comic strip called *Cosmic Cow* with a hand\\-puppet version of \"Cosmic Cow.\" Muriel is a freelance photographer. They have two adult daughters, Jackie and Sara.", "Additional characters include Sara's friend, Monroe Ficus, and Henry's boss, Arthur Wainwright, who was head of Wainwright Publishing. The character of Monroe was originally intended to be used for only a single episode but producers added the character to the series.", "### Seasons 2 and 3", "[left\\|150px\\|thumb\\|The cast of *Too Close for Comfort* during the show's second season](/wiki/Image:Too_Close_for_Comfort.jpg \"Too Close for Comfort.jpg\")\nDuring its second season, the series' principal stories were focused around Muriel's pregnancy. Henry's niece April comes from [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware \"Delaware\") to live with the Rush family. The season concludes with Muriel giving birth to a son, Andrew (later played regularly by twins William and Michael Cannon from 1983 to 1984\\).", "Knight's character became famous for wearing sweatshirts from various American colleges and universities that were sent to him by fans.", "In the fall of 1982, ABC moved the series to Thursday nights, which proved to be disastrous and the show saw its ratings fall drastically. The network canceled the series at the conclusion of the season after falling from \\#6 for the 1981–82 season to \\#38 for the 1982–83 season.", "### First\\-run syndication", "During the early 1980s, TV station owner [Metromedia](/wiki/Metromedia \"Metromedia\") was expanding its portfolio of original [syndicated](/wiki/Broadcast_syndication \"Broadcast syndication\") programming through its production subsidiary, Metromedia Producers Corporation. When *Too Close for Comfort* was canceled by ABC, Metromedia Producers Corporation elected to pick up the series and began producing all\\-new episodes to run on various stations throughout the country. Starting in April 1984, a total of 23 new episodes were broadcast for the show's fourth season, featuring the same cast as seen on the ABC episodes. The show's ratings improved in syndication and Metromedia ordered an additional 30 episodes, airing through November 1985\\. When the fifth season began, a single child actor, Joshua Goodwin, played the role of Andrew Rush.", "#### *The Ted Knight Show*", "[left\\|150px\\|thumb\\|Season 6 title screen for first\\-run episodes.](/wiki/Image:Too_Close_For_Comfort_6th_Season_original.jpg \"Too Close For Comfort 6th Season original.jpg\")\nIn late 1985, several changes were made before production started for Season 6\\. The show's title was changed to *The Ted Knight Show* (not to be confused with the short\\-lived 1978 [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") [show of the same name](/wiki/The_Ted_Knight_Show_%281978_TV_series%29 \"The Ted Knight Show (1978 TV series)\")), and the premise and setting were altered. Henry retires from drawing Cosmic Cow and, along with Muriel and Andrew, moves to [Marin County](/wiki/Marin_County%2C_California \"Marin County, California\") where he buys a share of a local newspaper and becomes its editor. Monroe joins the Rushes and takes a job with Henry's paper as a reporter. Actress [Pat Carroll](/wiki/Pat_Carroll \"Pat Carroll\") played the role of Hope Stinson, who owns the majority share of the newspaper and serves as a foil for Henry. In addition, the Rushes hire a live\\-in nanny, played by Lisa Antille. The characters of Jackie, Sara and Muriel's mother Iris were not included in the retooled show.", "First\\-run episodes of *The Ted Knight Show* were broadcast starting in April 1986\\. Twenty\\-two episodes were produced prior to the summer of 1986 and 12 had aired by mid\\-July. The revamped show was scheduled to resume production when Knight, who had been battling [colon cancer](/wiki/Colon_cancer \"Colon cancer\") since 1985, died on August 26, 1986\\. The 10 remaining first\\-run episodes were broadcast from September 1986 to February 1987, and those episodes were added to the *Too Close for Comfort* syndicated rerun package with the original show's title.", "" ]
Life and career --------------- ### Weimar Republic Mewis completed an [apprenticeship](/wiki/Apprenticeship_in_Germany "Apprenticeship in Germany") as a [locksmith](/wiki/Locksmithing "Locksmithing") at the [Deutsche Reichsbahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn "Deutsche Reichsbahn"). He joined the Socialist Workers' Youth in 1922, the Communist Youth League of Germany in 1923, and the [Communist Party of Germany](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany "Communist Party of Germany") (KPD) in 1924\. From 1925 to 1928, he was the chairman of the Hessen\-Waldeck branch of the Communist Youth League,{{Cite web \|last\= \|first\= \|title\=Mewis, Karl (Pseudonym Karl Ahrend, Fritz Arndt, Köbes, Karl Meinhard) \|url\=https://www.deutsche\-biographie.de/sfz62542\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-07 \|website\=www.deutsche\-biographie.de \|publisher\=\[\[Deutsche Biographie]] \|language\=de}} and from 1929 to 1932, he was the organizational secretary of the KPD District Directorate in Magdeburg\-Anhalt.{{Cite web \|title\=Mewis, Karl \|url\=https://www.bundesstiftung\-aufarbeitung.de/de/recherche/kataloge\-datenbanken/biographische\-datenbanken/karl\-mewis \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-07 \|website\=www.bundesstiftung\-aufarbeitung.de \|publisher\=\[\[Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship]] \|language\=de}} ### Nazi Germany From 1932 to 1934, Mewis attended the [International Lenin School](/wiki/International_Lenin_School "International Lenin School") in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow"), after which he worked illegally for the KPD as the Political Leader of the *Wasserkante* Party District (consisting of [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg") and [Schleswig\-Holstein](/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein "Schleswig-Holstein")) until 1936\. He became a candidate member in 1935 and a full member in 1939 of the Central Committee of the KPD. In 1936, he emigrated to [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"), where he led the "Northern Section" of the illegal KPD. At the end of 1936, Mewis went to [France](/wiki/France "France"). He then succeeded [Franz Dahlem](/wiki/Franz_Dahlem "Franz Dahlem") in leading the [International Brigades](/wiki/International_Brigades "International Brigades") in the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War") from 1937 to 1938\. In April 1937, he worked in [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona") as a high\-ranking [Comintern](/wiki/Communist_International "Communist International") representative. From May 1938, he was the head of the "KPD Central Section" in [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague"). After the [occupation of Czechoslovakia by the Nazis](/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_%281938%E2%80%931945%29 "Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)"), he fled via Denmark to [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"). There, Mewis initially led the new "KPD Central Section." In the autumn of 1939, he was summoned to Moscow. He was tasked with establishing a new leadership of the KPD in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), along with [Herbert Wehner](/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner") and Heinrich Wiatrek, to coordinate illegal activities in the German Reich territory. This led to significant conflicts and disputes with Herbert Wehner. After the arrests of Herbert Wehner and Heinrich Wiatrek, Mewis was also arrested on 19 August 1942\. Until the summer of 1943, he was interned in Smedsbo. After his release, Mewis led the KPD leadership in Sweden.{{Cite news \|date\=1963\-04\-30 \|title\=Mach mal Pause \|url\=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/mach\-mal\-pause\-a\-9255ca5e\-0002\-0001\-0000\-000045143284 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-07 \|work\=\[\[Der Spiegel]] \|language\=de \|issn\=2195\-1349}} He worked closely with Richard Stahlmann during this time. During this period, Mewis increasingly distanced himself from orthodox communist views and the [Soviet model of communism](/wiki/Stalinism "Stalinism"). He advocated for close cooperation with [social democratic](/wiki/Social_democracy "Social democracy") and [bourgeois](/wiki/Bourgeoisie "Bourgeoisie") exile or resistance groups. From autumn 1943, Mewis was a member of the "Association of German Trade Unionists" in Sweden and a leading member of the board of the Free German Cultural Association in Sweden. At the same time, he was the editor of Political Information and publications of the German Emigration Directorate. ### Soviet occupation zone At the end of 1945, Mewis returned to the [Soviet Occupation Zone](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_in_Germany "Soviet occupation zone in Germany") via [Poland](/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity "Provisional Government of National Unity"). Initially, he assumed the function of secretary for the KPD in [Mecklenburg\-Vorpommern](/wiki/State_of_Mecklenburg_%281945%E2%80%931952%29 "State of Mecklenburg (1945–1952)"). From March 1946 to May 1949, he was a city councilor and a member of the KPD ([later SED](/wiki/Merger_of_the_KPD_and_SPD "Merger of the KPD and SPD")) secretariat in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"). ### Bezirk Rostock SED career In 1949, Mewis joined the [Mecklenburg](/wiki/State_of_Mecklenburg_%281945%E2%80%931952%29 "State of Mecklenburg (1945–1952)") SED as the Secretary for Agitation and Propaganda. In 1951, he became the First Secretary, succeeding [Kurt Bürger](/wiki/Kurt_B%C3%BCrger "Kurt Bürger"),{{Cite web \|title\=Landesleitung Mecklenburg der SED (1946 \- 1952\) \|url\=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/sed\-fdgb\-netzwerk/html/gremien.html?mode\=SED\&cat\=7 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-07 \|website\=www.bundesarchiv.de \|publisher\=\[\[German Federal Archives]] \|language\=de}} who was elected the [Minister\-President of Mecklenburg](/wiki/List_of_ministers-president_of_Mecklenburg%23Soviet_control_/_GDR_%281945%E2%80%931952%29 "List of ministers-president of Mecklenburg#Soviet control / GDR (1945–1952)") in July 1951\. After Mecklenburg [was dissolved in 1953](/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_East_Germany%23Division_into_Bezirke "Administrative divisions of East Germany#Division into Bezirke"), Mewis became the First Secretary of the SED in [Bezirk Rostock](/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock "Bezirk Rostock"),{{Cite web \|title\=Bezirksleitung Rostock der SED (1952 \- 1990\) \|url\=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/sed\-fdgb\-netzwerk/html/gremien.html?mode\=SED\&cat\=10 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-07 \|website\=www.bundesarchiv.de \|publisher\=\[\[German Federal Archives]] \|language\=de}} by far the most populous of the three Bezirke created from Mecklenburg. As the First Secretary of the SED in Mecklenburg, later [Bezirk Rostock](/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock "Bezirk Rostock"), he enforced the [collectivization of agriculture](/wiki/Agriculture_in_East_Germany%23Second_phase:Collectivization_and_creation_of_Agricultural_Cooperatives "Collectivization and creation of Agricultural Cooperatives") from 1950 to 1961\. He is considered the initiator of the construction of the [Rostock Overseas Port](/wiki/Rostock_Port "Rostock Port"), the "Rostock Baltic Sea Weeks," and the delegation of the former SC Empor [Lauter](/wiki/Lauter%2C_Saxony "Lauter, Saxony") team, playing as [SC Empor Rostock](/wiki/FC_Hansa_Rostock "FC Hansa Rostock").{{Cite web \|last\=mdr.de \|date\=2021\-12\-14 \|title\=Eine Fußballmannschaft wird umgesiedelt \|url\=https://www.mdr.de/geschichte/ddr/politik\-gesellschaft/sport/empor\-lauter\-hansa\-rostock\-fussball\-ddr\-100\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-07 \|website\=www.mdr.de \|publisher\=\[\[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk]] \|language\=de}} Mewis frequently clashed with other [socialist countries](/wiki/Socialist_state "Socialist state") in regards to [fishing](/wiki/Fishing_industry "Fishing industry").{{Cite news \|date\=1958\-07\-22 \|title\=Karl Mewis \|url\=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/karl\-mewis\-a\-95f61928\-0002\-0001\-0000\-000041761979 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-07 \|work\=\[\[Der Spiegel]] \|language\=de \|issn\=2195\-1349}} From 1950 to 1952, he was a candidate member and from 1952 to 1981 ([X. Party Congress](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany%23The_8th_Congress "Socialist Unity Party of Germany#The 8th Congress")), he was a full member of the [Central Committee of the SED](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany%23Central_Committee "Socialist Unity Party of Germany#Central Committee"). From July 1958 (V. Party Congress) until his removal from this position in January 1963 ([VI. Party Congress](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany%23The_4th_Congress "Socialist Unity Party of Germany#The 4th Congress")), he was a candidate member of the [Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany%23Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee "Socialist Unity Party of Germany#Politburo of the Central Committee"), the *de facto* highest leadership body in [East Germany](/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany"), the [Bezirk Rostock](/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock "Bezirk Rostock") being strategically important because of its maritime border. From 1950 to [1963](/wiki/1963_East_German_general_election "1963 East German general election"), he also was a deputy of the [Volkskammer](/wiki/Volkskammer "Volkskammer"), initially for the [VVN](/wiki/Association_of_Persecutees_of_the_Nazi_Regime_%E2%80%93_Federation_of_Antifascists%23German_Democratic_Republic_%28former_East_Germany%29 "Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists#German Democratic Republic (former East Germany)"). In September 1960, Mewis was elected to the [State Council](/wiki/State_Council_of_East_Germany "State Council of East Germany"), the GDR's collective [head of state](/wiki/Head_of_state "Head of state"). ### State Planning Commission [thumb\|left\|upright\|Mewis speaking before the Volkskammer in March 1962](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-91852-0003%2C_Berlin%2C_22._Volkskammersitzung%2C_Karl_Mewis.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 183-91852-0003, Berlin, 22. Volkskammersitzung, Karl Mewis.jpg") In July 1961, the [Central Committee of the SED](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany%23Central_Committee "Socialist Unity Party of Germany#Central Committee") voted to remove [State Planning Commission](/wiki/State_Planning_Commission_%28GDR%29 "State Planning Commission (GDR)") Chairman [Bruno Leuschner](/wiki/Bruno_Leuschner "Bruno Leuschner"). Mewis was chosen as his successor. Mewis' tenure was largely unsuccessful. He was primarily known as a loyal ideologue but had little knowledge or understanding of economics. His leadership was additionally strained by bad relationships with his colleagues in [COMECON](/wiki/Comecon "Comecon"), especially the Polish, who complained about his arrogance and lack of knowledge. In January 1963, Mewis was relieved of all his duties due to the so\-called supply crisis in the GDR (1962/63\) and replaced by economics expert [Erich Apel](/wiki/Erich_Apel "Erich Apel"). He subsequently worked to ambassador in Poland until 1968, a [sinecure](/wiki/Sinecure "Sinecure") since the relationship between [Poland](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic "Polish People's Republic") and East Germany was managed by the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"). From 1969, he worked as a [research fellow](/wiki/Research_fellow "Research fellow") at the Institute for [Marxism–Leninism](/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism "Marxism–Leninism") at the Central Committee of the SED. As part of his research for the novel ["The Aesthetics of Resistance,"](/wiki/The_Aesthetics_of_Resistance "The Aesthetics of Resistance") [Peter Weiss](/wiki/Peter_Weiss "Peter Weiss") conducted a lengthy interview with Karl Mewis about his time in emigration. On 6 May 1955, Mewis was awarded the [Patriotic Order of Merit](/wiki/Patriotic_Order_of_Merit "Patriotic Order of Merit") in Silver. He also received the Patriotic Order of Merit in 1960 and 1972, the [Karl Marx Order](/wiki/Order_of_Karl_Marx "Order of Karl Marx") in 1967, the Honorary Bar to the Patriotic Order of Merit in 1970, and the [Star of People's Friendship](/wiki/Star_of_People%27s_Friendship "Star of People's Friendship") in 1977\. In 1975, he was made an [honorary citizen](/wiki/Honorary_citizenship "Honorary citizenship") of [Rostock](/wiki/Rostock "Rostock"), a title that was revoked from him in December 1990\.{{Cite web \|last\=Hinz \|first\=Torben \|date\=2012\-03\-05 \|title\=Gaucks zweifelhafte Vorgänger {{!}} NNN \|url\=https://www.nnn.de/lokales/rostock/artikel/gaucks\-zweifelhafte\-vorgaenger\-40139285 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-07 \|website\=nnn.de \|publisher\=\[\[Norddeutsche Neueste Nachrichten]] \|language\=de}}
[ "Life and career\n---------------", "### Weimar Republic", "Mewis completed an [apprenticeship](/wiki/Apprenticeship_in_Germany \"Apprenticeship in Germany\") as a [locksmith](/wiki/Locksmithing \"Locksmithing\") at the [Deutsche Reichsbahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn \"Deutsche Reichsbahn\"). He joined the Socialist Workers' Youth in 1922, the Communist Youth League of Germany in 1923, and the [Communist Party of Germany](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany \"Communist Party of Germany\") (KPD) in 1924\\. From 1925 to 1928, he was the chairman of the Hessen\\-Waldeck branch of the Communist Youth League,{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|title\\=Mewis, Karl (Pseudonym Karl Ahrend, Fritz Arndt, Köbes, Karl Meinhard) \\|url\\=https://www.deutsche\\-biographie.de/sfz62542\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-07 \\|website\\=www.deutsche\\-biographie.de \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Deutsche Biographie]] \\|language\\=de}} and from 1929 to 1932, he was the organizational secretary of the KPD District Directorate in Magdeburg\\-Anhalt.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Mewis, Karl \\|url\\=https://www.bundesstiftung\\-aufarbeitung.de/de/recherche/kataloge\\-datenbanken/biographische\\-datenbanken/karl\\-mewis \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-07 \\|website\\=www.bundesstiftung\\-aufarbeitung.de \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship]] \\|language\\=de}}", "### Nazi Germany", "From 1932 to 1934, Mewis attended the [International Lenin School](/wiki/International_Lenin_School \"International Lenin School\") in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\"), after which he worked illegally for the KPD as the Political Leader of the *Wasserkante* Party District (consisting of [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\") and [Schleswig\\-Holstein](/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein \"Schleswig-Holstein\")) until 1936\\. He became a candidate member in 1935 and a full member in 1939 of the Central Committee of the KPD. In 1936, he emigrated to [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"), where he led the \"Northern Section\" of the illegal KPD. At the end of 1936, Mewis went to [France](/wiki/France \"France\"). He then succeeded [Franz Dahlem](/wiki/Franz_Dahlem \"Franz Dahlem\") in leading the [International Brigades](/wiki/International_Brigades \"International Brigades\") in the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") from 1937 to 1938\\. In April 1937, he worked in [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") as a high\\-ranking [Comintern](/wiki/Communist_International \"Communist International\") representative. From May 1938, he was the head of the \"KPD Central Section\" in [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\"). After the [occupation of Czechoslovakia by the Nazis](/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_%281938%E2%80%931945%29 \"Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)\"), he fled via Denmark to [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"). There, Mewis initially led the new \"KPD Central Section.\" In the autumn of 1939, he was summoned to Moscow. He was tasked with establishing a new leadership of the KPD in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), along with [Herbert Wehner](/wiki/Herbert_Wehner \"Herbert Wehner\") and Heinrich Wiatrek, to coordinate illegal activities in the German Reich territory. This led to significant conflicts and disputes with Herbert Wehner.", "After the arrests of Herbert Wehner and Heinrich Wiatrek, Mewis was also arrested on 19 August 1942\\. Until the summer of 1943, he was interned in Smedsbo. After his release, Mewis led the KPD leadership in Sweden.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1963\\-04\\-30 \\|title\\=Mach mal Pause \\|url\\=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/mach\\-mal\\-pause\\-a\\-9255ca5e\\-0002\\-0001\\-0000\\-000045143284 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-07 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Der Spiegel]] \\|language\\=de \\|issn\\=2195\\-1349}} He worked closely with Richard Stahlmann during this time. During this period, Mewis increasingly distanced himself from orthodox communist views and the [Soviet model of communism](/wiki/Stalinism \"Stalinism\"). He advocated for close cooperation with [social democratic](/wiki/Social_democracy \"Social democracy\") and [bourgeois](/wiki/Bourgeoisie \"Bourgeoisie\") exile or resistance groups.", "From autumn 1943, Mewis was a member of the \"Association of German Trade Unionists\" in Sweden and a leading member of the board of the Free German Cultural Association in Sweden. At the same time, he was the editor of Political Information and publications of the German Emigration Directorate.", "### Soviet occupation zone", "At the end of 1945, Mewis returned to the [Soviet Occupation Zone](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_in_Germany \"Soviet occupation zone in Germany\") via [Poland](/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity \"Provisional Government of National Unity\"). Initially, he assumed the function of secretary for the KPD in [Mecklenburg\\-Vorpommern](/wiki/State_of_Mecklenburg_%281945%E2%80%931952%29 \"State of Mecklenburg (1945–1952)\"). From March 1946 to May 1949, he was a city councilor and a member of the KPD ([later SED](/wiki/Merger_of_the_KPD_and_SPD \"Merger of the KPD and SPD\")) secretariat in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\").", "### Bezirk Rostock SED career", "In 1949, Mewis joined the [Mecklenburg](/wiki/State_of_Mecklenburg_%281945%E2%80%931952%29 \"State of Mecklenburg (1945–1952)\") SED as the Secretary for Agitation and Propaganda. In 1951, he became the First Secretary, succeeding [Kurt Bürger](/wiki/Kurt_B%C3%BCrger \"Kurt Bürger\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Landesleitung Mecklenburg der SED (1946 \\- 1952\\) \\|url\\=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/sed\\-fdgb\\-netzwerk/html/gremien.html?mode\\=SED\\&cat\\=7 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-07 \\|website\\=www.bundesarchiv.de \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[German Federal Archives]] \\|language\\=de}} who was elected the [Minister\\-President of Mecklenburg](/wiki/List_of_ministers-president_of_Mecklenburg%23Soviet_control_/_GDR_%281945%E2%80%931952%29 \"List of ministers-president of Mecklenburg#Soviet control / GDR (1945–1952)\") in July 1951\\. After Mecklenburg [was dissolved in 1953](/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_East_Germany%23Division_into_Bezirke \"Administrative divisions of East Germany#Division into Bezirke\"), Mewis became the First Secretary of the SED in [Bezirk Rostock](/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock \"Bezirk Rostock\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Bezirksleitung Rostock der SED (1952 \\- 1990\\) \\|url\\=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/sed\\-fdgb\\-netzwerk/html/gremien.html?mode\\=SED\\&cat\\=10 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-07 \\|website\\=www.bundesarchiv.de \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[German Federal Archives]] \\|language\\=de}} by far the most populous of the three Bezirke created from Mecklenburg.", "As the First Secretary of the SED in Mecklenburg, later [Bezirk Rostock](/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock \"Bezirk Rostock\"), he enforced the [collectivization of agriculture](/wiki/Agriculture_in_East_Germany%23Second_phase:Collectivization_and_creation_of_Agricultural_Cooperatives \"Collectivization and creation of Agricultural Cooperatives\") from 1950 to 1961\\. He is considered the initiator of the construction of the [Rostock Overseas Port](/wiki/Rostock_Port \"Rostock Port\"), the \"Rostock Baltic Sea Weeks,\" and the delegation of the former SC Empor [Lauter](/wiki/Lauter%2C_Saxony \"Lauter, Saxony\") team, playing as [SC Empor Rostock](/wiki/FC_Hansa_Rostock \"FC Hansa Rostock\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=mdr.de \\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-14 \\|title\\=Eine Fußballmannschaft wird umgesiedelt \\|url\\=https://www.mdr.de/geschichte/ddr/politik\\-gesellschaft/sport/empor\\-lauter\\-hansa\\-rostock\\-fussball\\-ddr\\-100\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-07 \\|website\\=www.mdr.de \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk]] \\|language\\=de}} Mewis frequently clashed with other [socialist countries](/wiki/Socialist_state \"Socialist state\") in regards to [fishing](/wiki/Fishing_industry \"Fishing industry\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=1958\\-07\\-22 \\|title\\=Karl Mewis \\|url\\=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/karl\\-mewis\\-a\\-95f61928\\-0002\\-0001\\-0000\\-000041761979 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-07 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Der Spiegel]] \\|language\\=de \\|issn\\=2195\\-1349}}", "From 1950 to 1952, he was a candidate member and from 1952 to 1981 ([X. Party Congress](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany%23The_8th_Congress \"Socialist Unity Party of Germany#The 8th Congress\")), he was a full member of the [Central Committee of the SED](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany%23Central_Committee \"Socialist Unity Party of Germany#Central Committee\"). From July 1958 (V. Party Congress) until his removal from this position in January 1963 ([VI. Party Congress](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany%23The_4th_Congress \"Socialist Unity Party of Germany#The 4th Congress\")), he was a candidate member of the [Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany%23Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee \"Socialist Unity Party of Germany#Politburo of the Central Committee\"), the *de facto* highest leadership body in [East Germany](/wiki/East_Germany \"East Germany\"), the [Bezirk Rostock](/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock \"Bezirk Rostock\") being strategically important because of its maritime border.", "From 1950 to [1963](/wiki/1963_East_German_general_election \"1963 East German general election\"), he also was a deputy of the [Volkskammer](/wiki/Volkskammer \"Volkskammer\"), initially for the [VVN](/wiki/Association_of_Persecutees_of_the_Nazi_Regime_%E2%80%93_Federation_of_Antifascists%23German_Democratic_Republic_%28former_East_Germany%29 \"Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists#German Democratic Republic (former East Germany)\"). In September 1960, Mewis was elected to the [State Council](/wiki/State_Council_of_East_Germany \"State Council of East Germany\"), the GDR's collective [head of state](/wiki/Head_of_state \"Head of state\").", "### State Planning Commission", "[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Mewis speaking before the Volkskammer in March 1962](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-91852-0003%2C_Berlin%2C_22._Volkskammersitzung%2C_Karl_Mewis.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 183-91852-0003, Berlin, 22. Volkskammersitzung, Karl Mewis.jpg\")\nIn July 1961, the [Central Committee of the SED](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany%23Central_Committee \"Socialist Unity Party of Germany#Central Committee\") voted to remove [State Planning Commission](/wiki/State_Planning_Commission_%28GDR%29 \"State Planning Commission (GDR)\") Chairman [Bruno Leuschner](/wiki/Bruno_Leuschner \"Bruno Leuschner\"). Mewis was chosen as his successor.", "Mewis' tenure was largely unsuccessful. He was primarily known as a loyal ideologue but had little knowledge or understanding of economics. His leadership was additionally strained by bad relationships with his colleagues in [COMECON](/wiki/Comecon \"Comecon\"), especially the Polish, who complained about his arrogance and lack of knowledge.", "In January 1963, Mewis was relieved of all his duties due to the so\\-called supply crisis in the GDR (1962/63\\) and replaced by economics expert [Erich Apel](/wiki/Erich_Apel \"Erich Apel\"). He subsequently worked to ambassador in Poland until 1968, a [sinecure](/wiki/Sinecure \"Sinecure\") since the relationship between [Poland](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic \"Polish People's Republic\") and East Germany was managed by the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"). From 1969, he worked as a [research fellow](/wiki/Research_fellow \"Research fellow\") at the Institute for [Marxism–Leninism](/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism \"Marxism–Leninism\") at the Central Committee of the SED.", "As part of his research for the novel [\"The Aesthetics of Resistance,\"](/wiki/The_Aesthetics_of_Resistance \"The Aesthetics of Resistance\") [Peter Weiss](/wiki/Peter_Weiss \"Peter Weiss\") conducted a lengthy interview with Karl Mewis about his time in emigration.", "On 6 May 1955, Mewis was awarded the [Patriotic Order of Merit](/wiki/Patriotic_Order_of_Merit \"Patriotic Order of Merit\") in Silver. He also received the Patriotic Order of Merit in 1960 and 1972, the [Karl Marx Order](/wiki/Order_of_Karl_Marx \"Order of Karl Marx\") in 1967, the Honorary Bar to the Patriotic Order of Merit in 1970, and the [Star of People's Friendship](/wiki/Star_of_People%27s_Friendship \"Star of People's Friendship\") in 1977\\. In 1975, he was made an [honorary citizen](/wiki/Honorary_citizenship \"Honorary citizenship\") of [Rostock](/wiki/Rostock \"Rostock\"), a title that was revoked from him in December 1990\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hinz \\|first\\=Torben \\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-05 \\|title\\=Gaucks zweifelhafte Vorgänger {{!}} NNN \\|url\\=https://www.nnn.de/lokales/rostock/artikel/gaucks\\-zweifelhafte\\-vorgaenger\\-40139285 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-07 \\|website\\=nnn.de \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Norddeutsche Neueste Nachrichten]] \\|language\\=de}}", "" ]
Officers and other key figures in an impeachment trial ------------------------------------------------------ ### Presiding officer {{see also\|Presiding Officer of the United States Senate}} [thumb\|Associate Supreme Court Justice [Samuel Nelson](/wiki/Samuel_Nelson "Samuel Nelson") administering an oath to [Salmon P. Chase](/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase "Salmon P. Chase") for Chase's service as presiding officer of the 1868 [impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson](/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson "Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson")](/wiki/File:Judge_Nelson_Administering_the_Oath_to_Chief_Justice_Chase%2C_as_Presiding_Officer_of_the_Court_of_Impeachment%2C_in_the_Senate_Chamber%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_on_the_5th_March_%282%29.jpg "Judge Nelson Administering the Oath to Chief Justice Chase, as Presiding Officer of the Court of Impeachment, in the Senate Chamber, Washington, D.C., on the 5th March (2).jpg") [thumb\|Chief Justice [William Rehnquist](/wiki/William_Rehnquist "William Rehnquist") serving as presiding officer during the 1999 impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton](/wiki/File:William_Rehnqiuist_during_Clinton_impeachment_trial_February_12%2C_1999_%2804%29.png "William Rehnqiuist during Clinton impeachment trial February 12, 1999 (04).png") In an impeachment trial of an incumbent [president of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States"), the [chief justice of the United States](/wiki/Chief_justice_of_the_United_States "Chief justice of the United States") serves as the presiding officer. This is per the Constitution, Article I, section 3, clause 6\. This provision prevents the [vice president of the United States](/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States "Vice president of the United States"), who is the president of the Senate and generally holds the authority to preside over Senate business, from overseeing an impeachment trial that would elevate him or her to the presidency if the president were removed. This was particularly important at the time of the Constitution's writing, as, before the reforms of the [Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution](/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution"), presidents and vice presidents were not elected together on [tickets](/wiki/Ticket_%28election%29 "Ticket (election)") and could potentially be of rival political factions. The Constitution does not specify who should serve as the presiding officer of impeachment trials of persons other than incumbent presidents. The presiding officer in such impeachments is usually the president of the Senate, meaning either the vice president of the United States or, in his or her absence, the [president pro tempore of the United States Senate](/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate "President pro tempore of the United States Senate").{{cite web \|last1\=Fandos \|first1\=Nicholas \|title\=Senator Patrick Leahy, the longest\-serving Democrat, will preside over Trump’s impeachment trial. \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/25/us/politics/patrick\-leahy\-trump\-impeachment.html \|website\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=14 December 2022 \|date\=25 January 2021}}{{cite web \|title\=ArtI.S3\.C6\.2 Historical Background on Impeachment Trials \|url\=https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI\-S3\-C6\-2/ALDE\_00000707/ \|website\=constitution.congress.gov \|publisher\=United States Congress \|access\-date\=14 December 2022}} In trials of officials who are not an incumbent president, the presiding officer, if not the vice president or president pro tempore, in practice is selected by a vote of the Senate.{{cite web \|title\=The Role of the Senate in Judicial Impeachment Proceedings: Procedure, Practice, and Data \|url\=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R41172\.html \|website\=www.everycrsreport.com \|publisher\=Congressional Research Office \|access\-date\=29 December 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=March 21, 2010}} The presiding officer can rule on questions, such as those related to the admission of evidence. Their rulings stand as the Senate's judgment on those particular questions unless the Senate votes to overrule them. Alternatively, the presiding officer can forgo ruling on a question and directly submit it to a Senate vote. Senators who act as the presiding officer of an impeachment hearing are still permitted to vote in the trial. In the [1999 impeachment trial](/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Bill_Clinton "Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton") of President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton"), the second instance of a presidential impeachment, Chief Justice [William Rehnquist](/wiki/William_Rehnquist "William Rehnquist") was an intentionally passive presiding officer, once commenting on his stint as presiding officer, "I did nothing in particular, and I did it very well."{{cite web \|last1\=Robenalt \|first1\=James \|title\=Why Is John Roberts Even in the Impeachment Trial? \|url\=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/01/22/founders\-wanted\-john\-roberts\-assert\-himself\-impeachment\-trial\-101727 \|website\=Politico \|access\-date\=19 December 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=January 22, 2020}} ### Role of Senators [thumb\|Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, as presiding officer, administering the [juror's oath](/wiki/Juror%27s_oath "Juror's oath") to Senator [Benjamin Wade](/wiki/Benjamin_Wade "Benjamin Wade") for the 1868 impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson](/wiki/File:Chief_Justice_Chase%2C_as_President_of_the_Court_of_Impeachment%2C_Administering_the_Oath_to_Senator_Wade%2C_in_the_Senate_Chamber%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_on_the_6th_March_%282%29.jpg "Chief Justice Chase, as President of the Court of Impeachment, Administering the Oath to Senator Wade, in the Senate Chamber, Washington, D.C., on the 6th March (2).jpg") In impeachment trials, the senators are generally referred to as acting as jurors. However, the 1999 impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton, Senator [Tom Harkin](/wiki/Tom_Harkin "Tom Harkin") objected to the use of the term "jurors", and Chief Justice William Rehnquist agreed with Harkin's position over that of the House impeachment managers (prosecutors), declaring, "The chair is of the view that the senator from Iowa's objection is well taken, that the core \- the Senate is not simply a jury. It is a court in this case. And therefore, counsel should refrain from referring to the senators as jurors."{{cite web \|last1\=Welna \|first1\=David \|title\=Are The Senators In The Impeachment Trial 'Jurors' — Or Something Else? \|url\=https://www.npr.org/2020/01/22/798644714/are\-the\-senators\-in\-the\-impeachment\-trial\-jurors\-or\-something\-else \|website\=NPR \|access\-date\=14 December 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=January 22, 2020}} This indicated a belief that the senators collectively take on a role that is perhaps more akin to a judge than to a jury.{{cite web \|last1\=Ruger \|first1\=Todd \|title\=Roberts would hold the gavel, but not the power, at Trump impeachment trial \|url\=https://rollcall.com/2020/01/08/roberts\-would\-hold\-the\-gavel\-but\-not\-the\-power\-at\-trump\-impeachment\-trial/ \|website\=Roll Call \|access\-date\=5 January 2024 \|date\=8 January 2020}} Under Senate rules for impeachment trials, senators are able to call and [subpoena](/wiki/Subpoena "Subpoena") witnesses for a trial. Senators are also able to submit written questions to witnesses and to witnesses as well as the prosecution and the defense. If they desire, any senator may be excused from serving their role in an impeachment trial. #### Rule XI trial committees A Rule XI trial committee is a committee of senators that the Senate may appoint to receive evidence and hear testimony by witnesses on behalf of the Senate, reporting back to the full Senate and providing the full senate with a certified transcript of the proceedings that they witnessed. The use of such a committee allows for the majority of Senators to be absent during the presentation of evidence and witness testimony heard by the committee. Without use of such a committee, all senators would have to be present at the presentation of all evidence and witness testimony. Rule XI committees have been utilized in for four impeachment trials: the 1986 impeachment trial of Judge [Harry E. Claiborne](/wiki/Harry_E._Claiborne "Harry E. Claiborne"), the 1989 impeachment trials of Judges [Walter Nixon](/wiki/Walter_Nixon "Walter Nixon") and [Alcee Hastings](/wiki/Alcee_Hastings "Alcee Hastings"), and the 2010 trial of Judge [Thomas Porteous](/wiki/Thomas_Porteous "Thomas Porteous"). ### Prosecution #### House impeachment managers [thumb\|House impeachment managers for the 2009 trial of Judge [Samuel B. Kent](/wiki/Samuel_B._Kent "Samuel B. Kent") stand together before transferring the [articles of impeachment](/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment "Articles of impeachment") to the Senate. (Left to right: [Bob Goodlatte](/wiki/Bob_Goodlatte "Bob Goodlatte"), [Adam Schiff](/wiki/Adam_Schiff "Adam Schiff"), [Jim Sensenbrenner](/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner "Jim Sensenbrenner"), [Zoe Lofgren](/wiki/Zoe_Lofgren "Zoe Lofgren"))](/wiki/File:Housemanagers.jpg "Housemanagers.jpg") The [United States House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") appoints impeachment managers, a committee of members of the House who, together, act as the [prosecutors](/wiki/Prosecutor "Prosecutor") in the impeachment trial.{{cite web \|title\=U.S. Senate: About Impeachment \|url\=https://www.senate.gov/about/powers\-procedures/impeachment.htm \|website\=www.senate.gov \|publisher\=United States Senate Historical Office \|access\-date\=8 December 2022}} While they are always approved by House vote, how the initial decision of who serves as a managers is arrived at has differed between impeachments. In some impeachments, the House managers have been chosen upon the recommendation of the Chairman of the [House Committee on the Judiciary](/wiki/House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary "House Committee on the Judiciary").{{cite web \|title\=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution \|url\=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/\#!/articles/1/essays/11/impeachment \|website\=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution \|access\-date\=16 December 2022 \|language\=en}} Another way that has been used is by having the whole house decide by balloting who should serve.{{cite book \|last1\=Hinds \|first1\=Asher C. \|title\=HINDS' PRECEDENTS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES INCLUDING REFERENCES TO PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION, THE LAWS, AND DECISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE \|pages\=857–858 \|date\=March 4, 1907 \|publisher\=United States Congress \|url\=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO\-HPREC\-HINDS\-V3/pdf/GPO\-HPREC\-HINDS\-V3\.pdf\#page\=870 \|access\-date\=24 March 2022}} In some other impeachment, the [speaker of the House](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives") has chosen the slate of impeachment managers that were thereafter approved by House vote.Multiple sources: {{cite web \|title\=Pelosi Names Impeachment Managers \|url\=https://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/11520 \|access\-date\=January 15, 2020 \|publisher\=\[\[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]] \|date\=January 15, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115153148/https://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/11520 \|archive\-date\=January 15, 2020 \|url\-status\=live }} {{cite web\|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/14/house\-vote\-wednesday\-to\-transmit\-trump\-impeachment\-articles\-to\-senate.html\|title\=Pelosi is set to send Trump impeachment articles to the Senate on Wednesday\|last\=Wilkie\|first\=Christina\|date\=January 14, 2020\|publisher\=CNBC\|access\-date\=January 16, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115123905/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/14/house\-vote\-wednesday\-to\-transmit\-trump\-impeachment\-articles\-to\-senate.html\|archive\-date\=January 15, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} {{cite news \|first1\=Jane C. \|last1\=Timm \|first2\=Rebecca \|last2\=Shabad \|date\=January 15, 2020 \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics\-news/pelosi\-calls\-witnesses\-trump\-trial\-after\-new\-evidence\-n1116091\|title\=House sends impeachment articles to Senate, Pelosi names trial managers\|work\=NBC News\|access\-date\=January 16, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115160927/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics\-news/pelosi\-calls\-witnesses\-trump\-trial\-after\-new\-evidence\-n1116091\|archive\-date\=January 15, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} {{cite web \|last1\=Naylor \|first1\=Brian \|title\=House Approves Impeachment Managers, Votes To Transmit Articles For Senate Trial \|url\=https://www.wfdd.org/story/house\-approves\-impeachment\-managers\-votes\-transmit\-articles\-senate\-trial \|website\=88\.5 WFDD \|access\-date\=6 April 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=15 January 2020}} {{cite web \|last1\=Foran \|first1\=Clare \|title\=What is an impeachment manager? {{!}} CNN Politics \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/15/politics/what\-is\-an\-impeachment\-manager\-explainer/index.html \|website\=CNN \|access\-date\=16 December 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=15 January 2020}} {{cite web \|last1\=Behrmann \|first1\=Savannah \|title\=Who's who in Trump's 2nd impeachment: Key players from Rep. Jamie Raskin to attorney David Schoen \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/02/09/trump\-impeachment\-whos\-who\-senate\-trial\-raskin\-schoen/4341510001/ \|website\=USA Today \|access\-date\=18 December 2022 \|date\=February 8, 2021}} #### Legal counsel * + - * + - Outside legal counsel can also be hired to provide advice to the impeachment managers. This was the case, for instance, in both the [first](/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump "First impeachment trial of Donald Trump") and [second](/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump "Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump") impeachment trials of [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump").{{cite web \|last1\=Thomsen \|first1\=Jacqueline \|title\=New Impeachment, Same Lawyers: House Judiciary Rehires Barry Berke \& Joshua Matz for Trump’s 2nd Trial \|url\=https://www.law.com/nationallawjournal/2021/01/15/new\-impeachment\-same\-lawyers\-house\-judiciary\-rehires\-barry\-berke\-joshua\-matz\-for\-trumps\-2nd\-trial/?slreturn\=20221114151421 \|website\=National Law Journal \|access\-date\=14 December 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=January 15, 2021}}{{cite web \|last1\=Thomas \|first1\=David \|title\=Two Trump impeachments later, Kramer Levin's Barry Berke heads back home {{!}} Business Information \& News {{!}} FE {{!}} Westlaw Today \|url\=https://today.westlaw.com/Document/I2ce74e70717911ebb70a9e1371ac3280/View/FullText.html?transitionType\=SearchItem\&contextData\=(sc.Default) \|website\=today.westlaw.com \|publisher\=Reuters Legal/Westlaw \|access\-date\=14 December 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=February 17, 2021}} ### Defense [thumb\|[Dale Bumpers](/wiki/Dale_Bumpers "Dale Bumpers") acting as a private defense counsel to President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") during the 1999 impeachment trial of Clinton](/wiki/File:Dale_Bumpers_during_the_Clinton_impeachment_trial_on_January_21%2C_1999_%2803%29.png "Dale Bumpers during the Clinton impeachment trial on January 21, 1999 (03).png") #### Impeached officeholder An impeached officeholder may appear at their impeachment trial. They may also opt not to appear in\-person and instead be represented entirely through counsel. #### Private counsel In impeachment trials, an impeached officeholder can be represented by private [counsel](/wiki/Counsel "Counsel"). #### House defense team In Donald Trump's first impeachment trial, in addition to private counsel, he had several House members belonging to his political party work on his defense.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/01/20/trumps\-house\-allies\-to\-help\-his\-defense\-in\-senate\-101281 \|first1\=Anita \|last1\=Kumar \|first2\=Matthew \|last2\=Choi \|title\=Trump Recruits House Allies for His Defense \|work\=\[\[Politico]] \|date\=January 20, 2020 \|access\-date\=January 21, 2020}}
[ "Officers and other key figures in an impeachment trial\n------------------------------------------------------", "### Presiding officer", "{{see also\\|Presiding Officer of the United States Senate}}\n[thumb\\|Associate Supreme Court Justice [Samuel Nelson](/wiki/Samuel_Nelson \"Samuel Nelson\") administering an oath to [Salmon P. Chase](/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase \"Salmon P. Chase\") for Chase's service as presiding officer of the 1868 [impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson](/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson \"Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson\")](/wiki/File:Judge_Nelson_Administering_the_Oath_to_Chief_Justice_Chase%2C_as_Presiding_Officer_of_the_Court_of_Impeachment%2C_in_the_Senate_Chamber%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_on_the_5th_March_%282%29.jpg \"Judge Nelson Administering the Oath to Chief Justice Chase, as Presiding Officer of the Court of Impeachment, in the Senate Chamber, Washington, D.C., on the 5th March (2).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Chief Justice [William Rehnquist](/wiki/William_Rehnquist \"William Rehnquist\") serving as presiding officer during the 1999 impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton](/wiki/File:William_Rehnqiuist_during_Clinton_impeachment_trial_February_12%2C_1999_%2804%29.png \"William Rehnqiuist during Clinton impeachment trial February 12, 1999 (04).png\")", "In an impeachment trial of an incumbent [president of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\"), the [chief justice of the United States](/wiki/Chief_justice_of_the_United_States \"Chief justice of the United States\") serves as the presiding officer. This is per the Constitution, Article I, section 3, clause 6\\. This provision prevents the [vice president of the United States](/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States \"Vice president of the United States\"), who is the president of the Senate and generally holds the authority to preside over Senate business, from overseeing an impeachment trial that would elevate him or her to the presidency if the president were removed. This was particularly important at the time of the Constitution's writing, as, before the reforms of the [Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution](/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"), presidents and vice presidents were not elected together on [tickets](/wiki/Ticket_%28election%29 \"Ticket (election)\") and could potentially be of rival political factions. The Constitution does not specify who should serve as the presiding officer of impeachment trials of persons other than incumbent presidents. The presiding officer in such impeachments is usually the president of the Senate, meaning either the vice president of the United States or, in his or her absence, the [president pro tempore of the United States Senate](/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate \"President pro tempore of the United States Senate\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Fandos \\|first1\\=Nicholas \\|title\\=Senator Patrick Leahy, the longest\\-serving Democrat, will preside over Trump’s impeachment trial. \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/25/us/politics/patrick\\-leahy\\-trump\\-impeachment.html \\|website\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2022 \\|date\\=25 January 2021}}{{cite web \\|title\\=ArtI.S3\\.C6\\.2 Historical Background on Impeachment Trials \\|url\\=https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI\\-S3\\-C6\\-2/ALDE\\_00000707/ \\|website\\=constitution.congress.gov \\|publisher\\=United States Congress \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2022}} In trials of officials who are not an incumbent president, the presiding officer, if not the vice president or president pro tempore, in practice is selected by a vote of the Senate.{{cite web \\|title\\=The Role of the Senate in Judicial Impeachment Proceedings: Procedure, Practice, and Data \\|url\\=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R41172\\.html \\|website\\=www.everycrsreport.com \\|publisher\\=Congressional Research Office \\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=March 21, 2010}}", "The presiding officer can rule on questions, such as those related to the admission of evidence. Their rulings stand as the Senate's judgment on those particular questions unless the Senate votes to overrule them. Alternatively, the presiding officer can forgo ruling on a question and directly submit it to a Senate vote. Senators who act as the presiding officer of an impeachment hearing are still permitted to vote in the trial.", "In the [1999 impeachment trial](/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Bill_Clinton \"Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton\") of President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\"), the second instance of a presidential impeachment, Chief Justice [William Rehnquist](/wiki/William_Rehnquist \"William Rehnquist\") was an intentionally passive presiding officer, once commenting on his stint as presiding officer, \"I did nothing in particular, and I did it very well.\"{{cite web \\|last1\\=Robenalt \\|first1\\=James \\|title\\=Why Is John Roberts Even in the Impeachment Trial? \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/01/22/founders\\-wanted\\-john\\-roberts\\-assert\\-himself\\-impeachment\\-trial\\-101727 \\|website\\=Politico \\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=January 22, 2020}}", "### Role of Senators", "[thumb\\|Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, as presiding officer, administering the [juror's oath](/wiki/Juror%27s_oath \"Juror's oath\") to Senator [Benjamin Wade](/wiki/Benjamin_Wade \"Benjamin Wade\") for the 1868 impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson](/wiki/File:Chief_Justice_Chase%2C_as_President_of_the_Court_of_Impeachment%2C_Administering_the_Oath_to_Senator_Wade%2C_in_the_Senate_Chamber%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_on_the_6th_March_%282%29.jpg \"Chief Justice Chase, as President of the Court of Impeachment, Administering the Oath to Senator Wade, in the Senate Chamber, Washington, D.C., on the 6th March (2).jpg\")", "In impeachment trials, the senators are generally referred to as acting as jurors. However, the 1999 impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton, Senator [Tom Harkin](/wiki/Tom_Harkin \"Tom Harkin\") objected to the use of the term \"jurors\", and Chief Justice William Rehnquist agreed with Harkin's position over that of the House impeachment managers (prosecutors), declaring, \"The chair is of the view that the senator from Iowa's objection is well taken, that the core \\- the Senate is not simply a jury. It is a court in this case. And therefore, counsel should refrain from referring to the senators as jurors.\"{{cite web \\|last1\\=Welna \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Are The Senators In The Impeachment Trial 'Jurors' — Or Something Else? \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2020/01/22/798644714/are\\-the\\-senators\\-in\\-the\\-impeachment\\-trial\\-jurors\\-or\\-something\\-else \\|website\\=NPR \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=January 22, 2020}} This indicated a belief that the senators collectively take on a role that is perhaps more akin to a judge than to a jury.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ruger \\|first1\\=Todd \\|title\\=Roberts would hold the gavel, but not the power, at Trump impeachment trial \\|url\\=https://rollcall.com/2020/01/08/roberts\\-would\\-hold\\-the\\-gavel\\-but\\-not\\-the\\-power\\-at\\-trump\\-impeachment\\-trial/ \\|website\\=Roll Call \\|access\\-date\\=5 January 2024 \\|date\\=8 January 2020}}", "Under Senate rules for impeachment trials, senators are able to call and [subpoena](/wiki/Subpoena \"Subpoena\") witnesses for a trial. Senators are also able to submit written questions to witnesses and to witnesses as well as the prosecution and the defense.", "If they desire, any senator may be excused from serving their role in an impeachment trial.", "#### Rule XI trial committees", "A Rule XI trial committee is a committee of senators that the Senate may appoint to receive evidence and hear testimony by witnesses on behalf of the Senate, reporting back to the full Senate and providing the full senate with a certified transcript of the proceedings that they witnessed. The use of such a committee allows for the majority of Senators to be absent during the presentation of evidence and witness testimony heard by the committee. Without use of such a committee, all senators would have to be present at the presentation of all evidence and witness testimony. Rule XI committees have been utilized in for four impeachment trials: the 1986 impeachment trial of Judge [Harry E. Claiborne](/wiki/Harry_E._Claiborne \"Harry E. Claiborne\"), the 1989 impeachment trials of Judges [Walter Nixon](/wiki/Walter_Nixon \"Walter Nixon\") and [Alcee Hastings](/wiki/Alcee_Hastings \"Alcee Hastings\"), and the 2010 trial of Judge [Thomas Porteous](/wiki/Thomas_Porteous \"Thomas Porteous\").", "### Prosecution", "#### House impeachment managers", "[thumb\\|House impeachment managers for the 2009 trial of Judge [Samuel B. Kent](/wiki/Samuel_B._Kent \"Samuel B. Kent\") stand together before transferring the [articles of impeachment](/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment \"Articles of impeachment\") to the Senate. (Left to right: [Bob Goodlatte](/wiki/Bob_Goodlatte \"Bob Goodlatte\"), [Adam Schiff](/wiki/Adam_Schiff \"Adam Schiff\"), [Jim Sensenbrenner](/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner \"Jim Sensenbrenner\"), [Zoe Lofgren](/wiki/Zoe_Lofgren \"Zoe Lofgren\"))](/wiki/File:Housemanagers.jpg \"Housemanagers.jpg\")", "The [United States House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") appoints impeachment managers, a committee of members of the House who, together, act as the [prosecutors](/wiki/Prosecutor \"Prosecutor\") in the impeachment trial.{{cite web \\|title\\=U.S. Senate: About Impeachment \\|url\\=https://www.senate.gov/about/powers\\-procedures/impeachment.htm \\|website\\=www.senate.gov \\|publisher\\=United States Senate Historical Office \\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2022}}", "While they are always approved by House vote, how the initial decision of who serves as a managers is arrived at has differed between impeachments. In some impeachments, the House managers have been chosen upon the recommendation of the Chairman of the [House Committee on the Judiciary](/wiki/House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary \"House Committee on the Judiciary\").{{cite web \\|title\\=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution \\|url\\=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/\\#!/articles/1/essays/11/impeachment \\|website\\=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution \\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2022 \\|language\\=en}} Another way that has been used is by having the whole house decide by balloting who should serve.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Hinds \\|first1\\=Asher C. \\|title\\=HINDS' PRECEDENTS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES INCLUDING REFERENCES TO PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION, THE LAWS, AND DECISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE \\|pages\\=857–858 \\|date\\=March 4, 1907 \\|publisher\\=United States Congress \\|url\\=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO\\-HPREC\\-HINDS\\-V3/pdf/GPO\\-HPREC\\-HINDS\\-V3\\.pdf\\#page\\=870 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2022}} In some other impeachment, the [speaker of the House](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives \"Speaker of the United States House of Representatives\") has chosen the slate of impeachment managers that were thereafter approved by House vote.Multiple sources:\n{{cite web \\|title\\=Pelosi Names Impeachment Managers \\|url\\=https://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/11520 \\|access\\-date\\=January 15, 2020 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]] \\|date\\=January 15, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115153148/https://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/11520 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 15, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/14/house\\-vote\\-wednesday\\-to\\-transmit\\-trump\\-impeachment\\-articles\\-to\\-senate.html\\|title\\=Pelosi is set to send Trump impeachment articles to the Senate on Wednesday\\|last\\=Wilkie\\|first\\=Christina\\|date\\=January 14, 2020\\|publisher\\=CNBC\\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115123905/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/14/house\\-vote\\-wednesday\\-to\\-transmit\\-trump\\-impeachment\\-articles\\-to\\-senate.html\\|archive\\-date\\=January 15, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n{{cite news \\|first1\\=Jane C. \\|last1\\=Timm \\|first2\\=Rebecca \\|last2\\=Shabad \\|date\\=January 15, 2020 \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics\\-news/pelosi\\-calls\\-witnesses\\-trump\\-trial\\-after\\-new\\-evidence\\-n1116091\\|title\\=House sends impeachment articles to Senate, Pelosi names trial managers\\|work\\=NBC News\\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115160927/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics\\-news/pelosi\\-calls\\-witnesses\\-trump\\-trial\\-after\\-new\\-evidence\\-n1116091\\|archive\\-date\\=January 15, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n{{cite web \\|last1\\=Naylor \\|first1\\=Brian \\|title\\=House Approves Impeachment Managers, Votes To Transmit Articles For Senate Trial \\|url\\=https://www.wfdd.org/story/house\\-approves\\-impeachment\\-managers\\-votes\\-transmit\\-articles\\-senate\\-trial \\|website\\=88\\.5 WFDD \\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=15 January 2020}}\n{{cite web \\|last1\\=Foran \\|first1\\=Clare \\|title\\=What is an impeachment manager? {{!}} CNN Politics \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/15/politics/what\\-is\\-an\\-impeachment\\-manager\\-explainer/index.html \\|website\\=CNN \\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=15 January 2020}}\n{{cite web \\|last1\\=Behrmann \\|first1\\=Savannah \\|title\\=Who's who in Trump's 2nd impeachment: Key players from Rep. Jamie Raskin to attorney David Schoen \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/02/09/trump\\-impeachment\\-whos\\-who\\-senate\\-trial\\-raskin\\-schoen/4341510001/ \\|website\\=USA Today \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2022 \\|date\\=February 8, 2021}}", "", "#### Legal counsel", "* + - * + - Outside legal counsel can also be hired to provide advice to the impeachment managers. This was the case, for instance, in both the [first](/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump \"First impeachment trial of Donald Trump\") and [second](/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump \"Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump\") impeachment trials of [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Thomsen \\|first1\\=Jacqueline \\|title\\=New Impeachment, Same Lawyers: House Judiciary Rehires Barry Berke \\& Joshua Matz for Trump’s 2nd Trial \\|url\\=https://www.law.com/nationallawjournal/2021/01/15/new\\-impeachment\\-same\\-lawyers\\-house\\-judiciary\\-rehires\\-barry\\-berke\\-joshua\\-matz\\-for\\-trumps\\-2nd\\-trial/?slreturn\\=20221114151421 \\|website\\=National Law Journal \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=January 15, 2021}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Thomas \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Two Trump impeachments later, Kramer Levin's Barry Berke heads back home {{!}} Business Information \\& News {{!}} FE {{!}} Westlaw Today \\|url\\=https://today.westlaw.com/Document/I2ce74e70717911ebb70a9e1371ac3280/View/FullText.html?transitionType\\=SearchItem\\&contextData\\=(sc.Default) \\|website\\=today.westlaw.com \\|publisher\\=Reuters Legal/Westlaw \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=February 17, 2021}}", "### Defense", "[thumb\\|[Dale Bumpers](/wiki/Dale_Bumpers \"Dale Bumpers\") acting as a private defense counsel to President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\") during the 1999 impeachment trial of Clinton](/wiki/File:Dale_Bumpers_during_the_Clinton_impeachment_trial_on_January_21%2C_1999_%2803%29.png \"Dale Bumpers during the Clinton impeachment trial on January 21, 1999 (03).png\")", "#### Impeached officeholder", "An impeached officeholder may appear at their impeachment trial. They may also opt not to appear in\\-person and instead be represented entirely through counsel.", "#### Private counsel", "In impeachment trials, an impeached officeholder can be represented by private [counsel](/wiki/Counsel \"Counsel\").", "#### House defense team", "In Donald Trump's first impeachment trial, in addition to private counsel, he had several House members belonging to his political party work on his defense.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/01/20/trumps\\-house\\-allies\\-to\\-help\\-his\\-defense\\-in\\-senate\\-101281 \\|first1\\=Anita \\|last1\\=Kumar \\|first2\\=Matthew \\|last2\\=Choi \\|title\\=Trump Recruits House Allies for His Defense \\|work\\=\\[\\[Politico]] \\|date\\=January 20, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=January 21, 2020}}", "" ]
Rules ----- [thumb\|Proceedings during the 1905 impeachment trial of [Charles Swayne](/wiki/Charles_Swayne "Charles Swayne")](/wiki/File:Swayne-newspaper_impeachment_%28trial%29.jpg "Swayne-newspaper impeachment (trial).jpg") ### Constitutional The Senate is granted the sole authority to try impeached individuals. Impeachment and impeachment trials are provided for by section four of [Article Two of the United States Constitution](/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution "Article Two of the United States Constitution"). Impeachment trials are further outlined in section three, clause six of [Article One of the United States Constitution](/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution "Article One of the United States Constitution"). The Constitution requires that a [two\-thirds majority](/wiki/Two-thirds_majority "Two-thirds majority") vote "guilty" in order for an individual to be convicted and removed from office. There is no process provided to appeal an impeachment verdict. The Constitution also specifies that, after a conviction, the Senate may vote to additionally bar an individual from again holding federal office. The majority needed for this second matter is not specified by the Constitution, and the Senate has, in practice, used a simple majority vote for this.{{cite web \|last1\=Leonhardt \|first1\=David \|title\=The Disqualification Question \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/briefing/trump\-impeachment\-plane\-crash\-florida\-coronavirus.html \|website\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=14 December 2022 \|date\=11 January 2021}}{{cite web \|last1\=Millhiser \|first1\=Ian \|title\=How Congress can permanently disqualify Trump from office after impeachment \|url\=https://www.vox.com/22220495/impeachment\-trump\-2024\-election\-bar\-from\-office \|website\=Vox \|access\-date\=14 December 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=8 January 2021}} The Constitution does not elaborate on specifications on the workings of an impeachment trial. Its only further specifications are that the chief justice of the United States presides over presidential impeachment trials, and that each senator must swear an oath. Therefore, the remainder of the mechanics of impeachment trials are left to the determination of the Senate itself.{{cite web \|title\=How does an American impeachment trial work? \|url\=https://www.economist.com/the\-economist\-explains/2021/02/08/how\-does\-an\-american\-impeachment\-trial\-work \|website\=The Economist \|access\-date\=18 December 2022 \|date\=February 18, 2021}} ### Senate\-adopted rules #### Early Senate trials [thumb\|Senate convened for the 2024 [impeachment trial of Alejandro Mayorkas](/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Alejandro_Mayorkas "Impeachment trial of Alejandro Mayorkas")](/wiki/File:Impeachment_trial_of_Alejandro_Mayorkas_%28April_17%2C_2024%29_17.png "Impeachment trial of Alejandro Mayorkas (April 17, 2024) 17.png") The first two impeachment trials in United States history (those of [William Blount](/wiki/William_Blount "William Blount") and [John Pickering](/wiki/John_Pickering_%28judge%29 "John Pickering (judge)")) had each had their own individual set of rules. The nineteen rules established for [the trial](/wiki/Impeachment_of_Samuel_Chase "Impeachment of Samuel Chase") of [Samuel Chase](/wiki/Samuel_Chase "Samuel Chase") appear also to have been used for the later trials of [James H. Peck](/wiki/James_H._Peck "James H. Peck") and [West Hughes Humphreys](/wiki/West_Hughes_Humphreys "West Hughes Humphreys"). #### Rules in use since 1868 The exact language of the rules used for previous trials could not be utilized for [1868 impeachment trial](/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson "Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson") of President [Andrew Johnson](/wiki/Andrew_Johnson "Andrew Johnson") because those rules used wording specific to a trial being presided over by an officer of the Senate (as had been the case for all previous impeachment trials), while the Constitution stipulated that impeachments trials for incumbent presidents are to be presided over by the chief justice of the United States.{{cite web \|title\=Impeachment! \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/85482916 \|website\=Newspapers.com \|publisher\=The Pittsburgh Daily Commercial \|access\-date\=23 July 2022 \|language\=en \|url\-access\=subscription \|date\=29 February 1868}} Because of this, a [select committee](/wiki/Select_or_special_committee_%28United_States_Congress%29 "Select or special committee (United States Congress)") of senators was tasked with developing rules to be used in the impeachment trial of Johnson. The select committee decided that they would create permanent rules that would be used for any future impeachments, declaring it to be, "proper to report general rules for the trial of all impeachments".{{cite web \|title\=The Impeachment Process in the Senate \|url\=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46185 \|website\=crsreports.congress.gov \|publisher\=Congressional Research Service \|access\-date\=29 March 2022 \|date\=January 27, 2021}} Indeed, since 1868, impeachment trials in the U.S. Senate have been governed by the rules created for the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, known as the "Rules of Procedure and Practice in the Senate when Sitting on Impeachment Trials". Very few changes have been made to these rules since 1868\.{{cite web \|title\=Senate Rules Established in 1868 Form Basis for Impeachment Proceedings \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/26/us/senate\-rules\-established\-in\-1868\-form\-basis\-for\-impeachment\-proceedings.html \|website\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=22 July 2022 \|date\=26 December 1998}} The rules were not altered until after the 1935 impeachment trial of [Harold Louderback](/wiki/Harold_Louderback "Harold Louderback"), when a single rule change was made. In the 1970s, the [Senate Committee on Rules and Administration](/wiki/Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration "Senate Committee on Rules and Administration") explored the possibly of altering the rules in advance of an anticipated impeachment trial that might have resulted from the [impeachment process against Richard Nixon](/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon "Impeachment process against Richard Nixon"), but after to [Nixon resigned](/wiki/Resignation_of_Richard_Nixon "Resignation of Richard Nixon") without being impeached and convicted, this was momentarily abandoned. The rule changes explored in the 1970s were not adopted until the Senate acted upon a further recommendation to adopt them in 1986\. No further changes have been made since to the rules outlined for the Johnson trial. Among other things, the rules specify what oaths must be said and the order certain events are to occur in. However, many important matters are left unspecified by these rules.{{cite web \|last1\=Hurd \|first1\=Hilary \|title\=As Donald Trump's impeachment process moves to the Senate, here's how it will all work \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/12/20/donald\-trump\-impeachment\-trial\-rules\-how\-to\-column/2697018001/ \|website\=USA TODAY \|access\-date\=13 December 2022 \|date\=December 20, 2019}} The Senate rules states that, as soon as impeachment managers are appointed, the Senate must "immediately" receive them. The impeached official may appear in person at their trial. They may, alternatively, opt not to appear in person at their trial, instead being represented solely through counsel. ##### Rule XI [thumb\|Impeached Judge [Thomas Porteous](/wiki/Thomas_Porteous "Thomas Porteous") (left) watches House impeachment manager Adam Schiff argue before a Rule XI trial committee in September 2010](/wiki/File:Porteous_and_schiff.jpg "Porteous and schiff.jpg") Rule XI, allowing for the appointment of "Rule XI committees" was adopted by the Senate in 1934 as a [simple resolution](/wiki/Simple_resolution "Simple resolution") offered by Senator [Henry F. Ashurst](/wiki/Henry_F._Ashurst "Henry F. Ashurst"). Rule XI states, {{Blockquote\|That in the trial of any impeachment the Presiding Officer of the Senate, if the Senate so orders, shall appoint a committee of senators to receive evidence and take testimony at such times and places as the committee may determine.}} This rule change was motivated by the 1933 impeachment trial of Judge [Harold Louderback](/wiki/Harold_Louderback "Harold Louderback"), which highlighted the difficulties that could be brought by requiring a [plenary session](/wiki/Plenary_session "Plenary session") of the senate for all aspects of a lengthy impeachment trial during a busy legislative period.{{cite web \|title\=U.S. Senate: About Impeachment {{!}} Historical Overview \|url\=https://www.senate.gov/about/powers\-procedures/impeachment/overview.htm \|publisher\=United States Senate Historical Office \|website\=www.senate.gov}} The constitutionality of this rule change was called into question by some senators soon after its passage, motivating the Senate to opt against using a rule committee for the 1936 impeachment trial of Judge [Halsted L. Ritter](/wiki/Halsted_L._Ritter "Halsted L. Ritter"). Its constitutionality was tested by the [Supreme Court of the United States](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") in the 1993 *[Nixon v. United States](/wiki/Nixon_v._United_States "Nixon v. United States")* case, arising from the 1989 impeachment trial of Walter Nixon, in which the Supreme Court upheld the United States Senate's authority to determine its own procedures, which includes its decision to opt for use of Rule XI trial committees. ### Other matters [thumb\|Illustration of the Senate Chamber during the 1868 impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson](/wiki/File:The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%281%29.jpg "The Senate as a Court of Impeachment for the Trial of Andrew Johnson (1).jpg") There are no standard rules of evidence adopted by the Senate to be used for impeachment trials. Therefore, the presiding officer has authority to rule on evidentiary question. Alternatively, the presiding officer may put evidentiary questions to a vote by senators, or an individual senator may make a [motion](/wiki/Motion_%28parliamentary_procedure%29 "Motion (parliamentary procedure)") for the senators to hold such a vote.{{cite web \|title\=Impeachment and Removal \|url\=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44260 \|website\=Congressional Research Service \|publisher\=crsreports.congress.gov \|access\-date\=10 December 2022 \|date\=October 29, 2015}} An impeachment trial can be [adjourned *sine die*](/wiki/Adjournment_sine_die "Adjournment sine die") at any time by a simple majority vote, effectively ending a trial without completion. This occurred in the 1868 impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, with the Senate adjourning *sine die* without voting on all of the articles of impeachment. There is an argument that the Senate could hold a "[summary](/wiki/Summary_judgment "Summary judgment") trial", reaching their judgment without holding a full trial or hearing evidence. In 1986, the impeachment managers for the trial of Judge Harry E. Claiborne argued that this would be permissible. However, the impeachment managers for the 1999 [impeachment trial of Bill Clinton](/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Bill_Clinton "Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton") argued that it would not be allowed. In 1999, Senator (and future president) [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") published a [memorandum](/wiki/Memorandum "Memorandum") laying out an argument that the Senate has the right to reach a judgment in this manner.{{cite web \|last1\=Biden \|first1\=Joe \|title\=The Senate need not hold a "full blown" trial \|url\=https://static.politico.com/1e/c3/c1f5b0e64288babbba06da2e401a/0247\-001\.pdf \|website\=static.politico.com \|access\-date\=12 December 2022 \|date\=January 5, 1999}} This precedent was cited in the Senate's decision to commence with the second impeachment trial of Donald Trump after he had already left office.{{cite web \|last1\=Montanaro \|first1\=Domenico \|title\=Senate Acquits Trump In Impeachment Trial — Again \|url\=https://www.npr.org/sections/trump\-impeachment\-trial\-live\-updates/2021/02/13/967098840/senate\-acquits\-trump\-in\-impeachment\-trial\-again \|website\=NPR \|access\-date\=14 December 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=13 February 2021}} In 2021, [University of Alabama School of Law](/wiki/University_of_Alabama_School_of_Law "University of Alabama School of Law") professor Ronald Krotoszynski wrote an article in *[Politico](/wiki/Politico "Politico")* opining that it is possible for the Senate to end the argument phase of an impeachment trial early and move instead to closing arguments if it took a majority vote in favor of a motion to do so. He likened it to a motion for [summary judgement](/wiki/Summary_judgement "Summary judgement") in a civil court.{{cite web \|last1\=Krotoszynski \|first1\=Ronald \|title\=How the Senate Could Speed Up the Impeachment Trial \|url\=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/01/13/senate\-impeachment\-trial\-biden\-presidency\-shorten\-459052 \|website\=Politico \|access\-date\=5 January 2024 \|language\=en \|date\=13 January 2021}} The Senate has, by majority votes, multiple times judged that an individual impeached while in office can still be subjected to a trial, conviction, and the penalty of disqualification even after they leave office.{{cite web \|title\=ArtII.S4\.1 Overview of Impeachment Clause \|url\=https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artII\-S4\-1/ALDE\_00000282/ \|website\=constitution.congress.gov \|publisher\=United States Congress \|access\-date\=14 December 2022}} Both the Senate and the House have, in the past, judged themselves to be able to utilize their impeachment authorities on former officeholders. The principal precedent for both impeaching a former officeholder and for holding an impeachment trial of a former officeholder is the impeachment and impeachment trial of [William W. Belknap](/wiki/William_W._Belknap "William W. Belknap"), who had resigned as Secretary of War hours before he was impeached in 1876\.{{cite web \|last1\=Cole \|first1\= Jared P. \|last2\= Garvey \|first2\=Todd \|title\=The Impeachment and Trial of a Former President \|url\=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10565 \|website\=crsreports.congress.gov \|publisher\=Congressional Research Office \|access\-date\=14 December 2022 \|date\=January 15, 2021}}{{cite web \|title\=U.S. Senate: Impeachment Trial of Secretary of War William Belknap, 1876 \|url\=https://www.senate.gov/about/powers\-procedures/impeachment/impeachment\-belknap.htm \|website\=www.senate.gov \|publisher\=United States Senate Historical Office \|access\-date\=8 December 2022}} Many scholars have argued that if impeachment could not apply to former officeholders, then the Senate's power to disqualify individuals from holding future federal office through an impeachment process would be greatly weakened, as there would be a loophole of resigning before this sentence is imposed by the Senate. Since the Constitution only gives the Senate the power to try an impeached individual, and does not require them to do so, it is possible for the Senate to forgo holding a trial of an impeached individual.{{cite web \|last1\=Williams \|first1\=Pete \|last2\=Moe \|first2\=Alex \|last3\=Thorp V \|first3\=Frank \|title\=What is impeachment and how does it work? 10 facts to know. \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/what\-impeachment\-how\-does\-it\-work\-10\-facts\-know\-n1072451 \|website\=NBC News \|access\-date\=14 December 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=October 31, 2019}}{{cite web \|last1\=Bauer \|first1\=Bob \|title\=Can the Senate Decline to Try an Impeachment Case? \|url\=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/can\-senate\-decline\-try\-impeachment\-case \|website\=Lawfare \|access\-date\=14 December 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=21 January 2019}} Since the Senate does not need to hold an impeachment trial after a House impeachment, it can also choose not to hold trials in instances where individuals resigned following impeachment. Of the twenty\-one individuals to be impeached by the United States House of Representatives, only [Mark W. Delahay](/wiki/Mark_W._Delahay "Mark W. Delahay") did not face a trial, as the Senate decided not to hold a trial into him after he resigned his office following his impeachment by the House.{{cite web \|title\=List of Individuals Impeached by the House of Representatives {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art \& Archives \|url\=https://history.house.gov/Institution/Impeachment/Impeachment\-List/ \|website\=history.house.gov \|publisher\=and Office of the Historian of the United States House of Representatives and Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives \|access\-date\=8 December 2022 \|language\=en}}{{cite web \|title\=Chapter LXXIX. IMPEACHMENT PROCEEDINGS NOT RESULTING IN TRIAL. \|url\=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO\-HPREC\-HINDS\-V3/pdf/GPO\-HPREC\-HINDS\-V3\-28\.pdf \|website\=www.govinfo.gov \|publisher\=Government Publishing Office \|access\-date\=8 December 2022}}{{cite web \|last1\=Price \|first1\=Anna \|title\=Research Guides: Federal Impeachment: Samuel B. Kent \|url\=https://guides.loc.gov/federal\-impeachment/samuel\-kent \|website\=guides.loc.gov \|publisher\=Library of Congress \|access\-date\=8 December 2022 \|language\=en}} A trial can also be dismissed without completion. This has been done before in instances when officeholders resigned partway into an impeachment trial against them. The House and the Senate have both each once moved to dismiss impeachment proceedings against officials that resigned partway in to impeachment trials. The Senate did this in 1926 by dismissing the proceedings against Judge [George W. English](/wiki/George_W._English "George W. English"). The House did this by passing a [simple resolution](/wiki/Simple_resolution "Simple resolution") in 2009 to end the proceedings against Judge [Samuel B. Kent](/wiki/Samuel_B._Kent "Samuel B. Kent"). The House is not required to immediately transfer the articles of impeachment to the Senate after passage, and can deliberately postpone their transfer if the House desires to, thus delaying the initiation of a trial. Additional rules are agreed to before an impeachment trial. This includes rules governing significant details of the trial itself, such as whether witnesses will be permitted.{{cite web \|last1\=Edmondson \|first1\=Catie \|title\=Day in Impeachment: Senate Adopts Trial Rules \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2020/impeachment\-trial\-01\-21 \|website\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=18 December 2022 \|date\=21 January 2020}} This also includes guidelines governing the presence of news media within the Senate Chamber. The rules adopted regarding press coverage within the Senate chamber have differed between impeachment trials. This also includes mundane details, such as what beverages may be consumed by senators in the Senate Chamber during the trial. By obscure convention, this has tended to be limited to water, sparkling water, and milk.{{cite web \|last1\=Allyn \|first1\=Bobby \|title\=Got Impeachment Trial Milk? These Senators Do \|url\=https://www.npr.org/2020/01/22/798739821/got\-impeachment\-trial\-milk\-these\-senators\-do \|website\=NPR \|access\-date\=18 December 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=22 January 2020}}
[ "Rules\n-----", "[thumb\\|Proceedings during the 1905 impeachment trial of [Charles Swayne](/wiki/Charles_Swayne \"Charles Swayne\")](/wiki/File:Swayne-newspaper_impeachment_%28trial%29.jpg \"Swayne-newspaper impeachment (trial).jpg\")", "### Constitutional", "The Senate is granted the sole authority to try impeached individuals. Impeachment and impeachment trials are provided for by section four of [Article Two of the United States Constitution](/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution \"Article Two of the United States Constitution\"). Impeachment trials are further outlined in section three, clause six of [Article One of the United States Constitution](/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution \"Article One of the United States Constitution\").", "The Constitution requires that a [two\\-thirds majority](/wiki/Two-thirds_majority \"Two-thirds majority\") vote \"guilty\" in order for an individual to be convicted and removed from office. There is no process provided to appeal an impeachment verdict. The Constitution also specifies that, after a conviction, the Senate may vote to additionally bar an individual from again holding federal office. The majority needed for this second matter is not specified by the Constitution, and the Senate has, in practice, used a simple majority vote for this.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Leonhardt \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=The Disqualification Question \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/briefing/trump\\-impeachment\\-plane\\-crash\\-florida\\-coronavirus.html \\|website\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2022 \\|date\\=11 January 2021}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Millhiser \\|first1\\=Ian \\|title\\=How Congress can permanently disqualify Trump from office after impeachment \\|url\\=https://www.vox.com/22220495/impeachment\\-trump\\-2024\\-election\\-bar\\-from\\-office \\|website\\=Vox \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=8 January 2021}}", "The Constitution does not elaborate on specifications on the workings of an impeachment trial. Its only further specifications are that the chief justice of the United States presides over presidential impeachment trials, and that each senator must swear an oath. Therefore, the remainder of the mechanics of impeachment trials are left to the determination of the Senate itself.{{cite web \\|title\\=How does an American impeachment trial work? \\|url\\=https://www.economist.com/the\\-economist\\-explains/2021/02/08/how\\-does\\-an\\-american\\-impeachment\\-trial\\-work \\|website\\=The Economist \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2022 \\|date\\=February 18, 2021}}", "### Senate\\-adopted rules", "#### Early Senate trials", "[thumb\\|Senate convened for the 2024 [impeachment trial of Alejandro Mayorkas](/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Alejandro_Mayorkas \"Impeachment trial of Alejandro Mayorkas\")](/wiki/File:Impeachment_trial_of_Alejandro_Mayorkas_%28April_17%2C_2024%29_17.png \"Impeachment trial of Alejandro Mayorkas (April 17, 2024) 17.png\")\nThe first two impeachment trials in United States history (those of [William Blount](/wiki/William_Blount \"William Blount\") and [John Pickering](/wiki/John_Pickering_%28judge%29 \"John Pickering (judge)\")) had each had their own individual set of rules. The nineteen rules established for [the trial](/wiki/Impeachment_of_Samuel_Chase \"Impeachment of Samuel Chase\") of [Samuel Chase](/wiki/Samuel_Chase \"Samuel Chase\") appear also to have been used for the later trials of [James H. Peck](/wiki/James_H._Peck \"James H. Peck\") and [West Hughes Humphreys](/wiki/West_Hughes_Humphreys \"West Hughes Humphreys\").", "#### Rules in use since 1868", "The exact language of the rules used for previous trials could not be utilized for [1868 impeachment trial](/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson \"Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson\") of President [Andrew Johnson](/wiki/Andrew_Johnson \"Andrew Johnson\") because those rules used wording specific to a trial being presided over by an officer of the Senate (as had been the case for all previous impeachment trials), while the Constitution stipulated that impeachments trials for incumbent presidents are to be presided over by the chief justice of the United States.{{cite web \\|title\\=Impeachment! \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/85482916 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com \\|publisher\\=The Pittsburgh Daily Commercial \\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|date\\=29 February 1868}} Because of this, a [select committee](/wiki/Select_or_special_committee_%28United_States_Congress%29 \"Select or special committee (United States Congress)\") of senators was tasked with developing rules to be used in the impeachment trial of Johnson. The select committee decided that they would create permanent rules that would be used for any future impeachments, declaring it to be, \"proper to report general rules for the trial of all impeachments\".{{cite web \\|title\\=The Impeachment Process in the Senate \\|url\\=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46185 \\|website\\=crsreports.congress.gov \\|publisher\\=Congressional Research Service \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2022 \\|date\\=January 27, 2021}} Indeed, since 1868, impeachment trials in the U.S. Senate have been governed by the rules created for the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, known as the \"Rules of Procedure and Practice in the Senate when Sitting on Impeachment Trials\". Very few changes have been made to these rules since 1868\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Senate Rules Established in 1868 Form Basis for Impeachment Proceedings \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/26/us/senate\\-rules\\-established\\-in\\-1868\\-form\\-basis\\-for\\-impeachment\\-proceedings.html \\|website\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2022 \\|date\\=26 December 1998}} The rules were not altered until after the 1935 impeachment trial of [Harold Louderback](/wiki/Harold_Louderback \"Harold Louderback\"), when a single rule change was made. In the 1970s, the [Senate Committee on Rules and Administration](/wiki/Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration \"Senate Committee on Rules and Administration\") explored the possibly of altering the rules in advance of an anticipated impeachment trial that might have resulted from the [impeachment process against Richard Nixon](/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon \"Impeachment process against Richard Nixon\"), but after to [Nixon resigned](/wiki/Resignation_of_Richard_Nixon \"Resignation of Richard Nixon\") without being impeached and convicted, this was momentarily abandoned. The rule changes explored in the 1970s were not adopted until the Senate acted upon a further recommendation to adopt them in 1986\\. No further changes have been made since to the rules outlined for the Johnson trial.", "Among other things, the rules specify what oaths must be said and the order certain events are to occur in. However, many important matters are left unspecified by these rules.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Hurd \\|first1\\=Hilary \\|title\\=As Donald Trump's impeachment process moves to the Senate, here's how it will all work \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/12/20/donald\\-trump\\-impeachment\\-trial\\-rules\\-how\\-to\\-column/2697018001/ \\|website\\=USA TODAY \\|access\\-date\\=13 December 2022 \\|date\\=December 20, 2019}}", "The Senate rules states that, as soon as impeachment managers are appointed, the Senate must \"immediately\" receive them.", "The impeached official may appear in person at their trial. They may, alternatively, opt not to appear in person at their trial, instead being represented solely through counsel.", "##### Rule XI", "[thumb\\|Impeached Judge [Thomas Porteous](/wiki/Thomas_Porteous \"Thomas Porteous\") (left) watches House impeachment manager Adam Schiff argue before a Rule XI trial committee in September 2010](/wiki/File:Porteous_and_schiff.jpg \"Porteous and schiff.jpg\")", "Rule XI, allowing for the appointment of \"Rule XI committees\" was adopted by the Senate in 1934 as a [simple resolution](/wiki/Simple_resolution \"Simple resolution\") offered by Senator [Henry F. Ashurst](/wiki/Henry_F._Ashurst \"Henry F. Ashurst\"). Rule XI states, {{Blockquote\\|That in the trial of any impeachment the Presiding Officer of the Senate, if the Senate so orders, shall appoint a committee of senators to receive evidence and take testimony at such times and places as the committee may determine.}}", "This rule change was motivated by the 1933 impeachment trial of Judge [Harold Louderback](/wiki/Harold_Louderback \"Harold Louderback\"), which highlighted the difficulties that could be brought by requiring a [plenary session](/wiki/Plenary_session \"Plenary session\") of the senate for all aspects of a lengthy impeachment trial during a busy legislative period.{{cite web \\|title\\=U.S. Senate: About Impeachment {{!}} Historical Overview \\|url\\=https://www.senate.gov/about/powers\\-procedures/impeachment/overview.htm \\|publisher\\=United States Senate Historical Office \\|website\\=www.senate.gov}}", "The constitutionality of this rule change was called into question by some senators soon after its passage, motivating the Senate to opt against using a rule committee for the 1936 impeachment trial of Judge [Halsted L. Ritter](/wiki/Halsted_L._Ritter \"Halsted L. Ritter\"). Its constitutionality was tested by the [Supreme Court of the United States](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\") in the 1993 *[Nixon v. United States](/wiki/Nixon_v._United_States \"Nixon v. United States\")* case, arising from the 1989 impeachment trial of Walter Nixon, in which the Supreme Court upheld the United States Senate's authority to determine its own procedures, which includes its decision to opt for use of Rule XI trial committees.", "### Other matters", "[thumb\\|Illustration of the Senate Chamber during the 1868 impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson](/wiki/File:The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%281%29.jpg \"The Senate as a Court of Impeachment for the Trial of Andrew Johnson (1).jpg\")", "There are no standard rules of evidence adopted by the Senate to be used for impeachment trials. Therefore, the presiding officer has authority to rule on evidentiary question. Alternatively, the presiding officer may put evidentiary questions to a vote by senators, or an individual senator may make a [motion](/wiki/Motion_%28parliamentary_procedure%29 \"Motion (parliamentary procedure)\") for the senators to hold such a vote.{{cite web \\|title\\=Impeachment and Removal \\|url\\=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44260 \\|website\\=Congressional Research Service \\|publisher\\=crsreports.congress.gov \\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|date\\=October 29, 2015}}", "An impeachment trial can be [adjourned *sine die*](/wiki/Adjournment_sine_die \"Adjournment sine die\") at any time by a simple majority vote, effectively ending a trial without completion. This occurred in the 1868 impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, with the Senate adjourning *sine die* without voting on all of the articles of impeachment.", "There is an argument that the Senate could hold a \"[summary](/wiki/Summary_judgment \"Summary judgment\") trial\", reaching their judgment without holding a full trial or hearing evidence. In 1986, the impeachment managers for the trial of Judge Harry E. Claiborne argued that this would be permissible. However, the impeachment managers for the 1999 [impeachment trial of Bill Clinton](/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Bill_Clinton \"Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton\") argued that it would not be allowed. In 1999, Senator (and future president) [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\") published a [memorandum](/wiki/Memorandum \"Memorandum\") laying out an argument that the Senate has the right to reach a judgment in this manner.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Biden \\|first1\\=Joe \\|title\\=The Senate need not hold a \"full blown\" trial \\|url\\=https://static.politico.com/1e/c3/c1f5b0e64288babbba06da2e401a/0247\\-001\\.pdf \\|website\\=static.politico.com \\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2022 \\|date\\=January 5, 1999}} This precedent was cited in the Senate's decision to commence with the second impeachment trial of Donald Trump after he had already left office.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Montanaro \\|first1\\=Domenico \\|title\\=Senate Acquits Trump In Impeachment Trial — Again \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/sections/trump\\-impeachment\\-trial\\-live\\-updates/2021/02/13/967098840/senate\\-acquits\\-trump\\-in\\-impeachment\\-trial\\-again \\|website\\=NPR \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=13 February 2021}}", "In 2021, [University of Alabama School of Law](/wiki/University_of_Alabama_School_of_Law \"University of Alabama School of Law\") professor Ronald Krotoszynski wrote an article in *[Politico](/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")* opining that it is possible for the Senate to end the argument phase of an impeachment trial early and move instead to closing arguments if it took a majority vote in favor of a motion to do so. He likened it to a motion for [summary judgement](/wiki/Summary_judgement \"Summary judgement\") in a civil court.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Krotoszynski \\|first1\\=Ronald \\|title\\=How the Senate Could Speed Up the Impeachment Trial \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/01/13/senate\\-impeachment\\-trial\\-biden\\-presidency\\-shorten\\-459052 \\|website\\=Politico \\|access\\-date\\=5 January 2024 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=13 January 2021}}", "The Senate has, by majority votes, multiple times judged that an individual impeached while in office can still be subjected to a trial, conviction, and the penalty of disqualification even after they leave office.{{cite web \\|title\\=ArtII.S4\\.1 Overview of Impeachment Clause \\|url\\=https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artII\\-S4\\-1/ALDE\\_00000282/ \\|website\\=constitution.congress.gov \\|publisher\\=United States Congress \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2022}} Both the Senate and the House have, in the past, judged themselves to be able to utilize their impeachment authorities on former officeholders. The principal precedent for both impeaching a former officeholder and for holding an impeachment trial of a former officeholder is the impeachment and impeachment trial of [William W. Belknap](/wiki/William_W._Belknap \"William W. Belknap\"), who had resigned as Secretary of War hours before he was impeached in 1876\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Cole \\|first1\\= Jared P. \\|last2\\= Garvey \\|first2\\=Todd \\|title\\=The Impeachment and Trial of a Former President \\|url\\=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10565 \\|website\\=crsreports.congress.gov \\|publisher\\=Congressional Research Office \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2022 \\|date\\=January 15, 2021}}{{cite web \\|title\\=U.S. Senate: Impeachment Trial of Secretary of War William Belknap, 1876 \\|url\\=https://www.senate.gov/about/powers\\-procedures/impeachment/impeachment\\-belknap.htm \\|website\\=www.senate.gov \\|publisher\\=United States Senate Historical Office \\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2022}} Many scholars have argued that if impeachment could not apply to former officeholders, then the Senate's power to disqualify individuals from holding future federal office through an impeachment process would be greatly weakened, as there would be a loophole of resigning before this sentence is imposed by the Senate.", "Since the Constitution only gives the Senate the power to try an impeached individual, and does not require them to do so, it is possible for the Senate to forgo holding a trial of an impeached individual.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Williams \\|first1\\=Pete \\|last2\\=Moe \\|first2\\=Alex \\|last3\\=Thorp V \\|first3\\=Frank \\|title\\=What is impeachment and how does it work? 10 facts to know. \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/what\\-impeachment\\-how\\-does\\-it\\-work\\-10\\-facts\\-know\\-n1072451 \\|website\\=NBC News \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=October 31, 2019}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Bauer \\|first1\\=Bob \\|title\\=Can the Senate Decline to Try an Impeachment Case? \\|url\\=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/can\\-senate\\-decline\\-try\\-impeachment\\-case \\|website\\=Lawfare \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=21 January 2019}}", "Since the Senate does not need to hold an impeachment trial after a House impeachment, it can also choose not to hold trials in instances where individuals resigned following impeachment. Of the twenty\\-one individuals to be impeached by the United States House of Representatives, only [Mark W. Delahay](/wiki/Mark_W._Delahay \"Mark W. Delahay\") did not face a trial, as the Senate decided not to hold a trial into him after he resigned his office following his impeachment by the House.{{cite web \\|title\\=List of Individuals Impeached by the House of Representatives {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art \\& Archives \\|url\\=https://history.house.gov/Institution/Impeachment/Impeachment\\-List/ \\|website\\=history.house.gov \\|publisher\\=and Office of the Historian of the United States House of Representatives and Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives \\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2022 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Chapter LXXIX. IMPEACHMENT PROCEEDINGS NOT RESULTING IN TRIAL. \\|url\\=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO\\-HPREC\\-HINDS\\-V3/pdf/GPO\\-HPREC\\-HINDS\\-V3\\-28\\.pdf \\|website\\=www.govinfo.gov \\|publisher\\=Government Publishing Office \\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2022}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Price \\|first1\\=Anna \\|title\\=Research Guides: Federal Impeachment: Samuel B. Kent \\|url\\=https://guides.loc.gov/federal\\-impeachment/samuel\\-kent \\|website\\=guides.loc.gov \\|publisher\\=Library of Congress \\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2022 \\|language\\=en}} A trial can also be dismissed without completion. This has been done before in instances when officeholders resigned partway into an impeachment trial against them. The House and the Senate have both each once moved to dismiss impeachment proceedings against officials that resigned partway in to impeachment trials. The Senate did this in 1926 by dismissing the proceedings against Judge [George W. English](/wiki/George_W._English \"George W. English\"). The House did this by passing a [simple resolution](/wiki/Simple_resolution \"Simple resolution\") in 2009 to end the proceedings against Judge [Samuel B. Kent](/wiki/Samuel_B._Kent \"Samuel B. Kent\").", "The House is not required to immediately transfer the articles of impeachment to the Senate after passage, and can deliberately postpone their transfer if the House desires to, thus delaying the initiation of a trial.", "Additional rules are agreed to before an impeachment trial. This includes rules governing significant details of the trial itself, such as whether witnesses will be permitted.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Edmondson \\|first1\\=Catie \\|title\\=Day in Impeachment: Senate Adopts Trial Rules \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2020/impeachment\\-trial\\-01\\-21 \\|website\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2022 \\|date\\=21 January 2020}} This also includes guidelines governing the presence of news media within the Senate Chamber. The rules adopted regarding press coverage within the Senate chamber have differed between impeachment trials. This also includes mundane details, such as what beverages may be consumed by senators in the Senate Chamber during the trial. By obscure convention, this has tended to be limited to water, sparkling water, and milk.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Allyn \\|first1\\=Bobby \\|title\\=Got Impeachment Trial Milk? These Senators Do \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2020/01/22/798739821/got\\-impeachment\\-trial\\-milk\\-these\\-senators\\-do \\|website\\=NPR \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=22 January 2020}}", "" ]
Proceedings of an impeachment trial under current conventions ------------------------------------------------------------- Minimal guidance is provided by the Constitution as to events in trials and their order other than the stipulation for an oath to be taken by senators and the stipulation that a vote on whether to disqualify an official from holding federal office again may only be held after a successful vote to convict. Nevertheless, impeachment trials have taken a standard form with several stages. Some of this structure arises directly from the rules that have been utilized for United States federal impeachment trials since the 1868 impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, while others arise from informal convention. ### Initial actions by the House and Senate [thumb\|The Senate hears Congressmen [John Bingham](/wiki/John_Bingham "John Bingham") and [Thaddeus Stevens](/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens "Thaddeus Stevens") inform them of the [impeachment of Andrew Johnson](/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson "Impeachment of Andrew Johnson")](/wiki/File:Formal_notice_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson%2C_by_the_House_Committee%2C_Thaddeus_Stevens_and_John_A._Bingham%2C_at_the_bar_of_the_Senate%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_on_the_25th_Feb._LCCN2002697737_%281%29.jpg "Formal notice of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, by the House Committee, Thaddeus Stevens and John A. Bingham, at the bar of the Senate, Washington, D.C., on the 25th Feb. LCCN2002697737 (1).jpg") [thumb\|[Secretary of the Senate](/wiki/Secretary_of_the_United_States_Senate "Secretary of the United States Senate") [Julie E. Adams](/wiki/Julie_E._Adams "Julie E. Adams") (left) and Senator [Patrick Leahy](/wiki/Patrick_Leahy "Patrick Leahy") signing the [summons](/wiki/Summons "Summons") for the [second impeachment trial of Donald Trump](/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump "Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump")](/wiki/File:Patrick_Leahy_signs_summons_for_the_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump_02.jpg "Patrick Leahy signs summons for the impeachment trial of Donald Trump 02.jpg") After an impeachment is adopted in the House, the House appoints the impeachment managers. After the House has impeached an official, they also send the Senate notification of this action. The Senate, after receiving this notification, then adopts an order informing the House that it is prepared to receive the impeachment managers. Next, the impeachment managers appear before the bar of the Senate and exhibit the articles of impeachment, transferring the articles to the Senate. After this, the managers return to the House and make a verbal report there. ### Ceremonial start and continued steps [thumb\|Senator [Chuck Grassley](/wiki/Chuck_Grassley "Chuck Grassley") (left) administers the oath to Chief Justice [John Roberts](/wiki/John_Roberts "John Roberts") to serve as presiding officer of the [first impeachment trial of Donald Trump](/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump "First impeachment trial of Donald Trump")](/wiki/File:Senator_Chuck_Grassley_administers_the_oath_of_office_to_Chief_Justice_John_Roberts.jpg "Senator Chuck Grassley administers the oath of office to Chief Justice John Roberts.jpg") A federal impeachment trial ceremonial starts with the House impeachment managers presenting to the Senate the [articles of impeachment](/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment "Articles of impeachment") which the official will be tried on by reading them. After this, the presiding officer takes their oath for the trial, and then proceeds to provide the [juror's oath](/wiki/Juror%27s_oath "Juror's oath") to the senators.{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Amber \|title\=Analysis {{!}} How a Senate impeachment trial works \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/01/15/impeachment\-trial\-process/ \|website\=Washington Post \|access\-date\=9 December 2022 \|date\=January 15, 2020}} The Senate will issue a [writ](/wiki/Writ "Writ") of [summons](/wiki/Summons "Summons") to the impeached official. They will also request that a written [answer](/wiki/Answer_%28law%29 "Answer (law)") be filed. After the oaths are sworn and summons are issued, details for the trial proceedings may be hammered out and procedural work might be undertaken for several days. Senators may set additional rules specific to the trial itself. Documentation provided by both the defense and prosecution are also distributed to senators. Before the argument stage beings, the Senate might hold a vote to formally approve of rules to be used for the trial. ### Pleading stage In the [pleading](/wiki/Pleading "Pleading") stage, on the date specified by the Senate in the writ of summons, the impeached official is to appear either in person to plead or be represented by counsel that will provide a plea on their behalf. The impeached official and their counsel may also demur, arguing that the impeached official is not a civil official that can be subject to an impeachment, or argue that there are not sufficient grounds for impeachment in the articles brought against them. The impeached official may answer the articles brought against them. The House impeachment managers are also permitted to provide a response to such an answer. After the pleading stage, a date will be set for the formal trial to begin. ### Argument stage [thumb\|[Benjamin Butler](/wiki/Benjamin_Butler "Benjamin Butler") delivering the House managers' opening arguments during the 1868 impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson](/wiki/File:Gen._Benjamin_F._Butler%2C_Delivering_the_Opening_Speech%2C_As_One_of_the_Managers_of_Impeachment%2C_At_the_Impeachment_Trial%2C_In_the_Senate_Chamber%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._%281%29.png "Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, Delivering the Opening Speech, As One of the Managers of Impeachment, At the Impeachment Trial, In the Senate Chamber, Washington, D.C. (1).png") The formal trial begins with an argument stage. Senators are prohibited from speaking during the argument stage. To start the argument stage, [opening statements](/wiki/Opening_statement "Opening statement") are presented by both the prosecution and the defense, with the prosecution (represented by the House managers) delivering their opening argument first. After opening statements, each side presents their full case. There are not specified rules as to which side is supposed to present their full case first. Evidence may be presented and witnesses might be [examined](/wiki/Direct_examination "Direct examination") and [cross\-examined](/wiki/Cross-examined "Cross-examined"), with the Senate deciding on whether to allow this. [thumb\|A question for the House managers of the first impeachment trial of Donald Trump prepared by Senator [Chris Murphy](/wiki/Chris_Murphy "Chris Murphy")](/wiki/File:Chris_Murphy%27s_question_to_House_Managers.jpg "Chris Murphy's question to House Managers.jpg") After arguments are first presented, senators have an opportunity to present written questions to the representation of the two parties to the trial (the prosecution and the defense). Senators are prohibited from speaking during the questioning stage, so their questions are given to the presiding officer who reads aloud the question to the parties on the senators' behalf. After the questioning stage, further evidence might be brought in and witnesses might be brought in to provide testimony. The Senate may, alternatively, vote to end this part of the trial without allowing for this. ### Closing arguments [Closing arguments](/wiki/Closing_argument "Closing argument") are presented by both the prosecution and the defense. The House managers, representing the prosecution, will both open and close the final argument stage. After the closing arguments, the Senate might opt to vote for senators to hold [closed\-door](/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate "Closed sessions of the United States Senate") deliberations in which they will debate among themselves. ### Verdict [thumb\|Illustration of the Senate recording the vote of [Edmund G. Ross](/wiki/Edmund_G._Ross "Edmund G. Ross") on the tenth article of impeachment during the 1868 impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson](/wiki/File:Vote_on_the_Impeachment_of_President_Johnson%2C_1868_%281%29.jpg "Vote on the Impeachment of President Johnson, 1868 (1).jpg") The verdict ("judgment of the Senate") is delivered in open session. It is possible that, before the Senate would proceed to vote on whether to convict, a senator might motion to introduce a resolution to [censure](/wiki/Censure "Censure") the official. The reason for presenting such a resolution would be to provide an alternative means for the Senate to express dismay about wrongdoings without convicting and removing an official from office. When the Senate then votes on the verdict, they first vote on whether to convict. Conviction requires a [two\-thirds majority](/wiki/Two-thirds_majority "Two-thirds majority"). Regardless of the number of articles of impeachment that are being tried, conviction on a single article triggers a removal from office for an incumbent officeholder. If a conviction occurs, the Senate then has the option of holding an additional vote as to whether to ban the official from holding federal office again, which only requires a simple majority. A vote to ban, however, cannot be held unless a conviction has first passed the two\-thirds majority threshold. The Senate does not always vote on each article of impeachment. For example: in the 1868 impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, the Senate voted on only three of the eleven articles of impeachment before adjourning *sine die*.{{cite journal \|last1\=Mushkat \|first1\=Jerome \|title\=The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: A Contemporary View \|journal\=New York History \|date\=1967 \|volume\=48 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=275–286 \|jstor\=23162954 \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23162954 \|access\-date\=6 April 2022 \|issn\=0146\-437X}} ### Closing procedures A trial ends with procedural motions. After the close of the trial, senators are given an opportunity to deliver speeches.
[ "Proceedings of an impeachment trial under current conventions\n-------------------------------------------------------------", "Minimal guidance is provided by the Constitution as to events in trials and their order other than the stipulation for an oath to be taken by senators and the stipulation that a vote on whether to disqualify an official from holding federal office again may only be held after a successful vote to convict. Nevertheless, impeachment trials have taken a standard form with several stages. Some of this structure arises directly from the rules that have been utilized for United States federal impeachment trials since the 1868 impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, while others arise from informal convention.", "### Initial actions by the House and Senate", "[thumb\\|The Senate hears Congressmen [John Bingham](/wiki/John_Bingham \"John Bingham\") and [Thaddeus Stevens](/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens \"Thaddeus Stevens\") inform them of the [impeachment of Andrew Johnson](/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson \"Impeachment of Andrew Johnson\")](/wiki/File:Formal_notice_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson%2C_by_the_House_Committee%2C_Thaddeus_Stevens_and_John_A._Bingham%2C_at_the_bar_of_the_Senate%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_on_the_25th_Feb._LCCN2002697737_%281%29.jpg \"Formal notice of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, by the House Committee, Thaddeus Stevens and John A. Bingham, at the bar of the Senate, Washington, D.C., on the 25th Feb. LCCN2002697737 (1).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Secretary of the Senate](/wiki/Secretary_of_the_United_States_Senate \"Secretary of the United States Senate\") [Julie E. Adams](/wiki/Julie_E._Adams \"Julie E. Adams\") (left) and Senator [Patrick Leahy](/wiki/Patrick_Leahy \"Patrick Leahy\") signing the [summons](/wiki/Summons \"Summons\") for the [second impeachment trial of Donald Trump](/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump \"Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump\")](/wiki/File:Patrick_Leahy_signs_summons_for_the_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump_02.jpg \"Patrick Leahy signs summons for the impeachment trial of Donald Trump 02.jpg\")", "After an impeachment is adopted in the House, the House appoints the impeachment managers.", "After the House has impeached an official, they also send the Senate notification of this action. The Senate, after receiving this notification, then adopts an order informing the House that it is prepared to receive the impeachment managers. Next, the impeachment managers appear before the bar of the Senate and exhibit the articles of impeachment, transferring the articles to the Senate. After this, the managers return to the House and make a verbal report there.", "### Ceremonial start and continued steps", "[thumb\\|Senator [Chuck Grassley](/wiki/Chuck_Grassley \"Chuck Grassley\") (left) administers the oath to Chief Justice [John Roberts](/wiki/John_Roberts \"John Roberts\") to serve as presiding officer of the [first impeachment trial of Donald Trump](/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump \"First impeachment trial of Donald Trump\")](/wiki/File:Senator_Chuck_Grassley_administers_the_oath_of_office_to_Chief_Justice_John_Roberts.jpg \"Senator Chuck Grassley administers the oath of office to Chief Justice John Roberts.jpg\")", "A federal impeachment trial ceremonial starts with the House impeachment managers presenting to the Senate the [articles of impeachment](/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment \"Articles of impeachment\") which the official will be tried on by reading them. After this, the presiding officer takes their oath for the trial, and then proceeds to provide the [juror's oath](/wiki/Juror%27s_oath \"Juror's oath\") to the senators.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Amber \\|title\\=Analysis {{!}} How a Senate impeachment trial works \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/01/15/impeachment\\-trial\\-process/ \\|website\\=Washington Post \\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2022 \\|date\\=January 15, 2020}} The Senate will issue a [writ](/wiki/Writ \"Writ\") of [summons](/wiki/Summons \"Summons\") to the impeached official. They will also request that a written [answer](/wiki/Answer_%28law%29 \"Answer (law)\") be filed.", "After the oaths are sworn and summons are issued, details for the trial proceedings may be hammered out and procedural work might be undertaken for several days. Senators may set additional rules specific to the trial itself. Documentation provided by both the defense and prosecution are also distributed to senators. Before the argument stage beings, the Senate might hold a vote to formally approve of rules to be used for the trial.", "### Pleading stage", "In the [pleading](/wiki/Pleading \"Pleading\") stage, on the date specified by the Senate in the writ of summons, the impeached official is to appear either in person to plead or be represented by counsel that will provide a plea on their behalf. The impeached official and their counsel may also demur, arguing that the impeached official is not a civil official that can be subject to an impeachment, or argue that there are not sufficient grounds for impeachment in the articles brought against them. The impeached official may answer the articles brought against them. The House impeachment managers are also permitted to provide a response to such an answer. After the pleading stage, a date will be set for the formal trial to begin.", "### Argument stage", "[thumb\\|[Benjamin Butler](/wiki/Benjamin_Butler \"Benjamin Butler\") delivering the House managers' opening arguments during the 1868 impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson](/wiki/File:Gen._Benjamin_F._Butler%2C_Delivering_the_Opening_Speech%2C_As_One_of_the_Managers_of_Impeachment%2C_At_the_Impeachment_Trial%2C_In_the_Senate_Chamber%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._%281%29.png \"Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, Delivering the Opening Speech, As One of the Managers of Impeachment, At the Impeachment Trial, In the Senate Chamber, Washington, D.C. (1).png\")", "The formal trial begins with an argument stage. Senators are prohibited from speaking during the argument stage. To start the argument stage, [opening statements](/wiki/Opening_statement \"Opening statement\") are presented by both the prosecution and the defense, with the prosecution (represented by the House managers) delivering their opening argument first. After opening statements, each side presents their full case. There are not specified rules as to which side is supposed to present their full case first. Evidence may be presented and witnesses might be [examined](/wiki/Direct_examination \"Direct examination\") and [cross\\-examined](/wiki/Cross-examined \"Cross-examined\"), with the Senate deciding on whether to allow this.", "[thumb\\|A question for the House managers of the first impeachment trial of Donald Trump prepared by Senator [Chris Murphy](/wiki/Chris_Murphy \"Chris Murphy\")](/wiki/File:Chris_Murphy%27s_question_to_House_Managers.jpg \"Chris Murphy's question to House Managers.jpg\")", "After arguments are first presented, senators have an opportunity to present written questions to the representation of the two parties to the trial (the prosecution and the defense). Senators are prohibited from speaking during the questioning stage, so their questions are given to the presiding officer who reads aloud the question to the parties on the senators' behalf.", "After the questioning stage, further evidence might be brought in and witnesses might be brought in to provide testimony. The Senate may, alternatively, vote to end this part of the trial without allowing for this.", "### Closing arguments", "[Closing arguments](/wiki/Closing_argument \"Closing argument\") are presented by both the prosecution and the defense. The House managers, representing the prosecution, will both open and close the final argument stage.", "After the closing arguments, the Senate might opt to vote for senators to hold [closed\\-door](/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate \"Closed sessions of the United States Senate\") deliberations in which they will debate among themselves.", "### Verdict", "[thumb\\|Illustration of the Senate recording the vote of [Edmund G. Ross](/wiki/Edmund_G._Ross \"Edmund G. Ross\") on the tenth article of impeachment during the 1868 impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson](/wiki/File:Vote_on_the_Impeachment_of_President_Johnson%2C_1868_%281%29.jpg \"Vote on the Impeachment of President Johnson, 1868 (1).jpg\")", "The verdict (\"judgment of the Senate\") is delivered in open session. It is possible that, before the Senate would proceed to vote on whether to convict, a senator might motion to introduce a resolution to [censure](/wiki/Censure \"Censure\") the official. The reason for presenting such a resolution would be to provide an alternative means for the Senate to express dismay about wrongdoings without convicting and removing an official from office.", "When the Senate then votes on the verdict, they first vote on whether to convict. Conviction requires a [two\\-thirds majority](/wiki/Two-thirds_majority \"Two-thirds majority\"). Regardless of the number of articles of impeachment that are being tried, conviction on a single article triggers a removal from office for an incumbent officeholder. If a conviction occurs, the Senate then has the option of holding an additional vote as to whether to ban the official from holding federal office again, which only requires a simple majority. A vote to ban, however, cannot be held unless a conviction has first passed the two\\-thirds majority threshold.", "The Senate does not always vote on each article of impeachment. For example: in the 1868 impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, the Senate voted on only three of the eleven articles of impeachment before adjourning *sine die*.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Mushkat \\|first1\\=Jerome \\|title\\=The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: A Contemporary View \\|journal\\=New York History \\|date\\=1967 \\|volume\\=48 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=275–286 \\|jstor\\=23162954 \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23162954 \\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2022 \\|issn\\=0146\\-437X}}", "### Closing procedures", "A trial ends with procedural motions. After the close of the trial, senators are given an opportunity to deliver speeches.", "" ]
Career ------ ### 2000–2001: Failed drugs test and doping suspension In April 2001, Chela was found to have failed a routine drugs test (in August 2000\) – testing positive for the banned [steroid](/wiki/Steroid "Steroid") [methyltestosterone](/wiki/Methyltestosterone "Methyltestosterone") – and was given a three\-month ban, as well as being made to forfeit all prize money and ranking points accumulated over the previous eight months since testing positive.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/3002932/Drug\-ban\-for\-Chela.html\|work\=The Telegraph\|title\=Drug Ban for Chela\|date\=9 April 2001\|author\=John Parsons}} ### 2004 In February, he reached the quarterfinals in Salvador, defeating [Flávio Saretta](/wiki/Fl%C3%A1vio_Saretta "Flávio Saretta") and [David Ferrer](/wiki/David_Ferrer "David Ferrer"), before falling to [Agustín Calleri](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Calleri "Agustín Calleri"), 3–6, 6–3, 3–6\. He won in doubles at Viña del Mar, partnering [Gastón Gaudio](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Gaudio "Gastón Gaudio"). At Acapulco and Indian Wells, he reached the quarterfinals, but lost to [Óscar Hernández Pérez](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Hern%C3%A1ndez_%28tennis%29 "Óscar Hernández (tennis)") and [Roger Federer](/wiki/Roger_Federer "Roger Federer"), respectively. In Acapulco, he also reached the final in doubles, partnering [Nicolás Massú](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Mass%C3%BA "Nicolás Massú"), but they lost to the Bryan brothers, 2–6, 3–6\. In April, Chela won in Estoril against [Marat Safin](/wiki/Marat_Safin "Marat Safin"), 6–7, 6–3, 6–3\. He also won in doubles, partnering [Gastón Gaudio](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Gaudio "Gastón Gaudio"). He reached the quarterfinals of the [French Open](/wiki/2004_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles "2004 French Open – Men's singles"), where he lost to [Tim Henman](/wiki/Tim_Henman "Tim Henman"), 2–6, 4–6, 4–6\. In doubles, he reached the quarterfinals in Rome, where he and [Guillermo Cañas](/wiki/Guillermo_Ca%C3%B1as "Guillermo Cañas") lost to the Bryan brothers, and in Hamburg, where he also partnered with Cañas. On August 9, 2004, he reached his career\-high singles ranking of world No. 15\. ### 2005 Chela (The Torino) was involved in a controversy during a third\-round loss to [Lleyton Hewitt](/wiki/Lleyton_Hewitt "Lleyton Hewitt") in the [Australian Open](/wiki/Australian_Open "Australian Open") in 2005, when he attempted to spit on Hewitt.{{cite web\|url\= https://www.gq.com/sports/profiles/200601/most\-hates\-athletes\|title\= Most Hated Athletes\|access\-date\= 2017\-09\-09\|archive\-date\= 2015\-06\-07\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150607184852/http://www.gq.com/sports/profiles/200601/most\-hates\-athletes\|url\-status\= dead}} ### 2006 As part of the [Argentine team](/wiki/Argentine_tennis "Argentine tennis") for the [Davis Cup](/wiki/Davis_Cup "Davis Cup"), he holds a record of six victories and four losses, the most important of his victories in April 2006, giving Argentina the third point to beat defending champions Croatia in the quarterfinals. ### 2007 In May 2007, he appeared in the quarterfinals of his sixth different Masters event at Rome, also his personal best showing, with wins over [Marc Gicquel](/wiki/Marc_Gicquel "Marc Gicquel"), [Igor Andreev](/wiki/Igor_Andreev "Igor Andreev"), and world No. 3 [Andy Roddick](/wiki/Andy_Roddick "Andy Roddick"), the latter being Chela's best victory since defeating No. 3 [Yevgeny Kafelnikov](/wiki/Yevgeny_Kafelnikov "Yevgeny Kafelnikov") in the second round in Mallorca in May 2000\. He also partnered [Pablo Cuevas](/wiki/Pablo_Cuevas "Pablo Cuevas") in doubles, reaching the quarterfinals in Barcelona, where they lost to the Bryan brothers 1–6, 2–6\. In July, he reached the semifinals in Stuttgart, where he lost to [Stan Wawrinka](/wiki/Stan_Wawrinka "Stan Wawrinka"), 7–6, 4–6, 1–6\. He reached the quarterfinals of the [US Open](/wiki/2007_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles "2007 US Open – Men's singles"), but lost to David Ferrer, 2–6, 3–6, 5–7\. In October, he reached the quarter\-finals in Vienna, where he lost to [Novak Djokovic](/wiki/Novak_Djokovic "Novak Djokovic"), 3–6, 7–5, 6–7\. He also reached the semifinals in doubles, partnering [Fernando González](/wiki/Fernando_Gonz%C3%A1lez "Fernando González"). ### 2008 In February, he reached the semifinals in Buenos Aires, only to lose to [David Nalbandian](/wiki/David_Nalbandian "David Nalbandian"), 1–6, 2–6\. In April, he reached the quarterfinals in Barcelona, where he lost to [Rafael Nadal](/wiki/Rafael_Nadal "Rafael Nadal"), 4–6, 2–6\. ### 2009 In 2009, Chela played mostly Challenger tournaments, although he did reach the quarterfinals in Viña del Mar, where he lost to [Tommy Robredo](/wiki/Tommy_Robredo "Tommy Robredo") 6–0, 3–6, 4–6\. ### 2010 In 2010, Chela won the US Men's Clay Court Championship in Houston, beating [Sam Querrey](/wiki/Sam_Querrey "Sam Querrey") 5–7, 6–4, 6–3, for his first ATP Tour championship in over three years. After he beat [Rajeev Ram](/wiki/Rajeev_Ram "Rajeev Ram") in straight sets, Chela won a controversial three\-set second\-round match, in which fellow countryman [Eduardo Schwank](/wiki/Eduardo_Schwank "Eduardo Schwank") was fined for his use of tactics when injured. Chela then beat defending champion Lleyton Hewitt and another Argentine [Horacio Zeballos](/wiki/Horacio_Zeballos "Horacio Zeballos") in straight sets to reach the final. Also in 2010, Chela won the [BCR Open Romania](/wiki/2010_BCR_Open_Romania "2010 BCR Open Romania") in [singles](/wiki/2010_BCR_Open_Romania_%E2%80%93_Singles "2010 BCR Open Romania – Singles"), defeating [Pablo Andújar](/wiki/Pablo_And%C3%BAjar "Pablo Andújar") in the final 7–5, 6–1, and [doubles](/wiki/2010_BCR_Open_Romania_%E2%80%93_Doubles "2010 BCR Open Romania – Doubles") partnering [Łukasz Kubot](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Kubot "Łukasz Kubot").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.canchallena.com/1308620\-chela\-quiero\-meterme\-en\-el\-top–30\-y\-volver\-a\-la\-\-davis\|title\=Chela: "Quiero meterme en el top 30 y volver a la Copa Davis"\|newspaper\=\[\[La Nación\|Cancha Llena]]\|language\=es\|date\=2010\-09\-26\|access\-date\=2010\-09\-26 }} The singles title was his sixth career [ATP World Tour](/wiki/ATP_World_Tour "ATP World Tour") victory. ### 2011 [thumb\|right\|Chela at the [2012 French Open](/wiki/2012_French_Open "2012 French Open")](/wiki/File:Juan_Ignacio_Chela.jpg "Juan Ignacio Chela.jpg") He reached the quarterfinals in Vienna and Santiago, and the semifinals in Costa do Sauipe, where he lost to [Nicolás Almagro](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Almagro "Nicolás Almagro") 6–1, 2–6, 4–6\. He reached the final in Buenos Aires, where he again lost to Almagro, 3–6, 6–3, 4–6\. In doubles, he reached the semifinals in Santiago, partnering [Santiago González](/wiki/Santiago_Gonz%C3%A1lez_%28tennis%29 "Santiago González (tennis)"). In April, he reached the final in doubles in Monte Carlo, partnering [Bruno Soares](/wiki/Bruno_Soares "Bruno Soares"), but they lost to the Bryan brothers, 3–6, 2–6\. He reached the quarterfinals of the [French Open](/wiki/2011_French_Open "2011 French Open"), where he lost to [Andy Murray](/wiki/Andy_Murray "Andy Murray"), 6–7, 5–7, 2–6\. In August, he reached the semifinals in Kitzbühel, where he lost to [Albert Montañés](/wiki/Albert_Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9s "Albert Montañés"), 2–6, 4–7\. He reached his career\-high doubles ranking of world No. 32 on 6 June 2011\. At the [US Open](/wiki/2011_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2011 US Open (tennis)"), he made the third round, where he was defeated by young American [Donald Young](/wiki/Donald_Young_%28tennis%29 "Donald Young (tennis)"), 7–5, 6–4, 6–3\. His trainer and fitness coach (and also a close friend) is Fernando Gonzáles. ### 2012 Chela did not make any ATP Tour finals in 2012, either in singles or in doubles. He did reach the third round of Wimbledon doubles, along with his partner [Eduardo Schwank](/wiki/Eduardo_Schwank "Eduardo Schwank"), losing to [Daniele Bracciali](/wiki/Daniele_Bracciali "Daniele Bracciali") and [Julian Knowle](/wiki/Julian_Knowle "Julian Knowle"), 5–7, 5–7, 1–6\. He also reached the singles semifinals in Viña del Mar, where he lost to [Carlos Berlocq](/wiki/Carlos_Berlocq "Carlos Berlocq"), 3–6, 6–4, 0–6\. He also reached the doubles semifinals in Acapulco with Schwank.
[ "Career\n------", "### 2000–2001: Failed drugs test and doping suspension", "In April 2001, Chela was found to have failed a routine drugs test (in August 2000\\) – testing positive for the banned [steroid](/wiki/Steroid \"Steroid\") [methyltestosterone](/wiki/Methyltestosterone \"Methyltestosterone\") – and was given a three\\-month ban, as well as being made to forfeit all prize money and ranking points accumulated over the previous eight months since testing positive.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/3002932/Drug\\-ban\\-for\\-Chela.html\\|work\\=The Telegraph\\|title\\=Drug Ban for Chela\\|date\\=9 April 2001\\|author\\=John Parsons}}", "### 2004", "In February, he reached the quarterfinals in Salvador, defeating [Flávio Saretta](/wiki/Fl%C3%A1vio_Saretta \"Flávio Saretta\") and [David Ferrer](/wiki/David_Ferrer \"David Ferrer\"), before falling to [Agustín Calleri](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Calleri \"Agustín Calleri\"), 3–6, 6–3, 3–6\\. He won in doubles at Viña del Mar, partnering [Gastón Gaudio](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Gaudio \"Gastón Gaudio\").", "At Acapulco and Indian Wells, he reached the quarterfinals, but lost to [Óscar Hernández Pérez](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Hern%C3%A1ndez_%28tennis%29 \"Óscar Hernández (tennis)\") and [Roger Federer](/wiki/Roger_Federer \"Roger Federer\"), respectively. In Acapulco, he also reached the final in doubles, partnering [Nicolás Massú](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Mass%C3%BA \"Nicolás Massú\"), but they lost to the Bryan brothers, 2–6, 3–6\\.", "In April, Chela won in Estoril against [Marat Safin](/wiki/Marat_Safin \"Marat Safin\"), 6–7, 6–3, 6–3\\. He also won in doubles, partnering [Gastón Gaudio](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Gaudio \"Gastón Gaudio\").", "He reached the quarterfinals of the [French Open](/wiki/2004_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles \"2004 French Open – Men's singles\"), where he lost to [Tim Henman](/wiki/Tim_Henman \"Tim Henman\"), 2–6, 4–6, 4–6\\. In doubles, he reached the quarterfinals in Rome, where he and [Guillermo Cañas](/wiki/Guillermo_Ca%C3%B1as \"Guillermo Cañas\") lost to the Bryan brothers, and in Hamburg, where he also partnered with Cañas.", "On August 9, 2004, he reached his career\\-high singles ranking of world No. 15\\.", "### 2005", "Chela (The Torino) was involved in a controversy during a third\\-round loss to [Lleyton Hewitt](/wiki/Lleyton_Hewitt \"Lleyton Hewitt\") in the [Australian Open](/wiki/Australian_Open \"Australian Open\") in 2005, when he attempted to spit on Hewitt.{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.gq.com/sports/profiles/200601/most\\-hates\\-athletes\\|title\\= Most Hated Athletes\\|access\\-date\\= 2017\\-09\\-09\\|archive\\-date\\= 2015\\-06\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150607184852/http://www.gq.com/sports/profiles/200601/most\\-hates\\-athletes\\|url\\-status\\= dead}}", "### 2006", "As part of the [Argentine team](/wiki/Argentine_tennis \"Argentine tennis\") for the [Davis Cup](/wiki/Davis_Cup \"Davis Cup\"), he holds a record of six victories and four losses, the most important of his victories in April 2006, giving Argentina the third point to beat defending champions Croatia in the quarterfinals.", "### 2007", "In May 2007, he appeared in the quarterfinals of his sixth different Masters event at Rome, also his personal best showing, with wins over [Marc Gicquel](/wiki/Marc_Gicquel \"Marc Gicquel\"), [Igor Andreev](/wiki/Igor_Andreev \"Igor Andreev\"), and world No. 3 [Andy Roddick](/wiki/Andy_Roddick \"Andy Roddick\"), the latter being Chela's best victory since defeating No. 3 [Yevgeny Kafelnikov](/wiki/Yevgeny_Kafelnikov \"Yevgeny Kafelnikov\") in the second round in Mallorca in May 2000\\. He also partnered [Pablo Cuevas](/wiki/Pablo_Cuevas \"Pablo Cuevas\") in doubles, reaching the quarterfinals in Barcelona, where they lost to the Bryan brothers 1–6, 2–6\\.", "In July, he reached the semifinals in Stuttgart, where he lost to [Stan Wawrinka](/wiki/Stan_Wawrinka \"Stan Wawrinka\"), 7–6, 4–6, 1–6\\.", "He reached the quarterfinals of the [US Open](/wiki/2007_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles \"2007 US Open – Men's singles\"), but lost to David Ferrer, 2–6, 3–6, 5–7\\.", "In October, he reached the quarter\\-finals in Vienna, where he lost to [Novak Djokovic](/wiki/Novak_Djokovic \"Novak Djokovic\"), 3–6, 7–5, 6–7\\. He also reached the semifinals in doubles, partnering [Fernando González](/wiki/Fernando_Gonz%C3%A1lez \"Fernando González\").", "### 2008", "In February, he reached the semifinals in Buenos Aires, only to lose to [David Nalbandian](/wiki/David_Nalbandian \"David Nalbandian\"), 1–6, 2–6\\.", "In April, he reached the quarterfinals in Barcelona, where he lost to [Rafael Nadal](/wiki/Rafael_Nadal \"Rafael Nadal\"), 4–6, 2–6\\.", "### 2009", "In 2009, Chela played mostly Challenger tournaments, although he did reach the quarterfinals in Viña del Mar, where he lost to [Tommy Robredo](/wiki/Tommy_Robredo \"Tommy Robredo\") 6–0, 3–6, 4–6\\.", "### 2010", "In 2010, Chela won the US Men's Clay Court Championship in Houston, beating [Sam Querrey](/wiki/Sam_Querrey \"Sam Querrey\") 5–7, 6–4, 6–3, for his first ATP Tour championship in over three years. After he beat [Rajeev Ram](/wiki/Rajeev_Ram \"Rajeev Ram\") in straight sets, Chela won a controversial three\\-set second\\-round match, in which fellow countryman [Eduardo Schwank](/wiki/Eduardo_Schwank \"Eduardo Schwank\") was fined for his use of tactics when injured. Chela then beat defending champion Lleyton Hewitt and another Argentine [Horacio Zeballos](/wiki/Horacio_Zeballos \"Horacio Zeballos\") in straight sets to reach the final. Also in 2010, Chela won the [BCR Open Romania](/wiki/2010_BCR_Open_Romania \"2010 BCR Open Romania\") in [singles](/wiki/2010_BCR_Open_Romania_%E2%80%93_Singles \"2010 BCR Open Romania – Singles\"), defeating [Pablo Andújar](/wiki/Pablo_And%C3%BAjar \"Pablo Andújar\") in the final 7–5, 6–1, and [doubles](/wiki/2010_BCR_Open_Romania_%E2%80%93_Doubles \"2010 BCR Open Romania – Doubles\") partnering [Łukasz Kubot](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Kubot \"Łukasz Kubot\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.canchallena.com/1308620\\-chela\\-quiero\\-meterme\\-en\\-el\\-top–30\\-y\\-volver\\-a\\-la\\-\\-davis\\|title\\=Chela: \"Quiero meterme en el top 30 y volver a la Copa Davis\"\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Nación\\|Cancha Llena]]\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=2010\\-09\\-26\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-26 }} The singles title was his sixth career [ATP World Tour](/wiki/ATP_World_Tour \"ATP World Tour\") victory.", "### 2011", "[thumb\\|right\\|Chela at the [2012 French Open](/wiki/2012_French_Open \"2012 French Open\")](/wiki/File:Juan_Ignacio_Chela.jpg \"Juan Ignacio Chela.jpg\")", "He reached the quarterfinals in Vienna and Santiago, and the semifinals in Costa do Sauipe, where he lost to [Nicolás Almagro](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Almagro \"Nicolás Almagro\") 6–1, 2–6, 4–6\\. He reached the final in Buenos Aires, where he again lost to Almagro, 3–6, 6–3, 4–6\\. In doubles, he reached the semifinals in Santiago, partnering [Santiago González](/wiki/Santiago_Gonz%C3%A1lez_%28tennis%29 \"Santiago González (tennis)\").", "In April, he reached the final in doubles in Monte Carlo, partnering [Bruno Soares](/wiki/Bruno_Soares \"Bruno Soares\"), but they lost to the Bryan brothers, 3–6, 2–6\\.", "He reached the quarterfinals of the [French Open](/wiki/2011_French_Open \"2011 French Open\"), where he lost to [Andy Murray](/wiki/Andy_Murray \"Andy Murray\"), 6–7, 5–7, 2–6\\. In August, he reached the semifinals in Kitzbühel, where he lost to [Albert Montañés](/wiki/Albert_Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9s \"Albert Montañés\"), 2–6, 4–7\\.", "He reached his career\\-high doubles ranking of world No. 32 on 6 June 2011\\.", "At the [US Open](/wiki/2011_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2011 US Open (tennis)\"), he made the third round, where he was defeated by young American [Donald Young](/wiki/Donald_Young_%28tennis%29 \"Donald Young (tennis)\"), 7–5, 6–4, 6–3\\.", "His trainer and fitness coach (and also a close friend) is Fernando Gonzáles.", "### 2012", "Chela did not make any ATP Tour finals in 2012, either in singles or in doubles. He did reach the third round of Wimbledon doubles, along with his partner [Eduardo Schwank](/wiki/Eduardo_Schwank \"Eduardo Schwank\"), losing to [Daniele Bracciali](/wiki/Daniele_Bracciali \"Daniele Bracciali\") and [Julian Knowle](/wiki/Julian_Knowle \"Julian Knowle\"), 5–7, 5–7, 1–6\\. He also reached the singles semifinals in Viña del Mar, where he lost to [Carlos Berlocq](/wiki/Carlos_Berlocq \"Carlos Berlocq\"), 3–6, 6–4, 0–6\\. He also reached the doubles semifinals in Acapulco with Schwank.", "" ]
Geography --------- Aiti is some 15 km north of [Corte](/wiki/Corte%2C_Haute-Corse "Corte, Haute-Corse") and about 25 km inland from the east coast of Corsica. The Highway N193 from Corte goes north passing near the eastern border of the commune however the commune can only be accessed from this side by the D39 from Francardo a tortuous and circuitous road. The commune can also be accessed from the eastern side from [San\-Lorenzo](/wiki/San-Lorenzo "San-Lorenzo") on the Highway D39 which has a small connecting road across a bridge to the D39 road which enters the commune from the south and is another tortuous and circuitous route to the village of Aiti. Other than some short mountain access roads there are no other roads in the commune.[Google Maps](https://www.google.com/maps/place/Aiti,+France/@42.4026146,9.228418,6730m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x12d74c658e2e9201:0x2024cb556cde8b2b?hl=en) ### Relief Aiti occupies the northern part of the mountain chain in the west of the massif of *Monte San Petrone* (1,767 m) which is separated by the Casaluna Valley. The commune lies "below the hill" (*Cismonte* in Corsican), or "Corsican Shale" in the north\-east of the island along the edge of the [Cap Corse](/wiki/Cap_Corse "Cap Corse") shale which continues to the San Petrone mountains and ends south of Castagnicia. These mountains are a block of lustrous shale from the [Tertiary](/wiki/Tertiary "Tertiary") period during the uplift of the Alps on the [Hercynian](/wiki/Variscan_orogeny "Variscan orogeny") bedrock at the end of the [Paleozoic](/wiki/Paleozoic "Paleozoic") era. The highest point in the commune is the *Cima a l'Orzale* (1,121 m) south of the town and the lowest point is next to the Golo river (238 m) to the north\-west. The commune is mountainous with the hills of Castagnicia to the west. It occupies a small portion of a low\-lying area called "Cuvette de Ponte Leccia" (Ponte Leccia Basin) which is one of a series of central low\-lying areas stretching from [L'Île\-Rousse](/wiki/L%27%C3%8Ele-Rousse "L'Île-Rousse") to [Solenzara](/wiki/Sari-Solenzara "Sari-Solenzara") through [Ponte Leccia](/wiki/Ponte_Leccia "Ponte Leccia"), [Corte](/wiki/Corte%2C_Haute-Corse "Corte, Haute-Corse"), and Cateraggio. It includes many small valleys where streams flow to the Golo or the Casaluna. ### Hydrography The western border of the commune is the Callasima River which flows north to join the [Golo](/wiki/Golo_%28river%29 "Golo (river)") River near Ponte\-Leccia.[Corsica River Map](http://www.simondawson.com/crsrmap.htm) Several streams run through the commune, emerging from either side of the valley. The main streams are Poggie, Coticcio (fed by the Campo and Riduri), and Fossa Ceca.
[ "Geography\n---------", "Aiti is some 15 km north of [Corte](/wiki/Corte%2C_Haute-Corse \"Corte, Haute-Corse\") and about 25 km inland from the east coast of Corsica. The Highway N193 from Corte goes north passing near the eastern border of the commune however the commune can only be accessed from this side by the D39 from Francardo a tortuous and circuitous road. The commune can also be accessed from the eastern side from [San\\-Lorenzo](/wiki/San-Lorenzo \"San-Lorenzo\") on the Highway D39 which has a small connecting road across a bridge to the D39 road which enters the commune from the south and is another tortuous and circuitous route to the village of Aiti. Other than some short mountain access roads there are no other roads in the commune.[Google Maps](https://www.google.com/maps/place/Aiti,+France/@42.4026146,9.228418,6730m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x12d74c658e2e9201:0x2024cb556cde8b2b?hl=en)", "### Relief", "Aiti occupies the northern part of the mountain chain in the west of the massif of *Monte San Petrone* (1,767 m) which is separated by the Casaluna Valley.", "The commune lies \"below the hill\" (*Cismonte* in Corsican), or \"Corsican Shale\" in the north\\-east of the island along the edge of the [Cap Corse](/wiki/Cap_Corse \"Cap Corse\") shale which continues to the San Petrone mountains and ends south of Castagnicia. These mountains are a block of lustrous shale from the [Tertiary](/wiki/Tertiary \"Tertiary\") period during the uplift of the Alps on the [Hercynian](/wiki/Variscan_orogeny \"Variscan orogeny\") bedrock at the end of the [Paleozoic](/wiki/Paleozoic \"Paleozoic\") era.", "The highest point in the commune is the *Cima a l'Orzale* (1,121 m) south of the town and the lowest point is next to the Golo river (238 m) to the north\\-west.", "The commune is mountainous with the hills of Castagnicia to the west. It occupies a small portion of a low\\-lying area called \"Cuvette de Ponte Leccia\" (Ponte Leccia Basin) which is one of a series of central low\\-lying areas stretching from [L'Île\\-Rousse](/wiki/L%27%C3%8Ele-Rousse \"L'Île-Rousse\") to [Solenzara](/wiki/Sari-Solenzara \"Sari-Solenzara\") through [Ponte Leccia](/wiki/Ponte_Leccia \"Ponte Leccia\"), [Corte](/wiki/Corte%2C_Haute-Corse \"Corte, Haute-Corse\"), and Cateraggio. It includes many small valleys where streams flow to the Golo or the Casaluna.", "### Hydrography", "The western border of the commune is the Callasima River which flows north to join the [Golo](/wiki/Golo_%28river%29 \"Golo (river)\") River near Ponte\\-Leccia.[Corsica River Map](http://www.simondawson.com/crsrmap.htm)", "Several streams run through the commune, emerging from either side of the valley. The main streams are Poggie, Coticcio (fed by the Campo and Riduri), and Fossa Ceca.", "" ]
Principle --------- [thumb\|Toyota 1NZ\-FXE engine (left) with early HSD, sectioned and highlighted (right). Generation 1/Generation 2, chained, ICE\-MG1\-MG2 Power Split Device HSD is shown.](/wiki/File:Toyota_1NZ-FXE_Engine_01.JPG "Toyota 1NZ-FXE Engine 01.JPG") Toyota's HSD system replaces a normal geared [transmission](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanics%29 "Transmission (mechanics)") with an [electromechanical](/wiki/Electromechanical "Electromechanical") system. An [internal combustion engine](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine "Internal combustion engine") (ICE) delivers power most efficiently over a small [speed](/wiki/Speed "Speed") range, but the wheels need to be driven over the vehicle's full speed range. In a conventional automobile the geared [transmission](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanics%29 "Transmission (mechanics)") delivers different discrete engine speed\-torque power requirements to the wheels. Geared transmissions may be manual, with a [clutch](/wiki/Clutch "Clutch"), or automatic, with a [torque converter](/wiki/Torque_converter "Torque converter"), but both allow the engine and the wheels to rotate at different speeds. The driver can adjust the speed and torque delivered by the engine with the [accelerator](/wiki/Accelerator_%28car%29 "Accelerator (car)") and the transmission mechanically transmits nearly all of the available power to the wheels which rotate at a different rate than the engine, by a factor equal to the gear ratio for the currently selected gear. However, there are a limited number of "gears" or [gear ratios](/wiki/Gear_ratios "Gear ratios") that the driver can choose from, typically four to six. This limited gear\-ratio set forces the engine [crankshaft](/wiki/Crankshaft "Crankshaft") to rotate at speeds where the ICE is less efficient, i.e., where a liter of fuel produces fewer joules. Optimal engine speed\-torque requirements for different vehicle driving and acceleration conditions can be gauged by limiting either [tachometer](/wiki/Tachometer "Tachometer") RPM rate or engine noise in comparison with actual speed. When an engine is required to operate efficiently across a broad RPM range, due to its coupling to a geared transmission, manufacturers are limited in their options for improving [engine efficiency](/wiki/Engine_efficiency "Engine efficiency"), reliability, or lifespan, as well as reducing the size or weight of the engine. This is why the engine for an [engine\-generator](/wiki/Engine-generator "Engine-generator") is often much smaller, more efficient, more reliable, and longer life than one designed for an automobile or other variable speed application. However, a continuously variable transmission allows the driver (or the automobile computer) to effectively select the optimal gear ratio required for any desired speed or power. The transmission is not limited to a fixed set of gears. This lack of constraint frees the engine to operate at its optimal [brake\-specific fuel consumption](/wiki/Brake-specific_fuel_consumption "Brake-specific fuel consumption"). An HSD vehicle will typically run the engine at its optimal efficiency whenever power is needed to charge batteries or accelerate the car, shutting down the engine entirely when less power is required. Like a [CVT](/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission "Continuously variable transmission"), an HSD transmission continuously adjusts the effective [gear ratio](/wiki/Gear_ratio "Gear ratio") between the engine and the wheels to maintain the engine speed while the wheels increase their rotational speed during acceleration. This is why Toyota describes HSD\-equipped vehicles as having an **e\-CVT** (**electronic continuously variable transmission**) when required to classify the transmission type for standards specification lists or regulatory purposes. ### Power flows In a conventional car design the [separately\-excited alternator with integral rectifier](/wiki/Alternator_%28auto%29 "Alternator (auto)") (DC generator) and [starter](/wiki/Starter_motor "Starter motor") (DC motor) are considered accessories that are attached to the internal combustion engine (ICE) which normally drives a transmission to power the wheels propelling the vehicle. A battery is used only to start the car's internal combustion engine and run accessories when the engine is not running. The alternator is used to recharge the battery and run the accessories when the engine is running. The HSD system replaces the geared transmission, alternator, and starter motor with: * **MG1**, an AC [motor\-generator](/wiki/Motor-generator%23Modern_use_of_the_term "Motor-generator#Modern use of the term") having a [permanent magnet](/wiki/Permanent_magnet_synchronous_motor "Permanent magnet synchronous motor") rotor,All electric motors with excited fields, either by a (separately\-excited) electro–magnet rotor or a (integrally\-excited) permanent–magnet rotor, can be used as generators (and vice versa), so the term motor–generator is normally used only when the same device is being used for both purposes, although *not* simultaneously. used as a motor when starting the ICE and as a generator (alternator) when charging the high voltage battery * **MG2**, an AC motor\-generator, also having a permanent magnet rotor, used as the primary drive motor and as a generator (alternator), which regeneration power is directed to the high voltage battery. MG2 is generally the more powerful of the two motor\-generators * **[Power electronics](/wiki/Power_electronics "Power electronics")**, including three DC\-AC [inverters](/wiki/Inverter_%28electrical%29 "Inverter (electrical)") and two DC\-DC [converters](/wiki/Buck-boost_converter "Buck-boost converter") * **Computerized [control system](/wiki/Control_system "Control system")** and [sensors](/wiki/Sensor "Sensor") * **HVB**, a high voltage [battery](/wiki/Battery_pack "Battery pack") sources electrical energy during acceleration and sinks electrical energy during regeneration braking Through the power splitter, a series\-parallel full hybrid's HSD system thus allows for the following intelligent power flows:{{cite web\|last\=Burress\|first\=Timothy Adam\|title\=Vector Control and Experimental Evaluation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for HEVs\|url\=http://power.eecs.utk.edu/pubs/tim\_burress\_thesis.pdf\|publisher\=University of Tennessee\|access\-date\=29 September 2012\|year\=2006\|page\=16}} * **Auxiliary power** + HVB \-\> DC\-DC converter \-\> 12VDC battery + 12VDC battery \-\> [12V vehicle electronics](/wiki/Automotive_electronics "Automotive electronics") * **Engine charge** (Recharging and/or heating catalytic converter and/or interior comfort HVAC) + ICE \-\> MG1 \-\> HVB * **Battery or EV drive** + HVB \-\> MG2 \-\> wheels * **Engine \& motor drive** (Moderate acceleration) + ICE \-\> wheels + ICE \-\> MG1 \-\> MG2 \-\> wheels * **Engine drive with charge** (Highway driving) + ICE \-\> wheels + ICE \-\> MG1 \-\> HVB * **Engine and motor drive with charge** (Heavy power situation such as in steep hills) + ICE \-\> wheels + ICE \-\> MG1 \-\> HVB + ICE \-\> MG1 \-\> MG2 \-\> wheels * **Full power or gradual slowing** (Maximum power situations) + ICE \-\> wheels + ICE \-\> MG1 \-\> MG2 \-\> wheels + HVB \-\> MG2 \-\> wheels * **B\-mode braking** + Wheels \-\> MG2 \-\>HVB + Wheels \-\> MG1 \-\> ICE (ECU \- Electronic Control Unit \- uses MG1 to spin ICE which drains battery – allowing more charge from MG2, and also links ICE to wheels causing "engine braking"; ICE RPM increases when charge level of HVB is too much to accept regen electricity from MG2, or increasing effort from driver pushing the brake pedal) * **[Regenerative braking](/wiki/Regenerative_braking "Regenerative braking")** + wheels \-\> MG2 \-\> HVB * **Hard braking** + Front disk/rear drum (rear disk in UK) \-\> wheels + All disk \-\> wheels (2010 and newer, except 2012\-current Prius c, which uses front disk, rear drum). [thumb\|Power electronics from Prius NHW11 "Classic"](/wiki/File:ToyotaOpenHSD.jpg "ToyotaOpenHSD.jpg") #### MG1 and MG2 * **MG1** (Primary motor\-generator): A motor to start the ICE and a generator to generate electrical power for MG2 and to recharge the [high voltage traction battery](/wiki/EV_battery "EV battery"), and, through a [DC\-to\-DC converter](/wiki/DC-to-DC_converter "DC-to-DC converter"), to recharge the 12 volt auxiliary battery. By regulating the amount of electrical power generated (by varying MG1's mechanical torque and speed), MG1 effectively controls the [transaxle](/wiki/Transaxle "Transaxle")'s [continuously variable transmission](/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission "Continuously variable transmission"). * **MG2** (Secondary motor\-generator): Drives the wheels and regenerates power for the HV battery energy storage while braking the vehicle. MG2 drives the wheels with electrical power generated by the engine\-driven MG1 and/or the HVB. During regenerative braking, MG2 acts as a generator, converting kinetic energy into electrical energy, storing this electrical energy in the battery. ### Transmission [thumb\|Late Toyota HSD, sectioned and highlighted. Generation 3, chainless, ICE\-MG1 Power Split Device/MG2 Motor Speed Reduction Device HSD is shown. This is a P510 transaxle, from a 2012– Prius c; a P410 transaxle, from a 2010–2015 Prius, is similar, but is physically larger; a Generation 4 P610 transaxle from a 2016– Prius is 47mm narrower than a P410 by implementing side\-by\-side motors rather than end\-to\-end motors.](/wiki/File:Toyota_electronic_continuously_variable_transmission_%282010-10-16%29_03.jpg "Toyota electronic continuously variable transmission (2010-10-16) 03.jpg") The mechanical gearing design of the system allows the mechanical power from the ICE to be split three ways: extra torque at the wheels (under constant rotation speed), extra rotation speed at the wheels (under constant torque), and power for an electric generator. A computer running appropriate programs controls the systems and directs the power flow from the different engine \+ motor sources. This power split achieves the benefits of a [continuously variable transmission](/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission "Continuously variable transmission") (CVT), except that the torque/speed conversion uses an electric motor rather than a direct mechanical gear train connection. An HSD car cannot operate without the computer, power electronics, battery pack, and motor\-generators, though in principle it could operate while missing the internal combustion engine. (See: [Plug\-in hybrid](/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid "Plug-in hybrid")) In practice, HSD equipped cars can be driven a mile or two without gasoline, as an emergency measure to reach a [gas station](/wiki/Filling_station "Filling station"). An HSD [transaxle](/wiki/Transaxle "Transaxle") contains a [planetary gear](/wiki/Planetary_gear "Planetary gear") set that adjusts and blends the amount of torque from the engine and motor(s) as it's needed by the front wheels. It is a sophisticated and complicated combination of gearing, electrical motor\-generators, and computer\-controlled electronic controls. One of the motor\-generators, MG2, is connected to the output shaft, and thus couples torque into or out of the drive shafts; feeding electricity into MG2 adds torque at the wheels. The engine end of the drive shaft has a second [differential](/wiki/Differential_%28mechanics%29 "Differential (mechanics)"); one leg of this differential is attached to the internal combustion engine and the other leg is attached to a second motor\-generator, MG1\. The differential relates the rotation speed of the wheels to the rotation speeds of the engine and MG1, with MG1 used to absorb the difference between wheel and engine speed. The differential is an [epicyclic gear set](/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing "Epicyclic gearing") (also called a "power split device"); that and the two motor\-generators are all contained in a single transaxle housing that is bolted to the [engine](/wiki/Engine "Engine"). Special couplings and sensors monitor rotation speed of each shaft and the total torque on the drive shafts, for feedback to the control computer. {{cite web \|url\=http://autos.yahoo.com/green\_center\-article\_24/ \|title\=Synergy Drive: Why Toyota's Hybrids Rock \|publisher\=\[\[Yahoo]] \|author\=Bill Siuru \|work\=Green Car Journal \|access\-date\=2008\-03\-12 \|archive\-date\=2009\-09\-28 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928014036/http://autos.yahoo.com/green\_center\-article\_24/ \|url\-status\=dead }} In Generation 1 and Generation 2 HSDs, MG2 is directly connected to the ring gear, that is, a 1:1 ratio, and which offers no torque multiplication, whereas in Generation 3 HSDs, MG2 is connected to the ring gear through a 2\.5:1 planetary gear set,In 2007 and later Camrys, this ratio is 2\.636, and in 2010 and later Priuses, this ratio is 2\.478, for an average ratio of roughly 2\.5 and which, consequently, offers a 2\.5:1 torque multiplication, this being a primary benefit of the Generation 3 HSD as it provides for a smaller, yet more powerful MG2\. However, a secondary benefit is the MG1 will not be driven into overspeed as frequently, and which would otherwise mandate employing the ICE to mitigate this overspeed; this strategy improves HSD performance as well as saving fuel and wear\-and\-tear on the ICE. ### High voltage battery [thumb\|High voltage [nickel\-metal hydride](/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride "Nickel-metal hydride") (NiMH) battery of [second generation Toyota Prius](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW20%29 "Toyota Prius (XW20)").](/wiki/File:Ni-MH_Battery_02.JPG "Ni-MH Battery 02.JPG") The HSD system has two principal battery packs, the High Voltage (HV) battery, also known as the traction battery, and a 12 volt [lead\-acid battery](/wiki/Lead-acid_battery "Lead-acid battery") known as the Low Voltage (LV) battery, which functions as an auxiliary battery. The LV battery supplies power to the electronics and accessories when the hybrid system is turned off and the high\-voltage battery main relay is off.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.alabc.org/publications/lead\-acid\-batteries\-in\-hevs \|title\=Do Hybrid Electric Vehicles Use Lead\-Acid Batteries? Yes! Here's why. \|author\=The Advanced Lead\-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC) \|publisher\=ALABC \|access\-date\=2014\-11\-23 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506082429/http://www.alabc.org/publications/lead\-acid\-batteries\-in\-hevs \|archive\-date\=2014\-05\-06 }} The traction battery is a [sealed](/wiki/Seal_%28mechanical%29 "Seal (mechanical)") [nickel\-metal hydride](/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride "Nickel-metal hydride") (NiMH) [battery](/wiki/Rechargeable_battery "Rechargeable battery") pack. The battery pack of the first generation Toyota Prius consisted of 228 cells packaged in 38 modules, while the second generation Prius consisted of 28 Panasonic prismatic nickel metal hydride modules, each containing six 1\.2 volt cells, connected in series to produce a nominal voltage of 201\.6 volts. The discharge power capability of the second gen Prius pack is about 20 [kW](/wiki/KW "KW") at 50% [state of charge](/wiki/State_of_charge "State of charge") (SoC). The power capability increases with higher temperatures and decreases at lower temperatures. The Prius has a computer that's solely dedicated to keeping the battery at the optimum temperature and optimum charge level. Like the second generation Prius, the third generation Prius battery pack is made up of the same type of 1\.2 volt cells. It has 28 modules of 6 cells for a total nominal voltage of only 201\.6 volts. A boost converter is used to produce 500 volt DC supply voltage for the inverters for MG1 and MG2\. The car's electronics only allow 40% of total rated capacity of the battery pack (6\.5 ampere\-hour) to be used in order to prolong the battery life. As a result, the SoC is allowed to vary only between 40% and 80% of the rated full charge. The battery used in the [Highlander Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid "Toyota Highlander Hybrid") and the [Lexus RX 400h](/wiki/Lexus_RX_400h "Lexus RX 400h") was packaged in a different metal battery casing with 240 cells that deliver high voltage of 288 volts.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid\-car\-battery/\|title\=The Hybrid Car Battery: A Definitive Guide \- Today's Hybrid Car Battery: Nickel Metal Hydride \- Toyota Prius Hybrid Battery\|author\=Brad Berman\|publisher\=HybridCars.com\|date\=2008\-11\-06\|access\-date\=2014\-11\-22}} [thumb\|EV mode button in the 2012 [Toyota Camry hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Camry_hybrid "Toyota Camry hybrid").](/wiki/File:Camry_Hybrid_2012_07_VA_4177.JPG "Camry Hybrid 2012 07 VA 4177.JPG") A button labelled "EV" maintains [electric vehicle](/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle") mode after being powered on and under most low\-load conditions at less than {{Convert\|25\|mph\|abbr\=on}} if the traction battery has enough charge. This permits [all\-electric driving](/wiki/All-electric_mode "All-electric mode") with no fuel consumption for up to {{convert\|1\|mi\|abbr\=on}}. However, the HSD software switches to EV mode automatically whenever it can.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.toyota.com/prius/\#!/features/efficiency/three\-drive\-modes\|title\=Toyota Prius \- Three drive modes\|author\=Toyota \|publisher\=Toyota01\|access\-date\=2014\-11\-23}} *EV Mode works under certain conditions at low speeds for up to a mile.*{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/camry\-hybrid\-xle\-technology\-review,3290\-8\.html\|title\=2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE: Technology In A Mid\-Size Sedan\|author\=Anh T. Huynh\|publisher\=Tom's Hardware\|date\=2012\-10\-15\|access\-date\=2014\-11\-23}} Only the [Toyota Prius Plug\-in Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid "Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid") has a longer driving [all\-electric range](/wiki/All-electric_range "All-electric range") in [blended operation](/wiki/Blended_mode "Blended mode") electric\-gasoline of {{convert\|11\|mi\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}} ([EPA](/wiki/EPA "EPA") rating) until the battery is depleted.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action\=sbs\&id\=34516\&id\=33335\&id\=32484\|title\=Compare Side\-by\-Side \- 2012/2013/2014 Toyota Prius Plug\-in Hybrid\|publisher\=Fueleconomy.gov\|author\=\[\[U. S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and \[\[U.S. Department of Energy]]\|date\=2014\-11\-21\|access\-date\=2014\-11\-21}} The Prius PHEV is outfitted with 4\.4 [kWh](/wiki/KWh "KWh") [lithium\-ion batteries](/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") co\-developed with [Panasonic](/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic") that weighs {{convert\|80\|kg\|abbr\=on}} compared with the [nickel\-metal hydride battery](/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride_battery "Nickel-metal hydride battery") of the [third generation Prius](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW30%29 "Toyota Prius (XW30)"), which has a capacity of only 1\.3 kWh, and weighs {{convert\|42\|kg\|abbr\=on}}. The larger battery pack enables all\-electric operation at higher speeds and longer distances than the conventional Prius hybrid.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/prius\-phv\-20091202\.html\|title\=2010 Prius Plug\-in Hybrid Makes North American Debut at Los Angeles Auto Show; First Li\-ion Battery Traction Battery Developed by Toyota and PEVE\|publisher\=\[\[Green Car Congress]]\|date\=2009\-12\-02\|access\-date\=2010\-02\-03}}{{cite press release\|url\=http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/toyota\+introduces\+2012\+prius\+plug\-in\+hybrid.htm\|title\=Toyota Introduces 2012 Prius Plug\-in Hybrid\|publisher\=\[\[Toyota]]\|date\=2011\-09\-16\|access\-date\=2014\-11\-21\|archive\-date\=2014\-10\-14\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014072355/http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/toyota\+introduces\+2012\+prius\+plug\-in\+hybrid.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} The following table details the HV battery capacity for several Lexus and Toyota vehicles.{{cite web\|url\=http://cta.ornl.gov/vtmarketreport/spreadsheets/T33\_Batteries\_for\_Selected\_HEV\_Vehicles\_2013\_2014\.xls\|title\=Table 33\. Batteries for Selected Hybrid\-Electric Vehicles, Model Years 2013\-2014\|author\=Josh Pihl\|publisher\=\[\[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]\|date\=January 2014\|access\-date\=2014\-11\-21\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129052920/http://cta.ornl.gov/vtmarketreport/spreadsheets/T33\_Batteries\_for\_Selected\_HEV\_Vehicles\_2013\_2014\.xls\|archive\-date\=2014\-11\-29}} | Vehicle | ModelYear | BatteryCapacity([kWh](/wiki/KWh "KWh")) | Battery Type | Battery Charge Limit([kW](/wiki/KW "KW"))Based on Min a Max values from Hybrid Assistant App (High Voltage Battery Statistics) | Battery Discharge Limit([kW](/wiki/KW "KW"))Based on Min a Max values from Hybrid Assistant App (High Voltage Battery Statistics) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | [Lexus CT 200h](/wiki/Lexus_CT_200h "Lexus CT 200h") 2011 | 1\.3 | NiMH | | | [Lexus ES 300h](/wiki/Lexus_ES_300h "Lexus ES 300h") 2013 | 1\.6 | NiMH | | | [Lexus ES 300h](/wiki/Lexus_ES_300h "Lexus ES 300h") 2021 | 1\.6 | Li\-ion | | | [Lexus GS 450h](/wiki/Lexus_GS_450h "Lexus GS 450h") 2013 | 1\.9 | NiMH | | | [Lexus IS 300h](/wiki/Lexus_IS_300h "Lexus IS 300h") 2013 | 1\.6 | NiMH | \-28,5 | 24 | [Lexus LC 500h](/wiki/Lexus_LC "Lexus LC") 2018 | 1\.1 | Li\-ion | | | [Lexus LS 600h L](/wiki/Lexus_LS_600h_L "Lexus LS 600h L") 2008 | 1\.9 | NiMH | | | [Lexus RX 450h](/wiki/Lexus_RX_450h "Lexus RX 450h") 2014 | 1\.9 | NiMH | | | [Lexus NX 300h](/wiki/Lexus_NX_300h "Lexus NX 300h") 2015 | 1\.6 | NiMH | \-27 | 25,5 | [Toyota Avalon Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Avalon_Hybrid "Toyota Avalon Hybrid") 2013 | 1\.6 | NiMH | | | [Toyota Auris Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Auris_Hybrid "Toyota Auris Hybrid") 2014 | 1\.3{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ae.pwr.wroc.pl/filez/20110606092430\_HEV\_Toyota.pdf\|title\=Case study: Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive \|author\=Politechnika Wrocławska \- Inżynieria Pojazdów\|publisher\=\[\[Wrocław University of Technology]]\|access\-date\=2014\-11\-22}} *See Auris HSD specs in pp.17: 201\.6V x 6\.5Amp/hr \= 1\.310kWh* | NiMH | \-25 | 21 | [Toyota Camry Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Camry_%28XV50%29%23Camry_Hybrid "Toyota Camry (XV50)#Camry Hybrid") 2014 | 1\.6 | NiMH | \-27 | 25,5 | Toyota Camry Hybrid 2018 | 1\.6 / 1\.0 | NiMH / Li\-ion | | | Toyota C\-HR Hybrid 2016 | 1\.3 | NiMH | \-31,9 | 21 | Toyota Corolla Hybrid 2019 | 1\.4 / 0\.75 | NiMH / Li\-ion | \-31,9 | 21 | [Toyota Highlander Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Highlander%23Third_generation_%28XU50%3B_2013%29 "Toyota Highlander#Third generation (XU50; 2013)") 2014 | 1\.9 | NiMH | | | [Toyota Mirai](/wiki/Toyota_Mirai "Toyota Mirai") ([FCV](/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle "Fuel cell vehicle")) 2015 | 1\.6{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cnet.com/products/2016\-toyota\-mirai/\|title\=Toyota Mirai: The 300\-mile zero\-emission vehicle\|author\=Wayne Cunningham\|publisher\=\[\[CNET]]\|date\=2014\-11\-19\|access\-date\=2014\-11\-21}} *The Mirai has a 245\-volt nickel\-metal hydride battery pack, similar to that in the Camry Hybrid. 245V x 6\.5Amp/hr \= 1\.59kWh* | NiMH | | | [Toyota Prius](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW30%29 "Toyota Prius (XW30)") 2010 | 1\.3 | NiMH | \-25 | 21 | Toyota Prius 2016 | 1\.2 / 0\.75 | NiMH / Li\-ion | \-31,9 | 21 | [Toyota Prius c](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_c "Toyota Prius c") 2014 | 0\.9 | NiMH | | | [Toyota Prius v](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_v "Toyota Prius v") 2014 | 1\.3 / 1\.0 | NiMH / Li\-ion | | | [Toyota Prius PHV](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_PHV "Toyota Prius PHV") 2014 | 4\.4 | Li\-ion | | | [Toyota Prius Prime](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Prime "Toyota Prius Prime") 2016 | 8\.8 | Li\-ion | | | [Toyota RAV4](/wiki/Toyota_RAV4 "Toyota RAV4") 2015 | 1\.6 | NiMH | \-27 | 25,5 | [Toyota RAV4](/wiki/Toyota_RAV4 "Toyota RAV4") 2019 | 1\.6 | NiMH (2020\- Li\-ion) | \-38 | 24 | | [Toyota RAV4 Prime](/wiki/Toyota_RAV4 "Toyota RAV4") 2020 | 18\.1 | Li\-ion | | [Toyota Yaris Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Hybrid "Toyota Yaris Hybrid") 2014 | 0\.9{{cite web\|url\=http://toyota.co.za/Media/Default/brochures/Yaris.pdf\|title\=Yaris \& Yaris HSD brochure \|author\=Toyota \|publisher\=Toyota South Africa\|access\-date\=2014\-11\-22}} *See specs table: 144V x 6\.5Amp/hr \= 0\.936kWh* | NiMH | \-17,5 | 15 | [Toyota Yaris Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Hybrid "Toyota Yaris Hybrid") 2020 | 0\.76 | Li\-ion | \-35 | 20 | [Toyota Innova](/wiki/Toyota_Innova_%28AG10%29 "Toyota Innova (AG10)")/[Kijang Innova Zenix Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Kijang_Innova_Zenix "Toyota Kijang Innova Zenix") 2022 | 1\.31 | NiMH | | |
[ "Principle\n---------", "[thumb\\|Toyota 1NZ\\-FXE engine (left) with early HSD, sectioned and highlighted (right). Generation 1/Generation 2, chained, ICE\\-MG1\\-MG2 Power Split Device HSD is shown.](/wiki/File:Toyota_1NZ-FXE_Engine_01.JPG \"Toyota 1NZ-FXE Engine 01.JPG\")", "Toyota's HSD system replaces a normal geared [transmission](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanics%29 \"Transmission (mechanics)\") with an [electromechanical](/wiki/Electromechanical \"Electromechanical\") system. An [internal combustion engine](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine \"Internal combustion engine\") (ICE) delivers power most efficiently over a small [speed](/wiki/Speed \"Speed\") range, but the wheels need to be driven over the vehicle's full speed range. In a conventional automobile the geared [transmission](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanics%29 \"Transmission (mechanics)\") delivers different discrete engine speed\\-torque power requirements to the wheels. Geared transmissions may be manual, with a [clutch](/wiki/Clutch \"Clutch\"), or automatic, with a [torque converter](/wiki/Torque_converter \"Torque converter\"), but both allow the engine and the wheels to rotate at different speeds. The driver can adjust the speed and torque delivered by the engine with the [accelerator](/wiki/Accelerator_%28car%29 \"Accelerator (car)\") and the transmission mechanically transmits nearly all of the available power to the wheels which rotate at a different rate than the engine, by a factor equal to the gear ratio for the currently selected gear. However, there are a limited number of \"gears\" or [gear ratios](/wiki/Gear_ratios \"Gear ratios\") that the driver can choose from, typically four to six. This limited gear\\-ratio set forces the engine [crankshaft](/wiki/Crankshaft \"Crankshaft\") to rotate at speeds where the ICE is less efficient, i.e., where a liter of fuel produces fewer joules. Optimal engine speed\\-torque requirements for different vehicle driving and acceleration conditions can be gauged by limiting either [tachometer](/wiki/Tachometer \"Tachometer\") RPM rate or engine noise in comparison with actual speed. When an engine is required to operate efficiently across a broad RPM range, due to its coupling to a geared transmission, manufacturers are limited in their options for improving [engine efficiency](/wiki/Engine_efficiency \"Engine efficiency\"), reliability, or lifespan, as well as reducing the size or weight of the engine. This is why the engine for an [engine\\-generator](/wiki/Engine-generator \"Engine-generator\") is often much smaller, more efficient, more reliable, and longer life than one designed for an automobile or other variable speed application.", "However, a continuously variable transmission allows the driver (or the automobile computer) to effectively select the optimal gear ratio required for any desired speed or power. The transmission is not limited to a fixed set of gears. This lack of constraint frees the engine to operate at its optimal [brake\\-specific fuel consumption](/wiki/Brake-specific_fuel_consumption \"Brake-specific fuel consumption\"). An HSD vehicle will typically run the engine at its optimal efficiency whenever power is needed to charge batteries or accelerate the car, shutting down the engine entirely when less power is required.", "Like a [CVT](/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission \"Continuously variable transmission\"), an HSD transmission continuously adjusts the effective [gear ratio](/wiki/Gear_ratio \"Gear ratio\") between the engine and the wheels to maintain the engine speed while the wheels increase their rotational speed during acceleration. This is why Toyota describes HSD\\-equipped vehicles as having an **e\\-CVT** (**electronic continuously variable transmission**) when required to classify the transmission type for standards specification lists or regulatory purposes.", "### Power flows", "In a conventional car design the [separately\\-excited alternator with integral rectifier](/wiki/Alternator_%28auto%29 \"Alternator (auto)\") (DC generator) and [starter](/wiki/Starter_motor \"Starter motor\") (DC motor) are considered accessories that are attached to the internal combustion engine (ICE) which normally drives a transmission to power the wheels propelling the vehicle. A battery is used only to start the car's internal combustion engine and run accessories when the engine is not running. The alternator is used to recharge the battery and run the accessories when the engine is running.", "The HSD system replaces the geared transmission, alternator, and starter motor with:\n* **MG1**, an AC [motor\\-generator](/wiki/Motor-generator%23Modern_use_of_the_term \"Motor-generator#Modern use of the term\") having a [permanent magnet](/wiki/Permanent_magnet_synchronous_motor \"Permanent magnet synchronous motor\") rotor,All electric motors with excited fields, either by a (separately\\-excited) electro–magnet rotor or a (integrally\\-excited) permanent–magnet rotor, can be used as generators (and vice versa), so the term motor–generator is normally used only when the same device is being used for both purposes, although *not* simultaneously. used as a motor when starting the ICE and as a generator (alternator) when charging the high voltage battery\n* **MG2**, an AC motor\\-generator, also having a permanent magnet rotor, used as the primary drive motor and as a generator (alternator), which regeneration power is directed to the high voltage battery. MG2 is generally the more powerful of the two motor\\-generators\n* **[Power electronics](/wiki/Power_electronics \"Power electronics\")**, including three DC\\-AC [inverters](/wiki/Inverter_%28electrical%29 \"Inverter (electrical)\") and two DC\\-DC [converters](/wiki/Buck-boost_converter \"Buck-boost converter\")\n* **Computerized [control system](/wiki/Control_system \"Control system\")** and [sensors](/wiki/Sensor \"Sensor\")\n* **HVB**, a high voltage [battery](/wiki/Battery_pack \"Battery pack\") sources electrical energy during acceleration and sinks electrical energy during regeneration braking", "Through the power splitter, a series\\-parallel full hybrid's HSD system thus allows for the following intelligent power flows:{{cite web\\|last\\=Burress\\|first\\=Timothy Adam\\|title\\=Vector Control and Experimental Evaluation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for HEVs\\|url\\=http://power.eecs.utk.edu/pubs/tim\\_burress\\_thesis.pdf\\|publisher\\=University of Tennessee\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2012\\|year\\=2006\\|page\\=16}}", "* **Auxiliary power**\n\t+ HVB \\-\\> DC\\-DC converter \\-\\> 12VDC battery\n\t+ 12VDC battery \\-\\> [12V vehicle electronics](/wiki/Automotive_electronics \"Automotive electronics\")\n* **Engine charge** (Recharging and/or heating catalytic converter and/or interior comfort HVAC)\n\t+ ICE \\-\\> MG1 \\-\\> HVB\n* **Battery or EV drive**\n\t+ HVB \\-\\> MG2 \\-\\> wheels\n* **Engine \\& motor drive** (Moderate acceleration)\n\t+ ICE \\-\\> wheels\n\t+ ICE \\-\\> MG1 \\-\\> MG2 \\-\\> wheels\n* **Engine drive with charge** (Highway driving)\n\t+ ICE \\-\\> wheels\n\t+ ICE \\-\\> MG1 \\-\\> HVB\n* **Engine and motor drive with charge** (Heavy power situation such as in steep hills)\n\t+ ICE \\-\\> wheels\n\t+ ICE \\-\\> MG1 \\-\\> HVB\n\t+ ICE \\-\\> MG1 \\-\\> MG2 \\-\\> wheels\n* **Full power or gradual slowing** (Maximum power situations)\n\t+ ICE \\-\\> wheels\n\t+ ICE \\-\\> MG1 \\-\\> MG2 \\-\\> wheels\n\t+ HVB \\-\\> MG2 \\-\\> wheels\n* **B\\-mode braking**\n\t+ Wheels \\-\\> MG2 \\-\\>HVB\n\t+ Wheels \\-\\> MG1 \\-\\> ICE (ECU \\- Electronic Control Unit \\- uses MG1 to spin ICE which drains battery – allowing more charge from MG2, and also links ICE to wheels causing \"engine braking\"; ICE RPM increases when charge level of HVB is too much to accept regen electricity from MG2, or increasing effort from driver pushing the brake pedal)\n* **[Regenerative braking](/wiki/Regenerative_braking \"Regenerative braking\")**\n\t+ wheels \\-\\> MG2 \\-\\> HVB\n* **Hard braking**\n\t+ Front disk/rear drum (rear disk in UK) \\-\\> wheels\n\t+ All disk \\-\\> wheels (2010 and newer, except 2012\\-current Prius c, which uses front disk, rear drum).", "[thumb\\|Power electronics from Prius NHW11 \"Classic\"](/wiki/File:ToyotaOpenHSD.jpg \"ToyotaOpenHSD.jpg\")", "#### MG1 and MG2", "* **MG1** (Primary motor\\-generator): A motor to start the ICE and a generator to generate electrical power for MG2 and to recharge the [high voltage traction battery](/wiki/EV_battery \"EV battery\"), and, through a [DC\\-to\\-DC converter](/wiki/DC-to-DC_converter \"DC-to-DC converter\"), to recharge the 12 volt auxiliary battery. By regulating the amount of electrical power generated (by varying MG1's mechanical torque and speed), MG1 effectively controls the [transaxle](/wiki/Transaxle \"Transaxle\")'s [continuously variable transmission](/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission \"Continuously variable transmission\").\n* **MG2** (Secondary motor\\-generator): Drives the wheels and regenerates power for the HV battery energy storage while braking the vehicle. MG2 drives the wheels with electrical power generated by the engine\\-driven MG1 and/or the HVB. During regenerative braking, MG2 acts as a generator, converting kinetic energy into electrical energy, storing this electrical energy in the battery.", "### Transmission", "[thumb\\|Late Toyota HSD, sectioned and highlighted. Generation 3, chainless, ICE\\-MG1 Power Split Device/MG2 Motor Speed Reduction Device HSD is shown. This is a P510 transaxle, from a 2012– Prius c; a P410 transaxle, from a 2010–2015 Prius, is similar, but is physically larger; a Generation 4 P610 transaxle from a 2016– Prius is 47mm narrower than a P410 by implementing side\\-by\\-side motors rather than end\\-to\\-end motors.](/wiki/File:Toyota_electronic_continuously_variable_transmission_%282010-10-16%29_03.jpg \"Toyota electronic continuously variable transmission (2010-10-16) 03.jpg\")", "The mechanical gearing design of the system allows the mechanical power from the ICE to be split three ways: extra torque at the wheels (under constant rotation speed), extra rotation speed at the wheels (under constant torque), and power for an electric generator. A computer running appropriate programs controls the systems and directs the power flow from the different engine \\+ motor sources. This power split achieves the benefits of a [continuously variable transmission](/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission \"Continuously variable transmission\") (CVT), except that the torque/speed conversion uses an electric motor rather than a direct mechanical gear train connection. An HSD car cannot operate without the computer, power electronics, battery pack, and motor\\-generators, though in principle it could operate while missing the internal combustion engine. (See: [Plug\\-in hybrid](/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid \"Plug-in hybrid\")) In practice, HSD equipped cars can be driven a mile or two without gasoline, as an emergency measure to reach a [gas station](/wiki/Filling_station \"Filling station\").", "An HSD [transaxle](/wiki/Transaxle \"Transaxle\") contains a [planetary gear](/wiki/Planetary_gear \"Planetary gear\") set that adjusts and blends the amount of torque from the engine and motor(s) as it's needed by the front wheels. It is a sophisticated and complicated combination of gearing, electrical motor\\-generators, and computer\\-controlled electronic controls. One of the motor\\-generators, MG2, is connected to the output shaft, and thus couples torque into or out of the drive shafts; feeding electricity into MG2 adds torque at the wheels. The engine end of the drive shaft has a second [differential](/wiki/Differential_%28mechanics%29 \"Differential (mechanics)\"); one leg of this differential is attached to the internal combustion engine and the other leg is attached to a second motor\\-generator, MG1\\. The differential relates the rotation speed of the wheels to the rotation speeds of the engine and MG1, with MG1 used to absorb the difference between wheel and engine speed. The differential is an [epicyclic gear set](/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing \"Epicyclic gearing\") (also called a \"power split device\"); that and the two motor\\-generators are all contained in a single transaxle housing that is bolted to the [engine](/wiki/Engine \"Engine\"). Special couplings and sensors monitor rotation speed of each shaft and the total torque on the drive shafts, for feedback to the control computer.\n{{cite web\n\\|url\\=http://autos.yahoo.com/green\\_center\\-article\\_24/\n\\|title\\=Synergy Drive: Why Toyota's Hybrids Rock\n\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Yahoo]]\n\\|author\\=Bill Siuru\n\\|work\\=Green Car Journal\n\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-03\\-12\n\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-28\n\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928014036/http://autos.yahoo.com/green\\_center\\-article\\_24/\n\\|url\\-status\\=dead\n}}", "In Generation 1 and Generation 2 HSDs, MG2 is directly connected to the ring gear, that is, a 1:1 ratio, and which offers no torque multiplication, whereas in Generation 3 HSDs, MG2 is connected to the ring gear through a 2\\.5:1 planetary gear set,In 2007 and later Camrys, this ratio is 2\\.636, and in 2010 and later Priuses, this ratio is 2\\.478, for an average ratio of roughly 2\\.5 and which, consequently, offers a 2\\.5:1 torque multiplication, this being a primary benefit of the Generation 3 HSD as it provides for a smaller, yet more powerful MG2\\. However, a secondary benefit is the MG1 will not be driven into overspeed as frequently, and which would otherwise mandate employing the ICE to mitigate this overspeed; this strategy improves HSD performance as well as saving fuel and wear\\-and\\-tear on the ICE.", "### High voltage battery", "[thumb\\|High voltage [nickel\\-metal hydride](/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride \"Nickel-metal hydride\") (NiMH) battery of [second generation Toyota Prius](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW20%29 \"Toyota Prius (XW20)\").](/wiki/File:Ni-MH_Battery_02.JPG \"Ni-MH Battery 02.JPG\")\nThe HSD system has two principal battery packs, the High Voltage (HV) battery, also known as the traction battery, and a 12 volt [lead\\-acid battery](/wiki/Lead-acid_battery \"Lead-acid battery\") known as the Low Voltage (LV) battery, which functions as an auxiliary battery. The LV battery supplies power to the electronics and accessories when the hybrid system is turned off and the high\\-voltage battery main relay is off.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.alabc.org/publications/lead\\-acid\\-batteries\\-in\\-hevs \\|title\\=Do Hybrid Electric Vehicles Use Lead\\-Acid Batteries? Yes! Here's why. \\|author\\=The Advanced Lead\\-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC) \\|publisher\\=ALABC \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-23 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506082429/http://www.alabc.org/publications/lead\\-acid\\-batteries\\-in\\-hevs \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-05\\-06 }}", "The traction battery is a [sealed](/wiki/Seal_%28mechanical%29 \"Seal (mechanical)\") [nickel\\-metal hydride](/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride \"Nickel-metal hydride\") (NiMH) [battery](/wiki/Rechargeable_battery \"Rechargeable battery\") pack. The battery pack of the first generation Toyota Prius consisted of 228 cells packaged in 38 modules, while the second generation Prius consisted of 28 Panasonic prismatic nickel metal hydride modules, each containing six 1\\.2 volt cells, connected in series to produce a nominal voltage of 201\\.6 volts. The discharge power capability of the second gen Prius pack is about 20 [kW](/wiki/KW \"KW\") at 50% [state of charge](/wiki/State_of_charge \"State of charge\") (SoC). The power capability increases with higher temperatures and decreases at lower temperatures. The Prius has a computer that's solely dedicated to keeping the battery at the optimum temperature and optimum charge level.", "Like the second generation Prius, the third generation Prius battery pack is made up of the same type of 1\\.2 volt cells. It has 28 modules of 6 cells for a total nominal voltage of only 201\\.6 volts. A boost converter is used \nto produce 500 volt DC supply voltage for the inverters for MG1 and MG2\\. The car's electronics only allow 40% of total rated capacity of the battery pack (6\\.5 ampere\\-hour) to be used in order to prolong the battery life. As a result, the SoC is allowed to vary only between 40% and 80% of the rated full charge. The battery used in the [Highlander Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid \"Toyota Highlander Hybrid\") and the [Lexus RX 400h](/wiki/Lexus_RX_400h \"Lexus RX 400h\") was packaged in a different metal battery casing with 240 cells that deliver high voltage of 288 volts.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid\\-car\\-battery/\\|title\\=The Hybrid Car Battery: A Definitive Guide \\- Today's Hybrid Car Battery: Nickel Metal Hydride \\- Toyota Prius Hybrid Battery\\|author\\=Brad Berman\\|publisher\\=HybridCars.com\\|date\\=2008\\-11\\-06\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-22}}\n[thumb\\|EV mode button in the 2012 [Toyota Camry hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Camry_hybrid \"Toyota Camry hybrid\").](/wiki/File:Camry_Hybrid_2012_07_VA_4177.JPG \"Camry Hybrid 2012 07 VA 4177.JPG\")\nA button labelled \"EV\" maintains [electric vehicle](/wiki/Electric_vehicle \"Electric vehicle\") mode after being powered on and under most low\\-load conditions at less than {{Convert\\|25\\|mph\\|abbr\\=on}} if the traction battery has enough charge. This permits [all\\-electric driving](/wiki/All-electric_mode \"All-electric mode\") with no fuel consumption for up to {{convert\\|1\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}}. However, the HSD software switches to EV mode automatically whenever it can.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.toyota.com/prius/\\#!/features/efficiency/three\\-drive\\-modes\\|title\\=Toyota Prius \\- Three drive modes\\|author\\=Toyota \\|publisher\\=Toyota01\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-23}} *EV Mode works under certain conditions at low speeds for up to a mile.*{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/camry\\-hybrid\\-xle\\-technology\\-review,3290\\-8\\.html\\|title\\=2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE: Technology In A Mid\\-Size Sedan\\|author\\=Anh T. Huynh\\|publisher\\=Tom's Hardware\\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-15\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-23}} Only the [Toyota Prius Plug\\-in Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid \"Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid\") has a longer driving [all\\-electric range](/wiki/All-electric_range \"All-electric range\") in [blended operation](/wiki/Blended_mode \"Blended mode\") electric\\-gasoline of {{convert\\|11\\|mi\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} ([EPA](/wiki/EPA \"EPA\") rating) until the battery is depleted.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action\\=sbs\\&id\\=34516\\&id\\=33335\\&id\\=32484\\|title\\=Compare Side\\-by\\-Side \\- 2012/2013/2014 Toyota Prius Plug\\-in Hybrid\\|publisher\\=Fueleconomy.gov\\|author\\=\\[\\[U. S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and \\[\\[U.S. Department of Energy]]\\|date\\=2014\\-11\\-21\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-21}} The Prius PHEV is outfitted with 4\\.4 [kWh](/wiki/KWh \"KWh\") [lithium\\-ion batteries](/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery \"Lithium-ion battery\") co\\-developed with [Panasonic](/wiki/Panasonic \"Panasonic\") that weighs {{convert\\|80\\|kg\\|abbr\\=on}} compared with the [nickel\\-metal hydride battery](/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride_battery \"Nickel-metal hydride battery\") of the [third generation Prius](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW30%29 \"Toyota Prius (XW30)\"), which has a capacity of only 1\\.3 kWh, and weighs {{convert\\|42\\|kg\\|abbr\\=on}}. The larger battery pack enables all\\-electric operation at higher speeds and longer distances than the conventional Prius hybrid.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/prius\\-phv\\-20091202\\.html\\|title\\=2010 Prius Plug\\-in Hybrid Makes North American Debut at Los Angeles Auto Show; First Li\\-ion Battery Traction Battery Developed by Toyota and PEVE\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Green Car Congress]]\\|date\\=2009\\-12\\-02\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-02\\-03}}{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/toyota\\+introduces\\+2012\\+prius\\+plug\\-in\\+hybrid.htm\\|title\\=Toyota Introduces 2012 Prius Plug\\-in Hybrid\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Toyota]]\\|date\\=2011\\-09\\-16\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-21\\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-10\\-14\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014072355/http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/toyota\\+introduces\\+2012\\+prius\\+plug\\-in\\+hybrid.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "The following table details the HV battery capacity for several Lexus and Toyota vehicles.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://cta.ornl.gov/vtmarketreport/spreadsheets/T33\\_Batteries\\_for\\_Selected\\_HEV\\_Vehicles\\_2013\\_2014\\.xls\\|title\\=Table 33\\. Batteries for Selected Hybrid\\-Electric Vehicles, Model Years 2013\\-2014\\|author\\=Josh Pihl\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]\\|date\\=January 2014\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-21\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129052920/http://cta.ornl.gov/vtmarketreport/spreadsheets/T33\\_Batteries\\_for\\_Selected\\_HEV\\_Vehicles\\_2013\\_2014\\.xls\\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-29}}", "", "| Vehicle | ModelYear | BatteryCapacity([kWh](/wiki/KWh \"KWh\")) | Battery Type | Battery Charge Limit([kW](/wiki/KW \"KW\"))Based on Min a Max values from Hybrid Assistant App (High Voltage Battery Statistics) | Battery Discharge Limit([kW](/wiki/KW \"KW\"))Based on Min a Max values from Hybrid Assistant App (High Voltage Battery Statistics) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |", "[Lexus CT 200h](/wiki/Lexus_CT_200h \"Lexus CT 200h\") 2011 | 1\\.3 | NiMH | | |\n[Lexus ES 300h](/wiki/Lexus_ES_300h \"Lexus ES 300h\") 2013 | 1\\.6 | NiMH | | |\n[Lexus ES 300h](/wiki/Lexus_ES_300h \"Lexus ES 300h\") 2021 | 1\\.6 | Li\\-ion | | |\n[Lexus GS 450h](/wiki/Lexus_GS_450h \"Lexus GS 450h\") 2013 | 1\\.9 | NiMH | | |\n[Lexus IS 300h](/wiki/Lexus_IS_300h \"Lexus IS 300h\") 2013 | 1\\.6 | NiMH | \\-28,5 | 24 |\n[Lexus LC 500h](/wiki/Lexus_LC \"Lexus LC\") 2018 | 1\\.1 | Li\\-ion | | |\n[Lexus LS 600h L](/wiki/Lexus_LS_600h_L \"Lexus LS 600h L\") 2008 | 1\\.9 | NiMH | | |\n[Lexus RX 450h](/wiki/Lexus_RX_450h \"Lexus RX 450h\") 2014 | 1\\.9 | NiMH | | |\n[Lexus NX 300h](/wiki/Lexus_NX_300h \"Lexus NX 300h\") 2015 | 1\\.6 | NiMH | \\-27 | 25,5 |\n[Toyota Avalon Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Avalon_Hybrid \"Toyota Avalon Hybrid\") 2013 | 1\\.6 | NiMH | | |\n[Toyota Auris Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Auris_Hybrid \"Toyota Auris Hybrid\") 2014 | 1\\.3{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ae.pwr.wroc.pl/filez/20110606092430\\_HEV\\_Toyota.pdf\\|title\\=Case study: Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive \\|author\\=Politechnika Wrocławska \\- Inżynieria Pojazdów\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Wrocław University of Technology]]\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-22}} *See Auris HSD specs in pp.17: 201\\.6V x 6\\.5Amp/hr \\= 1\\.310kWh* | NiMH | \\-25 | 21 |\n[Toyota Camry Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Camry_%28XV50%29%23Camry_Hybrid \"Toyota Camry (XV50)#Camry Hybrid\") 2014 | 1\\.6 | NiMH | \\-27 | 25,5 |\nToyota Camry Hybrid 2018 | 1\\.6 / 1\\.0 | NiMH / Li\\-ion | | |\nToyota C\\-HR Hybrid 2016 | 1\\.3 | NiMH | \\-31,9 | 21 |\nToyota Corolla Hybrid 2019 | 1\\.4 / 0\\.75 | NiMH / Li\\-ion | \\-31,9 | 21 |\n[Toyota Highlander Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Highlander%23Third_generation_%28XU50%3B_2013%29 \"Toyota Highlander#Third generation (XU50; 2013)\") 2014 | 1\\.9 | NiMH | | |\n[Toyota Mirai](/wiki/Toyota_Mirai \"Toyota Mirai\") ([FCV](/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle \"Fuel cell vehicle\")) 2015 | 1\\.6{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cnet.com/products/2016\\-toyota\\-mirai/\\|title\\=Toyota Mirai: The 300\\-mile zero\\-emission vehicle\\|author\\=Wayne Cunningham\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNET]]\\|date\\=2014\\-11\\-19\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-21}} *The Mirai has a 245\\-volt nickel\\-metal hydride battery pack, similar to that in the Camry Hybrid. 245V x 6\\.5Amp/hr \\= 1\\.59kWh* | NiMH | | |\n [Toyota Prius](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW30%29 \"Toyota Prius (XW30)\") 2010 | 1\\.3 | NiMH | \\-25 | 21 |\n Toyota Prius 2016 | 1\\.2 / 0\\.75 | NiMH / Li\\-ion | \\-31,9 | 21 |\n[Toyota Prius c](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_c \"Toyota Prius c\") 2014 | 0\\.9 | NiMH | | |\n[Toyota Prius v](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_v \"Toyota Prius v\") 2014 | 1\\.3 / 1\\.0 | NiMH / Li\\-ion | | |\n[Toyota Prius PHV](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_PHV \"Toyota Prius PHV\") 2014 | 4\\.4 | Li\\-ion | | |\n[Toyota Prius Prime](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Prime \"Toyota Prius Prime\") 2016 | 8\\.8 | Li\\-ion | | |\n[Toyota RAV4](/wiki/Toyota_RAV4 \"Toyota RAV4\") 2015 | 1\\.6 | NiMH | \\-27 | 25,5 |\n[Toyota RAV4](/wiki/Toyota_RAV4 \"Toyota RAV4\") 2019 | 1\\.6 | NiMH (2020\\- Li\\-ion) | \\-38 | 24 | |\n[Toyota RAV4 Prime](/wiki/Toyota_RAV4 \"Toyota RAV4\") 2020 | 18\\.1 | Li\\-ion | |\n[Toyota Yaris Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Hybrid \"Toyota Yaris Hybrid\") 2014 | 0\\.9{{cite web\\|url\\=http://toyota.co.za/Media/Default/brochures/Yaris.pdf\\|title\\=Yaris \\& Yaris HSD brochure \\|author\\=Toyota \\|publisher\\=Toyota South Africa\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-22}} *See specs table: 144V x 6\\.5Amp/hr \\= 0\\.936kWh* | NiMH | \\-17,5 | 15 |\n[Toyota Yaris Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Hybrid \"Toyota Yaris Hybrid\") 2020 | 0\\.76 | Li\\-ion | \\-35 | 20 |\n[Toyota Innova](/wiki/Toyota_Innova_%28AG10%29 \"Toyota Innova (AG10)\")/[Kijang Innova Zenix Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Kijang_Innova_Zenix \"Toyota Kijang Innova Zenix\") 2022 | 1\\.31 | NiMH | | |" ]
Prius Platform Generations -------------------------- The design of the Toyota Hybrid System / Hybrid Synergy Drive has now had five generations since the original 1997 Japanese\-market Toyota Prius. The power train has the same basic features, but there have been a number of significant refinements. | \+Toyota Hybrid System transmissions{{cite web \|url\=https://toyota\-club.net/files/faq/21\-12\-01\_faq\_hybrid\_tr\_en.htm \|title\=Toyota Hybrid \- Transmissions line\-up \|date\=June 2024 \|website\=Toyota\-Club.net \|access\-date\=13 September 2024}} | Model | Gen. | Traction motor (MG2\) | | | Engine | | | Applications | | Model | Power | Torque | Model | Power | Torque | | Front\-wheel drive (transaxle) | | | | | | | | | | P110 | G1 | 1CM | {{cvt\|30\|kW}} | {{cvt\|305\|Nm}} | [1NZ\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_NZ_engine%231NZ-FXE "Toyota NZ engine#1NZ-FXE") | {{cvt\|43\|kW}} | {{cvt\|102\|Nm}} | [Prius NHW10](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW10%29 "Toyota Prius (XW10)") (1997–2000\) | | P111 | G1 | 2CM | {{cvt\|33\|kW}} | {{cvt\|350\|Nm}} | [1NZ\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_NZ_engine%231NZ-FXE "Toyota NZ engine#1NZ-FXE") | {{cvt\|53\|kW}} | {{cvt\|115\|Nm}} | [Prius NHW11](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW10%29 "Toyota Prius (XW10)") (2000–2003\) | | P112 | G2 | 3CM | {{cvt\|50\|kW}} | {{cvt\|400\|Nm}} | [1NZ\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_NZ_engine%231NZ-FXE "Toyota NZ engine#1NZ-FXE") | {{cvt\|56\|kW}} | {{cvt\|110\|Nm}} | [Prius NHW20](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW20%29 "Toyota Prius (XW20)") (2003–2009\) | | P210 | G1 (SM) | 1EM{{efn\|Single\-motor variant omits MG2 and uses MG1 only}} | {{cvt\|13\|kW}} | {{cvt\|110\|Nm}} | [2AZ\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_AZ_engine%232AZ-FXE "Toyota AZ engine#2AZ-FXE") | {{cvt\|96\|kW}} | {{cvt\|190\|Nm}} | [Alphard ATH10W](/wiki/Toyota_Alphard%23Alphard_Hybrid "Toyota Alphard#Alphard Hybrid") (2003–2008\) [Estima AHR10W](/wiki/Toyota_Previa%23Estimat_Hybrid "Toyota Previa#Estimat Hybrid") (2001–2006\) | | P310 | G3 | 1JM | {{cvt\|123\|kW}} | {{cvt\|333\|Nm}} | [3MZ\-FE](/wiki/Toyota_MZ_engine%233MZ-FE "Toyota MZ engine#3MZ-FE") | {{cvt\|155\|kW}} | {{cvt\|288\|Nm}} | [Harrier](/wiki/Toyota_Harrier "Toyota Harrier") / [RX400h](/wiki/Lexus_RX_%28XU30%29 "Lexus RX (XU30)") MHU38 (2005–2009\) [Highlander / Kluger](/wiki/Toyota_Highlander "Toyota Highlander") MHU28W, MHU48 (2005–2013\) | | P311 | G3 | 2JM | {{cvt\|105\|kW}} | {{cvt\|270\|Nm}} | [2AZ\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_AZ_engine%232AZ-FXE "Toyota AZ engine#2AZ-FXE") | {{cvt\|110\|kW}} | {{cvt\|190\|Nm}} | [Alphard/Vellfire ATH20W](/wiki/Toyota_Alphard%23AH20 "Toyota Alphard#AH20") (2008–2015\) [Camry AHV40](/wiki/Toyota_Camry_%28XV40%29%23Hybrid "Toyota Camry (XV40)#Hybrid") (2006–2011\) [Estima AHR20W](/wiki/Toyota_Previa%23XR50 "Toyota Previa#XR50") (2006–2019\) [Sai AZK10](/wiki/Toyota_Sai "Toyota Sai") / [HS250h ANF10](/wiki/Lexus_HS "Lexus HS") (2009–2018\) | | P313 | G3 | 4JM | {{cvt\|123\|kW}} | {{cvt\|335\|Nm}} | [2GR\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine%232GR-FXE "Toyota GR engine#2GR-FXE") | {{cvt\|172–183\|kW}} | {{cvt\|317\|Nm}} | [Highlander GVU48](/wiki/Toyota_Highlander%23XU40 "Toyota Highlander#XU40") (2011–2019\) [RX 450h GLV10](/wiki/Lexus_RX%23AL10 "Lexus RX#AL10") (2009–2015\) | | 6JM | {{cvt\|123\|kW}} | {{cvt\|335\|Nm}} | [2GR\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine%232GR-FXS "Toyota GR engine#2GR-FXS") | {{cvt\|193\|kW}} | {{cvt\|335\|Nm}} | [RX 450h GLV20](/wiki/Lexus_RX%23AL20 "Lexus RX#AL20") (2015–2022\) | | P314 | G3 | 2JM | {{cvt\|105\|kW}} | {{cvt\|270\|Nm}} | [2AR\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_AR_engine%232AR-FXE "Toyota AR engine#2AR-FXE") | {{cvt\|112\|kW}} | {{cvt\|206\|Nm}} | [Alphard/Vellfire AYH30W](/wiki/Toyota_Alphard%23AH30 "Toyota Alphard#AH30") (2015–2023\) [Avalon AVX40](/wiki/Toyota_Avalon%23XX40 "Toyota Avalon#XX40") (2013–2018\) [Camry](/wiki/Toyota_Camry_%28XV50%29%23Camry_Hybrid "Toyota Camry (XV50)#Camry Hybrid") / [Daihatsu Altis](/wiki/Daihatsu_Altis "Daihatsu Altis") AVV50 (2011–2017\) [ES 300h AVV60](/wiki/Lexus_ES%23XV60 "Lexus ES#XV60") (2012–2018\) [Harrier AVU65](/wiki/Toyota_Harrier%23XU60 "Toyota Harrier#XU60") (2013–2020\) [NX 300h AZ10](/wiki/Lexus_NX%23AZ10 "Lexus NX#AZ10") (2014–2021\) [RAV4 AVA44](/wiki/Toyota_RAV4%23XA40 "Toyota RAV4#XA40") (2012–2018\) | | P410 | G3 | 3JM | {{cvt\|60\|kW}} | {{cvt\|207\|Nm}} | [2ZR\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_ZR_engine%232ZR-FXE "Toyota ZR engine#2ZR-FXE") | {{cvt\|73\|kW}} | {{cvt\|142\|Nm}} | [Auris ZWE150](/wiki/Toyota_Auris%23E150 "Toyota Auris#E150"), [ZWE186H](/wiki/Toyota_Auris%23E180 "Toyota Auris#E180") (2010–2018\) [Prius ZVW30, ZVW35](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW30%29 "Toyota Prius (XW30)") (2009–2015\) [CT 200h ZWA10](/wiki/Lexus_CT "Lexus CT") (2010–2022\) | | 5JM | [Noah / Voxy / Esquire ZWR80](/wiki/Toyota_Noah%23R80 "Toyota Noah#R80") (2014–2021\) [Prius\+ / α/ V ZVW40W](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_V "Toyota Prius V") / Daihatsu Mebius (2011–2021\) | | P510 | G3 | 1LM/ 2LM | {{cvt\|45\|kW}} | {{cvt\|169\|Nm}} | [1NZ\-FXE / \-FXP](/wiki/Toyota_NZ_engine%231NZ-FXE "Toyota NZ engine#1NZ-FXE") | {{cvt\|54\|kW}} | {{cvt\|111\|Nm}} | [Aqua NHP10](/wiki/Toyota_Aqua "Toyota Aqua") / [Prius c NHP10](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_C "Toyota Prius C") (2011–2021\) [Corolla Axio/ Fielder NKE165](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_%28E160%29 "Toyota Corolla (E160)") (2012–present) [JPN Taxi NTP10](/wiki/Toyota_JPN_Taxi "Toyota JPN Taxi") (2017–present) [Probox](/wiki/Toyota_Probox "Toyota Probox") / [Succeed](/wiki/Toyota_Succeed "Toyota Succeed") / Mazda Familia Van NHP160 (2014–present) [Sienta NHP170](/wiki/Toyota_Sienta%23XP170 "Toyota Sienta#XP170") (2015–2022\) [Vitz](/wiki/Toyota_Vitz%23XP130 "Toyota Vitz#XP130") / [Yaris](/wiki/Toyota_Yaris "Toyota Yaris") NHP130 (2012–2020\) | | P610 | G4 | 1NM | {{cvt\|53\|kW}} | {{cvt\|163\|Nm}} | [2ZR\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_ZR_engine%232ZR-FXE "Toyota ZR engine#2ZR-FXE") | {{cvt\|72\|kW}} | {{cvt\|142\|Nm}} | [C\-HR ZYX10](/wiki/Toyota_C-HR%23AX10 "Toyota C-HR#AX10") (2016–2023\) [Corolla / Corolla Sport / Corolla Touring ZWE210](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_%28E210%29 "Toyota Corolla (E210)") (2018–present) [Corolla Cross ZVG10](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_Cross "Toyota Corolla Cross") (2020–present) [Levin ZWE180](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_%28E170%29 "Toyota Corolla (E170)"), [ZWE210](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_%28E210%29 "Toyota Corolla (E210)") (2015–present) [Prius ZVW50](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW50%29 "Toyota Prius (XW50)") (2015–2022\) | | 1NM \+ 1SM{{efn\|Transmission equipped with a \[\[sprag clutch\|one\-way clutch]] to permit dual\-motor operation with MG1 and MG2}} | \+{{cvt\|23\|kW}} | \+{{cvt\|40\|Nm}} | [Prius PHV/Prime ZVW55](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid%23XW50 "Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid#XW50") (2016–2022\) | | P710 | G4 | 3NM | {{cvt\|88\|kW}} | {{cvt\|202\|Nm}} | [A25A\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_Dynamic_Force_engine%23A25A-FXS "Toyota Dynamic Force engine#A25A-FXS") | {{cvt\|131\|kW}} | {{cvt\|221\|Nm}} | [Avalon AXXH50](/wiki/Toyota_Avalon%23XX50 "Toyota Avalon#XX50") (2018–present) [Camry](/wiki/Toyota_Camry_%28XV70%29%23Camry_Hybrid "Toyota Camry (XV70)#Camry Hybrid") / [Daihatsu Altis](/wiki/Daihatsu_Altis "Daihatsu Altis") AXVH70N (2017–2024\) [Crown AZSH35](/wiki/Toyota_Crown%23S220 "Toyota Crown#S220") (2018–2022\) [Harrier AXUH80](/wiki/Toyota_Harrier%23XU80 "Toyota Harrier#XU80") (2020–present) [RAV4](/wiki/Toyota_RAV4%23XA50 "Toyota RAV4#XA50") / Wildlander AXAH50 (2018–present) [Venza AXUH85](/wiki/Toyota_Venza%23XU80 "Toyota Venza#XU80") (2020–present) [ES 300h AXZH10](/wiki/Lexus_ES%23XZ10 "Lexus ES#XZ10") (2018–present) | | P711 | G4 | 3NM | {{cvt\|88\|kW}} | {{cvt\|202\|Nm}} | [M20A\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_Dynamic_Force_engine%23M20A-FXS "Toyota Dynamic Force engine#M20A-FXS") | {{cvt\|107\|kW}} | {{cvt\|188\|Nm}} | [C\-HR MAXH10](/wiki/Toyota_C-HR%23AX10 "Toyota C-HR#AX10") (2016–2022\) [Corolla MZEH12](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_%28E210%29 "Toyota Corolla (E210)") (2018–present) [UX 250h MZAH10](/wiki/Lexus_UX "Lexus UX") (2018–present) | | P810 | G4 | 5NM | {{cvt\|134\|kW}} | {{cvt\|270\|Nm}} | [A25A\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_Dynamic_Force_engine%23A25A-FXS "Toyota Dynamic Force engine#A25A-FXS") | {{cvt\|130–140\|kW}} | {{cvt\|221–243\|Nm}} | [Alphard / Vellfire AAHH40](/wiki/Toyota_Alphard%23AH40 "Toyota Alphard#AH40") (2023–present) [Crown Kluger / Highlander / Kluger AXUH70](/wiki/Toyota_Highlander%23XU70 "Toyota Highlander#XU70") (2019–present) [Grand Highlander AASH10](/wiki/Toyota_Grand_Highlander "Toyota Grand Highlander") (2023–present) [Harrier PHEV AXUP85](/wiki/Toyota_Harrier%23XU80 "Toyota Harrier#XU80") (2022–present) [RAV4 PHV/Prime / Wildlander AXAP54](/wiki/Toyota_RAV4 "Toyota RAV4") / Suzuki Across (2020–present) [Sienna / Granvia AXHL40](/wiki/Toyota_Sienna%23XL40 "Toyota Sienna#XL40") (2020–present) [LM 350h AAWH10](/wiki/Lexus_LM%23AW10 "Lexus LM#AW10") (2023–present) [NX 450h\+ / 350h AAZH20, AALH16](/wiki/Lexus_NX%23AZ20 "Lexus NX#AZ20") (2021–present) | | P810\-I | G4 | 5NM | {{cvt\|134\|kW}} | {{cvt\|270\|Nm}} | [2GR\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine%232GR-FXS "Toyota GR engine#2GR-FXS") | {{cvt\|193\|kW}} | {{cvt\|335\|Nm}} | [Century SUV GRG75](/wiki/Toyota_Century%23G70 "Toyota Century#G70") (2023–present) [TX 550h\+ GYU15](/wiki/Lexus_TX "Lexus TX") (2023–present) | | P910 | G4 | 1NM | {{cvt\|59\|kW}} | {{cvt\|141\|Nm}} | [M15A\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_Dynamic_Force_engine%23M15A-FXE "Toyota Dynamic Force engine#M15A-FXE") | {{cvt\|67\|kW}} | {{cvt\|120\|Nm}} | [Aqua MXPK10](/wiki/Toyota_Aqua%23XP210 "Toyota Aqua#XP210") (2021–present) [Sienta MXPL10](/wiki/Toyota_Sienta%23XP210 "Toyota Sienta#XP210") (2022–present) [Urban Cruiser Hyryder](/wiki/Suzuki_Grand_Vitara_%282022%29 "Suzuki Grand Vitara (2022)") / [Maruti Suzuki Grand Vitara](/wiki/Suzuki_Grand_Vitara_%282022%29 "Suzuki Grand Vitara (2022)") (2022–present) [Yaris MXPH10](/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_%28XP210%29 "Toyota Yaris (XP210)") / [Mazda2 Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_%28XP210%29%23Europe "Toyota Yaris (XP210)#Europe") (2020–present) [Yaris Cross MXPJ10](/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Cross%23XP210 "Toyota Yaris Cross#XP210") (2020–present) | | PA10 | G5 | 1VM | {{cvt\|70\|kW}} | {{cvt\|185\|Nm}} | [2ZR\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_ZR_engine%232ZR-FXE "Toyota ZR engine#2ZR-FXE") | {{cvt\|72\|kW}} | {{cvt\|142\|Nm}} | [C\-HR ZYX20](/wiki/Toyota_C-HR%23AX20 "Toyota C-HR#AX20") (2023–present) [Corolla / Corolla Sport / Corolla Touring / Levin ZWE210](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_%28E210%29 "Toyota Corolla (E210)"), [Suzuki Swace](/wiki/Suzuki_Swace "Suzuki Swace") (2023–present) [Corolla Cross ZVG10](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_Cross "Toyota Corolla Cross") (2023–present) [Noah / Voxy ZWR90](/wiki/Toyota_Noah%23R90 "Toyota Noah#R90"), [Suzuki Landy](/wiki/Suzuki_Landy "Suzuki Landy") (2023–present) [Prius ZVW60](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW60%29 "Toyota Prius (XW60)") (2023–present) | | PB10 | G5 | 1VM | {{cvt\|83\|kW}} | {{cvt\|206\|Nm}} | [M20A\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_Dynamic_Force_engine%23M20A-FXS "Toyota Dynamic Force engine#M20A-FXS") | {{cvt\|112\|kW}} | {{cvt\|188\|Nm}} | [C\-HR MAXH20](/wiki/Toyota_C-HR%23AX20 "Toyota C-HR#AX20") (2023–present) [Corolla / Corolla Touring / Levin GT MZEH10](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_%28E210%29 "Toyota Corolla (E210)"), [Suzuki Swace](/wiki/Suzuki_Swace "Suzuki Swace") (2023–present) [Corolla Cross / Frontlander MXGH10](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_Cross "Toyota Corolla Cross") (2023–present) [Innova MAGH10](/wiki/Toyota_Innova%23AG10 "Toyota Innova#AG10"), Suzuki Invicto (2022–present) [Prius MXWH60](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW60%29 "Toyota Prius (XW60)") (2023–present) [UX 300h MZAH10](/wiki/Lexus_UX "Lexus UX") (2023–present) | | PB12 | G5 | 1VM | {{cvt\|120\|kW}} | {{cvt\|208\|Nm}} | [M20A\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_Dynamic_Force_engine%23M20A-FXS "Toyota Dynamic Force engine#M20A-FXS") | {{cvt\|111\|kW}} | {{cvt\|188\|Nm}} | [C\-HR PHEV MAXH21](/wiki/Toyota_C-HR%23AX20 "Toyota C-HR#AX20") (2023–present) [Prius PHEV/Prime MXWH61](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW60%29 "Toyota Prius (XW60)") (2023–present) | | Rear\-wheel drive | | | | | | | | | | L110 / L110F | G3 (RWD) | 1KM | {{cvt\|147–165\|kW}} | {{cvt\|275–300\|Nm}} | [2UR\-FSE](/wiki/Toyota_UR_engine%232UR-FSE "Toyota UR engine#2UR-FSE") | {{cvt\|280–290\|kW}} | {{cvt\|510–520\|Nm}} | [Century UWG60](/wiki/Toyota_Century%23G60 "Toyota Century#G60") (2018–present) [LS 600h UVF46](/wiki/Lexus_LS_%28XF40%29 "Lexus LS (XF40)") (2006–2017\) | | [2GR\-FSE](/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine%232GR-FSE "Toyota GR engine#2GR-FSE") | {{cvt\|217\|kW}} | {{cvt\|368\|Nm}} | [GS 450h GWS191](/wiki/Lexus_GS_%28S190%29 "Lexus GS (S190)") (2005–2011\) | | [2GR\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine%232GR-FXE "Toyota GR engine#2GR-FXE") | {{cvt\|217\|kW}} | {{cvt\|356\|Nm}} | [Crown GWS204](/wiki/Toyota_Crown%23S200 "Toyota Crown#S200") (2008–2012\) | | L210 / L210F | G3 (RWD) | 1KM | {{cvt\|105\|kW}} | {{cvt\|300\|Nm}} | [A25A\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_Dynamic_Force_engine%23A25A-FXS "Toyota Dynamic Force engine#A25A-FXS") | {{cvt\|135\|kW}} | {{cvt\|221\|Nm}} | [Crown AZSH20](/wiki/Toyota_Crown%23S220 "Toyota Crown#S220") (2018–2022\) | | [2AR\-FSE](/wiki/Toyota_AR_engine%232AR-FSE "Toyota AR engine#2AR-FSE") | {{cvt\|131\|kW}} | {{cvt\|221\|Nm}} | [Crown AWS210](/wiki/Toyota_Crown%23S210 "Toyota Crown#S210") (2012–2018\) [IS 300h AVE30](/wiki/Lexus_IS%23XE30 "Lexus IS#XE30") (2013–present) [RC 300h AVC10](/wiki/Lexus_RC "Lexus RC") (2014–present) | | [2GR\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine%232GR-FXE "Toyota GR engine#2GR-FXE") | {{cvt\|217\|kW}} | {{cvt\|356\|Nm}} | [GS 300h AWL10](/wiki/Lexus_GS%23L10 "Lexus GS#L10") (2014–2020\) | | L310 / L310F | G4 (RWD) | 2NM | {{cvt\|132\|kW}} | {{cvt\|300\|Nm}} | [8GR\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine%238GR-FXS "Toyota GR engine#8GR-FXS") | {{cvt\|220\|kW}} | {{cvt\|356\|Nm}} | [Crown GWS224](/wiki/Toyota_Crown%23S220 "Toyota Crown#S220") (2018–2022\) [LC 500h GWZ100](/wiki/Lexus_LC "Lexus LC") (2017–present) [LS 500h GVF50](/wiki/Lexus_LS%23XF50 "Lexus LS#XF50") (2017–present) | * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * Notes {{notelist}} ### Generation 1 (Toyota Hybrid System) [thumb\|right\|upright\=1\|Schematic diagram of the First\- and Second\-Generation *Toyota Hybrid System* transaxle (P110/ P111/ P112\): * **S**: Central "'**s**un" gear * **P**: **P**lanetary gear carrier * **R**: Outer **r**ing gear * **1**: Motor\-Generator **1** * **2**: Motor\-Generator **2** * **E**: Internal Combustion **E**ngine](/wiki/File:G01_%26_G02_Toyota_Hybrid_System.svg "G01 & G02 Toyota Hybrid System.svg") The system was called the Toyota Hybrid System (THS) when it was introduced with the Prius in 1997\.{{cite press release \|url\=https://global.toyota/en/detail/7889139 \|title\=Toyota Introduces New Passenger Vehicle Hybrid System \|date\=March 25, 1997 \|publisher\=Toyota Motor Corporation \|access\-date\=11 September 2024}} The hybrid [transaxle](/wiki/Transaxle "Transaxle"), designated P110, includes two electric motors (MG1 and MG2\) and a [planetary gearset](/wiki/Planetary_gearset "Planetary gearset"), which Toyota calls the "Power Split Device" (PSD); mechanical power from the internal combustion engine (E) can be directed either to the wheels or to MG1, acting as a generator. Electrical power flows between MG1, MG2, and a storage battery through an inverter. Although MG1 typically operates as a generator (alternator), it also serves as the starter motor for the internal combustion engine. MG2 usually acts as a motor, either by itself at low speeds or to assist the internal combustion engine, but MG2 also can act as a generator, for instance, during deceleration for [regenerative braking](/wiki/Regenerative_braking "Regenerative braking").{{cite web \|url\=https://global.toyota/en/detail/20209700 \|title\=The Story Behind the Birth of the Prius, Part 1 \|date\=December 11, 2017 \|website\=Toyota Motor Corporation \|access\-date\=11 September 2024}} Schematically, MG1 is connected to the central sun gear (S), the internal combustion engine is connected to the planetary gear carrier (P) and not to any individual gear, and MG2 is connected to the ring gear (R). The wheels are connected to the ring gear through appropriate [reduction gearing](/wiki/Reduction_gear "Reduction gear") and a differential, not illustrated in the diagram. The Toyota Hybrid System uses a high\-voltage battery pack, ranging between 276 and 288 V. There has been a continuous, gradual improvement in the specific capacity of the traction battery. The original Prius used shrink\-wrapped 1\.2 volt D cells, and all subsequent THS/HSD vehicles have used custom 7\.2 V battery modules mounted in a carrier. #### G1 single\-motor [thumb\|right\|upright\=1\|Schematic diagram of single\-motor THS transaxle (P210\) with [v\-belt CVT](/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission "Continuously variable transmission")](/wiki/File:G01_Toyota_Hybrid_System_%28CVT%29.svg "G01 Toyota Hybrid System (CVT).svg") In 2001, a modified version of the Generation 1 THS transaxle was released in the Japanese domestic market as the P210 transaxle, fitted to the [Estima](/wiki/Toyota_Previa%23Estimat_Hybrid "Toyota Previa#Estimat Hybrid") minivan.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.toyota\-global.com/company/history\_of\_toyota/75years/data/automotive\_business/products\_technology/technology\_development/drive\_train/index.html \|title\=Technical Development: Drivetrain \|publisher\=Toyota Motor Corporation \|access\-date\=13 September 2024}} The P210 couples the internal combustion engine with the sun gear and couples the starter/generator (MG1\) with the planetary gear carrier, which is the opposite of the G1 THS scheme. In addition, the single\-motor G1 THS omits the traction motor (MG2\) and uses a belt\-drive [continuously variable transmission](/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission "Continuously variable transmission") which can be selectively coupled via rotating clutches to either the planetary gear carrier or the ring gear. An all\-wheel drive option for the Estima was released at the same time; the Q410 rear drive unit uses an electric traction motor with no mechanical coupling to the front transaxle. ### Generation 2 (Toyota Hybrid System\-II) THS was followed by THS\-II in the 2004 Prius. Starting with THS\-II, Toyota also began referring to the system as Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD). Compared to THS, THS\-II offered reduced consumption and better performance with increased power and torque.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sze.hu/\~szenasy/SZINKRONMOTKUTFEJL/THS\-II.pdf \|title\=Toyota Hybrid System THS II \|date\=May 2003 \|publisher\=Toyota Motor Corporation \|access\-date\=11 September 2024}}{{rp\|21}} THS\-II uses the same design as THS, combining traction power from an internal combustion engine and an electric motor via a planetary gearset (power split device) which can divert some power to an electrical generator.{{cite report \|url\=https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub1870\.pdf \|title\=Evaluation of 2004 Toyota Prius Hybrid Electric Drive System (ORNL/TM\-2006/423\) \|first1\=R. H. \|last1\=Staunton \|first2\=C. W. \|last2\=Ayers \|first3\=L. D. \|last3\=Marlino \|first4\=J. N. \|last4\=Chiasson \|first5\=T. A. \|last5\=Burress \|date\=May 2006 \|publisher\=Oak Ridge National Laboratory \|access\-date\=11 September 2024}}{{rp\|4}} Electrically, HSD/THS\-II adds a [DC to DC converter](/wiki/DC_to_DC_converter "DC to DC converter") boosting the potential of the battery to 500 V or more. This allows smaller battery packs to be used, and more powerful motors. Compared to THS, the physical size of the traction motor (MG2\) in THS\-II remains approximately the same, but the maximum output has increased from {{cvt\|33\|to\|50\|kW}} and the maximum torque has increased from {{cvt\|350\|to\|400\|Nm}}. The stator windings are connected in series, which requires a higher potential.{{cite report \|url\=https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub57348\.pdf \|title\=Report on Toyota/Prius motor design and manufacturing assessment (ORNL/TM\-2004/137\) \|first1\=J. S. \|last\=Hsu \|first2\=C. W. \|last2\=Ayers \|first3\=C. L. \|last3\=Coomer \|date\=July 2004 \|publisher\=Oak Ridge National Laboratory \|access\-date\=13 September 2024}} Although not part of the THS/HSD as such, starting with the 2004 Prius, all THS/HSD vehicles have been fitted with an electric air\-conditioning compressor, instead of the conventional engine\-driven type. This removes the need to continuously run the engine when cabin cooling is required. Two [positive temperature coefficient](/wiki/Positive_temperature_coefficient "Positive temperature coefficient") heaters are fitted in the heater core to supplement the heat provided by the engine.{{cite book \|title\=Toyota Hybrid System – Course 071 \|publisher\=Toyota Technical Training \|chapter\=6 – Body Electrical \|url\=http://www.autoshop101\.com/forms/Hybrid06\.pdf \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-15 \|page\=1 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031024910/http://www.autoshop101\.com/forms/Hybrid06\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2008\-10\-31 \|url\-status\=dead }} ### Generation 3 (Hybrid Synergy Drive) [thumb\|right\|upright\=1\|Schematic diagram of the Third\-Generation *Hybrid Synergy Drive* transaxle (P31x/ P410/ P510\); a second planetary gearset has been added](/wiki/File:G03_Toyota_Hybrid_System.svg "G03 Toyota Hybrid System.svg") The updated version of HSD first delivered in the model year 2006 RX 400h is similar to THS/THS\-II, with the addition of a second planetary gearset, which Toyota calls the Motor Speed Reduction Device (MSRD); it is compounded with the first planetary gearset (PSD) by coupling the two ring gears together.{{cite report \|url\=https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/files/pub26762\.pdf \|title\=Evaluation of the 2010 Toyota Prius Hybrid Synergy Drive System (ORNL/TM\-2010/253\) \|first1\=T. A. \|last1\=Burress \|first2\=S. L. \|last2\=Campbell \|first3\=C. L. \|last3\=Coomer \|first4\=C. W. \|last4\=Ayers \|first5\=A. A. \|last5\=Wereszczak \|first6\=J. P. \|last6\=Cunningham \|first7\=L. D. \|last7\=Marlino \|first8\=L. E. \|last8\=Seiber \|first9\=H. T. \|last9\=Lin \|date\=March 2011 \|publisher\=Oak Ridge National Laboratory \|access\-date\=11 September 2024}} The coupled ring gears are still used to drive the front wheels of the vehicle. The traction motor (MG2\) uses the MSRD as a reduction gear, making it possible to increase the power density of the motor. [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") has also developed a similar hybrid system, introduced in the [Ford Escape Hybrid](/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybrid "Ford Escape Hybrid"). Toyota CEO [Katsuaki Watanabe](/wiki/Katsuaki_Watanabe "Katsuaki Watanabe") said in a February 16, 2007 interview that Toyota was "aiming at reducing, by half, both the size and cost of the third\-generation HSD system".{{cite web\|title\=Toyota's Bid for a Better Battery \|url\=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07\_10/b4024075\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228120107/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07\_10/b4024075\.htm \|archive\-date\=2007\-02\-28 }} The new system will feature [lithium\-ion](/wiki/Lithium-ion "Lithium-ion") batteries in later years. Lithium\-ion batteries have a higher energy capacity\-to\-weight ratio compared to [NiMH](/wiki/NiMH "NiMH"), but operate at higher temperatures, and are subject to thermal instability if not properly manufactured and controlled, raising safety concerns.Halvorson, Bengt. [Li\-ion Not Ready for Prius](http://www.businessweek.com/autos/content/jun2007/bw20070615_082926.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620171237/http://www.businessweek.com/autos/content/jun2007/bw20070615\_082926\.htm \|date\=2007\-06\-20 }}. *BusinessWeek*, June 18, 2007\. Retrieved on 2007\-08\-07\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.dailytech.com/Toyota\+Shuns\+Lithiumion\+Batteries\+for\+Next\+Gen\+Prius/article7678\.htm \|title\=DailyTech – Toyota Shuns Lithium\-ion Batteries for Next Gen Prius \|access\-date\=2010\-12\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518093213/http://www.dailytech.com/Toyota\+Shuns\+Lithiumion\+Batteries\+for\+Next\+Gen\+Prius/article7678\.htm \|archive\-date\=2011\-05\-18 \|url\-status\=dead }} #### G3 all\-wheel drive with hybrid transaxle In 2005, vehicles such as the Lexus RX 400h and Toyota Highlander Hybrid added four\-wheel drive operation by adding a third electric motor ("MGR") on the rear axle. In this system, the rear axle is purely electrically powered, and there is no mechanical link between the engine and the rear wheels. This also permits regenerative braking on the rear wheels. #### G3 rear\-wheel drive (Lexus Hybrid Drive) [thumb\|right\|upright\=1\.39\|Schematic diagram of rear\-wheel *Lexus Hybrid Drive* transmission (L110/ L110F)](/wiki/File:G03_Toyota_Hybrid_System_%28RWD%29.svg "G03 Toyota Hybrid System (RWD).svg") In 2006 and 2007, a further development of the HSD drivetrain, under the Lexus Hybrid Drive name, was fitted to the Lexus GS 450h / LS 600h sedans as the L110 transmission. Previous versions of HSD/THS were fitted to [transaxles](/wiki/Transaxle "Transaxle") used with front\-wheel drive platforms; Lexus Hybrid Drive applied the two\-motor HSD concept to a longitudinal transmission for rear\-wheel drive vehicles. This system uses two clutches (or brakes) to switch the second motor's gear ratio to the wheels between a ratio of 3\.9 and 1\.9, for low and high speed driving regimes respectively. This decreases the power flowing from MG1 to MG2 (or vice versa) during higher speeds. The electrical path is only about 70% efficient, thus decreasing its power flow while increasing the overall performance of the transmission. The second planetary gearset is extended with a second carrier and sun gear to a [ravigneaux\-type gear](/wiki/Ravigneaux_planetary_gearset "Ravigneaux planetary gearset") with four shafts, two of which can be held still alternatively by a brake/clutch. The GS 450h and LS 600h systems utilized [rear\-wheel drive](/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive "Rear-wheel drive") and [all\-wheel drive](/wiki/All-wheel_drive "All-wheel drive") drivetrains, respectively, and were designed to be more powerful than non\-hybrid versions of the same model lines, while providing comparable engine class efficiency.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vehix.com/car\-reviews/2008/lexus/ls\-600h\-l \|title\=2008 Lexus LS 600h L Overview \|publisher\=Vehix.com \|access\-date\=2010\-07\-13 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717191929/http://www.vehix.com/car\-reviews/2008/lexus/ls\-600h\-l \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-17 }} [thumb\|right\|upright\=1\.26\|Schematic diagram of updated rear\-wheel *Hybrid Synergy Drive* transmission (L210/ L210F)](/wiki/File:G03_Toyota_Hybrid_System_%28RWD_alt%29.svg "G03 Toyota Hybrid System (RWD alt).svg") A simplified version was released in 2012 with the [fourteenth generation Crown (S210\)](/wiki/Toyota_Crown%23S210 "Toyota Crown#S210"); the L210 transmission omits the two clutches but retains the second planetary gearset (MSRD) applied to the output of MG2, in common with other Generation 3 transaxles. However, compared to the G3 transaxles, instead of coupling the two ring gears, the L210 couples the PSD ring gear to the MSRD planetary gear carrier, and grounds the ring gear of the MSRD instead of the planetary gear carrier. {{clear}} ### Generation 4 [thumb\|right\|upright\=0\.74\|Schematic diagram of Fourth\-Generation *Hybrid Synergy Drive* transaxle (P610/ P71x/ P810/ P910\)](/wiki/File:G04_Toyota_Hybrid_System.svg "G04 Toyota Hybrid System.svg") On October 13, 2015, Toyota announced details of the Fourth Generation Hybrid Synergy Drive which was introduced for the 2016 model year. The overall design returns to a single planetary gearset similar to THS/THS\-II; parallel reduction gears on the Fourth Generation transaxles replace the Motor Speed Reduction Device, which is a second planetary gear set found in the Third Generation transaxles. The transaxle and traction motor have been redesigned, delivering a reduction in size and combined weight.{{cite web \|url\=https://global.toyota/en/powertrain/ths/ \|title\=Advancement of Toyota Hybrid System II (THS\-II) \|date\=December 6, 2016 \|website\=Toyota Motor Corporation \|access\-date\=11 September 2024}} The traction motor itself is considerably more compact and gains a better [power\-to\-weight ratio](/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio "Power-to-weight ratio"). Notably there is a 20 percent reduction in mechanical losses due to friction compared to the previous model. The 2012– Prius c retains the P510 transaxle. The P610 transaxle employs helical gears rather than the straight\-cut spur gears employed in the earlier transaxles, and which run more smoothly and quietly, while also accommodating higher mechanical loads. #### G4 all\-wheel drive with hybrid transaxle With the Fourth Generation HSD, Toyota is also offering a four\-wheel drive option, dubbed "E\-Four", similar to the 2005 RX400h and Highlander Hybrid, in which an electric traction motor is added to the rear, but is not mechanically coupled to the internal combustion engine or front inverter. In fact, the "E\-Four" system has its own rear inverter, although this inverter draws power from the same hybrid battery as the front inverter. "E\-Four" began being offered in Prius models in the United States in the 2019 model year. "E\-Four" is an integral part of the [RAV4](/wiki/Toyota_RAV4 "Toyota RAV4") Hybrid models offered in the United States, and all such RAV4 Hybrids are "E\-Four" only. #### G4 rear\-wheel drive (Multistage THS\-II) [thumb\|right\|upright\=1\.61\|Fourth Generation L310 / L310F *Hybrid Synergy Drive* transmission for rear\-wheel drive vehicles](/wiki/File:G04_Toyota_Hybrid_System_%28RWD_alt%29.svg "G04 Toyota Hybrid System (RWD alt).svg") The L310 transmission for rear\-wheel drive applications succeeded the prior L110 transmission in premium vehicles. Compared to the L110 and L210, the L310 couples MG2 to the ring gear of the PSD. In addition L310 adds a third planetary gearset, compounded with the second (MSRD) by coupling the planetary gear carrier of the second planetary gearset with the ring gear of the third planetary gearset, and by coupling the ring gear of the second with the planetary gear carrier of the third. In addition, several rotating clutches and brakes have been added, including a [one\-way clutch](/wiki/Sprag_clutch "Sprag clutch") on the planetary gear carrier of the second planetary gearset. By selectively engaging these, the transmission can simulate ten different gear ratios. ### Generation 5 The fifth generation Hybrid Synergy Drive transaxle is similar to the prior generation, with detail improvements making the electric motors lighter, more compact, and more powerful.{{cite press release \|url\=https://www.toyota\-europe.com/news/2022/5th\-generation\-hybrid\-powertrain \|title\=Toyota starts production of 5th generation hybrid powertrain \|date\=December 19, 2022 \|publisher\=Toyota Motor Corporation Europe \|access\-date\=14 September 2024}}
[ "Prius Platform Generations\n--------------------------", "The design of the Toyota Hybrid System / Hybrid Synergy Drive has now had five generations since the original 1997 Japanese\\-market Toyota Prius. The power train has the same basic features, but there have been a number of significant refinements.", "", "| \\+Toyota Hybrid System transmissions{{cite web \\|url\\=https://toyota\\-club.net/files/faq/21\\-12\\-01\\_faq\\_hybrid\\_tr\\_en.htm \\|title\\=Toyota Hybrid \\- Transmissions line\\-up \\|date\\=June 2024 \\|website\\=Toyota\\-Club.net \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2024}} | Model | Gen. | Traction motor (MG2\\) | | | Engine | | | Applications |", "| Model | Power | Torque | Model | Power | Torque |\n| Front\\-wheel drive (transaxle) | | | | | | | | |\n| P110 | G1 | 1CM | {{cvt\\|30\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|305\\|Nm}} | [1NZ\\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_NZ_engine%231NZ-FXE \"Toyota NZ engine#1NZ-FXE\") | {{cvt\\|43\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|102\\|Nm}} | [Prius NHW10](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW10%29 \"Toyota Prius (XW10)\") (1997–2000\\) |\n| P111 | G1 | 2CM | {{cvt\\|33\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|350\\|Nm}} | [1NZ\\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_NZ_engine%231NZ-FXE \"Toyota NZ engine#1NZ-FXE\") | {{cvt\\|53\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|115\\|Nm}} | [Prius NHW11](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW10%29 \"Toyota Prius (XW10)\") (2000–2003\\) |\n| P112 | G2 | 3CM | {{cvt\\|50\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|400\\|Nm}} | [1NZ\\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_NZ_engine%231NZ-FXE \"Toyota NZ engine#1NZ-FXE\") | {{cvt\\|56\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|110\\|Nm}} | [Prius NHW20](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW20%29 \"Toyota Prius (XW20)\") (2003–2009\\) |\n| P210 | G1 (SM) | 1EM{{efn\\|Single\\-motor variant omits MG2 and uses MG1 only}} | {{cvt\\|13\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|110\\|Nm}} | [2AZ\\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_AZ_engine%232AZ-FXE \"Toyota AZ engine#2AZ-FXE\") | {{cvt\\|96\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|190\\|Nm}} | [Alphard ATH10W](/wiki/Toyota_Alphard%23Alphard_Hybrid \"Toyota Alphard#Alphard Hybrid\") (2003–2008\\) [Estima AHR10W](/wiki/Toyota_Previa%23Estimat_Hybrid \"Toyota Previa#Estimat Hybrid\") (2001–2006\\) |\n| P310 | G3 | 1JM | {{cvt\\|123\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|333\\|Nm}} | [3MZ\\-FE](/wiki/Toyota_MZ_engine%233MZ-FE \"Toyota MZ engine#3MZ-FE\") | {{cvt\\|155\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|288\\|Nm}} | [Harrier](/wiki/Toyota_Harrier \"Toyota Harrier\") / [RX400h](/wiki/Lexus_RX_%28XU30%29 \"Lexus RX (XU30)\") MHU38 (2005–2009\\) [Highlander / Kluger](/wiki/Toyota_Highlander \"Toyota Highlander\") MHU28W, MHU48 (2005–2013\\) |\n| P311 | G3 | 2JM | {{cvt\\|105\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|270\\|Nm}} | [2AZ\\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_AZ_engine%232AZ-FXE \"Toyota AZ engine#2AZ-FXE\") | {{cvt\\|110\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|190\\|Nm}} | [Alphard/Vellfire ATH20W](/wiki/Toyota_Alphard%23AH20 \"Toyota Alphard#AH20\") (2008–2015\\) [Camry AHV40](/wiki/Toyota_Camry_%28XV40%29%23Hybrid \"Toyota Camry (XV40)#Hybrid\") (2006–2011\\) [Estima AHR20W](/wiki/Toyota_Previa%23XR50 \"Toyota Previa#XR50\") (2006–2019\\) [Sai AZK10](/wiki/Toyota_Sai \"Toyota Sai\") / [HS250h ANF10](/wiki/Lexus_HS \"Lexus HS\") (2009–2018\\) |\n| P313 | G3 | 4JM | {{cvt\\|123\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|335\\|Nm}} | [2GR\\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine%232GR-FXE \"Toyota GR engine#2GR-FXE\") | {{cvt\\|172–183\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|317\\|Nm}} | [Highlander GVU48](/wiki/Toyota_Highlander%23XU40 \"Toyota Highlander#XU40\") (2011–2019\\) [RX 450h GLV10](/wiki/Lexus_RX%23AL10 \"Lexus RX#AL10\") (2009–2015\\) |\n| 6JM | {{cvt\\|123\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|335\\|Nm}} | [2GR\\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine%232GR-FXS \"Toyota GR engine#2GR-FXS\") | {{cvt\\|193\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|335\\|Nm}} | [RX 450h GLV20](/wiki/Lexus_RX%23AL20 \"Lexus RX#AL20\") (2015–2022\\) |\n| P314 | G3 | 2JM | {{cvt\\|105\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|270\\|Nm}} | [2AR\\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_AR_engine%232AR-FXE \"Toyota AR engine#2AR-FXE\") | {{cvt\\|112\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|206\\|Nm}} | [Alphard/Vellfire AYH30W](/wiki/Toyota_Alphard%23AH30 \"Toyota Alphard#AH30\") (2015–2023\\) [Avalon AVX40](/wiki/Toyota_Avalon%23XX40 \"Toyota Avalon#XX40\") (2013–2018\\) [Camry](/wiki/Toyota_Camry_%28XV50%29%23Camry_Hybrid \"Toyota Camry (XV50)#Camry Hybrid\") / [Daihatsu Altis](/wiki/Daihatsu_Altis \"Daihatsu Altis\") AVV50 (2011–2017\\) [ES 300h AVV60](/wiki/Lexus_ES%23XV60 \"Lexus ES#XV60\") (2012–2018\\) [Harrier AVU65](/wiki/Toyota_Harrier%23XU60 \"Toyota Harrier#XU60\") (2013–2020\\) [NX 300h AZ10](/wiki/Lexus_NX%23AZ10 \"Lexus NX#AZ10\") (2014–2021\\) [RAV4 AVA44](/wiki/Toyota_RAV4%23XA40 \"Toyota RAV4#XA40\") (2012–2018\\) |\n| P410 | G3 | 3JM | {{cvt\\|60\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|207\\|Nm}} | [2ZR\\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_ZR_engine%232ZR-FXE \"Toyota ZR engine#2ZR-FXE\") | {{cvt\\|73\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|142\\|Nm}} | [Auris ZWE150](/wiki/Toyota_Auris%23E150 \"Toyota Auris#E150\"), [ZWE186H](/wiki/Toyota_Auris%23E180 \"Toyota Auris#E180\") (2010–2018\\) [Prius ZVW30, ZVW35](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW30%29 \"Toyota Prius (XW30)\") (2009–2015\\) [CT 200h ZWA10](/wiki/Lexus_CT \"Lexus CT\") (2010–2022\\) |\n| 5JM | [Noah / Voxy / Esquire ZWR80](/wiki/Toyota_Noah%23R80 \"Toyota Noah#R80\") (2014–2021\\) [Prius\\+ / α/ V ZVW40W](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_V \"Toyota Prius V\") / Daihatsu Mebius (2011–2021\\) |\n| P510 | G3 | 1LM/ 2LM | {{cvt\\|45\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|169\\|Nm}} | [1NZ\\-FXE / \\-FXP](/wiki/Toyota_NZ_engine%231NZ-FXE \"Toyota NZ engine#1NZ-FXE\") | {{cvt\\|54\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|111\\|Nm}} | [Aqua NHP10](/wiki/Toyota_Aqua \"Toyota Aqua\") / [Prius c NHP10](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_C \"Toyota Prius C\") (2011–2021\\) [Corolla Axio/ Fielder NKE165](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_%28E160%29 \"Toyota Corolla (E160)\") (2012–present) [JPN Taxi NTP10](/wiki/Toyota_JPN_Taxi \"Toyota JPN Taxi\") (2017–present) [Probox](/wiki/Toyota_Probox \"Toyota Probox\") / [Succeed](/wiki/Toyota_Succeed \"Toyota Succeed\") / Mazda Familia Van NHP160 (2014–present) [Sienta NHP170](/wiki/Toyota_Sienta%23XP170 \"Toyota Sienta#XP170\") (2015–2022\\) [Vitz](/wiki/Toyota_Vitz%23XP130 \"Toyota Vitz#XP130\") / [Yaris](/wiki/Toyota_Yaris \"Toyota Yaris\") NHP130 (2012–2020\\) |\n| P610 | G4 | 1NM | {{cvt\\|53\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|163\\|Nm}} | [2ZR\\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_ZR_engine%232ZR-FXE \"Toyota ZR engine#2ZR-FXE\") | {{cvt\\|72\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|142\\|Nm}} | [C\\-HR ZYX10](/wiki/Toyota_C-HR%23AX10 \"Toyota C-HR#AX10\") (2016–2023\\) [Corolla / Corolla Sport / Corolla Touring ZWE210](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_%28E210%29 \"Toyota Corolla (E210)\") (2018–present) [Corolla Cross ZVG10](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_Cross \"Toyota Corolla Cross\") (2020–present) [Levin ZWE180](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_%28E170%29 \"Toyota Corolla (E170)\"), [ZWE210](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_%28E210%29 \"Toyota Corolla (E210)\") (2015–present) [Prius ZVW50](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW50%29 \"Toyota Prius (XW50)\") (2015–2022\\) |\n| 1NM \\+ 1SM{{efn\\|Transmission equipped with a \\[\\[sprag clutch\\|one\\-way clutch]] to permit dual\\-motor operation with MG1 and MG2}} | \\+{{cvt\\|23\\|kW}} | \\+{{cvt\\|40\\|Nm}} | [Prius PHV/Prime ZVW55](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid%23XW50 \"Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid#XW50\") (2016–2022\\) |\n| P710 | G4 | 3NM | {{cvt\\|88\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|202\\|Nm}} | [A25A\\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_Dynamic_Force_engine%23A25A-FXS \"Toyota Dynamic Force engine#A25A-FXS\") | {{cvt\\|131\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|221\\|Nm}} | [Avalon AXXH50](/wiki/Toyota_Avalon%23XX50 \"Toyota Avalon#XX50\") (2018–present) [Camry](/wiki/Toyota_Camry_%28XV70%29%23Camry_Hybrid \"Toyota Camry (XV70)#Camry Hybrid\") / [Daihatsu Altis](/wiki/Daihatsu_Altis \"Daihatsu Altis\") AXVH70N (2017–2024\\) [Crown AZSH35](/wiki/Toyota_Crown%23S220 \"Toyota Crown#S220\") (2018–2022\\) [Harrier AXUH80](/wiki/Toyota_Harrier%23XU80 \"Toyota Harrier#XU80\") (2020–present) [RAV4](/wiki/Toyota_RAV4%23XA50 \"Toyota RAV4#XA50\") / Wildlander AXAH50 (2018–present) [Venza AXUH85](/wiki/Toyota_Venza%23XU80 \"Toyota Venza#XU80\") (2020–present) [ES 300h AXZH10](/wiki/Lexus_ES%23XZ10 \"Lexus ES#XZ10\") (2018–present) |\n| P711 | G4 | 3NM | {{cvt\\|88\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|202\\|Nm}} | [M20A\\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_Dynamic_Force_engine%23M20A-FXS \"Toyota Dynamic Force engine#M20A-FXS\") | {{cvt\\|107\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|188\\|Nm}} | [C\\-HR MAXH10](/wiki/Toyota_C-HR%23AX10 \"Toyota C-HR#AX10\") (2016–2022\\) [Corolla MZEH12](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_%28E210%29 \"Toyota Corolla (E210)\") (2018–present) [UX 250h MZAH10](/wiki/Lexus_UX \"Lexus UX\") (2018–present) |\n| P810 | G4 | 5NM | {{cvt\\|134\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|270\\|Nm}} | [A25A\\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_Dynamic_Force_engine%23A25A-FXS \"Toyota Dynamic Force engine#A25A-FXS\") | {{cvt\\|130–140\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|221–243\\|Nm}} | [Alphard / Vellfire AAHH40](/wiki/Toyota_Alphard%23AH40 \"Toyota Alphard#AH40\") (2023–present) [Crown Kluger / Highlander / Kluger AXUH70](/wiki/Toyota_Highlander%23XU70 \"Toyota Highlander#XU70\") (2019–present) [Grand Highlander AASH10](/wiki/Toyota_Grand_Highlander \"Toyota Grand Highlander\") (2023–present) [Harrier PHEV AXUP85](/wiki/Toyota_Harrier%23XU80 \"Toyota Harrier#XU80\") (2022–present) [RAV4 PHV/Prime / Wildlander AXAP54](/wiki/Toyota_RAV4 \"Toyota RAV4\") / Suzuki Across (2020–present) [Sienna / Granvia AXHL40](/wiki/Toyota_Sienna%23XL40 \"Toyota Sienna#XL40\") (2020–present) [LM 350h AAWH10](/wiki/Lexus_LM%23AW10 \"Lexus LM#AW10\") (2023–present) [NX 450h\\+ / 350h AAZH20, AALH16](/wiki/Lexus_NX%23AZ20 \"Lexus NX#AZ20\") (2021–present) |\n| P810\\-I | G4 | 5NM | {{cvt\\|134\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|270\\|Nm}} | [2GR\\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine%232GR-FXS \"Toyota GR engine#2GR-FXS\") | {{cvt\\|193\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|335\\|Nm}} | [Century SUV GRG75](/wiki/Toyota_Century%23G70 \"Toyota Century#G70\") (2023–present) [TX 550h\\+ GYU15](/wiki/Lexus_TX \"Lexus TX\") (2023–present) |\n| P910 | G4 | 1NM | {{cvt\\|59\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|141\\|Nm}} | [M15A\\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_Dynamic_Force_engine%23M15A-FXE \"Toyota Dynamic Force engine#M15A-FXE\") | {{cvt\\|67\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|120\\|Nm}} | [Aqua MXPK10](/wiki/Toyota_Aqua%23XP210 \"Toyota Aqua#XP210\") (2021–present) [Sienta MXPL10](/wiki/Toyota_Sienta%23XP210 \"Toyota Sienta#XP210\") (2022–present) [Urban Cruiser Hyryder](/wiki/Suzuki_Grand_Vitara_%282022%29 \"Suzuki Grand Vitara (2022)\") / [Maruti Suzuki Grand Vitara](/wiki/Suzuki_Grand_Vitara_%282022%29 \"Suzuki Grand Vitara (2022)\") (2022–present) [Yaris MXPH10](/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_%28XP210%29 \"Toyota Yaris (XP210)\") / [Mazda2 Hybrid](/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_%28XP210%29%23Europe \"Toyota Yaris (XP210)#Europe\") (2020–present) [Yaris Cross MXPJ10](/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Cross%23XP210 \"Toyota Yaris Cross#XP210\") (2020–present) |\n| PA10 | G5 | 1VM | {{cvt\\|70\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|185\\|Nm}} | [2ZR\\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_ZR_engine%232ZR-FXE \"Toyota ZR engine#2ZR-FXE\") | {{cvt\\|72\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|142\\|Nm}} | [C\\-HR ZYX20](/wiki/Toyota_C-HR%23AX20 \"Toyota C-HR#AX20\") (2023–present) [Corolla / Corolla Sport / Corolla Touring / Levin ZWE210](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_%28E210%29 \"Toyota Corolla (E210)\"), [Suzuki Swace](/wiki/Suzuki_Swace \"Suzuki Swace\") (2023–present) [Corolla Cross ZVG10](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_Cross \"Toyota Corolla Cross\") (2023–present) [Noah / Voxy ZWR90](/wiki/Toyota_Noah%23R90 \"Toyota Noah#R90\"), [Suzuki Landy](/wiki/Suzuki_Landy \"Suzuki Landy\") (2023–present) [Prius ZVW60](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW60%29 \"Toyota Prius (XW60)\") (2023–present) |\n| PB10 | G5 | 1VM | {{cvt\\|83\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|206\\|Nm}} | [M20A\\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_Dynamic_Force_engine%23M20A-FXS \"Toyota Dynamic Force engine#M20A-FXS\") | {{cvt\\|112\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|188\\|Nm}} | [C\\-HR MAXH20](/wiki/Toyota_C-HR%23AX20 \"Toyota C-HR#AX20\") (2023–present) [Corolla / Corolla Touring / Levin GT MZEH10](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_%28E210%29 \"Toyota Corolla (E210)\"), [Suzuki Swace](/wiki/Suzuki_Swace \"Suzuki Swace\") (2023–present) [Corolla Cross / Frontlander MXGH10](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_Cross \"Toyota Corolla Cross\") (2023–present) [Innova MAGH10](/wiki/Toyota_Innova%23AG10 \"Toyota Innova#AG10\"), Suzuki Invicto (2022–present) [Prius MXWH60](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW60%29 \"Toyota Prius (XW60)\") (2023–present) [UX 300h MZAH10](/wiki/Lexus_UX \"Lexus UX\") (2023–present) |\n| PB12 | G5 | 1VM | {{cvt\\|120\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|208\\|Nm}} | [M20A\\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_Dynamic_Force_engine%23M20A-FXS \"Toyota Dynamic Force engine#M20A-FXS\") | {{cvt\\|111\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|188\\|Nm}} | [C\\-HR PHEV MAXH21](/wiki/Toyota_C-HR%23AX20 \"Toyota C-HR#AX20\") (2023–present) [Prius PHEV/Prime MXWH61](/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%28XW60%29 \"Toyota Prius (XW60)\") (2023–present) |\n| Rear\\-wheel drive | | | | | | | | |\n| L110 / L110F | G3 (RWD) | 1KM | {{cvt\\|147–165\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|275–300\\|Nm}} | [2UR\\-FSE](/wiki/Toyota_UR_engine%232UR-FSE \"Toyota UR engine#2UR-FSE\") | {{cvt\\|280–290\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|510–520\\|Nm}} | [Century UWG60](/wiki/Toyota_Century%23G60 \"Toyota Century#G60\") (2018–present) [LS 600h UVF46](/wiki/Lexus_LS_%28XF40%29 \"Lexus LS (XF40)\") (2006–2017\\) |\n| [2GR\\-FSE](/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine%232GR-FSE \"Toyota GR engine#2GR-FSE\") | {{cvt\\|217\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|368\\|Nm}} | [GS 450h GWS191](/wiki/Lexus_GS_%28S190%29 \"Lexus GS (S190)\") (2005–2011\\) |\n| [2GR\\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine%232GR-FXE \"Toyota GR engine#2GR-FXE\") | {{cvt\\|217\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|356\\|Nm}} | [Crown GWS204](/wiki/Toyota_Crown%23S200 \"Toyota Crown#S200\") (2008–2012\\) |\n| L210 / L210F | G3 (RWD) | 1KM | {{cvt\\|105\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|300\\|Nm}} | [A25A\\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_Dynamic_Force_engine%23A25A-FXS \"Toyota Dynamic Force engine#A25A-FXS\") | {{cvt\\|135\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|221\\|Nm}} | [Crown AZSH20](/wiki/Toyota_Crown%23S220 \"Toyota Crown#S220\") (2018–2022\\) |\n| [2AR\\-FSE](/wiki/Toyota_AR_engine%232AR-FSE \"Toyota AR engine#2AR-FSE\") | {{cvt\\|131\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|221\\|Nm}} | [Crown AWS210](/wiki/Toyota_Crown%23S210 \"Toyota Crown#S210\") (2012–2018\\) [IS 300h AVE30](/wiki/Lexus_IS%23XE30 \"Lexus IS#XE30\") (2013–present) [RC 300h AVC10](/wiki/Lexus_RC \"Lexus RC\") (2014–present) |\n| [2GR\\-FXE](/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine%232GR-FXE \"Toyota GR engine#2GR-FXE\") | {{cvt\\|217\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|356\\|Nm}} | [GS 300h AWL10](/wiki/Lexus_GS%23L10 \"Lexus GS#L10\") (2014–2020\\) |\n| L310 / L310F | G4 (RWD) | 2NM | {{cvt\\|132\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|300\\|Nm}} | [8GR\\-FXS](/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine%238GR-FXS \"Toyota GR engine#8GR-FXS\") | {{cvt\\|220\\|kW}} | {{cvt\\|356\\|Nm}} | [Crown GWS224](/wiki/Toyota_Crown%23S220 \"Toyota Crown#S220\") (2018–2022\\) [LC 500h GWZ100](/wiki/Lexus_LC \"Lexus LC\") (2017–present) [LS 500h GVF50](/wiki/Lexus_LS%23XF50 \"Lexus LS#XF50\") (2017–present) |", "* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * Notes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{notelist}}", "### Generation 1 (Toyota Hybrid System)", "[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=1\\|Schematic diagram of the First\\- and Second\\-Generation *Toyota Hybrid System* transaxle (P110/ P111/ P112\\):\n* **S**: Central \"'**s**un\" gear\n* **P**: **P**lanetary gear carrier\n* **R**: Outer **r**ing gear\n* **1**: Motor\\-Generator **1**\n* **2**: Motor\\-Generator **2**\n* **E**: Internal Combustion **E**ngine](/wiki/File:G01_%26_G02_Toyota_Hybrid_System.svg \"G01 & G02 Toyota Hybrid System.svg\")\nThe system was called the Toyota Hybrid System (THS) when it was introduced with the Prius in 1997\\.{{cite press release \\|url\\=https://global.toyota/en/detail/7889139 \\|title\\=Toyota Introduces New Passenger Vehicle Hybrid System \\|date\\=March 25, 1997 \\|publisher\\=Toyota Motor Corporation \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2024}} The hybrid [transaxle](/wiki/Transaxle \"Transaxle\"), designated P110, includes two electric motors (MG1 and MG2\\) and a [planetary gearset](/wiki/Planetary_gearset \"Planetary gearset\"), which Toyota calls the \"Power Split Device\" (PSD); mechanical power from the internal combustion engine (E) can be directed either to the wheels or to MG1, acting as a generator.", "Electrical power flows between MG1, MG2, and a storage battery through an inverter. Although MG1 typically operates as a generator (alternator), it also serves as the starter motor for the internal combustion engine. MG2 usually acts as a motor, either by itself at low speeds or to assist the internal combustion engine, but MG2 also can act as a generator, for instance, during deceleration for [regenerative braking](/wiki/Regenerative_braking \"Regenerative braking\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://global.toyota/en/detail/20209700 \\|title\\=The Story Behind the Birth of the Prius, Part 1 \\|date\\=December 11, 2017 \\|website\\=Toyota Motor Corporation \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2024}}", "Schematically, MG1 is connected to the central sun gear (S), the internal combustion engine is connected to the planetary gear carrier (P) and not to any individual gear, and MG2 is connected to the ring gear (R). The wheels are connected to the ring gear through appropriate [reduction gearing](/wiki/Reduction_gear \"Reduction gear\") and a differential, not illustrated in the diagram.", "The Toyota Hybrid System uses a high\\-voltage battery pack, ranging between 276 and 288 V. There has been a continuous, gradual improvement in the specific capacity of the traction battery. The original Prius used shrink\\-wrapped 1\\.2 volt D cells, and all subsequent THS/HSD vehicles have used custom 7\\.2 V battery modules mounted in a carrier.", "#### G1 single\\-motor", "[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=1\\|Schematic diagram of single\\-motor THS transaxle (P210\\) with [v\\-belt CVT](/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission \"Continuously variable transmission\")](/wiki/File:G01_Toyota_Hybrid_System_%28CVT%29.svg \"G01 Toyota Hybrid System (CVT).svg\")\nIn 2001, a modified version of the Generation 1 THS transaxle was released in the Japanese domestic market as the P210 transaxle, fitted to the [Estima](/wiki/Toyota_Previa%23Estimat_Hybrid \"Toyota Previa#Estimat Hybrid\") minivan.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.toyota\\-global.com/company/history\\_of\\_toyota/75years/data/automotive\\_business/products\\_technology/technology\\_development/drive\\_train/index.html \\|title\\=Technical Development: Drivetrain \\|publisher\\=Toyota Motor Corporation \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2024}} The P210 couples the internal combustion engine with the sun gear and couples the starter/generator (MG1\\) with the planetary gear carrier, which is the opposite of the G1 THS scheme. In addition, the single\\-motor G1 THS omits the traction motor (MG2\\) and uses a belt\\-drive [continuously variable transmission](/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission \"Continuously variable transmission\") which can be selectively coupled via rotating clutches to either the planetary gear carrier or the ring gear.", "An all\\-wheel drive option for the Estima was released at the same time; the Q410 rear drive unit uses an electric traction motor with no mechanical coupling to the front transaxle.", "### Generation 2 (Toyota Hybrid System\\-II)", "THS was followed by THS\\-II in the 2004 Prius. Starting with THS\\-II, Toyota also began referring to the system as Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD). Compared to THS, THS\\-II offered reduced consumption and better performance with increased power and torque.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sze.hu/\\~szenasy/SZINKRONMOTKUTFEJL/THS\\-II.pdf \\|title\\=Toyota Hybrid System THS II \\|date\\=May 2003 \\|publisher\\=Toyota Motor Corporation \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2024}}{{rp\\|21}} THS\\-II uses the same design as THS, combining traction power from an internal combustion engine and an electric motor via a planetary gearset (power split device) which can divert some power to an electrical generator.{{cite report \\|url\\=https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub1870\\.pdf \\|title\\=Evaluation of 2004 Toyota Prius Hybrid Electric Drive System (ORNL/TM\\-2006/423\\) \\|first1\\=R. H. \\|last1\\=Staunton \\|first2\\=C. W. \\|last2\\=Ayers \\|first3\\=L. D. \\|last3\\=Marlino \\|first4\\=J. N. \\|last4\\=Chiasson \\|first5\\=T. A. \\|last5\\=Burress \\|date\\=May 2006 \\|publisher\\=Oak Ridge National Laboratory \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2024}}{{rp\\|4}}", "Electrically, HSD/THS\\-II adds a [DC to DC converter](/wiki/DC_to_DC_converter \"DC to DC converter\") boosting the potential of the battery to 500 V or more. This allows smaller battery packs to be used, and more powerful motors. Compared to THS, the physical size of the traction motor (MG2\\) in THS\\-II remains approximately the same, but the maximum output has increased from {{cvt\\|33\\|to\\|50\\|kW}} and the maximum torque has increased from {{cvt\\|350\\|to\\|400\\|Nm}}. The stator windings are connected in series, which requires a higher potential.{{cite report \\|url\\=https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub57348\\.pdf \\|title\\=Report on Toyota/Prius motor design and manufacturing assessment (ORNL/TM\\-2004/137\\) \\|first1\\=J. S. \\|last\\=Hsu \\|first2\\=C. W. \\|last2\\=Ayers \\|first3\\=C. L. \\|last3\\=Coomer \\|date\\=July 2004 \\|publisher\\=Oak Ridge National Laboratory \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2024}}", "Although not part of the THS/HSD as such, starting with the 2004 Prius, all THS/HSD vehicles have been fitted with an electric air\\-conditioning compressor, instead of the conventional engine\\-driven type. This removes the need to continuously run the engine when cabin cooling is required. Two [positive temperature coefficient](/wiki/Positive_temperature_coefficient \"Positive temperature coefficient\") heaters are fitted in the heater core to supplement the heat provided by the engine.{{cite book \\|title\\=Toyota Hybrid System – Course 071 \\|publisher\\=Toyota Technical Training \\|chapter\\=6 – Body Electrical \\|url\\=http://www.autoshop101\\.com/forms/Hybrid06\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-15 \\|page\\=1 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031024910/http://www.autoshop101\\.com/forms/Hybrid06\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-31 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### Generation 3 (Hybrid Synergy Drive)", "[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=1\\|Schematic diagram of the Third\\-Generation *Hybrid Synergy Drive* transaxle (P31x/ P410/ P510\\); a second planetary gearset has been added](/wiki/File:G03_Toyota_Hybrid_System.svg \"G03 Toyota Hybrid System.svg\")\nThe updated version of HSD first delivered in the model year 2006 RX 400h is similar to THS/THS\\-II, with the addition of a second planetary gearset, which Toyota calls the Motor Speed Reduction Device (MSRD); it is compounded with the first planetary gearset (PSD) by coupling the two ring gears together.{{cite report \\|url\\=https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/files/pub26762\\.pdf \\|title\\=Evaluation of the 2010 Toyota Prius Hybrid Synergy Drive System (ORNL/TM\\-2010/253\\) \\|first1\\=T. A. \\|last1\\=Burress \\|first2\\=S. L. \\|last2\\=Campbell \\|first3\\=C. L. \\|last3\\=Coomer \\|first4\\=C. W. \\|last4\\=Ayers \\|first5\\=A. A. \\|last5\\=Wereszczak \\|first6\\=J. P. \\|last6\\=Cunningham \\|first7\\=L. D. \\|last7\\=Marlino \\|first8\\=L. E. \\|last8\\=Seiber \\|first9\\=H. T. \\|last9\\=Lin \\|date\\=March 2011 \\|publisher\\=Oak Ridge National Laboratory \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2024}} The coupled ring gears are still used to drive the front wheels of the vehicle. The traction motor (MG2\\) uses the MSRD as a reduction gear, making it possible to increase the power density of the motor. [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") has also developed a similar hybrid system, introduced in the [Ford Escape Hybrid](/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybrid \"Ford Escape Hybrid\").", "Toyota CEO [Katsuaki Watanabe](/wiki/Katsuaki_Watanabe \"Katsuaki Watanabe\") said in a February 16, 2007 interview that Toyota was \"aiming at reducing, by half, both the size and cost of the third\\-generation HSD system\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Toyota's Bid for a Better Battery \\|url\\=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07\\_10/b4024075\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228120107/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07\\_10/b4024075\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-28 }}\nThe new system will feature [lithium\\-ion](/wiki/Lithium-ion \"Lithium-ion\") batteries in later years. Lithium\\-ion batteries have a higher energy capacity\\-to\\-weight ratio compared to [NiMH](/wiki/NiMH \"NiMH\"), but operate at higher temperatures, and are subject to thermal instability if not properly manufactured and controlled, raising safety concerns.Halvorson, Bengt. [Li\\-ion Not Ready for Prius](http://www.businessweek.com/autos/content/jun2007/bw20070615_082926.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620171237/http://www.businessweek.com/autos/content/jun2007/bw20070615\\_082926\\.htm \\|date\\=2007\\-06\\-20 }}. *BusinessWeek*, June 18, 2007\\. Retrieved on 2007\\-08\\-07\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dailytech.com/Toyota\\+Shuns\\+Lithiumion\\+Batteries\\+for\\+Next\\+Gen\\+Prius/article7678\\.htm \\|title\\=DailyTech – Toyota Shuns Lithium\\-ion Batteries for Next Gen Prius \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-12\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518093213/http://www.dailytech.com/Toyota\\+Shuns\\+Lithiumion\\+Batteries\\+for\\+Next\\+Gen\\+Prius/article7678\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-05\\-18 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "#### G3 all\\-wheel drive with hybrid transaxle", "In 2005, vehicles such as the Lexus RX 400h and Toyota Highlander Hybrid added four\\-wheel drive operation by adding a third electric motor (\"MGR\") on the rear axle. In this system, the rear axle is purely electrically powered, and there is no mechanical link between the engine and the rear wheels. This also permits regenerative braking on the rear wheels.", "#### G3 rear\\-wheel drive (Lexus Hybrid Drive)", "[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=1\\.39\\|Schematic diagram of rear\\-wheel *Lexus Hybrid Drive* transmission (L110/ L110F)](/wiki/File:G03_Toyota_Hybrid_System_%28RWD%29.svg \"G03 Toyota Hybrid System (RWD).svg\")\nIn 2006 and 2007, a further development of the HSD drivetrain, under the Lexus Hybrid Drive name, was fitted to the Lexus GS 450h / LS 600h sedans as the L110 transmission. Previous versions of HSD/THS were fitted to [transaxles](/wiki/Transaxle \"Transaxle\") used with front\\-wheel drive platforms; Lexus Hybrid Drive applied the two\\-motor HSD concept to a longitudinal transmission for rear\\-wheel drive vehicles. This system uses two clutches (or brakes) to switch the second motor's gear ratio to the wheels between a ratio of 3\\.9 and 1\\.9, for low and high speed driving regimes respectively. This decreases the power flowing from MG1 to MG2 (or vice versa) during higher speeds. The electrical path is only about 70% efficient, thus decreasing its power flow while increasing the overall performance of the transmission. The second planetary gearset is extended with a second carrier and sun gear to a [ravigneaux\\-type gear](/wiki/Ravigneaux_planetary_gearset \"Ravigneaux planetary gearset\") with four shafts, two of which can be held still alternatively by a brake/clutch.", "The GS 450h and LS 600h systems utilized [rear\\-wheel drive](/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive \"Rear-wheel drive\") and [all\\-wheel drive](/wiki/All-wheel_drive \"All-wheel drive\") drivetrains, respectively, and were designed to be more powerful than non\\-hybrid versions of the same model lines, while providing comparable engine class efficiency.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vehix.com/car\\-reviews/2008/lexus/ls\\-600h\\-l \\|title\\=2008 Lexus LS 600h L Overview \\|publisher\\=Vehix.com \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-07\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717191929/http://www.vehix.com/car\\-reviews/2008/lexus/ls\\-600h\\-l \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-17 }}", "[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=1\\.26\\|Schematic diagram of updated rear\\-wheel *Hybrid Synergy Drive* transmission (L210/ L210F)](/wiki/File:G03_Toyota_Hybrid_System_%28RWD_alt%29.svg \"G03 Toyota Hybrid System (RWD alt).svg\")\nA simplified version was released in 2012 with the [fourteenth generation Crown (S210\\)](/wiki/Toyota_Crown%23S210 \"Toyota Crown#S210\"); the L210 transmission omits the two clutches but retains the second planetary gearset (MSRD) applied to the output of MG2, in common with other Generation 3 transaxles. However, compared to the G3 transaxles, instead of coupling the two ring gears, the L210 couples the PSD ring gear to the MSRD planetary gear carrier, and grounds the ring gear of the MSRD instead of the planetary gear carrier.\n{{clear}}\n### Generation 4", "[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=0\\.74\\|Schematic diagram of Fourth\\-Generation *Hybrid Synergy Drive* transaxle (P610/ P71x/ P810/ P910\\)](/wiki/File:G04_Toyota_Hybrid_System.svg \"G04 Toyota Hybrid System.svg\")\nOn October 13, 2015, Toyota announced details of the Fourth Generation Hybrid Synergy Drive which was introduced for the 2016 model year. The overall design returns to a single planetary gearset similar to THS/THS\\-II; parallel reduction gears on the Fourth Generation transaxles replace the Motor Speed Reduction Device, which is a second planetary gear set found in the Third Generation transaxles. The transaxle and traction motor have been redesigned, delivering a reduction in size and combined weight.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://global.toyota/en/powertrain/ths/ \\|title\\=Advancement of Toyota Hybrid System II (THS\\-II) \\|date\\=December 6, 2016 \\|website\\=Toyota Motor Corporation \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2024}} The traction motor itself is considerably more compact and gains a better [power\\-to\\-weight ratio](/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio \"Power-to-weight ratio\"). Notably there is a 20 percent reduction in mechanical losses due to friction compared to the previous model. The 2012– Prius c retains the P510 transaxle. The P610 transaxle employs helical gears rather than the straight\\-cut spur gears employed in the earlier transaxles, and which run more smoothly and quietly, while also accommodating higher mechanical loads.", "#### G4 all\\-wheel drive with hybrid transaxle", "With the Fourth Generation HSD, Toyota is also offering a four\\-wheel drive option, dubbed \"E\\-Four\", similar to the 2005 RX400h and Highlander Hybrid, in which an electric traction motor is added to the rear, but is not mechanically coupled to the internal combustion engine or front inverter. In fact, the \"E\\-Four\" system has its own rear inverter, although this inverter draws power from the same hybrid battery as the front inverter. \"E\\-Four\" began being offered in Prius models in the United States in the 2019 model year. \"E\\-Four\" is an integral part of the [RAV4](/wiki/Toyota_RAV4 \"Toyota RAV4\") Hybrid models offered in the United States, and all such RAV4 Hybrids are \"E\\-Four\" only.", "#### G4 rear\\-wheel drive (Multistage THS\\-II)", "[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=1\\.61\\|Fourth Generation L310 / L310F *Hybrid Synergy Drive* transmission for rear\\-wheel drive vehicles](/wiki/File:G04_Toyota_Hybrid_System_%28RWD_alt%29.svg \"G04 Toyota Hybrid System (RWD alt).svg\")\nThe L310 transmission for rear\\-wheel drive applications succeeded the prior L110 transmission in premium vehicles. Compared to the L110 and L210, the L310 couples MG2 to the ring gear of the PSD. In addition L310 adds a third planetary gearset, compounded with the second (MSRD) by coupling the planetary gear carrier of the second planetary gearset with the ring gear of the third planetary gearset, and by coupling the ring gear of the second with the planetary gear carrier of the third.", "In addition, several rotating clutches and brakes have been added, including a [one\\-way clutch](/wiki/Sprag_clutch \"Sprag clutch\") on the planetary gear carrier of the second planetary gearset. By selectively engaging these, the transmission can simulate ten different gear ratios.", "### Generation 5", "The fifth generation Hybrid Synergy Drive transaxle is similar to the prior generation, with detail improvements making the electric motors lighter, more compact, and more powerful.{{cite press release \\|url\\=https://www.toyota\\-europe.com/news/2022/5th\\-generation\\-hybrid\\-powertrain \\|title\\=Toyota starts production of 5th generation hybrid powertrain \\|date\\=December 19, 2022 \\|publisher\\=Toyota Motor Corporation Europe \\|access\\-date\\=14 September 2024}}", "" ]
History ------- Settlers began to move toward a valley located in between the Trinity River and two nearby creeks in the year 1870, five years after the end of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"). They were drawn to the valley because of its abundance of water, fertile soil, and a large amount of trees that would protect settlers from Native Americans. A village eventually formed, originally called Toll Town. The reason for this naming is believed to be because of two roads or trails that intersected at the site of the village. Sometime in the early 1870s, a man named Henry Clay Wilmoth arrived at Toll Town and began teaching at a subscription school.{{Cite web \|title\=Green Valley \|url\=https://www.dentonhistory.net/page52/page87/greenvalley.html \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-29 \|website\=www.dentonhistory.net}} Locals began to want a post office to make their town official, so Henry applied for one to be set up in Toll Town, and the request was accepted. The post office was later granted in 1874\. Everyone soon wanted a different name for the town. Henry made the suggestion that the town be named "Green Valley" due to the surrounding landscape, and the name was officially changed in 1878\.{{Cite web \|last\=Reeves \|first\=Justin \|date\=September 27, 2000 \|title\=Green\-Valley\-Schools.pdf \|url\=https://apps.dentoncounty.gov/website/HistoricalMarkers/PDFs/Green\-Valley\-Schools.pdf}} After the post office was constructed, the town grew with the addition of three stores and a [blacksmith](/wiki/Blacksmith "Blacksmith") shop. Green Valley had a population of 50 people around this time, and plans were made to construct more schools and form the Green Valley School District. It isn't known at what time these were made, but a church and cemetery were constructed as well. In 1880, a man who has been documented as Mr. C.A. Hankins, was mining [limestone](/wiki/Limestone "Limestone") when bright yellow chunks blew out of the rocks. He believed what he found to be gold, so he traveled to Denton and the community was ecstatic. But he soon learned that what he found was known as "[fools gold](/wiki/Fools_gold "Fools gold")", which was mostly [sulfur](/wiki/Sulfur "Sulfur"). ### Green Valley School District In 1883 a second subscription school was opened only about a hundred yards from the first one. According to residents of the time, the school was "poorly furnished" and parents had to either make or bring their own furniture and equipment. Later, in the spring of 1884, the two schools were organized to form District Number 20, also known as Green Valley School District 20\. Once the district was organized, another schoolhouse was built in the center of the town. Apparently the location of the school had citizens upset. Families that lived further north wanted the school to be closer to them, as with the families that lived in the southern portion of Green Valley. This led to a division in the types of students that attended; the "Northern crowd" and the "Southern crowd." Similarly to the previous ones, this school was also poorly constructed. It had no solid foundation, and animals, particularly rabbits and dogs, would get inside the school and make a commotion. In March 1984 students arrived to school to find that the schoolhouse was gone. The previous night, unknown conditions had caused the school to burn down. After the old school was gone the leader of the South Crowd knew he wouldn't be able to relocate a new schoolhouse closer to the southern portion of the town, so it was built where the old one was. This caused further conflicts between the two crowds, and a vote was held to move the new school a half\-mile north of the old one. This school was much more modern and was perfectly suitable for students to attend comfortably. However, around 10–12 years later, the building was demolished and construction on a new one began. Long after the decline of Green Valley, yet another school opened in 1919, when the district was annexed into the [Denton Independent School District](/wiki/Denton_Independent_School_District "Denton Independent School District"). Operations at the new school lasted much longer than all the others, and students attended first through tenth grade up until 1935 when it was decided that children would attend until their ninth year, then go to Denton schools for their tenth and eleventh. The school remained open until 1949\.
[ "History\n-------", "Settlers began to move toward a valley located in between the Trinity River and two nearby creeks in the year 1870, five years after the end of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"). They were drawn to the valley because of its abundance of water, fertile soil, and a large amount of trees that would protect settlers from Native Americans. A village eventually formed, originally called Toll Town. The reason for this naming is believed to be because of two roads or trails that intersected at the site of the village. Sometime in the early 1870s, a man named Henry Clay Wilmoth arrived at Toll Town and began teaching at a subscription school.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Green Valley \\|url\\=https://www.dentonhistory.net/page52/page87/greenvalley.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-29 \\|website\\=www.dentonhistory.net}}", "Locals began to want a post office to make their town official, so Henry applied for one to be set up in Toll Town, and the request was accepted. The post office was later granted in 1874\\. Everyone soon wanted a different name for the town. Henry made the suggestion that the town be named \"Green Valley\" due to the surrounding landscape, and the name was officially changed in 1878\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Reeves \\|first\\=Justin \\|date\\=September 27, 2000 \\|title\\=Green\\-Valley\\-Schools.pdf \\|url\\=https://apps.dentoncounty.gov/website/HistoricalMarkers/PDFs/Green\\-Valley\\-Schools.pdf}}", "After the post office was constructed, the town grew with the addition of three stores and a [blacksmith](/wiki/Blacksmith \"Blacksmith\") shop. Green Valley had a population of 50 people around this time, and plans were made to construct more schools and form the Green Valley School District. It isn't known at what time these were made, but a church and cemetery were constructed as well.", "In 1880, a man who has been documented as Mr. C.A. Hankins, was mining [limestone](/wiki/Limestone \"Limestone\") when bright yellow chunks blew out of the rocks. He believed what he found to be gold, so he traveled to Denton and the community was ecstatic. But he soon learned that what he found was known as \"[fools gold](/wiki/Fools_gold \"Fools gold\")\", which was mostly [sulfur](/wiki/Sulfur \"Sulfur\").", "### Green Valley School District", "In 1883 a second subscription school was opened only about a hundred yards from the first one. According to residents of the time, the school was \"poorly furnished\" and parents had to either make or bring their own furniture and equipment. Later, in the spring of 1884, the two schools were organized to form District Number 20, also known as Green Valley School District 20\\. Once the district was organized, another schoolhouse was built in the center of the town.", "Apparently the location of the school had citizens upset. Families that lived further north wanted the school to be closer to them, as with the families that lived in the southern portion of Green Valley. This led to a division in the types of students that attended; the \"Northern crowd\" and the \"Southern crowd.\" Similarly to the previous ones, this school was also poorly constructed. It had no solid foundation, and animals, particularly rabbits and dogs, would get inside the school and make a commotion. In March 1984 students arrived to school to find that the schoolhouse was gone. The previous night, unknown conditions had caused the school to burn down.", "After the old school was gone the leader of the South Crowd knew he wouldn't be able to relocate a new schoolhouse closer to the southern portion of the town, so it was built where the old one was. This caused further conflicts between the two crowds, and a vote was held to move the new school a half\\-mile north of the old one. This school was much more modern and was perfectly suitable for students to attend comfortably. However, around 10–12 years later, the building was demolished and construction on a new one began.", "Long after the decline of Green Valley, yet another school opened in 1919, when the district was annexed into the [Denton Independent School District](/wiki/Denton_Independent_School_District \"Denton Independent School District\"). Operations at the new school lasted much longer than all the others, and students attended first through tenth grade up until 1935 when it was decided that children would attend until their ninth year, then go to Denton schools for their tenth and eleventh. The school remained open until 1949\\.", "" ]
Requirements analysis topics ---------------------------- {{unreferenced section\|date\=October 2009}} ### Stakeholder identification See [Stakeholder analysis](/wiki/Stakeholder_analysis "Stakeholder analysis") for a discussion of people or organizations (legal entities such as companies, and standards bodies) that have a valid interest in the system. They may be affected by it either directly or indirectly. A major new emphasis in the 1990s was a focus on the identification of *stakeholders*. It is increasingly recognized that stakeholders are not limited to the organization employing the analyst. Other stakeholders will include: * anyone who operates the system (normal and maintenance operators) * anyone who benefits from the system (functional, political, financial, and social beneficiaries) * anyone involved in purchasing or procuring the system. In a mass\-market product organization, product management, marketing, and sometimes sales act as surrogate consumers (mass\-market customers) to guide the development of the product. * organizations that regulate aspects of the system (financial, safety, and other regulators) * people or organizations opposed to the system (negative stakeholders; see also [Misuse case](/wiki/Misuse_case "Misuse case")) * organizations responsible for systems that interface with the system under design. * those organizations that [integrate horizontally](/wiki/Horizontal_integration "Horizontal integration") with the organization for whom the analyst is designing the system. ### Joint Requirements Development (JRD) Sessions Requirements often have cross\-functional implications that are unknown to individual stakeholders and often missed or incompletely defined during stakeholder interviews. These cross\-functional implications can be elicited by conducting JRD sessions in a controlled environment, facilitated by a trained [facilitator](/wiki/Facilitator "Facilitator") (Business Analyst), wherein stakeholders participate in discussions to elicit requirements, analyze their details, and uncover cross\-functional implications. A dedicated scribe should be present to document the discussion, freeing up the Business Analyst to lead the discussion in a direction that generates appropriate requirements that meet the session objective. JRD Sessions are analogous to [Joint Application Design](/wiki/Joint_application_design "Joint application design") Sessions. In the former, the sessions elicit requirements that guide design, whereas the latter elicit the specific design features to be implemented in satisfaction of elicited requirements. ### Contract\-style requirement lists One traditional way of documenting requirements has been contract\-style requirement lists. In a complex system such requirements lists can run hundreds of pages long. An appropriate metaphor would be an extremely long shopping list. Such lists are very much out of favor in modern analysis; as they have proved spectacularly unsuccessful at achieving their aims{{citation needed\|date\=July 2019}}; but they are still seen to this day. #### Strengths * Provides a checklist of requirements. * Provide a contract between the project sponsor(s) and developers. * For a large system can provide a high level description from which lower\-level requirements can be derived. #### Weaknesses * Such lists can run to hundreds of pages. They are not intended to serve as a reader\-friendly description of the desired application. * Such requirements lists abstract all the requirements and so there is little context. The Business Analyst may include context for requirements in accompanying design documentation. + This abstraction is not intended to describe how the requirements fit or work together. + The list may not reflect relationships and dependencies between requirements. While a list does make it easy to prioritize each item, removing one item out of context can render an entire use case or business requirement useless. + The list does not supplant the need to review requirements carefully with stakeholders to gain a better\-shared understanding of the implications for the design of the desired system/application. * Simply creating a list does not guarantee its completeness. The Business Analyst must make a good faith effort to discover and collect a substantially comprehensive list and rely on stakeholders to point out missing requirements. * These lists can create a false sense of mutual understanding between the stakeholders and developers; Business Analysts are critical to the translation process. * It is almost impossible to uncover all the functional requirements before the process of development and testing begins. If these lists are treated as an immutable contract, then requirements that emerge in the Development process may generate a controversial change request. #### Alternative to requirement lists As an alternative to requirement lists, [Agile Software Development](/wiki/Agile_software_development "Agile software development") uses [User stories](/wiki/User_stories "User stories") to suggest requirements in everyday language. ### Measurable goals {{main\|Goal modeling}} Best practices take the composed list of requirements merely as clues and repeatedly ask "why?" until the actual business purposes are discovered. Stakeholders and developers can then devise tests to measure what level of each goal has been achieved thus far. Such goals change more slowly than the long list of specific but unmeasured requirements. Once a small set of critical, measured goals has been established, [rapid prototyping](/wiki/Software_prototyping%23Throwaway_prototyping "Software prototyping#Throwaway prototyping") and short iterative development phases may proceed to deliver actual stakeholder value long before the project is half over. ### Prototypes {{main\|Software prototyping}} A prototype is a computer program that exhibits a part of the properties of another computer program, allowing users to visualize an application that has not yet been constructed. A popular form of prototype is a [mockup](/wiki/Mockup "Mockup"), which helps future users and other stakeholders get an idea of what the system will look like. Prototypes make it easier to make design decisions because aspects of the application can be seen and shared before the application is built. Major improvements in communication between users and developers were often seen with the introduction of prototypes. Early views of applications led to fewer changes later and hence reduced overall costs considerably. {{Citation needed\|date\=December 2011}} Prototypes can be flat diagrams (often referred to as [wireframes](/wiki/Wire-frame_model "Wire-frame model")) or working applications using synthesized functionality. Wireframes are made in a variety of graphic design documents, and often remove all color from the design (i.e. use a greyscale color palette) in instances where the final software is expected to have a [graphic design](/wiki/Graphic_design "Graphic design") applied to it. This helps to prevent confusion as to whether the prototype represents the final visual look and feel of the application. {{Citation needed\|date\=December 2011}} ### Use cases {{main\|Use case}} A use case is a structure for documenting the functional requirements for a system, usually involving software, whether that is new or being changed. Each use case provides a set of *scenarios* that convey how the system should interact with a human user or another system, to achieve a specific business goal. Use cases typically avoid technical jargon, preferring instead the language of the [end\-user](/wiki/End-user "End-user") or *[domain expert](/wiki/Domain_expert "Domain expert")*. Use cases are often co\-authored by requirements engineers and stakeholders. Use cases are deceptively simple tools for describing the behavior of software or systems. A use case contains a textual description of how users are intended to work with the software or system. Use cases should not describe the internal workings of the system, nor should they explain how that system will be implemented. Instead, they show the steps needed to perform a task without sequential assumptions. ### Requirements specification {{Main article \| Requirements specification}} {{Expand section\|date\=February 2018}} Requirements specification is the synthesis of discovery findings regarding current state business needs and the assessment of these needs to determine, and specify, what is required to meet the needs within the solution scope in focus. Discovery, analysis, and specification move the understanding from a current as\-is state to a future to\-be state. Requirements specification can cover the full breadth and depth of the future state to be realized, or it could target specific gaps to fill, such as priority software system bugs to fix and enhancements to make. Given that any large business process almost always employs software and data systems and technology, requirements specification is often associated with software system builds, purchases, cloud computing strategies, embedded software in products or devices, or other technologies. The broader definition of requirements specification includes or focuses on any solution strategy or component, such as training, documentation guides, personnel, marketing strategies, equipment, supplies, etc.
[ "Requirements analysis topics\n----------------------------", "{{unreferenced section\\|date\\=October 2009}}", "### Stakeholder identification", "See [Stakeholder analysis](/wiki/Stakeholder_analysis \"Stakeholder analysis\") for a discussion of people or organizations (legal entities such as companies, and standards bodies) that have a valid interest in the system. They may be affected by it either directly or indirectly.", "A major new emphasis in the 1990s was a focus on the identification of *stakeholders*. It is increasingly recognized that stakeholders are not limited to the organization employing the analyst. Other stakeholders will include:\n* anyone who operates the system (normal and maintenance operators)\n* anyone who benefits from the system (functional, political, financial, and social beneficiaries)\n* anyone involved in purchasing or procuring the system. In a mass\\-market product organization, product management, marketing, and sometimes sales act as surrogate consumers (mass\\-market customers) to guide the development of the product.\n* organizations that regulate aspects of the system (financial, safety, and other regulators)\n* people or organizations opposed to the system (negative stakeholders; see also [Misuse case](/wiki/Misuse_case \"Misuse case\"))\n* organizations responsible for systems that interface with the system under design.\n* those organizations that [integrate horizontally](/wiki/Horizontal_integration \"Horizontal integration\") with the organization for whom the analyst is designing the system.", "### Joint Requirements Development (JRD) Sessions", "Requirements often have cross\\-functional implications that are unknown to individual stakeholders and often missed or incompletely defined during stakeholder interviews. These cross\\-functional implications can be elicited by conducting JRD sessions in a controlled environment, facilitated by a trained [facilitator](/wiki/Facilitator \"Facilitator\") (Business Analyst), wherein stakeholders participate in discussions to elicit requirements, analyze their details, and uncover cross\\-functional implications. A dedicated scribe should be present to document the discussion, freeing up the Business Analyst to lead the discussion in a direction that generates appropriate requirements that meet the session objective.", "JRD Sessions are analogous to [Joint Application Design](/wiki/Joint_application_design \"Joint application design\") Sessions. In the former, the sessions elicit requirements that guide design, whereas the latter elicit the specific design features to be implemented in satisfaction of elicited requirements.", "### Contract\\-style requirement lists", "One traditional way of documenting requirements has been contract\\-style requirement lists. In a complex system such requirements lists can run hundreds of pages long.", "An appropriate metaphor would be an extremely long shopping list. Such lists are very much out of favor in modern analysis; as they have proved spectacularly unsuccessful at achieving their aims{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2019}}; but they are still seen to this day.", "#### Strengths", "* Provides a checklist of requirements.\n* Provide a contract between the project sponsor(s) and developers.\n* For a large system can provide a high level description from which lower\\-level requirements can be derived.", "#### Weaknesses", "* Such lists can run to hundreds of pages. They are not intended to serve as a reader\\-friendly description of the desired application.\n* Such requirements lists abstract all the requirements and so there is little context. The Business Analyst may include context for requirements in accompanying design documentation.\n\t+ This abstraction is not intended to describe how the requirements fit or work together.\n\t+ The list may not reflect relationships and dependencies between requirements. While a list does make it easy to prioritize each item, removing one item out of context can render an entire use case or business requirement useless.\n\t+ The list does not supplant the need to review requirements carefully with stakeholders to gain a better\\-shared understanding of the implications for the design of the desired system/application.\n* Simply creating a list does not guarantee its completeness. The Business Analyst must make a good faith effort to discover and collect a substantially comprehensive list and rely on stakeholders to point out missing requirements.\n* These lists can create a false sense of mutual understanding between the stakeholders and developers; Business Analysts are critical to the translation process.\n* It is almost impossible to uncover all the functional requirements before the process of development and testing begins. If these lists are treated as an immutable contract, then requirements that emerge in the Development process may generate a controversial change request.", "#### Alternative to requirement lists", "As an alternative to requirement lists, [Agile Software Development](/wiki/Agile_software_development \"Agile software development\") uses [User stories](/wiki/User_stories \"User stories\") to suggest requirements in everyday language.", "### Measurable goals", "{{main\\|Goal modeling}}\nBest practices take the composed list of requirements merely as clues and repeatedly ask \"why?\" until the actual business purposes are discovered. Stakeholders and developers can then devise tests to measure what level of each goal has been achieved thus far. Such goals change more slowly than the long list of specific but unmeasured requirements. Once a small set of critical, measured goals has been established, [rapid prototyping](/wiki/Software_prototyping%23Throwaway_prototyping \"Software prototyping#Throwaway prototyping\") and short iterative development phases may proceed to deliver actual stakeholder value long before the project is half over.", "### Prototypes", "{{main\\|Software prototyping}}", "A prototype is a computer program that exhibits a part of the properties of another computer program, allowing users to visualize an application that has not yet been constructed. A popular form of prototype is a [mockup](/wiki/Mockup \"Mockup\"), which helps future users and other stakeholders get an idea of what the system will look like. Prototypes make it easier to make design decisions because aspects of the application can be seen and shared before the application is built. Major improvements in communication between users and developers were often seen with the introduction of prototypes. Early views of applications led to fewer changes later and hence reduced overall costs considerably. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2011}}", "Prototypes can be flat diagrams (often referred to as [wireframes](/wiki/Wire-frame_model \"Wire-frame model\")) or working applications using synthesized functionality. Wireframes are made in a variety of graphic design documents, and often remove all color from the design (i.e. use a greyscale color palette) in instances where the final software is expected to have a [graphic design](/wiki/Graphic_design \"Graphic design\") applied to it. This helps to prevent confusion as to whether the prototype represents the final visual look and feel of the application. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2011}}", "### Use cases", "{{main\\|Use case}}\nA use case is a structure for documenting the functional requirements for a system, usually involving software, whether that is new or being changed. Each use case provides a set of *scenarios* that convey how the system should interact with a human user or another system, to achieve a specific business goal. Use cases typically avoid technical jargon, preferring instead the language of the [end\\-user](/wiki/End-user \"End-user\") or *[domain expert](/wiki/Domain_expert \"Domain expert\")*. Use cases are often co\\-authored by requirements engineers and stakeholders.", "Use cases are deceptively simple tools for describing the behavior of software or systems. A use case contains a textual description of how users are intended to work with the software or system. Use cases should not describe the internal workings of the system, nor should they explain how that system will be implemented. Instead, they show the steps needed to perform a task without sequential assumptions.", "### Requirements specification", "{{Main article \\| Requirements specification}}\n{{Expand section\\|date\\=February 2018}}\nRequirements specification is the synthesis of discovery findings regarding current state business needs and the assessment of these needs to determine, and specify, what is required to meet the needs within the solution scope in focus. Discovery, analysis, and specification move the understanding from a current as\\-is state to a future to\\-be state. Requirements specification can cover the full breadth and depth of the future state to be realized, or it could target specific gaps to fill, such as priority software system bugs to fix and enhancements to make. Given that any large business process almost always employs software and data systems and technology, requirements specification is often associated with software system builds, purchases, cloud computing strategies, embedded software in products or devices, or other technologies. The broader definition of requirements specification includes or focuses on any solution strategy or component, such as training, documentation guides, personnel, marketing strategies, equipment, supplies, etc.", "" ]
Types of requirements --------------------- [Requirements](/wiki/Requirement "Requirement") are [categorized](/wiki/Categorization "Categorization") in several ways. The following are common categorizations of requirements that relate to technical management: ### Business requirements {{Main article \| Business requirements}} Statements of business level goals, without reference to detailed functionality. These are usually high\-level (software and/or hardware) capabilities that are needed to achieve a business outcome. ### Customer requirements Statements of fact and assumptions that define the expectations of the system in terms of mission objectives, environment, constraints, and measures of effectiveness and suitability (MOE/MOS). The customers are those that perform the eight primary functions of systems engineering, with special emphasis on the operator as the key customer. Operational requirements will define the basic need and, at a minimum, answer the questions posed in the following listing: * *Operational distribution or deployment*: Where will the system be used? * *Mission profile or scenario*: How will the system accomplish its mission objective? * *Performance and related parameters*: What are the critical system parameters to accomplish the mission? * *Utilization environments*: How are the various system components to be used? * *Effectiveness requirements*: How effective or efficient must the system be in performing its mission? * *Operational life cycle*: How long will the system be in use by the user? * *Environment*: What environments will the system be expected to operate in an effective manner? ### Architectural requirements Architectural requirements explain what has to be done by identifying the necessary [systems architecture](/wiki/Systems_architecture "Systems architecture") of a [system](/wiki/System "System"). ### Structural requirements Structural requirements explain what has to be done by identifying the necessary [structure](/wiki/Structure "Structure") of a system. ### Behavioral requirements Behavioral requirements explain what has to be done by identifying the necessary [behavior](/wiki/Behavior "Behavior") of a system. ### Functional requirements {{Main article \| Functional requirements}} [Functional requirements](/wiki/Functional_requirement "Functional requirement") explain what has to be done by identifying the necessary task, action or activity that must be accomplished. Functional requirements analysis will be used as the toplevel functions for functional analysis. ### Non\-functional requirements {{Main article \| Non\-functional requirements}} [Non\-functional requirements](/wiki/Non-functional_requirement "Non-functional requirement") are requirements that specify criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviors. ### Performance requirements The extent to which a mission or function must be executed; is generally measured in terms of quantity, quality, coverage, timeliness, or readiness. During requirements analysis, performance (how well does it have to be done) requirements will be interactively developed across all identified functions based on system life cycle factors; and characterized in terms of the degree of certainty in their estimate, the degree of criticality to the system success, and their relationship to other requirements. ### Design requirements The "build to", "code to", and "buy to" requirements for products and "how to execute" requirements for processes are expressed in technical data packages and technical manuals. ### Derived requirements Requirements that are implied or transformed from higher\-level requirements. For example, a requirement for long\-range or high speed may result in a design requirement for low weight. ### Allocated requirements A requirement is established by dividing or otherwise allocating a high\-level requirement into multiple lower\-level requirements. Example: A 100\-pound item that consists of two subsystems might result in weight requirements of 70 pounds and 30 pounds for the two lower\-level items. Well\-known requirements categorization models include [FURPS](/wiki/FURPS "FURPS") and FURPS\+, developed at [Hewlett\-Packard](/wiki/Hewlett-Packard "Hewlett-Packard").
[ "Types of requirements\n---------------------", "[Requirements](/wiki/Requirement \"Requirement\") are [categorized](/wiki/Categorization \"Categorization\") in several ways. The following are common categorizations of requirements that relate to technical management:", "### Business requirements", "{{Main article \\| Business requirements}}\nStatements of business level goals, without reference to detailed functionality. These are usually high\\-level (software and/or hardware) capabilities that are needed to achieve a business outcome.", "### Customer requirements", "Statements of fact and assumptions that define the expectations of the system in terms of mission objectives, environment, constraints, and measures of effectiveness and suitability (MOE/MOS). The customers are those that perform the eight primary functions of systems engineering, with special emphasis on the operator as the key customer. Operational requirements will define the basic need and, at a minimum, answer the questions posed in the following listing:\n* *Operational distribution or deployment*: Where will the system be used?\n* *Mission profile or scenario*: How will the system accomplish its mission objective?\n* *Performance and related parameters*: What are the critical system parameters to accomplish the mission?\n* *Utilization environments*: How are the various system components to be used?\n* *Effectiveness requirements*: How effective or efficient must the system be in performing its mission?\n* *Operational life cycle*: How long will the system be in use by the user?\n* *Environment*: What environments will the system be expected to operate in an effective manner?", "### Architectural requirements", "Architectural requirements explain what has to be done by identifying the necessary [systems architecture](/wiki/Systems_architecture \"Systems architecture\") of a [system](/wiki/System \"System\").", "### Structural requirements", "Structural requirements explain what has to be done by identifying the necessary [structure](/wiki/Structure \"Structure\") of a system.", "### Behavioral requirements", "Behavioral requirements explain what has to be done by identifying the necessary [behavior](/wiki/Behavior \"Behavior\") of a system.", "### Functional requirements", "{{Main article \\| Functional requirements}}\n[Functional requirements](/wiki/Functional_requirement \"Functional requirement\") explain what has to be done by identifying the necessary task, action or activity that must be accomplished. Functional requirements analysis will be used as the toplevel functions for functional analysis.", "### Non\\-functional requirements", "{{Main article \\| Non\\-functional requirements}}\n[Non\\-functional requirements](/wiki/Non-functional_requirement \"Non-functional requirement\") are requirements that specify criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviors.", "### Performance requirements", "The extent to which a mission or function must be executed; is generally measured in terms of quantity, quality, coverage, timeliness, or readiness. During requirements analysis, performance (how well does it have to be done) requirements will be interactively developed across all identified functions based on system life cycle factors; and characterized in terms of the degree of certainty in their estimate, the degree of criticality to the system success, and their relationship to other requirements.", "### Design requirements", "The \"build to\", \"code to\", and \"buy to\" requirements for products and \"how to execute\" requirements for processes are expressed in technical data packages and technical manuals.", "### Derived requirements", "Requirements that are implied or transformed from higher\\-level requirements. For example, a requirement for long\\-range or high speed may result in a design requirement for low weight.", "### Allocated requirements", "A requirement is established by dividing or otherwise allocating a high\\-level requirement into multiple lower\\-level requirements. Example: A 100\\-pound item that consists of two subsystems might result in weight requirements of 70 pounds and 30 pounds for the two lower\\-level items.", "Well\\-known requirements categorization models include [FURPS](/wiki/FURPS \"FURPS\") and FURPS\\+, developed at [Hewlett\\-Packard](/wiki/Hewlett-Packard \"Hewlett-Packard\").", "" ]
Art and Decoration ------------------ ### Stained Glass File:Paris Eglise St\-Séverin Vitrail de St\-Séverin.jpg\|Window of Saint Severin (15th\-16th c.) (window 102\) File:Chorapsisfenster Saint\-Séverin Paris.jpg\|Window in the Choir (15th century) The oldest stained\-glass windows, dating to about 1378, in the church are three pairs of bay windows, each with two lancets, which are found near the apse. They were originally intended for another church, the chapel of the college of Beauvais. A large part of the stained glass dates to the second part of the 15th century. This includes the rose window on the west front from 1482, which portrays a [Tree of Jesse](/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse "Tree of Jesse"), depicting the genealogy of Christ. Much of this window is hidden by the case of the organ, installed in the 18th century. Beneath the vaults of the choir, the windows in the three central bays were installed in their present location in the 16th century. These windows were probably part of the original Gothic chevet of 1450\. From left to right, they depict [Saint John the Baptist](/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist "Saint John the Baptist"), [Saint Michael](/wiki/Saint_Michael "Saint Michael"), the Virgin and Child, Christ Carrying the World, [Saint John the Evangelist](/wiki/Saint_John_the_Evangelist "Saint John the Evangelist"), and [Saint Martin of Tours](/wiki/Saint_Martin_of_Tours "Saint Martin of Tours"). The windows of the upper bays of the nave are also from the 15th century. Saint Severin, the patron of the church, is represented there. At the bottom of the window is a portrait of the donors who gave the window. The Gothic windows of the north front depict The Ascension of Christ (left), [Saint Peter](/wiki/Saint_Peter "Saint Peter") with the Key (center) and Saint [John the Baptist](/wiki/John_the_Baptist "John the Baptist"), with a lamb, with portraits of the donors. The third window depicts the Trinity, with God in the center, presented as a King, with Christ before him, and a dove representing the Holy Spirit. Two additional windows depict angels carrying candles. File:Paris Saint\-Séverin Stained glass window506\.JPG\|"Christ Blessing the Children" (19th century), donated by Charles Garner File:Charles Garnier (Saint\-Séverin).jpg\|Portrait of architect \[\[Charles Garnier (architect)\|Charles Garnier]], patron of the window File:Stained glass @ Eglise Saint\-Séverin @ Quartier Latin @ Paris (31703935925\).jpg\|Saint Mary\-Madeline (1876\) File:Paris Saint Séverin vitrail574\.JPG\|St. George and the Dragon, by Émile Hirsch (19th c.) File:Paris Saint\-Séverin Stained glass window504\.JPG\|St. John the Baptist presented to the Virgin Mary and infant Christ, window design by Enile Hirsch (19th c.) A large portion of the stained glass was added in the 19th century. Most of the windows were based on drawings by [Émile Hirsch](/wiki/Emile_Hirsch_%28painter%29 "Emile Hirsch (painter)"). This includes the windows on the ground floor, a well as those in the openings on the north side, which were installed beginning in 1848\. The donors included [Charles Garnier](/wiki/Charles_Garnier_%28architect%29 "Charles Garnier (architect)"), architect of the Paris Opera, and his wife, who funded the windows "Christ blessing the children" on the west front. The donors are portrayed in the corner of the window. The windows of the chapel of Saint Vincent\-de\-Paul and of Saint\-Francois\-de\-Sales, on the north side, are from this period, and represent both scenes of that quarter of Paris, and biblical scenes chosen by the donors. In the intermediate level, the windows of the triforium depict a gallery of saints. In the choir, the main theme is "Mysteries of the Life of Christ." The disambulatory is decorated with a group of eight modern stained glass windows, made by [Jean René Bazaine](/wiki/Jean_Ren%C3%A9_Bazaine "Jean René Bazaine") between 1964 and 1970\. They are inspired by the seven [sacraments](/wiki/Sacrament "Sacrament") of the [Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism "Roman Catholicism") church.William\-Jean de Vandière, Colette Marsin, Gérard Guillier: "Seven centuries' stained glass windows in the Saint\-Séverin Church", undated booklet, 25 pp. The artist explained that the abstract windows were designed "not as decoration but means to make the non\-visible appear." The dominant colours are blue and red, particularly in the centre, near the baptistry, where the colors represent water and fire. ### Art and sculpture File:Eglise Saint\-Séverin @ Quartier Latin @ Paris (31667103616\).jpg\|Saint Paul, by \[\[Claude Vignon]] (17th century) File:FU00281 Paris V eglise St\-Severin portail encours.jpg\|Detail of the west portal sculpture File:Clé de voute annonce à Sainte\-Anne (Saint\-Séverin, Paris).jpg\|Keystone of a Gothic vault; An angel announces the conception of Christ to Saint Anne File:P1350041 Paris V eglise St\-Severin chapiteaux rwk.jpg\|Sculpture on the column capitals File:Clé de voute Saint\-Anne \& Saint\-Joachim (Saint\-Séverin, Paris).jpg\|Keystone of a Gothic vault; kiss between Saint\-Anne and Saint\-Joachim File:Eglise Saint Séverin penture.JPG\|Detail of the iron work on the portal
[ "Art and Decoration\n------------------", "### Stained Glass", "", "File:Paris Eglise St\\-Séverin Vitrail de St\\-Séverin.jpg\\|Window of Saint Severin (15th\\-16th c.) (window 102\\)\nFile:Chorapsisfenster Saint\\-Séverin Paris.jpg\\|Window in the Choir (15th century)", "", "The oldest stained\\-glass windows, dating to about 1378, in the church are three pairs of bay windows, each with two lancets, which are found near the apse. They were originally intended for another church, the chapel of the college of Beauvais.", "A large part of the stained glass dates to the second part of the 15th century. This includes the rose window on the west front from 1482, which portrays a [Tree of Jesse](/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse \"Tree of Jesse\"), depicting the genealogy of Christ. Much of this window is hidden by the case of the organ, installed in the 18th century.", "Beneath the vaults of the choir, the windows in the three central bays were installed in their present location in the 16th century. These windows were probably part of the original Gothic chevet of 1450\\. From left to right, they depict [Saint John the Baptist](/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist \"Saint John the Baptist\"), [Saint Michael](/wiki/Saint_Michael \"Saint Michael\"), the Virgin and Child, Christ Carrying the World, [Saint John the Evangelist](/wiki/Saint_John_the_Evangelist \"Saint John the Evangelist\"), and [Saint Martin of Tours](/wiki/Saint_Martin_of_Tours \"Saint Martin of Tours\"). The windows of the upper bays of the nave are also from the 15th century. Saint Severin, the patron of the church, is represented there. At the bottom of the window is a portrait of the donors who gave the window.", "The Gothic windows of the north front depict The Ascension of Christ (left), [Saint Peter](/wiki/Saint_Peter \"Saint Peter\") with the Key (center) and Saint [John the Baptist](/wiki/John_the_Baptist \"John the Baptist\"), with a lamb, with portraits of the donors. The third window depicts the Trinity, with God in the center, presented as a King, with Christ before him, and a dove representing the Holy Spirit. Two additional windows depict angels carrying candles.", "", "File:Paris Saint\\-Séverin Stained glass window506\\.JPG\\|\"Christ Blessing the Children\" (19th century), donated by Charles Garner \nFile:Charles Garnier (Saint\\-Séverin).jpg\\|Portrait of architect \\[\\[Charles Garnier (architect)\\|Charles Garnier]], patron of the window\nFile:Stained glass @ Eglise Saint\\-Séverin @ Quartier Latin @ Paris (31703935925\\).jpg\\|Saint Mary\\-Madeline (1876\\) \nFile:Paris Saint Séverin vitrail574\\.JPG\\|St. George and the Dragon, by Émile Hirsch (19th c.)\nFile:Paris Saint\\-Séverin Stained glass window504\\.JPG\\|St. John the Baptist presented to the Virgin Mary and infant Christ, window design by Enile Hirsch (19th c.)", "A large portion of the stained glass was added in the 19th century. Most of the windows were based on drawings by [Émile Hirsch](/wiki/Emile_Hirsch_%28painter%29 \"Emile Hirsch (painter)\"). This includes the windows on the ground floor, a well as those in the openings on the north side, which were installed beginning in 1848\\. The donors included [Charles Garnier](/wiki/Charles_Garnier_%28architect%29 \"Charles Garnier (architect)\"), architect of the Paris Opera, and his wife, who funded the windows \"Christ blessing the children\" on the west front. The donors are portrayed in the corner of the window.", "The windows of the chapel of Saint Vincent\\-de\\-Paul and of Saint\\-Francois\\-de\\-Sales, on the north side, are from this period, and represent both scenes of that quarter of Paris, and biblical scenes chosen by the donors. In the intermediate level, the windows of the triforium depict a gallery of saints. In the choir, the main theme is \"Mysteries of the Life of Christ.\"", "The disambulatory is decorated with a group of eight modern stained glass windows, made by [Jean René Bazaine](/wiki/Jean_Ren%C3%A9_Bazaine \"Jean René Bazaine\") between 1964 and 1970\\. They are inspired by the seven [sacraments](/wiki/Sacrament \"Sacrament\") of the [Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism \"Roman Catholicism\") church.William\\-Jean de Vandière, Colette Marsin, Gérard Guillier: \"Seven centuries' stained glass windows in the Saint\\-Séverin Church\", undated booklet, 25 pp. The artist explained that the abstract windows were designed \"not as decoration but means to make the non\\-visible appear.\" The dominant colours are blue and red, particularly in the centre, near the baptistry, where the colors represent water and fire.", "### Art and sculpture", "", "File:Eglise Saint\\-Séverin @ Quartier Latin @ Paris (31667103616\\).jpg\\|Saint Paul, by \\[\\[Claude Vignon]] (17th century)\nFile:FU00281 Paris V eglise St\\-Severin portail encours.jpg\\|Detail of the west portal sculpture", "", "File:Clé de voute annonce à Sainte\\-Anne (Saint\\-Séverin, Paris).jpg\\|Keystone of a Gothic vault; An angel announces the conception of Christ to Saint Anne\nFile:P1350041 Paris V eglise St\\-Severin chapiteaux rwk.jpg\\|Sculpture on the column capitals\nFile:Clé de voute Saint\\-Anne \\& Saint\\-Joachim (Saint\\-Séverin, Paris).jpg\\|Keystone of a Gothic vault; kiss between Saint\\-Anne and Saint\\-Joachim", "", "File:Eglise Saint Séverin penture.JPG\\|Detail of the iron work on the portal", "", "" ]
### Stained Glass File:Paris Eglise St\-Séverin Vitrail de St\-Séverin.jpg\|Window of Saint Severin (15th\-16th c.) (window 102\) File:Chorapsisfenster Saint\-Séverin Paris.jpg\|Window in the Choir (15th century) The oldest stained\-glass windows, dating to about 1378, in the church are three pairs of bay windows, each with two lancets, which are found near the apse. They were originally intended for another church, the chapel of the college of Beauvais. A large part of the stained glass dates to the second part of the 15th century. This includes the rose window on the west front from 1482, which portrays a [Tree of Jesse](/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse "Tree of Jesse"), depicting the genealogy of Christ. Much of this window is hidden by the case of the organ, installed in the 18th century. Beneath the vaults of the choir, the windows in the three central bays were installed in their present location in the 16th century. These windows were probably part of the original Gothic chevet of 1450\. From left to right, they depict [Saint John the Baptist](/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist "Saint John the Baptist"), [Saint Michael](/wiki/Saint_Michael "Saint Michael"), the Virgin and Child, Christ Carrying the World, [Saint John the Evangelist](/wiki/Saint_John_the_Evangelist "Saint John the Evangelist"), and [Saint Martin of Tours](/wiki/Saint_Martin_of_Tours "Saint Martin of Tours"). The windows of the upper bays of the nave are also from the 15th century. Saint Severin, the patron of the church, is represented there. At the bottom of the window is a portrait of the donors who gave the window. The Gothic windows of the north front depict The Ascension of Christ (left), [Saint Peter](/wiki/Saint_Peter "Saint Peter") with the Key (center) and Saint [John the Baptist](/wiki/John_the_Baptist "John the Baptist"), with a lamb, with portraits of the donors. The third window depicts the Trinity, with God in the center, presented as a King, with Christ before him, and a dove representing the Holy Spirit. Two additional windows depict angels carrying candles. File:Paris Saint\-Séverin Stained glass window506\.JPG\|"Christ Blessing the Children" (19th century), donated by Charles Garner File:Charles Garnier (Saint\-Séverin).jpg\|Portrait of architect \[\[Charles Garnier (architect)\|Charles Garnier]], patron of the window File:Stained glass @ Eglise Saint\-Séverin @ Quartier Latin @ Paris (31703935925\).jpg\|Saint Mary\-Madeline (1876\) File:Paris Saint Séverin vitrail574\.JPG\|St. George and the Dragon, by Émile Hirsch (19th c.) File:Paris Saint\-Séverin Stained glass window504\.JPG\|St. John the Baptist presented to the Virgin Mary and infant Christ, window design by Enile Hirsch (19th c.) A large portion of the stained glass was added in the 19th century. Most of the windows were based on drawings by [Émile Hirsch](/wiki/Emile_Hirsch_%28painter%29 "Emile Hirsch (painter)"). This includes the windows on the ground floor, a well as those in the openings on the north side, which were installed beginning in 1848\. The donors included [Charles Garnier](/wiki/Charles_Garnier_%28architect%29 "Charles Garnier (architect)"), architect of the Paris Opera, and his wife, who funded the windows "Christ blessing the children" on the west front. The donors are portrayed in the corner of the window. The windows of the chapel of Saint Vincent\-de\-Paul and of Saint\-Francois\-de\-Sales, on the north side, are from this period, and represent both scenes of that quarter of Paris, and biblical scenes chosen by the donors. In the intermediate level, the windows of the triforium depict a gallery of saints. In the choir, the main theme is "Mysteries of the Life of Christ." The disambulatory is decorated with a group of eight modern stained glass windows, made by [Jean René Bazaine](/wiki/Jean_Ren%C3%A9_Bazaine "Jean René Bazaine") between 1964 and 1970\. They are inspired by the seven [sacraments](/wiki/Sacrament "Sacrament") of the [Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism "Roman Catholicism") church.William\-Jean de Vandière, Colette Marsin, Gérard Guillier: "Seven centuries' stained glass windows in the Saint\-Séverin Church", undated booklet, 25 pp. The artist explained that the abstract windows were designed "not as decoration but means to make the non\-visible appear." The dominant colours are blue and red, particularly in the centre, near the baptistry, where the colors represent water and fire.
[ "### Stained Glass", "", "File:Paris Eglise St\\-Séverin Vitrail de St\\-Séverin.jpg\\|Window of Saint Severin (15th\\-16th c.) (window 102\\)\nFile:Chorapsisfenster Saint\\-Séverin Paris.jpg\\|Window in the Choir (15th century)", "", "The oldest stained\\-glass windows, dating to about 1378, in the church are three pairs of bay windows, each with two lancets, which are found near the apse. They were originally intended for another church, the chapel of the college of Beauvais.", "A large part of the stained glass dates to the second part of the 15th century. This includes the rose window on the west front from 1482, which portrays a [Tree of Jesse](/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse \"Tree of Jesse\"), depicting the genealogy of Christ. Much of this window is hidden by the case of the organ, installed in the 18th century.", "Beneath the vaults of the choir, the windows in the three central bays were installed in their present location in the 16th century. These windows were probably part of the original Gothic chevet of 1450\\. From left to right, they depict [Saint John the Baptist](/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist \"Saint John the Baptist\"), [Saint Michael](/wiki/Saint_Michael \"Saint Michael\"), the Virgin and Child, Christ Carrying the World, [Saint John the Evangelist](/wiki/Saint_John_the_Evangelist \"Saint John the Evangelist\"), and [Saint Martin of Tours](/wiki/Saint_Martin_of_Tours \"Saint Martin of Tours\"). The windows of the upper bays of the nave are also from the 15th century. Saint Severin, the patron of the church, is represented there. At the bottom of the window is a portrait of the donors who gave the window.", "The Gothic windows of the north front depict The Ascension of Christ (left), [Saint Peter](/wiki/Saint_Peter \"Saint Peter\") with the Key (center) and Saint [John the Baptist](/wiki/John_the_Baptist \"John the Baptist\"), with a lamb, with portraits of the donors. The third window depicts the Trinity, with God in the center, presented as a King, with Christ before him, and a dove representing the Holy Spirit. Two additional windows depict angels carrying candles.", "", "File:Paris Saint\\-Séverin Stained glass window506\\.JPG\\|\"Christ Blessing the Children\" (19th century), donated by Charles Garner \nFile:Charles Garnier (Saint\\-Séverin).jpg\\|Portrait of architect \\[\\[Charles Garnier (architect)\\|Charles Garnier]], patron of the window\nFile:Stained glass @ Eglise Saint\\-Séverin @ Quartier Latin @ Paris (31703935925\\).jpg\\|Saint Mary\\-Madeline (1876\\) \nFile:Paris Saint Séverin vitrail574\\.JPG\\|St. George and the Dragon, by Émile Hirsch (19th c.)\nFile:Paris Saint\\-Séverin Stained glass window504\\.JPG\\|St. John the Baptist presented to the Virgin Mary and infant Christ, window design by Enile Hirsch (19th c.)", "A large portion of the stained glass was added in the 19th century. Most of the windows were based on drawings by [Émile Hirsch](/wiki/Emile_Hirsch_%28painter%29 \"Emile Hirsch (painter)\"). This includes the windows on the ground floor, a well as those in the openings on the north side, which were installed beginning in 1848\\. The donors included [Charles Garnier](/wiki/Charles_Garnier_%28architect%29 \"Charles Garnier (architect)\"), architect of the Paris Opera, and his wife, who funded the windows \"Christ blessing the children\" on the west front. The donors are portrayed in the corner of the window.", "The windows of the chapel of Saint Vincent\\-de\\-Paul and of Saint\\-Francois\\-de\\-Sales, on the north side, are from this period, and represent both scenes of that quarter of Paris, and biblical scenes chosen by the donors. In the intermediate level, the windows of the triforium depict a gallery of saints. In the choir, the main theme is \"Mysteries of the Life of Christ.\"", "The disambulatory is decorated with a group of eight modern stained glass windows, made by [Jean René Bazaine](/wiki/Jean_Ren%C3%A9_Bazaine \"Jean René Bazaine\") between 1964 and 1970\\. They are inspired by the seven [sacraments](/wiki/Sacrament \"Sacrament\") of the [Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism \"Roman Catholicism\") church.William\\-Jean de Vandière, Colette Marsin, Gérard Guillier: \"Seven centuries' stained glass windows in the Saint\\-Séverin Church\", undated booklet, 25 pp. The artist explained that the abstract windows were designed \"not as decoration but means to make the non\\-visible appear.\" The dominant colours are blue and red, particularly in the centre, near the baptistry, where the colors represent water and fire.", "" ]
Capacity as Head of Delegation / Secretary\-General of AALCO in the United Nations and Other Inter\-Governmental Meetings{{Cite web \|title\=Asian\-African Legal Consultative Organization \|url\=https://www.aalco.int/formersgstatements \|access\-date\=2020\-03\-13 \|website\=aalco.int}} ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- During his tenure as Secretary\-General, Rahmat Mohamad skillfully navigated a series of diplomatic conferences, taking on the mantle of Head of Mission. These conferences were strategically aligned with the concerns of the AALCO Member State. Notable among his engagements were his active participation in the First Review Conference of the ICC in Kampala, Uganda, and his involvement in an Informal Meeting between AALCO and the International Law Commission held in Geneva. Amidst these diplomatic pursuits, Rahmat Mohamad delivered a collection of impactful speeches and addresses. His address during the General Statement of the Third World Summit of Prosecutors, which took place in Bucharest, Romania, from 23 to 25 March 2009, underscored his insightful contributions. Furthermore, his introductory remarks at the Meeting of Legal Advisers from AALCO Member States and the Joint AALCO\-ILC Meeting held on 28 October 2009, at the UN Headquarters in New York, demonstrated his leadership within international legal circles. Rahmat Mohamad's active engagement extended to the General Debate of the Review Conference of the ICC Rome Statute in June 2010 in Kampala, Uganda, where his perspective played a crucial role. His address delivered at the International Law Commission (ILC) located in the UN Offices in Geneva on 14 July 2010, further showcased his commitment to advancing international legal dialogue. In November 2010, he engaged in discussions on pressing Legal Issues Confronting the Regions of Africa and Asia at the UN\-AALCO Legal Advisers Meeting in New York. Later that same month, he delivered a significant address during the Workshop on Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants, underscoring the importance of international cooperation, in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Rahmat Mohamad's contributions remained consistent, as seen through his address to the members of the International Law Commission (ILC) in Geneva, Switzerland, in 2012\. His participation also left an impact at the State Parties Assembly Meeting of the International Criminal Court in November 2012 in The Hague, Netherlands. Noteworthy among his addresses is his presentation on the Selected Work of the International Law Commission (ILC) before the Members of ILC at the United Nations in Geneva in July 2014\. Similarly, his role as Head of Delegation/Participants at the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore at WIPO Headquarters in Geneva in July 2014, highlighted his versatility in international legal discussions. Rahmat Mohamad continued to contribute actively, addressing diverse topics. His insightful address on International Law Today: Perspectives and Challenges, delivered at the AALCO Legal Advisers Meeting in the United Nations Trusteeship Council Chamber in New York on 24 October 2014, showcased his evolving perspective. In his role as a keynote speaker, he addressed topics such as Marine Bio\-Diversity Beyond National Jurisdiction at the AALCO Law of the Sea Expert Meeting in collaboration with Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, held in Putrajaya, Malaysia, on 24–25 August. Additionally, his keynote address on Customary International Law at the AALCO Informal Expert Group Meeting on Customary International Law with the International Law Commission (ILC) in Bangi on 27 and 28 August 2015, underscored his enduring commitment to international legal discourse. The significance of his contributions was further exemplified through his address on AALCO and UN Diplomacy at 70, presented during the AALCO Legal Advisers Meeting in the United Nations Trusteeship Council Chambers in New York on 28 November 2015\. His leadership extended to his role as Chairperson during the AALCO–UNODC Talk on Cybercrime and International Law, held in Vienna, Austria, in May 2016, further cementing his legacy in the realm of international diplomacy and legal discourse.
[ "Capacity as Head of Delegation / Secretary\\-General of AALCO in the United Nations and Other Inter\\-Governmental Meetings{{Cite web \\|title\\=Asian\\-African Legal Consultative Organization \\|url\\=https://www.aalco.int/formersgstatements \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-13 \\|website\\=aalco.int}}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------", "During his tenure as Secretary\\-General, Rahmat Mohamad skillfully navigated a series of diplomatic conferences, taking on the mantle of Head of Mission. These conferences were strategically aligned with the concerns of the AALCO Member State. Notable among his engagements were his active participation in the First Review Conference of the ICC in Kampala, Uganda, and his involvement in an Informal Meeting between AALCO and the International Law Commission held in Geneva.", "Amidst these diplomatic pursuits, Rahmat Mohamad delivered a collection of impactful speeches and addresses. His address during the General Statement of the Third World Summit of Prosecutors, which took place in Bucharest, Romania, from 23 to 25 March 2009, underscored his insightful contributions. Furthermore, his introductory remarks at the Meeting of Legal Advisers from AALCO Member States and the Joint AALCO\\-ILC Meeting held on 28 October 2009, at the UN Headquarters in New York, demonstrated his leadership within international legal circles.", "Rahmat Mohamad's active engagement extended to the General Debate of the Review Conference of the ICC Rome Statute in June 2010 in Kampala, Uganda, where his perspective played a crucial role. His address delivered at the International Law Commission (ILC) located in the UN Offices in Geneva on 14 July 2010, further showcased his commitment to advancing international legal dialogue.", "In November 2010, he engaged in discussions on pressing Legal Issues Confronting the Regions of Africa and Asia at the UN\\-AALCO Legal Advisers Meeting in New York. Later that same month, he delivered a significant address during the Workshop on Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants, underscoring the importance of international cooperation, in Putrajaya, Malaysia.", "Rahmat Mohamad's contributions remained consistent, as seen through his address to the members of the International Law Commission (ILC) in Geneva, Switzerland, in 2012\\. His participation also left an impact at the State Parties Assembly Meeting of the International Criminal Court in November 2012 in The Hague, Netherlands.", "Noteworthy among his addresses is his presentation on the Selected Work of the International Law Commission (ILC) before the Members of ILC at the United Nations in Geneva in July 2014\\. Similarly, his role as Head of Delegation/Participants at the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore at WIPO Headquarters in Geneva in July 2014, highlighted his versatility in international legal discussions.", "Rahmat Mohamad continued to contribute actively, addressing diverse topics. His insightful address on International Law Today: Perspectives and Challenges, delivered at the AALCO Legal Advisers Meeting in the United Nations Trusteeship Council Chamber in New York on 24 October 2014, showcased his evolving perspective.", "In his role as a keynote speaker, he addressed topics such as Marine Bio\\-Diversity Beyond National Jurisdiction at the AALCO Law of the Sea Expert Meeting in collaboration with Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, held in Putrajaya, Malaysia, on 24–25 August. Additionally, his keynote address on Customary International Law at the AALCO Informal Expert Group Meeting on Customary International Law with the International Law Commission (ILC) in Bangi on 27 and 28 August 2015, underscored his enduring commitment to international legal discourse.", "The significance of his contributions was further exemplified through his address on AALCO and UN Diplomacy at 70, presented during the AALCO Legal Advisers Meeting in the United Nations Trusteeship Council Chambers in New York on 28 November 2015\\.", "His leadership extended to his role as Chairperson during the AALCO–UNODC Talk on Cybercrime and International Law, held in Vienna, Austria, in May 2016, further cementing his legacy in the realm of international diplomacy and legal discourse.", "" ]
Life ---- A former graduate of [Robert Gordon University](/wiki/Robert_Gordon_University "Robert Gordon University"), [University of Abertay](/wiki/University_of_Abertay "University of Abertay"), [Edinburgh Napier University](/wiki/Edinburgh_Napier_University "Edinburgh Napier University") and [Dundee College](/wiki/Dundee_College "Dundee College"), where Shehzad studied Computer Science, Creative Writing, Screen Project Development (Screen Academy Scotland, MA with Distinction), and Management; winning the first prize award for his academic achievements and receiving the prestigious Edinburgh Napier University Class Medal. He was a finalist in the Global Digital Cities Video Game Design Competition in 2005 and 2007\.\[Gold Coast City Council \- Global Digital City Network Games Competition] {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918234100/http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/t\_news\_item.aspx?pid\=6882 \|date\=18 September 2007}} "www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au" In 2010 he was awarded the Abbey Santander Award for Outstanding Achievement in Film and Creative Media. Shehzad was selected for the Engage Programme, a European\-wide talent development program in 2010, developing screen projects, traveling to [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland"), [Estonia](/wiki/Estonia "Estonia"), and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), undertaking workshops and masterclasses. In May 2016, Shehzad attested and became a reservist in the British Army at the age of 47, joining the Corps of Royal Engineers, passing his basic training at [Army Training Centre Pirbright](/wiki/Army_Training_Centre_Pirbright "Army Training Centre Pirbright")[https://www.army.mod.uk/who\-we\-are/our\-schools\-and\-colleges/atc\-pirbright](https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/our-schools-and-colleges/atc-pirbright) in February 2017 aged 48, making him one of the very few people to have accomplished this feat. Retiring from the Army in 2022, he was awarded the [Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_Medal "Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal"). After two films, Ravi Dreams (2003\),{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.portobellofilmfestival.com/2003/07vid.html\|title\=PFF 2003\|website\=www.portobellofilmfestival.com}} a documentary about culture and mysticism in Lahore and Transvestite Days(2004\),{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.portobellofilmfestival.com/2004/elgin9\.html\|title\=PFF 2004\|website\=www.portobellofilmfestival.com}} a short film giving a glimpse into the life of a Transvestite in Lahore, Pakistan; Afzal's first collaborative film, shot in Edinburgh, Scotland, 2004, was a short four\-minute piece called The Full 10 Yards.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/26142221/download\-pdf\-april\-may\-2007\-scottish\-screen\|title\=Download PDF \- APRIL \| MAY 2007 \- Scottish Screen\|website\=yumpu.com}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1672130/\|title\=The Full 10 Yards (Short 2004\)\|website\=IMDb}}[Short film details for The Full 10 Yards](http://www.filmedup.com/thefull10yards.html) "filmedup.com" At Screen Academy Scotland, Shehzad produced two award\-winning short films, including the first collaboration on a film project between screen academies in the UK ([Screen Academy Scotland](/wiki/Screen_Academy_Scotland "Screen Academy Scotland") \& Screen Academy Wales).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/26142284/the\-scottish\-screen\-industries\-magazine\-april\-may\-2009\|title\=Roughcuts\|date\=April–May 2009\|via\=yumpu.com}}\[French Film Festival 2009 \- News] {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803100741/http://www.frenchfilmfestival.org.uk/2009news.html \|date\=3 August 2022}} "www.frenchfilmfestival.org.uk"{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.riff.it/php/show.php?id\=3957\|title\=RIFF ''riff.it''}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://inba.info/film\-uk\-guide\-2009\_57715a05b6d87fca348b460e.html\|title\=Film UK Guide 2009\|website\=inba.info}} Nominee for the [Satyajit Ray](/wiki/Satyajit_Ray "Satyajit Ray") Film Foundation Award for Best Film Award 2007 in association with the [British Council](/wiki/British_Council "British Council") and the [British Film Institute](/wiki/British_Film_Institute "British Film Institute") for documentary film, *[Bo Kata](/wiki/Bo_Kata "Bo Kata")*. Presented by [Sean Connery](/wiki/Sean_Connery "Sean Connery"), the [Edinburgh International Film Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Film_Festival "Edinburgh International Film Festival") 2009 \& [Skillset](/wiki/Skillset "Skillset") Trailblazer Award which celebrated emerging talent in [British Cinema](/wiki/British_Cinema "British Cinema").{{Cite web\|url\=http://skillset.org/film/training\_and\_events/article\_7319\_1\.asp\|title\=Trailblazers \- Skillset\|date\=29 November 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129235147/http://skillset.org/film/training\_and\_events/article\_7319\_1\.asp\|archive\-date\=29 November 2010}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.perthshireadvertiser.co.uk/perthshire\-news/local\-news\-perthshire/2009/05/26/big\-county\-film\-maker\-s\-award\-73103\-23707649/\|title\=Big County film\-maker's award \- Perthshire Advertiser\|date\=15 March 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315130123/http://www.perthshireadvertiser.co.uk/perthshire\-news/local\-news\-perthshire/2009/05/26/big\-county\-film\-maker\-s\-award\-73103\-23707649/\|archive\-date\=15 March 2012}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://edinburghguide.com/news/3388\-eiff\-spotlights\-hot\-new\-talent\-coming\-to\-edinburgh\|title\=EIFF Spotlights Hot New Talent Coming to Edinburgh\|website\=EdinburghGuide.com}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/26142314/made\-in\-scotland\-film\-2009\-scottish\-screen\|title\=Made in Scotland Film 2009 \- Scottish Screen\|via\=yumpu.com}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://issuu.com/nets/docs/generation\_nets\|title\=generation nets\|website\=Issuu}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/news/2009\-05\-19\-eiff\-and\-skillset\-announce\-trailblazers\-news\-story\-by\-amber\-wilkinson\|title\=Eye For Film: EIFF and Skillset announce Trailblazers\|website\=www.eyeforfilm.co.uk}} In 2019, Shehzad developed an Android Application called Bo Kata Digital, which allowed his documentary, Bo Kata, to be available as a downloadable app available from Amazon App Store and Google Play store.
[ "Life\n----", "A former graduate of [Robert Gordon University](/wiki/Robert_Gordon_University \"Robert Gordon University\"), [University of Abertay](/wiki/University_of_Abertay \"University of Abertay\"), [Edinburgh Napier University](/wiki/Edinburgh_Napier_University \"Edinburgh Napier University\") and [Dundee College](/wiki/Dundee_College \"Dundee College\"), where Shehzad studied Computer Science, Creative Writing, Screen Project Development (Screen Academy Scotland, MA with Distinction), and Management; winning the first prize award for his academic achievements and receiving the prestigious Edinburgh Napier University Class Medal.", "He was a finalist in the Global Digital Cities Video Game Design Competition in 2005 and 2007\\.\\[Gold Coast City Council \\- Global Digital City Network Games Competition] {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918234100/http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/t\\_news\\_item.aspx?pid\\=6882 \\|date\\=18 September 2007}} \"www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au\"", "In 2010 he was awarded the Abbey Santander Award for Outstanding Achievement in Film and Creative Media.", "Shehzad was selected for the Engage Programme, a European\\-wide talent development program in 2010, developing screen projects, traveling to [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"), [Estonia](/wiki/Estonia \"Estonia\"), and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), undertaking workshops and masterclasses.", "In May 2016, Shehzad attested and became a reservist in the British Army at the age of 47, joining the Corps of Royal Engineers, passing his basic training at [Army Training Centre Pirbright](/wiki/Army_Training_Centre_Pirbright \"Army Training Centre Pirbright\")[https://www.army.mod.uk/who\\-we\\-are/our\\-schools\\-and\\-colleges/atc\\-pirbright](https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/our-schools-and-colleges/atc-pirbright) in February 2017 aged 48, making him one of the very few people to have accomplished this feat. Retiring from the Army in 2022, he was awarded the [Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_Medal \"Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal\").", "After two films, Ravi Dreams (2003\\),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.portobellofilmfestival.com/2003/07vid.html\\|title\\=PFF 2003\\|website\\=www.portobellofilmfestival.com}} a documentary about culture and mysticism in Lahore and Transvestite Days(2004\\),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.portobellofilmfestival.com/2004/elgin9\\.html\\|title\\=PFF 2004\\|website\\=www.portobellofilmfestival.com}} a short film giving a glimpse into the life of a Transvestite in Lahore, Pakistan; Afzal's first collaborative film, shot in Edinburgh, Scotland, 2004, was a short four\\-minute piece called The Full 10 Yards.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/26142221/download\\-pdf\\-april\\-may\\-2007\\-scottish\\-screen\\|title\\=Download PDF \\- APRIL \\| MAY 2007 \\- Scottish Screen\\|website\\=yumpu.com}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1672130/\\|title\\=The Full 10 Yards (Short 2004\\)\\|website\\=IMDb}}[Short film details for The Full 10 Yards](http://www.filmedup.com/thefull10yards.html) \"filmedup.com\"", "At Screen Academy Scotland, Shehzad produced two award\\-winning short films, including the first collaboration on a film project between screen academies in the UK ([Screen Academy Scotland](/wiki/Screen_Academy_Scotland \"Screen Academy Scotland\") \\& Screen Academy Wales).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/26142284/the\\-scottish\\-screen\\-industries\\-magazine\\-april\\-may\\-2009\\|title\\=Roughcuts\\|date\\=April–May 2009\\|via\\=yumpu.com}}\\[French Film Festival 2009 \\- News] {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803100741/http://www.frenchfilmfestival.org.uk/2009news.html \\|date\\=3 August 2022}} \"www.frenchfilmfestival.org.uk\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.riff.it/php/show.php?id\\=3957\\|title\\=RIFF ''riff.it''}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://inba.info/film\\-uk\\-guide\\-2009\\_57715a05b6d87fca348b460e.html\\|title\\=Film UK Guide 2009\\|website\\=inba.info}}", "Nominee for the [Satyajit Ray](/wiki/Satyajit_Ray \"Satyajit Ray\") Film Foundation Award for Best Film Award 2007 in association with the [British Council](/wiki/British_Council \"British Council\") and the [British Film Institute](/wiki/British_Film_Institute \"British Film Institute\") for documentary film, *[Bo Kata](/wiki/Bo_Kata \"Bo Kata\")*.", "Presented by [Sean Connery](/wiki/Sean_Connery \"Sean Connery\"), the [Edinburgh International Film Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Film_Festival \"Edinburgh International Film Festival\") 2009 \\& [Skillset](/wiki/Skillset \"Skillset\") Trailblazer Award which celebrated emerging talent in [British Cinema](/wiki/British_Cinema \"British Cinema\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://skillset.org/film/training\\_and\\_events/article\\_7319\\_1\\.asp\\|title\\=Trailblazers \\- Skillset\\|date\\=29 November 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129235147/http://skillset.org/film/training\\_and\\_events/article\\_7319\\_1\\.asp\\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2010}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.perthshireadvertiser.co.uk/perthshire\\-news/local\\-news\\-perthshire/2009/05/26/big\\-county\\-film\\-maker\\-s\\-award\\-73103\\-23707649/\\|title\\=Big County film\\-maker's award \\- Perthshire Advertiser\\|date\\=15 March 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315130123/http://www.perthshireadvertiser.co.uk/perthshire\\-news/local\\-news\\-perthshire/2009/05/26/big\\-county\\-film\\-maker\\-s\\-award\\-73103\\-23707649/\\|archive\\-date\\=15 March 2012}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://edinburghguide.com/news/3388\\-eiff\\-spotlights\\-hot\\-new\\-talent\\-coming\\-to\\-edinburgh\\|title\\=EIFF Spotlights Hot New Talent Coming to Edinburgh\\|website\\=EdinburghGuide.com}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/26142314/made\\-in\\-scotland\\-film\\-2009\\-scottish\\-screen\\|title\\=Made in Scotland Film 2009 \\- Scottish Screen\\|via\\=yumpu.com}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://issuu.com/nets/docs/generation\\_nets\\|title\\=generation nets\\|website\\=Issuu}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/news/2009\\-05\\-19\\-eiff\\-and\\-skillset\\-announce\\-trailblazers\\-news\\-story\\-by\\-amber\\-wilkinson\\|title\\=Eye For Film: EIFF and Skillset announce Trailblazers\\|website\\=www.eyeforfilm.co.uk}}", "In 2019, Shehzad developed an Android Application called Bo Kata Digital, which allowed his documentary, Bo Kata, to be available as a downloadable app available from Amazon App Store and Google Play store.", "" ]