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Biography --------- Kozalchik was born in [Krynica](/wiki/Krynica-Zdr%C3%B3j "Krynica-Zdrój"), near Nowy Sacz to a family of [tanners](/wiki/Tanning_%28leather%29 "Tanning (leather)"). At an early age he stood out thanks to his tremendous strength and wide, muscular body. At the age of 7 he shocked the town, with carrying a bucket of water with his teeth from the well to the house of his parents. At the age of 8 he lost both his parents. When he turned 18, he left Poland and went to Cuba. He found a job as a porter at the port of Havana. A strong young man, weighing 130 kg, he joined the circus as a wrestler and toured in the United States, Mexico and Argentina.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.mynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L\-4647560,00\.html\\|title\=אבא שלי, בריון, קאפו אימתני באושוויץ\\|publisher\=}} In 1938 he returned to Eastern Europe within an international group of wrestlers, which hosted the circus of Warsaw. He used to get into the ring with a giant Star of David painted on his shirt, and many young Jews identify with his character. When the rest of the wrestlers returned to the United States, Kozalchik stayed in Poland to start a family. In 1941, the Germans entered the town of Krynica, where he was born and lived. When a 100 kg unexploded bomb was found in a house, Kozalchik picked it up and carried it out of the city. The Germans nicknamed Kozalchik the "Bombenträger" and appointed him to be the commander of the Jewish ghetto police. In November 1942, the ghetto was liquidated in Krynica. All Jews, including his wife and two small children, were murdered at the [Treblinka extermination camp](/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp "Treblinka extermination camp"). He was sent to command the camp "factory," where 350 Jews worked for the benefit of the German war machine. In May 1943 became a Kapo in Auschwitz's Block 11, which was known as the "death block." His job was to distribute food to detainees held in 28 cells, clear the block, execute spanking, and lead the condemned to the "black wall" in front of the executions that were carried out in the courtyard of the block. In June 1946, Kozalchik came to Israel. He opened a kiosk in Holon and later on returned to be an active strongman and a professional wrestler under the name of Samson Eisen. In 1947, he went on tour in England. In September 1946, Haaretz published reports claiming Kozalchik collaborated with the Nazis. In response, Kozalchik asked for evidence. Kozalchik brought Auschwitz survivors who testified that the news was false and that Kozalchik, in fact, helped many Jews. But the rumors continued and, after a few years, destroyed his career as an entertainer.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/television/.premium\-1\.2614704\\|title\=אבא לא היה קאפו\\|first\=גילי\\|last\=איזיקוביץ\\|newspaper\=הארץ \\|publisher\=\\|via\=Haaretz}} Allegations of collaboration with the Nazis damaged Kozalchik's health as he suffered from depression and spent most of the day sleeping. On the evening of 13 July 1953, he died at his home in Holon when he was only 50\.	[ "Biography\n---------", "Kozalchik was born in [Krynica](/wiki/Krynica-Zdr%C3%B3j \"Krynica-Zdrój\"), near Nowy Sacz to a family of [tanners](/wiki/Tanning_%28leather%29 \"Tanning (leather)\"). At an early age he stood out thanks to his tremendous strength and wide, muscular body. At the age of 7 he shocked the town, with carrying a bucket of water with his teeth from the well to the house of his parents. At the age of 8 he lost both his parents.", "When he turned 18, he left Poland and went to Cuba. He found a job as a porter at the port of Havana. A strong young man, weighing 130 kg, he joined the circus as a wrestler and toured in the United States, Mexico and Argentina.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.mynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L\\-4647560,00\\.html\\\|title\\=אבא שלי, בריון, קאפו אימתני באושוויץ\\\|publisher\\=}}", "In 1938 he returned to Eastern Europe within an international group of wrestlers, which hosted the circus of Warsaw. He used to get into the ring with a giant Star of David painted on his shirt, and many young Jews identify with his character. When the rest of the wrestlers returned to the United States, Kozalchik stayed in Poland to start a family.", "In 1941, the Germans entered the town of Krynica, where he was born and lived. When a 100 kg unexploded bomb was found in a house, Kozalchik picked it up and carried it out of the city. The Germans nicknamed Kozalchik the \"Bombenträger\" and appointed him to be the commander of the Jewish ghetto police.", "In November 1942, the ghetto was liquidated in Krynica. All Jews, including his wife and two small children, were murdered at the [Treblinka extermination camp](/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp \"Treblinka extermination camp\"). He was sent to command the camp \"factory,\" where 350 Jews worked for the benefit of the German war machine.", "In May 1943 became a Kapo in Auschwitz's Block 11, which was known as the \"death block.\" His job was to distribute food to detainees held in 28 cells, clear the block, execute spanking, and lead the condemned to the \"black wall\" in front of the executions that were carried out in the courtyard of the block.", "In June 1946, Kozalchik came to Israel. He opened a kiosk in Holon and later on returned to be an active strongman and a professional wrestler under the name of Samson Eisen. In 1947, he went on tour in England.", "In September 1946, Haaretz published reports claiming Kozalchik collaborated with the Nazis. In response, Kozalchik asked for evidence. Kozalchik brought Auschwitz survivors who testified that the news was false and that Kozalchik, in fact, helped many Jews. But the rumors continued and, after a few years, destroyed his career as an entertainer.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/television/.premium\\-1\\.2614704\\\|title\\=אבא לא היה קאפו\\\|first\\=גילי\\\|last\\=איזיקוביץ\\\|newspaper\\=הארץ \\\|publisher\\=\\\|via\\=Haaretz}}", "Allegations of collaboration with the Nazis damaged Kozalchik's health as he suffered from depression and spent most of the day sleeping. On the evening of 13 July 1953, he died at his home in Holon when he was only 50\\.", "" ]
Internal conflicts ------------------ ### 1990s–2002 For most of its history, Pacifica gave each of its stations independent control of programming. During the 1990s, a major controversy arose over rumors that the Pacifica National Board and national staff were attempting to centralize control of content, to increase audience. The rumors included accusations that the board proposed changing the network's funding model away from a reliance exclusively on listener donations and toward a mix of listener donations and corporate foundation funding similar to that of [NPR](/wiki/NPR "NPR"). There were also accusations that the Board was considering selling both KPFA and WBAI in New York City, which operate on commercial\-band FM frequencies (94\.1 and 99\.5, respectively) worth hundreds of millions of dollars.{{Cite web \\|title\=Lasar (Matthew) Papers on KPFA and Pacifica Foundation \\|url\=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8rv0w0q/entire\_text/ \\|access\-date\=September 26, 2023 \\|website\=oac.cdlib.org}} This led to years of conflict, including court cases, public demonstrations, firings and strikes of station staff, whose common plight inspired creation of [Radio4all.net](/wiki/Radio4all.net "Radio4all.net") to preserve what they saw as the original spirit of Pacifica. Many listeners of the individual stations, especially KPFA and WBAI, objected to what they saw as an attempt to tone down the overtly left\-leaning political content on Pacifica stations. The controversy included highly publicized ideologically\-charged disputes between grassroots listener organizations and [Mary Frances Berry](/wiki/Mary_Frances_Berry "Mary Frances Berry"), a former chairperson of the [U.S. Commission on Civil Rights](/wiki/U.S._Commission_on_Civil_Rights "U.S. Commission on Civil Rights"), who chaired Pacifica's national board at the time.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.villagevoice.com/1999\-07\-20/news/free\-speech\-for\-sale/\\|title\=Free Speech for Sale?\\|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]]\\|date\=July 20, 1999\\|access\-date\=July 10, 2010}}{{cite web\\|title\=There's Something About Mary\\|url\=https://www.salon.com/1999/10/12/berry/\\|date\=October 12, 1999\\|access\-date\=July 10, 2010}} The board eventually was embroiled in counter\-lawsuits by board members and listener\-sponsors and, after global settlement of the lawsuits in November 2001, an interim board was formed to craft new bylaws, which it did in two tumultuous years of national debates among thousands of listener\-sponsors and activists, finally giving listener\-sponsors the right and responsibility to elect new [Local Station Boards](/wiki/Local_Station_Board "Local Station Board") at each of the five Pacifica stations. These local boards in turn elect the national board of directors. Aside from some minor changes, the same 2003 bylaws remain in effect today. ### 2002–2009 Pacifica National News director Dan Coughlin was voted Interim Executive Director of the network in 2002 (the "Interim" was later dropped). The years of internal legal battles and financial mismanagement had taken a toll. In 2005, Coughlin resigned, the network was still largely disorganized, and Pacifica reverted to operating with an interim executive director for most of the year. In January 2006, Pacifica hired Greg Guma as the next executive director of the Pacifica Foundation. By the end of the year, the Foundation had fully recovered its financial health and had launched two new national programs: Informativo Pacifica, a daily Spanish Language newscast, and From the Vault, a weekly program drawn from Pacifica's extensive audio archives. Pacifica also produced Informed Dissent, a ten\-week series for the 2006 mid\-term elections that drew from talent across the network. Guma left his post in September 2007\.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid\=1299528035837796976\&hl\=en\\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205141919/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid\=1299528035837796976\&hl\=en\\|url\-status\=dead\\|title\=Greg Guma Interview\\|archivedate\=February 5, 2012}} Pacifica's National Board unanimously chose former KPFA general manager [Nicole Sawaya](/wiki/Nicole_Sawaya "Nicole Sawaya") as the next executive director. Sawaya was among the staff members fired by the national board in 1999 amidst Pacifica's internal crisis. Sawaya began her tenure as executive director in mid\-November 2007, but abruptly changed her mind two weeks later. Pacifica historian Matthew Lasar said she "found the level of internecine dysfunction at Pacifica overwhelming, and fled her job." The Pacifica National Board spent the next several months negotiating with her, and Sawaya resumed her job on March 5, 2008\. She resigned effective September 30, citing "dysfunctional" governance and "shoddy and opaque" business practices that had plunged the organization into a financial crisis.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.pacifica.org/current\-events/nicole\-sawaya\-hired\-as\-new\-pacifica\-executive\-director.html \\|title\=Pacifica.org Nicole Sawaya Hired as New Pacifica Executive Director \\|work\=Pacifica.org \\|access\-date\=July 19, 2008 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615040106/http://www.pacifica.org/current\-events/nicole\-sawaya\-hired\-as\-new\-pacifica\-executive\-director.html \\|archive\-date\=June 15, 2008 }}{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.lasarletter.net/drupal/node/529 \\|title\=Sawaya quits \[sigh] \\|work\=LLFCC.NET \\|access\-date\=July 19, 2008}}{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.lasarletter.net/drupal/node/562 \\|title\=Sawaya unquits \\|work\=LLFCC.NET \\|access\-date\=July 19, 2008 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905074916/http://www.lasarletter.net/drupal/node/562 \\|archive\-date\=September 5, 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\=http://currentpublicmedia.blogspot.com/2008/09/sawaya\-leaves\-pacifica\-publishes.html \\|title\=Sawaya leaves Pacifica, publishes regretful critique \\|publisher\=American University School of Communication \\|date\=September 25, 2008 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126222606/http://currentpublicmedia.blogspot.com/2008/09/sawaya\-leaves\-pacifica\-publishes.html \\|archive\-date\=November 26, 2010 \\|access\-date\=February 22, 2012}} Sawaya's departure was followed by major staff layoffs. In 2009, Pacifica Board chair Grace Aaron became interim executive director, former board member LaVarn Williams replaced Lonnie Hicks as chief financial officer, and the national office took control of WBAI in New York. Aaron appointed Williams acting GM of WBAI in May, and Hicks filed a lawsuit against the foundation alleging that he was dismissed because he is African American and a [whistleblower](/wiki/Whistleblower "Whistleblower"). ### Financial situation in the 2010s On August 9, 2013, Pacifica interim executive director Summer Reese announced that due to financial problems, Pacifica\-owned radio station WBAI\-FM in New York was laying off about two\-thirds of its staff, effective August 12, 2013\. The entire news department was reportedly included in the layoff.Ben Sisario, ["WBAI\-FM Lays Off Most of Staff"](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/12/business/media/wbai-fm-lays-off-most-of-staff.html), August 11, 2013, The New York Times. After Pacifica's board of directors completed the 2016 board year with the exclusion of 75% of WBAI's board representation, it then moved to decertify Pacifica's 2016 board elections, which had been won handily by the independent faction not in power. The new 2017 board of directors replaced interim executive director Lydia Brazon with KPFT director Bill Crosier and reinstated WBAI's delegation. On Friday, October 6, 2017, Pacifica lost a $1\.8 million settlement over what they claimed was price gouging by Empire State Realty Trust (ESRT), which had been raising antenna rental charges for WBAI at 9% per year for the last 12 years under a 15\-year lease WBAI signed in 2005 that did not expire until 2020\. The rent was set at more than half a million dollars annually, which Pacifica claimed was approximately 4 times the current market rent for Midtown Manhattan antenna rentals. Pacifica Radio's WBAI has housed its transmitter on the [Empire State Building](/wiki/Empire_State_Building "Empire State Building") since 1966\. The 9% annual rental increases were facilitated by the destruction of the twin towers on September 11, 2001, which dramatically reduced space available for comparable antennas. The ruling encumbered all of Pacifica's assets including KPFA and KPFB in Berkeley, KPFK in Los Angeles, WPFW in Washington, DC, and KPFT in Houston in addition to WBAI in New York City but does not affect the assets of any of its affiliates.{{Citation \\| date \= October 6, 2017 \\| title \= Court Protects ESRT's Lease Terms for Pacifica's Non\-Profit WBAI Radio in NYC – Denies "Unconscionability" Motion \\| publisher \= Common Dreams \\| url \= https://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2017/10/06/court\-protects\-esrts\-lease\-terms\-pacificas\-non\-profit\-wbai\-radio\-nyc\-denies \\| access\-date \= January 11, 2018}} For more information on what has happened since the October 6, 2017, court ruling, see {{Citation \\| date \= January 2, 2018 \\| title \= What's Up with Pacifica Radio? WTF Pacifica? \\| publisher \= KFCF \\| location \= Fresno, CA \\| url \= https://www.kfcf.org/whats\-up\-with\-pacifica\-radio/ \\| access\-date \= January 11, 2018}} On April 6, 2018, The Pacifica Foundation announced the settlement on a series of agreements that release WBAI, the organization's New York radio station, from a court judgment as well as the last two years of its lease at the Empire State Building as of May 31, 2018\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.wbai.org/articles.php?article\=3570\\|title \= Pacifica Announces Settlement with Empire State Building and Empire State Realty Trust}} The Foundation later completed an agreement to relocate its transmission facility to a new site nearby. On October 8, 2019, it was announced that WBAI's local operations were abruptly shut down.Leonard Greene. [Community radio station WBAI shuts down amid financial woes](https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-wbai-radio-shutdown-20191007-k4jt6xqisfg3dmarhhzhkxjwau-story.html). Daily News (New York), October 7, 2019 Their programming was superseded by Pacifica Across America: a compilation of work from sister stations and other sources; [Democracy Now!](/wiki/Democracy_Now%21 "Democracy Now!") continued to be broadcast. The 2019 WBAI shutdown was litigated in the fall of 2019\. The [New York State Supreme Court](/wiki/New_York_State_Supreme_Court "New York State Supreme Court") ruled in November 2019 that the WBAI shutdown by then\-executive director John Vernile was executed "ultra vires" (without the proper authority) and ordered the station re\-opened.{{Cite web\\|title\=NY Supreme Court Transcript Released {{!}} Pacifica in Exile\\|date\=November 29, 2019 \\|url\=https://pacificainexile.org/archives/2839\\|access\-date\=December 31, 2020\\|language\=en\-US}}	[ "Internal conflicts\n------------------", "### 1990s–2002", "For most of its history, Pacifica gave each of its stations independent control of programming. During the 1990s, a major controversy arose over rumors that the Pacifica National Board and national staff were attempting to centralize control of content, to increase audience. The rumors included accusations that the board proposed changing the network's funding model away from a reliance exclusively on listener donations and toward a mix of listener donations and corporate foundation funding similar to that of [NPR](/wiki/NPR \"NPR\"). There were also accusations that the Board was considering selling both KPFA and WBAI in New York City, which operate on commercial\\-band FM frequencies (94\\.1 and 99\\.5, respectively) worth hundreds of millions of dollars.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Lasar (Matthew) Papers on KPFA and Pacifica Foundation \\\|url\\=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8rv0w0q/entire\\_text/ \\\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2023 \\\|website\\=oac.cdlib.org}}", "This led to years of conflict, including court cases, public demonstrations, firings and strikes of station staff, whose common plight inspired creation of [Radio4all.net](/wiki/Radio4all.net \"Radio4all.net\") to preserve what they saw as the original spirit of Pacifica. Many listeners of the individual stations, especially KPFA and WBAI, objected to what they saw as an attempt to tone down the overtly left\\-leaning political content on Pacifica stations. The controversy included highly publicized ideologically\\-charged disputes between grassroots listener organizations and [Mary Frances Berry](/wiki/Mary_Frances_Berry \"Mary Frances Berry\"), a former chairperson of the [U.S. Commission on Civil Rights](/wiki/U.S._Commission_on_Civil_Rights \"U.S. Commission on Civil Rights\"), who chaired Pacifica's national board at the time.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.villagevoice.com/1999\\-07\\-20/news/free\\-speech\\-for\\-sale/\\\|title\\=Free Speech for Sale?\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]]\\\|date\\=July 20, 1999\\\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2010}}{{cite web\\\|title\\=There's Something About Mary\\\|url\\=https://www.salon.com/1999/10/12/berry/\\\|date\\=October 12, 1999\\\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2010}}", "The board eventually was embroiled in counter\\-lawsuits by board members and listener\\-sponsors and, after global settlement of the lawsuits in November 2001, an interim board was formed to craft new bylaws, which it did in two tumultuous years of national debates among thousands of listener\\-sponsors and activists, finally giving listener\\-sponsors the right and responsibility to elect new [Local Station Boards](/wiki/Local_Station_Board \"Local Station Board\") at each of the five Pacifica stations. These local boards in turn elect the national board of directors. Aside from some minor changes, the same 2003 bylaws remain in effect today.", "### 2002–2009", "Pacifica National News director Dan Coughlin was voted Interim Executive Director of the network in 2002 (the \"Interim\" was later dropped). The years of internal legal battles and financial mismanagement had taken a toll. In 2005, Coughlin resigned, the network was still largely disorganized, and Pacifica reverted to operating with an interim executive director for most of the year.", "In January 2006, Pacifica hired Greg Guma as the next executive director of the Pacifica Foundation. By the end of the year, the Foundation had fully recovered its financial health and had launched two new national programs: Informativo Pacifica, a daily Spanish Language newscast, and From the Vault, a weekly program drawn from Pacifica's extensive audio archives. Pacifica also produced Informed Dissent, a ten\\-week series for the 2006 mid\\-term elections that drew from talent across the network. Guma left his post in September 2007\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid\\=1299528035837796976\\&hl\\=en\\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205141919/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid\\=1299528035837796976\\&hl\\=en\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|title\\=Greg Guma Interview\\\|archivedate\\=February 5, 2012}}", "Pacifica's National Board unanimously chose former KPFA general manager [Nicole Sawaya](/wiki/Nicole_Sawaya \"Nicole Sawaya\") as the next executive director. Sawaya was among the staff members fired by the national board in 1999 amidst Pacifica's internal crisis. Sawaya began her tenure as executive director in mid\\-November 2007, but abruptly changed her mind two weeks later. Pacifica historian Matthew Lasar said she \"found the level of internecine dysfunction at Pacifica overwhelming, and fled her job.\" The Pacifica National Board spent the next several months negotiating with her, and Sawaya resumed her job on March 5, 2008\\. She resigned effective September 30, citing \"dysfunctional\" governance and \"shoddy and opaque\" business practices that had plunged the organization into a financial crisis.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.pacifica.org/current\\-events/nicole\\-sawaya\\-hired\\-as\\-new\\-pacifica\\-executive\\-director.html \\\|title\\=Pacifica.org Nicole Sawaya Hired as New Pacifica Executive Director \\\|work\\=Pacifica.org \\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2008 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615040106/http://www.pacifica.org/current\\-events/nicole\\-sawaya\\-hired\\-as\\-new\\-pacifica\\-executive\\-director.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=June 15, 2008 }}{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.lasarletter.net/drupal/node/529 \\\|title\\=Sawaya quits \\[sigh] \\\|work\\=LLFCC.NET \\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2008}}{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.lasarletter.net/drupal/node/562 \\\|title\\=Sawaya unquits \\\|work\\=LLFCC.NET \\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2008 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905074916/http://www.lasarletter.net/drupal/node/562 \\\|archive\\-date\\=September 5, 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://currentpublicmedia.blogspot.com/2008/09/sawaya\\-leaves\\-pacifica\\-publishes.html \\\|title\\=Sawaya leaves Pacifica, publishes regretful critique \\\|publisher\\=American University School of Communication \\\|date\\=September 25, 2008 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126222606/http://currentpublicmedia.blogspot.com/2008/09/sawaya\\-leaves\\-pacifica\\-publishes.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 26, 2010 \\\|access\\-date\\=February 22, 2012}}", "Sawaya's departure was followed by major staff layoffs. In 2009, Pacifica Board chair Grace Aaron became interim executive director, former board member LaVarn Williams replaced Lonnie Hicks as chief financial officer, and the national office took control of WBAI in New York. Aaron appointed Williams acting GM of WBAI in May, and Hicks filed a lawsuit against the foundation alleging that he was dismissed because he is African American and a [whistleblower](/wiki/Whistleblower \"Whistleblower\").", "### Financial situation in the 2010s", "On August 9, 2013, Pacifica interim executive director Summer Reese announced that due to financial problems, Pacifica\\-owned radio station WBAI\\-FM in New York was laying off about two\\-thirds of its staff, effective August 12, 2013\\. The entire news department was reportedly included in the layoff.Ben Sisario, [\"WBAI\\-FM Lays Off Most of Staff\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/12/business/media/wbai-fm-lays-off-most-of-staff.html), August 11, 2013, The New York Times.", "After Pacifica's board of directors completed the 2016 board year with the exclusion of 75% of WBAI's board representation, it then moved to decertify Pacifica's 2016 board elections, which had been won handily by the independent faction not in power. The new 2017 board of directors replaced interim executive director Lydia Brazon with KPFT director Bill Crosier and reinstated WBAI's delegation.", "On Friday, October 6, 2017, Pacifica lost a $1\\.8 million settlement over what they claimed was price gouging by Empire State Realty Trust (ESRT), which had been raising antenna rental charges for WBAI at 9% per year for the last 12 years under a 15\\-year lease WBAI signed in 2005 that did not expire until 2020\\. The rent was set at more than half a million dollars annually, which Pacifica claimed was approximately 4 times the current market rent for Midtown Manhattan antenna rentals. Pacifica Radio's WBAI has housed its transmitter on the [Empire State Building](/wiki/Empire_State_Building \"Empire State Building\") since 1966\\. The 9% annual rental increases were facilitated by the destruction of the twin towers on September 11, 2001, which dramatically reduced space available for comparable antennas. The ruling encumbered all of Pacifica's assets including KPFA and KPFB in Berkeley, KPFK in Los Angeles, WPFW in Washington, DC, and KPFT in Houston in addition to WBAI in New York City but does not affect the assets of any of its affiliates.{{Citation\n\\\| date \\= October 6, 2017\n\\\| title \\= Court Protects ESRT's Lease Terms for Pacifica's Non\\-Profit WBAI Radio in NYC – Denies \"Unconscionability\" Motion\n\\\| publisher \\= Common Dreams\n\\\| url \\= https://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2017/10/06/court\\-protects\\-esrts\\-lease\\-terms\\-pacificas\\-non\\-profit\\-wbai\\-radio\\-nyc\\-denies\n\\\| access\\-date \\= January 11, 2018}} For more information on what has happened since the October 6, 2017, court ruling, see {{Citation\n\\\| date \\= January 2, 2018\n\\\| title \\= What's Up with Pacifica Radio? WTF Pacifica?\n\\\| publisher \\= KFCF \\\| location \\= Fresno, CA\n\\\| url \\= https://www.kfcf.org/whats\\-up\\-with\\-pacifica\\-radio/\n\\\| access\\-date \\= January 11, 2018}} On April 6, 2018, The Pacifica Foundation announced the settlement on a series of agreements that release WBAI, the organization's New York radio station, from a court judgment as well as the last two years of its lease at the Empire State Building as of May 31, 2018\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.wbai.org/articles.php?article\\=3570\\\|title \\= Pacifica Announces Settlement with Empire State Building and Empire State Realty Trust}} The Foundation later completed an agreement to relocate its transmission facility to a new site nearby.", "On October 8, 2019, it was announced that WBAI's local operations were abruptly shut down.Leonard Greene. [Community radio station WBAI shuts down amid financial woes](https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-wbai-radio-shutdown-20191007-k4jt6xqisfg3dmarhhzhkxjwau-story.html). Daily News (New York), October 7, 2019 Their programming was superseded by Pacifica Across America: a compilation of work from sister stations and other sources; [Democracy Now!](/wiki/Democracy_Now%21 \"Democracy Now!\") continued to be broadcast.", "The 2019 WBAI shutdown was litigated in the fall of 2019\\. The [New York State Supreme Court](/wiki/New_York_State_Supreme_Court \"New York State Supreme Court\") ruled in November 2019 that the WBAI shutdown by then\\-executive director John Vernile was executed \"ultra vires\" (without the proper authority) and ordered the station re\\-opened.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=NY Supreme Court Transcript Released {{!}} Pacifica in Exile\\\|date\\=November 29, 2019 \\\|url\\=https://pacificainexile.org/archives/2839\\\|access\\-date\\=December 31, 2020\\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "" ]
History ------- On April 28, 1868, Nazaire Dupuis opened a small novelty store at 865 rue Sainte\-Catherine est, in Montreal. He managed to interest several of his brothers in his business, which he called Dupuis Frères in 1870\. Despite the economic crisis of 1872, the business continued to prosper. In 1876, following the death of Nazaire Dupuis, the family participated directly in the management of the company. The store moved a few times before settling permanently in 1882 at the corner of Saint\-André and Sainte\-Catherine streets, where it remained until its closing in 1978\. In 1924, Albert Dupuis became president of the company until his death in 1945\. His son Raymond took over. In the 1950s, around 1,500 people worked at the company. The decline of the store began in 1952 with the strike of a significant majority of employees. The 1952 strike at Dupuis Frères\[[fr](/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ve_chez_Dupuis_Fr%C3%A8res_en_1952 "Grève chez Dupuis Frères en 1952")] lasted 13 weeks and ended with the victory of the employees (mostly women) and the [Confederation of Catholic Workers of Canada](/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_des_syndicats_nationaux "Confédération des syndicats nationaux"). A lockout in 1976, as well as financial problems, led to the bankruptcy of this famous Montreal institution and its closure in January 1978\. For 110 years, Dupuis Frères was one of the most important department stores in Montreal. He had a great influence on the development of commerce in the eastern part of the city.	[ "History\n-------", "On April 28, 1868, Nazaire Dupuis opened a small novelty store at 865 rue Sainte\\-Catherine est, in Montreal. He managed to interest several of his brothers in his business, which he called Dupuis Frères in 1870\\. Despite the economic crisis of 1872, the business continued to prosper.", "In 1876, following the death of Nazaire Dupuis, the family participated directly in the management of the company.", "The store moved a few times before settling permanently in 1882 at the corner of Saint\\-André and Sainte\\-Catherine streets, where it remained until its closing in 1978\\.", "In 1924, Albert Dupuis became president of the company until his death in 1945\\. His son Raymond took over.", "In the 1950s, around 1,500 people worked at the company.", "The decline of the store began in 1952 with the strike of a significant majority of employees. The 1952 strike at Dupuis Frères\\[[fr](/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ve_chez_Dupuis_Fr%C3%A8res_en_1952 \"Grève chez Dupuis Frères en 1952\")] lasted 13 weeks and ended with the victory of the employees (mostly women) and the [Confederation of Catholic Workers of Canada](/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_des_syndicats_nationaux \"Confédération des syndicats nationaux\"). A lockout in 1976, as well as financial problems, led to the bankruptcy of this famous Montreal institution and its closure in January 1978\\.", "For 110 years, Dupuis Frères was one of the most important department stores in Montreal. He had a great influence on the development of commerce in the eastern part of the city.", "" ]
Beers ----- Emerson's Brewery beers include London Porter, 1812 India Pale Ale, Weissbier, Pilsner, Bookbinder Bitter, Old 95, Maris Gold and Oatmeal Stout. ### Seasonal brews Taieri George, a 6\.8% Belgian\-inspired spiced ale, is released every year on 6 March, the birthday of Richard Emerson's father George. It is a bottle\-conditioned ale that includes nutmeg, cinnamon and an unnamed spice in its ingredients. The JP is a [Belgian ale](/wiki/Belgian_beer "Belgian beer") introduced as a commemorative tribute to [University of Otago](/wiki/University_of_Otago "University of Otago") food scientist Jean\-Pierre Dufour. Sales from the beer assist in funding an Otago University student scholarship established by Emerson's in February 2007\. JP is produced annually in June and each vintage reflects a different Belgian beer style. Southern Clam Stout is a stout brewed with the additional of locally\-sourced littleneck [hard clams](/wiki/Hard_clam "Hard clam"). The company also produces several beers in the American Pale Ale style. ### Other releases Whiskey Porter is an infusion of dark ale and whisky, achieved by maturing a batch of London Porter in whisky over the course of three to four months. Dunkelweizen is another release.	[ "Beers\n-----", "Emerson's Brewery beers include London Porter, 1812 India Pale Ale, Weissbier, Pilsner, Bookbinder Bitter, Old 95, Maris Gold and Oatmeal Stout.", "### Seasonal brews", "Taieri George, a 6\\.8% Belgian\\-inspired spiced ale, is released every year on 6 March, the birthday of Richard Emerson's father George. It is a bottle\\-conditioned ale that includes nutmeg, cinnamon and an unnamed spice in its ingredients.", "The JP is a [Belgian ale](/wiki/Belgian_beer \"Belgian beer\") introduced as a commemorative tribute to [University of Otago](/wiki/University_of_Otago \"University of Otago\") food scientist Jean\\-Pierre Dufour. Sales from the beer assist in funding an Otago University student scholarship established by Emerson's in February 2007\\. JP is produced annually in June and each vintage reflects a different Belgian beer style.", "Southern Clam Stout is a stout brewed with the additional of locally\\-sourced littleneck [hard clams](/wiki/Hard_clam \"Hard clam\").", "The company also produces several beers in the American Pale Ale style.", "### Other releases", "Whiskey Porter is an infusion of dark ale and whisky, achieved by maturing a batch of London Porter in whisky over the course of three to four months. Dunkelweizen is another release.", "" ]
Biography --------- He was born on 6 February 1710 in Castle Yard, [Holborn](/wiki/Holborn "Holborn") in [London](/wiki/London "London") where his father was a prosperous tailor. He may have attended a school at Hitchin; he was apprenticed to a [mercer](/wiki/Mercery "Mercery") in the city but, showing little disposition for business, he may have taken chambers in the Temple as a law student.{{sfn\\|Ward\\|1900\\|pp\=104–105}}"His name cannot now be traced in the records of any of the inns of court, nor can any early squibs be identified, but he was apprenticed in 1724 to John Wheatly, a painter–stainer" {{harv\\|Sambrook\\|2008}}. However, he spent a number of years in [Fleet Prison](/wiki/Fleet_Prison "Fleet Prison") for backing a bill which [Charles Fleetwood (theatre manager)](/wiki/Charles_Fleetwood_%28theatre_manager%29 "Charles Fleetwood (theatre manager)") failed to pay. {{sfn\\|Ward\\|1900\\|p\=105}} While in prison, Whitehead is said to have made his first literary efforts in the shape of political squibs. His first more elaborate production, "State Dunces", a satire in heroic couplets, was published in 1733\. It was inscribed to Pope, the first of whose 'Imitations of Horace' dates from the same year, and whose Dunciad had appeared in 1728\. Pope's rhythm, together with certain other characteristics of his satirical verse, is perhaps as successfully reproduced by Whitehead as by any contemporary writer; but he is altogether lacking in concentration and in anything like seriousness of purpose. The chief "State Dunce" is [Walpole](/wiki/Robert_Walpole "Robert Walpole") (Appius); others are [Francis Hare](/wiki/Francis_Hare_%28bishop%29 "Francis Hare (bishop)"), bishop of Chichester, and the Whig historian [James Ralph](/wiki/James_Ralph "James Ralph"). The poem, which provoked an answer under the title of A Friendly Epistle, was sold to [Robert Dodsley](/wiki/Robert_Dodsley "Robert Dodsley") for £10\.{{harvnb\\|Ward\\|1900\\|p\=105}} cites Boswell in Life, ed. Birkbeck Hill, i. 124–5\. records Johnson's refusal to accept a smaller sum for his London in 1738, on the ground that he "would not take less than Paul Whitehead", and adds an absurd apology for Johnson's "prejudice" against him. In 1735, Whitehead married Anna, only daughter of [Sir Swinnerton Dyer, bart.](/wiki/Swinnerton_Dyer "Swinnerton Dyer"), of Spains Hall, Essex, by which time either he had managed to leave the Fleet, or his marriage provided him with the means to do so. In 1739 he published "Manners", the satirical poem so highly thought of by Boswell, but considered by Johnson a "poor performance".{{harvnb\\|Ward\\|1900\\|p\=105}} cites Boswell, Life, v. 116\. The manuscript is preserved in the British Library (Add MS 25277, ff. 117–20\). It cannot be said to exhibit any advance upon its predecessor, nor can its clamorous vituperation \- {{sfn\\|Ward\\|1900\\|p\=105}} ``` Shall Pope alone the plenteous harvest have, And I not glean one straggling fool or knave? ``` \- be held to be dignified by its pretence of proceeding from a patriot whose hopes are centred in [Frederick, Prince of Wales](/wiki/Frederick%2C_Prince_of_Wales "Frederick, Prince of Wales"). The personalities in this satire led to the author being summoned, with his publisher, before the bar of the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords"); but Whitehead absconded.{{harvnb\\|Ward\\|1900\\|p\=105}} notes see [Robert Dodsley](/wiki/Robert_Dodsley "Robert Dodsley") Whether or not the action of the Lords had been intended as a warning to Pope, whose two "Dialogues", 1738 (Epilogue to the Satires), had done their utmost to make the existing political tension unbearable, it at least sufficed to muzzle Whitehead for the moment. He continued, however, to make himself generally useful to the opposition. Thus in 1741 Horace Walpole mentions him as ordering a supper for eight patriots who had tried in vain to beat up a mob on the occasion of Admiral Vernon's birthday.{{harvnb\\|Ward\\|1900\\|p\=105}} cites Letters, ed. Cunningham, i. 92\. His next publication, "The Gymnasiad" (1744\), is a harmless mock heroic in three short books or cantos, with "Prolegomena" by Scriblerus Tertius, and "Notes Variorum", in ridicule of the pugilistic fancy of the day, and dedicated to John Broughton, one of the most celebrated Sons of Hockley and fierce Brickstreet breed. In 1747 he published his last would\-be political satire, Honour, in which Liberty is introduced as prepared to follow Virtue in quitting these shores, unless specially detained by "Stanhope" (Chesterfield). About the same time he is stated to have edited the Apology for the Conduct of Mrs. [Teresia Constantia Phillips](/wiki/Teresia_Constantia_Phillips "Teresia Constantia Phillips") first published in 3 vols. in 1748\.{{sfn\\|Ward\\|1900\\|p\=105}} Whitehead had now become a paid hanger\-on of the Prince's Friends, and in the Westminster election of 1749 was engaged to compose advertisements, handbills, and the like for their candidate, Sir [George Vandeput](/wiki/George_Vandeput%2C_2nd_baronet "George Vandeput, 2nd baronet"). When [Alexander Murray](/wiki/Alexander_Murray_of_Elibank "Alexander Murray of Elibank"), a supporter of the opposition candidate, was sent to [Newgate Prison](/wiki/Newgate_Prison "Newgate Prison") and detained there for a considerable period on the charge of having headed a riot, Whitehead composed a pamphlet on his case, which appealed to the indignation of the people of Great Britain as well as of the electors of Westminster.{{harvnb\\|Ward\\|1900\\|p\=105}} notes: see extracts ap. E. Thompson; and cf. Lord Orford's Memoirs of the Reign of George II, ed. Lord Holland, s.d. 28 June 1751\. In 1751 the prince died, and in 1755 Whitehead published his Epistle to Dr. Thompson, a physician of dissolute habits, who had quarrelled with the treatment adopted by the prince's physicians in his last illness, and whom Whitehead, from whatever motive, strives to justify by indiscriminate abuse of the "college". A pamphlet published by him in defence of [Admiral Byng](/wiki/John_Byng "John Byng") (1757\) is said by Hawkins to be written in a defiant strain, as if an acquittal were certain.{{sfn\\|Ward\\|1900\\|p\=105}} During this period or immediately afterwards Whitehead was to suffer the deepest degradation of his life. His political intimacy with Sir [Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer](/wiki/Francis_Dashwood%2C_11th_Baron_le_Despencer "Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer") and other politicians, and his literary talents, made him an acceptable member of the dissipated circle calling themselves the "monks of Medmenham Abbey", and he was appointed secretary and steward of the [Hellfire Club](/wiki/Hellfire_Club "Hellfire Club"). This made him an easy target of the scalp\-hunting satirist [Charles Churchill](/wiki/Charles_Churchill_%28satirist%29 "Charles Churchill (satirist)"), who found in him a ready victim. In three of Churchill's satires he was branded as a "disgrace on manhood" (The Conference, 1763\), as "the aged Paul" who chalks the score of the blasphemous revellers behind the door (The Candidate, 1764\), and as the type of the "kept bard" (Independence, 1764\). The times were not squeamish, and Churchill's testimony was not respected; but the charges were unanswerable, and Whitehead is now remembered for little else.{{sfn\\|Ward\\|1900\\|pp\=105–106}} Whitehead had, however, at the time, been rewarded for his services by being appointed, through Sir Francis Dashwood, probably during his chancellorship of the exchequer in Lord Bute's ministry (1762–3\), to a Deputy Treasurership of the Chamber, as one of his biographers calls it, worth £800 a year. This enabled him to enlarge the cottage on [Twickenham Common](/wiki/Twickenham%2318th_century "Twickenham#18th century") where he had for some years resided.{{harvnb\\|Ward\\|1900\\|p\=106}} notes that in 1755 Horace Walpole mentions him as one of the celebrities of the locality; see Walpole Letters, ii. 447\. In his Epistle to Dr. Thompson he describes, quite in Pope's Horatian vein, the modest comforts of his retirement, and he appears to have been popular both in the country, where he was known for his kindliness, and in London society, where among his friends were Hogarth and Hayman, and the actor and dramatist [William Havard](/wiki/William_Havard_%28actor%29 "William Havard (actor)"). Sir [John Hawkins](/wiki/John_Hawkins_%28author%29 "John Hawkins (author)"), however, says that "in his conversation there was little to praise; it was desultory, vociferous, and profane. He had contracted a habit of swearing in his younger years, which he retained to his latest".{{sfn\\|Ward\\|1900\\|p\=106}} Whitehead published very little in his later years—a pamphlet on Covent Garden stage disputes is mentioned in 1768—but he wrote a few songs for his friend the actor Beard and others. On 20 December 1774 he died in his lodgings in Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, having during the course of a protracted illness burnt all his manuscripts within his reach. In his will he left his heart to his patron, Lord Le Despenser, by whose orders it was buried in the mausoleum at High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, amid solemnities which under the circumstances might, like the bequest itself, have been omitted.{{sfn\\|Ward\\|1900\\|p\=106}}{{cite book\\|author\=Bradford, Charles Angell\\|author\-link\=Charles Angell Bradford\\|title\=Heart Burial\\|year\=1933\\|publisher\=Allen \& Unwin\\|location\=London\\|isbn\=978\-1\-162\-77181\-6\\|pages\=234, 235}} He was buried at [St Mary's Church, Teddington](/wiki/St_Mary_with_St_Alban "St Mary with St Alban") together with his wife Anne (d 1768\).{{Cite web\\|title\=Paul Whitehead\\|url\=http://www.twickenham\-museum.org.uk/detail.php?aid\=141\&cid\=7\&ctid\=1\\|access\-date\=19 October 2020\\|website\=The Twickenham Museum}}{{Cite book\\|last\=Lysons\\|first\=Daniel\\|url\=http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/london\-environs/vol3/pp503\-516\\|title\='Teddington', in The Environs of London: Volume 3, County of Middlesex\\|year\=1795\\|pages\=503–516\\|access\-date\=8 December 2020\\|via\=British History Online}} A collection of his Poems and Miscellaneous Compositions, with a life by Captain Edward Thompson, which is dedicated to Lord Le Despenser, and written in a strain of turgid and senseless flattery, appeared at London in 1777 ([4to](/wiki/4to "4to")).His portrait, painted by Gainsborough, was engraved by Collyer in 1776, and prefixed to the 1777 edition of Whitehead's Poems ({{harvnb\\|Ward\\|1900\\|p\=106}} cites Bromley, p. 896\).	[ "Biography\n---------", "He was born on 6 February 1710 in Castle Yard, [Holborn](/wiki/Holborn \"Holborn\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\") where his father was a prosperous tailor. He may have attended a school at Hitchin; he was apprenticed to a [mercer](/wiki/Mercery \"Mercery\") in the city but, showing little disposition for business, he may have taken chambers in the Temple as a law student.{{sfn\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|pp\\=104–105}}\"His name cannot now be traced in the records of any of the inns of court, nor can any early squibs be identified, but he was apprenticed in 1724 to John Wheatly, a painter–stainer\" {{harv\\\|Sambrook\\\|2008}}.", "However, he spent a number of years in [Fleet Prison](/wiki/Fleet_Prison \"Fleet Prison\") for backing a bill which [Charles Fleetwood (theatre manager)](/wiki/Charles_Fleetwood_%28theatre_manager%29 \"Charles Fleetwood (theatre manager)\") failed to pay. {{sfn\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|p\\=105}}", "While in prison, Whitehead is said to have made his first literary efforts in the shape of political squibs. His first more elaborate production, \"State Dunces\", a satire in heroic couplets, was published in 1733\\. It was inscribed to Pope, the first of whose 'Imitations of Horace' dates from the same year, and whose Dunciad had appeared in 1728\\. Pope's rhythm, together with certain other characteristics of his satirical verse, is perhaps as successfully reproduced by Whitehead as by any contemporary writer; but he is altogether lacking in concentration and in anything like seriousness of purpose. The chief \"State Dunce\" is [Walpole](/wiki/Robert_Walpole \"Robert Walpole\") (Appius); others are [Francis Hare](/wiki/Francis_Hare_%28bishop%29 \"Francis Hare (bishop)\"), bishop of Chichester, and the Whig historian [James Ralph](/wiki/James_Ralph \"James Ralph\").", "The poem, which provoked an answer under the title of A Friendly Epistle, was sold to [Robert Dodsley](/wiki/Robert_Dodsley \"Robert Dodsley\") for £10\\.{{harvnb\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|p\\=105}} cites Boswell in Life, ed. Birkbeck Hill, i. 124–5\\. records Johnson's refusal to accept a smaller sum for his London in 1738, on the ground that he \"would not take less than Paul Whitehead\", and adds an absurd apology for Johnson's \"prejudice\" against him.", "In 1735, Whitehead married Anna, only daughter of [Sir Swinnerton Dyer, bart.](/wiki/Swinnerton_Dyer \"Swinnerton Dyer\"), of Spains Hall, Essex, by which time either he had managed to leave the Fleet, or his marriage provided him with the means to do so. In 1739 he published \"Manners\", the satirical poem so highly thought of by Boswell, but considered by Johnson a \"poor performance\".{{harvnb\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|p\\=105}} cites Boswell, Life, v. 116\\. The manuscript is preserved in the British Library (Add MS 25277, ff. 117–20\\). It cannot be said to exhibit any advance upon its predecessor, nor can its clamorous vituperation \\- {{sfn\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|p\\=105}}", "```\n Shall Pope alone the plenteous harvest have,\n And I not glean one straggling fool or knave?", "```", "\\- be held to be dignified by its pretence of proceeding from a patriot whose hopes are centred in [Frederick, Prince of Wales](/wiki/Frederick%2C_Prince_of_Wales \"Frederick, Prince of Wales\"). The personalities in this satire led to the author being summoned, with his publisher, before the bar of the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\"); but Whitehead absconded.{{harvnb\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|p\\=105}} notes see [Robert Dodsley](/wiki/Robert_Dodsley \"Robert Dodsley\")", "Whether or not the action of the Lords had been intended as a warning to Pope, whose two \"Dialogues\", 1738 (Epilogue to the Satires), had done their utmost to make the existing political tension unbearable, it at least sufficed to muzzle Whitehead for the moment. He continued, however, to make himself generally useful to the opposition. Thus in 1741 Horace Walpole mentions him as ordering a supper for eight patriots who had tried in vain to beat up a mob on the occasion of Admiral Vernon's birthday.{{harvnb\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|p\\=105}} cites Letters, ed. Cunningham, i. 92\\.", "His next publication, \"The Gymnasiad\" (1744\\), is a harmless mock heroic in three short books or cantos, with \"Prolegomena\" by Scriblerus Tertius, and \"Notes Variorum\", in ridicule of the pugilistic fancy of the day, and dedicated to John Broughton, one of the most celebrated Sons of Hockley and fierce Brickstreet breed. In 1747 he published his last would\\-be political satire, Honour, in which Liberty is introduced as prepared to follow Virtue in quitting these shores, unless specially detained by \"Stanhope\" (Chesterfield). About the same time he is stated to have edited the Apology for the Conduct of Mrs. [Teresia Constantia Phillips](/wiki/Teresia_Constantia_Phillips \"Teresia Constantia Phillips\") first published in 3 vols. in 1748\\.{{sfn\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|p\\=105}}", "Whitehead had now become a paid hanger\\-on of the Prince's Friends, and in the Westminster election of 1749 was engaged to compose advertisements, handbills, and the like for their candidate, Sir [George Vandeput](/wiki/George_Vandeput%2C_2nd_baronet \"George Vandeput, 2nd baronet\"). When [Alexander Murray](/wiki/Alexander_Murray_of_Elibank \"Alexander Murray of Elibank\"), a supporter of the opposition candidate, was sent to [Newgate Prison](/wiki/Newgate_Prison \"Newgate Prison\") and detained there for a considerable period on the charge of having headed a riot, Whitehead composed a pamphlet on his case, which appealed to the indignation of the people of Great Britain as well as of the electors of Westminster.{{harvnb\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|p\\=105}} notes: see extracts ap. E. Thompson; and cf. Lord Orford's Memoirs of the Reign of George II, ed. Lord Holland, s.d. 28 June 1751\\.", "In 1751 the prince died, and in 1755 Whitehead published his Epistle to Dr. Thompson, a physician of dissolute habits, who had quarrelled with the treatment adopted by the prince's physicians in his last illness, and whom Whitehead, from whatever motive, strives to justify by indiscriminate abuse of the \"college\". A pamphlet published by him in defence of [Admiral Byng](/wiki/John_Byng \"John Byng\") (1757\\) is said by Hawkins to be written in a defiant strain, as if an acquittal were certain.{{sfn\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|p\\=105}}", "During this period or immediately afterwards Whitehead was to suffer the deepest degradation of his life. His political intimacy with Sir [Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer](/wiki/Francis_Dashwood%2C_11th_Baron_le_Despencer \"Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer\") and other politicians, and his literary talents, made him an acceptable member of the dissipated circle calling themselves the \"monks of Medmenham Abbey\", and he was appointed secretary and steward of the [Hellfire Club](/wiki/Hellfire_Club \"Hellfire Club\"). This made him an easy target of the scalp\\-hunting satirist [Charles Churchill](/wiki/Charles_Churchill_%28satirist%29 \"Charles Churchill (satirist)\"), who found in him a ready victim. In three of Churchill's satires he was branded as a \"disgrace on manhood\" (The Conference, 1763\\), as \"the aged Paul\" who chalks the score of the blasphemous revellers behind the door (The Candidate, 1764\\), and as the type of the \"kept bard\" (Independence, 1764\\). The times were not squeamish, and Churchill's testimony was not respected; but the charges were unanswerable, and Whitehead is now remembered for little else.{{sfn\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|pp\\=105–106}}", "Whitehead had, however, at the time, been rewarded for his services by being appointed, through Sir Francis Dashwood, probably during his chancellorship of the exchequer in Lord Bute's ministry (1762–3\\), to a Deputy Treasurership of the Chamber, as one of his biographers calls it, worth £800 a year. This enabled him to enlarge the cottage on [Twickenham Common](/wiki/Twickenham%2318th_century \"Twickenham#18th century\") where he had for some years resided.{{harvnb\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|p\\=106}} notes that in 1755 Horace Walpole mentions him as one of the celebrities of the locality; see Walpole Letters, ii. 447\\. In his Epistle to Dr. Thompson he describes, quite in Pope's Horatian vein, the modest comforts of his retirement, and he appears to have been popular both in the country, where he was known for his kindliness, and in London society, where among his friends were Hogarth and Hayman, and the actor and dramatist [William Havard](/wiki/William_Havard_%28actor%29 \"William Havard (actor)\"). Sir [John Hawkins](/wiki/John_Hawkins_%28author%29 \"John Hawkins (author)\"), however, says that \"in his conversation there was little to praise; it was desultory, vociferous, and profane. He had contracted a habit of swearing in his younger years, which he retained to his latest\".{{sfn\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|p\\=106}}", "Whitehead published very little in his later years—a pamphlet on Covent Garden stage disputes is mentioned in 1768—but he wrote a few songs for his friend the actor Beard and others. On 20 December 1774 he died in his lodgings in Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, having during the course of a protracted illness burnt all his manuscripts within his reach. In his will he left his heart to his patron, Lord Le Despenser, by whose orders it was buried in the mausoleum at High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, amid solemnities which under the circumstances might, like the bequest itself, have been omitted.{{sfn\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|p\\=106}}{{cite book\\\|author\\=Bradford, Charles Angell\\\|author\\-link\\=Charles Angell Bradford\\\|title\\=Heart Burial\\\|year\\=1933\\\|publisher\\=Allen \\& Unwin\\\|location\\=London\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-162\\-77181\\-6\\\|pages\\=234, 235}} He was buried at [St Mary's Church, Teddington](/wiki/St_Mary_with_St_Alban \"St Mary with St Alban\") together with his wife Anne (d 1768\\).{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Paul Whitehead\\\|url\\=http://www.twickenham\\-museum.org.uk/detail.php?aid\\=141\\&cid\\=7\\&ctid\\=1\\\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2020\\\|website\\=The Twickenham Museum}}{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Lysons\\\|first\\=Daniel\\\|url\\=http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/london\\-environs/vol3/pp503\\-516\\\|title\\='Teddington', in The Environs of London: Volume 3, County of Middlesex\\\|year\\=1795\\\|pages\\=503–516\\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2020\\\|via\\=British History Online}}", "A collection of his Poems and Miscellaneous Compositions, with a life by Captain Edward Thompson, which is dedicated to Lord Le Despenser, and written in a strain of turgid and senseless flattery, appeared at London in 1777 ([4to](/wiki/4to \"4to\")).His portrait, painted by Gainsborough, was engraved by Collyer in 1776, and prefixed to the 1777 edition of Whitehead's Poems ({{harvnb\\\|Ward\\\|1900\\\|p\\=106}} cites Bromley, p. 896\\).", "" ]
Fatah command ------------- While in Algeria, Abu Ali Iyad was recruited into the [Palestinian nationalist](/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism "Palestinian nationalism") paramilitary organization [Fatah](/wiki/Fatah "Fatah") by the leader of its armed wing [Khalil al\-Wazir](/wiki/Khalil_al-Wazir "Khalil al-Wazir"). He adopted his nom de guerre after joining.Bowen, 2004, p.126\. Fatah at the time was divided politically with the more non\-violent leadership based in [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait "Kuwait") and those supporting attacks against Israel based in [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria"). Abu Ali Iyad, along with al\-Wazir, [Yasser Arafat](/wiki/Yasser_Arafat "Yasser Arafat"), and three others in the Syrian camp, formed the organization's "emergency" field command in [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus "Damascus") in 1965\. A year later al\-Wazir, Arafat, and much of the Fatah military leadership were arrested by Syrian authorities loyal to [Hafez al\-Assad](/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad "Hafez al-Assad") (who was Defense Minister at the time) as suspects in the murder of a pro\-Assad paramilitary leader, [Yusef Urabi](/wiki/Yusef_Urabi "Yusef Urabi"). As a result, Abu Ali Iyad, al\-Wazir's wife [Intissar al\-Wazir](/wiki/Intissar_al-Wazir "Intissar al-Wazir") and fellow Fatah commander Ahmad Attrush were put in charge of Fatah's leadership in Syria. They formed a secret committee whose purpose was maintaining the military operations of Fatah's armed wing, [al\-Assifa](/wiki/Al-Assifa "Al-Assifa"), against [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), launching attacks from [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon") and [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan") and thus co\-opting al\-Assad's efforts to circumvent their activity.Hart, 1994, p.209\.Sayigh, 1997, p.128\. Abu Ali Iyad himself was arrested later by the Syrian authorities.Rapoport, p.468\. He was released along with Arafat and two other Fatah leaders in August. Abu Ali Iyad then met al\-Assad in person to sign an agreement on the terms of Fatah's presence and activities in Syria. Following the release of the rest of Fatah's leadership, the [Central Committee of Fatah](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_Fatah "Central Committee of Fatah")—the organization's highest decision\-making body, was reformed. Two of Arafat's rivals lost their positions in the new central committee and were replaced by his allies, Abu Ali Iyad and [Salah Khalaf](/wiki/Salah_Khalaf "Salah Khalaf"), tilting the balance of power within Fatah towards Syria instead of Kuwait. Abu Ali Iyad's position gave him responsibility for al\-Assifa's operations against Israel from Syria and Lebanon. By the end of the year, he had personally led raids against a number of [villages](/wiki/Moshav "Moshav") in northeastern Israel, including [Kfar Giladi](/wiki/Kfar_Giladi "Kfar Giladi"), [Manara](/wiki/Menara%2C_Israel "Menara, Israel"), [Margaliot](/wiki/Margaliot "Margaliot"), and [Beit Yosef](/wiki/Beit_Yosef%2C_Israel "Beit Yosef, Israel"). In the latter village, his unit was responsible for wounding two civilians and destroying three houses by explosives.[PA TV Honors Terrorist Abu Ali Iyad as Hero](http://www.palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=135&page=4). [Palestinian Media Watch](/wiki/Palestinian_Media_Watch "Palestinian Media Watch"). An excerpt from a [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority "Palestinian National Authority") TV dated February 11, 2010 is cited by Palestinian Media Watch as their source. Also after his release, in 1966, Abu Ali Iyad became the chief military instructor of a training camp for Fatah recruits in the city of [Hama](/wiki/Hama "Hama") in central Syria. He modeled it based on the Algerian training camp he graduated from. Most of his pupils were university students who would soon form Fatah's new guerrilla force. Abu Ali Iyad's course was the only one of its kind run by Fatah itself (often commanders would train in Algeria) and it provided the bulk of commanders for the group's guerrilla units for the next decade.Sayigh, 1997, p.183\. These mostly young recruits became known as "Tiger Cubs." Among their ranks, Abu Ali Iyad gained a reputation for enforcing strict discipline. According to British [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") expert, [Patrick Seale](/wiki/Patrick_Seale "Patrick Seale"), he also had a "fierce appearance" that left his soldiers in "awe"; after a malfunction while he was experimenting with explosives, he lost an eye and damaged one of his legs.Seale, 1992, pp.81\-82\. In 1968, Abu Ali Iyad set up a Fatah headquarters for military intelligence in [Dera'a](/wiki/Dera%27a "Dera'a"), southern Syria. Its principal task was to penetrate the Jordanian Army and security agencies.Sayigh, 1997, p.225\. ### Commander in Jordan He moved to Jordan in 1968 where he trained Fatah forces in [Ajlun](/wiki/Ajlun "Ajlun"). [Palestinian fedayeen](/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen "Palestinian fedayeen") activity persisted following the collective [Arab](/wiki/Arab "Arab") defeat in the 1967 [Six\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War") and Israel sought to end guerrilla attacks on its territory by launching an offensive against the [Palestinian Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organization "Palestinian Liberation Organization")'s (PLO) bases in Jordan. A major confrontation ensued between the [Israeli Army](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces") and Fatah which came to be known as the [Battle of Karameh](/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh "Battle of Karameh"). Abu Ali Iyad was a senior commander during the battle, gaining prominence and respect among the Palestinians for his performance as an unyielding military officer. Although Fatah took heavy losses, Israel eventually withdrew after the [Jordanian Army](/wiki/Jordanian_Army "Jordanian Army") entered the fray on Fatah's side. He continued to organize raids against Israeli army camps and towns in Israel and the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank") while he was based in Jordan. Relations between the PLO and [King Hussein of Jordan](/wiki/King_Hussein_of_Jordan "King Hussein of Jordan") began to deteriorate after Karameh, climaxing in September 1970 when [armed conflict](/wiki/Black_September_in_Jordan "Black September in Jordan") ensued between Palestinian and Jordanian forces. Prior to Jordanian military action, Abu Ali Iyad lobbied his colleagues in Fatah, who supported the forced ousting of the king, to withdraw from [Amman](/wiki/Amman "Amman") and return to the countryside closer to the border with Israel.Sayigh, 1997, p.259\. Palestinian factions did not heed his calls and their military bases in Amman were shelled by Jordanian forces. On September 17, an emergency meeting of PLO factions was held with the majority of those attending favoring confrontation with King Hussein's troops. Supporting al\-Wazir, who was one of the few delegates to have reservations, Abu Ali Iyad argued against confrontation and warned that expectations of Syrian intervention on the side of the Palestinians was improbable.Seyigh, p.262\. The Jordanians succeeded in defeating PLO forces in Amman and about 2,000 Palestinian guerrillas under al\-Wazir's leadership evacuated the city northward to Ajlun.Sayigh, 1997, p.278\. Abu Ali Iyad was part of the field command there along with al\-Wazir. They headed a force of roughly 2,500 guerrillas in the hilly terrain around Ajlun and [Jerash](/wiki/Jerash "Jerash"). Their position was vulnerable due to the ineffectiveness of Palestinian guerrilla warfare against Jordanian armor in open areas versus urban warfare in the cities and [Palestinian refugee camps](/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps "Palestinian refugee camps"). Most of the PLO leadership, including Arafat and al\-Wazir, and hundreds of guerrillas escaped Jordan in April 1971 following pressure from Arab states, confiscation of weapons by the Jordanian Army and the closing of PLO offices in Amman. Abu Ali Iyad refused to do so, however, and he and his Tiger Cubs stayed put in their Ajlun base where they continued to fight the Jordanian Army. On July 12, King Hussein ordered the evacuation of all guerrilla forces from the strategic mountain in the center of their stronghold in Ajlun.Sayigh, 1997, p.279\. Hussein personally offered to allow Abu Ali Iyad to depart unharmed if he abandoned his fighters.Genet and Bray, 2003, p.142\. He refused and Hussein ordered his troops to track down and kill him within the framework of routing out remaining PLO forces in northern Jordan. A Jordanian infantry division and armored brigade backed by 10,000 [Bedouin](/wiki/Bedouin "Bedouin") foot soldiers immediately launched an [offensive](/wiki/Ajlun_offensive "Ajlun offensive") afterward. By July 16, Palestinian positions had been secured by the Jordanian Army. During the Jordanian offensive, 200\-250 guerrillas had been killed and 70\-100 of Abu Ali's troops fled, crossing the [Jordan River](/wiki/Jordan_River "Jordan River") to the Israeli\-occupied West Bank.	[ "Fatah command\n-------------", "While in Algeria, Abu Ali Iyad was recruited into the [Palestinian nationalist](/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism \"Palestinian nationalism\") paramilitary organization [Fatah](/wiki/Fatah \"Fatah\") by the leader of its armed wing [Khalil al\\-Wazir](/wiki/Khalil_al-Wazir \"Khalil al-Wazir\"). He adopted his nom de guerre after joining.Bowen, 2004, p.126\\. Fatah at the time was divided politically with the more non\\-violent leadership based in [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait \"Kuwait\") and those supporting attacks against Israel based in [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\"). Abu Ali Iyad, along with al\\-Wazir, [Yasser Arafat](/wiki/Yasser_Arafat \"Yasser Arafat\"), and three others in the Syrian camp, formed the organization's \"emergency\" field command in [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus \"Damascus\") in 1965\\.", "A year later al\\-Wazir, Arafat, and much of the Fatah military leadership were arrested by Syrian authorities loyal to [Hafez al\\-Assad](/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad \"Hafez al-Assad\") (who was Defense Minister at the time) as suspects in the murder of a pro\\-Assad paramilitary leader, [Yusef Urabi](/wiki/Yusef_Urabi \"Yusef Urabi\"). As a result, Abu Ali Iyad, al\\-Wazir's wife [Intissar al\\-Wazir](/wiki/Intissar_al-Wazir \"Intissar al-Wazir\") and fellow Fatah commander Ahmad Attrush were put in charge of Fatah's leadership in Syria. They formed a secret committee whose purpose was maintaining the military operations of Fatah's armed wing, [al\\-Assifa](/wiki/Al-Assifa \"Al-Assifa\"), against [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), launching attacks from [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\") and [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\") and thus co\\-opting al\\-Assad's efforts to circumvent their activity.Hart, 1994, p.209\\.Sayigh, 1997, p.128\\. Abu Ali Iyad himself was arrested later by the Syrian authorities.Rapoport, p.468\\. He was released along with Arafat and two other Fatah leaders in August. Abu Ali Iyad then met al\\-Assad in person to sign an agreement on the terms of Fatah's presence and activities in Syria.", "Following the release of the rest of Fatah's leadership, the [Central Committee of Fatah](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_Fatah \"Central Committee of Fatah\")—the organization's highest decision\\-making body, was reformed. Two of Arafat's rivals lost their positions in the new central committee and were replaced by his allies, Abu Ali Iyad and [Salah Khalaf](/wiki/Salah_Khalaf \"Salah Khalaf\"), tilting the balance of power within Fatah towards Syria instead of Kuwait. Abu Ali Iyad's position gave him responsibility for al\\-Assifa's operations against Israel from Syria and Lebanon. By the end of the year, he had personally led raids against a number of [villages](/wiki/Moshav \"Moshav\") in northeastern Israel, including [Kfar Giladi](/wiki/Kfar_Giladi \"Kfar Giladi\"), [Manara](/wiki/Menara%2C_Israel \"Menara, Israel\"), [Margaliot](/wiki/Margaliot \"Margaliot\"), and [Beit Yosef](/wiki/Beit_Yosef%2C_Israel \"Beit Yosef, Israel\"). In the latter village, his unit was responsible for wounding two civilians and destroying three houses by explosives.[PA TV Honors Terrorist Abu Ali Iyad as Hero](http://www.palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=135&page=4). [Palestinian Media Watch](/wiki/Palestinian_Media_Watch \"Palestinian Media Watch\"). An excerpt from a [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority \"Palestinian National Authority\") TV dated February 11, 2010 is cited by Palestinian Media Watch as their source.", "Also after his release, in 1966, Abu Ali Iyad became the chief military instructor of a training camp for Fatah recruits in the city of [Hama](/wiki/Hama \"Hama\") in central Syria. He modeled it based on the Algerian training camp he graduated from. Most of his pupils were university students who would soon form Fatah's new guerrilla force. Abu Ali Iyad's course was the only one of its kind run by Fatah itself (often commanders would train in Algeria) and it provided the bulk of commanders for the group's guerrilla units for the next decade.Sayigh, 1997, p.183\\. These mostly young recruits became known as \"Tiger Cubs.\" Among their ranks, Abu Ali Iyad gained a reputation for enforcing strict discipline. According to British [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") expert, [Patrick Seale](/wiki/Patrick_Seale \"Patrick Seale\"), he also had a \"fierce appearance\" that left his soldiers in \"awe\"; after a malfunction while he was experimenting with explosives, he lost an eye and damaged one of his legs.Seale, 1992, pp.81\\-82\\. In 1968, Abu Ali Iyad set up a Fatah headquarters for military intelligence in [Dera'a](/wiki/Dera%27a \"Dera'a\"), southern Syria. Its principal task was to penetrate the Jordanian Army and security agencies.Sayigh, 1997, p.225\\.", "### Commander in Jordan", "He moved to Jordan in 1968 where he trained Fatah forces in [Ajlun](/wiki/Ajlun \"Ajlun\"). [Palestinian fedayeen](/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen \"Palestinian fedayeen\") activity persisted following the collective [Arab](/wiki/Arab \"Arab\") defeat in the 1967 [Six\\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War \"Six-Day War\") and Israel sought to end guerrilla attacks on its territory by launching an offensive against the [Palestinian Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organization \"Palestinian Liberation Organization\")'s (PLO) bases in Jordan. A major confrontation ensued between the [Israeli Army](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") and Fatah which came to be known as the [Battle of Karameh](/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh \"Battle of Karameh\"). Abu Ali Iyad was a senior commander during the battle, gaining prominence and respect among the Palestinians for his performance as an unyielding military officer. Although Fatah took heavy losses, Israel eventually withdrew after the [Jordanian Army](/wiki/Jordanian_Army \"Jordanian Army\") entered the fray on Fatah's side. He continued to organize raids against Israeli army camps and towns in Israel and the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\") while he was based in Jordan.", "Relations between the PLO and [King Hussein of Jordan](/wiki/King_Hussein_of_Jordan \"King Hussein of Jordan\") began to deteriorate after Karameh, climaxing in September 1970 when [armed conflict](/wiki/Black_September_in_Jordan \"Black September in Jordan\") ensued between Palestinian and Jordanian forces. Prior to Jordanian military action, Abu Ali Iyad lobbied his colleagues in Fatah, who supported the forced ousting of the king, to withdraw from [Amman](/wiki/Amman \"Amman\") and return to the countryside closer to the border with Israel.Sayigh, 1997, p.259\\. Palestinian factions did not heed his calls and their military bases in Amman were shelled by Jordanian forces. On September 17, an emergency meeting of PLO factions was held with the majority of those attending favoring confrontation with King Hussein's troops. Supporting al\\-Wazir, who was one of the few delegates to have reservations, Abu Ali Iyad argued against confrontation and warned that expectations of Syrian intervention on the side of the Palestinians was improbable.Seyigh, p.262\\. The Jordanians succeeded in defeating PLO forces in Amman and about 2,000 Palestinian guerrillas under al\\-Wazir's leadership evacuated the city northward to Ajlun.Sayigh, 1997, p.278\\.", "Abu Ali Iyad was part of the field command there along with al\\-Wazir. They headed a force of roughly 2,500 guerrillas in the hilly terrain around Ajlun and [Jerash](/wiki/Jerash \"Jerash\"). Their position was vulnerable due to the ineffectiveness of Palestinian guerrilla warfare against Jordanian armor in open areas versus urban warfare in the cities and [Palestinian refugee camps](/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps \"Palestinian refugee camps\"). Most of the PLO leadership, including Arafat and al\\-Wazir, and hundreds of guerrillas escaped Jordan in April 1971 following pressure from Arab states, confiscation of weapons by the Jordanian Army and the closing of PLO offices in Amman. Abu Ali Iyad refused to do so, however, and he and his Tiger Cubs stayed put in their Ajlun base where they continued to fight the Jordanian Army.", "On July 12, King Hussein ordered the evacuation of all guerrilla forces from the strategic mountain in the center of their stronghold in Ajlun.Sayigh, 1997, p.279\\. Hussein personally offered to allow Abu Ali Iyad to depart unharmed if he abandoned his fighters.Genet and Bray, 2003, p.142\\. He refused and Hussein ordered his troops to track down and kill him within the framework of routing out remaining PLO forces in northern Jordan. A Jordanian infantry division and armored brigade backed by 10,000 [Bedouin](/wiki/Bedouin \"Bedouin\") foot soldiers immediately launched an [offensive](/wiki/Ajlun_offensive \"Ajlun offensive\") afterward. By July 16, Palestinian positions had been secured by the Jordanian Army. During the Jordanian offensive, 200\\-250 guerrillas had been killed and 70\\-100 of Abu Ali's troops fled, crossing the [Jordan River](/wiki/Jordan_River \"Jordan River\") to the Israeli\\-occupied West Bank.", "" ]
Geography --------- According to the [Philippine Statistics Authority](/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority "Philippine Statistics Authority"), the municipality has a land area of {{convert\\|304\.55\\|km2}},{{PSGC detail\\|area}} constituting {{percentage\\|304\.55\\|3,147\.32\\|2\\|pad\=yes}} of the {{convert\\|3,147\.32\\|km2\\|2\\|adj\=mid\\|\-}} total area of Aurora. Dingalan is {{convert\\|183\\|km}} from [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila") and {{convert\\|155\\|km}} from [Baler](/wiki/Baler%2C_Aurora "Baler, Aurora"). It is bounded on the north by [San Luis](/wiki/San_Luis%2C_Aurora "San Luis, Aurora"), west by [Gabaldon](/wiki/Gabaldon%2C_Nueva_Ecija "Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija"), [General Tinio](/wiki/General_Tinio "General Tinio"), and [Doña Remedios Trinidad](/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_Remedios_Trinidad "Doña Remedios Trinidad"), south by [General Nakar](/wiki/General_Nakar "General Nakar"), and east by the [Benham Rise or Plateau](/wiki/Benham_Plateau "Benham Plateau") and [Philippine Sea](/wiki/Philippine_Sea "Philippine Sea"). It is a small town with one main cemented road with branching alleys. Further south of the town proper are the barangays of Aplaya, Butas na Bato, Matawe, Ibona, Dikapanikian and Umiray. The premier barangay north of the town is Paltic. All of the barangays are located on the seashore, except for Poblacion and two barangays located in the mountains. The whole town is mountainous due to the [Sierra Madre](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_%28Philippines%29 "Sierra Madre (Philippines)"). The [Umiray River](/wiki/Umiray_River "Umiray River") separates the town from [Quezon](/wiki/Quezon "Quezon") Province. The National Government has an ongoing move to transfer Municipality of Dingalan to become part of Nueva Ecija Province for the reason that the said municipality is geographically and strategically within the said Province. This was favored by most of the residents was opposed by the Provincial Government of Aurora. One reason is that you must travel via the province of Nueva Ecija before reaching the province of Aurora, which is especially difficult during disasters. It is more economical and practical to deliver Dingalan to the province of Nueva Ecija. ### Barangays Dingalan is politically subdivided into 11 [barangays](/wiki/Barangay "Barangay").{{PSGC detail\\|nscb}} Each barangay consists of [puroks](/wiki/Purok "Purok") and some have [sitios](/wiki/Sitios "Sitios"). {{PH brgy table lite\\|top}} {{PH brgy table lite\\|037705001\\| Aplaya \\| 1802\\| 1619}} {{PH brgy table lite\\|037705002\\| Butas Na Bato \\| 909\\| 813}} {{PH brgy table lite\\|037705003\\| Matawe (''Cabog'') \\| 3356\\| 3090}} {{PH brgy table lite\\|037705004\\| Caragsacan \\| 2992\\| 2729}} {{PH brgy table lite\\|037705005\\| Davildavilan \\| 1036\\| 992}} {{PH brgy table lite\\|037705006\\| Dikapanikian \\| 404\\| 387}} {{PH brgy table lite\\|037705007\\| Ibona \\| 3624\\| 3185}} {{PH brgy table lite\\|037705009\\| Paltic \\| 5075\\| 5029}} {{PH brgy table lite\\|037705010\\| \[\[Poblacion]] \\| 1084\\| 1091}} {{PH brgy table lite\\|037705011\\| Tanawan \\| 820\\| 656}} {{PH brgy table lite\\|037705013\\| Umiray (''Malamig'') \\| 4380\\| 3963}} {{PH brgy table lite\\|bottom\\|23554}} ### Climate {{Weather box \\| location \= Dingalan, Aurora \\| width \= auto \\| metric first \= Yes \\| single line \= Yes \\| Jan high C \= 26 \\| Jan low C \= 20 \\| Feb high C \= 27 \\| Feb low C \= 20 \\| Mar high C \= 29 \\| Mar low C \= 21 \\| Apr high C \= 31 \\| Apr low C \= 22 \\| May high C \= 31 \\| May low C \= 24 \\| Jun high C \= 30 \\| Jun low C \= 24 \\| Jul high C \= 30 \\| Jul low C \= 24 \\| Aug high C \= 30 \\| Aug low C \= 24 \\| Sep high C \= 29 \\| Sep low C \= 23 \\| Oct high C \= 29 \\| Oct low C \= 23 \\| Nov high C \= 28 \\| Nov low C \= 22 \\| Dec high C \= 27 \\| Dec low C \= 21 \\| Jan precipitation mm \= 21 \\| Feb precipitation mm \= 18 \\| Mar precipitation mm \= 16 \\| Apr precipitation mm \= 18 \\| May precipitation mm \= 65 \\| Jun precipitation mm \= 102 \\| Jul precipitation mm \= 112 \\| Aug precipitation mm \= 95 \\| Sep precipitation mm \= 91 \\| Oct precipitation mm \= 99 \\| Nov precipitation mm \= 58 \\| Dec precipitation mm \= 49 \\| Jan rain days \= 6\.8 \\| Feb rain days \= 5\.2 \\| Mar rain days \= 6\.1 \\| Apr rain days \= 7\.1 \\| May rain days \= 16\.1 \\| Jun rain days \= 20\.2 \\| Jul rain days \= 22\.6 \\| Aug rain days \= 21\.6 \\| Sep rain days \= 20\.9 \\| Oct rain days \= 16\.0 \\| Nov rain days \= 9\.0 \\| Dec rain days \= 9\.3 \\| source 1 \= Meteoblue (modeled/calculated data, not measured locally) {{cite web \\| url \= https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/dingalan\_philippines\_1714743 \\| title \= Dingalan, Aurora: Average Temperatures and Rainfall \\| publisher \= Meteoblue \\| access\-date \= 27 December 2018}} \\| date \= 27 December 2018 }}	[ "Geography\n---------", "According to the [Philippine Statistics Authority](/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority \"Philippine Statistics Authority\"), the municipality has a land area of {{convert\\\|304\\.55\\\|km2}},{{PSGC detail\\\|area}} constituting {{percentage\\\|304\\.55\\\|3,147\\.32\\\|2\\\|pad\\=yes}} of the {{convert\\\|3,147\\.32\\\|km2\\\|2\\\|adj\\=mid\\\|\\-}} total area of Aurora.", "Dingalan is {{convert\\\|183\\\|km}} from [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\") and {{convert\\\|155\\\|km}} from [Baler](/wiki/Baler%2C_Aurora \"Baler, Aurora\"). It is bounded on the north by [San Luis](/wiki/San_Luis%2C_Aurora \"San Luis, Aurora\"), west by [Gabaldon](/wiki/Gabaldon%2C_Nueva_Ecija \"Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija\"), [General Tinio](/wiki/General_Tinio \"General Tinio\"), and [Doña Remedios Trinidad](/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_Remedios_Trinidad \"Doña Remedios Trinidad\"), south by [General Nakar](/wiki/General_Nakar \"General Nakar\"), and east by the [Benham Rise or Plateau](/wiki/Benham_Plateau \"Benham Plateau\") and [Philippine Sea](/wiki/Philippine_Sea \"Philippine Sea\").", "It is a small town with one main cemented road with branching alleys. Further south of the town proper are the barangays of Aplaya, Butas na Bato, Matawe, Ibona, Dikapanikian and Umiray. The premier barangay north of the town is Paltic. All of the barangays are located on the seashore, except for Poblacion and two barangays located in the mountains. The whole town is mountainous due to the [Sierra Madre](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_%28Philippines%29 \"Sierra Madre (Philippines)\"). The [Umiray River](/wiki/Umiray_River \"Umiray River\") separates the town from [Quezon](/wiki/Quezon \"Quezon\") Province.", "The National Government has an ongoing move to transfer Municipality of Dingalan to become part of Nueva Ecija Province for the reason that the said municipality is geographically and strategically within the said Province. This was favored by most of the residents was opposed by the Provincial Government of Aurora. One reason is that you must travel via the province of Nueva Ecija before reaching the province of Aurora, which is especially difficult during disasters. It is more economical and practical to deliver Dingalan to the province of Nueva Ecija.", "### Barangays", "Dingalan is politically subdivided into 11 [barangays](/wiki/Barangay \"Barangay\").{{PSGC detail\\\|nscb}} Each barangay consists of [puroks](/wiki/Purok \"Purok\") and some have [sitios](/wiki/Sitios \"Sitios\").", "{{PH brgy table lite\\\|top}}\n{{PH brgy table lite\\\|037705001\\\| Aplaya \\\| 1802\\\| 1619}}\n{{PH brgy table lite\\\|037705002\\\| Butas Na Bato \\\| 909\\\| 813}}\n{{PH brgy table lite\\\|037705003\\\| Matawe (''Cabog'') \\\| 3356\\\| 3090}}\n{{PH brgy table lite\\\|037705004\\\| Caragsacan \\\| 2992\\\| 2729}}\n{{PH brgy table lite\\\|037705005\\\| Davildavilan \\\| 1036\\\| 992}}\n{{PH brgy table lite\\\|037705006\\\| Dikapanikian \\\| 404\\\| 387}}\n{{PH brgy table lite\\\|037705007\\\| Ibona \\\| 3624\\\| 3185}}\n{{PH brgy table lite\\\|037705009\\\| Paltic \\\| 5075\\\| 5029}}\n{{PH brgy table lite\\\|037705010\\\| \\[\\[Poblacion]] \\\| 1084\\\| 1091}}\n{{PH brgy table lite\\\|037705011\\\| Tanawan \\\| 820\\\| 656}}\n{{PH brgy table lite\\\|037705013\\\| Umiray (''Malamig'') \\\| 4380\\\| 3963}}\n{{PH brgy table lite\\\|bottom\\\|23554}}", "### Climate", "{{Weather box\n\\\| location \\= Dingalan, Aurora\n\\\| width \\= auto\n\\\| metric first \\= Yes\n\\\| single line \\= Yes\n\\\| Jan high C \\= 26\n\\\| Jan low C \\= 20\n\\\| Feb high C \\= 27\n\\\| Feb low C \\= 20\n\\\| Mar high C \\= 29\n\\\| Mar low C \\= 21\n\\\| Apr high C \\= 31\n\\\| Apr low C \\= 22\n\\\| May high C \\= 31\n\\\| May low C \\= 24\n\\\| Jun high C \\= 30\n\\\| Jun low C \\= 24\n\\\| Jul high C \\= 30\n\\\| Jul low C \\= 24\n\\\| Aug high C \\= 30\n\\\| Aug low C \\= 24\n\\\| Sep high C \\= 29\n\\\| Sep low C \\= 23\n\\\| Oct high C \\= 29\n\\\| Oct low C \\= 23\n\\\| Nov high C \\= 28\n\\\| Nov low C \\= 22\n\\\| Dec high C \\= 27\n\\\| Dec low C \\= 21\n\\\| Jan precipitation mm \\= 21\n\\\| Feb precipitation mm \\= 18\n\\\| Mar precipitation mm \\= 16\n\\\| Apr precipitation mm \\= 18\n\\\| May precipitation mm \\= 65\n\\\| Jun precipitation mm \\= 102\n\\\| Jul precipitation mm \\= 112\n\\\| Aug precipitation mm \\= 95\n\\\| Sep precipitation mm \\= 91\n\\\| Oct precipitation mm \\= 99\n\\\| Nov precipitation mm \\= 58\n\\\| Dec precipitation mm \\= 49\n\\\| Jan rain days \\= 6\\.8\n\\\| Feb rain days \\= 5\\.2\n\\\| Mar rain days \\= 6\\.1\n\\\| Apr rain days \\= 7\\.1\n\\\| May rain days \\= 16\\.1\n\\\| Jun rain days \\= 20\\.2\n\\\| Jul rain days \\= 22\\.6\n\\\| Aug rain days \\= 21\\.6\n\\\| Sep rain days \\= 20\\.9\n\\\| Oct rain days \\= 16\\.0\n\\\| Nov rain days \\= 9\\.0\n\\\| Dec rain days \\= 9\\.3\n\\\| source 1 \\= Meteoblue (modeled/calculated data, not measured locally)\n{{cite web \n\\\| url \\= https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/dingalan\\_philippines\\_1714743\n\\\| title \\= Dingalan, Aurora: Average Temperatures and Rainfall\n\\\| publisher \\= Meteoblue\n\\\| access\\-date \\= 27 December 2018}}\n\\\| date \\= 27 December 2018\n}}", "" ]
Plot ---- In 16th\-century [India](/wiki/India "India"), Tara is a princess while Maya is her beautiful servant. They are best friends, but there is an undercurrent of jealousy and resentment, symbolised by the fact that Maya is given Tara's hand\-me\-down clothes and never anything new to wear. As the girls approach marriageable age, Tara resents that Maya is a better classical dancer than she is and that her parents and hunchback brother, Prince Bikram (a.k.a "Biki") show affection for her servant. Tara is prepared to marry Prince Raj Singh, but when the prince comes to view his future wife, he is instantly infatuated with Maya instead. Noticing this, Tara spits in Maya's face and sends her from the wedding in tears. Maya takes revenge by seeking out Raj and having sex with him, before he has completed the marriage rites with Tara; Biki, hiding, watches the two of them. As Tara is leaving home as a newlywed, Maya tells her that just as Maya wore the princess's used clothes all her life, Tara will now have something Maya has used. During her wedding night, Tara is hesitant to consummate their relationship. An angry Raj rapes his horrified bride, even calling her Maya, setting a tone of violence and humiliation for the marriage. Despite this, Tara still yearns for a loving relationship with her indifferent husband. To save Maya's honour, Biki sends her a marriage proposal. When she refuses, he publicly brands her as a [whore](/wiki/Whore "Whore"), and she is forced to leave her home. Wandering on her own, she meets a young stone sculptor, Jai Kumar, who works for Raj. He reveals that Maya has been the inspiration for his beautiful and highly erotic statues. Jai takes her to an older woman named Rasa Devi, who is a teacher of the [Kama Sutra](/wiki/Kama_Sutra "Kama Sutra"). Maya begins an intense romantic and sexual relationship with Jai that is abruptly halted when he fears he might not be able to work properly with Maya consuming his thoughts. Maya finds comfort with Rasa Devi and decides to learn the [courtesan](/wiki/Courtesan "Courtesan")'s art. Raj, now the king, recognises Maya in one of Jai's sculptures. He dispatches his attendants to find Maya; she is delivered to the king as his new [courtesan](/wiki/Courtesan "Courtesan"). Soon after, Raj and Jai have a wrestling competition, which Jai wins. Jai receives the king's favour but is warned that there will be dire consequences if he defeats the king again. Jai then learns of Maya's new status as the favoured [concubine](/wiki/Concubine "Concubine"). Jai understands that his king is a dangerous man and he must keep his former relationship with Maya a secret. In the meantime, the threat of an invading [shah](/wiki/Shah "Shah") inches closer. Raj becomes increasingly irresponsible, descending into opium addiction and sexual debauchery. After he insults Biki, Biki writes a letter to the shah to rid the kingdom of Raj, who now taxes the poor for his own perverted pleasure. Jai and Maya rekindle their passion and the two begin meeting in secret. As tensions between Jai and Raj grow, Maya and Jai exchange wedding vows in private. Raj later catches the two lovers together and sentences Jai to death. After finding Tara in the midst of a suicide attempt, Maya reconciles with her childhood friend. Maya then teaches Tara how to seduce the king, while Tara promises to help Maya escape to visit Jai. However, when Tara goes to her husband, he recognises Maya's style of seduction and again tries to humiliate his wife. Tara tells Raj that she doesn't even love him enough to hate him and leaves. Maya visits Jai one last time. Telling Jai she is his forever, Maya hacks off her long hair, symbolising that she will be his widow. Maya then tries her best to persuade Raj to free Jai by promising him her total surrender, but Raj rejects her plea. Just before the execution, a box arrives from the shah, holding the severed head of Raj's brother, the grand [vizier](/wiki/Vizier "Vizier"). Jai is [executed by elephant](/wiki/Execution_by_elephant "Execution by elephant") while Maya watches from the crowd. As soldiers of the invading Shah take the king's palace, Maya walks away into the distance.	[ "Plot\n----", "In 16th\\-century [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), Tara is a princess while Maya is her beautiful servant. They are best friends, but there is an undercurrent of jealousy and resentment, symbolised by the fact that Maya is given Tara's hand\\-me\\-down clothes and never anything new to wear. As the girls approach marriageable age, Tara resents that Maya is a better classical dancer than she is and that her parents and hunchback brother, Prince Bikram (a.k.a \"Biki\") show affection for her servant.", "Tara is prepared to marry Prince Raj Singh, but when the prince comes to view his future wife, he is instantly infatuated with Maya instead. Noticing this, Tara spits in Maya's face and sends her from the wedding in tears. Maya takes revenge by seeking out Raj and having sex with him, before he has completed the marriage rites with Tara; Biki, hiding, watches the two of them.", "As Tara is leaving home as a newlywed, Maya tells her that just as Maya wore the princess's used clothes all her life, Tara will now have something Maya has used. During her wedding night, Tara is hesitant to consummate their relationship. An angry Raj rapes his horrified bride, even calling her Maya, setting a tone of violence and humiliation for the marriage. Despite this, Tara still yearns for a loving relationship with her indifferent husband.", "To save Maya's honour, Biki sends her a marriage proposal. When she refuses, he publicly brands her as a [whore](/wiki/Whore \"Whore\"), and she is forced to leave her home. Wandering on her own, she meets a young stone sculptor, Jai Kumar, who works for Raj. He reveals that Maya has been the inspiration for his beautiful and highly erotic statues. Jai takes her to an older woman named Rasa Devi, who is a teacher of the [Kama Sutra](/wiki/Kama_Sutra \"Kama Sutra\"). Maya begins an intense romantic and sexual relationship with Jai that is abruptly halted when he fears he might not be able to work properly with Maya consuming his thoughts. Maya finds comfort with Rasa Devi and decides to learn the [courtesan](/wiki/Courtesan \"Courtesan\")'s art.", "Raj, now the king, recognises Maya in one of Jai's sculptures. He dispatches his attendants to find Maya; she is delivered to the king as his new [courtesan](/wiki/Courtesan \"Courtesan\"). Soon after, Raj and Jai have a wrestling competition, which Jai wins. Jai receives the king's favour but is warned that there will be dire consequences if he defeats the king again. Jai then learns of Maya's new status as the favoured [concubine](/wiki/Concubine \"Concubine\"). Jai understands that his king is a dangerous man and he must keep his former relationship with Maya a secret.", "In the meantime, the threat of an invading [shah](/wiki/Shah \"Shah\") inches closer. Raj becomes increasingly irresponsible, descending into opium addiction and sexual debauchery. After he insults Biki, Biki writes a letter to the shah to rid the kingdom of Raj, who now taxes the poor for his own perverted pleasure. Jai and Maya rekindle their passion and the two begin meeting in secret. As tensions between Jai and Raj grow, Maya and Jai exchange wedding vows in private. Raj later catches the two lovers together and sentences Jai to death.", "After finding Tara in the midst of a suicide attempt, Maya reconciles with her childhood friend. Maya then teaches Tara how to seduce the king, while Tara promises to help Maya escape to visit Jai. However, when Tara goes to her husband, he recognises Maya's style of seduction and again tries to humiliate his wife. Tara tells Raj that she doesn't even love him enough to hate him and leaves. Maya visits Jai one last time. Telling Jai she is his forever, Maya hacks off her long hair, symbolising that she will be his widow. Maya then tries her best to persuade Raj to free Jai by promising him her total surrender, but Raj rejects her plea.", "Just before the execution, a box arrives from the shah, holding the severed head of Raj's brother, the grand [vizier](/wiki/Vizier \"Vizier\"). Jai is [executed by elephant](/wiki/Execution_by_elephant \"Execution by elephant\") while Maya watches from the crowd. As soldiers of the invading Shah take the king's palace, Maya walks away into the distance.", "" ]
Broadcasting career ------------------- Bell was a rock music disc jockey before he moved into [talk radio](/wiki/Talk_radio "Talk radio"). His original 1978 late\-night Las Vegas program on [KDWN](/wiki/KDWN "KDWN") was a political call\-in show under the name West Coast AM. In 1988, Bell and Alan Corbeth renamed the show Coast to Coast AM and moved its broadcast from the [Plaza Hotel](/wiki/Plaza_Hotel_%26_Casino "Plaza Hotel & Casino") in Las Vegas to Bell's home in Pahrump. [thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Broadcast facilities of KNYE in Pahrump, Nevada](/wiki/File:KNYE_Radio.JPG "KNYE Radio.JPG") Bell abandoned conventional political talk in favor of topics such as [gun control](/wiki/Gun_control "Gun control") and [conspiracy theories](/wiki/Conspiracy_theory "Conspiracy theory"), leading to a significant increase in his overnight ratings. The show's focus again shifted significantly after the [Oklahoma City bombing](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing "Oklahoma City bombing") in 1995\. Many in the media did not want to be blamed for inciting anti\-government or militia actions like the bombing. Subsequently, Bell discussed offbeat topics such as the [paranormal](/wiki/Paranormal "Paranormal"), the [occult](/wiki/Occult "Occult"), [UFOs](/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object "Unidentified flying object"), [protoscience](/wiki/Protoscience "Protoscience") and [pseudoscience](/wiki/Pseudoscience "Pseudoscience"). During his tenure at KDWN Bell met and married his third wife, Ramona, who later handled production and management duties for the program. An article in the February 23, 1997, edition of [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post") said that Bell was currently America's highest\-rated late\-night radio talk show host, broadcast on 328 stations. According to [The Oregonian](/wiki/The_Oregonian "The Oregonian") in its June 22, 1997, edition, Coast to Coast AM with Art Bell was on 460 stations. At its initial peak in popularity, Coast to Coast AM was syndicated on more than 500 radio stations and claimed 15 million listeners nightly. Bell's studios were located in his home in the town of Pahrump, located in [Nye County, Nevada](/wiki/Nye_County%2C_Nevada "Nye County, Nevada"); hence, the voice\-over catchphrase, "from the Kingdom of Nye". ### Critical reputation Fans regarded Bell as a master showman, noting that he called his show "absolute entertainment"{{cite journal\\|last\=Genoni Jr.\\|first\=Thomas C.\\|date\=March 1998\\|title\=Peddling the Paranormal: Late\-Night Radio's Art Bell\\|journal\=Skeptical Briefs\\|publisher\=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry\\|volume\=8\\|issue\=1\\|url\=http://www.csicop.org/sb/show/peddling\_the\_paranormal\_late\-night\_radios\_art\_bell/}} and expressly said he did not necessarily accept every guest or caller's claims, but only offered a forum where they would not be openly ridiculed. Bell was one of the few talk show hosts who did not [screen incoming calls](/wiki/Call_screening "Call screening"), but this changed in 2006\. [Ed Dames](/wiki/Stargate_Project%23Ed_Dames "Stargate Project#Ed Dames"), [Richard C. Hoagland](/wiki/Richard_C._Hoagland "Richard C. Hoagland"), [Terence McKenna](/wiki/Terence_McKenna "Terence McKenna"), [Dannion Brinkley](/wiki/Saved_by_the_Light "Saved by the Light"), [David John Oates](/wiki/Reverse_speech "Reverse speech"), and [Robert Bigelow](/wiki/Robert_Bigelow "Robert Bigelow") were all regular guests. Some of Bell's regular guests continue to appear on Coast to Coast AM now hosted by [George Noory](/wiki/George_Noory "George Noory"). Bell's own interests, however, extended beyond the paranormal. He interviewed singers [Crystal Gayle](/wiki/Crystal_Gayle "Crystal Gayle"), [Willie Nelson](/wiki/Willie_Nelson "Willie Nelson"), [Merle Haggard](/wiki/Merle_Haggard "Merle Haggard"), [Eric Burdon](/wiki/Eric_Burdon "Eric Burdon") and [Gordon Lightfoot](/wiki/Gordon_Lightfoot "Gordon Lightfoot"), comedian [George Carlin](/wiki/George_Carlin "George Carlin"), writer [Dean Koontz](/wiki/Dean_Koontz "Dean Koontz"), [hard science fiction](/wiki/Hard_science_fiction "Hard science fiction") writer [Greg Bear](/wiki/Greg_Bear "Greg Bear"), [X\-Files](/wiki/X-Files "X-Files") writer/creator [Chris Carter](/wiki/Chris_Carter_%28screenwriter%29 "Chris Carter (screenwriter)"), TV talk host [Regis Philbin](/wiki/Regis_Philbin "Regis Philbin"), [Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek "Star Trek") actor [Leonard Nimoy](/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy "Leonard Nimoy"), actor [Dan Aykroyd](/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd "Dan Aykroyd"), former [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe "Luftwaffe") pilot [Bruno Stolle](/wiki/Bruno_Stolle "Bruno Stolle"), actress [Jane Seymour](/wiki/Jane_Seymour_%28actress%29 "Jane Seymour (actress)"), actress [Ellen Muth](/wiki/Ellen_Muth "Ellen Muth"), actor and TV host [Robert Stack](/wiki/Robert_Stack "Robert Stack"), human rights lawyer [John Loftus](/wiki/John_Loftus_%28military_author%29 "John Loftus (military author)"), legendary disc jockey [Casey Kasem](/wiki/Casey_Kasem "Casey Kasem"), [UFC](/wiki/UFC "UFC") commentator [Joe Rogan](/wiki/Joe_Rogan "Joe Rogan") and frequent guests [physicist](/wiki/Physicist "Physicist") [Michio Kaku](/wiki/Michio_Kaku "Michio Kaku") and [SETI](/wiki/SETI "SETI") [astronomers](/wiki/Astronomer "Astronomer") [Seth Shostak](/wiki/Seth_Shostak "Seth Shostak") and [H. Paul Shuch](/wiki/H._Paul_Shuch "H. Paul Shuch"). Beginning in late 1996, Bell was criticized for reporting rumors that [Comet Hale–Bopp](/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp "Comet Hale–Bopp") was being trailed by a UFO. Some speculated that members of the [Heaven's Gate](/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_%28religious_group%29 "Heaven's Gate (religious group)") group committed mass suicide based on rumors Bell aired. Others dismissed the idea, noting that the Heaven's Gate website stated: "Whether Hale\-Bopp has a 'companion' or not is irrelevant from our perspective."{{cite web \\| last\=Genoni Jr. \\| first\=Thomas C. \\| url\=http://www.csicop.org/si/9707/art\-bell.html \\| title\=Art Bell, Heaven's Gate, and Journalistic Integrity \\| publisher\=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry \\| access\-date\=August 29, 2006 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901140217/http://www.csicop.org/si/9707/art\-bell.html \\| archive\-date\=September 1, 2006 }} Susan Wright reported that later, Bell was also "one of the first to publicize expert opinions refuting the 'alien' companion" said to have been shadowing Hale\-Bopp,{{cite book\\|last\=Wright\\|first\=Susan Leslie\\|title\=UFO Headquarters: Investigations On Current Extraterrestrial Activity In Area 51\\|year\=1999\\|publisher\=St. Martin's Paperbacks\\|location\=New York\\|isbn\=0\-312\-97181\-8\\|page\=187}} such as that published in 1998 from the [Jet Propulsion Laboratory](/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory "Jet Propulsion Laboratory") suggesting that "the satellite's main diameter is \~30 km," (20 miles) and accordingly natural rather than artificial.{{cite web \\| url\=http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro\-evt/hale\-bopp/hbitp98\-o2a.ps \\| last\=Sekanina \\| first\=Z. \\| title\=Detection of a Satellite orbiting the Nucleus of Comet Hale\-Bopp \\| publisher\=European Southern Observatory \\| year\=1998 }}{{Dead link\\|date\=October 2023 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }} ### Notable callers and guests Though best known for discussing conspiracy theories and paranormal topics, Bell's interests and interviews were wide\-ranging. He interviewed musicians [Willie Nelson](/wiki/Willie_Nelson "Willie Nelson"),May 9, 1997 on Coast to Coast AM. [Crystal Gayle](/wiki/Crystal_Gayle "Crystal Gayle"),October 19, 2001, on Midnight in the Desert and [Merle Haggard](/wiki/Merle_Haggard "Merle Haggard");September 2, 1997 on Coast to Coast AM science fiction author [Jerry Pournelle](/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle "Jerry Pournelle");May 10, 1996, on Coast to Coast AM and comedians [George Carlin](/wiki/George_Carlin "George Carlin")November 10, 1999, on Coast to Coast AM and [Joe Rogan](/wiki/Joe_Rogan "Joe Rogan").August 17, 2015 on Midnight in the Desert Author [Dean Koontz](/wiki/Dean_Koontz "Dean Koontz") was a fan of Coast to Coast AM, being interviewed on January 22, 2002 to promote his horror\-suspense novel [One Door Away from Heaven](/wiki/One_Door_Away_from_Heaven "One Door Away from Heaven"), which featured a brief reference to Bell. Koontz's 2002 novel [By the Light of the Moon](/wiki/By_the_Light_of_the_Moon_%28novel%29 "By the Light of the Moon (novel)") has a supporting character named Parish Lantern, described as the deep\-voiced host of an overnight call\-in show which discusses extraterrestrials. Bell had several semi\-regular guests, including theoretical physicist [Michio Kaku](/wiki/Michio_Kaku "Michio Kaku"); controversial Catholic priest [Malachi Martin](/wiki/Malachi_Martin "Malachi Martin"); journalists [George Knapp](/wiki/George_Knapp_%28television_journalist%29 "George Knapp (television journalist)") and [Linda Moulton Howe](/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe "Linda Moulton Howe"); conspiracy theorist [Richard C. Hoagland](/wiki/Richard_C._Hoagland "Richard C. Hoagland"), and self\-proclaimed remote viewer [Ed Dames](/wiki/Ed_Dames "Ed Dames"). On August 15, 1996, Bell interviewed [William Luther Pierce](/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce "William Luther Pierce"), author of the novel [The Turner Diaries](/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries "The Turner Diaries").{{cite interview \\|last\=Pierce \\|first\=William Luther \\|interviewer\=Art Bell \\|title\=Coast to Coast AM \\|date\= August 15, 1996\\|url\=https://www.coasttocoastam.com/show/2016/09/17/art\#}} Pierce, writing under the pseudonym "Andrew Macdonald", depicted a [race war](/wiki/Race_war "Race war") leading to the extermination of Jews, non\-whites and homosexuals. Pierce denounced [interracial marriage](/wiki/Interracial_marriage "Interracial marriage"), calling white people who married non\-whites "traitors to the white race". Bell agreed with Pierce on the dangers of politicians abusing their power, but rejected Pierce's racist views. Bell also interviewed neo\-nazi [Tom Metzger](/wiki/Tom_Metzger "Tom Metzger"), and mentioned his Filipino wife: "'I am married to a brown\-skinned Asian woman. What does that make me?' To which Metzger replied, 'A traitor to your race.'"Jesse Robertson (November 22, 2022\). [The Truth Was Out There: On the Legacy of Art Bell](https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-truth-was-out-there-on-the-legacy-of-art-bell/). The LA Review of Books, accessed 13 October 2024 One of Bell's most famous Coast to Coast interviews occurred in 1997 with a man who identified himself as Mel Waters and discussed what is known as "[Mel's Hole](/wiki/Mel%27s_Hole "Mel's Hole")" in rural Washington. The opening is said to be a fantastically deep vertical shaft which possesses bizarre properties. No such hole has ever been physically located by anyone attempting to verify this story.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.dailyrecordnews.com/news/getting\-to\-the\-bottom\-of\-mel\-s\-hole/article\_d72b6a68\-7ac2\-11e1\-b3ce\-001a4bcf887a.html\\|title\=Getting to the Bottom of Mel's Hole March 31,2012\\|date\=March 31, 2012 \\|access\-date\=March 30, 2017}} A caller in 2000 named "Daniel Murray" claimed he was a [Majestic](/wiki/Majestic_12 "Majestic 12") Agent from Downey, California.{{Citation needed\\|date\=February 2012}} This call served as the inspiration for the [alternate reality game](/wiki/Alternate_reality_game "Alternate reality game") [Majestic](/wiki/Majestic_%28video_game%29 "Majestic (video game)").{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.salon.com/technology/feature/2001/08/10/majestic/index.html\\|title\=Paranoia for fun and profit – CIA\\|last\=Brown\\|first\=Janelle\\|date\=August 10, 2001\\|work\=Salon.com}} A caller in September 1997 claimed he had discovered an unknown threat and conspiracy from [Area 51](/wiki/Area_51 "Area 51"), and his life was in danger by even talking about it. For unknown reasons, Bell lost connection to his transmitter during the call and, just as the caller's voice became more and more agitated, the entire broadcast dramatically went silent. A confused Bell restored the signal about 20 minutes later.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/the\-outer\-limits\-a\-lone\-voice\-in\-the\-desert\-lures\-10\-million\-listeners/2013/10/28/95615598\-3ff6\-11e3\-9c8b\-e8deeb3c755b\_story.html\\|title\=The outer limits: A lone voice in the desert lures 10 million listeners\\|last\=Fisher\\|first\=Marc\\|date\=1998\-03\-29\\|access\-date\=2014\-07\-28\\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} The caller (or someone sounding similar) called in on a subsequent show and admitted it had been an elaborate hoax, which fooled many.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.strangerdimensions.com/2013/09/07/art\-bell\-area\-51\-caller/\\|title\=Art Bell and the Area 51 Caller\\|date\=September 7, 2013\\|website\=Stranger Dimensions}} Audio from the call was used in the [Tool](/wiki/Tool_%28band%29 "Tool (band)") song "Faaip De Oiad," on the album [Lateralus](/wiki/Lateralus "Lateralus") as well as on [The Faceless](/wiki/The_Faceless "The Faceless") song "Planetary Duality: I (Hideous Revelation)" on the album [Planetary Duality](/wiki/Planetary_Duality "Planetary Duality").{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.songfacts.com/facts/tool/faaip\-de\-oiad\\|title\=ShieldSquare Captcha\\|website\=www.songfacts.com}}	[ "Broadcasting career\n-------------------", "Bell was a rock music disc jockey before he moved into [talk radio](/wiki/Talk_radio \"Talk radio\"). His original 1978 late\\-night Las Vegas program on [KDWN](/wiki/KDWN \"KDWN\") was a political call\\-in show under the name West Coast AM. In 1988, Bell and Alan Corbeth renamed the show Coast to Coast AM and moved its broadcast from the [Plaza Hotel](/wiki/Plaza_Hotel_%26_Casino \"Plaza Hotel & Casino\") in Las Vegas to Bell's home in Pahrump.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|250px\\\|Broadcast facilities of KNYE in Pahrump, Nevada](/wiki/File:KNYE_Radio.JPG \"KNYE Radio.JPG\")\nBell abandoned conventional political talk in favor of topics such as [gun control](/wiki/Gun_control \"Gun control\") and [conspiracy theories](/wiki/Conspiracy_theory \"Conspiracy theory\"), leading to a significant increase in his overnight ratings. The show's focus again shifted significantly after the [Oklahoma City bombing](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing \"Oklahoma City bombing\") in 1995\\. Many in the media did not want to be blamed for inciting anti\\-government or militia actions like the bombing. Subsequently, Bell discussed offbeat topics such as the [paranormal](/wiki/Paranormal \"Paranormal\"), the [occult](/wiki/Occult \"Occult\"), [UFOs](/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object \"Unidentified flying object\"), [protoscience](/wiki/Protoscience \"Protoscience\") and [pseudoscience](/wiki/Pseudoscience \"Pseudoscience\"). During his tenure at KDWN Bell met and married his third wife, Ramona, who later handled production and management duties for the program.", "An article in the February 23, 1997, edition of [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\") said that Bell was currently America's highest\\-rated late\\-night radio talk show host, broadcast on 328 stations. According to [The Oregonian](/wiki/The_Oregonian \"The Oregonian\") in its June 22, 1997, edition, Coast to Coast AM with Art Bell was on 460 stations. At its initial peak in popularity, Coast to Coast AM was syndicated on more than 500 radio stations and claimed 15 million listeners nightly. Bell's studios were located in his home in the town of Pahrump, located in [Nye County, Nevada](/wiki/Nye_County%2C_Nevada \"Nye County, Nevada\"); hence, the voice\\-over catchphrase, \"from the Kingdom of Nye\".", "### Critical reputation", "Fans regarded Bell as a master showman, noting that he called his show \"absolute entertainment\"{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Genoni Jr.\\\|first\\=Thomas C.\\\|date\\=March 1998\\\|title\\=Peddling the Paranormal: Late\\-Night Radio's Art Bell\\\|journal\\=Skeptical Briefs\\\|publisher\\=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry\\\|volume\\=8\\\|issue\\=1\\\|url\\=http://www.csicop.org/sb/show/peddling\\_the\\_paranormal\\_late\\-night\\_radios\\_art\\_bell/}} and expressly said he did not necessarily accept every guest or caller's claims, but only offered a forum where they would not be openly ridiculed. Bell was one of the few talk show hosts who did not [screen incoming calls](/wiki/Call_screening \"Call screening\"), but this changed in 2006\\.", "[Ed Dames](/wiki/Stargate_Project%23Ed_Dames \"Stargate Project#Ed Dames\"), [Richard C. Hoagland](/wiki/Richard_C._Hoagland \"Richard C. Hoagland\"), [Terence McKenna](/wiki/Terence_McKenna \"Terence McKenna\"), [Dannion Brinkley](/wiki/Saved_by_the_Light \"Saved by the Light\"), [David John Oates](/wiki/Reverse_speech \"Reverse speech\"), and [Robert Bigelow](/wiki/Robert_Bigelow \"Robert Bigelow\") were all regular guests. Some of Bell's regular guests continue to appear on Coast to Coast AM now hosted by [George Noory](/wiki/George_Noory \"George Noory\").", "Bell's own interests, however, extended beyond the paranormal. He interviewed singers [Crystal Gayle](/wiki/Crystal_Gayle \"Crystal Gayle\"), [Willie Nelson](/wiki/Willie_Nelson \"Willie Nelson\"), [Merle Haggard](/wiki/Merle_Haggard \"Merle Haggard\"), [Eric Burdon](/wiki/Eric_Burdon \"Eric Burdon\") and [Gordon Lightfoot](/wiki/Gordon_Lightfoot \"Gordon Lightfoot\"), comedian [George Carlin](/wiki/George_Carlin \"George Carlin\"), writer [Dean Koontz](/wiki/Dean_Koontz \"Dean Koontz\"), [hard science fiction](/wiki/Hard_science_fiction \"Hard science fiction\") writer [Greg Bear](/wiki/Greg_Bear \"Greg Bear\"), [X\\-Files](/wiki/X-Files \"X-Files\") writer/creator [Chris Carter](/wiki/Chris_Carter_%28screenwriter%29 \"Chris Carter (screenwriter)\"), TV talk host [Regis Philbin](/wiki/Regis_Philbin \"Regis Philbin\"), [Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek \"Star Trek\") actor [Leonard Nimoy](/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy \"Leonard Nimoy\"), actor [Dan Aykroyd](/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd \"Dan Aykroyd\"), former [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe \"Luftwaffe\") pilot [Bruno Stolle](/wiki/Bruno_Stolle \"Bruno Stolle\"), actress [Jane Seymour](/wiki/Jane_Seymour_%28actress%29 \"Jane Seymour (actress)\"), actress [Ellen Muth](/wiki/Ellen_Muth \"Ellen Muth\"), actor and TV host [Robert Stack](/wiki/Robert_Stack \"Robert Stack\"), human rights lawyer [John Loftus](/wiki/John_Loftus_%28military_author%29 \"John Loftus (military author)\"), legendary disc jockey [Casey Kasem](/wiki/Casey_Kasem \"Casey Kasem\"), [UFC](/wiki/UFC \"UFC\") commentator [Joe Rogan](/wiki/Joe_Rogan \"Joe Rogan\") and frequent guests [physicist](/wiki/Physicist \"Physicist\") [Michio Kaku](/wiki/Michio_Kaku \"Michio Kaku\") and [SETI](/wiki/SETI \"SETI\") [astronomers](/wiki/Astronomer \"Astronomer\") [Seth Shostak](/wiki/Seth_Shostak \"Seth Shostak\") and [H. Paul Shuch](/wiki/H._Paul_Shuch \"H. Paul Shuch\").", "Beginning in late 1996, Bell was criticized for reporting rumors that [Comet Hale–Bopp](/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp \"Comet Hale–Bopp\") was being trailed by a UFO. Some speculated that members of the [Heaven's Gate](/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_%28religious_group%29 \"Heaven's Gate (religious group)\") group committed mass suicide based on rumors Bell aired. Others dismissed the idea, noting that the Heaven's Gate website stated: \"Whether Hale\\-Bopp has a 'companion' or not is irrelevant from our perspective.\"{{cite web\n\\\| last\\=Genoni Jr.\n\\\| first\\=Thomas C.\n\\\| url\\=http://www.csicop.org/si/9707/art\\-bell.html\n\\\| title\\=Art Bell, Heaven's Gate, and Journalistic Integrity\n\\\| publisher\\=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry\n\\\| access\\-date\\=August 29, 2006\n\\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901140217/http://www.csicop.org/si/9707/art\\-bell.html\n\\\| archive\\-date\\=September 1, 2006\n}} Susan Wright reported that later, Bell was also \"one of the first to publicize expert opinions refuting the 'alien' companion\" said to have been shadowing Hale\\-Bopp,{{cite book\\\|last\\=Wright\\\|first\\=Susan Leslie\\\|title\\=UFO Headquarters: Investigations On Current Extraterrestrial Activity In Area 51\\\|year\\=1999\\\|publisher\\=St. Martin's Paperbacks\\\|location\\=New York\\\|isbn\\=0\\-312\\-97181\\-8\\\|page\\=187}} such as that published in 1998 from the [Jet Propulsion Laboratory](/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory \"Jet Propulsion Laboratory\") suggesting that \"the satellite's main diameter is \\~30 km,\" (20 miles) and accordingly natural rather than artificial.{{cite web\n\\\| url\\=http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro\\-evt/hale\\-bopp/hbitp98\\-o2a.ps\n\\\| last\\=Sekanina\n\\\| first\\=Z.\n\\\| title\\=Detection of a Satellite orbiting the Nucleus of Comet Hale\\-Bopp\n\\\| publisher\\=European Southern Observatory\n\\\| year\\=1998\n}}{{Dead link\\\|date\\=October 2023 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "### Notable callers and guests", "Though best known for discussing conspiracy theories and paranormal topics, Bell's interests and interviews were wide\\-ranging. He interviewed musicians [Willie Nelson](/wiki/Willie_Nelson \"Willie Nelson\"),May 9, 1997 on Coast to Coast AM. [Crystal Gayle](/wiki/Crystal_Gayle \"Crystal Gayle\"),October 19, 2001, on Midnight in the Desert and [Merle Haggard](/wiki/Merle_Haggard \"Merle Haggard\");September 2, 1997 on Coast to Coast AM science fiction author [Jerry Pournelle](/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle \"Jerry Pournelle\");May 10, 1996, on Coast to Coast AM and comedians [George Carlin](/wiki/George_Carlin \"George Carlin\")November 10, 1999, on Coast to Coast AM and [Joe Rogan](/wiki/Joe_Rogan \"Joe Rogan\").August 17, 2015 on Midnight in the Desert Author [Dean Koontz](/wiki/Dean_Koontz \"Dean Koontz\") was a fan of Coast to Coast AM, being interviewed on January 22, 2002 to promote his horror\\-suspense novel [One Door Away from Heaven](/wiki/One_Door_Away_from_Heaven \"One Door Away from Heaven\"), which featured a brief reference to Bell. Koontz's 2002 novel [By the Light of the Moon](/wiki/By_the_Light_of_the_Moon_%28novel%29 \"By the Light of the Moon (novel)\") has a supporting character named Parish Lantern, described as the deep\\-voiced host of an overnight call\\-in show which discusses extraterrestrials.", "Bell had several semi\\-regular guests, including theoretical physicist [Michio Kaku](/wiki/Michio_Kaku \"Michio Kaku\"); controversial Catholic priest [Malachi Martin](/wiki/Malachi_Martin \"Malachi Martin\"); journalists [George Knapp](/wiki/George_Knapp_%28television_journalist%29 \"George Knapp (television journalist)\") and [Linda Moulton Howe](/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe \"Linda Moulton Howe\"); conspiracy theorist [Richard C. Hoagland](/wiki/Richard_C._Hoagland \"Richard C. Hoagland\"), and self\\-proclaimed remote viewer [Ed Dames](/wiki/Ed_Dames \"Ed Dames\").", "On August 15, 1996, Bell interviewed [William Luther Pierce](/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce \"William Luther Pierce\"), author of the novel [The Turner Diaries](/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries \"The Turner Diaries\").{{cite interview \\\|last\\=Pierce \\\|first\\=William Luther \\\|interviewer\\=Art Bell \\\|title\\=Coast to Coast AM \\\|date\\= August 15, 1996\\\|url\\=https://www.coasttocoastam.com/show/2016/09/17/art\\#}} Pierce, writing under the pseudonym \"Andrew Macdonald\", depicted a [race war](/wiki/Race_war \"Race war\") leading to the extermination of Jews, non\\-whites and homosexuals. Pierce denounced [interracial marriage](/wiki/Interracial_marriage \"Interracial marriage\"), calling white people who married non\\-whites \"traitors to the white race\". Bell agreed with Pierce on the dangers of politicians abusing their power, but rejected Pierce's racist views. Bell also interviewed neo\\-nazi [Tom Metzger](/wiki/Tom_Metzger \"Tom Metzger\"), and mentioned his Filipino wife: \"'I am married to a brown\\-skinned Asian woman. What does that make me?' To which Metzger replied, 'A traitor to your race.'\"Jesse Robertson (November 22, 2022\\). [The Truth Was Out There: On the Legacy of Art Bell](https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-truth-was-out-there-on-the-legacy-of-art-bell/). The LA Review of Books, accessed 13 October 2024", "One of Bell's most famous Coast to Coast interviews occurred in 1997 with a man who identified himself as Mel Waters and discussed what is known as \"[Mel's Hole](/wiki/Mel%27s_Hole \"Mel's Hole\")\" in rural Washington. The opening is said to be a fantastically deep vertical shaft which possesses bizarre properties. No such hole has ever been physically located by anyone attempting to verify this story.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.dailyrecordnews.com/news/getting\\-to\\-the\\-bottom\\-of\\-mel\\-s\\-hole/article\\_d72b6a68\\-7ac2\\-11e1\\-b3ce\\-001a4bcf887a.html\\\|title\\=Getting to the Bottom of Mel's Hole March 31,2012\\\|date\\=March 31, 2012 \\\|access\\-date\\=March 30, 2017}}", "A caller in 2000 named \"Daniel Murray\" claimed he was a [Majestic](/wiki/Majestic_12 \"Majestic 12\") Agent from Downey, California.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=February 2012}} This call served as the inspiration for the [alternate reality game](/wiki/Alternate_reality_game \"Alternate reality game\") [Majestic](/wiki/Majestic_%28video_game%29 \"Majestic (video game)\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.salon.com/technology/feature/2001/08/10/majestic/index.html\\\|title\\=Paranoia for fun and profit – CIA\\\|last\\=Brown\\\|first\\=Janelle\\\|date\\=August 10, 2001\\\|work\\=Salon.com}}", "A caller in September 1997 claimed he had discovered an unknown threat and conspiracy from [Area 51](/wiki/Area_51 \"Area 51\"), and his life was in danger by even talking about it. For unknown reasons, Bell lost connection to his transmitter during the call and, just as the caller's voice became more and more agitated, the entire broadcast dramatically went silent. A confused Bell restored the signal about 20 minutes later.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/the\\-outer\\-limits\\-a\\-lone\\-voice\\-in\\-the\\-desert\\-lures\\-10\\-million\\-listeners/2013/10/28/95615598\\-3ff6\\-11e3\\-9c8b\\-e8deeb3c755b\\_story.html\\\|title\\=The outer limits: A lone voice in the desert lures 10 million listeners\\\|last\\=Fisher\\\|first\\=Marc\\\|date\\=1998\\-03\\-29\\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-28\\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} The caller (or someone sounding similar) called in on a subsequent show and admitted it had been an elaborate hoax, which fooled many.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.strangerdimensions.com/2013/09/07/art\\-bell\\-area\\-51\\-caller/\\\|title\\=Art Bell and the Area 51 Caller\\\|date\\=September 7, 2013\\\|website\\=Stranger Dimensions}} Audio from the call was used in the [Tool](/wiki/Tool_%28band%29 \"Tool (band)\") song \"Faaip De Oiad,\" on the album [Lateralus](/wiki/Lateralus \"Lateralus\") as well as on [The Faceless](/wiki/The_Faceless \"The Faceless\") song \"Planetary Duality: I (Hideous Revelation)\" on the album [Planetary Duality](/wiki/Planetary_Duality \"Planetary Duality\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.songfacts.com/facts/tool/faaip\\-de\\-oiad\\\|title\\=ShieldSquare Captcha\\\|website\\=www.songfacts.com}}", "" ]
History ------- ### Formation In 2011, Dir.F and Kenmochi first met at [Design Festa Tokyo](/wiki/Design_Festa "Design Festa"). As a manager at Tsubasa Records label, Dir.F wanted to launch a new music project with provisional female members,{{Cite web\\|url\=http://realsound.jp/movie/2017/04/post\-4912\.html\\|title\=音楽未経験のコムアイをなぜスカウト？水曜日のカンパネラ Dir.Fが語る、"原石"を見つける方法\\|website\=Real Sound｜リアルサウンド映画部\\|language\=ja\-JP\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} while Kenmochi wanted to produce new music differing from his instrumental music under [Nujabes](/wiki/Nujabes "Nujabes")'s [Hydeout Productions](/wiki/Hydeout_Productions "Hydeout Productions") label after the [3\.11 Disaster in Japan](/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami"). The two decided to form a group and named the project ‘’Suiyōbi no Campanella’’. In 2012, Dir.F met KOM\_I at a mutual videographer friend’s house party, and he invited her to join the group. KOM\_I had no prior music experience until she joined and was still a high school student. Originally, Kenmochi and Dir.F envisioned the group as a trio of girls, but this idea was later abandoned. However, for their initial demo, a second female vocalist appears on the songs, but she is not credited or identified.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\-Demo/release/8348529\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ\* \- Demo\\|website\=Discogs\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} The second vocalist would leave shortly after for unknown reasons, leaving KOM\_I as the sole vocalist for the group. She was originally chosen because Kenmochi liked the mismatch between her voice and the house and hip hop\-oriented music that he was producing for the group. [thumb\\|alt\=A woman wearing a white and orange dress while singing on stage \\|Former lead singer KOM\_I performing at [Primavera Sound](/wiki/Primavera_Sound "Primavera Sound") in 2019](/wiki/File:Wednesday_Campanella%2C_Lotus_stage_4_%28cropped%29.JPG "Wednesday Campanella, Lotus stage 4 (cropped).JPG") ### Career The group uploaded its first two songs, "[Oz](/wiki/Wizard_of_Oz_%28character%29 "Wizard of Oz (character)")" and "[Kūkai](/wiki/K%C5%ABkai "Kūkai")", on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") in July 2012\. Their debut demo release Suiyōbi no Campanella Demo 1 was sold at [Design Festa Tokyo](/wiki/Design_Festa "Design Festa") Autumn in November of the same year. On March 11, 2013, KOM\_I held her first live performances alone representing the group. It took place at [Shimokitazawa](/wiki/Shimokitazawa "Shimokitazawa") ERA, a nightclub in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"). Their first [mini\-album](/wiki/Mini-album "Mini-album") entitled Crawl to [Sakaagari](/wiki/Back_hip_circle "Back hip circle") (クロールと逆上がり) was released in May 2013\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\-%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%A8%E9%80%86%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8A/release/6285382\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ\* \- クロールと逆上がり\\|website\=Discogs\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} It was exclusively sold at [Village Vanguard](/wiki/Village_Vanguard_%28Japanese_bookstore%29 "Village Vanguard (Japanese bookstore)") Shimokitazawa. In September 2013, the group was invited to the Ringo Ongakusai Festival, a popular festival for Japanese musicians. KOM\_I performed in several shows with "[Ringo\-ame Man](/wiki/%E3%82%8A%E3%82%93%E3%81%94%E9%A3%B4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3 "りんご飴マン")," an apple candy\-headed character. The following month, their second mini\-album [Rashomon](/wiki/Rashomon "Rashomon") (羅生門) was released and sold exclusively at [Tower Records](/wiki/Tower_Records "Tower Records").{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\-%E7%BE%85%E7%94%9F%E9%96%80/release/6285537\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ\* \- 羅生門\\|website\=Discogs\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} In March 2014, the group's third mini\-album, Cinema Jack ("シネマジャック"), was released.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\-%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8D%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF/release/6285555\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ\* \- シネマジャック\\|website\=Discogs\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} The group conducted serial web interviews with online music store [OTOTOY](/wiki/OTOTOY "OTOTOY") to promote the release of the album. Later in 2015, OTOTY would release an exclusive collaborative song from the group with [Yuki Kawamura](/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E6%9D%91%E7%94%B1%E7%B4%80 "川村由紀").{{Citation \\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ x カワムラユキ \- 金曜日の花魁 \\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/release/8351611\-水曜日のカンパネラ\-x\-カワムラユキ\-金曜日の花魁 \\|language\=en \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-03}} On August 5, 2014, the group debuted their most successful single to date "[Momotarō](/wiki/Momotar%C5%8D "Momotarō")" on [J\-Wave](/wiki/J-Wave "J-Wave") radio for their fourth mini album, Watashi wo [Onigashima](/wiki/Megijima "Megijima") ni Tsuretette (私を鬼が島に連れてって, "Take me to [Onigashima Island](/wiki/Megijima "Megijima")"), which was released on 5 November 2014 in die\-cut CD edition.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\-%E7%A7%81%E3%82%92%E9%AC%BC%E3%83%B6%E5%B3%B6%E3%81%AB%E9%80%A3%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6/release/6285567\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ\* \- 私を鬼ヶ島に連れてって\\|website\=Discogs\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} In 2015, they released their first [EP](/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play"), Triathlon. Unlike the group's previous releases, the EP is the first to feature outside producers including [Oorutaichi](/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81 "オオルタイチ") (who would later produce the entirety of "[Yakushima](/wiki/Yakushima "Yakushima") Treasure" in 2019\) and OBKR from the duo N.O.R.K.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\-%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3/release/7041661\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ\* \- トライアスロン\\|website\=Discogs\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} Later that year, the group's first full album, [Zipangu](/wiki/Zipangu "Zipangu"), was released cementing their unique stylistic blend of genres. The album featured the song "[Shakushain](/wiki/Shakushain%27s_revolt "Shakushain's revolt")", which became a minor hit and featured a music video with stop\-motion and other creative cinematographic tricks filmed across [Sapporo](/wiki/Sapporo "Sapporo"), as the song's lyrics also revolved around attractions in [Hokkaido](/wiki/Hokkaido "Hokkaido"). The album saw the group as quick and quirky up\-and\-comers on the fringes of the Japanese mainstream, resulting in more creative videos and commercial tie\-ins, such as the song "[Ra](/wiki/Ra "Ra")" with [Nissin](/wiki/Nissin_Foods "Nissin Foods") curry, "[Medusa](/wiki/Medusa "Medusa")" with [PARCO](/wiki/PARCO "PARCO") department stores, and "Nishi Tamao" with a [Casio](/wiki/Casio "Casio") Trackformer XW\-PD1\. In March 2016, KOM\_I announced that their next album would be released around June at their first American show at [SXSW](/wiki/SXSW "SXSW") in [Austin, Texas](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas "Austin, Texas"). The mini\-album entitled UMA, conceptually based upon unknown mythical animals, was released on 22 June 2016 under [Warner Music Japan](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group "Warner Music Group"), their major label debut.{{Cite news\\|url\=http://www.moshimoshi\-nippon.jp/16196\\|title\=KOM\_I of WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA dances in group's new music video for "Tsuchinoko" off their upcoming EP "UMA"! {{!}} MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\|date\=2016\-06\-22\\|work\=MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=ja}} Another American show followed in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), as well as part of [Tyler, the Creator](/wiki/Tyler%2C_the_Creator "Tyler, the Creator")'s [Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival](/wiki/Camp_Flog_Gnaw_Carnival "Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival") festival in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"). More international concerts were performed in [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei "Taipei"), [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong"), [Reims](/wiki/Reims "Reims"), and [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków"). The single, SUPERKID, was released as a teaser for their first full album with the major label Warner, entitled SUPERMAN in 2017\.{{Cite news\\|url\=http://aramajapan.com/news/newrelease/suiyoubi\-no\-campanella\-to\-release\-new\-single\-superkid/65476/\\|title\=Suiyoubi no Campanella to release new single "SUPERKID" {{!}} ARAMA! JAPAN\\|date\=2016\-10\-11\\|work\=ARAMA! JAPAN\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite news\\|url\=http://aramajapan.com/news/newrelease/suiyoubi\-no\-campanella\-to\-release\-new\-album\-superman/67976/\\|title\=Suiyoubi no Campanella to Release New Album "SUPERMAN" {{!}} ARAMA! JAPAN\\|date\=2016\-12\-09\\|work\=ARAMA! JAPAN\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite news\\|url\=http://www.moshimoshi\-nippon.jp/23576\\|title\=WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA announces brand\-new album \& unveils image for it {{!}} MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\|date\=2016\-12\-14\\|work\=MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=ja}} A performance at the [Nippon Budokan](/wiki/Nippon_Budokan "Nippon Budokan") in March 2017 marked the group's largest show and highest budget production to date, along with a Blu\-Ray released in July 2017\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://rockinon.com/news/detail/157438\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ、初の武道館公演を完遂。全国16都市を回るライブツアーも発表－rockinon.com｜https://rockinon.com/news/detail/157438\\|last\=株式会社ロッキング・オン\\|website\=rockinon.com\\|language\=ja\-JP\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} SUPERMAN featured one of the group's more well\-known hits "[Ikkyū\-san](/wiki/Ikky%C5%AB-san_%28TV_series%29 "Ikkyū-san (TV series)")" as well as singles "[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin "Aladdin")" and "[Sakamoto Ryōma](/wiki/Sakamoto_Ry%C5%8Dma "Sakamoto Ryōma")". After the release of SUPERMAN, the group began to stagger their new song releases that would later be largely collected the following year on their[Galapagos](/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands "Galápagos Islands") EP. KOM\_I also collaborated with the [Japanese Derby](/wiki/Japanese_Derby "Japanese Derby") for the digital single "[Melos](/wiki/Run%2C_Melos%21 "Run, Melos!")", based on the short story [Run, Melos!](/wiki/Run%2C_Melos%21 "Run, Melos!"), and a live streaming concert entitled "Time to Play".{{Cite news\\|url\=https://qetic.jp/music/webcamp\-170517/244670/\\|title\=生ライブの裏側が公開！水曜日のカンパネラ×日本ダービー、コムアイが競馬場を駆け巡る！ {{!}} Qetic\\|date\=2017\-05\-17\\|work\=Qetic\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=ja\-JP}}{{Cite news\\|url\=http://natalie.mu/music/news/231603\\|title\=ダービー馬コムアイが東京競馬場を駆け巡る、無観客型配信ライブ \- 音楽ナタリー\\|last\=Inc.\\|first\=Natasha\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=ja}}{{Cite news\\|url\=http://aramajapan.com/news/newrelease/kom\_i\-visits\-mongolia\-in\-suyoubi\-no\-campanellas\-mv\-for\-melos/75622/\\|title\=KOM\_I visits Mongolia in Suyoubi no Campanella's MV for "Melos" {{!}} ARAMA! JAPAN\\|date\=2017\-05\-24\\|work\=ARAMA! JAPAN\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite news\\|url\=https://i\-d.vice.com/jp/article/kom\-i\-special\-live\-time\-to\-play\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ：誰もいない場所、一夜限りのライブ {{!}} read {{!}} i\-D\\|work\=i\-D\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=en}} Another follow\-up release, entitled "[Ei Sei](/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang "Qin Shi Huang")", was made for a real\-life adventure game based upon the [Kingdom manga](/wiki/Kingdom_%28manga%29 "Kingdom (manga)"), which simultaneously took place across multiple prefectures.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://realdgame.jp/kingdom/special/collaboration/\\|title\=「ある大戦場からの脱出」スペシャルコラボ\\|website\=リアル脱出ゲーム\\|language\=ja\-JP\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} The song received a widespread digital release in June 2017\.{{Cite news\\|url\=http://spincoaster.com/news/wednesday\-campanella\-release\-new\-single\-eisei\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ、『キングダム』を題材にしたリアル脱出ゲーム主題歌「嬴政」をリリース\\|date\=2017\-06\-21\\|work\=Spincoaster\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=ja}} Throughout this time, both KOM\_I and Kenmochi were weekly hosts of the Wednesday night broadcasting for [J\-Wave](/wiki/J-Wave "J-Wave")'s [Spark Radio](/wiki/Spark_%28radio_show%29 "Spark (radio show)") program with frequent guests and discussion.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.j\-wave.co.jp/blog/spark/cat2384/\\|title\=SPARK : J\-WAVE 81\.3 FM RADIO\\|website\=www.j\-wave.co.jp\\|language\=ja\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} 2018 marked a year when the group began collaborating more with Western musicians. They released two songs with the French band [Moodoïd](/wiki/Moodo%C3%AFd "Moodoïd"), "Langage" which appears on Moodoïd's Cité Champagne album and "[Matryoshka](/wiki/Matryoshka_doll "Matryoshka doll")" which appeared on the group's 2018 Galapagos EP. Later in the year, they were featured on Scottish band [Chvrches](/wiki/Chvrches "Chvrches")'s single, "[Out Of My Head](/wiki/Out_of_My_Head_%28Chvrches_and_Wednesday_Campanella_song%29 "Out of My Head (Chvrches and Wednesday Campanella song)")".{{cite AV media \\|url\-status \= live \\|archive\-url \= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/4w9Zs\_OfEgs \\|archive\-date \= 2021\-12\-11\\| url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=4w9Zs\_OfEgs \\|title \= CHVRCHES \- Out Of My Head ft. WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA \\|website\=\[\[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}} In April 2018, the group scored the soundtrack for the film [Neko wa Daku Mono (猫は抱くもの)](/wiki/%E7%8C%AB%E3%81%AF%E6%8A%B1%E3%81%8F%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE "猫は抱くもの"), which Kenmochi largely produced instrumentals with a few songs featuring KOM\_I on vocals.{{Cite web \\|title\=Neko wa Daku Mono (Original Soundtrack) \- VGMdb \\|url\=https://vgmdb.net/album/112858 \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04 \\|website\=vgmdb.net \\|language\=en}} In April 2019, the Yakushima Treasure EP was released.{{Citation \\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ \& オオルタイチ \- Yakushima Treasure \\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/release/14144506\-水曜日のカンパネラ\-オオルタイチ\-Yakushima\-Treasure \\|language\=en \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04}} The material was a radical departure for listener's used to the usual production and sound from previous releases. Previous collaborator Oourtaichi produced the entire album and Kenmochi did not have a hand in it. The sound was much more influenced by traditional Japanese music and soundscapes. A promotional mini\-documentary was available via YouTube Premium to launch the album and give context to it. Touring was minimal for the EP but featured KOM\_I and Oorutaichi in costume, with KOM\_I performing vocals and Oorutaichi digitally manipulating them on the fly. The tour also featured very few previous songs from the group except for "Utah" off the Triathalon EP, "The Sand Castle" off the Galapagos EP, and "A Cat Called Yellow" from the Neko wa Daku Mono soundtrack. During this time, Kenmochi resumed work on his solo career after a long hiatus by releasing 沸騰沸く \~Footwork〜, an album focused on original juke and footwork music.{{Citation \\|title\=Kenmochi Hidefumi \- 沸騰沸く \~Footwork〜 \\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/master/2251957\-Kenmochi\-Hidefumi\-沸騰\-沸く\-Footwork \\|language\=en \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04}} As the group's activity slowed, Kenmochi continued sound production for other artists, commercials, and releasing a follow\-up EP in June 2020 entitled たぶん沸く〜TOWN WORK〜.{{Citation \\|title\=Kenmochi Hidefumi \- たぶん沸く〜TOWN WORK〜 \\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/release/15476217\-Kenmochi\-Hidefumi\-たぶん沸くTOWN\-WORK \\|language\=en \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04}} In September 2021, it was announced that KOM\_I would leave the group, while Dir.F recruited new vocalist Utaha to start a second chapter of the group.{{cite web \\| url\=https://natalie.mu/music/news/443948 \\| title\=水曜日のカンパネラからコムアイ脱退、新メンバー詩羽が加入 \\| language\=ja \\|publisher\=Natalie \\| date\=September 6, 2021 \\| accessdate\=September 6, 2021}} KOM\_I departed as she wanted to pursue different interests more in line with the sound from Yakushima Treasure, and wanted to allow Wednesday Campanella to return to Kenmochi and Dir.F's vision. She continues to perform solo and plans to continue recording under the name Yakushima Treasure with Oorutaichi. In October 2021, Utaha made her debut by performing at the [Shibuya](/wiki/Shibuya "Shibuya") PARCO{{Citation \\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA \- P.O.N.D., Shibuya PARCO Opening Party \\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=S1Fmv9XVo4o \\|language\=en \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04}} and the release of the songs "[Alice](/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland")" and "[Buckingham](/wiki/Buckingham_Palace "Buckingham Palace")".{{Citation \\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ \- アリス / バッキンガム \\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/release/20755753\-水曜日のカンパネラ\-アリス\-バッキンガム \\|language\=en \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04}} The group has resumed touring around Japan and in February 2022, they released two more songs and videos for "[Maneki Neko](/wiki/Maneki-neko "Maneki-neko")" and "[Edison](/wiki/Thomas_Edison "Thomas Edison")".{{Cite web \\|date\=2022\-02\-28 \\|title\=WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA drop 2 new music videos in one day \\|url\=https://electricbloomwebzine.com/2022/02/wednesday\-campanella\-drop\-2\-new\-music\-videos\-in\-one\-day.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04 \\|website\=ElectricBloomWebzine (エレクトリックブルーム) \\|language\=en\-GB}}	[ "History\n-------", "### Formation", "In 2011, Dir.F and Kenmochi first met at [Design Festa Tokyo](/wiki/Design_Festa \"Design Festa\"). As a manager at Tsubasa Records label, Dir.F wanted to launch a new music project with provisional female members,{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://realsound.jp/movie/2017/04/post\\-4912\\.html\\\|title\\=音楽未経験のコムアイをなぜスカウト？水曜日のカンパネラ Dir.Fが語る、\"原石\"を見つける方法\\\|website\\=Real Sound｜リアルサウンド映画部\\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}} while Kenmochi wanted to produce new music differing from his instrumental music under [Nujabes](/wiki/Nujabes \"Nujabes\")'s [Hydeout Productions](/wiki/Hydeout_Productions \"Hydeout Productions\") label after the [3\\.11 Disaster in Japan](/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami \"2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami\"). The two decided to form a group and named the project ‘’Suiyōbi no Campanella’’. In 2012, Dir.F met KOM\\_I at a mutual videographer friend’s house party, and he invited her to join the group. KOM\\_I had no prior music experience until she joined and was still a high school student. Originally, Kenmochi and Dir.F envisioned the group as a trio of girls, but this idea was later abandoned. However, for their initial demo, a second female vocalist appears on the songs, but she is not credited or identified.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\\-Demo/release/8348529\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ\\* \\- Demo\\\|website\\=Discogs\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}} The second vocalist would leave shortly after for unknown reasons, leaving KOM\\_I as the sole vocalist for the group. She was originally chosen because Kenmochi liked the mismatch between her voice and the house and hip hop\\-oriented music that he was producing for the group.", "[thumb\\\|alt\\=A woman wearing a white and orange dress while singing on stage \\\|Former lead singer KOM\\_I performing at [Primavera Sound](/wiki/Primavera_Sound \"Primavera Sound\") in 2019](/wiki/File:Wednesday_Campanella%2C_Lotus_stage_4_%28cropped%29.JPG \"Wednesday Campanella, Lotus stage 4 (cropped).JPG\")", "### Career", "The group uploaded its first two songs, \"[Oz](/wiki/Wizard_of_Oz_%28character%29 \"Wizard of Oz (character)\")\" and \"[Kūkai](/wiki/K%C5%ABkai \"Kūkai\")\", on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") in July 2012\\. Their debut demo release Suiyōbi no Campanella Demo 1 was sold at [Design Festa Tokyo](/wiki/Design_Festa \"Design Festa\") Autumn in November of the same year.", "On March 11, 2013, KOM\\_I held her first live performances alone representing the group. It took place at [Shimokitazawa](/wiki/Shimokitazawa \"Shimokitazawa\") ERA, a nightclub in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\").", "Their first [mini\\-album](/wiki/Mini-album \"Mini-album\") entitled Crawl to [Sakaagari](/wiki/Back_hip_circle \"Back hip circle\") (クロールと逆上がり) was released in May 2013\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\\-%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%A8%E9%80%86%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8A/release/6285382\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ\\* \\- クロールと逆上がり\\\|website\\=Discogs\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}} It was exclusively sold at [Village Vanguard](/wiki/Village_Vanguard_%28Japanese_bookstore%29 \"Village Vanguard (Japanese bookstore)\") Shimokitazawa.", "In September 2013, the group was invited to the Ringo Ongakusai Festival, a popular festival for Japanese musicians. KOM\\_I performed in several shows with \"[Ringo\\-ame Man](/wiki/%E3%82%8A%E3%82%93%E3%81%94%E9%A3%B4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3 \"りんご飴マン\"),\" an apple candy\\-headed character. The following month, their second mini\\-album [Rashomon](/wiki/Rashomon \"Rashomon\") (羅生門) was released and sold exclusively at [Tower Records](/wiki/Tower_Records \"Tower Records\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\\-%E7%BE%85%E7%94%9F%E9%96%80/release/6285537\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ\\* \\- 羅生門\\\|website\\=Discogs\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}}", "In March 2014, the group's third mini\\-album, Cinema Jack (\"シネマジャック\"), was released.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\\-%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8D%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF/release/6285555\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ\\* \\- シネマジャック\\\|website\\=Discogs\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}} The group conducted serial web interviews with online music store [OTOTOY](/wiki/OTOTOY \"OTOTOY\") to promote the release of the album. Later in 2015, OTOTY would release an exclusive collaborative song from the group with [Yuki Kawamura](/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E6%9D%91%E7%94%B1%E7%B4%80 \"川村由紀\").{{Citation \\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ x カワムラユキ \\- 金曜日の花魁 \\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/release/8351611\\-水曜日のカンパネラ\\-x\\-カワムラユキ\\-金曜日の花魁 \\\|language\\=en \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-03}}", "On August 5, 2014, the group debuted their most successful single to date \"[Momotarō](/wiki/Momotar%C5%8D \"Momotarō\")\" on [J\\-Wave](/wiki/J-Wave \"J-Wave\") radio for their fourth mini album, Watashi wo [Onigashima](/wiki/Megijima \"Megijima\") ni Tsuretette (私を鬼が島に連れてって, \"Take me to [Onigashima Island](/wiki/Megijima \"Megijima\")\"), which was released on 5 November 2014 in die\\-cut CD edition.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\\-%E7%A7%81%E3%82%92%E9%AC%BC%E3%83%B6%E5%B3%B6%E3%81%AB%E9%80%A3%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6/release/6285567\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ\\* \\- 私を鬼ヶ島に連れてって\\\|website\\=Discogs\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}}", "In 2015, they released their first [EP](/wiki/Extended_play \"Extended play\"), Triathlon. Unlike the group's previous releases, the EP is the first to feature outside producers including [Oorutaichi](/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81 \"オオルタイチ\") (who would later produce the entirety of \"[Yakushima](/wiki/Yakushima \"Yakushima\") Treasure\" in 2019\\) and OBKR from the duo N.O.R.K.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\\-%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3/release/7041661\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ\\* \\- トライアスロン\\\|website\\=Discogs\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}} Later that year, the group's first full album, [Zipangu](/wiki/Zipangu \"Zipangu\"), was released cementing their unique stylistic blend of genres. The album featured the song \"[Shakushain](/wiki/Shakushain%27s_revolt \"Shakushain's revolt\")\", which became a minor hit and featured a music video with stop\\-motion and other creative cinematographic tricks filmed across [Sapporo](/wiki/Sapporo \"Sapporo\"), as the song's lyrics also revolved around attractions in [Hokkaido](/wiki/Hokkaido \"Hokkaido\"). The album saw the group as quick and quirky up\\-and\\-comers on the fringes of the Japanese mainstream, resulting in more creative videos and commercial tie\\-ins, such as the song \"[Ra](/wiki/Ra \"Ra\")\" with [Nissin](/wiki/Nissin_Foods \"Nissin Foods\") curry, \"[Medusa](/wiki/Medusa \"Medusa\")\" with [PARCO](/wiki/PARCO \"PARCO\") department stores, and \"Nishi Tamao\" with a [Casio](/wiki/Casio \"Casio\") Trackformer XW\\-PD1\\.", "In March 2016, KOM\\_I announced that their next album would be released around June at their first American show at [SXSW](/wiki/SXSW \"SXSW\") in [Austin, Texas](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\"). The mini\\-album entitled UMA, conceptually based upon unknown mythical animals, was released on 22 June 2016 under [Warner Music Japan](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\"), their major label debut.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.moshimoshi\\-nippon.jp/16196\\\|title\\=KOM\\_I of WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA dances in group's new music video for \"Tsuchinoko\" off their upcoming EP \"UMA\"! {{!}} MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-22\\\|work\\=MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=ja}} Another American show followed in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), as well as part of [Tyler, the Creator](/wiki/Tyler%2C_the_Creator \"Tyler, the Creator\")'s [Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival](/wiki/Camp_Flog_Gnaw_Carnival \"Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival\") festival in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"). More international concerts were performed in [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei \"Taipei\"), [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\"), [Reims](/wiki/Reims \"Reims\"), and [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\").", "The single, SUPERKID, was released as a teaser for their first full album with the major label Warner, entitled SUPERMAN in 2017\\.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://aramajapan.com/news/newrelease/suiyoubi\\-no\\-campanella\\-to\\-release\\-new\\-single\\-superkid/65476/\\\|title\\=Suiyoubi no Campanella to release new single \"SUPERKID\" {{!}} ARAMA! JAPAN\\\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-11\\\|work\\=ARAMA! JAPAN\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://aramajapan.com/news/newrelease/suiyoubi\\-no\\-campanella\\-to\\-release\\-new\\-album\\-superman/67976/\\\|title\\=Suiyoubi no Campanella to Release New Album \"SUPERMAN\" {{!}} ARAMA! JAPAN\\\|date\\=2016\\-12\\-09\\\|work\\=ARAMA! JAPAN\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.moshimoshi\\-nippon.jp/23576\\\|title\\=WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA announces brand\\-new album \\& unveils image for it {{!}} MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\\|date\\=2016\\-12\\-14\\\|work\\=MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=ja}} A performance at the [Nippon Budokan](/wiki/Nippon_Budokan \"Nippon Budokan\") in March 2017 marked the group's largest show and highest budget production to date, along with a Blu\\-Ray released in July 2017\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://rockinon.com/news/detail/157438\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ、初の武道館公演を完遂。全国16都市を回るライブツアーも発表－rockinon.com｜https://rockinon.com/news/detail/157438\\\|last\\=株式会社ロッキング・オン\\\|website\\=rockinon.com\\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}} SUPERMAN featured one of the group's more well\\-known hits \"[Ikkyū\\-san](/wiki/Ikky%C5%AB-san_%28TV_series%29 \"Ikkyū-san (TV series)\")\" as well as singles \"[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin \"Aladdin\")\" and \"[Sakamoto Ryōma](/wiki/Sakamoto_Ry%C5%8Dma \"Sakamoto Ryōma\")\".", "After the release of SUPERMAN, the group began to stagger their new song releases that would later be largely collected the following year on their[Galapagos](/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands \"Galápagos Islands\") EP. KOM\\_I also collaborated with the [Japanese Derby](/wiki/Japanese_Derby \"Japanese Derby\") for the digital single \"[Melos](/wiki/Run%2C_Melos%21 \"Run, Melos!\")\", based on the short story [Run, Melos!](/wiki/Run%2C_Melos%21 \"Run, Melos!\"), and a live streaming concert entitled \"Time to Play\".{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://qetic.jp/music/webcamp\\-170517/244670/\\\|title\\=生ライブの裏側が公開！水曜日のカンパネラ×日本ダービー、コムアイが競馬場を駆け巡る！ {{!}} Qetic\\\|date\\=2017\\-05\\-17\\\|work\\=Qetic\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=ja\\-JP}}{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://natalie.mu/music/news/231603\\\|title\\=ダービー馬コムアイが東京競馬場を駆け巡る、無観客型配信ライブ \\- 音楽ナタリー\\\|last\\=Inc.\\\|first\\=Natasha\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=ja}}{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://aramajapan.com/news/newrelease/kom\\_i\\-visits\\-mongolia\\-in\\-suyoubi\\-no\\-campanellas\\-mv\\-for\\-melos/75622/\\\|title\\=KOM\\_I visits Mongolia in Suyoubi no Campanella's MV for \"Melos\" {{!}} ARAMA! JAPAN\\\|date\\=2017\\-05\\-24\\\|work\\=ARAMA! JAPAN\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://i\\-d.vice.com/jp/article/kom\\-i\\-special\\-live\\-time\\-to\\-play\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ：誰もいない場所、一夜限りのライブ {{!}} read {{!}} i\\-D\\\|work\\=i\\-D\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=en}} Another follow\\-up release, entitled \"[Ei Sei](/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang \"Qin Shi Huang\")\", was made for a real\\-life adventure game based upon the [Kingdom manga](/wiki/Kingdom_%28manga%29 \"Kingdom (manga)\"), which simultaneously took place across multiple prefectures.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://realdgame.jp/kingdom/special/collaboration/\\\|title\\=「ある大戦場からの脱出」スペシャルコラボ\\\|website\\=リアル脱出ゲーム\\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}} The song received a widespread digital release in June 2017\\.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://spincoaster.com/news/wednesday\\-campanella\\-release\\-new\\-single\\-eisei\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ、『キングダム』を題材にしたリアル脱出ゲーム主題歌「嬴政」をリリース\\\|date\\=2017\\-06\\-21\\\|work\\=Spincoaster\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=ja}} Throughout this time, both KOM\\_I and Kenmochi were weekly hosts of the Wednesday night broadcasting for [J\\-Wave](/wiki/J-Wave \"J-Wave\")'s [Spark Radio](/wiki/Spark_%28radio_show%29 \"Spark (radio show)\") program with frequent guests and discussion.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.j\\-wave.co.jp/blog/spark/cat2384/\\\|title\\=SPARK : J\\-WAVE 81\\.3 FM RADIO\\\|website\\=www.j\\-wave.co.jp\\\|language\\=ja\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}}", "2018 marked a year when the group began collaborating more with Western musicians. They released two songs with the French band [Moodoïd](/wiki/Moodo%C3%AFd \"Moodoïd\"), \"Langage\" which appears on Moodoïd's Cité Champagne album and \"[Matryoshka](/wiki/Matryoshka_doll \"Matryoshka doll\")\" which appeared on the group's 2018 Galapagos EP. Later in the year, they were featured on Scottish band [Chvrches](/wiki/Chvrches \"Chvrches\")'s single, \"[Out Of My Head](/wiki/Out_of_My_Head_%28Chvrches_and_Wednesday_Campanella_song%29 \"Out of My Head (Chvrches and Wednesday Campanella song)\")\".{{cite AV media \\\|url\\-status \\= live \\\|archive\\-url \\= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/4w9Zs\\_OfEgs \\\|archive\\-date \\= 2021\\-12\\-11\\\| url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=4w9Zs\\_OfEgs \\\|title \\= CHVRCHES \\- Out Of My Head ft. WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA \\\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}} In April 2018, the group scored the soundtrack for the film [Neko wa Daku Mono (猫は抱くもの)](/wiki/%E7%8C%AB%E3%81%AF%E6%8A%B1%E3%81%8F%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE \"猫は抱くもの\"), which Kenmochi largely produced instrumentals with a few songs featuring KOM\\_I on vocals.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Neko wa Daku Mono (Original Soundtrack) \\- VGMdb \\\|url\\=https://vgmdb.net/album/112858 \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04 \\\|website\\=vgmdb.net \\\|language\\=en}}", "In April 2019, the Yakushima Treasure EP was released.{{Citation \\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ \\& オオルタイチ \\- Yakushima Treasure \\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/release/14144506\\-水曜日のカンパネラ\\-オオルタイチ\\-Yakushima\\-Treasure \\\|language\\=en \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04}} The material was a radical departure for listener's used to the usual production and sound from previous releases. Previous collaborator Oourtaichi produced the entire album and Kenmochi did not have a hand in it. The sound was much more influenced by traditional Japanese music and soundscapes. A promotional mini\\-documentary was available via YouTube Premium to launch the album and give context to it. Touring was minimal for the EP but featured KOM\\_I and Oorutaichi in costume, with KOM\\_I performing vocals and Oorutaichi digitally manipulating them on the fly. The tour also featured very few previous songs from the group except for \"Utah\" off the Triathalon EP, \"The Sand Castle\" off the Galapagos EP, and \"A Cat Called Yellow\" from the Neko wa Daku Mono soundtrack. During this time, Kenmochi resumed work on his solo career after a long hiatus by releasing 沸騰沸く \\~Footwork〜, an album focused on original juke and footwork music.{{Citation \\\|title\\=Kenmochi Hidefumi \\- 沸騰沸く \\~Footwork〜 \\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/master/2251957\\-Kenmochi\\-Hidefumi\\-沸騰\\-沸く\\-Footwork \\\|language\\=en \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04}} As the group's activity slowed, Kenmochi continued sound production for other artists, commercials, and releasing a follow\\-up EP in June 2020 entitled たぶん沸く〜TOWN WORK〜.{{Citation \\\|title\\=Kenmochi Hidefumi \\- たぶん沸く〜TOWN WORK〜 \\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/release/15476217\\-Kenmochi\\-Hidefumi\\-たぶん沸くTOWN\\-WORK \\\|language\\=en \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04}}", "In September 2021, it was announced that KOM\\_I would leave the group, while Dir.F recruited new vocalist Utaha to start a second chapter of the group.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://natalie.mu/music/news/443948 \\\| title\\=水曜日のカンパネラからコムアイ脱退、新メンバー詩羽が加入 \\\| language\\=ja \\\|publisher\\=Natalie \\\| date\\=September 6, 2021 \\\| accessdate\\=September 6, 2021}} KOM\\_I departed as she wanted to pursue different interests more in line with the sound from Yakushima Treasure, and wanted to allow Wednesday Campanella to return to Kenmochi and Dir.F's vision. She continues to perform solo and plans to continue recording under the name Yakushima Treasure with Oorutaichi.", "In October 2021, Utaha made her debut by performing at the [Shibuya](/wiki/Shibuya \"Shibuya\") PARCO{{Citation \\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA \\- P.O.N.D., Shibuya PARCO Opening Party \\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=S1Fmv9XVo4o \\\|language\\=en \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04}} and the release of the songs \"[Alice](/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\" and \"[Buckingham](/wiki/Buckingham_Palace \"Buckingham Palace\")\".{{Citation \\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ \\- アリス / バッキンガム \\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/release/20755753\\-水曜日のカンパネラ\\-アリス\\-バッキンガム \\\|language\\=en \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04}} The group has resumed touring around Japan and in February 2022, they released two more songs and videos for \"[Maneki Neko](/wiki/Maneki-neko \"Maneki-neko\")\" and \"[Edison](/wiki/Thomas_Edison \"Thomas Edison\")\".{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2022\\-02\\-28 \\\|title\\=WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA drop 2 new music videos in one day \\\|url\\=https://electricbloomwebzine.com/2022/02/wednesday\\-campanella\\-drop\\-2\\-new\\-music\\-videos\\-in\\-one\\-day.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04 \\\|website\\=ElectricBloomWebzine (エレクトリックブルーム) \\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "" ]
### Career The group uploaded its first two songs, "[Oz](/wiki/Wizard_of_Oz_%28character%29 "Wizard of Oz (character)")" and "[Kūkai](/wiki/K%C5%ABkai "Kūkai")", on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") in July 2012\. Their debut demo release Suiyōbi no Campanella Demo 1 was sold at [Design Festa Tokyo](/wiki/Design_Festa "Design Festa") Autumn in November of the same year. On March 11, 2013, KOM\_I held her first live performances alone representing the group. It took place at [Shimokitazawa](/wiki/Shimokitazawa "Shimokitazawa") ERA, a nightclub in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"). Their first [mini\-album](/wiki/Mini-album "Mini-album") entitled Crawl to [Sakaagari](/wiki/Back_hip_circle "Back hip circle") (クロールと逆上がり) was released in May 2013\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\-%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%A8%E9%80%86%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8A/release/6285382\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ\* \- クロールと逆上がり\\|website\=Discogs\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} It was exclusively sold at [Village Vanguard](/wiki/Village_Vanguard_%28Japanese_bookstore%29 "Village Vanguard (Japanese bookstore)") Shimokitazawa. In September 2013, the group was invited to the Ringo Ongakusai Festival, a popular festival for Japanese musicians. KOM\_I performed in several shows with "[Ringo\-ame Man](/wiki/%E3%82%8A%E3%82%93%E3%81%94%E9%A3%B4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3 "りんご飴マン")," an apple candy\-headed character. The following month, their second mini\-album [Rashomon](/wiki/Rashomon "Rashomon") (羅生門) was released and sold exclusively at [Tower Records](/wiki/Tower_Records "Tower Records").{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\-%E7%BE%85%E7%94%9F%E9%96%80/release/6285537\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ\* \- 羅生門\\|website\=Discogs\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} In March 2014, the group's third mini\-album, Cinema Jack ("シネマジャック"), was released.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\-%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8D%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF/release/6285555\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ\* \- シネマジャック\\|website\=Discogs\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} The group conducted serial web interviews with online music store [OTOTOY](/wiki/OTOTOY "OTOTOY") to promote the release of the album. Later in 2015, OTOTY would release an exclusive collaborative song from the group with [Yuki Kawamura](/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E6%9D%91%E7%94%B1%E7%B4%80 "川村由紀").{{Citation \\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ x カワムラユキ \- 金曜日の花魁 \\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/release/8351611\-水曜日のカンパネラ\-x\-カワムラユキ\-金曜日の花魁 \\|language\=en \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-03}} On August 5, 2014, the group debuted their most successful single to date "[Momotarō](/wiki/Momotar%C5%8D "Momotarō")" on [J\-Wave](/wiki/J-Wave "J-Wave") radio for their fourth mini album, Watashi wo [Onigashima](/wiki/Megijima "Megijima") ni Tsuretette (私を鬼が島に連れてって, "Take me to [Onigashima Island](/wiki/Megijima "Megijima")"), which was released on 5 November 2014 in die\-cut CD edition.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\-%E7%A7%81%E3%82%92%E9%AC%BC%E3%83%B6%E5%B3%B6%E3%81%AB%E9%80%A3%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6/release/6285567\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ\* \- 私を鬼ヶ島に連れてって\\|website\=Discogs\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} In 2015, they released their first [EP](/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play"), Triathlon. Unlike the group's previous releases, the EP is the first to feature outside producers including [Oorutaichi](/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81 "オオルタイチ") (who would later produce the entirety of "[Yakushima](/wiki/Yakushima "Yakushima") Treasure" in 2019\) and OBKR from the duo N.O.R.K.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\-%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3/release/7041661\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ\* \- トライアスロン\\|website\=Discogs\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} Later that year, the group's first full album, [Zipangu](/wiki/Zipangu "Zipangu"), was released cementing their unique stylistic blend of genres. The album featured the song "[Shakushain](/wiki/Shakushain%27s_revolt "Shakushain's revolt")", which became a minor hit and featured a music video with stop\-motion and other creative cinematographic tricks filmed across [Sapporo](/wiki/Sapporo "Sapporo"), as the song's lyrics also revolved around attractions in [Hokkaido](/wiki/Hokkaido "Hokkaido"). The album saw the group as quick and quirky up\-and\-comers on the fringes of the Japanese mainstream, resulting in more creative videos and commercial tie\-ins, such as the song "[Ra](/wiki/Ra "Ra")" with [Nissin](/wiki/Nissin_Foods "Nissin Foods") curry, "[Medusa](/wiki/Medusa "Medusa")" with [PARCO](/wiki/PARCO "PARCO") department stores, and "Nishi Tamao" with a [Casio](/wiki/Casio "Casio") Trackformer XW\-PD1\. In March 2016, KOM\_I announced that their next album would be released around June at their first American show at [SXSW](/wiki/SXSW "SXSW") in [Austin, Texas](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas "Austin, Texas"). The mini\-album entitled UMA, conceptually based upon unknown mythical animals, was released on 22 June 2016 under [Warner Music Japan](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group "Warner Music Group"), their major label debut.{{Cite news\\|url\=http://www.moshimoshi\-nippon.jp/16196\\|title\=KOM\_I of WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA dances in group's new music video for "Tsuchinoko" off their upcoming EP "UMA"! {{!}} MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\|date\=2016\-06\-22\\|work\=MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=ja}} Another American show followed in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), as well as part of [Tyler, the Creator](/wiki/Tyler%2C_the_Creator "Tyler, the Creator")'s [Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival](/wiki/Camp_Flog_Gnaw_Carnival "Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival") festival in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"). More international concerts were performed in [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei "Taipei"), [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong"), [Reims](/wiki/Reims "Reims"), and [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków"). The single, SUPERKID, was released as a teaser for their first full album with the major label Warner, entitled SUPERMAN in 2017\.{{Cite news\\|url\=http://aramajapan.com/news/newrelease/suiyoubi\-no\-campanella\-to\-release\-new\-single\-superkid/65476/\\|title\=Suiyoubi no Campanella to release new single "SUPERKID" {{!}} ARAMA! JAPAN\\|date\=2016\-10\-11\\|work\=ARAMA! JAPAN\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite news\\|url\=http://aramajapan.com/news/newrelease/suiyoubi\-no\-campanella\-to\-release\-new\-album\-superman/67976/\\|title\=Suiyoubi no Campanella to Release New Album "SUPERMAN" {{!}} ARAMA! JAPAN\\|date\=2016\-12\-09\\|work\=ARAMA! JAPAN\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite news\\|url\=http://www.moshimoshi\-nippon.jp/23576\\|title\=WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA announces brand\-new album \& unveils image for it {{!}} MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\|date\=2016\-12\-14\\|work\=MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=ja}} A performance at the [Nippon Budokan](/wiki/Nippon_Budokan "Nippon Budokan") in March 2017 marked the group's largest show and highest budget production to date, along with a Blu\-Ray released in July 2017\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://rockinon.com/news/detail/157438\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ、初の武道館公演を完遂。全国16都市を回るライブツアーも発表－rockinon.com｜https://rockinon.com/news/detail/157438\\|last\=株式会社ロッキング・オン\\|website\=rockinon.com\\|language\=ja\-JP\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} SUPERMAN featured one of the group's more well\-known hits "[Ikkyū\-san](/wiki/Ikky%C5%AB-san_%28TV_series%29 "Ikkyū-san (TV series)")" as well as singles "[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin "Aladdin")" and "[Sakamoto Ryōma](/wiki/Sakamoto_Ry%C5%8Dma "Sakamoto Ryōma")". After the release of SUPERMAN, the group began to stagger their new song releases that would later be largely collected the following year on their[Galapagos](/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands "Galápagos Islands") EP. KOM\_I also collaborated with the [Japanese Derby](/wiki/Japanese_Derby "Japanese Derby") for the digital single "[Melos](/wiki/Run%2C_Melos%21 "Run, Melos!")", based on the short story [Run, Melos!](/wiki/Run%2C_Melos%21 "Run, Melos!"), and a live streaming concert entitled "Time to Play".{{Cite news\\|url\=https://qetic.jp/music/webcamp\-170517/244670/\\|title\=生ライブの裏側が公開！水曜日のカンパネラ×日本ダービー、コムアイが競馬場を駆け巡る！ {{!}} Qetic\\|date\=2017\-05\-17\\|work\=Qetic\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=ja\-JP}}{{Cite news\\|url\=http://natalie.mu/music/news/231603\\|title\=ダービー馬コムアイが東京競馬場を駆け巡る、無観客型配信ライブ \- 音楽ナタリー\\|last\=Inc.\\|first\=Natasha\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=ja}}{{Cite news\\|url\=http://aramajapan.com/news/newrelease/kom\_i\-visits\-mongolia\-in\-suyoubi\-no\-campanellas\-mv\-for\-melos/75622/\\|title\=KOM\_I visits Mongolia in Suyoubi no Campanella's MV for "Melos" {{!}} ARAMA! JAPAN\\|date\=2017\-05\-24\\|work\=ARAMA! JAPAN\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite news\\|url\=https://i\-d.vice.com/jp/article/kom\-i\-special\-live\-time\-to\-play\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ：誰もいない場所、一夜限りのライブ {{!}} read {{!}} i\-D\\|work\=i\-D\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=en}} Another follow\-up release, entitled "[Ei Sei](/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang "Qin Shi Huang")", was made for a real\-life adventure game based upon the [Kingdom manga](/wiki/Kingdom_%28manga%29 "Kingdom (manga)"), which simultaneously took place across multiple prefectures.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://realdgame.jp/kingdom/special/collaboration/\\|title\=「ある大戦場からの脱出」スペシャルコラボ\\|website\=リアル脱出ゲーム\\|language\=ja\-JP\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} The song received a widespread digital release in June 2017\.{{Cite news\\|url\=http://spincoaster.com/news/wednesday\-campanella\-release\-new\-single\-eisei\\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ、『キングダム』を題材にしたリアル脱出ゲーム主題歌「嬴政」をリリース\\|date\=2017\-06\-21\\|work\=Spincoaster\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07\\|language\=ja}} Throughout this time, both KOM\_I and Kenmochi were weekly hosts of the Wednesday night broadcasting for [J\-Wave](/wiki/J-Wave "J-Wave")'s [Spark Radio](/wiki/Spark_%28radio_show%29 "Spark (radio show)") program with frequent guests and discussion.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.j\-wave.co.jp/blog/spark/cat2384/\\|title\=SPARK : J\-WAVE 81\.3 FM RADIO\\|website\=www.j\-wave.co.jp\\|language\=ja\\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-07}} 2018 marked a year when the group began collaborating more with Western musicians. They released two songs with the French band [Moodoïd](/wiki/Moodo%C3%AFd "Moodoïd"), "Langage" which appears on Moodoïd's Cité Champagne album and "[Matryoshka](/wiki/Matryoshka_doll "Matryoshka doll")" which appeared on the group's 2018 Galapagos EP. Later in the year, they were featured on Scottish band [Chvrches](/wiki/Chvrches "Chvrches")'s single, "[Out Of My Head](/wiki/Out_of_My_Head_%28Chvrches_and_Wednesday_Campanella_song%29 "Out of My Head (Chvrches and Wednesday Campanella song)")".{{cite AV media \\|url\-status \= live \\|archive\-url \= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/4w9Zs\_OfEgs \\|archive\-date \= 2021\-12\-11\\| url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=4w9Zs\_OfEgs \\|title \= CHVRCHES \- Out Of My Head ft. WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA \\|website\=\[\[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}} In April 2018, the group scored the soundtrack for the film [Neko wa Daku Mono (猫は抱くもの)](/wiki/%E7%8C%AB%E3%81%AF%E6%8A%B1%E3%81%8F%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE "猫は抱くもの"), which Kenmochi largely produced instrumentals with a few songs featuring KOM\_I on vocals.{{Cite web \\|title\=Neko wa Daku Mono (Original Soundtrack) \- VGMdb \\|url\=https://vgmdb.net/album/112858 \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04 \\|website\=vgmdb.net \\|language\=en}} In April 2019, the Yakushima Treasure EP was released.{{Citation \\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ \& オオルタイチ \- Yakushima Treasure \\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/release/14144506\-水曜日のカンパネラ\-オオルタイチ\-Yakushima\-Treasure \\|language\=en \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04}} The material was a radical departure for listener's used to the usual production and sound from previous releases. Previous collaborator Oourtaichi produced the entire album and Kenmochi did not have a hand in it. The sound was much more influenced by traditional Japanese music and soundscapes. A promotional mini\-documentary was available via YouTube Premium to launch the album and give context to it. Touring was minimal for the EP but featured KOM\_I and Oorutaichi in costume, with KOM\_I performing vocals and Oorutaichi digitally manipulating them on the fly. The tour also featured very few previous songs from the group except for "Utah" off the Triathalon EP, "The Sand Castle" off the Galapagos EP, and "A Cat Called Yellow" from the Neko wa Daku Mono soundtrack. During this time, Kenmochi resumed work on his solo career after a long hiatus by releasing 沸騰沸く \~Footwork〜, an album focused on original juke and footwork music.{{Citation \\|title\=Kenmochi Hidefumi \- 沸騰沸く \~Footwork〜 \\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/master/2251957\-Kenmochi\-Hidefumi\-沸騰\-沸く\-Footwork \\|language\=en \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04}} As the group's activity slowed, Kenmochi continued sound production for other artists, commercials, and releasing a follow\-up EP in June 2020 entitled たぶん沸く〜TOWN WORK〜.{{Citation \\|title\=Kenmochi Hidefumi \- たぶん沸く〜TOWN WORK〜 \\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/release/15476217\-Kenmochi\-Hidefumi\-たぶん沸くTOWN\-WORK \\|language\=en \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04}} In September 2021, it was announced that KOM\_I would leave the group, while Dir.F recruited new vocalist Utaha to start a second chapter of the group.{{cite web \\| url\=https://natalie.mu/music/news/443948 \\| title\=水曜日のカンパネラからコムアイ脱退、新メンバー詩羽が加入 \\| language\=ja \\|publisher\=Natalie \\| date\=September 6, 2021 \\| accessdate\=September 6, 2021}} KOM\_I departed as she wanted to pursue different interests more in line with the sound from Yakushima Treasure, and wanted to allow Wednesday Campanella to return to Kenmochi and Dir.F's vision. She continues to perform solo and plans to continue recording under the name Yakushima Treasure with Oorutaichi. In October 2021, Utaha made her debut by performing at the [Shibuya](/wiki/Shibuya "Shibuya") PARCO{{Citation \\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA \- P.O.N.D., Shibuya PARCO Opening Party \\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=S1Fmv9XVo4o \\|language\=en \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04}} and the release of the songs "[Alice](/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland")" and "[Buckingham](/wiki/Buckingham_Palace "Buckingham Palace")".{{Citation \\|title\=水曜日のカンパネラ \- アリス / バッキンガム \\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/release/20755753\-水曜日のカンパネラ\-アリス\-バッキンガム \\|language\=en \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04}} The group has resumed touring around Japan and in February 2022, they released two more songs and videos for "[Maneki Neko](/wiki/Maneki-neko "Maneki-neko")" and "[Edison](/wiki/Thomas_Edison "Thomas Edison")".{{Cite web \\|date\=2022\-02\-28 \\|title\=WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA drop 2 new music videos in one day \\|url\=https://electricbloomwebzine.com/2022/02/wednesday\-campanella\-drop\-2\-new\-music\-videos\-in\-one\-day.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04 \\|website\=ElectricBloomWebzine (エレクトリックブルーム) \\|language\=en\-GB}}	[ "### Career", "The group uploaded its first two songs, \"[Oz](/wiki/Wizard_of_Oz_%28character%29 \"Wizard of Oz (character)\")\" and \"[Kūkai](/wiki/K%C5%ABkai \"Kūkai\")\", on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") in July 2012\\. Their debut demo release Suiyōbi no Campanella Demo 1 was sold at [Design Festa Tokyo](/wiki/Design_Festa \"Design Festa\") Autumn in November of the same year.", "On March 11, 2013, KOM\\_I held her first live performances alone representing the group. It took place at [Shimokitazawa](/wiki/Shimokitazawa \"Shimokitazawa\") ERA, a nightclub in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\").", "Their first [mini\\-album](/wiki/Mini-album \"Mini-album\") entitled Crawl to [Sakaagari](/wiki/Back_hip_circle \"Back hip circle\") (クロールと逆上がり) was released in May 2013\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\\-%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%A8%E9%80%86%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8A/release/6285382\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ\\* \\- クロールと逆上がり\\\|website\\=Discogs\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}} It was exclusively sold at [Village Vanguard](/wiki/Village_Vanguard_%28Japanese_bookstore%29 \"Village Vanguard (Japanese bookstore)\") Shimokitazawa.", "In September 2013, the group was invited to the Ringo Ongakusai Festival, a popular festival for Japanese musicians. KOM\\_I performed in several shows with \"[Ringo\\-ame Man](/wiki/%E3%82%8A%E3%82%93%E3%81%94%E9%A3%B4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3 \"りんご飴マン\"),\" an apple candy\\-headed character. The following month, their second mini\\-album [Rashomon](/wiki/Rashomon \"Rashomon\") (羅生門) was released and sold exclusively at [Tower Records](/wiki/Tower_Records \"Tower Records\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\\-%E7%BE%85%E7%94%9F%E9%96%80/release/6285537\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ\\* \\- 羅生門\\\|website\\=Discogs\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}}", "In March 2014, the group's third mini\\-album, Cinema Jack (\"シネマジャック\"), was released.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\\-%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8D%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF/release/6285555\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ\\* \\- シネマジャック\\\|website\\=Discogs\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}} The group conducted serial web interviews with online music store [OTOTOY](/wiki/OTOTOY \"OTOTOY\") to promote the release of the album. Later in 2015, OTOTY would release an exclusive collaborative song from the group with [Yuki Kawamura](/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E6%9D%91%E7%94%B1%E7%B4%80 \"川村由紀\").{{Citation \\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ x カワムラユキ \\- 金曜日の花魁 \\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/release/8351611\\-水曜日のカンパネラ\\-x\\-カワムラユキ\\-金曜日の花魁 \\\|language\\=en \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-03}}", "On August 5, 2014, the group debuted their most successful single to date \"[Momotarō](/wiki/Momotar%C5%8D \"Momotarō\")\" on [J\\-Wave](/wiki/J-Wave \"J-Wave\") radio for their fourth mini album, Watashi wo [Onigashima](/wiki/Megijima \"Megijima\") ni Tsuretette (私を鬼が島に連れてって, \"Take me to [Onigashima Island](/wiki/Megijima \"Megijima\")\"), which was released on 5 November 2014 in die\\-cut CD edition.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\\-%E7%A7%81%E3%82%92%E9%AC%BC%E3%83%B6%E5%B3%B6%E3%81%AB%E9%80%A3%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6/release/6285567\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ\\* \\- 私を鬼ヶ島に連れてって\\\|website\\=Discogs\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}}", "In 2015, they released their first [EP](/wiki/Extended_play \"Extended play\"), Triathlon. Unlike the group's previous releases, the EP is the first to feature outside producers including [Oorutaichi](/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81 \"オオルタイチ\") (who would later produce the entirety of \"[Yakushima](/wiki/Yakushima \"Yakushima\") Treasure\" in 2019\\) and OBKR from the duo N.O.R.K.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9\\-%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3/release/7041661\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ\\* \\- トライアスロン\\\|website\\=Discogs\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}} Later that year, the group's first full album, [Zipangu](/wiki/Zipangu \"Zipangu\"), was released cementing their unique stylistic blend of genres. The album featured the song \"[Shakushain](/wiki/Shakushain%27s_revolt \"Shakushain's revolt\")\", which became a minor hit and featured a music video with stop\\-motion and other creative cinematographic tricks filmed across [Sapporo](/wiki/Sapporo \"Sapporo\"), as the song's lyrics also revolved around attractions in [Hokkaido](/wiki/Hokkaido \"Hokkaido\"). The album saw the group as quick and quirky up\\-and\\-comers on the fringes of the Japanese mainstream, resulting in more creative videos and commercial tie\\-ins, such as the song \"[Ra](/wiki/Ra \"Ra\")\" with [Nissin](/wiki/Nissin_Foods \"Nissin Foods\") curry, \"[Medusa](/wiki/Medusa \"Medusa\")\" with [PARCO](/wiki/PARCO \"PARCO\") department stores, and \"Nishi Tamao\" with a [Casio](/wiki/Casio \"Casio\") Trackformer XW\\-PD1\\.", "In March 2016, KOM\\_I announced that their next album would be released around June at their first American show at [SXSW](/wiki/SXSW \"SXSW\") in [Austin, Texas](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\"). The mini\\-album entitled UMA, conceptually based upon unknown mythical animals, was released on 22 June 2016 under [Warner Music Japan](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\"), their major label debut.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.moshimoshi\\-nippon.jp/16196\\\|title\\=KOM\\_I of WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA dances in group's new music video for \"Tsuchinoko\" off their upcoming EP \"UMA\"! {{!}} MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-22\\\|work\\=MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=ja}} Another American show followed in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), as well as part of [Tyler, the Creator](/wiki/Tyler%2C_the_Creator \"Tyler, the Creator\")'s [Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival](/wiki/Camp_Flog_Gnaw_Carnival \"Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival\") festival in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"). More international concerts were performed in [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei \"Taipei\"), [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\"), [Reims](/wiki/Reims \"Reims\"), and [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\").", "The single, SUPERKID, was released as a teaser for their first full album with the major label Warner, entitled SUPERMAN in 2017\\.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://aramajapan.com/news/newrelease/suiyoubi\\-no\\-campanella\\-to\\-release\\-new\\-single\\-superkid/65476/\\\|title\\=Suiyoubi no Campanella to release new single \"SUPERKID\" {{!}} ARAMA! JAPAN\\\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-11\\\|work\\=ARAMA! JAPAN\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://aramajapan.com/news/newrelease/suiyoubi\\-no\\-campanella\\-to\\-release\\-new\\-album\\-superman/67976/\\\|title\\=Suiyoubi no Campanella to Release New Album \"SUPERMAN\" {{!}} ARAMA! JAPAN\\\|date\\=2016\\-12\\-09\\\|work\\=ARAMA! JAPAN\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.moshimoshi\\-nippon.jp/23576\\\|title\\=WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA announces brand\\-new album \\& unveils image for it {{!}} MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\\|date\\=2016\\-12\\-14\\\|work\\=MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON {{!}} もしもしにっぽん\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=ja}} A performance at the [Nippon Budokan](/wiki/Nippon_Budokan \"Nippon Budokan\") in March 2017 marked the group's largest show and highest budget production to date, along with a Blu\\-Ray released in July 2017\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://rockinon.com/news/detail/157438\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ、初の武道館公演を完遂。全国16都市を回るライブツアーも発表－rockinon.com｜https://rockinon.com/news/detail/157438\\\|last\\=株式会社ロッキング・オン\\\|website\\=rockinon.com\\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}} SUPERMAN featured one of the group's more well\\-known hits \"[Ikkyū\\-san](/wiki/Ikky%C5%AB-san_%28TV_series%29 \"Ikkyū-san (TV series)\")\" as well as singles \"[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin \"Aladdin\")\" and \"[Sakamoto Ryōma](/wiki/Sakamoto_Ry%C5%8Dma \"Sakamoto Ryōma\")\".", "After the release of SUPERMAN, the group began to stagger their new song releases that would later be largely collected the following year on their[Galapagos](/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands \"Galápagos Islands\") EP. KOM\\_I also collaborated with the [Japanese Derby](/wiki/Japanese_Derby \"Japanese Derby\") for the digital single \"[Melos](/wiki/Run%2C_Melos%21 \"Run, Melos!\")\", based on the short story [Run, Melos!](/wiki/Run%2C_Melos%21 \"Run, Melos!\"), and a live streaming concert entitled \"Time to Play\".{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://qetic.jp/music/webcamp\\-170517/244670/\\\|title\\=生ライブの裏側が公開！水曜日のカンパネラ×日本ダービー、コムアイが競馬場を駆け巡る！ {{!}} Qetic\\\|date\\=2017\\-05\\-17\\\|work\\=Qetic\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=ja\\-JP}}{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://natalie.mu/music/news/231603\\\|title\\=ダービー馬コムアイが東京競馬場を駆け巡る、無観客型配信ライブ \\- 音楽ナタリー\\\|last\\=Inc.\\\|first\\=Natasha\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=ja}}{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://aramajapan.com/news/newrelease/kom\\_i\\-visits\\-mongolia\\-in\\-suyoubi\\-no\\-campanellas\\-mv\\-for\\-melos/75622/\\\|title\\=KOM\\_I visits Mongolia in Suyoubi no Campanella's MV for \"Melos\" {{!}} ARAMA! JAPAN\\\|date\\=2017\\-05\\-24\\\|work\\=ARAMA! JAPAN\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://i\\-d.vice.com/jp/article/kom\\-i\\-special\\-live\\-time\\-to\\-play\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ：誰もいない場所、一夜限りのライブ {{!}} read {{!}} i\\-D\\\|work\\=i\\-D\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=en}} Another follow\\-up release, entitled \"[Ei Sei](/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang \"Qin Shi Huang\")\", was made for a real\\-life adventure game based upon the [Kingdom manga](/wiki/Kingdom_%28manga%29 \"Kingdom (manga)\"), which simultaneously took place across multiple prefectures.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://realdgame.jp/kingdom/special/collaboration/\\\|title\\=「ある大戦場からの脱出」スペシャルコラボ\\\|website\\=リアル脱出ゲーム\\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}} The song received a widespread digital release in June 2017\\.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://spincoaster.com/news/wednesday\\-campanella\\-release\\-new\\-single\\-eisei\\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ、『キングダム』を題材にしたリアル脱出ゲーム主題歌「嬴政」をリリース\\\|date\\=2017\\-06\\-21\\\|work\\=Spincoaster\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07\\\|language\\=ja}} Throughout this time, both KOM\\_I and Kenmochi were weekly hosts of the Wednesday night broadcasting for [J\\-Wave](/wiki/J-Wave \"J-Wave\")'s [Spark Radio](/wiki/Spark_%28radio_show%29 \"Spark (radio show)\") program with frequent guests and discussion.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.j\\-wave.co.jp/blog/spark/cat2384/\\\|title\\=SPARK : J\\-WAVE 81\\.3 FM RADIO\\\|website\\=www.j\\-wave.co.jp\\\|language\\=ja\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-07}}", "2018 marked a year when the group began collaborating more with Western musicians. They released two songs with the French band [Moodoïd](/wiki/Moodo%C3%AFd \"Moodoïd\"), \"Langage\" which appears on Moodoïd's Cité Champagne album and \"[Matryoshka](/wiki/Matryoshka_doll \"Matryoshka doll\")\" which appeared on the group's 2018 Galapagos EP. Later in the year, they were featured on Scottish band [Chvrches](/wiki/Chvrches \"Chvrches\")'s single, \"[Out Of My Head](/wiki/Out_of_My_Head_%28Chvrches_and_Wednesday_Campanella_song%29 \"Out of My Head (Chvrches and Wednesday Campanella song)\")\".{{cite AV media \\\|url\\-status \\= live \\\|archive\\-url \\= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/4w9Zs\\_OfEgs \\\|archive\\-date \\= 2021\\-12\\-11\\\| url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=4w9Zs\\_OfEgs \\\|title \\= CHVRCHES \\- Out Of My Head ft. WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA \\\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}} In April 2018, the group scored the soundtrack for the film [Neko wa Daku Mono (猫は抱くもの)](/wiki/%E7%8C%AB%E3%81%AF%E6%8A%B1%E3%81%8F%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE \"猫は抱くもの\"), which Kenmochi largely produced instrumentals with a few songs featuring KOM\\_I on vocals.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Neko wa Daku Mono (Original Soundtrack) \\- VGMdb \\\|url\\=https://vgmdb.net/album/112858 \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04 \\\|website\\=vgmdb.net \\\|language\\=en}}", "In April 2019, the Yakushima Treasure EP was released.{{Citation \\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ \\& オオルタイチ \\- Yakushima Treasure \\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/release/14144506\\-水曜日のカンパネラ\\-オオルタイチ\\-Yakushima\\-Treasure \\\|language\\=en \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04}} The material was a radical departure for listener's used to the usual production and sound from previous releases. Previous collaborator Oourtaichi produced the entire album and Kenmochi did not have a hand in it. The sound was much more influenced by traditional Japanese music and soundscapes. A promotional mini\\-documentary was available via YouTube Premium to launch the album and give context to it. Touring was minimal for the EP but featured KOM\\_I and Oorutaichi in costume, with KOM\\_I performing vocals and Oorutaichi digitally manipulating them on the fly. The tour also featured very few previous songs from the group except for \"Utah\" off the Triathalon EP, \"The Sand Castle\" off the Galapagos EP, and \"A Cat Called Yellow\" from the Neko wa Daku Mono soundtrack. During this time, Kenmochi resumed work on his solo career after a long hiatus by releasing 沸騰沸く \\~Footwork〜, an album focused on original juke and footwork music.{{Citation \\\|title\\=Kenmochi Hidefumi \\- 沸騰沸く \\~Footwork〜 \\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/master/2251957\\-Kenmochi\\-Hidefumi\\-沸騰\\-沸く\\-Footwork \\\|language\\=en \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04}} As the group's activity slowed, Kenmochi continued sound production for other artists, commercials, and releasing a follow\\-up EP in June 2020 entitled たぶん沸く〜TOWN WORK〜.{{Citation \\\|title\\=Kenmochi Hidefumi \\- たぶん沸く〜TOWN WORK〜 \\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/release/15476217\\-Kenmochi\\-Hidefumi\\-たぶん沸くTOWN\\-WORK \\\|language\\=en \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04}}", "In September 2021, it was announced that KOM\\_I would leave the group, while Dir.F recruited new vocalist Utaha to start a second chapter of the group.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://natalie.mu/music/news/443948 \\\| title\\=水曜日のカンパネラからコムアイ脱退、新メンバー詩羽が加入 \\\| language\\=ja \\\|publisher\\=Natalie \\\| date\\=September 6, 2021 \\\| accessdate\\=September 6, 2021}} KOM\\_I departed as she wanted to pursue different interests more in line with the sound from Yakushima Treasure, and wanted to allow Wednesday Campanella to return to Kenmochi and Dir.F's vision. She continues to perform solo and plans to continue recording under the name Yakushima Treasure with Oorutaichi.", "In October 2021, Utaha made her debut by performing at the [Shibuya](/wiki/Shibuya \"Shibuya\") PARCO{{Citation \\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA \\- P.O.N.D., Shibuya PARCO Opening Party \\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=S1Fmv9XVo4o \\\|language\\=en \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04}} and the release of the songs \"[Alice](/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\" and \"[Buckingham](/wiki/Buckingham_Palace \"Buckingham Palace\")\".{{Citation \\\|title\\=水曜日のカンパネラ \\- アリス / バッキンガム \\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/release/20755753\\-水曜日のカンパネラ\\-アリス\\-バッキンガム \\\|language\\=en \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04}} The group has resumed touring around Japan and in February 2022, they released two more songs and videos for \"[Maneki Neko](/wiki/Maneki-neko \"Maneki-neko\")\" and \"[Edison](/wiki/Thomas_Edison \"Thomas Edison\")\".{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2022\\-02\\-28 \\\|title\\=WEDNESDAY CAMPANELLA drop 2 new music videos in one day \\\|url\\=https://electricbloomwebzine.com/2022/02/wednesday\\-campanella\\-drop\\-2\\-new\\-music\\-videos\\-in\\-one\\-day.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04 \\\|website\\=ElectricBloomWebzine (エレクトリックブルーム) \\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "" ]
History ------- Some kind of settlement has been in existence in Hayfield since [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") times, and possibly before. ### Early history The area was once woodland but this was largely cleared, allowing for sheep farming, although the soil was not good enough for arable farming.{{cite book \\|title\=Hayfield in the 19th Century \\|first\=Joan \\|last\=Powell \\|publisher\=New Mills Heritage Centre \\|isbn\=0\-9521869\-7\-7}} The village lies on the line of a [Roman road](/wiki/Roman_road "Roman road") from [Buxton](/wiki/Buxton "Buxton") (Aqua Arnemetia) to Glossop{{cite book \\|title\=10 Walks Around Hayfield \\|publisher\=Peak District National Park Authority \\|isbn\=0\-907543\-99\-5}} ([Ardotalia](/wiki/Ardotalia "Ardotalia")). It is also on an important former [packhorse](/wiki/Packhorse "Packhorse") route between [Cheshire](/wiki/Cheshire "Cheshire") and [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire "Yorkshire"). The village provided refuge for traders travelling from [Castleton](/wiki/Castleton%2C_Derbyshire "Castleton, Derbyshire") and [Edale](/wiki/Edale "Edale") to [Marple](/wiki/Marple%2C_Greater_Manchester "Marple, Greater Manchester"), Glossop and Stockport. The village appears in the [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book "Domesday Book") as "Hedfelt"[National Archives](http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7581859&queryType=1&resultcount=1){{cite book\\|title\=\[\[Domesday Book]] Derbyshire (History From the Sources series)\\|year\=1975 \\|editor\-first\=Phillip \\|editor\-last\=Morgan\\|isbn\=0\-85033\-165\-X}} (some sources state the village was recorded as Hedfeld), and Kinder was recorded separately as Chendre.[National Archives](http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7581862&queryType=1&resultcount=1) It was included in the [Royal Forest of the Peak](/wiki/Forest_of_High_Peak "Forest of High Peak") in medieval times, but was not a parish until it was created [perpetual curacy](/wiki/Perpetual_curate "Perpetual curate") by [Richard II](/wiki/Richard_II_of_England "Richard II of England"). The forest was popular amongst [Norman](/wiki/Normans "Normans") rulers for hunting, for which it was well noted. Hayfield's location and nearby geography made it an isolated and practically self\-sufficient village until the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution"); unlike other areas, Hayfield lacked a feudal lord or stately home,St John's Methodist Church, Hayfield; 1782–1982: A Bicentenary History (locally sourced pamphlet; no ISBN) although [tithes](/wiki/Tithes "Tithes") were paid to the [Abbot of Basingwerke](/wiki/Basingwerk_Abbey "Basingwerk Abbey") in [North Wales](/wiki/North_Wales "North Wales").{{cite book \\| title \= Hedfeld to Hayfield: An Introduction to the Area \\| publisher\=Hayfield Civic Trust \\|date\=1990}} [St Matthew's Church](/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Church%2C_Hayfield "St Matthew's Church, Hayfield"), Highgate Hall, Fox Hall (dated 1625{{National Heritage List for England\\| num\=1206878 \\|desc\=Fox Hall \\|grade\=II \\|access\-date\=1 November 2017}}) and an adjoining barn are some of the earliest surviving buildings in the village. Fox Hall and Fox Hall Barn are near the bottom of Kinder Road and are visible from the car park of the Royal Hotel. Until recently there was some dispute as to which was the oldest pub in the village, with both the Bulls Head \[sic] (believed to have been established circa 1386{{Cite web\\|title \= Bulls Head Inn Hayfield High Peak Derbyshire\\|url \= http://www.hayfield.info/bullshead.html \\|access\-date \= 9 September 2015}}) and the George Hotel (believed to have been established circa 1575Sourced from George Hotel publicity material) vying for the title. However, in 2012 the Bulls Head closed and was converted into a private dwelling. ### The Industrial Revolution to the present day Eventually woollen manufacturing became a main industry within the village, and the propensity toward three\-storied terraced houses within the village reflects this—the top floor, with its better light conditions, was where the [loom](/wiki/Loom "Loom") was operated. In Descriptions of the Country from 30–40 miles Around Manchester (1795\), John Aikten wrote: "The inhabitants \[of Hayfield] are principally clothiers, though the cotton branch of late has gained a small footing." As with most northern English villages, the Industrial Revolution brought rapid expansion, chiefly the creation of several cotton mills within Hayfield, along with numerous fabric printing and dyeing businesses, as well as paper manufacture. Hayfield became known for spinning, weaving and [calico](/wiki/Calico_%28textile%29 "Calico (textile)") printing. Other local industries included stone quarrying and millstone manufacturing. Some quarrying still takes place within the area, and the remains of old quarries can easily be seen within Hayfield and its surroundings. [Clog](/wiki/Clog_%28shoe%29 "Clog (shoe)") making, charcoal burning and domestic implement manufacture also took place in the village. During the 16th century, Cutler's Green (now a camp site, and formerly the site of Kinder Printworks Mill) was known for cutlery trade, before nearby [Sheffield](/wiki/Sheffield "Sheffield") became dominant in that area. Hayfield and surrounding areas were also home to several paper mills. In 1868 a [branch railway line](/wiki/Hayfield_branch "Hayfield branch") was built linking Hayfield to Manchester. Initially built to carry fuel to power the mills, the railway line also bought passengers to Hayfield. It was estimated that around 5,000 people each weekend would travel from Manchester in 1920–1930, to enjoy the countryside around Kinder Scout. After World War II, traffic slowed and eventually the line closed in January 1970\. A short\-lived continuation to the line was built in the early 20th century to convey materials and workmen during the construction of [Kinder Reservoir](/wiki/River_Kinder%23Kinder_Reservoir "River Kinder#Kinder Reservoir"). A famous photograph shows a construction contractor's locomotive crossing Church Street (the main street through the old village centre); the line skirted the cricket field and continued up the Sett Valley, and its course can still be traced in places.{{cite book \\|title\=The Kinder Reservoir and Railway \\|first1\=Derek \\|last1\=Brumhead \\|first2\=Jean \\|last2\=Rangeley \\|first3\=Ken \\|last3\=Rangeley \\|publisher\=New Mills Heritage Centre \\|date\=2008 \\|location\=New Mills, Derbyshire}} During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the village was home to evacuees from all over the country. However, on 3 July 1942, a stray bomb intended for Manchester was dropped on a row of terraced houses in Watery Hey. Six people died. [thumb\\|Before the building of the relief road, this lorry narrowly missed the parish church during an accident in 1974\.](/wiki/File:Lorry_crash_in_Hayfield%2C_Derbyshire_1.jpg "Lorry crash in Hayfield, Derbyshire 1.jpg") As late as 1937, the book [The King's England](/wiki/The_King%27s_England "The King's England"): Derbyshire stated that Hayfield "is busy making paper and printing calico".{{cite book \\|title\=The King's England: Derbyshire, a New Domesday Book of 10,000 Towns and Villages \\|date\=1937 \\|publisher\=Hodder \& Stoughton \\|first\=Arthur \\|last\=Mee}} But with [industrial decline](/wiki/Deindustrialization "Deindustrialization") in the mid\-to\-late 20th century, Hayfield returned to its original status of a quiet rural village. Whereas once the village had 17 public houses and dozens of small shops,{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.developmenttrust.org/2localP.pdf \\|title\=Hayfield: A Local Perspective \\|date\=10 October 2007 \\|author\=Hayfield Development \\|publisher\=High Peak Borough Council \\|access\-date\=1 November 2017}} along with a [gas works](/wiki/Gas_works "Gas works"), it now has six pubs and only a handful of shops (there are eight pubs if the parish is taken as a whole). Only one mill is still standing, in the Little Hayfield area, and it has since been converted to luxury flats. Despite this decline, several new housing developments (both local council and private) were built in the village in the latter part of the 20th century, increasing the village's population substantially, and the village remains a popular area in which to live. From 1939 onwards various schemes were put forward to reduce the amount of traffic passing through the narrow main street of the village, prompted by various accidents over the years (notably a crash in 1969 that killed two villagers and prompted a demonstration). Construction of a relief road through the village began in October 1977 and the road opened in December 1978\.{{cite book \\|title\=Hayfield in the 20th Century \\|first\=Joan \\|last\=Powell \\|year\=2012 \\| publisher\=New Mills Heritage Centre}} ### Churches in the area [thumb\\|left\\|St. Matthew's Parish Church tower](/wiki/File:Hayfield_Church_0158.JPG "Hayfield Church 0158.JPG") The parish [church of St Matthew](/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Church%2C_Hayfield "St Matthew's Church, Hayfield") has existed in its present location since 1386, having previously stood at Kirksteads, the name given to the area where the rivers Kinder and Sett meet near Bowden Bridge. However, the church was not completed until 1405\.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.virtualparish.net/HC1909\-03\.html \\|title\=History of Hayfield Parish Church \\|date\=1909 \\|publisher\=Hayfield Heritage Archive Group}} The church as seen today is a result of it being largely rebuilt in 1817–18, although remnants of the earlier building are visible in the [crypt](/wiki/Crypt "Crypt"). The tower was built in 1793 and raised (and a clock added) in 1894\. The interior is galleried on three sides and contains a notable monument of 1786 to Joseph Hague, moved there from Glossop church.{{cite book \\|last1\=Pevsner \\|first1\=Nikolaus \\|orig\-year\=1953 \\|first2\=Elizabeth \\|last2\=Williamson \\|year\=1978 \\|title\=The Buildings of England: Derbyshire \\|publisher\=Yale University Press \\|isbn\=0140710086 \\|pages\=241–242}} The church is a Grade II [listed building](/wiki/Listed_building "Listed building").{{NHLE \\|num\=1088001 \\|desc\=Church of St Matthew \\|grade\=II \\|access\-date\=5 January 2020 \\|fewer\-links\=yes}} St John's Methodist Church dates from 1782\. It claims to be the 13th Methodist church built,{{cite web \\| url\=http://www.stjohnshayfield.org.uk \\| title\=St John's church website \\| access\-date\=18 July 2012}} and was visited by [John Wesley](/wiki/John_Wesley "John Wesley"), who may well have opened the church personally: Wesley's diaries show he took particular interest in Hayfield, declaring in his diary that he found "uncommon liberty in preaching" when holding a service before the church was built. Although the building has been added to since construction, the four walls of the main church are entirely original. St John's is also Grade II listed.{{NHLE \\|num\=1207353 \\|desc\=Methodist Chapel \\|grade\=II \\|access\-date\=5 January 2020 \\|fewer\-links\=yes}} Methodism was prominent in the area and led to the building of several other chapels. Hugh Bourne [Primitive Methodist](/wiki/Primitive_Methodism "Primitive Methodism") Chapel was built on Jumble Lane (now Kinder Road) in 1867 and deconsecrated in 1969, its congregation merging into St John's. The building now houses Hayfield Library. Bethel Methodist Church was founded in 1836 and a dedicated church built on Walk Mill in 1867\. The church was founded largely to provide [Sunday school](/wiki/Sunday_school "Sunday school") facilities. It was deconsecrated in 1956\. Little Hayfield Primitive Methodist Chapel was built in 1851 and deconsecrated in 1975\. ### The Mass Trespass {{Main\\|Mass trespass of Kinder Scout}} A mile east of the village is the confluence of the rivers Sett and [Kinder](/wiki/River_Kinder "River Kinder") at Bowden Bridge (a [packhorse bridge](/wiki/Packhorse_bridge "Packhorse bridge")), from where [rights\-of\-way](/wiki/Rights_of_way_in_England_and_Wales "Rights of way in England and Wales") lead past Kinder Reservoir (built 1911\) and on to the Kinder Scout plateau. The [Mass Trespass of Kinder Scout](/wiki/Mass_Trespass_of_Kinder_Scout "Mass Trespass of Kinder Scout") started from Bowden Bridge Quarry in April 1932\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://kindertrespass.com/index.asp?ID\=137 \\|title\=Description of Trespass \- 24 April 1932 \\|publisher\=Kinder Trespass \\|date\=24 April 1932 \\|access\-date\=16 June 2013}} ### Modern Hayfield [right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|A Well Dressing at the bottom of Kinder Road, Hayfield](/wiki/File:Welldressing_Hayfield.jpg "Welldressing Hayfield.jpg") [thumb\\|left\\|150px\\|Church Street, Hayfield](/wiki/File:Hayfield_Church_Street_0072.JPG "Hayfield Church Street 0072.JPG") Hayfield is no longer an industrial settlement and nowadays is considered a thriving Peak District village with a strong community spirit. In the 2001 census, the parish had 2,852 residents, across 1,205 households[Office for National Statistics](http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=793402&c=SK22+2LE&d=16&e=15&g=434872&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1208862316742&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779)[Office for National Statistics](http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=793402&c=SK22+2LE&d=16&e=15&g=434872&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1208862316742&enc=1&dsFamilyId=787) (2,164 of those residents living in the village itself[Office for National Statistics](http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=3&b=5947756&c=hayfield&d=14&e=16&g=434866&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1208862647867&enc=1)). Many residents work outside of Hayfield in nearby Stockport and Manchester, or in neighbouring towns and villages, although there are a handful of local businesses providing employment, including farms. Hayfield is considered a desirable place to live within the High Peak and this is reflected in higher property prices compared to neighbouring towns and villages. An increasing number of residents have moved from nearby Manchester and Stockport to experience a better quality of life, and it is possible to argue that Hayfield is undergoing [gentrification](/wiki/Gentrification "Gentrification"). An annual [May Queen](/wiki/May_Queen "May Queen") procession is held in the village each year in May, as were [sheepdog trials](/wiki/Sheepdog_trial "Sheepdog trial") at nearby Little Hayfield, in September, until 2019\.{{Cite web \\|title\=Hayfield Country Show \& Sheep Dog Trials \\|url\=https://hayfieldshow.co.uk/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-03\-10 \\|website\=hayfieldshow.co.uk}} Well dressing has recently been introduced. An annual [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") festival was last held in 1989\. In 2012 and 2014 Hayfield was a key filming location for the BBC One drama series [The Village](/wiki/The_Village_%282013_TV_series%29 "The Village (2013 TV series)").{{cite web\\|url\=http://artsbeatblog.com/2012/11/20/new\-bbc\-tv\-series\-being\-filmed\-in\-dark\-peak \\|title\=New BBC TV series being filmed in Dark Peak \\|publisher\=Artsbeatblog.com \\|date\=20 November 2012 \\|access\-date\=1 April 2013}}{{cite journal \\|last1\=Smith \\|first1\=Roly \\|date\=April 2013 \\|title\=The Village \\|journal\=Derbyshire Life \\|volume\=78 \\|issue\=4 \\|pages\=118–121 }}	[ "History\n-------", "Some kind of settlement has been in existence in Hayfield since [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") times, and possibly before.", "### Early history", "The area was once woodland but this was largely cleared, allowing for sheep farming, although the soil was not good enough for arable farming.{{cite book \\\|title\\=Hayfield in the 19th Century \\\|first\\=Joan \\\|last\\=Powell \\\|publisher\\=New Mills Heritage Centre \\\|isbn\\=0\\-9521869\\-7\\-7}}", "The village lies on the line of a [Roman road](/wiki/Roman_road \"Roman road\") from [Buxton](/wiki/Buxton \"Buxton\") (Aqua Arnemetia) to Glossop{{cite book \\\|title\\=10 Walks Around Hayfield \\\|publisher\\=Peak District National Park Authority \\\|isbn\\=0\\-907543\\-99\\-5}} ([Ardotalia](/wiki/Ardotalia \"Ardotalia\")). It is also on an important former [packhorse](/wiki/Packhorse \"Packhorse\") route between [Cheshire](/wiki/Cheshire \"Cheshire\") and [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire \"Yorkshire\"). The village provided refuge for traders travelling from [Castleton](/wiki/Castleton%2C_Derbyshire \"Castleton, Derbyshire\") and [Edale](/wiki/Edale \"Edale\") to [Marple](/wiki/Marple%2C_Greater_Manchester \"Marple, Greater Manchester\"), Glossop and Stockport.", "The village appears in the [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book \"Domesday Book\") as \"Hedfelt\"[National Archives](http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7581859&queryType=1&resultcount=1){{cite book\\\|title\\=\\[\\[Domesday Book]] Derbyshire (History From the Sources series)\\\|year\\=1975 \\\|editor\\-first\\=Phillip \\\|editor\\-last\\=Morgan\\\|isbn\\=0\\-85033\\-165\\-X}} (some sources state the village was recorded as Hedfeld), and Kinder was recorded separately as Chendre.[National Archives](http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7581862&queryType=1&resultcount=1) It was included in the [Royal Forest of the Peak](/wiki/Forest_of_High_Peak \"Forest of High Peak\") in medieval times, but was not a parish until it was created [perpetual curacy](/wiki/Perpetual_curate \"Perpetual curate\") by [Richard II](/wiki/Richard_II_of_England \"Richard II of England\"). The forest was popular amongst [Norman](/wiki/Normans \"Normans\") rulers for hunting, for which it was well noted.", "Hayfield's location and nearby geography made it an isolated and practically self\\-sufficient village until the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\"); unlike other areas, Hayfield lacked a feudal lord or stately home,St John's Methodist Church, Hayfield; 1782–1982: A Bicentenary History (locally sourced pamphlet; no ISBN) although [tithes](/wiki/Tithes \"Tithes\") were paid to the [Abbot of Basingwerke](/wiki/Basingwerk_Abbey \"Basingwerk Abbey\") in [North Wales](/wiki/North_Wales \"North Wales\").{{cite book \\\| title \\= Hedfeld to Hayfield: An Introduction to the Area \\\| publisher\\=Hayfield Civic Trust \\\|date\\=1990}}", "[St Matthew's Church](/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Church%2C_Hayfield \"St Matthew's Church, Hayfield\"), Highgate Hall, Fox Hall (dated 1625{{National Heritage List for England\\\| num\\=1206878 \\\|desc\\=Fox Hall \\\|grade\\=II \\\|access\\-date\\=1 November 2017}}) and an adjoining barn are some of the earliest surviving buildings in the village. Fox Hall and Fox Hall Barn are near the bottom of Kinder Road and are visible from the car park of the Royal Hotel.", "Until recently there was some dispute as to which was the oldest pub in the village, with both the Bulls Head \\[sic] (believed to have been established circa 1386{{Cite web\\\|title \\= Bulls Head Inn Hayfield High Peak Derbyshire\\\|url \\= http://www.hayfield.info/bullshead.html \\\|access\\-date \\= 9 September 2015}}) and the George Hotel (believed to have been established circa 1575Sourced from George Hotel publicity material) vying for the title. However, in 2012 the Bulls Head closed and was converted into a private dwelling.", "### The Industrial Revolution to the present day", "Eventually woollen manufacturing became a main industry within the village, and the propensity toward three\\-storied terraced houses within the village reflects this—the top floor, with its better light conditions, was where the [loom](/wiki/Loom \"Loom\") was operated. In Descriptions of the Country from 30–40 miles Around Manchester (1795\\), John Aikten wrote: \"The inhabitants \\[of Hayfield] are principally clothiers, though the cotton branch of late has gained a small footing.\"", "As with most northern English villages, the Industrial Revolution brought rapid expansion, chiefly the creation of several cotton mills within Hayfield, along with numerous fabric printing and dyeing businesses, as well as paper manufacture. Hayfield became known for spinning, weaving and [calico](/wiki/Calico_%28textile%29 \"Calico (textile)\") printing.", "Other local industries included stone quarrying and millstone manufacturing. Some quarrying still takes place within the area, and the remains of old quarries can easily be seen within Hayfield and its surroundings. [Clog](/wiki/Clog_%28shoe%29 \"Clog (shoe)\") making, charcoal burning and domestic implement manufacture also took place in the village.\nDuring the 16th century, Cutler's Green (now a camp site, and formerly the site of Kinder Printworks Mill) was known for cutlery trade, before nearby [Sheffield](/wiki/Sheffield \"Sheffield\") became dominant in that area. Hayfield and surrounding areas were also home to several paper mills.", "In 1868 a [branch railway line](/wiki/Hayfield_branch \"Hayfield branch\") was built linking Hayfield to Manchester. Initially built to carry fuel to power the mills, the railway line also bought passengers to Hayfield. It was estimated that around 5,000 people each weekend would travel from Manchester in 1920–1930, to enjoy the countryside around Kinder Scout. After World War II, traffic slowed and eventually the line closed in January 1970\\.", "A short\\-lived continuation to the line was built in the early 20th century to convey materials and workmen during the construction of [Kinder Reservoir](/wiki/River_Kinder%23Kinder_Reservoir \"River Kinder#Kinder Reservoir\"). A famous photograph shows a construction contractor's locomotive crossing Church Street (the main street through the old village centre); the line skirted the cricket field and continued up the Sett Valley, and its course can still be traced in places.{{cite book \\\|title\\=The Kinder Reservoir and Railway \\\|first1\\=Derek \\\|last1\\=Brumhead \\\|first2\\=Jean \\\|last2\\=Rangeley \\\|first3\\=Ken \\\|last3\\=Rangeley \\\|publisher\\=New Mills Heritage Centre \\\|date\\=2008 \\\|location\\=New Mills, Derbyshire}}", "During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the village was home to evacuees from all over the country. However, on 3 July 1942, a stray bomb intended for Manchester was dropped on a row of terraced houses in Watery Hey. Six people died.", "[thumb\\\|Before the building of the relief road, this lorry narrowly missed the parish church during an accident in 1974\\.](/wiki/File:Lorry_crash_in_Hayfield%2C_Derbyshire_1.jpg \"Lorry crash in Hayfield, Derbyshire 1.jpg\")\nAs late as 1937, the book [The King's England](/wiki/The_King%27s_England \"The King's England\"): Derbyshire stated that Hayfield \"is busy making paper and printing calico\".{{cite book \\\|title\\=The King's England: Derbyshire, a New Domesday Book of 10,000 Towns and Villages \\\|date\\=1937 \\\|publisher\\=Hodder \\& Stoughton \\\|first\\=Arthur \\\|last\\=Mee}} But with [industrial decline](/wiki/Deindustrialization \"Deindustrialization\") in the mid\\-to\\-late 20th century, Hayfield returned to its original status of a quiet rural village. Whereas once the village had 17 public houses and dozens of small shops,{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.developmenttrust.org/2localP.pdf \\\|title\\=Hayfield: A Local Perspective \\\|date\\=10 October 2007 \\\|author\\=Hayfield Development \\\|publisher\\=High Peak Borough Council \\\|access\\-date\\=1 November 2017}} along with a [gas works](/wiki/Gas_works \"Gas works\"), it now has six pubs and only a handful of shops (there are eight pubs if the parish is taken as a whole). Only one mill is still standing, in the Little Hayfield area, and it has since been converted to luxury flats. Despite this decline, several new housing developments (both local council and private) were built in the village in the latter part of the 20th century, increasing the village's population substantially, and the village remains a popular area in which to live.", "From 1939 onwards various schemes were put forward to reduce the amount of traffic passing through the narrow main street of the village, prompted by various accidents over the years (notably a crash in 1969 that killed two villagers and prompted a demonstration). Construction of a relief road through the village began in October 1977 and the road opened in December 1978\\.{{cite book \\\|title\\=Hayfield in the 20th Century \\\|first\\=Joan \\\|last\\=Powell \\\|year\\=2012 \\\| publisher\\=New Mills Heritage Centre}}", "### Churches in the area", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|St. Matthew's Parish Church tower](/wiki/File:Hayfield_Church_0158.JPG \"Hayfield Church 0158.JPG\")\nThe parish [church of St Matthew](/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Church%2C_Hayfield \"St Matthew's Church, Hayfield\") has existed in its present location since 1386, having previously stood at Kirksteads, the name given to the area where the rivers Kinder and Sett meet near Bowden Bridge. However, the church was not completed until 1405\\.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.virtualparish.net/HC1909\\-03\\.html \\\|title\\=History of Hayfield Parish Church \\\|date\\=1909 \\\|publisher\\=Hayfield Heritage Archive Group}}", "The church as seen today is a result of it being largely rebuilt in 1817–18, although remnants of the earlier building are visible in the [crypt](/wiki/Crypt \"Crypt\"). The tower was built in 1793 and raised (and a clock added) in 1894\\. The interior is galleried on three sides and contains a notable monument of 1786 to Joseph Hague, moved there from Glossop church.{{cite book \\\|last1\\=Pevsner \\\|first1\\=Nikolaus \\\|orig\\-year\\=1953 \\\|first2\\=Elizabeth \\\|last2\\=Williamson \\\|year\\=1978 \\\|title\\=The Buildings of England: Derbyshire \\\|publisher\\=Yale University Press \\\|isbn\\=0140710086 \\\|pages\\=241–242}} The church is a Grade II [listed building](/wiki/Listed_building \"Listed building\").{{NHLE \\\|num\\=1088001 \\\|desc\\=Church of St Matthew \\\|grade\\=II \\\|access\\-date\\=5 January 2020 \\\|fewer\\-links\\=yes}}", "St John's Methodist Church dates from 1782\\. It claims to be the 13th Methodist church built,{{cite web \\\| url\\=http://www.stjohnshayfield.org.uk \\\| title\\=St John's church website \\\| access\\-date\\=18 July 2012}} and was visited by [John Wesley](/wiki/John_Wesley \"John Wesley\"), who may well have opened the church personally: Wesley's diaries show he took particular interest in Hayfield, declaring in his diary that he found \"uncommon liberty in preaching\" when holding a service before the church was built. Although the building has been added to since construction, the four walls of the main church are entirely original. St John's is also Grade II listed.{{NHLE \\\|num\\=1207353 \\\|desc\\=Methodist Chapel \\\|grade\\=II \\\|access\\-date\\=5 January 2020 \\\|fewer\\-links\\=yes}}", "Methodism was prominent in the area and led to the building of several other chapels. Hugh Bourne [Primitive Methodist](/wiki/Primitive_Methodism \"Primitive Methodism\") Chapel was built on Jumble Lane (now Kinder Road) in 1867 and deconsecrated in 1969, its congregation merging into St John's. The building now houses Hayfield Library. Bethel Methodist Church was founded in 1836 and a dedicated church built on Walk Mill in 1867\\. The church was founded largely to provide [Sunday school](/wiki/Sunday_school \"Sunday school\") facilities. It was deconsecrated in 1956\\. Little Hayfield Primitive Methodist Chapel was built in 1851 and deconsecrated in 1975\\.", "### The Mass Trespass", "{{Main\\\|Mass trespass of Kinder Scout}}\nA mile east of the village is the confluence of the rivers Sett and [Kinder](/wiki/River_Kinder \"River Kinder\") at Bowden Bridge (a [packhorse bridge](/wiki/Packhorse_bridge \"Packhorse bridge\")), from where [rights\\-of\\-way](/wiki/Rights_of_way_in_England_and_Wales \"Rights of way in England and Wales\") lead past Kinder Reservoir (built 1911\\) and on to the Kinder Scout plateau. The [Mass Trespass of Kinder Scout](/wiki/Mass_Trespass_of_Kinder_Scout \"Mass Trespass of Kinder Scout\") started from Bowden Bridge Quarry in April 1932\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://kindertrespass.com/index.asp?ID\\=137 \\\|title\\=Description of Trespass \\- 24 April 1932 \\\|publisher\\=Kinder Trespass \\\|date\\=24 April 1932 \\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2013}}", "### Modern Hayfield", "[right\\\|thumb\\\|150px\\\|A Well Dressing at the bottom of Kinder Road, Hayfield](/wiki/File:Welldressing_Hayfield.jpg \"Welldressing Hayfield.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|150px\\\|Church Street, Hayfield](/wiki/File:Hayfield_Church_Street_0072.JPG \"Hayfield Church Street 0072.JPG\")\nHayfield is no longer an industrial settlement and nowadays is considered a thriving Peak District village with a strong community spirit. In the 2001 census, the parish had 2,852 residents, across 1,205 households[Office for National Statistics](http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=793402&c=SK22+2LE&d=16&e=15&g=434872&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1208862316742&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779)[Office for National Statistics](http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=793402&c=SK22+2LE&d=16&e=15&g=434872&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1208862316742&enc=1&dsFamilyId=787) (2,164 of those residents living in the village itself[Office for National Statistics](http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=3&b=5947756&c=hayfield&d=14&e=16&g=434866&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1208862647867&enc=1)). Many residents work outside of Hayfield in nearby Stockport and Manchester, or in neighbouring towns and villages, although there are a handful of local businesses providing employment, including farms.", "Hayfield is considered a desirable place to live within the High Peak and this is reflected in higher property prices compared to neighbouring towns and villages. An increasing number of residents have moved from nearby Manchester and Stockport to experience a better quality of life, and it is possible to argue that Hayfield is undergoing [gentrification](/wiki/Gentrification \"Gentrification\").", "An annual [May Queen](/wiki/May_Queen \"May Queen\") procession is held in the village each year in May, as were [sheepdog trials](/wiki/Sheepdog_trial \"Sheepdog trial\") at nearby Little Hayfield, in September, until 2019\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Hayfield Country Show \\& Sheep Dog Trials \\\|url\\=https://hayfieldshow.co.uk/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-10 \\\|website\\=hayfieldshow.co.uk}} Well dressing has recently been introduced. An annual [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") festival was last held in 1989\\.", "In 2012 and 2014 Hayfield was a key filming location for the BBC One drama series [The Village](/wiki/The_Village_%282013_TV_series%29 \"The Village (2013 TV series)\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://artsbeatblog.com/2012/11/20/new\\-bbc\\-tv\\-series\\-being\\-filmed\\-in\\-dark\\-peak \\\|title\\=New BBC TV series being filmed in Dark Peak \\\|publisher\\=Artsbeatblog.com \\\|date\\=20 November 2012 \\\|access\\-date\\=1 April 2013}}{{cite journal \\\|last1\\=Smith \\\|first1\\=Roly \\\|date\\=April 2013 \\\|title\\=The Village \\\|journal\\=Derbyshire Life \\\|volume\\=78 \\\|issue\\=4 \\\|pages\\=118–121 }}", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early years Anna A. Maley was born January 6, 1872, in [Faxon](/wiki/Faxon_Township%2C_Sibley_County%2C_Minnesota "Faxon Township, Sibley County, Minnesota"), [Sibley County](/wiki/Sibley_County%2C_Minnesota "Sibley County, Minnesota"), [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota "Minnesota"), the daughter of [Irish](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland") immigrants.SteveNL, ["Ungovernor, 1912 — Anna Agnes Maley,"](http://www.olyblog.net/ungovernor-1912-anna-agnes-maley) OlyBlog, February 22, 2008\. www.olyblog.net/ After completing her secondary education, Maley worked first as a [stenographer](/wiki/Stenographer "Stenographer") before taking a position as a schoolteacher.Margaret Riddle, ["Anna Agnes Maley (1872\-1918\),"](http://www.historylink.org/_content/printer_friendly/pf_output.cfm?file_id=8308) HistoryLink: The Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, Seattle, September 28, 2007\. www.historylink.org/ She taught for six years in the [public schools](/wiki/State_school "State school") of Minnesota before entering the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota "University of Minnesota"), where she studied literature. During her time at the University of Minnesota, Maley was introduced to [socialist](/wiki/Socialism "Socialism") ideas and became a committed adherent. She joined the [Socialist Labor Party of America](/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America "Socialist Labor Party of America") and was the recording secretary of Section Minneapolis of that organization in 1899 when it cast its support with a dissident faction that attempted to depose powerful party leader [Daniel DeLeon](/wiki/Daniel_DeLeon "Daniel DeLeon") and his associates from the National Executive Committee."Minneapolis: Repudiates Boycotts and DeLeonism and Declares for the Convention," The Workers' Call \[Chicago], vol. 1, no. 40 (Dec. 9, 1899\), pg. 2\. Maley was elected the first Secretary of Local Minneapolis of the [Socialist Party of America](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America") at the time of its formation late in the summer of 1901\."A Remarkable Growth," Appeal to Reason \[Girard, KS], whole no. 311 (Nov. 16, 1901\), pg. 3\. ### Political career In 1903, Maley was made part of the staff of [Julius Wayland's](/wiki/Julius_Wayland "Julius Wayland") seminal Socialist weekly, the [Appeal to Reason](/wiki/Appeal_to_Reason_%28newspaper%29 "Appeal to Reason (newspaper)"), based in the small Southeastern [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas "Kansas") town of [Girard](/wiki/Girard%2C_Kansas "Girard, Kansas"). After a few years at the Appeal, Maley moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to continue her career in Socialist journalism, taking a position on the staff of The Worker, weekly forerunner of the daily [New York Call](/wiki/New_York_Call "New York Call"). Maley continued on at the Call at the time of its launch in 1908\. At the urging of the highly esteemed [Social Democratic Party of Germany](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany"), the [Second International](/wiki/Second_International "Second International") passed a resolution in August 1907 calling upon the Socialist parties of the world to launch their own women's sections to agitate for [the right to vote](/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage "Women's suffrage") and to better target socialist propaganda to a female audience.Mari Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\-1920\. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1981; pg. 147\. The governing National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America was quick to follow this international guidance, approving a national lecturer for the organization of independent women in January 1908 and moving the question of women's relationship to the socialist movement onto the agenda for the [May 1908 National Convention](/wiki/1908_National_Convention_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_America "1908 National Convention of the Socialist Party of America") of the party, held in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"). [thumb\\|right\\|280px\\|Cover of the December 1, 1911, Everett, Washington, socialist weekly edited by Maley, The Commonwealth. A front\-page editorial expounds on the plight of systematically underpaid working women.](/wiki/File:111201-commonwealth-cover.jpg "111201-commonwealth-cover.jpg") Further motivated by a May 12, 1908, gathering of the non\-party Socialist Women's League of Chicago — held simultaneously with the party conclave — the 1908 SPA National Convention formally approved the previous appointment of a national lecturer for women and recommended the establishment of a five\-member Woman's National Committee to coordinate the party's female\-oriented activities.Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\-1920, pp. 149\-150\. Although not one of the five original members of the National Woman's Committee,The first five to serve on the NWC were Ohio attorney Marguerite Prevey (chair), Massachusetts physician [Antoinette Konikow](/wiki/Antoinette_Konikow "Antoinette Konikow"), Oklahoma functionary Winnie Branstetter, Chicago journalist [May Wood Simons](/wiki/May_Wood_Simons "May Wood Simons"), and Meta Stern. See: Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\-1920, pg. 150\. Maley was named to the committee in 1909, when she succeeded [Akron](/wiki/Akron%2C_Ohio "Akron, Ohio") attorney [Marguerite Prevey](/wiki/Marguerite_Prevey "Marguerite Prevey") as chairwoman.Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\-1920, pg. 153\. Maley was regarded by her peers as a talented and effective public speaker and she spent extensive time in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") in 1911 speaking on behalf of the [mayoral campaign](/wiki/1911_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election "1911 Los Angeles mayoral election") of [Job Harriman](/wiki/Job_Harriman "Job Harriman") in that year.Agnes H. Downing, "Reminiscent of Anna A. Maley: A Tribute," The Call Magazine, (Sunday supplement to the New York Call), February 2, 1919; pg. 9\. In September 1911, Maley made her way to the [Pacific Northwestern region](/wiki/Pacific_Northwest "Pacific Northwest") of the United States to take over as editor of the Socialist newspaper The Commonwealth, based in the mill town of [Everett](/wiki/Everett%2C_Washington "Everett, Washington"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 "Washington (state)"). During the time she headed the financially struggling paper, Maley earned her primary income as a public lecturer, drawing very little income from the paper's coffers.F.G. Crosby, ["The Hard Road to Success — How We Achieved It: Story of Washington Socialist and the Old Commonwealth,"](http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/laborpress/wasocialist.htm#APPENDIX%20C) Washington Socialist, February 4, 1915\. Maley remained on the staff until the end of May 1912, when she left wage a campaign running for Governor of Washington.["The Commonwealth (Everett, Washington),"](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/essays/152/) Chronicling America, Library of Congress, March 7, 2010\. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ Maley's candidacy marked the first time that a woman had run for the highest office in Washington state. Although she won more than 12% of the vote in the 1912 Washington gubernatorial race, finishing fourth, Maley's vote totals ran slightly behind those generated by [Presidential](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") candidate [Eugene V. Debs](/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs "Eugene V. Debs"). Despite this, the number of ballots cast for Maley exceeded those cast for any other Socialist Party nominee for governor, before or since. Maley was a supporter of the moderate faction of the [Socialist Party of Washington](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Washington "Socialist Party of Washington") headed by Seattle dentist [Edwin J. Brown](/wiki/Edwin_J._Brown "Edwin J. Brown") and [Walter Thomas Mills](/wiki/Walter_Thomas_Mills "Walter Thomas Mills") and was essentially squeezed out of the state party during the bitter factional war of 1913\. She ended her tenure as editor of The Commonwealth in February of that year."History of This Paper's Struggle for Existence," The Cooperative News, whole no. 368 (Feb. 14, 1918\), pg. 1\. Leaving the West, Maley was active in a [free speech fight](/wiki/Freedom_of_speech "Freedom of speech") in the Eastern mining state of [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia "West Virginia") in the summer of 1913\. A return to New York City followed, with Maley taking a job as an instructor at the Socialist Party's [Rand School of Social Science](/wiki/Rand_School_of_Social_Science "Rand School of Social Science"). Maley wrote a short works during this period, a textbook for students of socialism at the Rand School called Elements of Socialism: Twelve Lessons. Maley was elected to the governing National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party in 1916, becoming just the third woman to serve in that capacity from the time of the party's formation in 1901 until the coming of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I").Sally M. Miller, "Women in the Party Bureaucracy: Subservient Functionaries," in Sally M. Miller (ed.), Flawed Liberation: Socialism and Feminism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981; pg. 17\. ### Later years, death, and legacy At the age of 41, Maley married Warren M. Ringsdorf, on December 22, 1914, in Chicago, Illinois.“Illinois, Cook County Marriages, 1871\-1968,” FamilySearch ([https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N7ZH\-DQK?cid\=fs\_copy](https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N7ZH-DQK?cid=fs_copy)) Entry for Warren M. Ringsdorf and Anna Agnes Maley, 22 Dec 1914\. A few months after they wed, Ringsdorf fell ill from [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis"). Maley nursed Ringsdorf through his protracted illness, which ultimately killed him. Returning to Socialist Party work after her husband's death, Maley hit the road as a touring lecturer on behalf of the organization. This continued until she contracted [malaria](/wiki/Malaria "Malaria") while in [Arkansas](/wiki/Arkansas "Arkansas"), a condition complicated by the onset of [Bright's disease](/wiki/Bright%27s_disease "Bright's disease"). Maley remained in ill health for the rest of her life, returning to Minnesota to be cared for by her family. Back home in Minneapolis, Maley returned to work again as an assistant to [Thomas Van Lear](/wiki/Thomas_Van_Lear "Thomas Van Lear"), the Socialist mayor of the city. She remained in this position for the last two years of her life, eventually succumbing to her chronic illness. Anna Maley died on November 28, 1918, in Minneapolis, at the age of 46\.["Miss A.A. Maley, Socialist, Is Dead: Was Secretary to Mayor Van Lear, Prominent in Socialist Circles,"](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn78000395/1918-11-30/ed-1/seq-1.pdf) The Labor World \[Duluth], vol. 26, no. 16 (Nov. 30, 1918\), pg. 1\. Her body was interred at St. Mary's Cemetery in Minneapolis.	[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early years", "Anna A. Maley was born January 6, 1872, in [Faxon](/wiki/Faxon_Township%2C_Sibley_County%2C_Minnesota \"Faxon Township, Sibley County, Minnesota\"), [Sibley County](/wiki/Sibley_County%2C_Minnesota \"Sibley County, Minnesota\"), [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota \"Minnesota\"), the daughter of [Irish](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\") immigrants.SteveNL, [\"Ungovernor, 1912 — Anna Agnes Maley,\"](http://www.olyblog.net/ungovernor-1912-anna-agnes-maley) OlyBlog, February 22, 2008\\. www.olyblog.net/ After completing her secondary education, Maley worked first as a [stenographer](/wiki/Stenographer \"Stenographer\") before taking a position as a schoolteacher.Margaret Riddle, [\"Anna Agnes Maley (1872\\-1918\\),\"](http://www.historylink.org/_content/printer_friendly/pf_output.cfm?file_id=8308) HistoryLink: The Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, Seattle, September 28, 2007\\. www.historylink.org/ She taught for six years in the [public schools](/wiki/State_school \"State school\") of Minnesota before entering the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota \"University of Minnesota\"), where she studied literature.", "During her time at the University of Minnesota, Maley was introduced to [socialist](/wiki/Socialism \"Socialism\") ideas and became a committed adherent. She joined the [Socialist Labor Party of America](/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America \"Socialist Labor Party of America\") and was the recording secretary of Section Minneapolis of that organization in 1899 when it cast its support with a dissident faction that attempted to depose powerful party leader [Daniel DeLeon](/wiki/Daniel_DeLeon \"Daniel DeLeon\") and his associates from the National Executive Committee.\"Minneapolis: Repudiates Boycotts and DeLeonism and Declares for the Convention,\" The Workers' Call \\[Chicago], vol. 1, no. 40 (Dec. 9, 1899\\), pg. 2\\.", "Maley was elected the first Secretary of Local Minneapolis of the [Socialist Party of America](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America \"Socialist Party of America\") at the time of its formation late in the summer of 1901\\.\"A Remarkable Growth,\" Appeal to Reason \\[Girard, KS], whole no. 311 (Nov. 16, 1901\\), pg. 3\\.", "### Political career", "In 1903, Maley was made part of the staff of [Julius Wayland's](/wiki/Julius_Wayland \"Julius Wayland\") seminal Socialist weekly, the [Appeal to Reason](/wiki/Appeal_to_Reason_%28newspaper%29 \"Appeal to Reason (newspaper)\"), based in the small Southeastern [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas \"Kansas\") town of [Girard](/wiki/Girard%2C_Kansas \"Girard, Kansas\"). After a few years at the Appeal, Maley moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") to continue her career in Socialist journalism, taking a position on the staff of The Worker, weekly forerunner of the daily [New York Call](/wiki/New_York_Call \"New York Call\"). Maley continued on at the Call at the time of its launch in 1908\\.", "At the urging of the highly esteemed [Social Democratic Party of Germany](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany \"Social Democratic Party of Germany\"), the [Second International](/wiki/Second_International \"Second International\") passed a resolution in August 1907 calling upon the Socialist parties of the world to launch their own women's sections to agitate for [the right to vote](/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage \"Women's suffrage\") and to better target socialist propaganda to a female audience.Mari Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\\-1920\\. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1981; pg. 147\\. The governing National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America was quick to follow this international guidance, approving a national lecturer for the organization of independent women in January 1908 and moving the question of women's relationship to the socialist movement onto the agenda for the [May 1908 National Convention](/wiki/1908_National_Convention_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_America \"1908 National Convention of the Socialist Party of America\") of the party, held in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\").", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|280px\\\|Cover of the December 1, 1911, Everett, Washington, socialist weekly edited by Maley, The Commonwealth. A front\\-page editorial expounds on the plight of systematically underpaid working women.](/wiki/File:111201-commonwealth-cover.jpg \"111201-commonwealth-cover.jpg\")", "Further motivated by a May 12, 1908, gathering of the non\\-party Socialist Women's League of Chicago — held simultaneously with the party conclave — the 1908 SPA National Convention formally approved the previous appointment of a national lecturer for women and recommended the establishment of a five\\-member Woman's National Committee to coordinate the party's female\\-oriented activities.Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\\-1920, pp. 149\\-150\\. Although not one of the five original members of the National Woman's Committee,The first five to serve on the NWC were Ohio attorney Marguerite Prevey (chair), Massachusetts physician [Antoinette Konikow](/wiki/Antoinette_Konikow \"Antoinette Konikow\"), Oklahoma functionary Winnie Branstetter, Chicago journalist [May Wood Simons](/wiki/May_Wood_Simons \"May Wood Simons\"), and Meta Stern. See: Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\\-1920, pg. 150\\. Maley was named to the committee in 1909, when she succeeded [Akron](/wiki/Akron%2C_Ohio \"Akron, Ohio\") attorney [Marguerite Prevey](/wiki/Marguerite_Prevey \"Marguerite Prevey\") as chairwoman.Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\\-1920, pg. 153\\.", "Maley was regarded by her peers as a talented and effective public speaker and she spent extensive time in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") in 1911 speaking on behalf of the [mayoral campaign](/wiki/1911_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election \"1911 Los Angeles mayoral election\") of [Job Harriman](/wiki/Job_Harriman \"Job Harriman\") in that year.Agnes H. Downing, \"Reminiscent of Anna A. Maley: A Tribute,\" The Call Magazine, (Sunday supplement to the New York Call), February 2, 1919; pg. 9\\.", "In September 1911, Maley made her way to the [Pacific Northwestern region](/wiki/Pacific_Northwest \"Pacific Northwest\") of the United States to take over as editor of the Socialist newspaper The Commonwealth, based in the mill town of [Everett](/wiki/Everett%2C_Washington \"Everett, Washington\"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 \"Washington (state)\"). During the time she headed the financially struggling paper, Maley earned her primary income as a public lecturer, drawing very little income from the paper's coffers.F.G. Crosby, [\"The Hard Road to Success — How We Achieved It: Story of Washington Socialist and the Old Commonwealth,\"](http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/laborpress/wasocialist.htm#APPENDIX%20C) Washington Socialist, February 4, 1915\\. Maley remained on the staff until the end of May 1912, when she left wage a campaign running for Governor of Washington.[\"The Commonwealth (Everett, Washington),\"](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/essays/152/) Chronicling America, Library of Congress, March 7, 2010\\. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/", "Maley's candidacy marked the first time that a woman had run for the highest office in Washington state. Although she won more than 12% of the vote in the 1912 Washington gubernatorial race, finishing fourth, Maley's vote totals ran slightly behind those generated by [Presidential](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") candidate [Eugene V. Debs](/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs \"Eugene V. Debs\"). Despite this, the number of ballots cast for Maley exceeded those cast for any other Socialist Party nominee for governor, before or since.", "Maley was a supporter of the moderate faction of the [Socialist Party of Washington](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Washington \"Socialist Party of Washington\") headed by Seattle dentist [Edwin J. Brown](/wiki/Edwin_J._Brown \"Edwin J. Brown\") and [Walter Thomas Mills](/wiki/Walter_Thomas_Mills \"Walter Thomas Mills\") and was essentially squeezed out of the state party during the bitter factional war of 1913\\. She ended her tenure as editor of The Commonwealth in February of that year.\"History of This Paper's Struggle for Existence,\" The Cooperative News, whole no. 368 (Feb. 14, 1918\\), pg. 1\\. Leaving the West, Maley was active in a [free speech fight](/wiki/Freedom_of_speech \"Freedom of speech\") in the Eastern mining state of [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia \"West Virginia\") in the summer of 1913\\.", "A return to New York City followed, with Maley taking a job as an instructor at the Socialist Party's [Rand School of Social Science](/wiki/Rand_School_of_Social_Science \"Rand School of Social Science\"). Maley wrote a short works during this period, a textbook for students of socialism at the Rand School called Elements of Socialism: Twelve Lessons.", "Maley was elected to the governing National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party in 1916, becoming just the third woman to serve in that capacity from the time of the party's formation in 1901 until the coming of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\").Sally M. Miller, \"Women in the Party Bureaucracy: Subservient Functionaries,\" in Sally M. Miller (ed.), Flawed Liberation: Socialism and Feminism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981; pg. 17\\.", "### Later years, death, and legacy", "At the age of 41, Maley married Warren M. Ringsdorf, on December 22, 1914, in Chicago, Illinois.“Illinois, Cook County Marriages, 1871\\-1968,” FamilySearch ([https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N7ZH\\-DQK?cid\\=fs\\_copy](https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N7ZH-DQK?cid=fs_copy)) Entry for Warren M. Ringsdorf and Anna Agnes Maley, 22 Dec 1914\\. A few months after they wed, Ringsdorf fell ill from [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\"). Maley nursed Ringsdorf through his protracted illness, which ultimately killed him.", "Returning to Socialist Party work after her husband's death, Maley hit the road as a touring lecturer on behalf of the organization. This continued until she contracted [malaria](/wiki/Malaria \"Malaria\") while in [Arkansas](/wiki/Arkansas \"Arkansas\"), a condition complicated by the onset of [Bright's disease](/wiki/Bright%27s_disease \"Bright's disease\"). Maley remained in ill health for the rest of her life, returning to Minnesota to be cared for by her family.", "Back home in Minneapolis, Maley returned to work again as an assistant to [Thomas Van Lear](/wiki/Thomas_Van_Lear \"Thomas Van Lear\"), the Socialist mayor of the city. She remained in this position for the last two years of her life, eventually succumbing to her chronic illness.", "Anna Maley died on November 28, 1918, in Minneapolis, at the age of 46\\.[\"Miss A.A. Maley, Socialist, Is Dead: Was Secretary to Mayor Van Lear, Prominent in Socialist Circles,\"](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn78000395/1918-11-30/ed-1/seq-1.pdf) The Labor World \\[Duluth], vol. 26, no. 16 (Nov. 30, 1918\\), pg. 1\\. Her body was interred at St. Mary's Cemetery in Minneapolis.", "" ]
### Political career In 1903, Maley was made part of the staff of [Julius Wayland's](/wiki/Julius_Wayland "Julius Wayland") seminal Socialist weekly, the [Appeal to Reason](/wiki/Appeal_to_Reason_%28newspaper%29 "Appeal to Reason (newspaper)"), based in the small Southeastern [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas "Kansas") town of [Girard](/wiki/Girard%2C_Kansas "Girard, Kansas"). After a few years at the Appeal, Maley moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to continue her career in Socialist journalism, taking a position on the staff of The Worker, weekly forerunner of the daily [New York Call](/wiki/New_York_Call "New York Call"). Maley continued on at the Call at the time of its launch in 1908\. At the urging of the highly esteemed [Social Democratic Party of Germany](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany"), the [Second International](/wiki/Second_International "Second International") passed a resolution in August 1907 calling upon the Socialist parties of the world to launch their own women's sections to agitate for [the right to vote](/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage "Women's suffrage") and to better target socialist propaganda to a female audience.Mari Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\-1920\. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1981; pg. 147\. The governing National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America was quick to follow this international guidance, approving a national lecturer for the organization of independent women in January 1908 and moving the question of women's relationship to the socialist movement onto the agenda for the [May 1908 National Convention](/wiki/1908_National_Convention_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_America "1908 National Convention of the Socialist Party of America") of the party, held in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"). [thumb\\|right\\|280px\\|Cover of the December 1, 1911, Everett, Washington, socialist weekly edited by Maley, The Commonwealth. A front\-page editorial expounds on the plight of systematically underpaid working women.](/wiki/File:111201-commonwealth-cover.jpg "111201-commonwealth-cover.jpg") Further motivated by a May 12, 1908, gathering of the non\-party Socialist Women's League of Chicago — held simultaneously with the party conclave — the 1908 SPA National Convention formally approved the previous appointment of a national lecturer for women and recommended the establishment of a five\-member Woman's National Committee to coordinate the party's female\-oriented activities.Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\-1920, pp. 149\-150\. Although not one of the five original members of the National Woman's Committee,The first five to serve on the NWC were Ohio attorney Marguerite Prevey (chair), Massachusetts physician [Antoinette Konikow](/wiki/Antoinette_Konikow "Antoinette Konikow"), Oklahoma functionary Winnie Branstetter, Chicago journalist [May Wood Simons](/wiki/May_Wood_Simons "May Wood Simons"), and Meta Stern. See: Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\-1920, pg. 150\. Maley was named to the committee in 1909, when she succeeded [Akron](/wiki/Akron%2C_Ohio "Akron, Ohio") attorney [Marguerite Prevey](/wiki/Marguerite_Prevey "Marguerite Prevey") as chairwoman.Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\-1920, pg. 153\. Maley was regarded by her peers as a talented and effective public speaker and she spent extensive time in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") in 1911 speaking on behalf of the [mayoral campaign](/wiki/1911_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election "1911 Los Angeles mayoral election") of [Job Harriman](/wiki/Job_Harriman "Job Harriman") in that year.Agnes H. Downing, "Reminiscent of Anna A. Maley: A Tribute," The Call Magazine, (Sunday supplement to the New York Call), February 2, 1919; pg. 9\. In September 1911, Maley made her way to the [Pacific Northwestern region](/wiki/Pacific_Northwest "Pacific Northwest") of the United States to take over as editor of the Socialist newspaper The Commonwealth, based in the mill town of [Everett](/wiki/Everett%2C_Washington "Everett, Washington"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 "Washington (state)"). During the time she headed the financially struggling paper, Maley earned her primary income as a public lecturer, drawing very little income from the paper's coffers.F.G. Crosby, ["The Hard Road to Success — How We Achieved It: Story of Washington Socialist and the Old Commonwealth,"](http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/laborpress/wasocialist.htm#APPENDIX%20C) Washington Socialist, February 4, 1915\. Maley remained on the staff until the end of May 1912, when she left wage a campaign running for Governor of Washington.["The Commonwealth (Everett, Washington),"](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/essays/152/) Chronicling America, Library of Congress, March 7, 2010\. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ Maley's candidacy marked the first time that a woman had run for the highest office in Washington state. Although she won more than 12% of the vote in the 1912 Washington gubernatorial race, finishing fourth, Maley's vote totals ran slightly behind those generated by [Presidential](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") candidate [Eugene V. Debs](/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs "Eugene V. Debs"). Despite this, the number of ballots cast for Maley exceeded those cast for any other Socialist Party nominee for governor, before or since. Maley was a supporter of the moderate faction of the [Socialist Party of Washington](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Washington "Socialist Party of Washington") headed by Seattle dentist [Edwin J. Brown](/wiki/Edwin_J._Brown "Edwin J. Brown") and [Walter Thomas Mills](/wiki/Walter_Thomas_Mills "Walter Thomas Mills") and was essentially squeezed out of the state party during the bitter factional war of 1913\. She ended her tenure as editor of The Commonwealth in February of that year."History of This Paper's Struggle for Existence," The Cooperative News, whole no. 368 (Feb. 14, 1918\), pg. 1\. Leaving the West, Maley was active in a [free speech fight](/wiki/Freedom_of_speech "Freedom of speech") in the Eastern mining state of [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia "West Virginia") in the summer of 1913\. A return to New York City followed, with Maley taking a job as an instructor at the Socialist Party's [Rand School of Social Science](/wiki/Rand_School_of_Social_Science "Rand School of Social Science"). Maley wrote a short works during this period, a textbook for students of socialism at the Rand School called Elements of Socialism: Twelve Lessons. Maley was elected to the governing National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party in 1916, becoming just the third woman to serve in that capacity from the time of the party's formation in 1901 until the coming of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I").Sally M. Miller, "Women in the Party Bureaucracy: Subservient Functionaries," in Sally M. Miller (ed.), Flawed Liberation: Socialism and Feminism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981; pg. 17\.	[ "### Political career", "In 1903, Maley was made part of the staff of [Julius Wayland's](/wiki/Julius_Wayland \"Julius Wayland\") seminal Socialist weekly, the [Appeal to Reason](/wiki/Appeal_to_Reason_%28newspaper%29 \"Appeal to Reason (newspaper)\"), based in the small Southeastern [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas \"Kansas\") town of [Girard](/wiki/Girard%2C_Kansas \"Girard, Kansas\"). After a few years at the Appeal, Maley moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") to continue her career in Socialist journalism, taking a position on the staff of The Worker, weekly forerunner of the daily [New York Call](/wiki/New_York_Call \"New York Call\"). Maley continued on at the Call at the time of its launch in 1908\\.", "At the urging of the highly esteemed [Social Democratic Party of Germany](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany \"Social Democratic Party of Germany\"), the [Second International](/wiki/Second_International \"Second International\") passed a resolution in August 1907 calling upon the Socialist parties of the world to launch their own women's sections to agitate for [the right to vote](/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage \"Women's suffrage\") and to better target socialist propaganda to a female audience.Mari Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\\-1920\\. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1981; pg. 147\\. The governing National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America was quick to follow this international guidance, approving a national lecturer for the organization of independent women in January 1908 and moving the question of women's relationship to the socialist movement onto the agenda for the [May 1908 National Convention](/wiki/1908_National_Convention_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_America \"1908 National Convention of the Socialist Party of America\") of the party, held in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\").", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|280px\\\|Cover of the December 1, 1911, Everett, Washington, socialist weekly edited by Maley, The Commonwealth. A front\\-page editorial expounds on the plight of systematically underpaid working women.](/wiki/File:111201-commonwealth-cover.jpg \"111201-commonwealth-cover.jpg\")", "Further motivated by a May 12, 1908, gathering of the non\\-party Socialist Women's League of Chicago — held simultaneously with the party conclave — the 1908 SPA National Convention formally approved the previous appointment of a national lecturer for women and recommended the establishment of a five\\-member Woman's National Committee to coordinate the party's female\\-oriented activities.Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\\-1920, pp. 149\\-150\\. Although not one of the five original members of the National Woman's Committee,The first five to serve on the NWC were Ohio attorney Marguerite Prevey (chair), Massachusetts physician [Antoinette Konikow](/wiki/Antoinette_Konikow \"Antoinette Konikow\"), Oklahoma functionary Winnie Branstetter, Chicago journalist [May Wood Simons](/wiki/May_Wood_Simons \"May Wood Simons\"), and Meta Stern. See: Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\\-1920, pg. 150\\. Maley was named to the committee in 1909, when she succeeded [Akron](/wiki/Akron%2C_Ohio \"Akron, Ohio\") attorney [Marguerite Prevey](/wiki/Marguerite_Prevey \"Marguerite Prevey\") as chairwoman.Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870\\-1920, pg. 153\\.", "Maley was regarded by her peers as a talented and effective public speaker and she spent extensive time in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") in 1911 speaking on behalf of the [mayoral campaign](/wiki/1911_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election \"1911 Los Angeles mayoral election\") of [Job Harriman](/wiki/Job_Harriman \"Job Harriman\") in that year.Agnes H. Downing, \"Reminiscent of Anna A. Maley: A Tribute,\" The Call Magazine, (Sunday supplement to the New York Call), February 2, 1919; pg. 9\\.", "In September 1911, Maley made her way to the [Pacific Northwestern region](/wiki/Pacific_Northwest \"Pacific Northwest\") of the United States to take over as editor of the Socialist newspaper The Commonwealth, based in the mill town of [Everett](/wiki/Everett%2C_Washington \"Everett, Washington\"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 \"Washington (state)\"). During the time she headed the financially struggling paper, Maley earned her primary income as a public lecturer, drawing very little income from the paper's coffers.F.G. Crosby, [\"The Hard Road to Success — How We Achieved It: Story of Washington Socialist and the Old Commonwealth,\"](http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/laborpress/wasocialist.htm#APPENDIX%20C) Washington Socialist, February 4, 1915\\. Maley remained on the staff until the end of May 1912, when she left wage a campaign running for Governor of Washington.[\"The Commonwealth (Everett, Washington),\"](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/essays/152/) Chronicling America, Library of Congress, March 7, 2010\\. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/", "Maley's candidacy marked the first time that a woman had run for the highest office in Washington state. Although she won more than 12% of the vote in the 1912 Washington gubernatorial race, finishing fourth, Maley's vote totals ran slightly behind those generated by [Presidential](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") candidate [Eugene V. Debs](/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs \"Eugene V. Debs\"). Despite this, the number of ballots cast for Maley exceeded those cast for any other Socialist Party nominee for governor, before or since.", "Maley was a supporter of the moderate faction of the [Socialist Party of Washington](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Washington \"Socialist Party of Washington\") headed by Seattle dentist [Edwin J. Brown](/wiki/Edwin_J._Brown \"Edwin J. Brown\") and [Walter Thomas Mills](/wiki/Walter_Thomas_Mills \"Walter Thomas Mills\") and was essentially squeezed out of the state party during the bitter factional war of 1913\\. She ended her tenure as editor of The Commonwealth in February of that year.\"History of This Paper's Struggle for Existence,\" The Cooperative News, whole no. 368 (Feb. 14, 1918\\), pg. 1\\. Leaving the West, Maley was active in a [free speech fight](/wiki/Freedom_of_speech \"Freedom of speech\") in the Eastern mining state of [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia \"West Virginia\") in the summer of 1913\\.", "A return to New York City followed, with Maley taking a job as an instructor at the Socialist Party's [Rand School of Social Science](/wiki/Rand_School_of_Social_Science \"Rand School of Social Science\"). Maley wrote a short works during this period, a textbook for students of socialism at the Rand School called Elements of Socialism: Twelve Lessons.", "Maley was elected to the governing National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party in 1916, becoming just the third woman to serve in that capacity from the time of the party's formation in 1901 until the coming of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\").Sally M. Miller, \"Women in the Party Bureaucracy: Subservient Functionaries,\" in Sally M. Miller (ed.), Flawed Liberation: Socialism and Feminism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981; pg. 17\\.", "" ]
World War I ----------- The declaration of war against Germany in August 1914 found the South Irish Horse at summer camp, as was its sister regiment the [North Irish Horse](/wiki/North_Irish_Horse "North Irish Horse"). The Expeditionary Force squadron of North Irish Horse (designated A Squadron), along with its counterpart in the South Irish Horse (designated B Squadron) was assigned to the [British Expeditionary Force](/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_%28World_War_I%29 "British Expeditionary Force (World War I)") as 'Army Troops/. Both squadrons sailed from Dublin on the SS Architect on 17 August 1914\.Edmonds, 1914 Vol I, Appendix 1\.Hughes. At a critical point during the [First Battle of Ypres](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres "First Battle of Ypres"), two [Troops](/wiki/Troop "Troop") of B Sqn were among the corps troops scraped together by Sir Douglas Haig ([I Corps](/wiki/I_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "I Corps (United Kingdom)")) on 22 October to fill a gap in the line at [Hollebeke](/wiki/Hollebeke "Hollebeke").Edmonds, 1914, Vol II, p. 175\. ### Divisional and Corps cavalry The other squadrons, including three additional squadrons that were raised as the war continued, were assigned to [New Army](/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army "Kitchener's Army") Divisions as divisional cavalry squadrons. A Reserve Regiment was formed at [Cahir](/wiki/Cahir "Cahir") in 1914 to supply reinforcements to the service squadrons. [thumb\\|South Irish Horse, a Dubliner resting on his way to [Arras](/wiki/Arras "Arras") Front, drawing by [William Orpen](/wiki/William_Orpen "William Orpen"), 1917](/wiki/File:South_Irish_Horse._a_Dubliner_resting_on_his_way_to_Arras_Front_Art.IWMART3027.jpg "South Irish Horse. a Dubliner resting on his way to Arras Front Art.IWMART3027.jpg") * A Squadron – joined [21st Division](/wiki/21st_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "21st Division (United Kingdom)") at [Aldershot](/wiki/Aldershot_Garrison "Aldershot Garrison") in 1915, landed at [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre "Le Havre") 12 September 1915;Becke, Pt 3a, pp. 103–9\. went to form part of [XV Corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "XV Corps (United Kingdom)") Cavalry Regiment 11 May 1916, to [IX Corps](/wiki/IX_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "IX Corps (United Kingdom)") Cavalry Regiment November 1916, and to [XVIII Corps](/wiki/XVIII_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "XVIII Corps (United Kingdom)") Cavalry Regiment on 16 January 1917\. * B Squadron – moved to France as GHQ Troops in August 1914, joined [2nd Division](/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)") on 4 May 1915;Becke, Pt 1, pp. 41–7\. went to form part of I Corps Cavalry Regiment 15 May 1916 and redesignated S Squadron. * C Squadron – joined [16th (Irish) Division](/wiki/16th_%28Irish%29_Division "16th (Irish) Division") at Aldershot in 1915 and went to France 16 December 1915;Becke, Pt 3a, pp. 61–9\. to I Corps Cavalry Regiment on 17 May 1916\. * E Squadron – landed at Le Havre and joined [39th Division](/wiki/39th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "39th Division (United Kingdom)")Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 91–100\. on 17 March 1916; to I Corps Cavalry Regiment 17 May 1916\. * S Squadron – joined [32nd Division](/wiki/32nd_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "32nd Division (United Kingdom)") on [Salisbury Plain](/wiki/Salisbury_Plain "Salisbury Plain") in 1915 and landed at Le Havre 25 November 1915;Becke Pt 3b, pp, 21–9\. went to form part of XV Corps Cavalry Regiment 14 May 1916 and redesignated B Squadron; to IX Corps Cavalry Regiment 21 November 1916, and to XVIII Corps Cavalry Regiment January 1917\. From 17 May 1916, C, E and S Sqns, constituting I Corps Cavalry Regiment, were known as the 1st South Irish Horse. On 18 May F Sqn arrived from Ireland, replacing B Sqn 1/1st [Hertfordshire Yeomanry](/wiki/Hertfordshire_Yeomanry "Hertfordshire Yeomanry") in XVIII Corps Cavalry Regiment, which thereafter consisted of A, B and F Sqns, known as the 2nd South Irish Horse. ### 7th (South Irish Horse) Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment The [Trench warfare](/wiki/Trench_warfare "Trench warfare") of the Western Front meant that there was little need for mounted troops. 1st and 2nd South Irish Horse were amalgamated in August 1917, dismounted, and sent for retraining as infantry. They were reorganised as 7th (South Irish Horse) Battalion, [Royal Irish Regiment](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_%281684%E2%80%931922%29 "Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922)"), between 1 September and 10 November 1917 at the infantry base depot at [Étaples](/wiki/%C3%89taples "Étaples") and joined [49th Brigade](/wiki/49th_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "49th Brigade (United Kingdom)") of 16th (Irish) Division.Frederick, p. 265\.James, p. 61\.[Royal Irish Regiment at Long, Long Trail.](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/royal-irish-regiment/) When the [German Spring Offensive](/wiki/German_Spring_Offensive "German Spring Offensive") was launched on 21 March 1918, 16th (Irish) Division was holding a slight [salient](/wiki/Salient_%28military%29 "Salient (military)"), with its Forward Zone stretched across a series of spurs. The Germans coming out of the morning mist were through the forward zone that some battalions were overrun before they realised that the attack had begun. The Official History records that, 'two companies of 7th Battalion Royal Irish Regiment, posted in forward zones, suffered terribly; not a man succeeded in escaping.'Blaxland, pp. 46–7\.Edmonds, 1918, Vol I, p. 180\.Murland, p. 92\.{{efn\\|Murland misidentifies the 7th (SIH) Royal Irish Regiment as the 7th \[\[Royal Irish Rifles]], which had left 16th (Irish) Division the previous November.James, p. 106\.}} The survivors of 16th (Irish) Division, fighting as a group of composite battalions, retreated to the [River Somme](/wiki/River_Somme "River Somme") before the 'Great Retreat' ended on 29 March and the division was relieved on 3 April.Blaxland, pp. 57, 64, 91, 93, 97\.Murland, pp. 160–2, 187–9\. After its casualties, the battalion was reduced to a training [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 "Cadre (military)") on 18 April, and on 17 June it transferred to [102nd Bde](/wiki/102nd_%28Tyneside_Scottish%29_Brigade "102nd (Tyneside Scottish) Brigade") of [34th Division](/wiki/34th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "34th Division (United Kingdom)"). 7th (SIH) Battalion was reconstituted on 26 June 1918 with 500 men drawn from the [Royal Dublin Fusiliers](/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Fusiliers "Royal Dublin Fusiliers"), 250 from the [Royal Munster Fusiliers](/wiki/Royal_Munster_Fusiliers "Royal Munster Fusiliers") and 85 from the Royal Irish Regiment.Becke, Pt 3b, p. 47\.{{efn\\|One source indicates that the South Irish Horse was also reconstituted at this time, but this may relate to the Reserve Regiment, which continued to serve in Ireland until it was disbanded in 1919\.}} The reconstituted 7th (SIH) Bn joined [21st Bde](/wiki/21st_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "21st Brigade (United Kingdom)") in [30th Division](/wiki/30th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "30th Division (United Kingdom)") on 4 July, serving with it until the end of the war, including the Capture of Wulverghem on 2 September, the [Fifth Battle of Ypres](/wiki/Fifth_Battle_of_Ypres "Fifth Battle of Ypres"), and the [Battle of Courtrai](/wiki/Battle_of_Courtrai_%281918%29 "Battle of Courtrai (1918)").Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 1–9\.	[ "World War I\n-----------", "The declaration of war against Germany in August 1914 found the South Irish Horse at summer camp, as was its sister regiment the [North Irish Horse](/wiki/North_Irish_Horse \"North Irish Horse\"). The Expeditionary Force squadron of North Irish Horse (designated A Squadron), along with its counterpart in the South Irish Horse (designated B Squadron) was assigned to the [British Expeditionary Force](/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_%28World_War_I%29 \"British Expeditionary Force (World War I)\") as 'Army Troops/. Both squadrons sailed from Dublin on the SS Architect on 17 August 1914\\.Edmonds, 1914 Vol I, Appendix 1\\.Hughes.", "At a critical point during the [First Battle of Ypres](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres \"First Battle of Ypres\"), two [Troops](/wiki/Troop \"Troop\") of B Sqn were among the corps troops scraped together by Sir Douglas Haig ([I Corps](/wiki/I_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"I Corps (United Kingdom)\")) on 22 October to fill a gap in the line at [Hollebeke](/wiki/Hollebeke \"Hollebeke\").Edmonds, 1914, Vol II, p. 175\\.", "### Divisional and Corps cavalry", "The other squadrons, including three additional squadrons that were raised as the war continued, were assigned to [New Army](/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army \"Kitchener's Army\") Divisions as divisional cavalry squadrons. A Reserve Regiment was formed at [Cahir](/wiki/Cahir \"Cahir\") in 1914 to supply reinforcements to the service squadrons.\n[thumb\\\|South Irish Horse, a Dubliner resting on his way to [Arras](/wiki/Arras \"Arras\") Front, drawing by [William Orpen](/wiki/William_Orpen \"William Orpen\"), 1917](/wiki/File:South_Irish_Horse._a_Dubliner_resting_on_his_way_to_Arras_Front_Art.IWMART3027.jpg \"South Irish Horse. a Dubliner resting on his way to Arras Front Art.IWMART3027.jpg\")\n* A Squadron – joined [21st Division](/wiki/21st_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"21st Division (United Kingdom)\") at [Aldershot](/wiki/Aldershot_Garrison \"Aldershot Garrison\") in 1915, landed at [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre \"Le Havre\") 12 September 1915;Becke, Pt 3a, pp. 103–9\\. went to form part of [XV Corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"XV Corps (United Kingdom)\") Cavalry Regiment 11 May 1916, to [IX Corps](/wiki/IX_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"IX Corps (United Kingdom)\") Cavalry Regiment November 1916, and to [XVIII Corps](/wiki/XVIII_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"XVIII Corps (United Kingdom)\") Cavalry Regiment on 16 January 1917\\.\n* B Squadron – moved to France as GHQ Troops in August 1914, joined [2nd Division](/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\") on 4 May 1915;Becke, Pt 1, pp. 41–7\\. went to form part of I Corps Cavalry Regiment 15 May 1916 and redesignated S Squadron.\n* C Squadron – joined [16th (Irish) Division](/wiki/16th_%28Irish%29_Division \"16th (Irish) Division\") at Aldershot in 1915 and went to France 16 December 1915;Becke, Pt 3a, pp. 61–9\\. to I Corps Cavalry Regiment on 17 May 1916\\.\n* E Squadron – landed at Le Havre and joined [39th Division](/wiki/39th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"39th Division (United Kingdom)\")Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 91–100\\. on 17 March 1916; to I Corps Cavalry Regiment 17 May 1916\\.\n* S Squadron – joined [32nd Division](/wiki/32nd_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"32nd Division (United Kingdom)\") on [Salisbury Plain](/wiki/Salisbury_Plain \"Salisbury Plain\") in 1915 and landed at Le Havre 25 November 1915;Becke Pt 3b, pp, 21–9\\. went to form part of XV Corps Cavalry Regiment 14 May 1916 and redesignated B Squadron; to IX Corps Cavalry Regiment 21 November 1916, and to XVIII Corps Cavalry Regiment January 1917\\.", "From 17 May 1916, C, E and S Sqns, constituting I Corps Cavalry Regiment, were known as the 1st South Irish Horse. On 18 May F Sqn arrived from Ireland, replacing B Sqn 1/1st [Hertfordshire Yeomanry](/wiki/Hertfordshire_Yeomanry \"Hertfordshire Yeomanry\") in XVIII Corps Cavalry Regiment, which thereafter consisted of A, B and F Sqns, known as the 2nd South Irish Horse.", "### 7th (South Irish Horse) Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment", "The [Trench warfare](/wiki/Trench_warfare \"Trench warfare\") of the Western Front meant that there was little need for mounted troops. 1st and 2nd South Irish Horse were amalgamated in August 1917, dismounted, and sent for retraining as infantry. They were reorganised as 7th (South Irish Horse) Battalion, [Royal Irish Regiment](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_%281684%E2%80%931922%29 \"Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922)\"), between 1 September and 10 November 1917 at the infantry base depot at [Étaples](/wiki/%C3%89taples \"Étaples\") and joined [49th Brigade](/wiki/49th_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"49th Brigade (United Kingdom)\") of 16th (Irish) Division.Frederick, p. 265\\.James, p. 61\\.[Royal Irish Regiment at Long, Long Trail.](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/royal-irish-regiment/)", "When the [German Spring Offensive](/wiki/German_Spring_Offensive \"German Spring Offensive\") was launched on 21 March 1918, 16th (Irish) Division was holding a slight [salient](/wiki/Salient_%28military%29 \"Salient (military)\"), with its Forward Zone stretched across a series of spurs. The Germans coming out of the morning mist were through the forward zone that some battalions were overrun before they realised that the attack had begun. The Official History records that, 'two companies of 7th Battalion Royal Irish Regiment, posted in forward zones, suffered terribly; not a man succeeded in escaping.'Blaxland, pp. 46–7\\.Edmonds, 1918, Vol I, p. 180\\.Murland, p. 92\\.{{efn\\\|Murland misidentifies the 7th (SIH) Royal Irish Regiment as the 7th \\[\\[Royal Irish Rifles]], which had left 16th (Irish) Division the previous November.James, p. 106\\.}} The survivors of 16th (Irish) Division, fighting as a group of composite battalions, retreated to the [River Somme](/wiki/River_Somme \"River Somme\") before the 'Great Retreat' ended on 29 March and the division was relieved on 3 April.Blaxland, pp. 57, 64, 91, 93, 97\\.Murland, pp. 160–2, 187–9\\.", "After its casualties, the battalion was reduced to a training [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 \"Cadre (military)\") on 18 April, and on 17 June it transferred to [102nd Bde](/wiki/102nd_%28Tyneside_Scottish%29_Brigade \"102nd (Tyneside Scottish) Brigade\") of [34th Division](/wiki/34th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"34th Division (United Kingdom)\"). 7th (SIH) Battalion was reconstituted on 26 June 1918 with 500 men drawn from the [Royal Dublin Fusiliers](/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Fusiliers \"Royal Dublin Fusiliers\"), 250 from the [Royal Munster Fusiliers](/wiki/Royal_Munster_Fusiliers \"Royal Munster Fusiliers\") and 85 from the Royal Irish Regiment.Becke, Pt 3b, p. 47\\.{{efn\\\|One source indicates that the South Irish Horse was also reconstituted at this time, but this may relate to the Reserve Regiment, which continued to serve in Ireland until it was disbanded in 1919\\.}}", "The reconstituted 7th (SIH) Bn joined [21st Bde](/wiki/21st_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"21st Brigade (United Kingdom)\") in [30th Division](/wiki/30th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"30th Division (United Kingdom)\") on 4 July, serving with it until the end of the war, including the Capture of Wulverghem on 2 September, the [Fifth Battle of Ypres](/wiki/Fifth_Battle_of_Ypres \"Fifth Battle of Ypres\"), and the [Battle of Courtrai](/wiki/Battle_of_Courtrai_%281918%29 \"Battle of Courtrai (1918)\").Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 1–9\\.", "" ]
History ------- [Perth](/wiki/Perth "Perth"), [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"), [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide "Adelaide"), [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"), and [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), Australia have all held the event. The competition switched locations every year before it settled in [1972](/wiki/1972_Australian_Open "1972 Australian Open") at the [Kooyong Stadium](/wiki/Kooyong_Stadium "Kooyong Stadium"), moving to Flinders Park, now Melbourne Park, in 1988\. Several calendar changes took place for the Australian Open, from January to December in 1972 to bypass the January\-to\-June [International Lawn Tennis Federation](/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation "International Tennis Federation") (ITLF) ban of [World Championship Tennis](/wiki/World_Championship_Tennis "World Championship Tennis") (WCT) players; from late to early December in 1977 to avoid the [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas "Christmas") holidays, which resulted in having two Opens in the season;{{cite web\\|work\=atpworldtour.com\\|publisher\=\[\[Association of Tennis Professionals\\|ATP Tour, Inc.]]\\|title\=1977 Grand Slam calendar\\|url\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Scores/Archive\-Event\-Calendar.aspx?t\=1\&y\=1977\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710044437/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Scores/Archive\-Event\-Calendar.aspx?t\=1\&y\=1977\\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-10}} and back to January, when the planned December 1986 edition was moved to [early 1987](/wiki/1987_Australian_Open "1987 Australian Open"), leaving no Open for the 1986 season.{{cite web\\|work\=atpworldtour.com\\|publisher\=\[\[Association of Tennis Professionals\\|ATP Tour, Inc.]]\\|title\=1986 Grand Slam calendar\\|url\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Scores/Archive\-Event\-Calendar.aspx?t\=1\&y\=1986\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710043951/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Scores/Archive\-Event\-Calendar.aspx?t\=1\&y\=1986\\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-10}}{{cite web\\|work\=australianopen.com\\|publisher\=\[\[IBM]], \[\[Tennis Australia]]\\|title\=Australian Open – History – Year\-by\-year\\|url\=http://www.australianopen.com/en\_AU/event\_guide/history/year\_by\_year.html\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803033655/http://www.australianopen.com/en\_AU/event\_guide/history/year\_by\_year.html\\|archive\-date\=2009\-08\-03}} An all British and an all American final were contested in 1935 and 1979 respectively, but otherwise every other final contested until 1980 featured an Australian player. The women's singles' rules have undergone several changes, since the first edition. This event has been contested in a [knockout](/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament "Single-elimination tournament") format, and all matches played at the [best\-of\-three sets](/wiki/Tennis_score%23Scoring_a_set "Tennis score#Scoring a set"). Since 1922, all sets have been decided in the [advantage format](/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis%23Advantage_format "Glossary of tennis#Advantage format"), with six games and two games difference. The [lingering death](/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis%23Lingering_death "Glossary of tennis#Lingering death") best\-of\-twelve points [tie\-break](/wiki/Tennis_score%23Scoring_a_tiebreak_game "Tennis score#Scoring a tiebreak game") was introduced in [1971](/wiki/1971_Australian_Open "1971 Australian Open"), and used for the first two sets since then, except from [1980](/wiki/1980_Australian_Open "1980 Australian Open") to [1982](/wiki/1982_Australian_Open "1982 Australian Open"), when the tie\-break was also played in final sets.{{cite web\\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\\|title\=Roddick survives 83\-game epic\\| url \=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/jan/22/tennis1\\| date\=2003\-01\-22\\|access\-date \=2009\-07\-01}} The court surface changed once, from [grass](/wiki/Grass_court "Grass court") (1922–1987\) to [hard courts](/wiki/Hardcourt "Hardcourt"), since the move to Flinders Park in 1988\.{{cite web\\|first\=Leo\\|last\=Schlink\\|work\=\[\[Herald Sun]]\\|title\=Plexicushion replaces Rebound Ace at Australian Open\\| url \=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/all\-change\-for\-new\-blue\-era/story\-e6frf7kx\-1111115310708\\| date\=2008\-01\-14\\|access\-date \=2009\-07\-01}}{{cite web\\|first\=Chris\\|last\=Bevan\\|publisher\=BBC Sport\\|title\=On\-court blues for Aussie tennis?\\| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/tennis/7178646\.stm\\| date\=2008\-01\-11\\|access\-date \=2009\-07\-01}} No tennis player has won this event on both grass and Rebound Ace; [Serena Williams](/wiki/Serena_Williams "Serena Williams") is the only player to win the tournament on two different surfaces, winning her first three titles on Rebound Ace and her last four on Plexicushion.{{Cite web\\|work\=mopt.com.au\\|publisher\=\[\[Melbourne \& Olympic Parks]]\\|title\=Rod Laver Arena\\|url\=http://www.mopt.com.au/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid\-18/229\_read\-35\\|access\-date\=2009\-08\-02\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913085035/http://www.mopt.com.au/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid\-18//229\_read\-35/\\|archive\-date\=2009\-09\-13}} The champion receives a miniature replica of the [Daphne Akhurst](/wiki/Daphne_Akhurst "Daphne Akhurst") Memorial Cup, named after the five\-time champion, which was first awarded to the champion in 1934\.{{cite web\\|first\=Cathy\\|last\=Jones\\|publisher\=Strathfield Scene\\|title\=Daphne Akhurst Australian Tennis Champion\\|url\=http://www.scenenewspapers.com.au/supp/issues/March2006/page12\.pdf\\|date\=March 2006\\|access\-date\=2010\-01\-31\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105191608/http://www.scenenewspapers.com.au/supp/issues/March2006/page12\.pdf\\|archive\-date\=2009\-01\-05\\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2010, the winner received [prize money](/wiki/Prize_money "Prize money") of [A$](/wiki/Australian_dollar "Australian dollar")2,100,000\.{{cite web\\|work\=australianopen.com\\|publisher\=\[\[IBM]], \[\[Tennis Australia]]\\|title\=Australian Open – Prize Money\\|url\=http://www.australianopen.com/en\_AU/event\_guide/prize\_money.html\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229002430/http://www.australianopen.com/en\_AU/event\_guide/prize\_money.html\\|archive\-date\=2010\-12\-29}} In the Australasian Championship, [Margaret Molesworth](/wiki/Margaret_Molesworth "Margaret Molesworth") (1922–1923\) and [Daphne Akhurst](/wiki/Daphne_Akhurst "Daphne Akhurst") (1925–1926\) co\-hold the records for most wins and most consecutive wins. In the Australian Championships, [Margaret Court](/wiki/Margaret_Court "Margaret Court") (1960–1966\) holds the records for most titles with seven wins, and most consecutive titles with seven from (1960–1966\). In the Australian Open, Serena Williams (2003, 2005, 2007, 2009–2010, 2015, 2017\) has the most victories, with seven. The record for most consecutive titles is three held by the following players: [Margaret Court](/wiki/Margaret_Court "Margaret Court") (1969–1971\), [Evonne Goolagong](/wiki/Evonne_Goolagong_Cawley "Evonne Goolagong Cawley") (1974–1976\), [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf "Steffi Graf") (1988–1990\), [Monica Seles](/wiki/Monica_Seles "Monica Seles") (1991–1993\), [Martina Hingis](/wiki/Martina_Hingis "Martina Hingis") (1997–1999\). Overall in the Championship's history, [Margaret Court](/wiki/Margaret_Court "Margaret Court") (1960–1973\) holds the records for most titles with eleven wins, and most consecutive titles with seven from (1960–1966\). This event has been won in straight sets during the Open Era of tennis by the following players: [Margaret Court](/wiki/Margaret_Court "Margaret Court") in 1969, 1970 and 1973, [Virginia Wade](/wiki/Virginia_Wade "Virginia Wade") in 1972, [Kerry Melville Reid](/wiki/Kerry_Melville_Reid "Kerry Melville Reid") in 1977 January, [Evonne Goolagong](/wiki/Evonne_Goolagong "Evonne Goolagong") in 1975, 1976 and 1977 December, [Chris O'Neil](/wiki/Chris_O%27Neil_%28tennis%29 "Chris O'Neil (tennis)") in 1978, [Barbara Jordan](/wiki/Barbara_Jordan_%28tennis%29 "Barbara Jordan (tennis)") in 1979, [Hana Mandlíková](/wiki/Hana_Mandl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1 "Hana Mandlíková") in 1980 and 1987, [Martina Navratilova](/wiki/Martina_Navratilova "Martina Navratilova") in 1983, [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf "Steffi Graf") in 1988, 1989 and 1994, [Monica Seles](/wiki/Monica_Seles "Monica Seles") in 1992 and 1996, [Mary Pierce](/wiki/Mary_Pierce "Mary Pierce") in 1995, [Martina Hingis](/wiki/Martina_Hingis "Martina Hingis") in 1997, 1998 and 1999, [Lindsay Davenport](/wiki/Lindsay_Davenport "Lindsay Davenport") in 2000, [Jennifer Capriati](/wiki/Jennifer_Capriati "Jennifer Capriati") in 2001, [Amélie Mauresmo](/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Mauresmo "Amélie Mauresmo") in 2006, [Maria Sharapova](/wiki/Maria_Sharapova "Maria Sharapova") in 2008, [Victoria Azarenka](/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka "Victoria Azarenka") in 2012, [Li Na](/wiki/Li_Na "Li Na") in 2014 and [Serena Williams](/wiki/Serena_Williams "Serena Williams") in 2007, 2009, 2015 and 2017\.	[ "History\n-------", "[Perth](/wiki/Perth \"Perth\"), [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\"), [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide \"Adelaide\"), [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"), and [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), Australia have all held the event. The competition switched locations every year before it settled in [1972](/wiki/1972_Australian_Open \"1972 Australian Open\") at the [Kooyong Stadium](/wiki/Kooyong_Stadium \"Kooyong Stadium\"), moving to Flinders Park, now Melbourne Park, in 1988\\. Several calendar changes took place for the Australian Open, from January to December in 1972 to bypass the January\\-to\\-June [International Lawn Tennis Federation](/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation \"International Tennis Federation\") (ITLF) ban of [World Championship Tennis](/wiki/World_Championship_Tennis \"World Championship Tennis\") (WCT) players; from late to early December in 1977 to avoid the [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas \"Christmas\") holidays, which resulted in having two Opens in the season;{{cite web\\\|work\\=atpworldtour.com\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Association of Tennis Professionals\\\|ATP Tour, Inc.]]\\\|title\\=1977 Grand Slam calendar\\\|url\\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Scores/Archive\\-Event\\-Calendar.aspx?t\\=1\\&y\\=1977\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710044437/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Scores/Archive\\-Event\\-Calendar.aspx?t\\=1\\&y\\=1977\\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-10}} and back to January, when the planned December 1986 edition was moved to [early 1987](/wiki/1987_Australian_Open \"1987 Australian Open\"), leaving no Open for the 1986 season.{{cite web\\\|work\\=atpworldtour.com\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Association of Tennis Professionals\\\|ATP Tour, Inc.]]\\\|title\\=1986 Grand Slam calendar\\\|url\\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Scores/Archive\\-Event\\-Calendar.aspx?t\\=1\\&y\\=1986\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710043951/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Scores/Archive\\-Event\\-Calendar.aspx?t\\=1\\&y\\=1986\\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-10}}{{cite web\\\|work\\=australianopen.com\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[IBM]], \\[\\[Tennis Australia]]\\\|title\\=Australian Open – History – Year\\-by\\-year\\\|url\\=http://www.australianopen.com/en\\_AU/event\\_guide/history/year\\_by\\_year.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803033655/http://www.australianopen.com/en\\_AU/event\\_guide/history/year\\_by\\_year.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-03}}", "An all British and an all American final were contested in 1935 and 1979 respectively, but otherwise every other final contested until 1980 featured an Australian player.", "The women's singles' rules have undergone several changes, since the first edition. This event has been contested in a [knockout](/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament \"Single-elimination tournament\") format, and all matches played at the [best\\-of\\-three sets](/wiki/Tennis_score%23Scoring_a_set \"Tennis score#Scoring a set\"). Since 1922, all sets have been decided in the [advantage format](/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis%23Advantage_format \"Glossary of tennis#Advantage format\"), with six games and two games difference. The [lingering death](/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis%23Lingering_death \"Glossary of tennis#Lingering death\") best\\-of\\-twelve points [tie\\-break](/wiki/Tennis_score%23Scoring_a_tiebreak_game \"Tennis score#Scoring a tiebreak game\") was introduced in [1971](/wiki/1971_Australian_Open \"1971 Australian Open\"), and used for the first two sets since then, except from [1980](/wiki/1980_Australian_Open \"1980 Australian Open\") to [1982](/wiki/1982_Australian_Open \"1982 Australian Open\"), when the tie\\-break was also played in final sets.{{cite web\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\\|title\\=Roddick survives 83\\-game epic\\\| url \\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/jan/22/tennis1\\\| date\\=2003\\-01\\-22\\\|access\\-date \\=2009\\-07\\-01}}", "The court surface changed once, from [grass](/wiki/Grass_court \"Grass court\") (1922–1987\\) to [hard courts](/wiki/Hardcourt \"Hardcourt\"), since the move to Flinders Park in 1988\\.{{cite web\\\|first\\=Leo\\\|last\\=Schlink\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Herald Sun]]\\\|title\\=Plexicushion replaces Rebound Ace at Australian Open\\\| url \\=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/all\\-change\\-for\\-new\\-blue\\-era/story\\-e6frf7kx\\-1111115310708\\\| date\\=2008\\-01\\-14\\\|access\\-date \\=2009\\-07\\-01}}{{cite web\\\|first\\=Chris\\\|last\\=Bevan\\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\\|title\\=On\\-court blues for Aussie tennis?\\\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/tennis/7178646\\.stm\\\| date\\=2008\\-01\\-11\\\|access\\-date \\=2009\\-07\\-01}} No tennis player has won this event on both grass and Rebound Ace; [Serena Williams](/wiki/Serena_Williams \"Serena Williams\") is the only player to win the tournament on two different surfaces, winning her first three titles on Rebound Ace and her last four on Plexicushion.{{Cite web\\\|work\\=mopt.com.au\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Melbourne \\& Olympic Parks]]\\\|title\\=Rod Laver Arena\\\|url\\=http://www.mopt.com.au/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid\\-18/229\\_read\\-35\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-02\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913085035/http://www.mopt.com.au/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid\\-18//229\\_read\\-35/\\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-13}}", "The champion receives a miniature replica of the [Daphne Akhurst](/wiki/Daphne_Akhurst \"Daphne Akhurst\") Memorial Cup, named after the five\\-time champion, which was first awarded to the champion in 1934\\.{{cite web\\\|first\\=Cathy\\\|last\\=Jones\\\|publisher\\=Strathfield Scene\\\|title\\=Daphne Akhurst Australian Tennis Champion\\\|url\\=http://www.scenenewspapers.com.au/supp/issues/March2006/page12\\.pdf\\\|date\\=March 2006\\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-01\\-31\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105191608/http://www.scenenewspapers.com.au/supp/issues/March2006/page12\\.pdf\\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-05\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 2010, the winner received [prize money](/wiki/Prize_money \"Prize money\") of [A$](/wiki/Australian_dollar \"Australian dollar\")2,100,000\\.{{cite web\\\|work\\=australianopen.com\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[IBM]], \\[\\[Tennis Australia]]\\\|title\\=Australian Open – Prize Money\\\|url\\=http://www.australianopen.com/en\\_AU/event\\_guide/prize\\_money.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229002430/http://www.australianopen.com/en\\_AU/event\\_guide/prize\\_money.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-12\\-29}}", "In the Australasian Championship, [Margaret Molesworth](/wiki/Margaret_Molesworth \"Margaret Molesworth\") (1922–1923\\) and [Daphne Akhurst](/wiki/Daphne_Akhurst \"Daphne Akhurst\") (1925–1926\\) co\\-hold the records for most wins and most consecutive wins.", "In the Australian Championships, [Margaret Court](/wiki/Margaret_Court \"Margaret Court\") (1960–1966\\) holds the records for most titles with seven wins, and most consecutive titles with seven from (1960–1966\\).", "In the Australian Open, Serena Williams (2003, 2005, 2007, 2009–2010, 2015, 2017\\) has the most victories, with seven. The record for most consecutive titles is three held by the following players: [Margaret Court](/wiki/Margaret_Court \"Margaret Court\") (1969–1971\\), [Evonne Goolagong](/wiki/Evonne_Goolagong_Cawley \"Evonne Goolagong Cawley\") (1974–1976\\), [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf \"Steffi Graf\") (1988–1990\\), [Monica Seles](/wiki/Monica_Seles \"Monica Seles\") (1991–1993\\), [Martina Hingis](/wiki/Martina_Hingis \"Martina Hingis\") (1997–1999\\).", "Overall in the Championship's history, [Margaret Court](/wiki/Margaret_Court \"Margaret Court\") (1960–1973\\) holds the records for most titles with eleven wins, and most consecutive titles with seven from (1960–1966\\).", "This event has been won in straight sets during the Open Era of tennis by the following players: [Margaret Court](/wiki/Margaret_Court \"Margaret Court\") in 1969, 1970 and 1973, [Virginia Wade](/wiki/Virginia_Wade \"Virginia Wade\") in 1972, [Kerry Melville Reid](/wiki/Kerry_Melville_Reid \"Kerry Melville Reid\") in 1977 January, [Evonne Goolagong](/wiki/Evonne_Goolagong \"Evonne Goolagong\") in 1975, 1976 and 1977 December, [Chris O'Neil](/wiki/Chris_O%27Neil_%28tennis%29 \"Chris O'Neil (tennis)\") in 1978, [Barbara Jordan](/wiki/Barbara_Jordan_%28tennis%29 \"Barbara Jordan (tennis)\") in 1979, [Hana Mandlíková](/wiki/Hana_Mandl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1 \"Hana Mandlíková\") in 1980 and 1987, [Martina Navratilova](/wiki/Martina_Navratilova \"Martina Navratilova\") in 1983, [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf \"Steffi Graf\") in 1988, 1989 and 1994, [Monica Seles](/wiki/Monica_Seles \"Monica Seles\") in 1992 and 1996, [Mary Pierce](/wiki/Mary_Pierce \"Mary Pierce\") in 1995, [Martina Hingis](/wiki/Martina_Hingis \"Martina Hingis\") in 1997, 1998 and 1999, [Lindsay Davenport](/wiki/Lindsay_Davenport \"Lindsay Davenport\") in 2000, [Jennifer Capriati](/wiki/Jennifer_Capriati \"Jennifer Capriati\") in 2001, [Amélie Mauresmo](/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Mauresmo \"Amélie Mauresmo\") in 2006, [Maria Sharapova](/wiki/Maria_Sharapova \"Maria Sharapova\") in 2008, [Victoria Azarenka](/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka \"Victoria Azarenka\") in 2012, [Li Na](/wiki/Li_Na \"Li Na\") in 2014 and [Serena Williams](/wiki/Serena_Williams \"Serena Williams\") in 2007, 2009, 2015 and 2017\\.", "" ]
Career ------ {{More citations needed section\\|date\=January 2021}} [thumb\\|An illustration from [Charlotte's Web](/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web "Charlotte's Web") showing Williams' energetic line, his penchant for detail, emotion and action, as well as his use of texture and shading.](/wiki/File:Garth_williams.jpg "Garth williams.jpg") In the United States, Williams worked making [lenses](/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29 "Lens (optics)") at a war plant, applied for work as a [camouflage](/wiki/Camouflage "Camouflage") artist, contributed war\-effort posters to the British\-American Art Center in New York, and brought his portfolio around to the major publishing houses. He drew for [The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker") for a mutually unfulfilling period of time. Then, in 1945, he received his first commission as an illustrator, from editor [Ursula Nordstrom](/wiki/Ursula_Nordstrom "Ursula Nordstrom") of [Harper](/wiki/HarperCollins "HarperCollins")'s Department of Books for Boys and Girls. The story is that Nordstrom "told him she was expecting a manuscript that he might illustrate. By coincidence, when the manuscript arrived the author had pinned a note to it: 'Try Garth Williams'. The author was [E. B. White](/wiki/E._B._White "E. B. White"); the book was Stuart Little." The Whites had wanted [Robert Lawson](/wiki/Robert_Lawson_%28author%29 "Robert Lawson (author)") to work on the project, but had burned through eight illustrators. The book became a success with adults as well as children. Williams later said that seeing grownups on buses and trains reading Stuart Little persuaded him to continue as a freelance illustrator.Marcus, Leonard S. (2008\). Minders of Make\-Believe. New York: Houghton Mifflin. {{ISBN\\|0\-395\-67407\-7}}. Soon after, he began collaborating with [Margaret Wise Brown](/wiki/Margaret_Wise_Brown "Margaret Wise Brown") with [The Little Fur Family](/wiki/The_Little_Fur_Family "The Little Fur Family"), Harper's answer to [Simon \& Schuster](/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster "Simon & Schuster")'s [Pat the Bunny](/wiki/Pat_the_Bunny "Pat the Bunny"). Nordstrom knew that the book would be a success when a mother wrote to tell her that her little boy had held open his copy at the dinner table, and tried to feed it his supper. In all, Williams illustrated eleven of Brown's books. In 1951 he illustrated Charlotte's Web (1952\); his eldest child Fiona, who was a toddler when the family escaped [the Blitz](/wiki/The_Blitz "The Blitz"), was his model for Fern Arable. In the latter part of his life, Williams lived primarily in Marfil, a small town west of [Guanajuato, Mexico](/wiki/Guanajuato%2C_Guanajuato "Guanajuato, Guanajuato"). He was part of a colony of [expatriates](/wiki/Expatriates "Expatriates") who built or rebuilt homes in the ruins of the silver mines of [colonial Mexico](/wiki/Colonial_Mexico "Colonial Mexico"). At 81, he estimated that he had illustrated 97 books. ### Little House illustrations (1953\) {{More citations needed section\\|date\=January 2021}} Williams received the commission to illustrate the new Little House edition in about 1947\. To know the worlds of Laura's childhood, Williams, who had never been west of the [Hudson River](/wiki/Hudson_River "Hudson River"), traveled the [American Midwest](/wiki/American_Midwest "American Midwest") to the places [the Ingalls family](/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder "Laura Ingalls Wilder") had lived 70 years before, photographing and sketching landscapes, trees, birds and wildlife, buildings and towns. > The trip culminated in a search along the riverbank along [Plum Creek](/wiki/Plum_Creek_%28Redwood_County%2C_Minnesota%29 "Plum Creek (Redwood County, Minnesota)") where the family had once built their dugout home. Williams writes, in his 1953 account "I did not expect to find the house, but I felt certain that it would have left an indentation in the bank. A light rain did not help my search, and I was about to give up when ahead of me I saw exactly what I was looking for, a hollow in the east bank of Plum Creek. I felt very well rewarded, for the scene fitted Mrs Wilder's description perfectly...." \[He] wanted to ... be able to see the house on Plum Creek ... as Laura would have done, as a happy, flower bedecked refuge from the elements, with the music of the nearby stream. Which is how he drew it. Ursula Nordstrom's initial plan was for Williams to produce eight oil paintings for each book, sixty\-four in all. This proved to be not cost\-efficient. Williams illustrated the Little House books with a simple pencil, charcoal, and ink. Much of his work was accomplished in Italy. Williams later illustrated the first edition of [The First Four Years](/wiki/The_First_Four_Years_%28novel%29 "The First Four Years (novel)") (1971\), which is commonly considered the last of nine books in the Little House series. ### The Rabbits' Wedding controversy (1958\) {{More citations needed section\\|date\=January 2021}} In 1958, Garth Williams wrote and illustrated a picture book that caused a small uproar: [The Rabbits' Wedding](/wiki/The_Rabbits%27_Wedding "The Rabbits' Wedding"). Aimed at children aged 3 to 7, it depicted animals in a moonlit forest attending the wedding of a white rabbit to a black rabbit. In 1959, [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama "Alabama") Senator [E. O. Eddins](/wiki/E._O._Eddins "E. O. Eddins") and Alabama State Library Agency director [Emily Wheelock Reed](/wiki/Emily_Wheelock_Reed "Emily Wheelock Reed") took the lead in a controversy over the book.["Emily W. Reed, 89, Librarian in '59 Alabama Racial Dispute"](https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/29/us/emily-w-reed-89-librarian-in-59-alabama-racial-dispute.html) \[Obituary]. (May 29, 2000\). The New York Times Senator Eddins, with the support of the [White Citizens' Council](/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils "Citizens' Councils") and other segregationists, demanded that it be removed from all Alabama libraries because of its perceived themes of [racial integration](/wiki/Racial_integration "Racial integration") and [interracial marriage](/wiki/Interracial_marriage "Interracial marriage").Selby, M. (2012\). "Librarians as Leaders". Feliciter, 58 (5\), 37 Reed reviewed the book and, finding no objectionable content, determined it was her ethical duty to defend the book against an outright ban. A battle ensued between Reed and her supporters, and the segregationist faction in the legislature. In the end, the book was not banned outright, but rather placed on special reserve shelves in the state library agency\-run facilities. Libraries that had purchased their own copies were not required to make this change.Graham, P. (2002\). A right to read: segregation and civil rights in Alabama's public libraries, 1900–1965 (pp. 102–112\). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2002\.Sollors, W. (1996\). Neither black nor white yet both: thematic explorations of interracial literature. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 21\. About the controversy, Williams stated, "I was completely unaware that animals with white fur, such as white polar bears and white dogs and white rabbits, were considered blood relations of white beings. I was only aware that a white horse next to a black horse looks very picturesque." Williams said his story was not written for adults, who "will not understand it, because it is only about a soft furry love and has no hidden message of hate".{{Cite news \\| url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/files/1959\_0522\_mirror\_cover.jpg \\| title\='Racial Rabbits' Irk Alabamans \\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Evening Mirror News \\| date\=May 22, 1959 \\| access\-date\=May 12, 2011}}{{Dead link\\|date\=August 2016}}	[ "Career\n------", "{{More citations needed section\\\|date\\=January 2021}}\n[thumb\\\|An illustration from [Charlotte's Web](/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web \"Charlotte's Web\") showing Williams' energetic line, his penchant for detail, emotion and action, as well as his use of texture and shading.](/wiki/File:Garth_williams.jpg \"Garth williams.jpg\")", "In the United States, Williams worked making [lenses](/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29 \"Lens (optics)\") at a war plant, applied for work as a [camouflage](/wiki/Camouflage \"Camouflage\") artist, contributed war\\-effort posters to the British\\-American Art Center in New York, and brought his portfolio around to the major publishing houses. He drew for [The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\") for a mutually unfulfilling period of time. Then, in 1945, he received his first commission as an illustrator, from editor [Ursula Nordstrom](/wiki/Ursula_Nordstrom \"Ursula Nordstrom\") of [Harper](/wiki/HarperCollins \"HarperCollins\")'s Department of Books for Boys and Girls. The story is that Nordstrom \"told him she was expecting a manuscript that he might illustrate. By coincidence, when the manuscript arrived the author had pinned a note to it: 'Try Garth Williams'. The author was [E. B. White](/wiki/E._B._White \"E. B. White\"); the book was Stuart Little.\" The Whites had wanted [Robert Lawson](/wiki/Robert_Lawson_%28author%29 \"Robert Lawson (author)\") to work on the project, but had burned through eight illustrators. The book became a success with adults as well as children. Williams later said that seeing grownups on buses and trains reading Stuart Little persuaded him to continue as a freelance illustrator.Marcus, Leonard S. (2008\\). Minders of Make\\-Believe. New York: Houghton Mifflin. {{ISBN\\\|0\\-395\\-67407\\-7}}.", "Soon after, he began collaborating with [Margaret Wise Brown](/wiki/Margaret_Wise_Brown \"Margaret Wise Brown\") with [The Little Fur Family](/wiki/The_Little_Fur_Family \"The Little Fur Family\"), Harper's answer to [Simon \\& Schuster](/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster \"Simon & Schuster\")'s [Pat the Bunny](/wiki/Pat_the_Bunny \"Pat the Bunny\"). Nordstrom knew that the book would be a success when a mother wrote to tell her that her little boy had held open his copy at the dinner table, and tried to feed it his supper. In all, Williams illustrated eleven of Brown's books.", "In 1951 he illustrated Charlotte's Web (1952\\); his eldest child Fiona, who was a toddler when the family escaped [the Blitz](/wiki/The_Blitz \"The Blitz\"), was his model for Fern Arable.", "In the latter part of his life, Williams lived primarily in Marfil, a small town west of [Guanajuato, Mexico](/wiki/Guanajuato%2C_Guanajuato \"Guanajuato, Guanajuato\"). He was part of a colony of [expatriates](/wiki/Expatriates \"Expatriates\") who built or rebuilt homes in the ruins of the silver mines of [colonial Mexico](/wiki/Colonial_Mexico \"Colonial Mexico\"). At 81, he estimated that he had illustrated 97 books.", "### Little House illustrations (1953\\)", "{{More citations needed section\\\|date\\=January 2021}}", "Williams received the commission to illustrate the new Little House edition in about 1947\\. To know the worlds of Laura's childhood, Williams, who had never been west of the [Hudson River](/wiki/Hudson_River \"Hudson River\"), traveled the [American Midwest](/wiki/American_Midwest \"American Midwest\") to the places [the Ingalls family](/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder \"Laura Ingalls Wilder\") had lived 70 years before, photographing and sketching landscapes, trees, birds and wildlife, buildings and towns.", "", "> The trip culminated in a search along the riverbank along [Plum Creek](/wiki/Plum_Creek_%28Redwood_County%2C_Minnesota%29 \"Plum Creek (Redwood County, Minnesota)\") where the family had once built their dugout home. Williams writes, in his 1953 account \"I did not expect to find the house, but I felt certain that it would have left an indentation in the bank. A light rain did not help my search, and I was about to give up when ahead of me I saw exactly what I was looking for, a hollow in the east bank of Plum Creek. I felt very well rewarded, for the scene fitted Mrs Wilder's description perfectly....\" \\[He] wanted to ... be able to see the house on Plum Creek ... as Laura would have done, as a happy, flower bedecked refuge from the elements, with the music of the nearby stream. Which is how he drew it.", "Ursula Nordstrom's initial plan was for Williams to produce eight oil paintings for each book, sixty\\-four in all. This proved to be not cost\\-efficient. Williams illustrated the Little House books with a simple pencil, charcoal, and ink. Much of his work was accomplished in Italy.", "Williams later illustrated the first edition of [The First Four Years](/wiki/The_First_Four_Years_%28novel%29 \"The First Four Years (novel)\") (1971\\), which is commonly considered the last of nine books in the Little House series.", "### The Rabbits' Wedding controversy (1958\\)", "{{More citations needed section\\\|date\\=January 2021}}", "In 1958, Garth Williams wrote and illustrated a picture book that caused a small uproar: [The Rabbits' Wedding](/wiki/The_Rabbits%27_Wedding \"The Rabbits' Wedding\"). Aimed at children aged 3 to 7, it depicted animals in a moonlit forest attending the wedding of a white rabbit to a black rabbit. In 1959, [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\") Senator [E. O. Eddins](/wiki/E._O._Eddins \"E. O. Eddins\") and Alabama State Library Agency director [Emily Wheelock Reed](/wiki/Emily_Wheelock_Reed \"Emily Wheelock Reed\") took the lead in a controversy over the book.[\"Emily W. Reed, 89, Librarian in '59 Alabama Racial Dispute\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/29/us/emily-w-reed-89-librarian-in-59-alabama-racial-dispute.html) \\[Obituary]. (May 29, 2000\\). The New York Times Senator Eddins, with the support of the [White Citizens' Council](/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils \"Citizens' Councils\") and other segregationists, demanded that it be removed from all Alabama libraries because of its perceived themes of [racial integration](/wiki/Racial_integration \"Racial integration\") and [interracial marriage](/wiki/Interracial_marriage \"Interracial marriage\").Selby, M. (2012\\). \"Librarians as Leaders\". Feliciter, 58 (5\\), 37 Reed reviewed the book and, finding no objectionable content, determined it was her ethical duty to defend the book against an outright ban. A battle ensued between Reed and her supporters, and the segregationist faction in the legislature. In the end, the book was not banned outright, but rather placed on special reserve shelves in the state library agency\\-run facilities. Libraries that had purchased their own copies were not required to make this change.Graham, P. (2002\\). A right to read: segregation and civil rights in Alabama's public libraries, 1900–1965 (pp. 102–112\\). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2002\\.Sollors, W. (1996\\). Neither black nor white yet both: thematic explorations of interracial literature. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 21\\.", "About the controversy, Williams stated, \"I was completely unaware that animals with white fur, such as white polar bears and white dogs and white rabbits, were considered blood relations of white beings. I was only aware that a white horse next to a black horse looks very picturesque.\" Williams said his story was not written for adults, who \"will not understand it, because it is only about a soft furry love and has no hidden message of hate\".{{Cite news \\\| url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/files/1959\\_0522\\_mirror\\_cover.jpg \\\| title\\='Racial Rabbits' Irk Alabamans \\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Evening Mirror News \\\| date\\=May 22, 1959 \\\| access\\-date\\=May 12, 2011}}{{Dead link\\\|date\\=August 2016}}", "" ]
Life and career --------------- May was born in [Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich "Zürich"), Switzerland, and moved to the United States in 1940\. He was raised in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey"), graduating from high school in [Princeton](/wiki/Princeton%2C_New_Jersey "Princeton, New Jersey"), and then worked as a clerk at [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times") while studying at [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University").Heinz Dietrich Fischer, Erika J. Fischer, [Complete Biographical Encyclopedia of Pulitzer Prize Winners 1917–2000](https://books.google.com/books?id=-2o4Ywn4LJwC&pg=PA156), page 156\. During the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"), May served in the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army"), assigned as a speechwriter for commanders and staff based at [Fort Sheridan, Illinois](/wiki/Fort_Sheridan%2C_Illinois "Fort Sheridan, Illinois"). He graduated from [Northwestern University](/wiki/Northwestern_University "Northwestern University") with a degree in journalism in 1957\.Times Argus, ["Edgar May, Obituary"](http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/timesargus/obituary.aspx?n=edgar-may&pid=162010120#fbLoggedOut), December 29, 2012\. May worked as a reporter for the Bellows Falls Times, Fitchburg Sentinel, and Buffalo Evening News. While at the [Buffalo Evening News](/wiki/Buffalo_Evening_News "Buffalo Evening News") in 1960, he investigated the New York State welfare system, and won the annual [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize "Pulitzer Prize") for Local Reporting, No Edition Time (a predecessor of the [Investigative Reporting Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Investigative_Reporting "Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting")), citing "his series of articles on New York State's public welfare services entitled, "Our Costly Dilemma", based in part on his three\-month employment as a State case worker. The series brought about reforms that attracted nationwide attention."["Local Reporting; No Edition Time"](http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Local-Reporting;-No-Edition-Time). The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2013\-11\-05\.The Boston Globe (Associated Press), ["Former Vt. state lawmaker Edgar May dies"](http://www.boston.com/news/local/vermont/2012/12/27/former-state-lawmaker-edgar-may-dies/vzG8zRi8UlrEQ0wafG04DP/story.html), December 27, 2012\. The series led to a book, The Wasted Americans: cost of our welfare dilemma, published by [Harper \& Row](/wiki/Harper_%26_Row "Harper & Row") in 1964\.["The wasted Americans; cost of our welfare dilemma"](http://lccn.loc.gov/63020325). Library of Congress Catalog Record. Retrieved 2013\-10\-26\.Scott Stossel, [Sarge: The Life and Times of Sargent Shriver](https://books.google.com/books?id=K2WR945fz2sC&dq=%22edgar+may%22+%22the+wasted+americans%22&pg=PT532), 2011\. He worked in the [Johnson administration](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson%23Presidency_%281963%E2%80%931969%29 "Lyndon B. Johnson#Presidency (1963–1969)"), including assisting [Sargent Shriver](/wiki/Sargent_Shriver "Sargent Shriver") in operating the [Peace Corps](/wiki/Peace_Corps "Peace Corps") and as Deputy Director of the Domestic Peace Corps, which later became [Volunteers in Service to America](/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA "AmeriCorps VISTA") (VISTA).[Annelise Orleck](/wiki/Annelise_Orleck "Annelise Orleck"), Lisa Gayle Hazirjian, [The War on Poverty: A New Grassroots History, 1964–1980](https://books.google.com/books?id=NQTCPG1eghoC&dq=%22edgar+may%22+vista&pg=PA95), 2011, page 95\. May was a consultant for the Ford Foundation from 1970 to 1975, and wrote for Corrections Magazine.The New York Times, ["The Involved"](https://www.nytimes.com/1972/07/01/archives/the-involved.html), July 1, 1972\. {{subscription required}}Criminal Justice Publications, [Corrections Magazine, Volume 9](https://books.google.com/books?id=UIUvAQAAIAAJ&q=%22edgar+may%22+corrections+magazine), 1983, page 2\. A [Democrat](/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party "Vermont Democratic Party"), he served in the [Vermont House of Representatives](/wiki/Vermont_House_of_Representatives "Vermont House of Representatives") from 1975 to 1983\. He was a member of the [Vermont Senate](/wiki/Vermont_Senate "Vermont Senate") from 1983 to 1991, and was chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee.Buffalo Evening News, ["Edgar May, Pulitzer winner for The Buffalo News, dies in Arizona"](http://www.buffalonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20121228/CITYANDREGION/121229374/1002), December 28, 2012\. From 1993 to 1996 May was Chief Operating Officer of the [Special Olympics](/wiki/Special_Olympics "Special Olympics").Brattleboro Reformer, ["Edgar May to Receive the Leland Award"](http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BRFB&p_theme=brfb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=127A1498F0C876E0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM), April 16, 2009\. In retirement May was active in several civic and municipal projects in his hometown, [Springfield, Vermont](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Vermont "Springfield, Vermont").Susan Smallheer, Rutland Herald, ["Springfield to Honor Edgar May"](http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MCNP&p_multi=RHDB&p_theme=mcnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=12913B8D101DA410&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM), June 26, 2009\.	[ "Life and career\n---------------", "May was born in [Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich \"Zürich\"), Switzerland, and moved to the United States in 1940\\. He was raised in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\"), graduating from high school in [Princeton](/wiki/Princeton%2C_New_Jersey \"Princeton, New Jersey\"), and then worked as a clerk at [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\") while studying at [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\").Heinz Dietrich Fischer, Erika J. Fischer, [Complete Biographical Encyclopedia of Pulitzer Prize Winners 1917–2000](https://books.google.com/books?id=-2o4Ywn4LJwC&pg=PA156), page 156\\.", "During the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\"), May served in the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\"), assigned as a speechwriter for commanders and staff based at [Fort Sheridan, Illinois](/wiki/Fort_Sheridan%2C_Illinois \"Fort Sheridan, Illinois\"). He graduated from [Northwestern University](/wiki/Northwestern_University \"Northwestern University\") with a degree in journalism in 1957\\.Times Argus, [\"Edgar May, Obituary\"](http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/timesargus/obituary.aspx?n=edgar-may&pid=162010120#fbLoggedOut), December 29, 2012\\.", "May worked as a reporter for the Bellows Falls Times, Fitchburg Sentinel, and Buffalo Evening News. While at the [Buffalo Evening News](/wiki/Buffalo_Evening_News \"Buffalo Evening News\") in 1960, he investigated the New York State welfare system, and won the annual [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize \"Pulitzer Prize\") for Local Reporting, No Edition Time (a predecessor of the [Investigative Reporting Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Investigative_Reporting \"Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting\")), citing \"his series of articles on New York State's public welfare services entitled, \"Our Costly Dilemma\", based in part on his three\\-month employment as a State case worker. The series brought about reforms that attracted nationwide attention.\"[\"Local Reporting; No Edition Time\"](http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Local-Reporting;-No-Edition-Time). The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2013\\-11\\-05\\.The Boston Globe (Associated Press), [\"Former Vt. state lawmaker Edgar May dies\"](http://www.boston.com/news/local/vermont/2012/12/27/former-state-lawmaker-edgar-may-dies/vzG8zRi8UlrEQ0wafG04DP/story.html), December 27, 2012\\. The series led to a book, The Wasted Americans: cost of our welfare dilemma, published by [Harper \\& Row](/wiki/Harper_%26_Row \"Harper & Row\") in 1964\\.[\"The wasted Americans; cost of our welfare dilemma\"](http://lccn.loc.gov/63020325). Library of Congress Catalog Record. Retrieved 2013\\-10\\-26\\.Scott Stossel, [Sarge: The Life and Times of Sargent Shriver](https://books.google.com/books?id=K2WR945fz2sC&dq=%22edgar+may%22+%22the+wasted+americans%22&pg=PT532), 2011\\.", "He worked in the [Johnson administration](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson%23Presidency_%281963%E2%80%931969%29 \"Lyndon B. Johnson#Presidency (1963–1969)\"), including assisting [Sargent Shriver](/wiki/Sargent_Shriver \"Sargent Shriver\") in operating the [Peace Corps](/wiki/Peace_Corps \"Peace Corps\") and as Deputy Director of the Domestic Peace Corps, which later became [Volunteers in Service to America](/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA \"AmeriCorps VISTA\") (VISTA).[Annelise Orleck](/wiki/Annelise_Orleck \"Annelise Orleck\"), Lisa Gayle Hazirjian, [The War on Poverty: A New Grassroots History, 1964–1980](https://books.google.com/books?id=NQTCPG1eghoC&dq=%22edgar+may%22+vista&pg=PA95), 2011, page 95\\.", "May was a consultant for the Ford Foundation from 1970 to 1975, and wrote for Corrections Magazine.The New York Times, [\"The Involved\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1972/07/01/archives/the-involved.html), July 1, 1972\\. {{subscription required}}Criminal Justice Publications, [Corrections Magazine, Volume 9](https://books.google.com/books?id=UIUvAQAAIAAJ&q=%22edgar+may%22+corrections+magazine), 1983, page 2\\.", "A [Democrat](/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party \"Vermont Democratic Party\"), he served in the [Vermont House of Representatives](/wiki/Vermont_House_of_Representatives \"Vermont House of Representatives\") from 1975 to 1983\\. He was a member of the [Vermont Senate](/wiki/Vermont_Senate \"Vermont Senate\") from 1983 to 1991, and was chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee.Buffalo Evening News, [\"Edgar May, Pulitzer winner for The Buffalo News, dies in Arizona\"](http://www.buffalonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20121228/CITYANDREGION/121229374/1002), December 28, 2012\\.", "From 1993 to 1996 May was Chief Operating Officer of the [Special Olympics](/wiki/Special_Olympics \"Special Olympics\").Brattleboro Reformer, [\"Edgar May to Receive the Leland Award\"](http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BRFB&p_theme=brfb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=127A1498F0C876E0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM), April 16, 2009\\.", "In retirement May was active in several civic and municipal projects in his hometown, [Springfield, Vermont](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Vermont \"Springfield, Vermont\").Susan Smallheer, Rutland Herald, [\"Springfield to Honor Edgar May\"](http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MCNP&p_multi=RHDB&p_theme=mcnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=12913B8D101DA410&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM), June 26, 2009\\.", "" ]
Plot ---- While inspecting Bob’s Burgers, Hugo the health inspector discovers Bob has not had adequate hand\-washing training and posts a humiliating sign, “The Cook Has Dirty Stinky Hands,” on the restaurant window before leaving to inspect a [nude beach](/wiki/Nude_beach "Nude beach"). The next day, Linda and her friend Gretchen arrive at the nude beach to find out that Hugo has quit his job as a health inspector and joined the nudists. Meanwhile, the kids discover the existence of the nude beach, which is off\-limits to people under 18, and sell admission to a secret spot overlooking the beach. Teenage boys come in droves, but after realizing the nudists are mostly old and unattractive, they are repulsed. Louise reignites their interest by claiming she is selling “real nudity,” and their business booms. Hugo’s replacement, Tommy Jaronda, arrives, removes the sign, and hits it off with Bob instantly. He reveals himself to be a rock musician and requests Bob attend his show later that night. Bob plans to go, but Tommy Jaronda returns, claiming to be banned from the venue. He asks Bob if he can play at the restaurant, and Bob impulsively books him for the entire week, hoping to win him over. However, Tommy Jaronda’s graphic, misogynistic, and risqué songs alienate and deter customers, even Mort, from the restaurant. At first, Bob cannot muster up the courage to tell Tommy Jaronda to stop playing, hoping not to get on his bad side. Bob tries to remind Tommy Jaronda that his restaurant is a family restaurant and that his songs are risqué and deterring customers, but Tommy Jaronda wipes Bob's records clean before he can finish. When Bob has finally had enough of Tommy Jaronda, he tells him to play somewhere else. In response, Tommy Jaronda plants rat feces in the restaurant and shuts it down. Bob reluctantly goes to the nude beach to ask for Hugo’s help, but Hugo is reluctant to leave behind the nudist life; he agrees to return to the trade if Bob can beat him in a 27\-event “Nudecathlon.” If Bob wins, Hugo will return to his job as the health inspector and re\-open Bob's Burgers; but if Hugo wins, Bob must cater the Nudecathlon closing ceremony for free. After discovering the commitment required, Bob tries to back out, but Linda convinces him to compete against Hugo. The “Nudecathlon” draws massive crowds of kids to the secret cliff spot to watch Bob compete against Hugo. Hugo narrowly beats Bob (Bob 13 points and Hugo 14\), and Bob returns in distress, expecting to lose the restaurant to Tommy Jaronda. However, a fully clothed Hugo enters the restaurant, saying that he wants to be the one to someday close down the restaurant; until he does, Bob’s Burgers will stay open. As Bob lost to Hugo, he still must cater the closing ceremony, and Hugo invites in his nudist friends, who promptly disrobe in the restaurant. Meanwhile, Tommy Jaronda is shown playing at Jimmy Pesto's Pizzeria.	[ "Plot\n----", "While inspecting Bob’s Burgers, Hugo the health inspector discovers Bob has not had adequate hand\\-washing training and posts a humiliating sign, “The Cook Has Dirty Stinky Hands,” on the restaurant window before leaving to inspect a [nude beach](/wiki/Nude_beach \"Nude beach\"). The next day, Linda and her friend Gretchen arrive at the nude beach to find out that Hugo has quit his job as a health inspector and joined the nudists.", "Meanwhile, the kids discover the existence of the nude beach, which is off\\-limits to people under 18, and sell admission to a secret spot overlooking the beach. Teenage boys come in droves, but after realizing the nudists are mostly old and unattractive, they are repulsed. Louise reignites their interest by claiming she is selling “real nudity,” and their business booms.", "Hugo’s replacement, Tommy Jaronda, arrives, removes the sign, and hits it off with Bob instantly. He reveals himself to be a rock musician and requests Bob attend his show later that night. Bob plans to go, but Tommy Jaronda returns, claiming to be banned from the venue. He asks Bob if he can play at the restaurant, and Bob impulsively books him for the entire week, hoping to win him over. However, Tommy Jaronda’s graphic, misogynistic, and risqué songs alienate and deter customers, even Mort, from the restaurant. At first, Bob cannot muster up the courage to tell Tommy Jaronda to stop playing, hoping not to get on his bad side. Bob tries to remind Tommy Jaronda that his restaurant is a family restaurant and that his songs are risqué and deterring customers, but Tommy Jaronda wipes Bob's records clean before he can finish.", "When Bob has finally had enough of Tommy Jaronda, he tells him to play somewhere else. In response, Tommy Jaronda plants rat feces in the restaurant and shuts it down. Bob reluctantly goes to the nude beach to ask for Hugo’s help, but Hugo is reluctant to leave behind the nudist life; he agrees to return to the trade if Bob can beat him in a 27\\-event “Nudecathlon.” If Bob wins, Hugo will return to his job as the health inspector and re\\-open Bob's Burgers; but if Hugo wins, Bob must cater the Nudecathlon closing ceremony for free. After discovering the commitment required, Bob tries to back out, but Linda convinces him to compete against Hugo.", "The “Nudecathlon” draws massive crowds of kids to the secret cliff spot to watch Bob compete against Hugo. Hugo narrowly beats Bob (Bob 13 points and Hugo 14\\), and Bob returns in distress, expecting to lose the restaurant to Tommy Jaronda. However, a fully clothed Hugo enters the restaurant, saying that he wants to be the one to someday close down the restaurant; until he does, Bob’s Burgers will stay open. As Bob lost to Hugo, he still must cater the closing ceremony, and Hugo invites in his nudist friends, who promptly disrobe in the restaurant. Meanwhile, Tommy Jaronda is shown playing at Jimmy Pesto's Pizzeria.", "" ]
Career ------ ### National Geographic Before working for National Geographic, Gore was a reporter for Life magazine from 1969 to 1972\. He joined the staff of National Geographic in 1974, where he remained until taking an early retirement in 2001\. Gore produced more than sixty feature articles, serving much of his career there as Science Editor and is credited with nineteen cover stories with the magazine. Multiple [articles](/wiki/Article_%28publishing%29 "Article (publishing)") were written by Gore on topics such as [human evolution](/wiki/Human_evolution "Human evolution"), for instance the August 2002 article titled "New Find", about the [early expansions of hominins out of Africa](/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa "Early expansions of hominins out of Africa"). He also has written about several subjects on [space](/wiki/Space "Space") such as the March 1981 article titled "When the Space Shuttle Finally Flies", about the first flight of the U.S. [space shuttle orbiter](/wiki/Space_shuttle_orbiter "Space shuttle orbiter"). ### Theatre [thumb\\|right\\|The [bust of Nefertiti](/wiki/Nefertiti_Bust "Nefertiti Bust") and the subject of Gore's 2005 play Nefertiti.](/wiki/File:Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg "Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg") Following his brother's death in 1988 from AIDS, Gore diverted part time to theater, revising with composer David Spangler, Christopher Gore's 1977 musical Nefertiti. Several productions of Nefertiti resulted, in [Key West](/wiki/Key_West "Key West"), Chicago, [Dayton](/wiki/Dayton "Dayton"), and a large scale production in [Fort Lauderdale, Florida](/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale%2C_Florida "Fort Lauderdale, Florida") at the [Parker Playhouse](/wiki/Parker_Playhouse "Parker Playhouse") in 2005\. Throughout this period Gore and Spangler also worked on an original musical, Surviving the Moonlight, that was based on eight songs Christopher Gore had written for an unfinished musical based on the French film classic, [Children of Paradise](/wiki/Children_of_Paradise "Children of Paradise"). Surviving the Moonlight was produced in 2022 at Short North Stage where Gore is a founding member and executive producer. Short North Stage is a theatre in [Columbus, Ohio](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio "Columbus, Ohio").	[ "Career\n------", "### National Geographic", "Before working for National Geographic, Gore was a reporter for Life magazine from 1969 to 1972\\. He joined the staff of National Geographic in 1974, where he remained until taking an early retirement in 2001\\.", "Gore produced more than sixty feature articles, serving much of his career there as Science Editor and is credited with nineteen cover stories with the magazine.", "Multiple [articles](/wiki/Article_%28publishing%29 \"Article (publishing)\") were written by Gore on topics such as [human evolution](/wiki/Human_evolution \"Human evolution\"), for instance the August 2002 article titled \"New Find\", about the [early expansions of hominins out of Africa](/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa \"Early expansions of hominins out of Africa\"). He also has written about several subjects on [space](/wiki/Space \"Space\") such as the March 1981 article titled \"When the Space Shuttle Finally Flies\", about the first flight of the U.S. [space shuttle orbiter](/wiki/Space_shuttle_orbiter \"Space shuttle orbiter\").", "### Theatre", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The [bust of Nefertiti](/wiki/Nefertiti_Bust \"Nefertiti Bust\") and the subject of Gore's 2005 play Nefertiti.](/wiki/File:Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg \"Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg\")", "Following his brother's death in 1988 from AIDS, Gore diverted part time to theater, revising with composer David Spangler, Christopher Gore's 1977 musical Nefertiti. Several productions of Nefertiti resulted, in [Key West](/wiki/Key_West \"Key West\"), Chicago, [Dayton](/wiki/Dayton \"Dayton\"), and a large scale production in [Fort Lauderdale, Florida](/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale%2C_Florida \"Fort Lauderdale, Florida\") at the [Parker Playhouse](/wiki/Parker_Playhouse \"Parker Playhouse\") in 2005\\.", "Throughout this period Gore and Spangler also worked on an original musical, Surviving the Moonlight, that was based on eight songs Christopher Gore had written for an unfinished musical based on the French film classic, [Children of Paradise](/wiki/Children_of_Paradise \"Children of Paradise\"). Surviving the Moonlight was produced in 2022 at Short North Stage where Gore is a founding member and executive producer. Short North Stage is a theatre in [Columbus, Ohio](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio \"Columbus, Ohio\").", "" ]
History ------- ### 19th century [thumb\\|From 1867 to 1905, Muhlenberg College was located in [Allentown](/wiki/Allentown%2C_Pennsylvania "Allentown, Pennsylvania")'s [Trout Hall](/wiki/Trout_Hall "Trout Hall"), a mansion built in 1770 by James Allen, son of [William Allen](/wiki/William_Allen_%28loyalist%29 "William Allen (loyalist)"). Muhlenberg's current campus opened in 1905\.](/wiki/File:2008_-_Allentown_Trout_Hall.jpg "2008 - Allentown Trout Hall.jpg") Muhlenberg College was founded in 1848 in [Allentown, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Allentown%2C_Pennsylvania "Allentown, Pennsylvania"), as the Allentown Seminary by Samuel K. Brobst, a Reformed [Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheranism "Lutheranism") minister. Christian Rudolph Kessler was the school's first teacher and administrator.{{cite web \\| author\= W.W.H. Davis \\| url \= http://ftp.rootsweb.ancestry.com/pub/usgenweb/pa/bucks/history/local/davis/davis55\-26\.txt \\| title \= History Of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, Vol. II, Chapter XXVI, Schools And Education \\| access\-date \= 2008\-06\-13}} {{Dead link\\|date\=September 2010\\|bot\=H3llBot}} The college operated as the Allentown Seminary from 1848 to 1864, as the Allentown Collegiate and Military Institute from 1864 to 1867, and briefly as the Allentown Collegiate Institute in 1867\.{{cite web \\| publisher \= Muhlenberg College \\| url \= http://www.muhlenberg.edu/cgi\-bin/news.pl?story\=381\_Helm.html \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20030401232833/http://www.muhlenberg.edu/cgi\-bin/news.pl?story\=381\_Helm.html \\| url\-status \= dead \\| archive\-date \= 2003\-04\-01 \\| title \= Colby VP Randy Helm Named President Of Muhlenberg College \\| access\-date \= 2008\-06\-13 }} In 1867, the college moved into [Trout Hall](/wiki/Trout_Hall "Trout Hall"),{{cite web \\| publisher \= The Muhlenberg Weekly \\| url \= http://media.www.muhlenbergweekly.com/media/storage/paper300/news/2003/11/20/News/The\-History.Of.Haas.College.Center\-563392\.shtml \\| title \= The history of Haas College Center \\| author \= Lindsey Aspinall \\| access\-date \= 2008\-06\-13 \\| url\-status \= dead \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20081014160353/http://media.www.muhlenbergweekly.com/media/storage/paper300/news/2003/11/20/News/The\-History.Of.Haas.College.Center\-563392\.shtml \\| archive\-date \= 2008\-10\-14 }} the former mansion of [William Allen's](/wiki/William_Allen_%28loyalist%29 "William Allen (loyalist)") son, James Allen, and was renamed Muhlenberg College in honor of [Henry Muhlenberg](/wiki/Henry_Muhlenberg "Henry Muhlenberg"), the patriarch of the Lutheran church in the United States. From 1867 to 1876, Muhlenberg's great\-grandson, [Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg](/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Muhlenberg_%28educator%29 "Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg (educator)"), served as president of the college. ### 20th century In 1905, the college purchased and relocated to a {{convert\\|51\\|acre\\|ha\\|abbr\=on\\|adj\=on}} tract located in Allentown's West End, which continues to serve as the present\-day campus. In 1910, seeing a need for evening study in the community, the college began offering courses through a "Saturday School for Teachers".{{cite book \\|title\=100 Years of Adult Education at Muhlenberg College \\|date\=2010 \\|publisher\=Muhlenberg College \\|location\=Allentown, Pa. \\|page\=12 }} The offerings for adult education outside of the traditional baccalaureate track evolved over the years through various titles, including an "Extension" school. ### 21st century In 2002, Muhlenberg College opened The W. Clarke Wescoe School of Professional Studies. With the addition of graduate degree programs, the Muhlenberg graduate program was renamed as the School for Graduate and Continuing Studies. In 2019, the college named [Kathleen E. Harring](/wiki/Kathleen_E._Harring "Kathleen E. Harring"), a [social psychologist](/wiki/Social_psychology "Social psychology") and the college's prior [provost](/wiki/Provost_%28education%29 "Provost (education)") since 2017, as its 13th president and its first female president. She succeeded [John I. Williams, Jr.](/wiki/John_Williams_Jr._%28university_president%29 "John Williams Jr. (university president)"), the college's first black president,{{Cite news\\|date\=February 9, 2015\\|title\=John I. Williams to Lead Muhlenberg College in Allentown, Pennsylvania\\|work\=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education\\|url\=https://www.jbhe.com/2015/02/john\-i\-williams\-to\-lead\-muhlenberg\-college\-in\-allentown\-pennsylvania/}} who served as president from 2015 to 2019\. Muhlenberg was the first institution to fire a tenured professor over pro\-Palestinian speech. During the [2024 pro\-Palestinian campus protests](/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses "2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses"), the college fired its Jewish anthropology professor, Maura Finkelstein, for sharing an Instagram post by Palestinian poet [Remi Kanazi](/wiki/Remi_Kanazi "Remi Kanazi") which was critical of Zionism and its adherents.{{Cite web \\|last\=Lennard \\|first\=Natasha \\|date\=2024\-09\-26 \\|title\=Meet the First Tenured Professor to Be Fired for Pro\-Palestine Speech \\|url\=https://theintercept.com/2024/09/26/tenured\-professor\-fired\-palestine\-israel\-zionism/ \\|access\-date\=2024\-09\-28 \\|website\=The Intercept \\|language\=en\-US}}	[ "History\n-------", "### 19th century", "[thumb\\\|From 1867 to 1905, Muhlenberg College was located in [Allentown](/wiki/Allentown%2C_Pennsylvania \"Allentown, Pennsylvania\")'s [Trout Hall](/wiki/Trout_Hall \"Trout Hall\"), a mansion built in 1770 by James Allen, son of [William Allen](/wiki/William_Allen_%28loyalist%29 \"William Allen (loyalist)\"). Muhlenberg's current campus opened in 1905\\.](/wiki/File:2008_-_Allentown_Trout_Hall.jpg \"2008 - Allentown Trout Hall.jpg\")\nMuhlenberg College was founded in 1848 in [Allentown, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Allentown%2C_Pennsylvania \"Allentown, Pennsylvania\"), as the Allentown Seminary by Samuel K. Brobst, a Reformed [Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheranism \"Lutheranism\") minister. Christian Rudolph Kessler was the school's first teacher and administrator.{{cite web \\\| author\\= W.W.H. Davis \\\| url \\= http://ftp.rootsweb.ancestry.com/pub/usgenweb/pa/bucks/history/local/davis/davis55\\-26\\.txt \\\| title \\= History Of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, Vol. II, Chapter XXVI, Schools And Education \\\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-06\\-13}} {{Dead link\\\|date\\=September 2010\\\|bot\\=H3llBot}}", "The college operated as the Allentown Seminary from 1848 to 1864, as the Allentown Collegiate and Military Institute from 1864 to 1867, and briefly as the Allentown Collegiate Institute in 1867\\.{{cite web \\\| publisher \\= Muhlenberg College \\\| url \\= http://www.muhlenberg.edu/cgi\\-bin/news.pl?story\\=381\\_Helm.html \\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20030401232833/http://www.muhlenberg.edu/cgi\\-bin/news.pl?story\\=381\\_Helm.html \\\| url\\-status \\= dead \\\| archive\\-date \\= 2003\\-04\\-01 \\\| title \\= Colby VP Randy Helm Named President Of Muhlenberg College \\\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-06\\-13 }}", "In 1867, the college moved into [Trout Hall](/wiki/Trout_Hall \"Trout Hall\"),{{cite web \\\| publisher \\= The Muhlenberg Weekly \\\| url \\= http://media.www.muhlenbergweekly.com/media/storage/paper300/news/2003/11/20/News/The\\-History.Of.Haas.College.Center\\-563392\\.shtml \\\| title \\= The history of Haas College Center \\\| author \\= Lindsey Aspinall \\\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-06\\-13 \\\| url\\-status \\= dead \\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081014160353/http://media.www.muhlenbergweekly.com/media/storage/paper300/news/2003/11/20/News/The\\-History.Of.Haas.College.Center\\-563392\\.shtml \\\| archive\\-date \\= 2008\\-10\\-14 }} the former mansion of [William Allen's](/wiki/William_Allen_%28loyalist%29 \"William Allen (loyalist)\") son, James Allen, and was renamed Muhlenberg College in honor of [Henry Muhlenberg](/wiki/Henry_Muhlenberg \"Henry Muhlenberg\"), the patriarch of the Lutheran church in the United States.", "From 1867 to 1876, Muhlenberg's great\\-grandson, [Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg](/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Muhlenberg_%28educator%29 \"Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg (educator)\"), served as president of the college.", "### 20th century", "In 1905, the college purchased and relocated to a {{convert\\\|51\\\|acre\\\|ha\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|adj\\=on}} tract located in Allentown's West End, which continues to serve as the present\\-day campus.", "In 1910, seeing a need for evening study in the community, the college began offering courses through a \"Saturday School for Teachers\".{{cite book \\\|title\\=100 Years of Adult Education at Muhlenberg College \\\|date\\=2010 \\\|publisher\\=Muhlenberg College \\\|location\\=Allentown, Pa. \\\|page\\=12 }} The offerings for adult education outside of the traditional baccalaureate track evolved over the years through various titles, including an \"Extension\" school.", "### 21st century", "In 2002, Muhlenberg College opened The W. Clarke Wescoe School of Professional Studies. With the addition of graduate degree programs, the Muhlenberg graduate program was renamed as the School for Graduate and Continuing Studies.", "In 2019, the college named [Kathleen E. Harring](/wiki/Kathleen_E._Harring \"Kathleen E. Harring\"), a [social psychologist](/wiki/Social_psychology \"Social psychology\") and the college's prior [provost](/wiki/Provost_%28education%29 \"Provost (education)\") since 2017, as its 13th president and its first female president. She succeeded [John I. Williams, Jr.](/wiki/John_Williams_Jr._%28university_president%29 \"John Williams Jr. (university president)\"), the college's first black president,{{Cite news\\\|date\\=February 9, 2015\\\|title\\=John I. Williams to Lead Muhlenberg College in Allentown, Pennsylvania\\\|work\\=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education\\\|url\\=https://www.jbhe.com/2015/02/john\\-i\\-williams\\-to\\-lead\\-muhlenberg\\-college\\-in\\-allentown\\-pennsylvania/}} who served as president from 2015 to 2019\\.", "Muhlenberg was the first institution to fire a tenured professor over pro\\-Palestinian speech. During the [2024 pro\\-Palestinian campus protests](/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses \"2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses\"), the college fired its Jewish anthropology professor, Maura Finkelstein, for sharing an Instagram post by Palestinian poet [Remi Kanazi](/wiki/Remi_Kanazi \"Remi Kanazi\") which was critical of Zionism and its adherents.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Lennard \\\|first\\=Natasha \\\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-26 \\\|title\\=Meet the First Tenured Professor to Be Fired for Pro\\-Palestine Speech \\\|url\\=https://theintercept.com/2024/09/26/tenured\\-professor\\-fired\\-palestine\\-israel\\-zionism/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-28 \\\|website\\=The Intercept \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "" ]
Athletics --------- {{main\\|Muhlenberg Mules}} {{see also\\|Scotty Wood Stadium}} [thumb\\|[Scotty Wood Stadium](/wiki/Scotty_Wood_Stadium "Scotty Wood Stadium") on the Muhlenberg College campus in December 2017](/wiki/File:Muhlenberg_Stadium.jpg "Muhlenberg Stadium.jpg") Muhlenberg College athletic teams are the [Muhlenberg Mules](/wiki/Muhlenberg_Mules "Muhlenberg Mules") and compete in [NCAA Division III](/wiki/NCAA_Division_III "NCAA Division III"). The college has 22 intercollegiate sports, which belong to either the [Centennial Conference](/wiki/Centennial_Conference "Centennial Conference"){{cite web\\|url\=http://www.centennial.org/sports/bsb/index\\|title\=Baseball\\|website\=Centennial Conference}} or [Eastern College Athletic Conference](/wiki/Eastern_College_Athletic_Conference "Eastern College Athletic Conference"). Both men's and women's teams exist for [basketball](/wiki/Basketball "Basketball"), [cross country](/wiki/Cross_country_running "Cross country running"), [golf](/wiki/Golf "Golf"), [lacrosse](/wiki/Lacrosse "Lacrosse"), [soccer](/wiki/Soccer "Soccer"), [tennis](/wiki/Tennis "Tennis"), [track and field](/wiki/Track_and_field "Track and field"), and [wrestling](/wiki/Collegiate_wrestling "Collegiate wrestling"). Men's teams exist for [baseball](/wiki/Baseball "Baseball") and [football](/wiki/College_football "College football"); women have teams for [softball](/wiki/Softball "Softball"), [field hockey](/wiki/Field_hockey "Field hockey"), and [volleyball](/wiki/Volleyball "Volleyball"). In 2004, additional athletic facilities were built west of the field house. Updated tennis courts were built in 2003 and two fields were added in 1997 and 1998\. The baseball and softball teams do not have on\-campus facilities. The football, field hockey, and track and field teams each perform at [Scotty Wood Stadium](/wiki/Scotty_Wood_Stadium "Scotty Wood Stadium"), at 3400 West Chew Street, on the Muhlenberg College campus. ### Football #### 20th century {{Main\\|Muhlenberg Mules football}} In 1900, the [Muhlenberg Mules football](/wiki/Muhlenberg_Mules_football "Muhlenberg Mules football") program was founded as Muhlenberg College's first official varsity sport. [Doggie Julian](/wiki/Doggie_Julian "Doggie Julian") was its head coach at from 1936 to 1944; his career record was 56–49–2\. Julian was also Muhlenberg's head [basketball](/wiki/College_basketball "College basketball") coach during this time and the head [baseball](/wiki/College_baseball "College baseball") coach from 1942 to 1944\.["Doggie Julian"](https://www.coachesdatabase.com/doggie-julian/) at Coaches Database, retrieved October 2, 2022 In 1946, [Ben Schwartzwalder](/wiki/Ben_Schwartzwalder "Ben Schwartzwalder") was named head football coach.{{cite book\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/mw1945\-1946\_muhl\\|title\=The Muhlenberg Weekly (March 1945 \- Feb.1946\)\\|last\=Muhlenberg College\\|date\=12 October 2018\\|via\=Internet Archive}} In [his first season](/wiki/1946_Muhlenberg_Mules_football_team "1946 Muhlenberg Mules football team"), he guided the Mules to a 9–1 record{{cite book\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/mw1946\-1947\_muhl\\|title\=The Muhlenberg Weekly (1946\-1947\)\\|last\=Muhlenberg College\\|date\=12 October 2018\\|via\=Internet Archive}} and a national championship with Muhlenberg defeating [St. Bonaventure University](/wiki/St._Bonaventure_Brown_Indians_football "St. Bonaventure Brown Indians football") in the [Tobacco Bowl](/wiki/Tobacco_Bowl "Tobacco Bowl"). The following year, in the [1947 season](/wiki/1947_Muhlenberg_Mules_football_team "1947 Muhlenberg Mules football team"), Schwartzwalder again led the Mules to a 9–1 record; the season's only loss came by one point, in a 7–6 loss at [Temple](/wiki/Temple_Owls_football "Temple Owls football"). The Mules declined an invitation that season to appear in the [Tangerine Bowl](/wiki/Citrus_Bowl "Citrus Bowl").{{cite book\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/mw1947\-1948\_muhl\\|title\=The Muhlenberg Weekly (1947\-1948\)\\|last\=Muhlenberg College\\|date\=12 October 2018\\|via\=Internet Archive}} In 1949, Schwartzwalder departed to coach [Syracuse](/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_football "Syracuse Orange football"). After Schwartzwalder departed for [Syracuse](/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_football "Syracuse Orange football") in 1949, the Mules fell off the national radar until the hiring of Mike Donnelly in 1997\. Despite a rough 1–9 inaugural campaign, Donnelly turned the team around. From 2000 to 2004, the Mules won five straight [Centennial Conference](/wiki/Centennial_Conference "Centennial Conference") championships{{cite web\\|url\=http://centennial.prestosports.com/sports/fball/2010\-11/files/64\-85\-History.pdf\\|title\=Centennial Conference\\|website\=Centennial Conference}} and earned five straight postseason berths. In 2007, the Mules again won the Centennial Conference and received another berth in the NCAA playoffs, winning their first\-round game before falling in the second round. Donnelly's team won the Centennial Conference again in 2008 and earned a playoff berth, but fell in the first round. In 2010, they returned to the playoffs with the same result. In the 20th century, at least three Muhlenberg players went on to play in the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League"): [Sisto Averno](/wiki/Sisto_Averno "Sisto Averno") (with the [Baltimore Colts](/wiki/Baltimore_Colts_%281947%E2%80%931950%29 "Baltimore Colts (1947–1950)"), [Dallas Texans](/wiki/Dallas_Texans_%28NFL%29 "Dallas Texans (NFL)"), and [New York Yanks](/wiki/New_York_Yanks "New York Yanks") between 1950 and 1954\), [Charlie Copley](/wiki/Charlie_Copley "Charlie Copley") (with the [Akron Pros](/wiki/Akron_Pros "Akron Pros") and [Milwaukee Badgers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Badgers "Milwaukee Badgers") between 1920 and 1922\), and [Tony Zuzzio](/wiki/Tony_Zuzzio "Tony Zuzzio") (with the [Detroit Lions](/wiki/Detroit_Lions "Detroit Lions") in 1942\). #### 21st century Since the 2000 season, Muhlenberg has compiled a 66–28 overall record in the Centennial Conference, second\-best among all active and former members behind only [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays_football "Johns Hopkins Blue Jays football"). The Muhlenberg football team has won the Centennial Conference championship seven times in the 2000s.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.muhlenbergsports.com/sports/2015/1/1/CC%20Champions.aspx \\|title\=Newsletter\\|date\=2015 \\|website\= www.muhlenbergsports.com\\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-15}} [Nate Milne](/wiki/Nate_Milne "Nate Milne") was named Muhlenberg's head football coach in 2018\. He has since complied a 35–5 record over his first three seasons.["Nate Milne"](https://muhlenbergsports.com/staff-directory/nate-milne/70) at Muhlenberg Sports, retrieved October 2, 2022 In 2019, Milne was named [AFCA Coach of the Year Award](/wiki/AFCA_Coach_of_the_Year_Award "AFCA Coach of the Year Award") for [NCAA Division III](/wiki/NCAA_Division_III "NCAA Division III").{{cite news \\|author\= \\|title\=Division III's Best Jamestown HS Alum Milne Named Coach Of The Year \\|url\=https://www.post\-journal.com/sports/local\-sports/2020/01/division\-iiis\-best/ \\|newspaper\=\[\[Jamestown, New York]] \\|date\=January 16, 2020 \\|access\-date\=December 13, 2020 }} ### Club teams In addition to its 22 NCAA teams, Muhlenberg College has sports club teams in [ultimate frisbee](/wiki/Ultimate_%28sport%29 "Ultimate (sport)") and [women's rugby](/wiki/Rugby_union "Rugby union").	[ "Athletics\n---------", "{{main\\\|Muhlenberg Mules}}\n{{see also\\\|Scotty Wood Stadium}}\n[thumb\\\|[Scotty Wood Stadium](/wiki/Scotty_Wood_Stadium \"Scotty Wood Stadium\") on the Muhlenberg College campus in December 2017](/wiki/File:Muhlenberg_Stadium.jpg \"Muhlenberg Stadium.jpg\")\nMuhlenberg College athletic teams are the [Muhlenberg Mules](/wiki/Muhlenberg_Mules \"Muhlenberg Mules\") and compete in [NCAA Division III](/wiki/NCAA_Division_III \"NCAA Division III\"). The college has 22 intercollegiate sports, which belong to either the [Centennial Conference](/wiki/Centennial_Conference \"Centennial Conference\"){{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.centennial.org/sports/bsb/index\\\|title\\=Baseball\\\|website\\=Centennial Conference}} or [Eastern College Athletic Conference](/wiki/Eastern_College_Athletic_Conference \"Eastern College Athletic Conference\").", "Both men's and women's teams exist for [basketball](/wiki/Basketball \"Basketball\"), [cross country](/wiki/Cross_country_running \"Cross country running\"), [golf](/wiki/Golf \"Golf\"), [lacrosse](/wiki/Lacrosse \"Lacrosse\"), [soccer](/wiki/Soccer \"Soccer\"), [tennis](/wiki/Tennis \"Tennis\"), [track and field](/wiki/Track_and_field \"Track and field\"), and [wrestling](/wiki/Collegiate_wrestling \"Collegiate wrestling\"). Men's teams exist for [baseball](/wiki/Baseball \"Baseball\") and [football](/wiki/College_football \"College football\"); women have teams for [softball](/wiki/Softball \"Softball\"), [field hockey](/wiki/Field_hockey \"Field hockey\"), and [volleyball](/wiki/Volleyball \"Volleyball\").", "In 2004, additional athletic facilities were built west of the field house. Updated tennis courts were built in 2003 and two fields were added in 1997 and 1998\\. The baseball and softball teams do not have on\\-campus facilities. The football, field hockey, and track and field teams each perform at [Scotty Wood Stadium](/wiki/Scotty_Wood_Stadium \"Scotty Wood Stadium\"), at 3400 West Chew Street, on the Muhlenberg College campus.", "### Football", "#### 20th century", "{{Main\\\|Muhlenberg Mules football}}\nIn 1900, the [Muhlenberg Mules football](/wiki/Muhlenberg_Mules_football \"Muhlenberg Mules football\") program was founded as Muhlenberg College's first official varsity sport. [Doggie Julian](/wiki/Doggie_Julian \"Doggie Julian\") was its head coach at from 1936 to 1944; his career record was 56–49–2\\. Julian was also Muhlenberg's head [basketball](/wiki/College_basketball \"College basketball\") coach during this time and the head [baseball](/wiki/College_baseball \"College baseball\") coach from 1942 to 1944\\.[\"Doggie Julian\"](https://www.coachesdatabase.com/doggie-julian/) at Coaches Database, retrieved October 2, 2022", "In 1946, [Ben Schwartzwalder](/wiki/Ben_Schwartzwalder \"Ben Schwartzwalder\") was named head football coach.{{cite book\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/mw1945\\-1946\\_muhl\\\|title\\=The Muhlenberg Weekly (March 1945 \\- Feb.1946\\)\\\|last\\=Muhlenberg College\\\|date\\=12 October 2018\\\|via\\=Internet Archive}} In [his first season](/wiki/1946_Muhlenberg_Mules_football_team \"1946 Muhlenberg Mules football team\"), he guided the Mules to a 9–1 record{{cite book\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/mw1946\\-1947\\_muhl\\\|title\\=The Muhlenberg Weekly (1946\\-1947\\)\\\|last\\=Muhlenberg College\\\|date\\=12 October 2018\\\|via\\=Internet Archive}} and a national championship with Muhlenberg defeating [St. Bonaventure University](/wiki/St._Bonaventure_Brown_Indians_football \"St. Bonaventure Brown Indians football\") in the [Tobacco Bowl](/wiki/Tobacco_Bowl \"Tobacco Bowl\"). The following year, in the [1947 season](/wiki/1947_Muhlenberg_Mules_football_team \"1947 Muhlenberg Mules football team\"), Schwartzwalder again led the Mules to a 9–1 record; the season's only loss came by one point, in a 7–6 loss at [Temple](/wiki/Temple_Owls_football \"Temple Owls football\"). The Mules declined an invitation that season to appear in the [Tangerine Bowl](/wiki/Citrus_Bowl \"Citrus Bowl\").{{cite book\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/mw1947\\-1948\\_muhl\\\|title\\=The Muhlenberg Weekly (1947\\-1948\\)\\\|last\\=Muhlenberg College\\\|date\\=12 October 2018\\\|via\\=Internet Archive}} In 1949, Schwartzwalder departed to coach [Syracuse](/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_football \"Syracuse Orange football\").", "After Schwartzwalder departed for [Syracuse](/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_football \"Syracuse Orange football\") in 1949, the Mules fell off the national radar until the hiring of Mike Donnelly in 1997\\. Despite a rough 1–9 inaugural campaign, Donnelly turned the team around. From 2000 to 2004, the Mules won five straight [Centennial Conference](/wiki/Centennial_Conference \"Centennial Conference\") championships{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://centennial.prestosports.com/sports/fball/2010\\-11/files/64\\-85\\-History.pdf\\\|title\\=Centennial Conference\\\|website\\=Centennial Conference}} and earned five straight postseason berths. In 2007, the Mules again won the Centennial Conference and received another berth in the NCAA playoffs, winning their first\\-round game before falling in the second round. Donnelly's team won the Centennial Conference again in 2008 and earned a playoff berth, but fell in the first round. In 2010, they returned to the playoffs with the same result.", "In the 20th century, at least three Muhlenberg players went on to play in the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\"): [Sisto Averno](/wiki/Sisto_Averno \"Sisto Averno\") (with the [Baltimore Colts](/wiki/Baltimore_Colts_%281947%E2%80%931950%29 \"Baltimore Colts (1947–1950)\"), [Dallas Texans](/wiki/Dallas_Texans_%28NFL%29 \"Dallas Texans (NFL)\"), and [New York Yanks](/wiki/New_York_Yanks \"New York Yanks\") between 1950 and 1954\\), [Charlie Copley](/wiki/Charlie_Copley \"Charlie Copley\") (with the [Akron Pros](/wiki/Akron_Pros \"Akron Pros\") and [Milwaukee Badgers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Badgers \"Milwaukee Badgers\") between 1920 and 1922\\), and [Tony Zuzzio](/wiki/Tony_Zuzzio \"Tony Zuzzio\") (with the [Detroit Lions](/wiki/Detroit_Lions \"Detroit Lions\") in 1942\\).", "#### 21st century", "Since the 2000 season, Muhlenberg has compiled a 66–28 overall record in the Centennial Conference, second\\-best among all active and former members behind only [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays_football \"Johns Hopkins Blue Jays football\"). The Muhlenberg football team has won the Centennial Conference championship seven times in the 2000s.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.muhlenbergsports.com/sports/2015/1/1/CC%20Champions.aspx \\\|title\\=Newsletter\\\|date\\=2015 \\\|website\\= www.muhlenbergsports.com\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-15}}", "[Nate Milne](/wiki/Nate_Milne \"Nate Milne\") was named Muhlenberg's head football coach in 2018\\. He has since complied a 35–5 record over his first three seasons.[\"Nate Milne\"](https://muhlenbergsports.com/staff-directory/nate-milne/70) at Muhlenberg Sports, retrieved October 2, 2022 In 2019, Milne was named [AFCA Coach of the Year Award](/wiki/AFCA_Coach_of_the_Year_Award \"AFCA Coach of the Year Award\") for [NCAA Division III](/wiki/NCAA_Division_III \"NCAA Division III\").{{cite news \\\|author\\= \\\|title\\=Division III's Best Jamestown HS Alum Milne Named Coach Of The Year \\\|url\\=https://www.post\\-journal.com/sports/local\\-sports/2020/01/division\\-iiis\\-best/ \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Jamestown, New York]] \\\|date\\=January 16, 2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=December 13, 2020 }}", "### Club teams", "In addition to its 22 NCAA teams, Muhlenberg College has sports club teams in [ultimate frisbee](/wiki/Ultimate_%28sport%29 \"Ultimate (sport)\") and [women's rugby](/wiki/Rugby_union \"Rugby union\").", "" ]
Music video ----------- ### Background and production The music video is directed by Cho Soo\-hyun, who previously directed Psy's music video for "Gangnam Style", and the MV for "[This Love](/wiki/The_Classic_%28Shinhwa_album%29 "The Classic (Shinhwa album)")" by [Shinhwa](/wiki/Shinhwa "Shinhwa").{{cite news\\|first\=Grace Danbi\\|last\=Hong\\|title\=Fujii Mina to be Shinhwa's Lady in 'This Love' MV\\|url\=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\=35689\\|date\=May 8, 2013\\|work\=enewsWorld\\|publisher\=CJ E\&M\\|access\-date\=May 8, 2013\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606202748/http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\=35689\\|archive\-date\=June 6, 2013\\|url\-status\=dead}} It is co\-edited by [Yang Hyun\-suk](/wiki/Yang_Hyun-suk "Yang Hyun-suk"). "Gentleman" was filmed on April 8 and 9 in various parts of [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul "Seoul") and [Goyang](/wiki/Goyang "Goyang"), South Korea.{{cite web\\| url\=http://news.hankooki.com/lpage/culture/201304/h20130416165143111780\.htm\\| script\-title\=ko:'젠틀맨' 뮤비 주요 장면은 싸이의 아이디어\\| author\=이태수\\| work\=\[\[Hankook Ilbo]]\\| date\=April 16, 2013\\| access\-date\=April 18, 2013\\| language\=ko\\| url\-status\=dead\\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419125817/http://news.hankooki.com/lpage/culture/201304/h20130416165143111780\.htm\\| archive\-date\=April 19, 2013\\| df\=mdy\-all}} The boutique in the opener is the [10 Corso Como](/wiki/10_Corso_Como "10 Corso Como") store in [Cheongdam\-dong](/wiki/Cheongdam-dong "Cheongdam-dong"),{{cite news\\|first\=Jin\-hai \\|last\=Park \\|title\=Psy showcases Korean fashion: 10 Corso Como Seoul offers fashion and culture in new Gangnam style \\|url\=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/05/135\_135280\.html \\|date\=May 7, 2013 \\|work\=\[\[The Korea Times]] \\|access\-date\=May 8, 2013 \\|url\-status\=live \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105612/https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/05/135\_135280\.html \\|archive\-date\=December 24, 2013 \\|df\=mdy }} and the elevator scene was at the [Grand InterContinental Hotel](/wiki/InterContinental%23Notable_properties "InterContinental#Notable properties"), both of which are in the [Gangnam District](/wiki/Gangnam_District "Gangnam District").{{cite web\\| url \= http://www.mb.com.ph/article.php?aid\=7987\&sid\=4\&subid\=26\#.UXCAl3Bki0s\\| title \= Psy's 'Gentleman' reaches 100 million views in 4 days\\| last \= Hicap\\| first \= Jonathan M.\\| date \= April 17, 2013\\| work \= Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation\\| access\-date \= April 18, 2013\\| archive\-date \= April 20, 2013\\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130420001453/http://www.mb.com.ph/article.php?aid\=7987\&sid\=4\&subid\=26\#.UXCAl3Bki0s\\| url\-status \= live}} The elementary school was in [Seongdong District](/wiki/Seongdong_District "Seongdong District"), and the library was the Seoul Metropolitan Library in [Seoul City Hall](/wiki/Seoul_City_Hall "Seoul City Hall"). A part of the hip\-swing dance scenes was at the [Mapo Bridge](/wiki/Mapo_Bridge "Mapo Bridge"). In Goyang, scenes were shot at an indoor pool at [Goyang Gymnasium](/wiki/Goyang_Gymnasium "Goyang Gymnasium"), an [Ilsan](/wiki/Ilsan "Ilsan") indoor golf driving range, and [Hallyu World](/wiki/Hallyuworld "Hallyuworld"). South Korean TV show [Infinite Challenge](/wiki/Infinite_Challenge "Infinite Challenge") cast members [Yoo Jae\-suk](/wiki/Yoo_Jae-suk "Yoo Jae-suk"), [Park Myeong\-su](/wiki/Park_Myeong-su "Park Myeong-su"), [Jeong Jun\-ha](/wiki/Jeong_Jun-ha "Jeong Jun-ha"), [Jeong Hyeong\-don](/wiki/Jeong_Hyeong-don "Jeong Hyeong-don"), [Noh Hong\-chul](/wiki/Noh_Hong-chul "Noh Hong-chul"), [HaHa](/wiki/Haha_%28entertainer%29 "Haha (entertainer)"), and [Gil](/wiki/Gil_Seong-joon "Gil Seong-joon") make appearances in the video,{{cite web \\|url\= https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/04/386\_133491\.html \\|title\= 'Infinite Challenge' members to appear in Psy's new music video \\|date\= April 7, 2013 \\|access\-date\= July 6, 2013 \\|archive\-date\= December 24, 2013 \\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111226/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/04/386\_133491\.html \\|url\-status\= live }} with Yoo and Noh making return appearances from the "Gangnam Style" video. The two bikini girls are models; the yellow bikini girl, [Sora Choi](/wiki/Sora_Choi "Sora Choi"), was the winner of the third cycle of [Korea's Next Top Model](/wiki/Korea%27s_Next_Top_Model "Korea's Next Top Model"). Four of the other girls featured in the music video are acting majors from [Dongduk Women's University](/wiki/Dongduk_Women%27s_University "Dongduk Women's University") in Seoul. The video is described to have a "sexual twist" in comparison to his previous single and features Psy performing a "fast, hip\-swinging dance," sporting [harem pants](/wiki/Harem_pants "Harem pants"), and an array of jackets in wide\-ranging colors and sunglasses that he has become known for wearing.{{cite web\\| url \= http://www.blogher.com/psy\-gentleman\-can\-gangnam\-style\-star\-be\-more\-one\-hit\-wonder\-us\\| title \= Psy "Gentleman": Can "Gangnam Style" Star Be More Than a One\-Hit Wonder in the US?\\| publisher \= Blogher.com\\| date \= April 15, 2013\\| access\-date \= December 25, 2013\\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131225173531/http://www.blogher.com/psy\-gentleman\-can\-gangnam\-style\-star\-be\-more\-one\-hit\-wonder\-us\\| archive\-date \= December 25, 2013\\| url\-status \= dead}} Before the release of the video, he hinted that the choreography will be a unique take on a classic dance by stating that "All Koreans know this dance. But (those in) other countries haven't seen it". The dance was later revealed to be the "arrogant dance" from the song "[Abracadabra](/wiki/Abracadabra_%28Brown_Eyed_Girls_song%29 "Abracadabra (Brown Eyed Girls song)")" by South Korean girl group [Brown Eyed Girls](/wiki/Brown_Eyed_Girls "Brown Eyed Girls").The "arrogant dance" involves folding the arms and swaying the hips. In the "Gentleman" version, Psy holds his hand to his chin. Lee Joo Sun, Psy's choreographer who came up with the 'horse\-riding' dance for "Gangnam Style," had said, "We have a great dance. We thought up 50 different dances, everything from a sports dance to an animal dance, but we finally decided that \[Brown Eyed Girls'] dance fits the song best."{{cite web\\| url\=http://enews24\.interest.me/news/article.asp?nsID\=148794\\| script\-title\=ko:싸이 '젠틀맨' 시건방춤, 배후엔 '지드래곤'이 있었다\\| author\=고홍주\\| work\=enews24\\| publisher\=\[\[CJ E\&M Pictures\\|CJ E\&M]]\\| date\=April 19, 2013\\| access\-date\=April 20, 2013\\| language\=ko\\| archive\-date\=May 10, 2013\\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510190603/http://enews24\.interest.me/news/article.asp?nsID\=148794\\| url\-status\=live}} The music video also features an appearance by the girl group member [Ga\-In](/wiki/Gain_%28singer%29 "Gain (singer)"). Psy reportedly paid a royalty to Brown Eyed Girls' choreographers in order to use the routine in the video.{{cite news\\|title\=Why 'Gentleman' Could Be Psy's Next Video to Break a Billion Views\\|url\=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2013/04/16/why\-gentleman\-could\-be\-psys\-next\-video\-to\-break\-a\-billion\-views/\\|last\=Yang\\|first\=Jeff\\|work\=Speakeasy\\|access\-date\=April 17, 2013\\|archive\-date\=April 18, 2013\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418080333/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2013/04/16/why\-gentleman\-could\-be\-psys\-next\-video\-to\-break\-a\-billion\-views/\\|url\-status\=live}} Another dance move called the "crab dance" was incorporated where one moves sideways with their hands in the shape of a crab's claw, and created by Lee Joo\-sun.{{cite web\\| url\=http://news.donga.com/Main/3/all/20130416/54475698/1\\| script\-title\=ko:싸이 연타석 홈런 비결…"세계인이 즐길 놀이문화"\\| work\=\[\[The Dong\-a Ilbo]]\\| date\=April 16, 2013\\| access\-date\=April 20, 2013\\| language\=ko\\| url\-status\=dead\\| archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130616071356/http://news.donga.com/Main/3/all/20130416/54475698/1\\| archive\-date\=June 16, 2013\\| df\=mdy\-all}} Editing took place from April 10–12, while Psy was also preparing for his concert. He said that in that week, he got five years older. He estimates the production cost was larger than expected, about $150,000, partly from schedule changes on his part. ### Synopsis The video features Psy performing ungentlemanly pranks on various people until he meets a girl who pulls unmannerly pranks on him.{{cite magazine\\|url\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k\-town/1557385/psy\-gentleman\-music\-video\-watch\-the\-follow\-up\-visual\-to\-gangnam\\|title\=Psy 'Gentleman' Music Video: Watch the Follow\-Up Visual to 'Gangnam Style'\\|access\-date\=April 13, 2013\\|date\=April 13, 2013\\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|last\=Benjamin\\|first\=Jeff\\|archive\-date\=April 15, 2013\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415164222/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k\-town/1557385/psy\-gentleman\-music\-video\-watch\-the\-follow\-up\-visual\-to\-gangnam\\|url\-status\=live}} As a [tuxedo](/wiki/Tuxedo "Tuxedo")\-clad Psy, wearing sunglasses, walks up a paved street hill with an entourage of comparatively older men, he stops to kick a [traffic cone](/wiki/Traffic_cone "Traffic cone"). He is in a [boutique](/wiki/Boutique "Boutique") with the men who follow him while holding shopping bags. As he passes through the shop's corridors, he grabs the breast\-contour of a female\-shaped [mannequin](/wiki/Mannequin "Mannequin"). He lounges in a patio chair while a girl dances behind him. Psy dances at a playground with a guy ([HaHa](/wiki/Haha_%28entertainer%29 "Haha (entertainer)")). Psy plays [Candy Crush Saga](/wiki/Candy_Crush_Saga "Candy Crush Saga") on his [iPhone 5](/wiki/IPhone_5 "IPhone 5"),{{cite web\\| date \= April 17, 2013\\| url \= http://kotaku.com/is\-psys\-gentleman\-video\-just\-a\-giant\-commercial\-474673280\\| title \= Is Psy's "Gentleman" Video Just a Giant Commercial?\\| publisher \= Kotaku.com\\| access\-date \= April 19, 2013\\| archive\-date \= April 20, 2013\\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130420011733/http://kotaku.com/is\-psys\-gentleman\-video\-just\-a\-giant\-commercial\-474673280\\| url\-status \= live}} as a woman (Kim Min\-sun) jogs on a treadmill, but then he adjusts the controls to speed up the treadmill, propelling the woman to the floor while he laughs.{{cite web\\| url \= https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/psy\-a\-farty\-followup\-and\-sixty\-million\-hits\-8573969\.html\\| title \= Psy, a farty follow\-up and sixty million hits\\| work \= \[\[Evening Standard]]\\| location \= London\\| date \= April 15, 2013\\| last \= Butter\\| first \= Susannah\\| access\-date \= April 5, 2018\\| archive\-date \= July 3, 2015\\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150703184908/http://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/psy\-a\-farty\-followup\-and\-sixty\-million\-hits\-8573969\.html\\| url\-status \= live}} On the following scene, Psy holds the hands of a girl (Bang Kyung\-ran) at a restaurant table, while [Noh Hong\-chul](/wiki/Noh_Hong-chul "Noh Hong-chul") thrusts his pelvis in the background. Psy then pushes the bottom of her coffee cup to her face. [Yoo Jae\-suk](/wiki/Yoo_Jae-suk "Yoo Jae-suk"), wearing his yellow tuxedo and sunglasses as in the "Gangnam Style" video, rushes into an elevator, urgently needing to reach a bathroom, but Psy arrives and stalls the trip by pushing all the elevator floor buttons; he taunts the doubled\-over Yoo with his dance. At a library, Psy farts in his hand—cupping it to contain and concentrate the [flatus](/wiki/Flatus "Flatus")—and then, depicted in slow motion, delivers it in front of the face of a girl (Kim Hyun\-Joo).Todd Gilchrist of MTV calls the farting prank a "stink\-palm", while Susannah Butter of Evening Standard (London) calls it a "cupcake". In a pink tuxedo, Psy does the hip\-swaying dance while putting his hand to his chin, while the dancers do the same; the women have their backs to the viewers so they sway with their ponytails. Psy crashes a kids' soccer game and kicks their ball away. He applies lotion to a girl in a violet bikini (Ji Ho\-jin) and a girl in a yellow bikini ([Choi So\-ra](/wiki/Sora_Choi "Sora Choi")) while a guy ([Gil Seong\-joon](/wiki/Gil_Seong-joon "Gil Seong-joon")) carefully works a hair dryer and brush on his bald head, Psy undoes the yellow bikini girl's top. He lies on his belly on the floor while two guys ([Park Myeong\-su](/wiki/Park_Myeong-su "Park Myeong-su") and [Jeong Jun\-ha](/wiki/Jeong_Jun-ha "Jeong Jun-ha")) sway on top of him. He takes a girl (Kim Sol) to be seated at a restaurant, but pulls the chair away, causing her to fall. Another guy ([Jeong Hyeong\-don](/wiki/Jeong_Hyeong-don "Jeong Hyeong-don")) offers his hand to help her up, but yanks her down instead.In the original storyline, the girl chases after Psy, who has left the restaurant without paying. Psy sees a girl ([Ga\-In](/wiki/Gain_%28singer%29 "Gain (singer)")) who is working out in a "body\-hugging football outfit" with the red letter 'G'. He takes off his jacket, flings it at her and does a pull up. As he leaves, the girl follows him. They go to a tented market cafe where she abruptly pulls the seat from under him and shakes up his beer. Psy plays around with noodle dough as if it were a [feather boa](/wiki/Feather_boa "Feather boa"); while he sucks at some [hand\-pulled Korean noodles](/wiki/Lamian "Lamian"), she is chewing on an [oden fishcake](/wiki/Oden "Oden") on a stick. He and the dancers do the sway again. He parties with the people at the tent. He starts saying "Wet Psy!" He sits with the two bikini\-clad girls. He sings "Wet Psy!" over and over. He raises his arms to show his sweat\-soaked armpits.The clip where Psy raises his arms with sweat\-soaked armpits is from the Korean show [Infinite Challenge](/wiki/Infinite_Challenge "Infinite Challenge").{{cite web \\|author\=MBCEntertainment \\|author\-link\=Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation \\|format\=YouTube \\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=3exokgumQM8 \\|title\=Pay Gentleman – Wet Psy! (Wet Psy's meaning and history) \\|website\=\[\[YouTube]] \\|date\=April 16, 2013 \\|access\-date\=April 25, 2013 \\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421090949/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=3exokgumQM8≷\=US\&hl\=en \\|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/11426/20120726/psy\-explains\-his\-sweaty\-armpit\-incident\-was\-in\-conflict.htm \\|title\=Psy's Sweaty Armpit Incident On "Radio Star" 'I Wanted People to Notice…' \\|publisher\=KpopStarz \\|date\=July 26, 2012 \\|access\-date\=April 25, 2013 \\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506032251/http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/11426/20120726/psy\-explains\-his\-sweaty\-armpit\-incident\-was\-in\-conflict.htm \\|url\-status\=live }} He and the two girls are catapulted into the swimming pool. He and the dancers sway at the pool, an indoor field, and outdoors. The after\-song footage has an outtake from the tent cafe. The girl dances around the pole of a street sign while Psy does the same with a wider traffic light pole. A girl is about to make a photocopy when Psy rushes in and photocopies his face. The copier prints the stylized promotional intertitle of the song and music video. ### Release The "Gentleman" music video was posted on YouTube on Saturday, April 13, 2013, shortly following a live premiere and performance from Psy's live concert, which was streamed online. The song was released at midnight on April 12 in each time zone.{{cite tweet \\|author\= \[\[PSY]] \\|user\= psy\_oppa\\|number\= 322315384139161600 \\|date\= April 11, 2013 \\|title\= Releasing on 04/12 at your own 0am!! I'm a mother father \#Gentleman!!! \\|access\-date\= April 25, 2013 }} People seeking access to the song early online were blocked by Psy's record company, Universal, but [Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)") reports that others were able to access the song prematurely. When asked why he released the song a day before his "Happening" concert, he stated via Twitter "cause We Gotta Sing Along".{{cite tweet \\|author\= \[\[PSY]] \\|user\= psy\_oppa\\|number\= 322322122355662848 \\|date\= April 11, 2013 \\|title\= cause We Gotta Sing Along \\|access\-date\= April 25, 2013 }} On April 18, the video was banned by South Korea's [state broadcaster](/wiki/Public_broadcasting "Public broadcasting"), the [Korean Broadcasting System](/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System "Korean Broadcasting System") (KBS), because it contains a scene of Psy "abusing public property" by kicking a traffic cone that says "no parking" (주차 금지) during the first five seconds of the video.{{cite news\\|title\=SKorean broadcaster bans Psy's 'Gentleman' video\\|url\=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/skorean\-broadcaster\-bans\-psys\-gentleman\-video\\|agency\=Associated Press\\|access\-date\=April 18, 2013\\|archive\-date\=May 5, 2013\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505115054/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/skorean\-broadcaster\-bans\-psys\-gentleman\-video\\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.nme.com/news/psy/69837 \\|title\=Psy's new track 'Gentleman' banned in South Korea \\| News \\|publisher\=Nme.Com \\|date\=April 19, 2013 \\|access\-date\=June 28, 2013 \\|archive\-date\=July 10, 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710005212/http://www.nme.com/news/psy/69837 \\|url\-status\=live }} On April 24, [Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation "Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation") (MBC) passed the deliberation{{clarify\\|date\=April 2013\\|reason\=what does passing the deliberation mean??}} of the music video.{{cite news\\|title\=KBS 방송부적격판정 싸이 '젠틀맨' 뮤비, MBC SBS 심의통과\\|url\=http://www.newsen.com/news\_view.php?uid\=201304241750530410\\|access\-date\=April 24, 2013\\|newspaper\=Newsen\\|archive\-date\=November 3, 2013\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103201437/http://www.newsen.com/news\_view.php?uid\=201304241750530410\\|url\-status\=live}} ### Reception Todd Gilchrist of MTV described the video to have "effectively parod(ied) a rich heel, subjecting ladies within his celebrity orbit to '[Billy Madison](/wiki/Billy_Madison "Billy Madison")'\-style gags like pulling chairs out from beneath them and speeding up treadmills until they fall off."{{cite news\\|last\=Gilchrist\\|first\=Todd\\|title\=Psy Is No 'Gentleman' In New Music Video\\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1705603/psy\-gentleman\-music\-video.jhtml\\|access\-date\=April 14, 2013\\|publisher\=MTV\\|date\=April 13, 2013\\|archive\-date\=April 14, 2013\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414013224/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1705603/psy\-gentleman\-music\-video.jhtml\\|url\-status\=dead}} #### Viewership The audio\-only version of the song had more than 1\.2 million YouTube hits prior to its concert premiere, which was seen online by 160,000\. The music video for "Gentleman" reached 18\.9 million views on YouTube on the day of its release; which broke the previous single\-day viewership record for music videos set by [Justin Bieber](/wiki/Justin_Bieber "Justin Bieber")'s "[Beauty and a Beat](/wiki/Beauty_and_a_Beat "Beauty and a Beat")" at 10\.6 million views.{{cite magazine\\|title\=Psy's 'Gentleman' Hits 70 Million Views in Three Days, Sets YouTube Record\\|url\=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital\-and\-mobile/1557489/psys\-gentleman\-hits\-70\-million\-views\-in\-three\-days\-sets\\|last\=Gruger\\|first\=William\\|date\=April 15, 2013\\|magazine\=Billboard\\|access\-date\=April 18, 2013\\|archive\-date\=April 20, 2013\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420144214/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital\-and\-mobile/1557489/psys\-gentleman\-hits\-70\-million\-views\-in\-three\-days\-sets\\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\=Psy sets new YouTube record as Gentleman cracks 20 million views in first day online\\|url\=http://arts.nationalpost.com/2013/04/16/psy\-sets\-new\-youtube\-record\-as\-gentleman\-cracks\-20\-million\-views\-in\-first\-day\-online/\\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130616041758/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2013/04/16/psy\-sets\-new\-youtube\-record\-as\-gentleman\-cracks\-20\-million\-views\-in\-first\-day\-online/\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=June 16, 2013\\|work\=National Post\\|access\-date\=April 18, 2013}} On April 22, Kevin Allocca of YouTube reported that the video "set the record for the most views ever in a single day with the over 38 million 'Gentleman' achieved on April 14", which beat the previous single\-day record of 31 million views set by "[KONY 2012](/wiki/KONY_2012 "KONY 2012")"—a documentary about a Ugandan warlord made by the charity group [Invisible Children](/wiki/Invisible_Children%2C_Inc. "Invisible Children, Inc.").{{cite web \\|last\=Allocca \\|first\=Kevin \\|url\=http://youtube\-trends.blogspot.com/2013/04/psys\-gentleman\-raises\-bar.html \\|title\=YouTube Trends: Psy's 'Gentleman' Raises the Bar \\|publisher\=Youtube\-trends.blogspot.com \\|date\=April 22, 2010 \\|access\-date\=April 23, 2013 \\|archive\-date\=April 25, 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425050205/http://youtube\-trends.blogspot.com/2013/04/psys\-gentleman\-raises\-bar.html \\|url\-status\=live }}{{unreliable source?\\|date\=April 2022}}{{cite news \\|url\=http://entertainment.inquirer.net/90623/psys\-gentleman\-hits\-200\-mn\-youtube\-views \\|title\=Psy's 'Gentleman' hits 200 mn YouTube views \\|agency\=Agence France\-Presse \\|work\=Entertainment.inquirer.net \\|date\=April 13, 2013 \\|access\-date\=April 23, 2013 \\|archive\-date\=April 25, 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425130415/http://entertainment.inquirer.net/90623/psys\-gentleman\-hits\-200\-mn\-youtube\-views \\|url\-status\=live }} This was certified as a [Guinness World Record](/wiki/Guinness_World_Record "Guinness World Record").{{cite magazine\\|url\=http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/04/29/psys\-gentleman\-music\-video\-sets\-guinness\-world\-record/\\|title\=Psy's 'Gentleman' Music Video Sets Guinness World Record\\|access\-date\=April 29, 2013\\|date\=April 29, 2013\\|magazine\=\[\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]]\\|last\=Ho\\|first\=Erica\\|archive\-date\=May 1, 2013\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501202501/http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/04/29/psys\-gentleman\-music\-video\-sets\-guinness\-world\-record/\\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/4/psy\-secures\-new\-youtube\-world\-record\-with\-gentleman\-48291/ \\|last\=Barrett \\|first\=Dan \\|title\=Psy secures new YouTube world record with "Gentleman" – April – 2013 – Latest World Record News \\|publisher\=Guinness World Records \\|date\=April 25, 2013 \\|access\-date\=April 30, 2013 \\|archive\-date\=May 17, 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517094313/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/4/psy\-secures\-new\-youtube\-world\-record\-with\-gentleman\-48291 \\|url\-status\=live }} This record was later beaten by [Taylor Swift](/wiki/Taylor_Swift "Taylor Swift") with her 2017 single "[Look What You Made Me Do](/wiki/Look_What_You_Made_Me_Do "Look What You Made Me Do")" which accumulated 43\.2 million views in 24 hours. Gentleman reached 100 million views on April 17, just four days after its release.{{cite web\\|title\=Psy's "Gentleman" Video Surpasses 100 Million Views on YouTube\\|url\=http://ca.eonline.com/news/409260/psy\-s\-gentleman\-video\-surpasses\-100\-million\-views\-on\-youtube\\|last\=Nessif\\|first\=Bruna\\|date\=April 17, 2013\\|work\=E! Online\\|access\-date\=April 18, 2013\\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2022\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304140710/https://www.eonline.com/news/409260/psy\-s\-gentleman\-video\-surpasses\-100\-million\-views\-on\-youtube\\|url\-status\=live}} It became the fastest music video to reach 100 million, beating "[Bad Romance](/wiki/Bad_Romance "Bad Romance")" by [Lady Gaga](/wiki/Lady_Gaga "Lady Gaga"), and tied with the [Russian Meteor](/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor "Chelyabinsk meteor") video for the fastest overall video to reach 100 million.{{cite web \\|author \= Yoon Hyo Jung \\|url \= http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/news/psy\-s\-gentleman\-music\-video\-surpasses\-200\-million\-023800727\.html \\|title \= Psy's 'Gentleman' music video surpasses 200 million views \\|work \= Korea Star Daily \\|publisher \= Yahoo! OMG! Philippines \\|date \= April 20, 2013 \\|access\-date \= April 25, 2013 \\|archive\-date \= December 24, 2013 \\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120238/http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/news/psy\-s\-gentleman\-music\-video\-surpasses\-200\-million\-023800727\.html \\|url\-status \= live }}{{cite web\\| url \= http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news\-and\-events/blog/bid/97346/PSY\-s\-Gentleman\-Ties\-Record\-for\-Fastest\-Video\-to\-Top\-100\-Million\-Views\\| title \= Psy's Gentleman Ties Record for Fastest Video to Top 100 Million Views\\| work \= \[\[Brian Shin\\|Visible Measures]]\\| date \= April 18, 2013\\| url\-status \= dead\\| archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20130616041518/http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news\-and\-events/blog/bid/97346/PSY\-s\-Gentleman\-Ties\-Record\-for\-Fastest\-Video\-to\-Top\-100\-Million\-Views\\| archive\-date \= June 16, 2013\\| df \= mdy\-all}} It became the fastest video to reach 200 million views.{{cite web \\|url\=http://entertainment.inquirer.net/90623/psys\-gentleman\-hits\-200\-mn\-youtube\-views \\|title\=Psy's 'Gentleman' hits 200 mn YouTube views \\| Inquirer Entertainment \\|publisher\=Entertainment.inquirer.net \\|date\=April 13, 2013 \\|access\-date\=April 25, 2013 \\|archive\-date\=April 25, 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425130415/http://entertainment.inquirer.net/90623/psys\-gentleman\-hits\-200\-mn\-youtube\-views \\|url\-status\=live }} It reached 300 million views in 613 hours (25\.5 days),{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/27224/20130509/psy\-gentleman\-reaches\-300\-million\-youtube\-all\-time\-rank\-26\.htm \\|title\=Psy 'Gentleman' Reaches 300 Million, 'YouTube All\-Time Rank 26' \\|publisher\=Kpopstarz.com \\|date\=May 9, 2013 \\|access\-date\=May 22, 2013 \\|archive\-date\=June 9, 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609004628/http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/27224/20130509/psy\-gentleman\-reaches\-300\-million\-youtube\-all\-time\-rank\-26\.htm \\|url\-status\=live }} and 400 million views in 55 days. It reached 500 million views on July 31, 110 days after its release. All these records were later surpassed by Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do". As of April 2020, it has received over 1\.3 billion views.	[ "Music video\n-----------", "### Background and production", "The music video is directed by Cho Soo\\-hyun, who previously directed Psy's music video for \"Gangnam Style\", and the MV for \"[This Love](/wiki/The_Classic_%28Shinhwa_album%29 \"The Classic (Shinhwa album)\")\" by [Shinhwa](/wiki/Shinhwa \"Shinhwa\").{{cite news\\\|first\\=Grace Danbi\\\|last\\=Hong\\\|title\\=Fujii Mina to be Shinhwa's Lady in 'This Love' MV\\\|url\\=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=35689\\\|date\\=May 8, 2013\\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\\|publisher\\=CJ E\\&M\\\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2013\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606202748/http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=35689\\\|archive\\-date\\=June 6, 2013\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} It is co\\-edited by [Yang Hyun\\-suk](/wiki/Yang_Hyun-suk \"Yang Hyun-suk\"). \"Gentleman\" was filmed on April 8 and 9 in various parts of [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul \"Seoul\") and [Goyang](/wiki/Goyang \"Goyang\"), South Korea.{{cite web\\\| url\\=http://news.hankooki.com/lpage/culture/201304/h20130416165143111780\\.htm\\\| script\\-title\\=ko:'젠틀맨' 뮤비 주요 장면은 싸이의 아이디어\\\| author\\=이태수\\\| work\\=\\[\\[Hankook Ilbo]]\\\| date\\=April 16, 2013\\\| access\\-date\\=April 18, 2013\\\| language\\=ko\\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419125817/http://news.hankooki.com/lpage/culture/201304/h20130416165143111780\\.htm\\\| archive\\-date\\=April 19, 2013\\\| df\\=mdy\\-all}} The boutique in the opener is the [10 Corso Como](/wiki/10_Corso_Como \"10 Corso Como\") store in [Cheongdam\\-dong](/wiki/Cheongdam-dong \"Cheongdam-dong\"),{{cite news\\\|first\\=Jin\\-hai \\\|last\\=Park \\\|title\\=Psy showcases Korean fashion: 10 Corso Como Seoul offers fashion and culture in new Gangnam style \\\|url\\=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/05/135\\_135280\\.html \\\|date\\=May 7, 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]] \\\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2013 \\\|url\\-status\\=live \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105612/https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/05/135\\_135280\\.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=December 24, 2013 \\\|df\\=mdy }} and the elevator scene was at the [Grand InterContinental Hotel](/wiki/InterContinental%23Notable_properties \"InterContinental#Notable properties\"), both of which are in the [Gangnam District](/wiki/Gangnam_District \"Gangnam District\").{{cite web\\\| url \\= http://www.mb.com.ph/article.php?aid\\=7987\\&sid\\=4\\&subid\\=26\\#.UXCAl3Bki0s\\\| title \\= Psy's 'Gentleman' reaches 100 million views in 4 days\\\| last \\= Hicap\\\| first \\= Jonathan M.\\\| date \\= April 17, 2013\\\| work \\= Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation\\\| access\\-date \\= April 18, 2013\\\| archive\\-date \\= April 20, 2013\\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130420001453/http://www.mb.com.ph/article.php?aid\\=7987\\&sid\\=4\\&subid\\=26\\#.UXCAl3Bki0s\\\| url\\-status \\= live}} The elementary school was in [Seongdong District](/wiki/Seongdong_District \"Seongdong District\"), and the library was the Seoul Metropolitan Library in [Seoul City Hall](/wiki/Seoul_City_Hall \"Seoul City Hall\"). A part of the hip\\-swing dance scenes was at the [Mapo Bridge](/wiki/Mapo_Bridge \"Mapo Bridge\"). In Goyang, scenes were shot at an indoor pool at [Goyang Gymnasium](/wiki/Goyang_Gymnasium \"Goyang Gymnasium\"), an [Ilsan](/wiki/Ilsan \"Ilsan\") indoor golf driving range, and [Hallyu World](/wiki/Hallyuworld \"Hallyuworld\"). South Korean TV show [Infinite Challenge](/wiki/Infinite_Challenge \"Infinite Challenge\") cast members [Yoo Jae\\-suk](/wiki/Yoo_Jae-suk \"Yoo Jae-suk\"), [Park Myeong\\-su](/wiki/Park_Myeong-su \"Park Myeong-su\"), [Jeong Jun\\-ha](/wiki/Jeong_Jun-ha \"Jeong Jun-ha\"), [Jeong Hyeong\\-don](/wiki/Jeong_Hyeong-don \"Jeong Hyeong-don\"), [Noh Hong\\-chul](/wiki/Noh_Hong-chul \"Noh Hong-chul\"), [HaHa](/wiki/Haha_%28entertainer%29 \"Haha (entertainer)\"), and [Gil](/wiki/Gil_Seong-joon \"Gil Seong-joon\") make appearances in the video,{{cite web \\\|url\\= https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/04/386\\_133491\\.html \\\|title\\= 'Infinite Challenge' members to appear in Psy's new music video \\\|date\\= April 7, 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\= July 6, 2013 \\\|archive\\-date\\= December 24, 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111226/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/04/386\\_133491\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\= live }} with Yoo and Noh making return appearances from the \"Gangnam Style\" video. The two bikini girls are models; the yellow bikini girl, [Sora Choi](/wiki/Sora_Choi \"Sora Choi\"), was the winner of the third cycle of [Korea's Next Top Model](/wiki/Korea%27s_Next_Top_Model \"Korea's Next Top Model\"). Four of the other girls featured in the music video are acting majors from [Dongduk Women's University](/wiki/Dongduk_Women%27s_University \"Dongduk Women's University\") in Seoul.", "The video is described to have a \"sexual twist\" in comparison to his previous single and features Psy performing a \"fast, hip\\-swinging dance,\" sporting [harem pants](/wiki/Harem_pants \"Harem pants\"), and an array of jackets in wide\\-ranging colors and sunglasses that he has become known for wearing.{{cite web\\\| url \\= http://www.blogher.com/psy\\-gentleman\\-can\\-gangnam\\-style\\-star\\-be\\-more\\-one\\-hit\\-wonder\\-us\\\| title \\= Psy \"Gentleman\": Can \"Gangnam Style\" Star Be More Than a One\\-Hit Wonder in the US?\\\| publisher \\= Blogher.com\\\| date \\= April 15, 2013\\\| access\\-date \\= December 25, 2013\\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131225173531/http://www.blogher.com/psy\\-gentleman\\-can\\-gangnam\\-style\\-star\\-be\\-more\\-one\\-hit\\-wonder\\-us\\\| archive\\-date \\= December 25, 2013\\\| url\\-status \\= dead}} Before the release of the video, he hinted that the choreography will be a unique take on a classic dance by stating that \"All Koreans know this dance. But (those in) other countries haven't seen it\". The dance was later revealed to be the \"arrogant dance\" from the song \"[Abracadabra](/wiki/Abracadabra_%28Brown_Eyed_Girls_song%29 \"Abracadabra (Brown Eyed Girls song)\")\" by South Korean girl group [Brown Eyed Girls](/wiki/Brown_Eyed_Girls \"Brown Eyed Girls\").The \"arrogant dance\" involves folding the arms and swaying the hips. In the \"Gentleman\" version, Psy holds his hand to his chin. Lee Joo Sun, Psy's choreographer who came up with the 'horse\\-riding' dance for \"Gangnam Style,\" had said, \"We have a great dance. We thought up 50 different dances, everything from a sports dance to an animal dance, but we finally decided that \\[Brown Eyed Girls'] dance fits the song best.\"{{cite web\\\| url\\=http://enews24\\.interest.me/news/article.asp?nsID\\=148794\\\| script\\-title\\=ko:싸이 '젠틀맨' 시건방춤, 배후엔 '지드래곤'이 있었다\\\| author\\=고홍주\\\| work\\=enews24\\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[CJ E\\&M Pictures\\\|CJ E\\&M]]\\\| date\\=April 19, 2013\\\| access\\-date\\=April 20, 2013\\\| language\\=ko\\\| archive\\-date\\=May 10, 2013\\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510190603/http://enews24\\.interest.me/news/article.asp?nsID\\=148794\\\| url\\-status\\=live}} The music video also features an appearance by the girl group member [Ga\\-In](/wiki/Gain_%28singer%29 \"Gain (singer)\"). Psy reportedly paid a royalty to Brown Eyed Girls' choreographers in order to use the routine in the video.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Why 'Gentleman' Could Be Psy's Next Video to Break a Billion Views\\\|url\\=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2013/04/16/why\\-gentleman\\-could\\-be\\-psys\\-next\\-video\\-to\\-break\\-a\\-billion\\-views/\\\|last\\=Yang\\\|first\\=Jeff\\\|work\\=Speakeasy\\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2013\\\|archive\\-date\\=April 18, 2013\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418080333/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2013/04/16/why\\-gentleman\\-could\\-be\\-psys\\-next\\-video\\-to\\-break\\-a\\-billion\\-views/\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Another dance move called the \"crab dance\" was incorporated where one moves sideways with their hands in the shape of a crab's claw, and created by Lee Joo\\-sun.{{cite web\\\| url\\=http://news.donga.com/Main/3/all/20130416/54475698/1\\\| script\\-title\\=ko:싸이 연타석 홈런 비결…\"세계인이 즐길 놀이문화\"\\\| work\\=\\[\\[The Dong\\-a Ilbo]]\\\| date\\=April 16, 2013\\\| access\\-date\\=April 20, 2013\\\| language\\=ko\\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\\| archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130616071356/http://news.donga.com/Main/3/all/20130416/54475698/1\\\| archive\\-date\\=June 16, 2013\\\| df\\=mdy\\-all}}", "Editing took place from April 10–12, while Psy was also preparing for his concert. He said that in that week, he got five years older. He estimates the production cost was larger than expected, about $150,000, partly from schedule changes on his part.", "### Synopsis", "The video features Psy performing ungentlemanly pranks on various people until he meets a girl who pulls unmannerly pranks on him.{{cite magazine\\\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k\\-town/1557385/psy\\-gentleman\\-music\\-video\\-watch\\-the\\-follow\\-up\\-visual\\-to\\-gangnam\\\|title\\=Psy 'Gentleman' Music Video: Watch the Follow\\-Up Visual to 'Gangnam Style'\\\|access\\-date\\=April 13, 2013\\\|date\\=April 13, 2013\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\\|Billboard]]\\\|last\\=Benjamin\\\|first\\=Jeff\\\|archive\\-date\\=April 15, 2013\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415164222/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k\\-town/1557385/psy\\-gentleman\\-music\\-video\\-watch\\-the\\-follow\\-up\\-visual\\-to\\-gangnam\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "As a [tuxedo](/wiki/Tuxedo \"Tuxedo\")\\-clad Psy, wearing sunglasses, walks up a paved street hill with an entourage of comparatively older men, he stops to kick a [traffic cone](/wiki/Traffic_cone \"Traffic cone\"). He is in a [boutique](/wiki/Boutique \"Boutique\") with the men who follow him while holding shopping bags. As he passes through the shop's corridors, he grabs the breast\\-contour of a female\\-shaped [mannequin](/wiki/Mannequin \"Mannequin\"). He lounges in a patio chair while a girl dances behind him. Psy dances at a playground with a guy ([HaHa](/wiki/Haha_%28entertainer%29 \"Haha (entertainer)\")). Psy plays [Candy Crush Saga](/wiki/Candy_Crush_Saga \"Candy Crush Saga\") on his [iPhone 5](/wiki/IPhone_5 \"IPhone 5\"),{{cite web\\\| date \\= April 17, 2013\\\| url \\= http://kotaku.com/is\\-psys\\-gentleman\\-video\\-just\\-a\\-giant\\-commercial\\-474673280\\\| title \\= Is Psy's \"Gentleman\" Video Just a Giant Commercial?\\\| publisher \\= Kotaku.com\\\| access\\-date \\= April 19, 2013\\\| archive\\-date \\= April 20, 2013\\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130420011733/http://kotaku.com/is\\-psys\\-gentleman\\-video\\-just\\-a\\-giant\\-commercial\\-474673280\\\| url\\-status \\= live}} as a woman (Kim Min\\-sun) jogs on a treadmill, but then he adjusts the controls to speed up the treadmill, propelling the woman to the floor while he laughs.{{cite web\\\| url \\= https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/psy\\-a\\-farty\\-followup\\-and\\-sixty\\-million\\-hits\\-8573969\\.html\\\| title \\= Psy, a farty follow\\-up and sixty million hits\\\| work \\= \\[\\[Evening Standard]]\\\| location \\= London\\\| date \\= April 15, 2013\\\| last \\= Butter\\\| first \\= Susannah\\\| access\\-date \\= April 5, 2018\\\| archive\\-date \\= July 3, 2015\\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150703184908/http://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/psy\\-a\\-farty\\-followup\\-and\\-sixty\\-million\\-hits\\-8573969\\.html\\\| url\\-status \\= live}} On the following scene, Psy holds the hands of a girl (Bang Kyung\\-ran) at a restaurant table, while [Noh Hong\\-chul](/wiki/Noh_Hong-chul \"Noh Hong-chul\") thrusts his pelvis in the background. Psy then pushes the bottom of her coffee cup to her face.", "[Yoo Jae\\-suk](/wiki/Yoo_Jae-suk \"Yoo Jae-suk\"), wearing his yellow tuxedo and sunglasses as in the \"Gangnam Style\" video, rushes into an elevator, urgently needing to reach a bathroom, but Psy arrives and stalls the trip by pushing all the elevator floor buttons; he taunts the doubled\\-over Yoo with his dance. At a library, Psy farts in his hand—cupping it to contain and concentrate the [flatus](/wiki/Flatus \"Flatus\")—and then, depicted in slow motion, delivers it in front of the face of a girl (Kim Hyun\\-Joo).Todd Gilchrist of MTV calls the farting prank a \"stink\\-palm\", while Susannah Butter of Evening Standard (London) calls it a \"cupcake\".", "In a pink tuxedo, Psy does the hip\\-swaying dance while putting his hand to his chin, while the dancers do the same; the women have their backs to the viewers so they sway with their ponytails. Psy crashes a kids' soccer game and kicks their ball away. He applies lotion to a girl in a violet bikini (Ji Ho\\-jin) and a girl in a yellow bikini ([Choi So\\-ra](/wiki/Sora_Choi \"Sora Choi\")) while a guy ([Gil Seong\\-joon](/wiki/Gil_Seong-joon \"Gil Seong-joon\")) carefully works a hair dryer and brush on his bald head, Psy undoes the yellow bikini girl's top. He lies on his belly on the floor while two guys ([Park Myeong\\-su](/wiki/Park_Myeong-su \"Park Myeong-su\") and [Jeong Jun\\-ha](/wiki/Jeong_Jun-ha \"Jeong Jun-ha\")) sway on top of him. He takes a girl (Kim Sol) to be seated at a restaurant, but pulls the chair away, causing her to fall. Another guy ([Jeong Hyeong\\-don](/wiki/Jeong_Hyeong-don \"Jeong Hyeong-don\")) offers his hand to help her up, but yanks her down instead.In the original storyline, the girl chases after Psy, who has left the restaurant without paying.", "Psy sees a girl ([Ga\\-In](/wiki/Gain_%28singer%29 \"Gain (singer)\")) who is working out in a \"body\\-hugging football outfit\" with the red letter 'G'. He takes off his jacket, flings it at her and does a pull up. As he leaves, the girl follows him. They go to a tented market cafe where she abruptly pulls the seat from under him and shakes up his beer. Psy plays around with noodle dough as if it were a [feather boa](/wiki/Feather_boa \"Feather boa\"); while he sucks at some [hand\\-pulled Korean noodles](/wiki/Lamian \"Lamian\"), she is chewing on an [oden fishcake](/wiki/Oden \"Oden\") on a stick. He and the dancers do the sway again. He parties with the people at the tent. He starts saying \"Wet Psy!\" He sits with the two bikini\\-clad girls. He sings \"Wet Psy!\" over and over. He raises his arms to show his sweat\\-soaked armpits.The clip where Psy raises his arms with sweat\\-soaked armpits is from the Korean show [Infinite Challenge](/wiki/Infinite_Challenge \"Infinite Challenge\").{{cite web \\\|author\\=MBCEntertainment \\\|author\\-link\\=Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation \\\|format\\=YouTube \\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=3exokgumQM8 \\\|title\\=Pay Gentleman – Wet Psy! (Wet Psy's meaning and history) \\\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\\|date\\=April 16, 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\=April 25, 2013 \\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421090949/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=3exokgumQM8≷\\=US\\&hl\\=en \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/11426/20120726/psy\\-explains\\-his\\-sweaty\\-armpit\\-incident\\-was\\-in\\-conflict.htm \\\|title\\=Psy's Sweaty Armpit Incident On \"Radio Star\" 'I Wanted People to Notice…' \\\|publisher\\=KpopStarz \\\|date\\=July 26, 2012 \\\|access\\-date\\=April 25, 2013 \\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506032251/http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/11426/20120726/psy\\-explains\\-his\\-sweaty\\-armpit\\-incident\\-was\\-in\\-conflict.htm \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} He and the two girls are catapulted into the swimming pool. He and the dancers sway at the pool, an indoor field, and outdoors.", "The after\\-song footage has an outtake from the tent cafe. The girl dances around the pole of a street sign while Psy does the same with a wider traffic light pole. A girl is about to make a photocopy when Psy rushes in and photocopies his face. The copier prints the stylized promotional intertitle of the song and music video.", "### Release", "The \"Gentleman\" music video was posted on YouTube on Saturday, April 13, 2013, shortly following a live premiere and performance from Psy's live concert, which was streamed online. The song was released at midnight on April 12 in each time zone.{{cite tweet \\\|author\\= \\[\\[PSY]] \\\|user\\= psy\\_oppa\\\|number\\= 322315384139161600 \\\|date\\= April 11, 2013 \\\|title\\= Releasing on 04/12 at your own 0am!! I'm a mother father \\#Gentleman!!! \\\|access\\-date\\= April 25, 2013 }} People seeking access to the song early online were blocked by Psy's record company, Universal, but [Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\") reports that others were able to access the song prematurely. When asked why he released the song a day before his \"Happening\" concert, he stated via Twitter \"cause We Gotta Sing Along\".{{cite tweet \\\|author\\= \\[\\[PSY]] \\\|user\\= psy\\_oppa\\\|number\\= 322322122355662848 \\\|date\\= April 11, 2013 \\\|title\\= cause We Gotta Sing Along \\\|access\\-date\\= April 25, 2013 }}", "On April 18, the video was banned by South Korea's [state broadcaster](/wiki/Public_broadcasting \"Public broadcasting\"), the [Korean Broadcasting System](/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System \"Korean Broadcasting System\") (KBS), because it contains a scene of Psy \"abusing public property\" by kicking a traffic cone that says \"no parking\" (주차 금지) during the first five seconds of the video.{{cite news\\\|title\\=SKorean broadcaster bans Psy's 'Gentleman' video\\\|url\\=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/skorean\\-broadcaster\\-bans\\-psys\\-gentleman\\-video\\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2013\\\|archive\\-date\\=May 5, 2013\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505115054/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/skorean\\-broadcaster\\-bans\\-psys\\-gentleman\\-video\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.nme.com/news/psy/69837 \\\|title\\=Psy's new track 'Gentleman' banned in South Korea \\\| News \\\|publisher\\=Nme.Com \\\|date\\=April 19, 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2013 \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 10, 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710005212/http://www.nme.com/news/psy/69837 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} On April 24, [Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation\") (MBC) passed the deliberation{{clarify\\\|date\\=April 2013\\\|reason\\=what does passing the deliberation mean??}} of the music video.{{cite news\\\|title\\=KBS 방송부적격판정 싸이 '젠틀맨' 뮤비, MBC SBS 심의통과\\\|url\\=http://www.newsen.com/news\\_view.php?uid\\=201304241750530410\\\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2013\\\|newspaper\\=Newsen\\\|archive\\-date\\=November 3, 2013\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103201437/http://www.newsen.com/news\\_view.php?uid\\=201304241750530410\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Reception", "Todd Gilchrist of MTV described the video to have \"effectively parod(ied) a rich heel, subjecting ladies within his celebrity orbit to '[Billy Madison](/wiki/Billy_Madison \"Billy Madison\")'\\-style gags like pulling chairs out from beneath them and speeding up treadmills until they fall off.\"{{cite news\\\|last\\=Gilchrist\\\|first\\=Todd\\\|title\\=Psy Is No 'Gentleman' In New Music Video\\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1705603/psy\\-gentleman\\-music\\-video.jhtml\\\|access\\-date\\=April 14, 2013\\\|publisher\\=MTV\\\|date\\=April 13, 2013\\\|archive\\-date\\=April 14, 2013\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414013224/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1705603/psy\\-gentleman\\-music\\-video.jhtml\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "#### Viewership", "The audio\\-only version of the song had more than 1\\.2 million YouTube hits prior to its concert premiere, which was seen online by 160,000\\. The music video for \"Gentleman\" reached 18\\.9 million views on YouTube on the day of its release; which broke the previous single\\-day viewership record for music videos set by [Justin Bieber](/wiki/Justin_Bieber \"Justin Bieber\")'s \"[Beauty and a Beat](/wiki/Beauty_and_a_Beat \"Beauty and a Beat\")\" at 10\\.6 million views.{{cite magazine\\\|title\\=Psy's 'Gentleman' Hits 70 Million Views in Three Days, Sets YouTube Record\\\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital\\-and\\-mobile/1557489/psys\\-gentleman\\-hits\\-70\\-million\\-views\\-in\\-three\\-days\\-sets\\\|last\\=Gruger\\\|first\\=William\\\|date\\=April 15, 2013\\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2013\\\|archive\\-date\\=April 20, 2013\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420144214/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital\\-and\\-mobile/1557489/psys\\-gentleman\\-hits\\-70\\-million\\-views\\-in\\-three\\-days\\-sets\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\\|title\\=Psy sets new YouTube record as Gentleman cracks 20 million views in first day online\\\|url\\=http://arts.nationalpost.com/2013/04/16/psy\\-sets\\-new\\-youtube\\-record\\-as\\-gentleman\\-cracks\\-20\\-million\\-views\\-in\\-first\\-day\\-online/\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130616041758/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2013/04/16/psy\\-sets\\-new\\-youtube\\-record\\-as\\-gentleman\\-cracks\\-20\\-million\\-views\\-in\\-first\\-day\\-online/\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=June 16, 2013\\\|work\\=National Post\\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2013}} On April 22, Kevin Allocca of YouTube reported that the video \"set the record for the most views ever in a single day with the over 38 million 'Gentleman' achieved on April 14\", which beat the previous single\\-day record of 31 million views set by \"[KONY 2012](/wiki/KONY_2012 \"KONY 2012\")\"—a documentary about a Ugandan warlord made by the charity group [Invisible Children](/wiki/Invisible_Children%2C_Inc. \"Invisible Children, Inc.\").{{cite web \\\|last\\=Allocca \\\|first\\=Kevin \\\|url\\=http://youtube\\-trends.blogspot.com/2013/04/psys\\-gentleman\\-raises\\-bar.html \\\|title\\=YouTube Trends: Psy's 'Gentleman' Raises the Bar \\\|publisher\\=Youtube\\-trends.blogspot.com \\\|date\\=April 22, 2010 \\\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2013 \\\|archive\\-date\\=April 25, 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425050205/http://youtube\\-trends.blogspot.com/2013/04/psys\\-gentleman\\-raises\\-bar.html \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{unreliable source?\\\|date\\=April 2022}}{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://entertainment.inquirer.net/90623/psys\\-gentleman\\-hits\\-200\\-mn\\-youtube\\-views \\\|title\\=Psy's 'Gentleman' hits 200 mn YouTube views \\\|agency\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\\|work\\=Entertainment.inquirer.net \\\|date\\=April 13, 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2013 \\\|archive\\-date\\=April 25, 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425130415/http://entertainment.inquirer.net/90623/psys\\-gentleman\\-hits\\-200\\-mn\\-youtube\\-views \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} This was certified as a [Guinness World Record](/wiki/Guinness_World_Record \"Guinness World Record\").{{cite magazine\\\|url\\=http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/04/29/psys\\-gentleman\\-music\\-video\\-sets\\-guinness\\-world\\-record/\\\|title\\=Psy's 'Gentleman' Music Video Sets Guinness World Record\\\|access\\-date\\=April 29, 2013\\\|date\\=April 29, 2013\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\\|Time]]\\\|last\\=Ho\\\|first\\=Erica\\\|archive\\-date\\=May 1, 2013\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501202501/http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/04/29/psys\\-gentleman\\-music\\-video\\-sets\\-guinness\\-world\\-record/\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/4/psy\\-secures\\-new\\-youtube\\-world\\-record\\-with\\-gentleman\\-48291/ \\\|last\\=Barrett \\\|first\\=Dan \\\|title\\=Psy secures new YouTube world record with \"Gentleman\" – April – 2013 – Latest World Record News \\\|publisher\\=Guinness World Records \\\|date\\=April 25, 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2013 \\\|archive\\-date\\=May 17, 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517094313/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/4/psy\\-secures\\-new\\-youtube\\-world\\-record\\-with\\-gentleman\\-48291 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} This record was later beaten by [Taylor Swift](/wiki/Taylor_Swift \"Taylor Swift\") with her 2017 single \"[Look What You Made Me Do](/wiki/Look_What_You_Made_Me_Do \"Look What You Made Me Do\")\" which accumulated 43\\.2 million views in 24 hours.", "Gentleman reached 100 million views on April 17, just four days after its release.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Psy's \"Gentleman\" Video Surpasses 100 Million Views on YouTube\\\|url\\=http://ca.eonline.com/news/409260/psy\\-s\\-gentleman\\-video\\-surpasses\\-100\\-million\\-views\\-on\\-youtube\\\|last\\=Nessif\\\|first\\=Bruna\\\|date\\=April 17, 2013\\\|work\\=E! Online\\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2013\\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2022\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304140710/https://www.eonline.com/news/409260/psy\\-s\\-gentleman\\-video\\-surpasses\\-100\\-million\\-views\\-on\\-youtube\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It became the fastest music video to reach 100 million, beating \"[Bad Romance](/wiki/Bad_Romance \"Bad Romance\")\" by [Lady Gaga](/wiki/Lady_Gaga \"Lady Gaga\"), and tied with the [Russian Meteor](/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor \"Chelyabinsk meteor\") video for the fastest overall video to reach 100 million.{{cite web\n \\\|author \\= Yoon Hyo Jung\n \\\|url \\= http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/news/psy\\-s\\-gentleman\\-music\\-video\\-surpasses\\-200\\-million\\-023800727\\.html\n \\\|title \\= Psy's 'Gentleman' music video surpasses 200 million views\n \\\|work \\= Korea Star Daily\n \\\|publisher \\= Yahoo! OMG! Philippines\n \\\|date \\= April 20, 2013\n \\\|access\\-date \\= April 25, 2013\n \\\|archive\\-date \\= December 24, 2013\n \\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120238/http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/news/psy\\-s\\-gentleman\\-music\\-video\\-surpasses\\-200\\-million\\-023800727\\.html\n \\\|url\\-status \\= live\n}}{{cite web\\\| url \\= http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news\\-and\\-events/blog/bid/97346/PSY\\-s\\-Gentleman\\-Ties\\-Record\\-for\\-Fastest\\-Video\\-to\\-Top\\-100\\-Million\\-Views\\\| title \\= Psy's Gentleman Ties Record for Fastest Video to Top 100 Million Views\\\| work \\= \\[\\[Brian Shin\\\|Visible Measures]]\\\| date \\= April 18, 2013\\\| url\\-status \\= dead\\\| archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20130616041518/http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news\\-and\\-events/blog/bid/97346/PSY\\-s\\-Gentleman\\-Ties\\-Record\\-for\\-Fastest\\-Video\\-to\\-Top\\-100\\-Million\\-Views\\\| archive\\-date \\= June 16, 2013\\\| df \\= mdy\\-all}} It became the fastest video to reach 200 million views.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://entertainment.inquirer.net/90623/psys\\-gentleman\\-hits\\-200\\-mn\\-youtube\\-views \\\|title\\=Psy's 'Gentleman' hits 200 mn YouTube views \\\| Inquirer Entertainment \\\|publisher\\=Entertainment.inquirer.net \\\|date\\=April 13, 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\=April 25, 2013 \\\|archive\\-date\\=April 25, 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425130415/http://entertainment.inquirer.net/90623/psys\\-gentleman\\-hits\\-200\\-mn\\-youtube\\-views \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} It reached 300 million views in 613 hours (25\\.5 days),{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/27224/20130509/psy\\-gentleman\\-reaches\\-300\\-million\\-youtube\\-all\\-time\\-rank\\-26\\.htm \\\|title\\=Psy 'Gentleman' Reaches 300 Million, 'YouTube All\\-Time Rank 26' \\\|publisher\\=Kpopstarz.com \\\|date\\=May 9, 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2013 \\\|archive\\-date\\=June 9, 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609004628/http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/27224/20130509/psy\\-gentleman\\-reaches\\-300\\-million\\-youtube\\-all\\-time\\-rank\\-26\\.htm \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} and 400 million views in 55 days. It reached 500 million views on July 31, 110 days after its release. All these records were later surpassed by Taylor Swift's \"Look What You Made Me Do\". As of April 2020, it has received over 1\\.3 billion views.", "" ]
Algorithm --------- The following operators are used in the code examples: \| {{pipe}} \| [bitwise OR](/wiki/Bitwise_operation%23OR "Bitwise operation#OR") \| \| --- \| --- \| \| \>\> \| [shift right](/wiki/Bitwise_operation%23Logical_shift "Bitwise operation#Logical shift") \| \| % \| [modulo](/wiki/Modulo_operation "Modulo operation") \| \| \+\+ and \+\= \| [increment](/wiki/Increment_and_decrement_operators "Increment and decrement operators") \| \| \[x, y) \| [range](/wiki/Interval_%28mathematics%29%23Including_or_excluding_endpoints "Interval (mathematics)#Including or excluding endpoints") from ≥ x and \< y \| \| {{pipe}}range{{pipe}} \| range.end – range.start \| \| array\[i] \| i\-th item of array \| Additionally, block sort relies on the following operations as part of its overall algorithm: * [Swap](/wiki/Swap_%28computer_science%29 "Swap (computer science)"): exchange the positions of two values in an array. * [Block swap](/wiki/Block_swap_algorithms "Block swap algorithms"): exchange a range of values within an array with values in a different range of the array. * [Binary search](/wiki/Binary_search_algorithm "Binary search algorithm"): assuming the array is sorted, check the middle value of the current search range, then if the value is lesser check the lower range, and if the value is greater check the upper range. Block sort uses two variants: one which finds the first position to insert a value in the sorted array, and one which finds the last position. * [Linear search](/wiki/Linear_search "Linear search"): find a particular value in an array by checking every single element in order, until it is found. * [Insertion sort](/wiki/Insertion_sort "Insertion sort"): for each item in the array, loop backward and find where it needs to be inserted, then insert it at that position. * Array rotation: move the items in an array to the left or right by some number of spaces, with values on the edges wrapping around to the other side. Rotations can be implemented as three [reversals](/wiki/In-place_algorithm%23Examples "In-place algorithm#Examples").{{cite book\\|last\=Bentley\\|first\=Jon\\|title\=Programming Pearls\\|edition\=2nd\\|year\=2006\\|title\-link\=Programming Pearls}} Rotate(array, amount, range) Reverse(array, range) Reverse(array, \[range.start, range.start \+ amount)) Reverse(array, \[range.start \+ amount, range.end)) * Floor power of two: [floor](/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions "Floor and ceiling functions") a value to the next power of two. Thus 63 becomes 32, 64 stays 64, and so forth.{{Cite book \\|title\=Hacker's Delight \\|title\-link\=Hacker's Delight \\|first\=Henry S. \\|last\=Warren Jr. \\|date\=2013 \\|orig\-year\=2002 \\|edition\=2 \\|publisher\=\[\[Addison Wesley]] \- \[\[Pearson Education, Inc.]] \\|isbn\=978\-0\-321\-84268\-8 \\|id\=0\-321\-84268\-5}} FloorPowerOfTwo(x) ``` x = x \| (x >> 1) x = x \| (x >> 2) x = x \| (x >> 4) x = x \| (x >> 8) x = x \| (x >> 16) ``` if (this is a [64\-bit](/wiki/64-bit_computing "64-bit computing") system) ``` x = x \| (x >> 32) return x - (x >> 1) ``` ### Outer loop As previously stated, the outer loop of a block sort is identical to a bottom\-up merge sort. However, it benefits from the variant that ensures each {{var\\|A}} and {{var\\|B}} subarray are the same size to within one item: BlockSort(array) ``` power_of_two = ``` FloorPowerOfTwo(array.size) ``` scale = array.size/power_of_two ``` // 1\.0 ≤ scale \< 2\.0 // insertion sort 16–31 items at a time for (merge \= 0; merge \< power\_of\_two; merge \+\= 16\) ``` start = merge * scale end = start + 16 * scale ``` InsertionSort(array, \[start, end)) for (length \= 16; length \< power\_of\_two; length \+\= length) for (merge \= 0; merge \< power\_of\_two; merge \+\= length \* 2\) ``` start = merge * scale mid = (merge + length) * scale end = (merge + length * 2) * scale ``` if (array\[end − 1] \< array\[start]) // the two ranges are in reverse order, so a rotation is enough to merge them Rotate(array, mid − start, \[start, end)) else if (array\[mid − 1] \> array\[mid]) Merge(array, A \= \[start, mid), B \= \[mid, end)) // else the ranges are already correctly ordered [Fixed\-point math](/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic "Fixed-point arithmetic") may also be used, by representing the scale factor as a fraction `integer_part + numerator/denominator`: BlockSort(array) ``` power_of_two = ``` FloorPowerOfTwo(array.size) ``` denominator = power_of_two/16 numerator_step = array.size % denominator integer_step = ``` floor(array.size/denominator) // insertion sort 16–31 items at a time while (integer\_step \< array.size) ``` integer_part = numerator = 0 ``` while (integer\_part \< array.size) // get the ranges for A and B ``` start = integer_part integer_part += integer_step numerator += numerator_step ``` if (numerator ≥ denominator) ``` numerator ``` −\= denominator ``` integer_part++ mid = integer_part integer_part += integer_step numerator += numerator_step ``` if (numerator ≥ denominator) ``` numerator −= denominator integer_part++ end = integer_part ``` if (array\[end − 1] \< array\[start]) Rotate(array, mid − start, \[start, end)) else if (array\[mid − 1] \> array\[mid]) Merge(array, A \= \[start, mid), B \= \[mid, end)) ``` integer_step += integer_step numerator_step += numerator_step ``` if (numerator\_step ≥ denominator) ``` numerator_step −= denominator integer_step++ ``` ### Extract buffers [thumb\\|right\\|The buffer extraction process for block sort.](/wiki/File:Buffer_extraction_for_block_sort.gif "Buffer extraction for block sort.gif") The two internal buffers needed for each level of the merge step are created by moving the first 2{{sqrt\\|A}} first instances of their values within an {{var\\|A}} subarray to the start of {{var\\|A}}. First it iterates over the elements in {{var\\|A}} and counts off the unique values it needs, then it applies array rotations to move those unique values to the start.{{cite book\\|last\=Pardo\\|first\=Luis Trabb\\|title\=Stable Sorting and Merging with Optimal Space and Time Bounds\\|series\=\[\[SIAM Journal on Computing]]\\|volume\=6\\|year\=1977\\|pages\=351–372}} If A did not contain enough unique values to fill the two buffers (of size {{sqrt\\|A}} each), {{var\\|B}} can be used just as well. In this case it moves the last instance of each value to the end of {{var\\|B}}, with that part of {{var\\|B}} not being included during the merges. while (integer\_step \< array.size) ``` block_size = ``` {{sqrt\\|integer\_step}} ``` buffer_size = integer_step/block_size + 1 ``` \[extract two buffers of size 'buffer\_size' each] If {{var\\|B}} does not contain enough unique values either, it pulls out the largest number of unique values it could find, then adjusts the size of the {{var\\|A}} and {{var\\|B}} blocks such that the number of resulting {{var\\|A}} blocks is less than or equal to the number of unique items pulled out for the buffer. Only one buffer will be used in this case – the second buffer won't exist. ``` buffer_size = ``` \[number of unique values found] ``` block_size = integer_step/buffer_size + 1 integer_part = numerator = 0 ``` while (integer\_part \< array.size) \[get the ranges for A and B] \[adjust A and B to not include the ranges used by the buffers] ### Tag A blocks [thumb\\|right\\|Tagging the {{var\\|A}} blocks using values from the first internal buffer. Note that the first {{var\\|A}} block and last {{var\\|B}} block are unevenly sized.](/wiki/File:Block_sort_tagging_A_blocks.gif "Block sort tagging A blocks.gif") Once the one or two internal buffers have been created, it begins merging each {{var\\|A}} and {{var\\|B}} subarray for this level of the merge sort. To do so, it divides each A and B subarray into evenly sized blocks of the size calculated in the previous step, where the first {{var\\|A}} block and last {{var\\|B}} block are unevenly sized if needed. It then loops over each of the evenly sized A blocks and swaps the second value with a corresponding value from the first of the two internal buffers. This is known as tagging the blocks. // blockA is the range of the remaining A blocks, // and firstA is the unevenly sized first A block ``` blockA = [A.start, A.end) firstA = [A.start, A.start + \|blockA\| % block_size) ``` // swap the second value of each A block with the value in buffer1 for (index \= 0, indexA \= firstA.end \+ 1; indexA \< blockA.end; indexA \+\= block\_size) Swap(array\[buffer1\.start \+ index], array\[indexA]) ``` index++ lastA = firstA blockB = [B.start, B.start + ``` minimum(block\_size, \\|B\\|)) ``` blockA.start += \|firstA\| ``` ### Roll and drop [thumb\\|right\\|Two A blocks rolling through the B blocks. Once the first A block is dropped behind, the unevenly sized A block is locally merged with the B values that follow it.](/wiki/File:Block_sort_roll_and_drop.gif "Block sort roll and drop.gif") After defining and tagging the A blocks in this manner, the A blocks are rolled through the B blocks by block swapping the first evenly sized A block with the next B block. This process repeats until the first value of the A block with the smallest tag value is less than or equal to the last value of the B block that was just swapped with an A block. At that point, the minimum A block (the A block with the smallest tag value) is swapped to the start of the rolling A blocks and the tagged value is restored with its original value from the first buffer. This is known as dropping a block behind, as it will no longer be rolled along with the remaining A blocks. That A block is then inserted into the previous B block, first by using a binary search on B to find the index where the first value of A is less than or equal to the value at that index of B, and then by rotating A into B at that index. ``` minA = blockA.start indexA = 0 ``` while (true) // if there's a previous B block and the first value of the minimum A block is ≤ // the last value of the previous B block, then drop that minimum A block behind. // or if there are no B blocks left then keep dropping the remaining A blocks. if ((\\|lastB\\| \> 0 and array\[lastB.end \- 1] ≥ array\[minA]) or \\|blockB\\| \= 0\) // figure out where to split the previous B block, and rotate it at the split ``` B_split = ``` BinaryFirst(array, array\[minA], lastB) ``` B_remaining = lastB.end - B_split ``` // swap the minimum A block to the beginning of the rolling A blocks BlockSwap(array, blockA.start, minA, block\_size) // restore the second value for the A block Swap(array\[blockA.start \+ 1], array\[buffer1\.start \+ indexA]) ``` indexA++ ``` // rotate the A block into the previous B block Rotate(array, blockA.start \- B\_split, \[B\_split, blockA.start \+ block\_size)) // locally merge the previous A block with the B values that follow it, // using the second internal buffer as swap space (if it exists) if (\\|buffer2\\| \> 0\) MergeInternal(array, lastA, \[lastA.end, B\_split), buffer2\) else MergeInPlace(array, lastA, \[lastA.end, B\_split)) // update the range for the remaining A blocks, // and the range remaining from the B block after it was split ``` lastA = [blockA.start - B_remaining, blockA.start - B_remaining + block_size) lastB = [lastA.end, lastA.end + B_remaining) ``` // if there are no more A blocks remaining, this step is finished ``` blockA.start = blockA.start + block_size ``` if (\\|blockA\\| \= 0\) break ``` minA = ``` \[new minimum A block] (see below) else if (\\|blockB\\| \< block\_size) // move the last B block, which is unevenly sized, // to before the remaining A blocks, by using a rotation Rotate(array, blockB.start \- blockA.start, \[blockA.start, blockB.end)) ``` lastB = [blockA.start, blockA.start + \|blockB\|) blockA.start += \|blockB\| blockA.end += \|blockB\| minA += \|blockB\| blockB.end = blockB.start ``` else // roll the leftmost A block to the end by swapping it with the next B block BlockSwap(array, blockA.start, blockB.start, block\_size) ``` lastB = [blockA.start, blockA.start + block_size) ``` if (minA \= blockA.start) ``` minA = blockA.end blockA.start += block_size blockA.end += block_size blockB.start += block_size ``` // this is equivalent to minimum(blockB.end \+ block\_size, B.end), // but that has the potential to [overflow](/wiki/Integer_overflow "Integer overflow") if (blockB.end \> B.end \- block\_size) ``` blockB.end = B.end ``` else ``` blockB.end += block_size ``` // merge the last A block with the remaining B values if (\\|buffer2\\| \> 0\) MergeInternal(array, lastA, \[lastA.end, B.end), buffer2\) else MergeInPlace(array, lastA, \[lastA.end, B.end)) One optimization that can be applied during this step is the floating\-hole technique.{{cite journal \\|last1\=Geffert \\|first1\=Viliam \\|last2\=Katajainen \\|first2\=Jykri \\|last3\=Pasanen \\|first3\=Tomi \\|title\=Asymptotically efficient in\-place merging \\|journal\=\[\[Theoretical Computer Science (journal)\\|Theoretical Computer Science]] \\|volume\=237 \\|issue\=1–2 \\|date\=April 2000 \\|pages\=159–181 \\|doi\=10\.1016/S0304\-3975(98\)00162\-5 \\|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.22\.5750 }} When the minimum A block is dropped behind and needs to be rotated into the previous B block, after which its contents are swapped into the second internal buffer for the local merges, it would be faster to swap the A block to the buffer beforehand, and to take advantage of the fact that the contents of that buffer do not need to retain any order. So rather than rotating the second buffer (which used to be the A block before the block swap) into the previous B block at position index, the values in the B block after index can simply be block swapped with the last items of the buffer. The floating hole in this case refers to the contents of the second internal buffer floating around the array, and acting as a hole in the sense that the items do not need to retain their order. ### Local merges Once the A block has been rotated into the B block, the previous A block is then merged with the B values that follow it, using the second buffer as swap space. When the first A block is dropped behind this refers to the unevenly sized A block at the start, when the second A block is dropped behind it means the first A block, and so forth. MergeInternal(array, A, B, buffer) // block swap the values in A with those in 'buffer' BlockSwap(array, A.start, buffer.start, \\|A\\|) ``` A_count = 0, B_count = 0, insert = 0 ``` while (A\_count \< \\|A\\| and B\_count \< \\|B\\|) if (array\[buffer.start \+ A\_count] ≤ array\[B.start \+ B\_count]) Swap(array\[A.start \+ insert], array\[buffer.start \+ A\_count]) ``` A_count++ ``` else Swap(array\[A.start \+ insert], array\[B.start \+ B\_count]) ``` B_count++ insert++ ``` // block swap the remaining part of the buffer with the remaining part of the array BlockSwap(array, buffer.start \+ A\_count, A.start \+ insert, \\|A\\| \- A\_count) If the second buffer does not exist, a strictly in\-place merge operation must be performed, such as a rotation\-based version of the Hwang and Lin algorithm,{{cite book\\|last1\=Hwang\\|first1\=F. K.\\|last2\=Lin\\|first2\=S.\\|title\=A Simple Algorithm for Merging Two Disjoint Linearly Ordered Sets\\|series\=\[\[SIAM Journal on Computing]]\\|volume\=1\\|year\=1972\\|pages\=31–39\\|doi\=10\.1137/0201004\\|issn\=0097\-5397}} the Dudzinski and Dydek algorithm,{{cite book\\|last1\=Dudzinski\\|first1\=Krzysztof\\|last2\=Dydek\\|first2\=Andrzej\\|title\=On a Stable Storage Merging Algorithm\\|series\=\[\[Information Processing Letters]]\\|volume\=12\\|year\=1981\\|pages\=5–8}} or a repeated binary search and rotate. MergeInPlace(array, A, B) while (\\|A\\| \> 0 and \\|B\\| \> 0\) // find the first place in B where the first item in A needs to be inserted ``` mid = ``` BinaryFirst(array, array\[A.start], B) // rotate A into place ``` amount = mid - A.end ``` Rotate(array, amount, \[A.start, mid)) // calculate the new A and B ranges ``` B = [mid, B.end) A = [A.start + amount, mid) A.start = ``` BinaryLast(array, array\[A.start], A) After dropping the minimum A block and merging the previous A block with the B values that follow it, the new minimum A block must be found within the blocks that are still being rolled through the array. This is handled by running a linear search through those A blocks and comparing the tag values to find the smallest one. ``` minA = blockA.start ``` for (findA \= minA \+ block\_size; findA \< blockA.end \- 1; findA \+\= block\_size) if (array\[findA \+ 1] \< array\[minA \+ 1]) ``` minA = findA ``` These remaining A blocks then continue rolling through the array and being dropped and inserted where they belong. This process repeats until all of the A blocks have been dropped and rotated into the previous B block. Once the last remaining A block has been dropped behind and inserted into B where it belongs, it should be merged with the remaining B values that follow it. This completes the merge process for that particular pair of A and B subarrays. However, it must then repeat the process for the remaining A and B subarrays for the current level of the merge sort. Note that the internal buffers can be reused for every set of A and B subarrays for this level of the merge sort, and do not need to be re\-extracted or modified in any way. ### Redistribute After all of the A and B subarrays have been merged, the one or two internal buffers are still left over. The first internal buffer was used for tagging the A blocks, and its contents are still in the same order as before, but the second internal buffer may have had its contents rearranged when it was used as swap space for the merges. This means the contents of the second buffer will need to be sorted using a different algorithm, such as insertion sort. The two buffers must then be redistributed back into the array using the opposite process that was used to create them. After repeating these steps for every level of the bottom\-up merge sort, the block sort is completed.	[ "Algorithm\n---------", "The following operators are used in the code examples:", "\| {{pipe}} \| [bitwise OR](/wiki/Bitwise_operation%23OR \"Bitwise operation#OR\") \|\n\| --- \| --- \|\n\| \\>\\> \| [shift right](/wiki/Bitwise_operation%23Logical_shift \"Bitwise operation#Logical shift\") \|\n\| % \| [modulo](/wiki/Modulo_operation \"Modulo operation\") \|\n\| \\+\\+ and \\+\\= \| [increment](/wiki/Increment_and_decrement_operators \"Increment and decrement operators\") \|\n\| \\[x, y) \| [range](/wiki/Interval_%28mathematics%29%23Including_or_excluding_endpoints \"Interval (mathematics)#Including or excluding endpoints\") from ≥ x and \\< y \|\n\| {{pipe}}range{{pipe}} \| range.end – range.start \|\n\| array\\[i] \| i\\-th item of array \|", "", "Additionally, block sort relies on the following operations as part of its overall algorithm:\n* [Swap](/wiki/Swap_%28computer_science%29 \"Swap (computer science)\"): exchange the positions of two values in an array.\n* [Block swap](/wiki/Block_swap_algorithms \"Block swap algorithms\"): exchange a range of values within an array with values in a different range of the array.\n* [Binary search](/wiki/Binary_search_algorithm \"Binary search algorithm\"): assuming the array is sorted, check the middle value of the current search range, then if the value is lesser check the lower range, and if the value is greater check the upper range. Block sort uses two variants: one which finds the first position to insert a value in the sorted array, and one which finds the last position.\n* [Linear search](/wiki/Linear_search \"Linear search\"): find a particular value in an array by checking every single element in order, until it is found.\n* [Insertion sort](/wiki/Insertion_sort \"Insertion sort\"): for each item in the array, loop backward and find where it needs to be inserted, then insert it at that position.\n* Array rotation: move the items in an array to the left or right by some number of spaces, with values on the edges wrapping around to the other side. Rotations can be implemented as three [reversals](/wiki/In-place_algorithm%23Examples \"In-place algorithm#Examples\").{{cite book\\\|last\\=Bentley\\\|first\\=Jon\\\|title\\=Programming Pearls\\\|edition\\=2nd\\\|year\\=2006\\\|title\\-link\\=Programming Pearls}}", "Rotate(array, amount, range)\n Reverse(array, range)\n Reverse(array, \\[range.start, range.start \\+ amount))\n Reverse(array, \\[range.start \\+ amount, range.end))", "* Floor power of two: [floor](/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions \"Floor and ceiling functions\") a value to the next power of two. Thus 63 becomes 32, 64 stays 64, and so forth.{{Cite book \\\|title\\=Hacker's Delight \\\|title\\-link\\=Hacker's Delight \\\|first\\=Henry S. \\\|last\\=Warren Jr. \\\|date\\=2013 \\\|orig\\-year\\=2002 \\\|edition\\=2 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Addison Wesley]] \\- \\[\\[Pearson Education, Inc.]] \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-321\\-84268\\-8 \\\|id\\=0\\-321\\-84268\\-5}}", "FloorPowerOfTwo(x)", "```\n x = x \| (x >> 1)\n x = x \| (x >> 2)\n x = x \| (x >> 4)\n x = x \| (x >> 8)\n x = x \| (x >> 16)\n \n```", "if (this is a [64\\-bit](/wiki/64-bit_computing \"64-bit computing\") system)", "```\n x = x \| (x >> 32)\n return x - (x >> 1)", "```", "### Outer loop", "As previously stated, the outer loop of a block sort is identical to a bottom\\-up merge sort. However, it benefits from the variant that ensures each {{var\\\|A}} and {{var\\\|B}} subarray are the same size to within one item:", "BlockSort(array)", "```\n power_of_two = \n```", "FloorPowerOfTwo(array.size)", "```\n scale = array.size/power_of_two \n```", "// 1\\.0 ≤ scale \\< 2\\.0", "// insertion sort 16–31 items at a time\nfor (merge \\= 0; merge \\< power\\_of\\_two; merge \\+\\= 16\\)", "```\n start = merge * scale\n end = start + 16 * scale\n \n```", "InsertionSort(array, \\[start, end))", "for (length \\= 16; length \\< power\\_of\\_two; length \\+\\= length)\n for (merge \\= 0; merge \\< power\\_of\\_two; merge \\+\\= length \\* 2\\)", "```\n start = merge * scale\n mid = (merge + length) * scale\n end = (merge + length * 2) * scale\n \n \n```", "if (array\\[end − 1] \\< array\\[start])\n // the two ranges are in reverse order, so a rotation is enough to merge them\nRotate(array, mid − start, \\[start, end))\n else if (array\\[mid − 1] \\> array\\[mid])\n Merge(array, A \\= \\[start, mid), B \\= \\[mid, end))\n // else the ranges are already correctly ordered", "[Fixed\\-point math](/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic \"Fixed-point arithmetic\") may also be used, by representing the scale factor as a fraction `integer_part + numerator/denominator`:", "BlockSort(array)", "```\n power_of_two = \n```", "FloorPowerOfTwo(array.size)", "```\n denominator = power_of_two/16\n numerator_step = array.size % denominator\n integer_step = \n```", "floor(array.size/denominator)", "// insertion sort 16–31 items at a time", "while (integer\\_step \\< array.size)", "```\n integer_part = numerator = 0\n \n```", "while (integer\\_part \\< array.size)\n // get the ranges for A and B", "```\n start = integer_part\n \n integer_part += integer_step\n numerator += numerator_step\n \n```", "if (numerator ≥ denominator)", "```\n numerator \n```", "−\\= denominator", "```\n integer_part++\n \n mid = integer_part\n \n integer_part += integer_step\n numerator += numerator_step\n \n```", "if (numerator ≥ denominator)", "```\n numerator −= denominator\n integer_part++\n \n end = integer_part\n \n \n```", "if (array\\[end − 1] \\< array\\[start])\n Rotate(array, mid − start, \\[start, end))\n else if (array\\[mid − 1] \\> array\\[mid])\n Merge(array, A \\= \\[start, mid), B \\= \\[mid, end))", "", "```\n integer_step += integer_step\n numerator_step += numerator_step\n \n```", "if (numerator\\_step ≥ denominator)", "```\n numerator_step −= denominator\n integer_step++", "```", "### Extract buffers", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The buffer extraction process for block sort.](/wiki/File:Buffer_extraction_for_block_sort.gif \"Buffer extraction for block sort.gif\")", "The two internal buffers needed for each level of the merge step are created by moving the first 2{{sqrt\\\|A}} first instances of their values within an {{var\\\|A}} subarray to the start of {{var\\\|A}}. First it iterates over the elements in {{var\\\|A}} and counts off the unique values it needs, then it applies array rotations to move those unique values to the start.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Pardo\\\|first\\=Luis Trabb\\\|title\\=Stable Sorting and Merging with Optimal Space and Time Bounds\\\|series\\=\\[\\[SIAM Journal on Computing]]\\\|volume\\=6\\\|year\\=1977\\\|pages\\=351–372}} If A did not contain enough unique values to fill the two buffers (of size {{sqrt\\\|A}} each), {{var\\\|B}} can be used just as well. In this case it moves the last instance of each value to the end of {{var\\\|B}}, with that part of {{var\\\|B}} not being included during the merges.", "while (integer\\_step \\< array.size)", "```\n block_size = \n```", "{{sqrt\\\|integer\\_step}}", "```\n buffer_size = integer_step/block_size + 1\n \n```", "\\[extract two buffers of size 'buffer\\_size' each]", "If {{var\\\|B}} does not contain enough unique values either, it pulls out the largest number of unique values it could find, then adjusts the size of the {{var\\\|A}} and {{var\\\|B}} blocks such that the number of resulting {{var\\\|A}} blocks is less than or equal to the number of unique items pulled out for the buffer. Only one buffer will be used in this case – the second buffer won't exist.", "", "```\nbuffer_size = \n```", "\\[number of unique values found]", "```\nblock_size = integer_step/buffer_size + 1\n \ninteger_part = numerator = 0", "```\n while (integer\\_part \\< array.size)\n \\[get the ranges for A and B]\n\\[adjust A and B to not include the ranges used by the buffers]", "### Tag A blocks", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Tagging the {{var\\\|A}} blocks using values from the first internal buffer. Note that the first {{var\\\|A}} block and last {{var\\\|B}} block are unevenly sized.](/wiki/File:Block_sort_tagging_A_blocks.gif \"Block sort tagging A blocks.gif\")\nOnce the one or two internal buffers have been created, it begins merging each {{var\\\|A}} and {{var\\\|B}} subarray for this level of the merge sort. To do so, it divides each A and B subarray into evenly sized blocks of the size calculated in the previous step, where the first {{var\\\|A}} block and last {{var\\\|B}} block are unevenly sized if needed. It then loops over each of the evenly sized A blocks and swaps the second value with a corresponding value from the first of the two internal buffers. This is known as tagging the blocks.", "// blockA is the range of the remaining A blocks,\n// and firstA is the unevenly sized first A block", "```\nblockA = [A.start, A.end)\nfirstA = [A.start, A.start + \|blockA\| % block_size)", "```\n // swap the second value of each A block with the value in buffer1\nfor (index \\= 0, indexA \\= firstA.end \\+ 1; indexA \\< blockA.end; indexA \\+\\= block\\_size)\n Swap(array\\[buffer1\\.start \\+ index], array\\[indexA])", "```\n index++\n \nlastA = firstA\nblockB = [B.start, B.start + \n```", "minimum(block\\_size, \\\|B\\\|))", "```\nblockA.start += \|firstA\|", "```", "### Roll and drop", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Two A blocks rolling through the B blocks. Once the first A block is dropped behind, the unevenly sized A block is locally merged with the B values that follow it.](/wiki/File:Block_sort_roll_and_drop.gif \"Block sort roll and drop.gif\")\nAfter defining and tagging the A blocks in this manner, the A blocks are rolled through the B blocks by block swapping the first evenly sized A block with the next B block. This process repeats until the first value of the A block with the smallest tag value is less than or equal to the last value of the B block that was just swapped with an A block.", "At that point, the minimum A block (the A block with the smallest tag value) is swapped to the start of the rolling A blocks and the tagged value is restored with its original value from the first buffer. This is known as dropping a block behind, as it will no longer be rolled along with the remaining A blocks. That A block is then inserted into the previous B block, first by using a binary search on B to find the index where the first value of A is less than or equal to the value at that index of B, and then by rotating A into B at that index.", "", "```\n minA = blockA.start\n indexA = 0\n \n \n```", "while (true)\n // if there's a previous B block and the first value of the minimum A block is ≤\n// the last value of the previous B block, then drop that minimum A block behind.\n// or if there are no B blocks left then keep dropping the remaining A blocks.\nif ((\\\|lastB\\\| \\> 0 and array\\[lastB.end \\- 1] ≥ array\\[minA]) or \\\|blockB\\\| \\= 0\\)\n // figure out where to split the previous B block, and rotate it at the split", "```\n B_split = \n```", "BinaryFirst(array, array\\[minA], lastB)", "```\n B_remaining = lastB.end - B_split\n \n \n```", "// swap the minimum A block to the beginning of the rolling A blocks\nBlockSwap(array, blockA.start, minA, block\\_size)", "// restore the second value for the A block\nSwap(array\\[blockA.start \\+ 1], array\\[buffer1\\.start \\+ indexA])", "```\n indexA++\n \n \n```", "// rotate the A block into the previous B block\nRotate(array, blockA.start \\- B\\_split, \\[B\\_split, blockA.start \\+ block\\_size))", "// locally merge the previous A block with the B values that follow it,\n// using the second internal buffer as swap space (if it exists)\nif (\\\|buffer2\\\| \\> 0\\)\n MergeInternal(array, lastA, \\[lastA.end, B\\_split), buffer2\\)\n else\nMergeInPlace(array, lastA, \\[lastA.end, B\\_split))", "// update the range for the remaining A blocks,\n// and the range remaining from the B block after it was split", "```\n lastA = [blockA.start - B_remaining, blockA.start - B_remaining + block_size)\n lastB = [lastA.end, lastA.end + B_remaining)\n \n \n```", "// if there are no more A blocks remaining, this step is finished", "```\n blockA.start = blockA.start + block_size\n \n```", "if (\\\|blockA\\\| \\= 0\\)\n break", "", "```\n minA = \n```", "\\[new minimum A block] (see below)\nelse if (\\\|blockB\\\| \\< block\\_size)\n // move the last B block, which is unevenly sized,\n// to before the remaining A blocks, by using a rotation\nRotate(array, blockB.start \\- blockA.start, \\[blockA.start, blockB.end))", "", "```\n lastB = [blockA.start, blockA.start + \|blockB\|)\n blockA.start += \|blockB\|\n blockA.end += \|blockB\|\n minA += \|blockB\|\n blockB.end = blockB.start\n \n```", "else\n// roll the leftmost A block to the end by swapping it with the next B block\nBlockSwap(array, blockA.start, blockB.start, block\\_size)", "```\n lastB = [blockA.start, blockA.start + block_size)\n \n```", "if (minA \\= blockA.start)", "```\n minA = blockA.end\n \n blockA.start += block_size\n blockA.end += block_size\n blockB.start += block_size\n \n \n```", "// this is equivalent to minimum(blockB.end \\+ block\\_size, B.end),\n// but that has the potential to [overflow](/wiki/Integer_overflow \"Integer overflow\")\nif (blockB.end \\> B.end \\- block\\_size)", "```\n blockB.end = B.end\n \n```", "else", "```\n blockB.end += block_size\n \n \n```", "// merge the last A block with the remaining B values\nif (\\\|buffer2\\\| \\> 0\\)\n MergeInternal(array, lastA, \\[lastA.end, B.end), buffer2\\)\n else\nMergeInPlace(array, lastA, \\[lastA.end, B.end))", "One optimization that can be applied during this step is the floating\\-hole technique.{{cite journal \\\|last1\\=Geffert \\\|first1\\=Viliam \\\|last2\\=Katajainen \\\|first2\\=Jykri \\\|last3\\=Pasanen \\\|first3\\=Tomi \\\|title\\=Asymptotically efficient in\\-place merging \\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Theoretical Computer Science (journal)\\\|Theoretical Computer Science]] \\\|volume\\=237 \\\|issue\\=1–2 \\\|date\\=April 2000 \\\|pages\\=159–181 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0304\\-3975(98\\)00162\\-5 \\\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.22\\.5750 }} When the minimum A block is dropped behind and needs to be rotated into the previous B block, after which its contents are swapped into the second internal buffer for the local merges, it would be faster to swap the A block to the buffer beforehand, and to take advantage of the fact that the contents of that buffer do not need to retain any order. So rather than rotating the second buffer (which used to be the A block before the block swap) into the previous B block at position index, the values in the B block after index can simply be block swapped with the last items of the buffer.", "The floating hole in this case refers to the contents of the second internal buffer floating around the array, and acting as a hole in the sense that the items do not need to retain their order.", "### Local merges", "Once the A block has been rotated into the B block, the previous A block is then merged with the B values that follow it, using the second buffer as swap space. When the first A block is dropped behind this refers to the unevenly sized A block at the start, when the second A block is dropped behind it means the first A block, and so forth.", "MergeInternal(array, A, B, buffer)\n // block swap the values in A with those in 'buffer'\nBlockSwap(array, A.start, buffer.start, \\\|A\\\|)", "", "```\n A_count = 0, B_count = 0, insert = 0\n \n```", "while (A\\_count \\< \\\|A\\\| and B\\_count \\< \\\|B\\\|)\n if (array\\[buffer.start \\+ A\\_count] ≤ array\\[B.start \\+ B\\_count])\n Swap(array\\[A.start \\+ insert], array\\[buffer.start \\+ A\\_count])", "```\n A_count++\n \n```", "else\nSwap(array\\[A.start \\+ insert], array\\[B.start \\+ B\\_count])", "```\n B_count++\n insert++", "```", "// block swap the remaining part of the buffer with the remaining part of the array\nBlockSwap(array, buffer.start \\+ A\\_count, A.start \\+ insert, \\\|A\\\| \\- A\\_count)", "If the second buffer does not exist, a strictly in\\-place merge operation must be performed, such as a rotation\\-based version of the Hwang and Lin algorithm,{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Hwang\\\|first1\\=F. K.\\\|last2\\=Lin\\\|first2\\=S.\\\|title\\=A Simple Algorithm for Merging Two Disjoint Linearly Ordered Sets\\\|series\\=\\[\\[SIAM Journal on Computing]]\\\|volume\\=1\\\|year\\=1972\\\|pages\\=31–39\\\|doi\\=10\\.1137/0201004\\\|issn\\=0097\\-5397}} the Dudzinski and Dydek algorithm,{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Dudzinski\\\|first1\\=Krzysztof\\\|last2\\=Dydek\\\|first2\\=Andrzej\\\|title\\=On a Stable Storage Merging Algorithm\\\|series\\=\\[\\[Information Processing Letters]]\\\|volume\\=12\\\|year\\=1981\\\|pages\\=5–8}} or a repeated binary search and rotate.", "MergeInPlace(array, A, B)\n while (\\\|A\\\| \\> 0 and \\\|B\\\| \\> 0\\)\n // find the first place in B where the first item in A needs to be inserted", "```\n mid = \n```", "BinaryFirst(array, array\\[A.start], B)", "// rotate A into place", "```\n amount = mid - A.end\n \n```", "Rotate(array, amount, \\[A.start, mid))", "// calculate the new A and B ranges", "```\n B = [mid, B.end)\n A = [A.start + amount, mid)\n A.start = \n```", "BinaryLast(array, array\\[A.start], A)", "After dropping the minimum A block and merging the previous A block with the B values that follow it, the new minimum A block must be found within the blocks that are still being rolled through the array. This is handled by running a linear search through those A blocks and comparing the tag values to find the smallest one.", "", "```\nminA = blockA.start", "```\n for (findA \\= minA \\+ block\\_size; findA \\< blockA.end \\- 1; findA \\+\\= block\\_size)\n if (array\\[findA \\+ 1] \\< array\\[minA \\+ 1])", "```\n minA = findA", "```", "These remaining A blocks then continue rolling through the array and being dropped and inserted where they belong. This process repeats until all of the A blocks have been dropped and rotated into the previous B block.", "Once the last remaining A block has been dropped behind and inserted into B where it belongs, it should be merged with the remaining B values that follow it. This completes the merge process for that particular pair of A and B subarrays. However, it must then repeat the process for the remaining A and B subarrays for the current level of the merge sort.", "Note that the internal buffers can be reused for every set of A and B subarrays for this level of the merge sort, and do not need to be re\\-extracted or modified in any way.", "### Redistribute", "After all of the A and B subarrays have been merged, the one or two internal buffers are still left over. The first internal buffer was used for tagging the A blocks, and its contents are still in the same order as before, but the second internal buffer may have had its contents rearranged when it was used as swap space for the merges. This means the contents of the second buffer will need to be sorted using a different algorithm, such as insertion sort. The two buffers must then be redistributed back into the array using the opposite process that was used to create them.", "After repeating these steps for every level of the bottom\\-up merge sort, the block sort is completed.", "" ]
### Local merges Once the A block has been rotated into the B block, the previous A block is then merged with the B values that follow it, using the second buffer as swap space. When the first A block is dropped behind this refers to the unevenly sized A block at the start, when the second A block is dropped behind it means the first A block, and so forth. MergeInternal(array, A, B, buffer) // block swap the values in A with those in 'buffer' BlockSwap(array, A.start, buffer.start, \\|A\\|) ``` A_count = 0, B_count = 0, insert = 0 ``` while (A\_count \< \\|A\\| and B\_count \< \\|B\\|) if (array\[buffer.start \+ A\_count] ≤ array\[B.start \+ B\_count]) Swap(array\[A.start \+ insert], array\[buffer.start \+ A\_count]) ``` A_count++ ``` else Swap(array\[A.start \+ insert], array\[B.start \+ B\_count]) ``` B_count++ insert++ ``` // block swap the remaining part of the buffer with the remaining part of the array BlockSwap(array, buffer.start \+ A\_count, A.start \+ insert, \\|A\\| \- A\_count) If the second buffer does not exist, a strictly in\-place merge operation must be performed, such as a rotation\-based version of the Hwang and Lin algorithm,{{cite book\\|last1\=Hwang\\|first1\=F. K.\\|last2\=Lin\\|first2\=S.\\|title\=A Simple Algorithm for Merging Two Disjoint Linearly Ordered Sets\\|series\=\[\[SIAM Journal on Computing]]\\|volume\=1\\|year\=1972\\|pages\=31–39\\|doi\=10\.1137/0201004\\|issn\=0097\-5397}} the Dudzinski and Dydek algorithm,{{cite book\\|last1\=Dudzinski\\|first1\=Krzysztof\\|last2\=Dydek\\|first2\=Andrzej\\|title\=On a Stable Storage Merging Algorithm\\|series\=\[\[Information Processing Letters]]\\|volume\=12\\|year\=1981\\|pages\=5–8}} or a repeated binary search and rotate. MergeInPlace(array, A, B) while (\\|A\\| \> 0 and \\|B\\| \> 0\) // find the first place in B where the first item in A needs to be inserted ``` mid = ``` BinaryFirst(array, array\[A.start], B) // rotate A into place ``` amount = mid - A.end ``` Rotate(array, amount, \[A.start, mid)) // calculate the new A and B ranges ``` B = [mid, B.end) A = [A.start + amount, mid) A.start = ``` BinaryLast(array, array\[A.start], A) After dropping the minimum A block and merging the previous A block with the B values that follow it, the new minimum A block must be found within the blocks that are still being rolled through the array. This is handled by running a linear search through those A blocks and comparing the tag values to find the smallest one. ``` minA = blockA.start ``` for (findA \= minA \+ block\_size; findA \< blockA.end \- 1; findA \+\= block\_size) if (array\[findA \+ 1] \< array\[minA \+ 1]) ``` minA = findA ``` These remaining A blocks then continue rolling through the array and being dropped and inserted where they belong. This process repeats until all of the A blocks have been dropped and rotated into the previous B block. Once the last remaining A block has been dropped behind and inserted into B where it belongs, it should be merged with the remaining B values that follow it. This completes the merge process for that particular pair of A and B subarrays. However, it must then repeat the process for the remaining A and B subarrays for the current level of the merge sort. Note that the internal buffers can be reused for every set of A and B subarrays for this level of the merge sort, and do not need to be re\-extracted or modified in any way.	[ "### Local merges", "Once the A block has been rotated into the B block, the previous A block is then merged with the B values that follow it, using the second buffer as swap space. When the first A block is dropped behind this refers to the unevenly sized A block at the start, when the second A block is dropped behind it means the first A block, and so forth.", "MergeInternal(array, A, B, buffer)\n // block swap the values in A with those in 'buffer'\nBlockSwap(array, A.start, buffer.start, \\\|A\\\|)", "", "```\n A_count = 0, B_count = 0, insert = 0\n \n```", "while (A\\_count \\< \\\|A\\\| and B\\_count \\< \\\|B\\\|)\n if (array\\[buffer.start \\+ A\\_count] ≤ array\\[B.start \\+ B\\_count])\n Swap(array\\[A.start \\+ insert], array\\[buffer.start \\+ A\\_count])", "```\n A_count++\n \n```", "else\nSwap(array\\[A.start \\+ insert], array\\[B.start \\+ B\\_count])", "```\n B_count++\n insert++", "```", "// block swap the remaining part of the buffer with the remaining part of the array\nBlockSwap(array, buffer.start \\+ A\\_count, A.start \\+ insert, \\\|A\\\| \\- A\\_count)", "If the second buffer does not exist, a strictly in\\-place merge operation must be performed, such as a rotation\\-based version of the Hwang and Lin algorithm,{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Hwang\\\|first1\\=F. K.\\\|last2\\=Lin\\\|first2\\=S.\\\|title\\=A Simple Algorithm for Merging Two Disjoint Linearly Ordered Sets\\\|series\\=\\[\\[SIAM Journal on Computing]]\\\|volume\\=1\\\|year\\=1972\\\|pages\\=31–39\\\|doi\\=10\\.1137/0201004\\\|issn\\=0097\\-5397}} the Dudzinski and Dydek algorithm,{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Dudzinski\\\|first1\\=Krzysztof\\\|last2\\=Dydek\\\|first2\\=Andrzej\\\|title\\=On a Stable Storage Merging Algorithm\\\|series\\=\\[\\[Information Processing Letters]]\\\|volume\\=12\\\|year\\=1981\\\|pages\\=5–8}} or a repeated binary search and rotate.", "MergeInPlace(array, A, B)\n while (\\\|A\\\| \\> 0 and \\\|B\\\| \\> 0\\)\n // find the first place in B where the first item in A needs to be inserted", "```\n mid = \n```", "BinaryFirst(array, array\\[A.start], B)", "// rotate A into place", "```\n amount = mid - A.end\n \n```", "Rotate(array, amount, \\[A.start, mid))", "// calculate the new A and B ranges", "```\n B = [mid, B.end)\n A = [A.start + amount, mid)\n A.start = \n```", "BinaryLast(array, array\\[A.start], A)", "After dropping the minimum A block and merging the previous A block with the B values that follow it, the new minimum A block must be found within the blocks that are still being rolled through the array. This is handled by running a linear search through those A blocks and comparing the tag values to find the smallest one.", "", "```\nminA = blockA.start", "```\n for (findA \\= minA \\+ block\\_size; findA \\< blockA.end \\- 1; findA \\+\\= block\\_size)\n if (array\\[findA \\+ 1] \\< array\\[minA \\+ 1])", "```\n minA = findA", "```", "These remaining A blocks then continue rolling through the array and being dropped and inserted where they belong. This process repeats until all of the A blocks have been dropped and rotated into the previous B block.", "Once the last remaining A block has been dropped behind and inserted into B where it belongs, it should be merged with the remaining B values that follow it. This completes the merge process for that particular pair of A and B subarrays. However, it must then repeat the process for the remaining A and B subarrays for the current level of the merge sort.", "Note that the internal buffers can be reused for every set of A and B subarrays for this level of the merge sort, and do not need to be re\\-extracted or modified in any way.", "" ]
Variants -------- Block sort works by extracting two internal buffers, breaking A and B subarrays into evenly sized blocks, rolling and dropping the A blocks into B (using the first buffer to track the order of the A blocks), locally merging using the second buffer as swap space, sorting the second buffer, and redistributing both buffers. While the steps do not change, these subsystems can vary in their actual implementation. One variant of block sort allows it to use any amount of additional memory provided to it, by using this external buffer for merging an A subarray or A block with B whenever A fits into it. In this situation it would be identical to a merge sort. Good choices for the buffer size include: \| Size \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| \| (count \+ 1\)/2 \| turns into a full\-speed merge sort since all of the A subarrays will fit into it \| \| {{sqrt\\|(count \+ 1\)/2}} \+ 1 \| this will be the size of the A blocks at the largest level of merges, so block sort can skip using internal or in\-place merges for anything \| \| 512 \| a fixed\-size buffer large enough to handle the numerous merges at the smaller levels of the merge sort \| \| 0 \| if the system cannot allocate any extra memory, no memory works well \| Rather than tagging the A blocks using the contents of one of the internal buffers, an indirect movement\-imitation buffer can be used instead.{{cite journal \\|last\=Symvonis \\|first\=Antonios \\|title\=Optimal Stable Merging\\|journal\=The Computer Journal \\|volume\=38 \\|issue\=8 \\|pages\=681–690 \\|year\=1995 \\|doi\=10\.1093/comjnl/38\.8\.681\\|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.55\.6058 }} This is an internal buffer defined as s1 t s2, where s1 and s2 are each as large as the number of A and B blocks, and t contains any values immediately following s1 that are equal to the last value of s1 (thus ensuring that no value in s2 appears in s1). A second internal buffer containing {{sqrt\\|A}} unique values is still used. The first {{sqrt\\|A}} values of s1 and s2 are then swapped with each other to encode information into the buffer about which blocks are A blocks and which are B blocks. When an A block at index i is swapped with a B block at index j (where the first evenly sized A block is initially at index 0\), s1\[i] and s1\[j] are swapped with s2\[i] and s2\[j], respectively. This imitates the movements of the A blocks through B. The unique values in the second buffer are used to determine the original order of the A blocks as they are rolled through the B blocks. Once all of the A blocks have been dropped, the movement\-imitation buffer is used to decode whether a given block in the array is an A block or a B block, each A block is rotated into B, and the second internal buffer is used as swap space for the local merges. The second value of each A block doesn't necessarily need to be tagged – the first, last, or any other element could be used instead. However, if the first value is tagged, the values will need to be read from the first internal buffer (where they were swapped) when deciding where to drop the minimum A block. Many sorting algorithms can be used to sort the contents of the second internal buffer, including unstable sorts like [quicksort](/wiki/Quicksort "Quicksort"), since the contents of the buffer are guaranteed to be unique. Insertion sort is still recommended, though, for its situational performance and lack of recursion. ### Implementations Known implementations of Block sort include: * Kutzner and Kim's implementation in C\+\+. * Wikisort, Mike McFadden's implementation based on Kutzner and Kim's paper. * GrailSort (and the rewritten HolyGrailSort), Andrey Astrelin's implementation based on Huang and Langston (1992\),{{cite journal \\|last1\=Huang \\|first1\=B\-C. \\|last2\=Langston \\|first2\=M. A. \\|title\=Fast Stable Merging and Sorting in Constant Extra Space \\|journal\=The Computer Journal \\|date\=1 December 1992 \\|volume\=35 \\|issue\=6 \\|pages\=643–650 \\|doi\=10\.1093/comjnl/35\.6\.643}} which ultimately describes a very similar algorithm.{{multiref\\|1\={{cite web \\|last1\=Astrelin \\|first1\=Andrey \\|title\=Mrrl/GrailSort \\|url\=https://github.com/Mrrl/GrailSort \\|date\=6 November 2023}}\\|2\={{cite web \\|title\=HolyGrailSortProject/Rewritten\-Grailsort: A diverse array of heavily refactored versions of Andrey Astrelin's GrailSort.h, aiming to be as readable and intuitive as possible \\|url\=https://github.com/HolyGrailSortProject/Rewritten\-Grailsort \\|publisher\=The Holy Grail Sort Project \\|date\=14 March 2024}}}}	[ "Variants\n--------", "Block sort works by extracting two internal buffers, breaking A and B subarrays into evenly sized blocks, rolling and dropping the A blocks into B (using the first buffer to track the order of the A blocks), locally merging using the second buffer as swap space, sorting the second buffer, and redistributing both buffers. While the steps do not change, these subsystems can vary in their actual implementation.", "One variant of block sort allows it to use any amount of additional memory provided to it, by using this external buffer for merging an A subarray or A block with B whenever A fits into it. In this situation it would be identical to a merge sort.", "Good choices for the buffer size include:", "\| Size \| Notes \|\n\| --- \| --- \|\n\| (count \\+ 1\\)/2 \| turns into a full\\-speed merge sort since all of the A subarrays will fit into it \|\n\| {{sqrt\\\|(count \\+ 1\\)/2}} \\+ 1 \| this will be the size of the A blocks at the largest level of merges, so block sort can skip using internal or in\\-place merges for anything \|\n\| 512 \| a fixed\\-size buffer large enough to handle the numerous merges at the smaller levels of the merge sort \|\n\| 0 \| if the system cannot allocate any extra memory, no memory works well \|", "", "Rather than tagging the A blocks using the contents of one of the internal buffers, an indirect movement\\-imitation buffer can be used instead.{{cite journal \\\|last\\=Symvonis \\\|first\\=Antonios \\\|title\\=Optimal Stable Merging\\\|journal\\=The Computer Journal \\\|volume\\=38 \\\|issue\\=8 \\\|pages\\=681–690 \\\|year\\=1995 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/comjnl/38\\.8\\.681\\\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.55\\.6058 }} This is an internal buffer defined as s1 t s2, where s1 and s2 are each as large as the number of A and B blocks, and t contains any values immediately following s1 that are equal to the last value of s1 (thus ensuring that no value in s2 appears in s1). A second internal buffer containing {{sqrt\\\|A}} unique values is still used. The first {{sqrt\\\|A}} values of s1 and s2 are then swapped with each other to encode information into the buffer about which blocks are A blocks and which are B blocks. When an A block at index i is swapped with a B block at index j (where the first evenly sized A block is initially at index 0\\), s1\\[i] and s1\\[j] are swapped with s2\\[i] and s2\\[j], respectively. This imitates the movements of the A blocks through B. The unique values in the second buffer are used to determine the original order of the A blocks as they are rolled through the B blocks. Once all of the A blocks have been dropped, the movement\\-imitation buffer is used to decode whether a given block in the array is an A block or a B block, each A block is rotated into B, and the second internal buffer is used as swap space for the local merges.", "The second value of each A block doesn't necessarily need to be tagged – the first, last, or any other element could be used instead. However, if the first value is tagged, the values will need to be read from the first internal buffer (where they were swapped) when deciding where to drop the minimum A block.", "Many sorting algorithms can be used to sort the contents of the second internal buffer, including unstable sorts like [quicksort](/wiki/Quicksort \"Quicksort\"), since the contents of the buffer are guaranteed to be unique. Insertion sort is still recommended, though, for its situational performance and lack of recursion.", "### Implementations", "Known implementations of Block sort include:\n* Kutzner and Kim's implementation in C\\+\\+.\n* Wikisort, Mike McFadden's implementation based on Kutzner and Kim's paper.\n* GrailSort (and the rewritten HolyGrailSort), Andrey Astrelin's implementation based on Huang and Langston (1992\\),{{cite journal \\\|last1\\=Huang \\\|first1\\=B\\-C. \\\|last2\\=Langston \\\|first2\\=M. A. \\\|title\\=Fast Stable Merging and Sorting in Constant Extra Space \\\|journal\\=The Computer Journal \\\|date\\=1 December 1992 \\\|volume\\=35 \\\|issue\\=6 \\\|pages\\=643–650 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/comjnl/35\\.6\\.643}} which ultimately describes a very similar algorithm.{{multiref\\\|1\\={{cite web \\\|last1\\=Astrelin \\\|first1\\=Andrey \\\|title\\=Mrrl/GrailSort \\\|url\\=https://github.com/Mrrl/GrailSort \\\|date\\=6 November 2023}}\\\|2\\={{cite web \\\|title\\=HolyGrailSortProject/Rewritten\\-Grailsort: A diverse array of heavily refactored versions of Andrey Astrelin's GrailSort.h, aiming to be as readable and intuitive as possible \\\|url\\=https://github.com/HolyGrailSortProject/Rewritten\\-Grailsort \\\|publisher\\=The Holy Grail Sort Project \\\|date\\=14 March 2024}}}}", "" ]
Analysis -------- Block sort is a well\-defined and testable class of algorithms, with working implementations available as a merge and as a sort.{{cite web\\|author\=Arne Kutzner\\|title\=In\-place Merging Algorithm Benchmarking Tool\\|url\=http://ak.hanyang.ac.kr/research/benchmarking\-tool/benchmarking\-tool.html\\|accessdate\=2014\-03\-23\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20140415030845/http://ak.hanyang.ac.kr/research/benchmarking\-tool/benchmarking\-tool.html\\|archivedate\=2014\-04\-15}}{{cite web\\|author\=Arne Kutzner\\|title\=In\-place Merging Algorithm Benchmarking Tool\\|url\=http://itbe.hanyang.ac.kr/research\-articles/in\-place\-merging\-algorithm\-benchmarking\-tool/\\|accessdate\=2016\-12\-11\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220094823/http://itbe.hanyang.ac.kr/research\-articles/in\-place\-merging\-algorithm\-benchmarking\-tool/\\|archive\-date\=2016\-12\-20\\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\\|title\=BonzaiThePenguin/WikiSort: Public domain implementations of block sort for C, C\+\+, and Java\\|website\=\[\[GitHub]] \\|url\=https://github.com/BonzaiThePenguin/WikiSort\\|accessdate\=2014\-03\-23}} This allows its characteristics to be measured and considered. ### Complexity {{Further\\|Big O notation\#Orders of common functions}} Block sort begins by performing insertion sort on groups of 16–31 items in the array. Insertion sort is an O(n^2\) operation, so this leads to anywhere from O(16^2 \\times n/16\) to O(31^2 \\times n/31\), which is O(n) once the [constant factors are omitted](/wiki/Big_O_notation%23Example "Big O notation#Example"). It must also apply an insertion sort on the second internal buffer after each level of merging is completed. However, as this buffer was limited to \\sqrt{A} in size, the O\\sqrt{n}^2 operation also ends up being O(n). Next it must extract two internal buffers for each level of the merge sort. It does so by iterating over the items in the A and B subarrays and incrementing a counter whenever the value changes, and upon finding enough values it rotates them to the start of A or the end of B. In the worst case this will end up searching the entire array before finding \\sqrt{A} non\-contiguous unique values, which requires O(n) comparisons and \\sqrt{A} rotations for \\sqrt{A} values. This resolves to O(n \+ \\sqrt{n} \\times \\sqrt{n}), or O(n). When none of the A or B subarrays contained \\sqrt{A} unique values to create the internal buffers, a normally suboptimal in\-place merge operation is performed where it repeatedly binary searches and rotates A into B. However, the known lack of unique values within any of the subarrays places a hard limit on the number of binary searches and rotations that will be performed during this step, which is again \\sqrt{A} items rotated up to \\sqrt{A} times, or O(n). The size of each block is also adjusted to be smaller in the case where it found \\sqrt{A} unique values but not 2\\sqrt{A}, which further limits the number of unique values contained within any A or B block. Tagging the A blocks is performed \\sqrt{A} times for each A subarray, then the A blocks are rolled through and inserted into the B blocks up to \\sqrt{A} times. The local merges retain the same O(n) complexity of a standard merge, albeit with more assignments since the values must be swapped rather than copied. The linear search for finding the new minimum A block iterates over \\sqrt{A} blocks \\sqrt{A} times. And the buffer redistribution process is identical to the buffer extraction but in reverse, and therefore has the same O(n) complexity. After [omitting all but the highest complexity](/wiki/Big_O_notation%23Example "Big O notation#Example") and considering that there are \\log{n} levels in the outer merge loop, this leads to a final asymptotic complexity of O(n\\log{n}) for the worst and average cases. For the best case, where the data is already in order, the merge step performs n/16 comparisons for the first level, then n/32, n/64, n/128, etc. This is a [well\-known mathematical series](/wiki/1/2_%2B_1/4_%2B_1/8_%2B_1/16_%2B_%C2%B7_%C2%B7_%C2%B7 "1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + · · ·") which resolves to O(n). ### Memory As block sort is [non\-recursive](/wiki/Recursion_%28computer_science%29 "Recursion (computer science)") and does not require the use of [dynamic allocations](/wiki/Memory_management%23Manual_memory_management "Memory management#Manual memory management"), this leads to constant [stack](/wiki/Stack_%28abstract_data_type%29 "Stack (abstract data type)") and heap space. It uses O(1\) auxiliary memory in a [transdichotomous model](/wiki/Transdichotomous_model "Transdichotomous model"), which accepts that the O(log n) bits needed to keep track of the ranges for A and B cannot be any greater than 32 or 64 on 32\-bit or 64\-bit computing systems, respectively, and therefore simplifies to O(1\) space for any array that can feasibly be allocated. ### Stability {{Further\\|Sorting algorithm\#Stability}} Although items in the array are moved out of order during a block sort, each operation is fully reversible and will have restored the original order of equivalent items by its completion. Stability requires the first instance of each value in an array before sorting to still be the first instance of that value after sorting. Block sort moves these first instances to the start of the array to create the two internal buffers, but when all of the merges are completed for the current level of the block sort, those values are distributed back to the first sorted position within the array. This maintains stability. Before rolling the A blocks through the B blocks, each A block has its second value swapped with a value from the first buffer. At that point the A blocks are moved out of order to roll through the B blocks. However, once it finds where it should insert the smallest A block into the previous B block, that smallest A block is moved back to the start of the A blocks and its second value is restored. By the time all of the A blocks have been inserted, the A blocks will be in order again and the first buffer will contain its original values in the original order. Using the second buffer as swap space when merging an A block with some B values causes the contents of that buffer to be rearranged. However, as the algorithm already ensured the buffer only contains unique values, sorting the contents of the buffer is sufficient to restore their original stable order. ### Adaptivity Block sort is an [adaptive sort](/wiki/Adaptive_sort "Adaptive sort") on two levels: first, it skips merging A and B subarrays that are already in order. Next, when A and B need to be merged and are broken into evenly sized blocks, the A blocks are only rolled through B as far as is necessary, and each block is only merged with the B values immediately following it. The more ordered the data originally was, the fewer B values there will be that need to be merged into A.	[ "Analysis\n--------", "Block sort is a well\\-defined and testable class of algorithms, with working implementations available as a merge and as a sort.{{cite web\\\|author\\=Arne Kutzner\\\|title\\=In\\-place Merging Algorithm Benchmarking Tool\\\|url\\=http://ak.hanyang.ac.kr/research/benchmarking\\-tool/benchmarking\\-tool.html\\\|accessdate\\=2014\\-03\\-23\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20140415030845/http://ak.hanyang.ac.kr/research/benchmarking\\-tool/benchmarking\\-tool.html\\\|archivedate\\=2014\\-04\\-15}}{{cite web\\\|author\\=Arne Kutzner\\\|title\\=In\\-place Merging Algorithm Benchmarking Tool\\\|url\\=http://itbe.hanyang.ac.kr/research\\-articles/in\\-place\\-merging\\-algorithm\\-benchmarking\\-tool/\\\|accessdate\\=2016\\-12\\-11\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220094823/http://itbe.hanyang.ac.kr/research\\-articles/in\\-place\\-merging\\-algorithm\\-benchmarking\\-tool/\\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-12\\-20\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\\|title\\=BonzaiThePenguin/WikiSort: Public domain implementations of block sort for C, C\\+\\+, and Java\\\|website\\=\\[\\[GitHub]] \\\|url\\=https://github.com/BonzaiThePenguin/WikiSort\\\|accessdate\\=2014\\-03\\-23}} This allows its characteristics to be measured and considered.", "### Complexity", "{{Further\\\|Big O notation\\#Orders of common functions}}", "Block sort begins by performing insertion sort on groups of 16–31 items in the array. Insertion sort is an O(n^2\\) operation, so this leads to anywhere from O(16^2 \\\\times n/16\\) to O(31^2 \\\\times n/31\\), which is O(n) once the [constant factors are omitted](/wiki/Big_O_notation%23Example \"Big O notation#Example\"). It must also apply an insertion sort on the second internal buffer after each level of merging is completed. However, as this buffer was limited to \\\\sqrt{A} in size, the O\\\\sqrt{n}^2 operation also ends up being O(n).", "Next it must extract two internal buffers for each level of the merge sort. It does so by iterating over the items in the A and B subarrays and incrementing a counter whenever the value changes, and upon finding enough values it rotates them to the start of A or the end of B. In the worst case this will end up searching the entire array before finding \\\\sqrt{A} non\\-contiguous unique values, which requires O(n) comparisons and \\\\sqrt{A} rotations for \\\\sqrt{A} values. This resolves to O(n \\+ \\\\sqrt{n} \\\\times \\\\sqrt{n}), or O(n).", "When none of the A or B subarrays contained \\\\sqrt{A} unique values to create the internal buffers, a normally suboptimal in\\-place merge operation is performed where it repeatedly binary searches and rotates A into B. However, the known lack of unique values within any of the subarrays places a hard limit on the number of binary searches and rotations that will be performed during this step, which is again \\\\sqrt{A} items rotated up to \\\\sqrt{A} times, or O(n). The size of each block is also adjusted to be smaller in the case where it found \\\\sqrt{A} unique values but not 2\\\\sqrt{A}, which further limits the number of unique values contained within any A or B block.", "Tagging the A blocks is performed \\\\sqrt{A} times for each A subarray, then the A blocks are rolled through and inserted into the B blocks up to \\\\sqrt{A} times. The local merges retain the same O(n) complexity of a standard merge, albeit with more assignments since the values must be swapped rather than copied. The linear search for finding the new minimum A block iterates over \\\\sqrt{A} blocks \\\\sqrt{A} times. And the buffer redistribution process is identical to the buffer extraction but in reverse, and therefore has the same O(n) complexity.", "After [omitting all but the highest complexity](/wiki/Big_O_notation%23Example \"Big O notation#Example\") and considering that there are \\\\log{n} levels in the outer merge loop, this leads to a final asymptotic complexity of O(n\\\\log{n}) for the worst and average cases. For the best case, where the data is already in order, the merge step performs n/16 comparisons for the first level, then n/32, n/64, n/128, etc. This is a [well\\-known mathematical series](/wiki/1/2_%2B_1/4_%2B_1/8_%2B_1/16_%2B_%C2%B7_%C2%B7_%C2%B7 \"1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + · · ·\") which resolves to O(n).", "### Memory", "As block sort is [non\\-recursive](/wiki/Recursion_%28computer_science%29 \"Recursion (computer science)\") and does not require the use of [dynamic allocations](/wiki/Memory_management%23Manual_memory_management \"Memory management#Manual memory management\"), this leads to constant [stack](/wiki/Stack_%28abstract_data_type%29 \"Stack (abstract data type)\") and heap space. It uses O(1\\) auxiliary memory in a [transdichotomous model](/wiki/Transdichotomous_model \"Transdichotomous model\"), which accepts that the O(log n) bits needed to keep track of the ranges for A and B cannot be any greater than 32 or 64 on 32\\-bit or 64\\-bit computing systems, respectively, and therefore simplifies to O(1\\) space for any array that can feasibly be allocated.", "### Stability", "{{Further\\\|Sorting algorithm\\#Stability}}\nAlthough items in the array are moved out of order during a block sort, each operation is fully reversible and will have restored the original order of equivalent items by its completion.", "Stability requires the first instance of each value in an array before sorting to still be the first instance of that value after sorting. Block sort moves these first instances to the start of the array to create the two internal buffers, but when all of the merges are completed for the current level of the block sort, those values are distributed back to the first sorted position within the array. This maintains stability.", "Before rolling the A blocks through the B blocks, each A block has its second value swapped with a value from the first buffer. At that point the A blocks are moved out of order to roll through the B blocks. However, once it finds where it should insert the smallest A block into the previous B block, that smallest A block is moved back to the start of the A blocks and its second value is restored. By the time all of the A blocks have been inserted, the A blocks will be in order again and the first buffer will contain its original values in the original order.", "Using the second buffer as swap space when merging an A block with some B values causes the contents of that buffer to be rearranged. However, as the algorithm already ensured the buffer only contains unique values, sorting the contents of the buffer is sufficient to restore their original stable order.", "### Adaptivity", "Block sort is an [adaptive sort](/wiki/Adaptive_sort \"Adaptive sort\") on two levels: first, it skips merging A and B subarrays that are already in order. Next, when A and B need to be merged and are broken into evenly sized blocks, the A blocks are only rolled through B as far as is necessary, and each block is only merged with the B values immediately following it. The more ordered the data originally was, the fewer B values there will be that need to be merged into A.", "" ]
### Complexity {{Further\\|Big O notation\#Orders of common functions}} Block sort begins by performing insertion sort on groups of 16–31 items in the array. Insertion sort is an O(n^2\) operation, so this leads to anywhere from O(16^2 \\times n/16\) to O(31^2 \\times n/31\), which is O(n) once the [constant factors are omitted](/wiki/Big_O_notation%23Example "Big O notation#Example"). It must also apply an insertion sort on the second internal buffer after each level of merging is completed. However, as this buffer was limited to \\sqrt{A} in size, the O\\sqrt{n}^2 operation also ends up being O(n). Next it must extract two internal buffers for each level of the merge sort. It does so by iterating over the items in the A and B subarrays and incrementing a counter whenever the value changes, and upon finding enough values it rotates them to the start of A or the end of B. In the worst case this will end up searching the entire array before finding \\sqrt{A} non\-contiguous unique values, which requires O(n) comparisons and \\sqrt{A} rotations for \\sqrt{A} values. This resolves to O(n \+ \\sqrt{n} \\times \\sqrt{n}), or O(n). When none of the A or B subarrays contained \\sqrt{A} unique values to create the internal buffers, a normally suboptimal in\-place merge operation is performed where it repeatedly binary searches and rotates A into B. However, the known lack of unique values within any of the subarrays places a hard limit on the number of binary searches and rotations that will be performed during this step, which is again \\sqrt{A} items rotated up to \\sqrt{A} times, or O(n). The size of each block is also adjusted to be smaller in the case where it found \\sqrt{A} unique values but not 2\\sqrt{A}, which further limits the number of unique values contained within any A or B block. Tagging the A blocks is performed \\sqrt{A} times for each A subarray, then the A blocks are rolled through and inserted into the B blocks up to \\sqrt{A} times. The local merges retain the same O(n) complexity of a standard merge, albeit with more assignments since the values must be swapped rather than copied. The linear search for finding the new minimum A block iterates over \\sqrt{A} blocks \\sqrt{A} times. And the buffer redistribution process is identical to the buffer extraction but in reverse, and therefore has the same O(n) complexity. After [omitting all but the highest complexity](/wiki/Big_O_notation%23Example "Big O notation#Example") and considering that there are \\log{n} levels in the outer merge loop, this leads to a final asymptotic complexity of O(n\\log{n}) for the worst and average cases. For the best case, where the data is already in order, the merge step performs n/16 comparisons for the first level, then n/32, n/64, n/128, etc. This is a [well\-known mathematical series](/wiki/1/2_%2B_1/4_%2B_1/8_%2B_1/16_%2B_%C2%B7_%C2%B7_%C2%B7 "1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + · · ·") which resolves to O(n).	[ "### Complexity", "{{Further\\\|Big O notation\\#Orders of common functions}}", "Block sort begins by performing insertion sort on groups of 16–31 items in the array. Insertion sort is an O(n^2\\) operation, so this leads to anywhere from O(16^2 \\\\times n/16\\) to O(31^2 \\\\times n/31\\), which is O(n) once the [constant factors are omitted](/wiki/Big_O_notation%23Example \"Big O notation#Example\"). It must also apply an insertion sort on the second internal buffer after each level of merging is completed. However, as this buffer was limited to \\\\sqrt{A} in size, the O\\\\sqrt{n}^2 operation also ends up being O(n).", "Next it must extract two internal buffers for each level of the merge sort. It does so by iterating over the items in the A and B subarrays and incrementing a counter whenever the value changes, and upon finding enough values it rotates them to the start of A or the end of B. In the worst case this will end up searching the entire array before finding \\\\sqrt{A} non\\-contiguous unique values, which requires O(n) comparisons and \\\\sqrt{A} rotations for \\\\sqrt{A} values. This resolves to O(n \\+ \\\\sqrt{n} \\\\times \\\\sqrt{n}), or O(n).", "When none of the A or B subarrays contained \\\\sqrt{A} unique values to create the internal buffers, a normally suboptimal in\\-place merge operation is performed where it repeatedly binary searches and rotates A into B. However, the known lack of unique values within any of the subarrays places a hard limit on the number of binary searches and rotations that will be performed during this step, which is again \\\\sqrt{A} items rotated up to \\\\sqrt{A} times, or O(n). The size of each block is also adjusted to be smaller in the case where it found \\\\sqrt{A} unique values but not 2\\\\sqrt{A}, which further limits the number of unique values contained within any A or B block.", "Tagging the A blocks is performed \\\\sqrt{A} times for each A subarray, then the A blocks are rolled through and inserted into the B blocks up to \\\\sqrt{A} times. The local merges retain the same O(n) complexity of a standard merge, albeit with more assignments since the values must be swapped rather than copied. The linear search for finding the new minimum A block iterates over \\\\sqrt{A} blocks \\\\sqrt{A} times. And the buffer redistribution process is identical to the buffer extraction but in reverse, and therefore has the same O(n) complexity.", "After [omitting all but the highest complexity](/wiki/Big_O_notation%23Example \"Big O notation#Example\") and considering that there are \\\\log{n} levels in the outer merge loop, this leads to a final asymptotic complexity of O(n\\\\log{n}) for the worst and average cases. For the best case, where the data is already in order, the merge step performs n/16 comparisons for the first level, then n/32, n/64, n/128, etc. This is a [well\\-known mathematical series](/wiki/1/2_%2B_1/4_%2B_1/8_%2B_1/16_%2B_%C2%B7_%C2%B7_%C2%B7 \"1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + · · ·\") which resolves to O(n).", "" ]
Recovery -------- ### Diet before and after surgery Immediately after surgery no food or drink is allowed due to involvement of the gastrointestinal tract in the surgery. The diet will then be slowly advanced to liquids and then solid foods as tolerated. If gastrointestinal complications such as nausea, vomiting, or abdominal bloating occur the diet may be stopped or advancement of the diet slowed down depending on the severity. For people who have difficulties eating before or after a radical cystectomy, additional nutrition may be beneficial when compared with waiting until ordinary food can be tolerated.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \= Burden S, Billson HA, Lal S, Owen KA, Muneer A \\| title \= Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy \\| journal \= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \\| volume \= 2019 \\| pages \= CD010127 \\| date \= May 2019 \\| issue \= 5 \\| pmid \= 31107970 \\| pmc \= 6527181 \\| doi \= 10\.1002/14651858\.CD010127\.pub2 \\| collaboration \= Cochrane Urology Group }} Immuno\-enhancing nutrition with high levels of nutrients may decrease complications within 90 days of surgery. When compared with a multivitamin and mineral supplement, perioperative oral supplements may slightly decrease postoperative complications. It is uncertain if giving an individual undergoing a radical cystectomy amino acids, branch chain acids or preoperative oral supplements improve complications after surgery. Feeding into a vein and early postoperative feeding may increase postoperative complications. These diet interventions do not appear to affect the length of hospital stay. ### Pain control [Intravenous](/wiki/Intravenous_therapy "Intravenous therapy") pain medication such as narcotics are typically used immediately after surgery. Pain medications can be switched to an oral form once a diet is tolerated. ### Activity Early activity is encouraged after surgery. Individuals may be able to walk and sit in a chair as early as the same day of surgery. Usually individuals are able to walk around their room or hospital ward within a day or two after surgery. Some individuals may require additional assistance or physical therapy in the hospital or once discharged home. ### Venous thromboembolism prevention Approaches to prevent [venous thromboembolism](/wiki/Venous_thrombosis "Venous thrombosis") (VTE) are performed both before and after surgery. Compression devices placed around the legs or medications such as [Heparin](/wiki/Heparin "Heparin") or [low molecular weight heparin](/wiki/Low_molecular_weight_heparin "Low molecular weight heparin") (LMWH) are commonly used. VTE prophylaxis with LMWH may even be continued after hospital discharge if needed. ### Surgery follow\-up If an open cystectomy was performed, the staples closing the incision are usually removed 5 to 10 days after surgery. Further follow\-up with the surgeon is typically scheduled 4 to 6 weeks after surgery and may involve laboratory or imaging studies to assess recovery along with further care and follow\-up.	[ "Recovery\n--------", "### Diet before and after surgery", "Immediately after surgery no food or drink is allowed due to involvement of the gastrointestinal tract in the surgery. The diet will then be slowly advanced to liquids and then solid foods as tolerated. If gastrointestinal complications such as nausea, vomiting, or abdominal bloating occur the diet may be stopped or advancement of the diet slowed down depending on the severity.", "For people who have difficulties eating before or after a radical cystectomy, additional nutrition may be beneficial when compared with waiting until ordinary food can be tolerated.{{cite journal \\\| vauthors \\= Burden S, Billson HA, Lal S, Owen KA, Muneer A \\\| title \\= Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy \\\| journal \\= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \\\| volume \\= 2019 \\\| pages \\= CD010127 \\\| date \\= May 2019 \\\| issue \\= 5 \\\| pmid \\= 31107970 \\\| pmc \\= 6527181 \\\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/14651858\\.CD010127\\.pub2 \\\| collaboration \\= Cochrane Urology Group }} Immuno\\-enhancing nutrition with high levels of nutrients may decrease complications within 90 days of surgery. When compared with a multivitamin and mineral supplement, perioperative oral supplements may slightly decrease postoperative complications. It is uncertain if giving an individual undergoing a radical cystectomy amino acids, branch chain acids or preoperative oral supplements improve complications after surgery. Feeding into a vein and early postoperative feeding may increase postoperative complications. These diet interventions do not appear to affect the length of hospital stay.", "### Pain control", "[Intravenous](/wiki/Intravenous_therapy \"Intravenous therapy\") pain medication such as narcotics are typically used immediately after surgery. Pain medications can be switched to an oral form once a diet is tolerated.", "### Activity", "Early activity is encouraged after surgery. Individuals may be able to walk and sit in a chair as early as the same day of surgery. Usually individuals are able to walk around their room or hospital ward within a day or two after surgery. Some individuals may require additional assistance or physical therapy in the hospital or once discharged home.", "### Venous thromboembolism prevention", "Approaches to prevent [venous thromboembolism](/wiki/Venous_thrombosis \"Venous thrombosis\") (VTE) are performed both before and after surgery. Compression devices placed around the legs or medications such as [Heparin](/wiki/Heparin \"Heparin\") or [low molecular weight heparin](/wiki/Low_molecular_weight_heparin \"Low molecular weight heparin\") (LMWH) are commonly used. VTE prophylaxis with LMWH may even be continued after hospital discharge if needed.", "### Surgery follow\\-up", "If an open cystectomy was performed, the staples closing the incision are usually removed 5 to 10 days after surgery. Further follow\\-up with the surgeon is typically scheduled 4 to 6 weeks after surgery and may involve laboratory or imaging studies to assess recovery along with further care and follow\\-up.", "" ]
Professional boxing career -------------------------- Boone held a record of 6\-2\-1, with the two losses coming to former IBF middleweight contender Walid Smichet and future IBA contender Walter Wright. Ward, was a heavy favorite despite being just 6\-0, and Boone took the fight on just one week's notice. Despite knocking down Ward twice in the fight, he lost a unanimous decision. After improving to 10\-3\-1, Boone faced future two\-time world title contenders [Enrique Ornelas](/wiki/Enrique_Ornelas "Enrique Ornelas"), and Anthony Thompson, losing unanimous decisions in each. After drawing on points against another future title contender in [Lajuan Simon](/wiki/Lajuan_Simon "Lajuan Simon"), Boone lost a decision to then\-undefeated (12\-0\) [Jean Pascal](/wiki/Jean_Pascal "Jean Pascal"). In April 2010, Boone was matched up with future lineal, [Ring](/wiki/Ring_%28boxing%29 "Ring (boxing)"), and world titleholder Adonis Stevenson, in another fight Boone took on short notice against an undefeated fighter as Stevenson was 13\-0 at the time. Boone at the time was 16\-15\-2, and on a five\-fight losing streak (the first three fights being decision losses to [Craig McEwan](/wiki/Craig_McEwan_%28boxer%29 "Craig McEwan (boxer)"), [Erislandy Lara](/wiki/Erislandy_Lara "Erislandy Lara"), and [Edwin Rodriguez](/wiki/Edwin_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28boxer%29 "Edwin Rodríguez (boxer)"), respectively). In an upset Boone finished Stevenson 17 seconds into the second round. Leading up to the fight, Boone had been self\-trained. Boone took another short\-notice fight against future champion and then, 17\-0\-1 [Sergey Kovalev](/wiki/Sergey_Kovalev_%28boxer%29 "Sergey Kovalev (boxer)") in a [light heavyweight](/wiki/Light_heavyweight_%28boxing%29 "Light heavyweight (boxing)") bout. Boone fought hard, knocking Kovalev down but later lost a point and ultimately a split decision. Boone was then defeated via first\-round TKO against [Marco Antonio Periban](/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Periban "Marco Antonio Periban"). {{quote box\\|width\=35%\\|align\=right\\|quote\=— Anybody who's faced Darnell Boone knows what it is to be hit with a brick. — Every top fighter who's come up through the ranks and fought Darnell Boone has either lost or nearly lost to him.\\|source\=—\[\[Roy Jones Jr.]] and \[\[Max Kellerman]] on Boone's \[\[punching power]]."\[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=CqlgBfkwlCc\&t\=190 Classic Fights: Gennady Golovkin vs. Willie Monroe Jr. 2015]". \[\[HBO Sports]]. 10 October 2015\. Retrieved 2019\-11\-07\.}} Boone was then matched up with future world title challenger and then\-undefeated 10\-0 [Willie Monroe Jr.](/wiki/Willie_Monroe_Jr. "Willie Monroe Jr.") In March 2013, Boone fought Stevenson again in a rematch, losing via sixth\-round KO. Boone last fought in November 2018, making his [cruiserweight](/wiki/Cruiserweight_%28boxing%29 "Cruiserweight (boxing)") debut, a draw.	[ "Professional boxing career\n--------------------------", "Boone held a record of 6\\-2\\-1, with the two losses coming to former IBF middleweight contender Walid Smichet and future IBA contender Walter Wright. Ward, was a heavy favorite despite being just 6\\-0, and Boone took the fight on just one week's notice. Despite knocking down Ward twice in the fight, he lost a unanimous decision.", "After improving to 10\\-3\\-1, Boone faced future two\\-time world title contenders [Enrique Ornelas](/wiki/Enrique_Ornelas \"Enrique Ornelas\"), and Anthony Thompson, losing unanimous decisions in each.", "After drawing on points against another future title contender in [Lajuan Simon](/wiki/Lajuan_Simon \"Lajuan Simon\"), Boone lost a decision to then\\-undefeated (12\\-0\\) [Jean Pascal](/wiki/Jean_Pascal \"Jean Pascal\").", "In April 2010, Boone was matched up with future lineal, [Ring](/wiki/Ring_%28boxing%29 \"Ring (boxing)\"), and world titleholder Adonis Stevenson, in another fight Boone took on short notice against an undefeated fighter as Stevenson was 13\\-0 at the time. Boone at the time was 16\\-15\\-2, and on a five\\-fight losing streak (the first three fights being decision losses to [Craig McEwan](/wiki/Craig_McEwan_%28boxer%29 \"Craig McEwan (boxer)\"), [Erislandy Lara](/wiki/Erislandy_Lara \"Erislandy Lara\"), and [Edwin Rodriguez](/wiki/Edwin_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28boxer%29 \"Edwin Rodríguez (boxer)\"), respectively). In an upset Boone finished Stevenson 17 seconds into the second round. Leading up to the fight, Boone had been self\\-trained.", "Boone took another short\\-notice fight against future champion and then, 17\\-0\\-1 [Sergey Kovalev](/wiki/Sergey_Kovalev_%28boxer%29 \"Sergey Kovalev (boxer)\") in a [light heavyweight](/wiki/Light_heavyweight_%28boxing%29 \"Light heavyweight (boxing)\") bout. Boone fought hard, knocking Kovalev down but later lost a point and ultimately a split decision. Boone was then defeated via first\\-round TKO against [Marco Antonio Periban](/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Periban \"Marco Antonio Periban\").", "{{quote box\\\|width\\=35%\\\|align\\=right\\\|quote\\=— Anybody who's faced Darnell Boone knows what it is to be hit with a brick. \n— Every top fighter who's come up through the ranks and fought Darnell Boone has either lost or nearly lost to him.\\\|source\\=—\\[\\[Roy Jones Jr.]] and \\[\\[Max Kellerman]] on Boone's \\[\\[punching power]].\"\\[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=CqlgBfkwlCc\\&t\\=190 Classic Fights: Gennady Golovkin vs. Willie Monroe Jr. 2015]\". \\[\\[HBO Sports]]. 10 October 2015\\. Retrieved 2019\\-11\\-07\\.}}\nBoone was then matched up with future world title challenger and then\\-undefeated 10\\-0 [Willie Monroe Jr.](/wiki/Willie_Monroe_Jr. \"Willie Monroe Jr.\") In March 2013, Boone fought Stevenson again in a rematch, losing via sixth\\-round KO.", "Boone last fought in November 2018, making his [cruiserweight](/wiki/Cruiserweight_%28boxing%29 \"Cruiserweight (boxing)\") debut, a draw.", "" ]
Move to Missouri and career --------------------------- In 1818 as a young man of 20, he moved to [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri "St. Louis, Missouri") to join his older brother Archibald Gamble, an attorney who had moved there earlier and was established as a clerk of the St. Louis Circuit Court. After practicing in [Franklin](/wiki/Franklin%2C_Missouri "Franklin, Missouri") in the middle of the state, Gamble became prosecuting attorney of the [Circuit Court](/wiki/Missouri_Circuit_Courts "Missouri Circuit Courts") of [Howard County, Missouri](/wiki/Howard_County%2C_Missouri "Howard County, Missouri"). In 1824, Governor [Frederick Bates](/wiki/Frederick_Bates_%28politician%29 "Frederick Bates (politician)") appointed him as [Missouri Secretary of State](/wiki/List_of_Missouri_Secretaries_of_State "List of Missouri Secretaries of State") and he moved to the capital, then located at [St. Charles, Missouri](/wiki/St._Charles%2C_Missouri "St. Charles, Missouri"). When the capital was moved to Jefferson City, Gamble returned to St. Louis in 1826, settling in what was the major city of the state. He set up a private legal practice there. Although a slaveholder, he at times was appointed to represent enslaved persons in court, especially in what were called [freedom suits](/wiki/Freedom_suits "Freedom suits"), which they filed to challenge their captivity. If the court accepted a case, it assigned an attorney from the bar to represent the slave. In the antebellum period, a majority of known cases in Missouri were settled in the slave's favor, often as a result of a slave having been held in a free state by a master, which caused them to forfeit their property rights. Gamble was influenced by current movements that proposed another alternative for freed slaves to staying in American society. He became a member of the [American Colonization Society](/wiki/American_Colonization_Society "American Colonization Society"), which supported the "resettlement" of [free blacks](/wiki/Free_people_of_color "Free people of color") from the US to the new colony of [Liberia](/wiki/Liberia "Liberia").Boman, p. 14 While some supporters suggested this was an effort to return such individuals to their homeland, by this time, most African Americans in the US were native born, some with generations of history in the nation. Many wanted to gain legal rights here rather than to leave the country.	[ "Move to Missouri and career\n---------------------------", "In 1818 as a young man of 20, he moved to [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri \"St. Louis, Missouri\") to join his older brother Archibald Gamble, an attorney who had moved there earlier and was established as a clerk of the St. Louis Circuit Court.", "After practicing in [Franklin](/wiki/Franklin%2C_Missouri \"Franklin, Missouri\") in the middle of the state, Gamble became prosecuting attorney of the [Circuit Court](/wiki/Missouri_Circuit_Courts \"Missouri Circuit Courts\") of [Howard County, Missouri](/wiki/Howard_County%2C_Missouri \"Howard County, Missouri\"). In 1824, Governor [Frederick Bates](/wiki/Frederick_Bates_%28politician%29 \"Frederick Bates (politician)\") appointed him as [Missouri Secretary of State](/wiki/List_of_Missouri_Secretaries_of_State \"List of Missouri Secretaries of State\") and he moved to the capital, then located at [St. Charles, Missouri](/wiki/St._Charles%2C_Missouri \"St. Charles, Missouri\").", "When the capital was moved to Jefferson City, Gamble returned to St. Louis in 1826, settling in what was the major city of the state. He set up a private legal practice there.", "Although a slaveholder, he at times was appointed to represent enslaved persons in court, especially in what were called [freedom suits](/wiki/Freedom_suits \"Freedom suits\"), which they filed to challenge their captivity. If the court accepted a case, it assigned an attorney from the bar to represent the slave. In the antebellum period, a majority of known cases in Missouri were settled in the slave's favor, often as a result of a slave having been held in a free state by a master, which caused them to forfeit their property rights.", "Gamble was influenced by current movements that proposed another alternative for freed slaves to staying in American society. He became a member of the [American Colonization Society](/wiki/American_Colonization_Society \"American Colonization Society\"), which supported the \"resettlement\" of [free blacks](/wiki/Free_people_of_color \"Free people of color\") from the US to the new colony of [Liberia](/wiki/Liberia \"Liberia\").Boman, p. 14 While some supporters suggested this was an effort to return such individuals to their homeland, by this time, most African Americans in the US were native born, some with generations of history in the nation. Many wanted to gain legal rights here rather than to leave the country.", "" ]
Education and early career -------------------------- ### Education Saprang was born into a military family on 8 July 1948 in [Lampang Province](/wiki/Lampang_Province "Lampang Province"). He graduated from the 7th Class of the [Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School](/wiki/Armed_Forces_Academies_Preparatory_School "Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School") and the 18th Class of the [Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy](/wiki/Chulachomklao_Royal_Military_Academy "Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy"). His classmates included General [Paisan Katanyu](/wiki/Paisan_Katanyu "Paisan Katanyu") (appointed Deputy Army Commander after the coup), Admiral Bannawit Kengrien (appointed to the National Legislative Assembly after the coup, and leader of its Suvarnabhumi Airport committee), and General [Lertrat Rattavanich](/wiki/Lertrat_Rattavanich "Lertrat Rattavanich").Bangkok Post, [Loyal to the very tip of his tongue](http://www.xignite.com/xWorldNews.aspx?articleid=SEP20060815116005) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029234921/http://www.xignite.com/xWorldNews.aspx?articleid\=SEP20060815116005 \\|date\=29 October 2007 }}, 15 August 2006m\&c, [The Inside Story: Thailand’s military coup – Act 1](http://news.monstersandcritics.com/asiapacific/features/article_1240874.php?page=2), 8 January 2007 {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121817/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/asiapacific/features/article\_1240874\.php?page\=2 \\|date\=29 September 2007 }} He later graduated from the 43rd class of the [National Defence College of Thailand](/wiki/National_Defence_College_of_Thailand "National Defence College of Thailand") in 2001\. His NDC thesis concerned the role of military forces in the control of illegal [narcotics](/wiki/Narcotics "Narcotics"). His NDC classmates included Kraisi Karnasuta, governor of state energy company [EGAT](/wiki/EGAT "EGAT"). [รายชื่อเอกสารวิจัยส่วนบุคคลของนักศึกษา วปอ. รุ่นที่ ๔๓ ประจำปี ๒๕๔๓ \- ๒๕๔๔](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080910213914/http://web.schq.mi.th/~ndc/%C3%D2%C2%AA%D7%E8%CD%B9%C8/%c3%d2%c2%aa%d7%e8%cd%e0%cd%a1%ca%d2%c3%c7%d4%a8%d1%c2%20%c7%bb%cd.43.doc) ### Early career Saprang started his military career in 1969 as rifle [platoon](/wiki/Platoon "Platoon") leader in the 3rd Infantry [Battalion](/wiki/Battalion "Battalion"), 4th [Regimental](/wiki/Regiment "Regiment") Combat Team.{{cite news \\|last1\=Nanuam \\|first1\=Wasana \\|title\=Little big soldier \\|url\=http://pages.citebite.com/u1f2c3o7r1pso \\|access\-date\=9 August 2018 \\|work\=Bangkok Post \\|date\=5 March 2007}} He claimed to have fought 200 battles during the course of his military career. Saprang was appointed commander of the 1st Infantry Battalion of the 4th Infantry Regiment in 1982, stationed in [Nakhon Sawan Province](/wiki/Nakhon_Sawan_Province "Nakhon Sawan Province") (near the northwestern border with [Burma](/wiki/Burma "Burma")). In 1985, he became commander of the 1st Infantry Battalion in the 19th Infantry Regiment, stationed at Surasee Fort, [Kanchanaburi](/wiki/Kanchanaburi_Province "Kanchanaburi Province") (on the western border with [Burma](/wiki/Burma "Burma")). Saprang was then promoted to Regimental Commanding Officer of the Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School in 1990\. In 1991, he began a six\-year stint as Regimental Commanding Officer of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy. In April 1997, Saprang was shortly transferred to the Ministry of Defense as a [staff officer](/wiki/Staff_officer "Staff officer"), before being promoted in October 1997 to Commanding General of the 15th Infantry [Division](/wiki/Division_%28Military%29 "Division (Military)"), at the time stationed in [Pran Buri](/wiki/Pran_Buri_District "Pran Buri District"), [Prachuap Khiri Khan Province](/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province "Prachuap Khiri Khan Province"). In 2003, he was promoted to 3rd [Corps](/wiki/Corps "Corps") Commander.ผู้จัดการออนไลน์, [ถอดรหัสแม่ทัพภาค 3 : “ม้าของชาติ และพระเจ้าแผ่นดิน”](http://www.parliament.go.th/news/news_detail.php?prid=19466) (Decoding the 3rd Army: "Horses of the Nation and the King"), 19 July 2006 In 2004, it was strongly rumoured that Saprang might be promoted to command the [4th Army](/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army_4th_Army_Region "Royal Thai Army 4th Army Region"), replacing General [Pongsak Ekbannasingh](/wiki/Pongsak_Ekbannasingh "Pongsak Ekbannasingh"). General Pongsak had been criticized for ineffectually fighting the [South Thailand insurgency](/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency "South Thailand insurgency") after 39 successful arson attacks occurred in just one night.Bangkok Post, [Chettha Confirms 4th Army Chief Pongsak Will Be Replaced](http://vic.apan-info.net/AsiaPacificDailyNews/2004/040312-DPS-WEB.doc){{dead link\\|date\=February 2024\\|bot\=medic}}, 12 March 2004{{Dead link\\|date\=August 2018}} Pongsak ended up being replaced in April 2004 by Pisarn Wattanawongkhiri.Xinhua, [Thai military reshuffled amid escalating violence in south](http://english.people.com.cn/200403/30/eng20040330_138882.shtml), 30 March 2004 ### 2006 Coup {{see also\\|2006 Thailand coup}} In a surprise to many observers, Saprang was promoted to 3rd Army Area Commander in October 2005, headquartered in [Phitsanulok](/wiki/Phitsanulok "Phitsanulok") and responsible for most of [northern](/wiki/Northern_Thailand "Northern Thailand") and northeastern Thailand. Analysts had expected Prime Minister Thaksin to promote his own classmates from AFAPS Class 10 to the powerful position instead. At the same time, also in a surprise move, Deputy Army Commander [Sonthi Boonyaratkalin](/wiki/Sonthi_Boonyaratkalin "Sonthi Boonyaratkalin") was promoted to Army Commander. Saprang and [Sonthi](/wiki/Sonthi_Boonyaratkalin "Sonthi Boonyaratkalin") started planning for the coup 7 to 8 months in advance, in approximately February 2006\. Coup planning occurred prior to the [April 2006 elections](/wiki/April_2006_Thai_legislative_election "April 2006 Thai legislative election"), during Thaksin's [controversial sale](/wiki/Sale_of_Shin_Corporation_to_Temasek_Holdings "Sale of Shin Corporation to Temasek Holdings") of [Shin Corporation](/wiki/Shin_Corporation "Shin Corporation") to [Temasek Holdings](/wiki/Temasek_Holdings "Temasek Holdings") and the peak of the [People's Alliance for Democracy](/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy "People's Alliance for Democracy")'s [campaign](/wiki/2005-2006_Thai_political_crisis "2005-2006 Thai political crisis") to oust the government.The Nation, [The persistent myth of the 'good' coup](http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/10/02/opinion/opinion_30015127.php), 2 October 2006 {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012234128/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/10/02/opinion/opinion\_30015127\.php \\|date\=12 October 2006 }}กรุงเทพธุรกิจ, [พล.ท.สพรั่ง กัลยาณมิตร"วางแผนปฏิรูปการปกครองมาแล้ว 7\-8 เดือน"](http://news.sanook.com/politic/politic_21938.php), 24 September 2006{{nonspecific\\|date\=August 2018}}Thanapol Eawsakul, "The Coup for Democracy with the King as Head of State", Fa Dieo Kan special issue, 2007 In July 2006, Saprang gave an interview where he stated that Thai politics was below standard and that the Kingdom's leadership was weak. He also claimed that Thailand had a false democracy.คมชัดลึก, \[มทภ.3ชี้ชาติไร้ผู้นำ ตท.10ย้ำชัดไม่ยึดอำนาจ], 19 July 2006 He denied that such criticism constituted military interference in politics. At the same time, the Thai media speculated that in the October 2006 annual Army reshuffle, Saprang would not be promoted to Assistant Army Commander and would not be allowed to retain his position of 3rd Army Area Commander. In July, Saprang's own Deputy Commander in the 3rd Army Area, [Major General](/wiki/Major_General "Major General") Manas Paorik, warned the media that "a certain military officer who aspires to become Assistant Army Commander" was planning a coup. In the weeks leading up to the coup, Saprang openly mobilised soldiers and northern residents to rebel against the government. Saprang played a key role on the evening of 19 September 2006, securing Thaksin's home town and power base of [Chiang Mai](/wiki/Chiang_Mai "Chiang Mai").Straits Times, [Straight\-talking general on the rise](https://web.archive.org/web/20120205104134/http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article-southeastasia.asp?parentid=64204), 21 February 2007 That same night, he was appointed assistant Secretary\-General of the [CNS](/wiki/CDRM "CDRM"). The coup was executed just a week before the announcement of the Army's annual reshuffle.	[ "Education and early career\n--------------------------", "### Education", "Saprang was born into a military family on 8 July 1948 in [Lampang Province](/wiki/Lampang_Province \"Lampang Province\"). He graduated from the 7th Class of the [Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School](/wiki/Armed_Forces_Academies_Preparatory_School \"Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School\") and the 18th Class of the [Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy](/wiki/Chulachomklao_Royal_Military_Academy \"Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy\"). His classmates included General [Paisan Katanyu](/wiki/Paisan_Katanyu \"Paisan Katanyu\") (appointed Deputy Army Commander after the coup), Admiral Bannawit Kengrien (appointed to the National Legislative Assembly after the coup, and leader of its Suvarnabhumi Airport committee), and General [Lertrat Rattavanich](/wiki/Lertrat_Rattavanich \"Lertrat Rattavanich\").Bangkok Post, [Loyal to the very tip of his tongue](http://www.xignite.com/xWorldNews.aspx?articleid=SEP20060815116005) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029234921/http://www.xignite.com/xWorldNews.aspx?articleid\\=SEP20060815116005 \\\|date\\=29 October 2007 }}, 15 August 2006m\\&c, [The Inside Story: Thailand’s military coup – Act 1](http://news.monstersandcritics.com/asiapacific/features/article_1240874.php?page=2), 8 January 2007 {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121817/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/asiapacific/features/article\\_1240874\\.php?page\\=2 \\\|date\\=29 September 2007 }} He later graduated from the 43rd class of the [National Defence College of Thailand](/wiki/National_Defence_College_of_Thailand \"National Defence College of Thailand\") in 2001\\. His NDC thesis concerned the role of military forces in the control of illegal [narcotics](/wiki/Narcotics \"Narcotics\"). His NDC classmates included Kraisi Karnasuta, governor of state energy company [EGAT](/wiki/EGAT \"EGAT\"). [รายชื่อเอกสารวิจัยส่วนบุคคลของนักศึกษา วปอ. รุ่นที่ ๔๓ ประจำปี ๒๕๔๓ \\- ๒๕๔๔](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080910213914/http://web.schq.mi.th/~ndc/%C3%D2%C2%AA%D7%E8%CD%B9%C8/%c3%d2%c2%aa%d7%e8%cd%e0%cd%a1%ca%d2%c3%c7%d4%a8%d1%c2%20%c7%bb%cd.43.doc)", "### Early career", "Saprang started his military career in 1969 as rifle [platoon](/wiki/Platoon \"Platoon\") leader in the 3rd Infantry [Battalion](/wiki/Battalion \"Battalion\"), 4th [Regimental](/wiki/Regiment \"Regiment\") Combat Team.{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Nanuam \\\|first1\\=Wasana \\\|title\\=Little big soldier \\\|url\\=http://pages.citebite.com/u1f2c3o7r1pso \\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2018 \\\|work\\=Bangkok Post \\\|date\\=5 March 2007}} He claimed to have fought 200 battles during the course of his military career.", "Saprang was appointed commander of the 1st Infantry Battalion of the 4th Infantry Regiment in 1982, stationed in [Nakhon Sawan Province](/wiki/Nakhon_Sawan_Province \"Nakhon Sawan Province\") (near the northwestern border with [Burma](/wiki/Burma \"Burma\")). In 1985, he became commander of the 1st Infantry Battalion in the 19th Infantry Regiment, stationed at Surasee Fort, [Kanchanaburi](/wiki/Kanchanaburi_Province \"Kanchanaburi Province\") (on the western border with [Burma](/wiki/Burma \"Burma\")).", "Saprang was then promoted to Regimental Commanding Officer of the Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School in 1990\\. In 1991, he began a six\\-year stint as Regimental Commanding Officer of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy.", "In April 1997, Saprang was shortly transferred to the Ministry of Defense as a [staff officer](/wiki/Staff_officer \"Staff officer\"), before being promoted in October 1997 to Commanding General of the 15th Infantry [Division](/wiki/Division_%28Military%29 \"Division (Military)\"), at the time stationed in [Pran Buri](/wiki/Pran_Buri_District \"Pran Buri District\"), [Prachuap Khiri Khan Province](/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province \"Prachuap Khiri Khan Province\"). In 2003, he was promoted to 3rd [Corps](/wiki/Corps \"Corps\") Commander.ผู้จัดการออนไลน์, [ถอดรหัสแม่ทัพภาค 3 : “ม้าของชาติ และพระเจ้าแผ่นดิน”](http://www.parliament.go.th/news/news_detail.php?prid=19466) (Decoding the 3rd Army: \"Horses of the Nation and the King\"), 19 July 2006 In 2004, it was strongly rumoured that Saprang might be promoted to command the [4th Army](/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army_4th_Army_Region \"Royal Thai Army 4th Army Region\"), replacing General [Pongsak Ekbannasingh](/wiki/Pongsak_Ekbannasingh \"Pongsak Ekbannasingh\"). General Pongsak had been criticized for ineffectually fighting the [South Thailand insurgency](/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency \"South Thailand insurgency\") after 39 successful arson attacks occurred in just one night.Bangkok Post, [Chettha Confirms 4th Army Chief Pongsak Will Be Replaced](http://vic.apan-info.net/AsiaPacificDailyNews/2004/040312-DPS-WEB.doc){{dead link\\\|date\\=February 2024\\\|bot\\=medic}}, 12 March 2004{{Dead link\\\|date\\=August 2018}} Pongsak ended up being replaced in April 2004 by Pisarn Wattanawongkhiri.Xinhua, [Thai military reshuffled amid escalating violence in south](http://english.people.com.cn/200403/30/eng20040330_138882.shtml), 30 March 2004", "### 2006 Coup", "{{see also\\\|2006 Thailand coup}}\nIn a surprise to many observers, Saprang was promoted to 3rd Army Area Commander in October 2005, headquartered in [Phitsanulok](/wiki/Phitsanulok \"Phitsanulok\") and responsible for most of [northern](/wiki/Northern_Thailand \"Northern Thailand\") and northeastern Thailand. Analysts had expected Prime Minister Thaksin to promote his own classmates from AFAPS Class 10 to the powerful position instead. At the same time, also in a surprise move, Deputy Army Commander [Sonthi Boonyaratkalin](/wiki/Sonthi_Boonyaratkalin \"Sonthi Boonyaratkalin\") was promoted to Army Commander.", "Saprang and [Sonthi](/wiki/Sonthi_Boonyaratkalin \"Sonthi Boonyaratkalin\") started planning for the coup 7 to 8 months in advance, in approximately February 2006\\. Coup planning occurred prior to the [April 2006 elections](/wiki/April_2006_Thai_legislative_election \"April 2006 Thai legislative election\"), during Thaksin's [controversial sale](/wiki/Sale_of_Shin_Corporation_to_Temasek_Holdings \"Sale of Shin Corporation to Temasek Holdings\") of [Shin Corporation](/wiki/Shin_Corporation \"Shin Corporation\") to [Temasek Holdings](/wiki/Temasek_Holdings \"Temasek Holdings\") and the peak of the [People's Alliance for Democracy](/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy \"People's Alliance for Democracy\")'s [campaign](/wiki/2005-2006_Thai_political_crisis \"2005-2006 Thai political crisis\") to oust the government.The Nation, [The persistent myth of the 'good' coup](http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/10/02/opinion/opinion_30015127.php), 2 October 2006 {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012234128/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/10/02/opinion/opinion\\_30015127\\.php \\\|date\\=12 October 2006 }}กรุงเทพธุรกิจ, [พล.ท.สพรั่ง กัลยาณมิตร\"วางแผนปฏิรูปการปกครองมาแล้ว 7\\-8 เดือน\"](http://news.sanook.com/politic/politic_21938.php), 24 September 2006{{nonspecific\\\|date\\=August 2018}}Thanapol Eawsakul, \"The Coup for Democracy with the King as Head of State\", Fa Dieo Kan special issue, 2007 In July 2006, Saprang gave an interview where he stated that Thai politics was below standard and that the Kingdom's leadership was weak. He also claimed that Thailand had a false democracy.คมชัดลึก, \\[มทภ.3ชี้ชาติไร้ผู้นำ ตท.10ย้ำชัดไม่ยึดอำนาจ], 19 July 2006 He denied that such criticism constituted military interference in politics. At the same time, the Thai media speculated that in the October 2006 annual Army reshuffle, Saprang would not be promoted to Assistant Army Commander and would not be allowed to retain his position of 3rd Army Area Commander. In July, Saprang's own Deputy Commander in the 3rd Army Area, [Major General](/wiki/Major_General \"Major General\") Manas Paorik, warned the media that \"a certain military officer who aspires to become Assistant Army Commander\" was planning a coup.", "In the weeks leading up to the coup, Saprang openly mobilised soldiers and northern residents to rebel against the government. Saprang played a key role on the evening of 19 September 2006, securing Thaksin's home town and power base of [Chiang Mai](/wiki/Chiang_Mai \"Chiang Mai\").Straits Times, [Straight\\-talking general on the rise](https://web.archive.org/web/20120205104134/http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article-southeastasia.asp?parentid=64204), 21 February 2007 That same night, he was appointed assistant Secretary\\-General of the [CNS](/wiki/CDRM \"CDRM\"). The coup was executed just a week before the announcement of the Army's annual reshuffle.", "" ]
Battle ------ ### Anzac breakout {{See also\\|Battle of Krithia Vineyard\\|Battle of Lone Pine\\|Battle of the Nek\\|Battle of Chunuk Bair}} [thumb\\|{{center\\|Map of the British attack, 6–8 August}}](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Sari_Bair%2C_first_phase.jpg "Battle of Sari Bair, first phase.jpg") The attack from the Anzac perimeter was directed against two peaks of the Sari Bair range; [Chunuk Bair](/wiki/Chunuk_Bair "Chunuk Bair") and Hill 971\.{{sfn\\|Bean\\|1941\\|pp\=455–456}} Under the overall command of [Major\-General](/wiki/Major-General "Major-General") [Alexander Godley](/wiki/Alexander_Godley "Alexander Godley"), the attacking force included the [New Zealand and Australian Division](/wiki/New_Zealand_and_Australian_Division "New Zealand and Australian Division"), the British [13th Division](/wiki/British_13th_%28Western%29_Division "British 13th (Western) Division") plus a couple of extra infantry [brigades](/wiki/Brigade "Brigade").{{sfn\\|Bean\\|1941\\|p\=454}} The plan was for two assaulting columns to march out of Anzac on the night of 6 August. The right\-hand column, comprising the [New Zealand Infantry Brigade](/wiki/New_Zealand_Infantry_Brigade "New Zealand Infantry Brigade") under [Brigadier\-General](/wiki/Brigadier-General "Brigadier-General") Francis Johnston, would head for Chunuk Bair.{{sfn\\|Bean\\|1941\\|p\=459}} The left\-hand column, commanded by Major\-General [Herbert Cox](/wiki/Vaughan_Cox "Vaughan Cox"), heading for Hill 971 and neighbouring Hill Q, contained the [Australian 4th Infantry Brigade](/wiki/4th_Brigade_%28Australia%29 "4th Brigade (Australia)") of Brigadier\-General [John Monash](/wiki/John_Monash "John Monash") and Cox's [29th Indian Brigade](/wiki/29th_Indian_Brigade "29th Indian Brigade").{{sfn\\|Bean\\|1941\\|pp\=460–461}} Both objectives were expected to be captured by dawn.{{sfn\\|Bean\\|1941\\|p\=463}} To distract the Ottomans from the impending offensive, on 6 August, at 5\.30 p.m., an attack was made at [Lone Pine](/wiki/Battle_of_Lone_Pine "Battle of Lone Pine") by the infantry brigades of the [Australian 1st Division](/wiki/Australian_1st_Division_%28World_War_I%29 "Australian 1st Division (World War I)"). While the attack was ultimately successful in capturing the Ottoman trenches, it was counterproductive as a diversion as it attracted reinforcements to the north. Another costly diversion was carried out at Helles which resulted in a pointless struggle over a patch of ground known as [Krithia Vineyard](/wiki/Battle_of_Krithia_Vineyard "Battle of Krithia Vineyard"). As was the case at Lone Pine, the British action at Helles did not restrain the Ottomans from sending reinforcements north to the Sari Bair range. The right column heading for Chunuk Bair had a simpler navigation task as their route was to some degree visible from the old Anzac perimeter. In what became known as the [Battle of Chunuk Bair](/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair "Battle of Chunuk Bair"), the [New Zealanders](/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand "Dominion of New Zealand") failed to capture the peak by the morning of 7 August but managed the feat on the next morning. [thumb\\|{{center\\|Map of the Turkish counter\-attack, 9–10 August}}](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Sari_Bair%2C_second_phase.jpg "Battle of Sari Bair, second phase.jpg") On the morning following the breakout, a number of other attacks were planned within the old Anzac perimeter. The most notorious was the attack of the [Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade](/wiki/Australian_3rd_Light_Horse_Brigade "Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade") at [The Nek](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nek "Battle of the Nek") whose slim chance of success had depended on the New Zealanders having captured Chunuk Bair on schedule. The left column's journey through the tangled ravines was doomed to failure and, having become lost and confused, it never got close to the objective of Hill 971\. By the morning of 8 August Cox's forces were sufficiently organised to attempt an attack on their original objectives of Hill 971 and Hill Q. However Monash's brigade was still mistaken about its position relative to Hill 971\. In fact, by the end of the day's advance Monash's troops had actually reached the position they had believed they had been starting from. Meanwhile, Hill 971 was more unreachable than ever. The three Australian [battalions](/wiki/Battalion "Battalion") that had made the assault suffered 765 casualties — the [15th Battalion](/wiki/15th_Battalion_%28Australia%29 "15th Battalion (Australia)") was reduced to about 30 per cent of its normal strength. Of the force aiming for Hill Q, one battalion of the [6th Gurkhas](/wiki/6th_Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles "6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles") commanded by [Major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 "Major (rank)") [Cecil Allanson](/wiki/Cecil_Allanson "Cecil Allanson") and joined by disparate New Army men, moved to within 200 feet of Hill Q by 6 p.m. on 8 August where they sought shelter from the heavy Ottoman fire. After a [naval artillery](/wiki/Naval_artillery "Naval artillery") bombardment, the battalion attacked the summit shortly after 5 a.m. on 9 August. The plan of the attack, as concocted by General Godley, had involved numerous other battalions but all were lost or pinned down so the Gurkhas went on alone. They succeeded in driving the Ottomans off the hill but were then caught in further naval gunfire from friendly [monitors](/wiki/Monitor_warship_type "Monitor warship type") or from an [artillery battery](/wiki/Artillery_battery "Artillery battery") at Anzac. Having suffered heavy casualties and with no reinforcements, Allanson's force was pushed back off the hill shortly afterwards. By the end of 9 August the Allies retained only a foothold on Chunuk Bair. On 10 August the Ottomans, led from the front by Colonel Mustafa Kemal, counter\-attacked and regained control of the entire Sari Bair ridge. ### Suvla landing {{main\\|Landing at Suvla Bay}} Stopford's IX Corps comprised the British [10th (Irish)](/wiki/10th_Division_%28British%29 "10th Division (British)") and [11th Divisions](/wiki/11th_Division_%28British%29 "11th Division (British)"). At the time of the landing on 6 August the British were confronted by three Ottoman battalions under the command of a [Bavarian](/wiki/Bavaria "Bavaria") [cavalry](/wiki/Cavalry "Cavalry") officer, [Major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 "Major (rank)") [Wilhelm Willmer](/wiki/Wilhelm_Willmer "Wilhelm Willmer") whose task was to delay the British until reinforcements could arrive from Bulair, {{convert\\|30\\|mi\\|km}} away. Stopford, who had decided to command the landings from [HMS Jonquil](/wiki/Acacia-class_sloop "Acacia-class sloop") that was anchored offshore, slept during the attack instead.[Biography at firstworldwar.com](http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/stopford.htm) The 11th Division landed on the night of 6 August and two brigades of the 10th Division landed the following morning. The landings, made in the dark without the aid of reliable [reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance "Reconnaissance"), suffered from the same confusion that reigned at [Anzac landing](/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove "Landing at Anzac Cove") on 25 April. Lighters ran aground on sandbars so that the troops had to wade some distance to get ashore. Many units became intermingled and officers were unable to locate their objectives. [Lala Baba](/wiki/Lala_Baba "Lala Baba") was captured by the 6th Battalion of the [Yorkshire Regiment](/wiki/Green_Howards "Green Howards") in what was the first combat action by any unit of the [New Army](/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army "Kitchener's Army") of [Lord Kitchener](/wiki/Horatio_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum "Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum"). The original objectives were the capture of the ridge lines to the north (Kiretch Tepe) and east (Tekke Tepe) and the line of hills to the south on the Anafarta Spur. Stopford's 'caution' and Hamilton's failure to exert his will on his subordinate commanders, meant the objectives were diluted to little more than securing the beach. By evening on 7 August, with the [chain of command](/wiki/Chain_of_command "Chain of command") breaking down, progress had become minimal. Mostly due to Stopford still "commanding" from offshore, however, a lack of supplies, especially drinking water, weren't helping matters. To the south east Chocolate Hill and Green Hill were taken in the evening with minimal resistance but constant harassment by [shrapnel](/wiki/Shrapnel_shell "Shrapnel shell") and [sniper](/wiki/Sniper "Sniper") fire. The British suffered {{nowrap\\|1,700 casualties}} on the first day at Suvla. General Sanders was incensed at the commander of the 7th and 12th divisions, Colonel Fevzi Bey, for not taking advantage of the Allied disarray at Suvla to pounce on them before they got organised. Turks not expecting a major landing at Suvla had to rush in the two divisions and Fevzi Bey dreaded night attacks, which were rarely successful."Dirilis", Turgut Ozakman, Bilgi Yayinevi, 2018, pp. 440–470 Sanders relieved Fevzi Bey immediately and gave the responsibility to [Mustafa Kemal](/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal "Mustafa Kemal") who was the commander of the 19th division and was now responsible for the front from Anzac Cove to [Saros](/wiki/Gulf_of_Saros "Gulf of Saros"). He immediately planned for an attack along the Anafarta Hills. Given his success at Ariburnu earlier in spring, Mustafa Kemal's arrival boosted the Ottoman morale. The first serious Allied attempt at the ridges of the Anafarta Hills to the east was made on the night of 8 August, following intervention from Hamilton but on the morning of 9 August, the Ottoman reinforcements had begun to arrive and the British were driven back. The fighting concentrated around [Scimitar Hill](/wiki/Scimitar_Hill "Scimitar Hill") which protruded northwards from the Anafarta Spur and dominated the southern approach to the Tekke Tepe ridge. Scimitar Hill had been captured then abandoned on 8 August; attempts to retake the hill on 9 and 10 August, were thwarted by the Ottomans. The gunfire was so intense it set the undergrowth ablaze and many of the wounded were incinerated where they lay. As the fighting developed, the landing was reinforced by the arrival of the British [53rd Division](/wiki/53rd_Division_%28British%29 "53rd Division (British)") on 9 August, followed by the [54th Division](/wiki/54th_Division_%28British%29 "54th Division (British)") on 10 August. Stopford now had four divisions under his corps command but was faced by a similar strength of Ottoman defenders. The 53rd Division was mauled in another attack on Scimitar Hill on 10 August. On 15 August Hamilton sacked Stopford and a number of division and brigade commanders. The command of IX Corps was given to Major\-General [Beauvoir De Lisle](/wiki/Beauvoir_De_Lisle "Beauvoir De Lisle"), commander of the [29th Division](/wiki/British_29th_Division "British 29th Division") until Lieutenant\-General [Julian Byng](/wiki/Julian_H.G._Byng%2C_1st_Viscount_Byng_of_Vimy "Julian H.G. Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy") could travel from France to assume command.	[ "Battle\n------", "### Anzac breakout", "{{See also\\\|Battle of Krithia Vineyard\\\|Battle of Lone Pine\\\|Battle of the Nek\\\|Battle of Chunuk Bair}}\n[thumb\\\|{{center\\\|Map of the British attack, 6–8 August}}](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Sari_Bair%2C_first_phase.jpg \"Battle of Sari Bair, first phase.jpg\")\nThe attack from the Anzac perimeter was directed against two peaks of the Sari Bair range; [Chunuk Bair](/wiki/Chunuk_Bair \"Chunuk Bair\") and Hill 971\\.{{sfn\\\|Bean\\\|1941\\\|pp\\=455–456}} Under the overall command of [Major\\-General](/wiki/Major-General \"Major-General\") [Alexander Godley](/wiki/Alexander_Godley \"Alexander Godley\"), the attacking force included the [New Zealand and Australian Division](/wiki/New_Zealand_and_Australian_Division \"New Zealand and Australian Division\"), the British [13th Division](/wiki/British_13th_%28Western%29_Division \"British 13th (Western) Division\") plus a couple of extra infantry [brigades](/wiki/Brigade \"Brigade\").{{sfn\\\|Bean\\\|1941\\\|p\\=454}}", "The plan was for two assaulting columns to march out of Anzac on the night of 6 August. The right\\-hand column, comprising the [New Zealand Infantry Brigade](/wiki/New_Zealand_Infantry_Brigade \"New Zealand Infantry Brigade\") under [Brigadier\\-General](/wiki/Brigadier-General \"Brigadier-General\") Francis Johnston, would head for Chunuk Bair.{{sfn\\\|Bean\\\|1941\\\|p\\=459}} The left\\-hand column, commanded by Major\\-General [Herbert Cox](/wiki/Vaughan_Cox \"Vaughan Cox\"), heading for Hill 971 and neighbouring Hill Q, contained the [Australian 4th Infantry Brigade](/wiki/4th_Brigade_%28Australia%29 \"4th Brigade (Australia)\") of Brigadier\\-General [John Monash](/wiki/John_Monash \"John Monash\") and Cox's [29th Indian Brigade](/wiki/29th_Indian_Brigade \"29th Indian Brigade\").{{sfn\\\|Bean\\\|1941\\\|pp\\=460–461}} Both objectives were expected to be captured by dawn.{{sfn\\\|Bean\\\|1941\\\|p\\=463}}", "To distract the Ottomans from the impending offensive, on 6 August, at 5\\.30 p.m., an attack was made at [Lone Pine](/wiki/Battle_of_Lone_Pine \"Battle of Lone Pine\") by the infantry brigades of the [Australian 1st Division](/wiki/Australian_1st_Division_%28World_War_I%29 \"Australian 1st Division (World War I)\"). While the attack was ultimately successful in capturing the Ottoman trenches, it was counterproductive as a diversion as it attracted reinforcements to the north. Another costly diversion was carried out at Helles which resulted in a pointless struggle over a patch of ground known as [Krithia Vineyard](/wiki/Battle_of_Krithia_Vineyard \"Battle of Krithia Vineyard\"). As was the case at Lone Pine, the British action at Helles did not restrain the Ottomans from sending reinforcements north to the Sari Bair range.", "The right column heading for Chunuk Bair had a simpler navigation task as their route was to some degree visible from the old Anzac perimeter. In what became known as the [Battle of Chunuk Bair](/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair \"Battle of Chunuk Bair\"), the [New Zealanders](/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand \"Dominion of New Zealand\") failed to capture the peak by the morning of 7 August but managed the feat on the next morning.", "[thumb\\\|{{center\\\|Map of the Turkish counter\\-attack, 9–10 August}}](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Sari_Bair%2C_second_phase.jpg \"Battle of Sari Bair, second phase.jpg\")\nOn the morning following the breakout, a number of other attacks were planned within the old Anzac perimeter. The most notorious was the attack of the [Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade](/wiki/Australian_3rd_Light_Horse_Brigade \"Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade\") at [The Nek](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nek \"Battle of the Nek\") whose slim chance of success had depended on the New Zealanders having captured Chunuk Bair on schedule.", "The left column's journey through the tangled ravines was doomed to failure and, having become lost and confused, it never got close to the objective of Hill 971\\. By the morning of 8 August Cox's forces were sufficiently organised to attempt an attack on their original objectives of Hill 971 and Hill Q. However Monash's brigade was still mistaken about its position relative to Hill 971\\. In fact, by the end of the day's advance Monash's troops had actually reached the position they had believed they had been starting from. Meanwhile, Hill 971 was more unreachable than ever. The three Australian [battalions](/wiki/Battalion \"Battalion\") that had made the assault suffered 765 casualties — the [15th Battalion](/wiki/15th_Battalion_%28Australia%29 \"15th Battalion (Australia)\") was reduced to about 30 per cent of its normal strength.", "Of the force aiming for Hill Q, one battalion of the [6th Gurkhas](/wiki/6th_Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles \"6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles\") commanded by [Major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 \"Major (rank)\") [Cecil Allanson](/wiki/Cecil_Allanson \"Cecil Allanson\") and joined by disparate New Army men, moved to within 200 feet of Hill Q by 6 p.m. on 8 August where they sought shelter from the heavy Ottoman fire. After a [naval artillery](/wiki/Naval_artillery \"Naval artillery\") bombardment, the battalion attacked the summit shortly after 5 a.m. on 9 August. The plan of the attack, as concocted by General Godley, had involved numerous other battalions but all were lost or pinned down so the Gurkhas went on alone. They succeeded in driving the Ottomans off the hill but were then caught in further naval gunfire from friendly [monitors](/wiki/Monitor_warship_type \"Monitor warship type\") or from an [artillery battery](/wiki/Artillery_battery \"Artillery battery\") at Anzac. Having suffered heavy casualties and with no reinforcements, Allanson's force was pushed back off the hill shortly afterwards.", "By the end of 9 August the Allies retained only a foothold on Chunuk Bair. On 10 August the Ottomans, led from the front by Colonel Mustafa Kemal, counter\\-attacked and regained control of the entire Sari Bair ridge.", "### Suvla landing", "{{main\\\|Landing at Suvla Bay}}\nStopford's IX Corps comprised the British [10th (Irish)](/wiki/10th_Division_%28British%29 \"10th Division (British)\") and [11th Divisions](/wiki/11th_Division_%28British%29 \"11th Division (British)\"). At the time of the landing on 6 August the British were confronted by three Ottoman battalions under the command of a [Bavarian](/wiki/Bavaria \"Bavaria\") [cavalry](/wiki/Cavalry \"Cavalry\") officer, [Major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 \"Major (rank)\") [Wilhelm Willmer](/wiki/Wilhelm_Willmer \"Wilhelm Willmer\") whose task was to delay the British until reinforcements could arrive from Bulair, {{convert\\\|30\\\|mi\\\|km}} away.", "Stopford, who had decided to command the landings from [HMS Jonquil](/wiki/Acacia-class_sloop \"Acacia-class sloop\") that was anchored offshore, slept during the attack instead.[Biography at firstworldwar.com](http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/stopford.htm) The 11th Division landed on the night of 6 August and two brigades of the 10th Division landed the following morning. The landings, made in the dark without the aid of reliable [reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance \"Reconnaissance\"), suffered from the same confusion that reigned at [Anzac landing](/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove \"Landing at Anzac Cove\") on 25 April. Lighters ran aground on sandbars so that the troops had to wade some distance to get ashore. Many units became intermingled and officers were unable to locate their objectives. [Lala Baba](/wiki/Lala_Baba \"Lala Baba\") was captured by the 6th Battalion of the [Yorkshire Regiment](/wiki/Green_Howards \"Green Howards\") in what was the first combat action by any unit of the [New Army](/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army \"Kitchener's Army\") of [Lord Kitchener](/wiki/Horatio_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum \"Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum\"). The original objectives were the capture of the ridge lines to the north (Kiretch Tepe) and east (Tekke Tepe) and the line of hills to the south on the Anafarta Spur. Stopford's 'caution' and Hamilton's failure to exert his will on his subordinate commanders, meant the objectives were diluted to little more than securing the beach.", "By evening on 7 August, with the [chain of command](/wiki/Chain_of_command \"Chain of command\") breaking down, progress had become minimal. Mostly due to Stopford still \"commanding\" from offshore, however, a lack of supplies, especially drinking water, weren't helping matters. To the south east Chocolate Hill and Green Hill were taken in the evening with minimal resistance but constant harassment by [shrapnel](/wiki/Shrapnel_shell \"Shrapnel shell\") and [sniper](/wiki/Sniper \"Sniper\") fire. The British suffered {{nowrap\\\|1,700 casualties}} on the first day at Suvla.", "General Sanders was incensed at the commander of the 7th and 12th divisions, Colonel Fevzi Bey, for not taking advantage of the Allied disarray at Suvla to pounce on them before they got organised. Turks not expecting a major landing at Suvla had to rush in the two divisions and Fevzi Bey dreaded night attacks, which were rarely successful.\"Dirilis\", Turgut Ozakman, Bilgi Yayinevi, 2018, pp. 440–470 Sanders relieved Fevzi Bey immediately and gave the responsibility to [Mustafa Kemal](/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal \"Mustafa Kemal\") who was the commander of the 19th division and was now responsible for the front from Anzac Cove to [Saros](/wiki/Gulf_of_Saros \"Gulf of Saros\"). He immediately planned for an attack along the Anafarta Hills. Given his success at Ariburnu earlier in spring, Mustafa Kemal's arrival boosted the Ottoman morale.", "The first serious Allied attempt at the ridges of the Anafarta Hills to the east was made on the night of 8 August, following intervention from Hamilton but on the morning of 9 August, the Ottoman reinforcements had begun to arrive and the British were driven back. The fighting concentrated around [Scimitar Hill](/wiki/Scimitar_Hill \"Scimitar Hill\") which protruded northwards from the Anafarta Spur and dominated the southern approach to the Tekke Tepe ridge. Scimitar Hill had been captured then abandoned on 8 August; attempts to retake the hill on 9 and 10 August, were thwarted by the Ottomans. The gunfire was so intense it set the undergrowth ablaze and many of the wounded were incinerated where they lay.", "As the fighting developed, the landing was reinforced by the arrival of the British [53rd Division](/wiki/53rd_Division_%28British%29 \"53rd Division (British)\") on 9 August, followed by the [54th Division](/wiki/54th_Division_%28British%29 \"54th Division (British)\") on 10 August. Stopford now had four divisions under his corps command but was faced by a similar strength of Ottoman defenders. The 53rd Division was mauled in another attack on Scimitar Hill on 10 August.", "On 15 August Hamilton sacked Stopford and a number of division and brigade commanders. The command of IX Corps was given to Major\\-General [Beauvoir De Lisle](/wiki/Beauvoir_De_Lisle \"Beauvoir De Lisle\"), commander of the [29th Division](/wiki/British_29th_Division \"British 29th Division\") until Lieutenant\\-General [Julian Byng](/wiki/Julian_H.G._Byng%2C_1st_Viscount_Byng_of_Vimy \"Julian H.G. Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy\") could travel from France to assume command.", "" ]
### Anzac breakout {{See also\\|Battle of Krithia Vineyard\\|Battle of Lone Pine\\|Battle of the Nek\\|Battle of Chunuk Bair}} [thumb\\|{{center\\|Map of the British attack, 6–8 August}}](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Sari_Bair%2C_first_phase.jpg "Battle of Sari Bair, first phase.jpg") The attack from the Anzac perimeter was directed against two peaks of the Sari Bair range; [Chunuk Bair](/wiki/Chunuk_Bair "Chunuk Bair") and Hill 971\.{{sfn\\|Bean\\|1941\\|pp\=455–456}} Under the overall command of [Major\-General](/wiki/Major-General "Major-General") [Alexander Godley](/wiki/Alexander_Godley "Alexander Godley"), the attacking force included the [New Zealand and Australian Division](/wiki/New_Zealand_and_Australian_Division "New Zealand and Australian Division"), the British [13th Division](/wiki/British_13th_%28Western%29_Division "British 13th (Western) Division") plus a couple of extra infantry [brigades](/wiki/Brigade "Brigade").{{sfn\\|Bean\\|1941\\|p\=454}} The plan was for two assaulting columns to march out of Anzac on the night of 6 August. The right\-hand column, comprising the [New Zealand Infantry Brigade](/wiki/New_Zealand_Infantry_Brigade "New Zealand Infantry Brigade") under [Brigadier\-General](/wiki/Brigadier-General "Brigadier-General") Francis Johnston, would head for Chunuk Bair.{{sfn\\|Bean\\|1941\\|p\=459}} The left\-hand column, commanded by Major\-General [Herbert Cox](/wiki/Vaughan_Cox "Vaughan Cox"), heading for Hill 971 and neighbouring Hill Q, contained the [Australian 4th Infantry Brigade](/wiki/4th_Brigade_%28Australia%29 "4th Brigade (Australia)") of Brigadier\-General [John Monash](/wiki/John_Monash "John Monash") and Cox's [29th Indian Brigade](/wiki/29th_Indian_Brigade "29th Indian Brigade").{{sfn\\|Bean\\|1941\\|pp\=460–461}} Both objectives were expected to be captured by dawn.{{sfn\\|Bean\\|1941\\|p\=463}} To distract the Ottomans from the impending offensive, on 6 August, at 5\.30 p.m., an attack was made at [Lone Pine](/wiki/Battle_of_Lone_Pine "Battle of Lone Pine") by the infantry brigades of the [Australian 1st Division](/wiki/Australian_1st_Division_%28World_War_I%29 "Australian 1st Division (World War I)"). While the attack was ultimately successful in capturing the Ottoman trenches, it was counterproductive as a diversion as it attracted reinforcements to the north. Another costly diversion was carried out at Helles which resulted in a pointless struggle over a patch of ground known as [Krithia Vineyard](/wiki/Battle_of_Krithia_Vineyard "Battle of Krithia Vineyard"). As was the case at Lone Pine, the British action at Helles did not restrain the Ottomans from sending reinforcements north to the Sari Bair range. The right column heading for Chunuk Bair had a simpler navigation task as their route was to some degree visible from the old Anzac perimeter. In what became known as the [Battle of Chunuk Bair](/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair "Battle of Chunuk Bair"), the [New Zealanders](/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand "Dominion of New Zealand") failed to capture the peak by the morning of 7 August but managed the feat on the next morning. [thumb\\|{{center\\|Map of the Turkish counter\-attack, 9–10 August}}](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Sari_Bair%2C_second_phase.jpg "Battle of Sari Bair, second phase.jpg") On the morning following the breakout, a number of other attacks were planned within the old Anzac perimeter. The most notorious was the attack of the [Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade](/wiki/Australian_3rd_Light_Horse_Brigade "Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade") at [The Nek](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nek "Battle of the Nek") whose slim chance of success had depended on the New Zealanders having captured Chunuk Bair on schedule. The left column's journey through the tangled ravines was doomed to failure and, having become lost and confused, it never got close to the objective of Hill 971\. By the morning of 8 August Cox's forces were sufficiently organised to attempt an attack on their original objectives of Hill 971 and Hill Q. However Monash's brigade was still mistaken about its position relative to Hill 971\. In fact, by the end of the day's advance Monash's troops had actually reached the position they had believed they had been starting from. Meanwhile, Hill 971 was more unreachable than ever. The three Australian [battalions](/wiki/Battalion "Battalion") that had made the assault suffered 765 casualties — the [15th Battalion](/wiki/15th_Battalion_%28Australia%29 "15th Battalion (Australia)") was reduced to about 30 per cent of its normal strength. Of the force aiming for Hill Q, one battalion of the [6th Gurkhas](/wiki/6th_Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles "6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles") commanded by [Major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 "Major (rank)") [Cecil Allanson](/wiki/Cecil_Allanson "Cecil Allanson") and joined by disparate New Army men, moved to within 200 feet of Hill Q by 6 p.m. on 8 August where they sought shelter from the heavy Ottoman fire. After a [naval artillery](/wiki/Naval_artillery "Naval artillery") bombardment, the battalion attacked the summit shortly after 5 a.m. on 9 August. The plan of the attack, as concocted by General Godley, had involved numerous other battalions but all were lost or pinned down so the Gurkhas went on alone. They succeeded in driving the Ottomans off the hill but were then caught in further naval gunfire from friendly [monitors](/wiki/Monitor_warship_type "Monitor warship type") or from an [artillery battery](/wiki/Artillery_battery "Artillery battery") at Anzac. Having suffered heavy casualties and with no reinforcements, Allanson's force was pushed back off the hill shortly afterwards. By the end of 9 August the Allies retained only a foothold on Chunuk Bair. On 10 August the Ottomans, led from the front by Colonel Mustafa Kemal, counter\-attacked and regained control of the entire Sari Bair ridge.	[ "### Anzac breakout", "{{See also\\\|Battle of Krithia Vineyard\\\|Battle of Lone Pine\\\|Battle of the Nek\\\|Battle of Chunuk Bair}}\n[thumb\\\|{{center\\\|Map of the British attack, 6–8 August}}](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Sari_Bair%2C_first_phase.jpg \"Battle of Sari Bair, first phase.jpg\")\nThe attack from the Anzac perimeter was directed against two peaks of the Sari Bair range; [Chunuk Bair](/wiki/Chunuk_Bair \"Chunuk Bair\") and Hill 971\\.{{sfn\\\|Bean\\\|1941\\\|pp\\=455–456}} Under the overall command of [Major\\-General](/wiki/Major-General \"Major-General\") [Alexander Godley](/wiki/Alexander_Godley \"Alexander Godley\"), the attacking force included the [New Zealand and Australian Division](/wiki/New_Zealand_and_Australian_Division \"New Zealand and Australian Division\"), the British [13th Division](/wiki/British_13th_%28Western%29_Division \"British 13th (Western) Division\") plus a couple of extra infantry [brigades](/wiki/Brigade \"Brigade\").{{sfn\\\|Bean\\\|1941\\\|p\\=454}}", "The plan was for two assaulting columns to march out of Anzac on the night of 6 August. The right\\-hand column, comprising the [New Zealand Infantry Brigade](/wiki/New_Zealand_Infantry_Brigade \"New Zealand Infantry Brigade\") under [Brigadier\\-General](/wiki/Brigadier-General \"Brigadier-General\") Francis Johnston, would head for Chunuk Bair.{{sfn\\\|Bean\\\|1941\\\|p\\=459}} The left\\-hand column, commanded by Major\\-General [Herbert Cox](/wiki/Vaughan_Cox \"Vaughan Cox\"), heading for Hill 971 and neighbouring Hill Q, contained the [Australian 4th Infantry Brigade](/wiki/4th_Brigade_%28Australia%29 \"4th Brigade (Australia)\") of Brigadier\\-General [John Monash](/wiki/John_Monash \"John Monash\") and Cox's [29th Indian Brigade](/wiki/29th_Indian_Brigade \"29th Indian Brigade\").{{sfn\\\|Bean\\\|1941\\\|pp\\=460–461}} Both objectives were expected to be captured by dawn.{{sfn\\\|Bean\\\|1941\\\|p\\=463}}", "To distract the Ottomans from the impending offensive, on 6 August, at 5\\.30 p.m., an attack was made at [Lone Pine](/wiki/Battle_of_Lone_Pine \"Battle of Lone Pine\") by the infantry brigades of the [Australian 1st Division](/wiki/Australian_1st_Division_%28World_War_I%29 \"Australian 1st Division (World War I)\"). While the attack was ultimately successful in capturing the Ottoman trenches, it was counterproductive as a diversion as it attracted reinforcements to the north. Another costly diversion was carried out at Helles which resulted in a pointless struggle over a patch of ground known as [Krithia Vineyard](/wiki/Battle_of_Krithia_Vineyard \"Battle of Krithia Vineyard\"). As was the case at Lone Pine, the British action at Helles did not restrain the Ottomans from sending reinforcements north to the Sari Bair range.", "The right column heading for Chunuk Bair had a simpler navigation task as their route was to some degree visible from the old Anzac perimeter. In what became known as the [Battle of Chunuk Bair](/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair \"Battle of Chunuk Bair\"), the [New Zealanders](/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand \"Dominion of New Zealand\") failed to capture the peak by the morning of 7 August but managed the feat on the next morning.", "[thumb\\\|{{center\\\|Map of the Turkish counter\\-attack, 9–10 August}}](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Sari_Bair%2C_second_phase.jpg \"Battle of Sari Bair, second phase.jpg\")\nOn the morning following the breakout, a number of other attacks were planned within the old Anzac perimeter. The most notorious was the attack of the [Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade](/wiki/Australian_3rd_Light_Horse_Brigade \"Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade\") at [The Nek](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nek \"Battle of the Nek\") whose slim chance of success had depended on the New Zealanders having captured Chunuk Bair on schedule.", "The left column's journey through the tangled ravines was doomed to failure and, having become lost and confused, it never got close to the objective of Hill 971\\. By the morning of 8 August Cox's forces were sufficiently organised to attempt an attack on their original objectives of Hill 971 and Hill Q. However Monash's brigade was still mistaken about its position relative to Hill 971\\. In fact, by the end of the day's advance Monash's troops had actually reached the position they had believed they had been starting from. Meanwhile, Hill 971 was more unreachable than ever. The three Australian [battalions](/wiki/Battalion \"Battalion\") that had made the assault suffered 765 casualties — the [15th Battalion](/wiki/15th_Battalion_%28Australia%29 \"15th Battalion (Australia)\") was reduced to about 30 per cent of its normal strength.", "Of the force aiming for Hill Q, one battalion of the [6th Gurkhas](/wiki/6th_Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles \"6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles\") commanded by [Major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 \"Major (rank)\") [Cecil Allanson](/wiki/Cecil_Allanson \"Cecil Allanson\") and joined by disparate New Army men, moved to within 200 feet of Hill Q by 6 p.m. on 8 August where they sought shelter from the heavy Ottoman fire. After a [naval artillery](/wiki/Naval_artillery \"Naval artillery\") bombardment, the battalion attacked the summit shortly after 5 a.m. on 9 August. The plan of the attack, as concocted by General Godley, had involved numerous other battalions but all were lost or pinned down so the Gurkhas went on alone. They succeeded in driving the Ottomans off the hill but were then caught in further naval gunfire from friendly [monitors](/wiki/Monitor_warship_type \"Monitor warship type\") or from an [artillery battery](/wiki/Artillery_battery \"Artillery battery\") at Anzac. Having suffered heavy casualties and with no reinforcements, Allanson's force was pushed back off the hill shortly afterwards.", "By the end of 9 August the Allies retained only a foothold on Chunuk Bair. On 10 August the Ottomans, led from the front by Colonel Mustafa Kemal, counter\\-attacked and regained control of the entire Sari Bair ridge.", "" ]
### Suvla landing {{main\\|Landing at Suvla Bay}} Stopford's IX Corps comprised the British [10th (Irish)](/wiki/10th_Division_%28British%29 "10th Division (British)") and [11th Divisions](/wiki/11th_Division_%28British%29 "11th Division (British)"). At the time of the landing on 6 August the British were confronted by three Ottoman battalions under the command of a [Bavarian](/wiki/Bavaria "Bavaria") [cavalry](/wiki/Cavalry "Cavalry") officer, [Major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 "Major (rank)") [Wilhelm Willmer](/wiki/Wilhelm_Willmer "Wilhelm Willmer") whose task was to delay the British until reinforcements could arrive from Bulair, {{convert\\|30\\|mi\\|km}} away. Stopford, who had decided to command the landings from [HMS Jonquil](/wiki/Acacia-class_sloop "Acacia-class sloop") that was anchored offshore, slept during the attack instead.[Biography at firstworldwar.com](http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/stopford.htm) The 11th Division landed on the night of 6 August and two brigades of the 10th Division landed the following morning. The landings, made in the dark without the aid of reliable [reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance "Reconnaissance"), suffered from the same confusion that reigned at [Anzac landing](/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove "Landing at Anzac Cove") on 25 April. Lighters ran aground on sandbars so that the troops had to wade some distance to get ashore. Many units became intermingled and officers were unable to locate their objectives. [Lala Baba](/wiki/Lala_Baba "Lala Baba") was captured by the 6th Battalion of the [Yorkshire Regiment](/wiki/Green_Howards "Green Howards") in what was the first combat action by any unit of the [New Army](/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army "Kitchener's Army") of [Lord Kitchener](/wiki/Horatio_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum "Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum"). The original objectives were the capture of the ridge lines to the north (Kiretch Tepe) and east (Tekke Tepe) and the line of hills to the south on the Anafarta Spur. Stopford's 'caution' and Hamilton's failure to exert his will on his subordinate commanders, meant the objectives were diluted to little more than securing the beach. By evening on 7 August, with the [chain of command](/wiki/Chain_of_command "Chain of command") breaking down, progress had become minimal. Mostly due to Stopford still "commanding" from offshore, however, a lack of supplies, especially drinking water, weren't helping matters. To the south east Chocolate Hill and Green Hill were taken in the evening with minimal resistance but constant harassment by [shrapnel](/wiki/Shrapnel_shell "Shrapnel shell") and [sniper](/wiki/Sniper "Sniper") fire. The British suffered {{nowrap\\|1,700 casualties}} on the first day at Suvla. General Sanders was incensed at the commander of the 7th and 12th divisions, Colonel Fevzi Bey, for not taking advantage of the Allied disarray at Suvla to pounce on them before they got organised. Turks not expecting a major landing at Suvla had to rush in the two divisions and Fevzi Bey dreaded night attacks, which were rarely successful."Dirilis", Turgut Ozakman, Bilgi Yayinevi, 2018, pp. 440–470 Sanders relieved Fevzi Bey immediately and gave the responsibility to [Mustafa Kemal](/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal "Mustafa Kemal") who was the commander of the 19th division and was now responsible for the front from Anzac Cove to [Saros](/wiki/Gulf_of_Saros "Gulf of Saros"). He immediately planned for an attack along the Anafarta Hills. Given his success at Ariburnu earlier in spring, Mustafa Kemal's arrival boosted the Ottoman morale. The first serious Allied attempt at the ridges of the Anafarta Hills to the east was made on the night of 8 August, following intervention from Hamilton but on the morning of 9 August, the Ottoman reinforcements had begun to arrive and the British were driven back. The fighting concentrated around [Scimitar Hill](/wiki/Scimitar_Hill "Scimitar Hill") which protruded northwards from the Anafarta Spur and dominated the southern approach to the Tekke Tepe ridge. Scimitar Hill had been captured then abandoned on 8 August; attempts to retake the hill on 9 and 10 August, were thwarted by the Ottomans. The gunfire was so intense it set the undergrowth ablaze and many of the wounded were incinerated where they lay. As the fighting developed, the landing was reinforced by the arrival of the British [53rd Division](/wiki/53rd_Division_%28British%29 "53rd Division (British)") on 9 August, followed by the [54th Division](/wiki/54th_Division_%28British%29 "54th Division (British)") on 10 August. Stopford now had four divisions under his corps command but was faced by a similar strength of Ottoman defenders. The 53rd Division was mauled in another attack on Scimitar Hill on 10 August. On 15 August Hamilton sacked Stopford and a number of division and brigade commanders. The command of IX Corps was given to Major\-General [Beauvoir De Lisle](/wiki/Beauvoir_De_Lisle "Beauvoir De Lisle"), commander of the [29th Division](/wiki/British_29th_Division "British 29th Division") until Lieutenant\-General [Julian Byng](/wiki/Julian_H.G._Byng%2C_1st_Viscount_Byng_of_Vimy "Julian H.G. Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy") could travel from France to assume command.	[ "### Suvla landing", "{{main\\\|Landing at Suvla Bay}}\nStopford's IX Corps comprised the British [10th (Irish)](/wiki/10th_Division_%28British%29 \"10th Division (British)\") and [11th Divisions](/wiki/11th_Division_%28British%29 \"11th Division (British)\"). At the time of the landing on 6 August the British were confronted by three Ottoman battalions under the command of a [Bavarian](/wiki/Bavaria \"Bavaria\") [cavalry](/wiki/Cavalry \"Cavalry\") officer, [Major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 \"Major (rank)\") [Wilhelm Willmer](/wiki/Wilhelm_Willmer \"Wilhelm Willmer\") whose task was to delay the British until reinforcements could arrive from Bulair, {{convert\\\|30\\\|mi\\\|km}} away.", "Stopford, who had decided to command the landings from [HMS Jonquil](/wiki/Acacia-class_sloop \"Acacia-class sloop\") that was anchored offshore, slept during the attack instead.[Biography at firstworldwar.com](http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/stopford.htm) The 11th Division landed on the night of 6 August and two brigades of the 10th Division landed the following morning. The landings, made in the dark without the aid of reliable [reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance \"Reconnaissance\"), suffered from the same confusion that reigned at [Anzac landing](/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove \"Landing at Anzac Cove\") on 25 April. Lighters ran aground on sandbars so that the troops had to wade some distance to get ashore. Many units became intermingled and officers were unable to locate their objectives. [Lala Baba](/wiki/Lala_Baba \"Lala Baba\") was captured by the 6th Battalion of the [Yorkshire Regiment](/wiki/Green_Howards \"Green Howards\") in what was the first combat action by any unit of the [New Army](/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army \"Kitchener's Army\") of [Lord Kitchener](/wiki/Horatio_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum \"Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum\"). The original objectives were the capture of the ridge lines to the north (Kiretch Tepe) and east (Tekke Tepe) and the line of hills to the south on the Anafarta Spur. Stopford's 'caution' and Hamilton's failure to exert his will on his subordinate commanders, meant the objectives were diluted to little more than securing the beach.", "By evening on 7 August, with the [chain of command](/wiki/Chain_of_command \"Chain of command\") breaking down, progress had become minimal. Mostly due to Stopford still \"commanding\" from offshore, however, a lack of supplies, especially drinking water, weren't helping matters. To the south east Chocolate Hill and Green Hill were taken in the evening with minimal resistance but constant harassment by [shrapnel](/wiki/Shrapnel_shell \"Shrapnel shell\") and [sniper](/wiki/Sniper \"Sniper\") fire. The British suffered {{nowrap\\\|1,700 casualties}} on the first day at Suvla.", "General Sanders was incensed at the commander of the 7th and 12th divisions, Colonel Fevzi Bey, for not taking advantage of the Allied disarray at Suvla to pounce on them before they got organised. Turks not expecting a major landing at Suvla had to rush in the two divisions and Fevzi Bey dreaded night attacks, which were rarely successful.\"Dirilis\", Turgut Ozakman, Bilgi Yayinevi, 2018, pp. 440–470 Sanders relieved Fevzi Bey immediately and gave the responsibility to [Mustafa Kemal](/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal \"Mustafa Kemal\") who was the commander of the 19th division and was now responsible for the front from Anzac Cove to [Saros](/wiki/Gulf_of_Saros \"Gulf of Saros\"). He immediately planned for an attack along the Anafarta Hills. Given his success at Ariburnu earlier in spring, Mustafa Kemal's arrival boosted the Ottoman morale.", "The first serious Allied attempt at the ridges of the Anafarta Hills to the east was made on the night of 8 August, following intervention from Hamilton but on the morning of 9 August, the Ottoman reinforcements had begun to arrive and the British were driven back. The fighting concentrated around [Scimitar Hill](/wiki/Scimitar_Hill \"Scimitar Hill\") which protruded northwards from the Anafarta Spur and dominated the southern approach to the Tekke Tepe ridge. Scimitar Hill had been captured then abandoned on 8 August; attempts to retake the hill on 9 and 10 August, were thwarted by the Ottomans. The gunfire was so intense it set the undergrowth ablaze and many of the wounded were incinerated where they lay.", "As the fighting developed, the landing was reinforced by the arrival of the British [53rd Division](/wiki/53rd_Division_%28British%29 \"53rd Division (British)\") on 9 August, followed by the [54th Division](/wiki/54th_Division_%28British%29 \"54th Division (British)\") on 10 August. Stopford now had four divisions under his corps command but was faced by a similar strength of Ottoman defenders. The 53rd Division was mauled in another attack on Scimitar Hill on 10 August.", "On 15 August Hamilton sacked Stopford and a number of division and brigade commanders. The command of IX Corps was given to Major\\-General [Beauvoir De Lisle](/wiki/Beauvoir_De_Lisle \"Beauvoir De Lisle\"), commander of the [29th Division](/wiki/British_29th_Division \"British 29th Division\") until Lieutenant\\-General [Julian Byng](/wiki/Julian_H.G._Byng%2C_1st_Viscount_Byng_of_Vimy \"Julian H.G. Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy\") could travel from France to assume command.", "" ]
History ------- ### Pre\-Norman The town is in an area that was historically called Trícha Máenmaige, which was under the control of [Ui Fhiachrach](/wiki/U%C3%AD_Fiachrach_Aidhne "Uí Fiachrach Aidhne") Fionn, and later of the [Uí Maine](/wiki/U%C3%AD_Maine "Uí Maine"). The area contains many examples of Gaelic and Early Christian settlements. There is evidence of [crannog](/wiki/Crannog "Crannog") settlements on the Lake of Loughrea, with up to 14 individual crannogs identified dating back to the 6th–7th centuries AD.Kinahan, G.H. 1861\-4 On crannoges in Lough Rea. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 8 pp 4 12\-27\. ### Norman settlement The modern town was founded in 1236 by Richard de Burgo, an Anglo\-Norman knight who built a castle along an ancient route between the River Shannon and the west coast. Today the remains of the medieval town wall, [medieval priory](/wiki/Medieval_priory "Medieval priory"), moat and a town gate are all still to be seen. The [House of Burgh](/wiki/House_of_Burgh "House of Burgh") adopted the names and customs of [Gaelic Ireland](/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland "Gaelic Ireland") and became closely intermarried and related to the local [Gaelic nobility of Ireland](/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland "Gaelic nobility of Ireland"). The Burghs even assumed the [White Wand](/wiki/White_Wand "White Wand") and the role of [Irish clan chiefs](/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name "Chief of the Name") in the following centuries, until 1543 when Ulick "Bourck, alias Mac William", embraced the [surrender and regrant](/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant "Surrender and regrant") policies of [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII "Henry VIII"), receiving it back to pass down under [primogeniture](/wiki/Primogeniture "Primogeniture") with the new title, the [Earl of Clanricarde](/wiki/Earl_of_Clanricarde "Earl of Clanricarde"). ### Pre\-Famine By the 1700s, Loughrea was a regional market and garrison town. During the [Williamite War in Ireland](/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland "Williamite War in Ireland"), an attempt by Williamite forces to take Galway was defeated in a short skirmish at Loughrea. ### Post\-Famine Loughrea was at the centre of the [Gaelic Revival](/wiki/Gaelic_Revival "Gaelic Revival") towards the end of the 19th century. The various elements of this revival in the town included Celtic Revival Art, the Irish Literary Revival, [Gaelic games](/wiki/Gaelic_games "Gaelic games") and the Irish [language revival](/wiki/Language_revival "Language revival"). ### Independence Like many towns with garrisons, there was little support for the 1916 rebellion in Dublin, though some locals supported the rising in Galway. There was a Battalion of [Irish Volunteers](/wiki/Irish_Volunteers "Irish Volunteers") in Loughrea. They were not involved in any major battles and instead they mainly protected the local [Sinn Féin](/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in "Sinn Féin") Club members.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.militaryarchives.ie/collections/online\-collections/bureau\-of\-military\-history\-1913\-1921/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1202\.pdf\\|title\=Military Archives(Document)}} ### 20th century From 1920 until 1960 Loughrea maintained its role as a market town. The town is also the cathedral town of the Roman Catholic diocese of Clonfert, and the 20th century saw a number of large\-scale religious events. The 1960s brought industrial developments such as the [Tynagh](/wiki/Tynagh "Tynagh") Mines.	[ "History\n-------", "### Pre\\-Norman", "The town is in an area that was historically called Trícha Máenmaige, which was under the control of [Ui Fhiachrach](/wiki/U%C3%AD_Fiachrach_Aidhne \"Uí Fiachrach Aidhne\") Fionn, and later of the [Uí Maine](/wiki/U%C3%AD_Maine \"Uí Maine\"). The area contains many examples of Gaelic and Early Christian settlements. There is evidence of [crannog](/wiki/Crannog \"Crannog\") settlements on the Lake of Loughrea, with up to 14 individual crannogs identified dating back to the 6th–7th centuries AD.Kinahan, G.H. 1861\\-4 On crannoges in Lough Rea. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 8 pp 4 12\\-27\\.", "### Norman settlement", "The modern town was founded in 1236 by Richard de Burgo, an Anglo\\-Norman knight who built a castle along an ancient route between the River Shannon and the west coast. Today the remains of the medieval town wall, [medieval priory](/wiki/Medieval_priory \"Medieval priory\"), moat and a town gate are all still to be seen. The [House of Burgh](/wiki/House_of_Burgh \"House of Burgh\") adopted the names and customs of [Gaelic Ireland](/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland \"Gaelic Ireland\") and became closely intermarried and related to the local [Gaelic nobility of Ireland](/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland \"Gaelic nobility of Ireland\"). The Burghs even assumed the [White Wand](/wiki/White_Wand \"White Wand\") and the role of [Irish clan chiefs](/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name \"Chief of the Name\") in the following centuries, until 1543 when Ulick \"Bourck, alias Mac William\", embraced the [surrender and regrant](/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant \"Surrender and regrant\") policies of [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII \"Henry VIII\"), receiving it back to pass down under [primogeniture](/wiki/Primogeniture \"Primogeniture\") with the new title, the [Earl of Clanricarde](/wiki/Earl_of_Clanricarde \"Earl of Clanricarde\").", "### Pre\\-Famine", "By the 1700s, Loughrea was a regional market and garrison town. During the [Williamite War in Ireland](/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland \"Williamite War in Ireland\"), an attempt by Williamite forces to take Galway was defeated in a short skirmish at Loughrea.", "### Post\\-Famine", "Loughrea was at the centre of the [Gaelic Revival](/wiki/Gaelic_Revival \"Gaelic Revival\") towards the end of the 19th century. The various elements of this revival in the town included Celtic Revival Art, the Irish Literary Revival, [Gaelic games](/wiki/Gaelic_games \"Gaelic games\") and the Irish [language revival](/wiki/Language_revival \"Language revival\").", "### Independence", "Like many towns with garrisons, there was little support for the 1916 rebellion in Dublin, though some locals supported the rising in Galway. There was a Battalion of [Irish Volunteers](/wiki/Irish_Volunteers \"Irish Volunteers\") in Loughrea. They were not involved in any major battles and instead they mainly protected the local [Sinn Féin](/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in \"Sinn Féin\") Club members.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.militaryarchives.ie/collections/online\\-collections/bureau\\-of\\-military\\-history\\-1913\\-1921/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1202\\.pdf\\\|title\\=Military Archives(Document)}}", "### 20th century", "From 1920 until 1960 Loughrea maintained its role as a market town. The town is also the cathedral town of the Roman Catholic diocese of Clonfert, and the 20th century saw a number of large\\-scale religious events. The 1960s brought industrial developments such as the [Tynagh](/wiki/Tynagh \"Tynagh\") Mines.", "" ]
Legends ------- ### Mujo Hrnjica [thumb\\|Illustration of Mujo Hrnjica](/wiki/File:Mujo_Hrnjica.jpg "Mujo Hrnjica.jpg") Mujo is the brother that is an archetype of a warrior from the [Bosnian Krajina](/wiki/Bosanska_Krajina "Bosanska Krajina") (Frontier). A skilled warrior that could only be killed by someone of equal prowess. His [blood brother](/wiki/Blood_brother "Blood brother") Katarica Meho is the one that killed him in the end, shooting him with a golden bullet after an ambush. The choice for it to be a golden bullet was made because in one poem, it is mentioned that Katarica Meho asks Mujo after a battle with a harambaša how it is possible that despite all the battles that Mujo goes through, lead never kills him. Mujo explains that lead can't kill him unless traces of gold are there. Legend says that the reason for Mujo's bloodbrother turning on him was because he found him with his lady.{{Cite book \\|last\=Hörmann \\|first\=Kosta \\|title\=Narodne jesme muhamedovaca u Bosni i Hercegovini 1 \\|year\=1888 \\|pages\=607 \\|language\=BS}} Many poems mention [Vilas](/wiki/Vila_%28fairy%29 "Vila (fairy)") (fairies) accompanying Mujo. The presence of fairies in epic poetry is a trait that Bosniak epic poetry shares with other South Slavic and Slavic [national poetries](/wiki/List_of_national_poetries "List of national poetries"). A good example of this would be the poem "The Mountain Fairies Heal Mujo Hrnjica" (Muja liječe vile planinkinje) where the mountain fairies heal the wounded hero Mujo and help him return home.faktor.ba. "faktor.ba". www.faktor.ba (in Bosnian). Retrieved 2023\-02\-26\. Except for being helpful in times of need, there is also an oral tradition in the Krajina region that is connected to the birth of Mujo and Halil Hrnjica. The legend states that the mountain fairy nursed Mujo with her milk, from which he received great strength and heroism. ### Halil Hrnjica Unlike Mujo, Halil dies several times. It has been recorded in the memory of Krajina that: "Mujo died once, Halil many times!". When Halil "died for the first time", according to tradition, his place was taken by his older brother, later called after Halil, and after this one, came another Halil. Halil represents heroism and heroic beauty, he was the emperor's warrior. Legends state that the mountain fairy nursed Halil with morning dew, from which he received great beauty. The most prominent poem where Halil Hrnjica plays a huge role is "Filip Madžarin i Gojeni Halil" (Filip the Hungarian and enlightened Halil). Filip Madžarin is the South Slavic name used for [Pippo Spano](/wiki/Pippo_Spano "Pippo Spano"). The Ottoman Sultan keeps sending warriors in vain, as Filip wins every duel, killing over 40 of the greatest warriors in the empire. It is only when he encounters Halil that he is defeated, beheaded and his head taken to Istanbul. Halil's heroic beauty is presented in this poem, as his armour and his horse are each striking. All coated in gold.{{Cite book \\|last\=Buturović \\|first\=Đenana \\|title\=Usmena Epika Bošnjaka \\|publisher\=Preporod \\|year\=1995 \\|location\=Sarajevo \\|pages\=217–267 \\|language\=BS}} ### Omer Hrnjica Omer, being the least famous of the three is still remembered in poems. He often accompanied his brothers and Mustay\-Bey of Lika in their battles. Omer dies after traveling to Lika over the mountain of Plješevica, where he is ambushed by a certain harambasha named Stojan.	[ "Legends\n-------", "### Mujo Hrnjica", "[thumb\\\|Illustration of Mujo Hrnjica](/wiki/File:Mujo_Hrnjica.jpg \"Mujo Hrnjica.jpg\")\nMujo is the brother that is an archetype of a warrior from the [Bosnian Krajina](/wiki/Bosanska_Krajina \"Bosanska Krajina\") (Frontier). A skilled warrior that could only be killed by someone of equal prowess. His [blood brother](/wiki/Blood_brother \"Blood brother\") Katarica Meho is the one that killed him in the end, shooting him with a golden bullet after an ambush. The choice for it to be a golden bullet was made because in one poem, it is mentioned that Katarica Meho asks Mujo after a battle with a harambaša how it is possible that despite all the battles that Mujo goes through, lead never kills him. Mujo explains that lead can't kill him unless traces of gold are there. Legend says that the reason for Mujo's bloodbrother turning on him was because he found him with his lady.{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Hörmann \\\|first\\=Kosta \\\|title\\=Narodne jesme muhamedovaca u Bosni i Hercegovini 1 \\\|year\\=1888 \\\|pages\\=607 \\\|language\\=BS}}", "Many poems mention [Vilas](/wiki/Vila_%28fairy%29 \"Vila (fairy)\") (fairies) accompanying Mujo. The presence of fairies in epic poetry is a trait that Bosniak epic poetry shares with other South Slavic and Slavic [national poetries](/wiki/List_of_national_poetries \"List of national poetries\"). A good example of this would be the poem \"The Mountain Fairies Heal Mujo Hrnjica\" (Muja liječe vile planinkinje) where the mountain fairies heal the wounded hero Mujo and help him return home.faktor.ba. \"faktor.ba\". www.faktor.ba (in Bosnian). Retrieved 2023\\-02\\-26\\.", "Except for being helpful in times of need, there is also an oral tradition in the Krajina region that is connected to the birth of Mujo and Halil Hrnjica. The legend states that the mountain fairy nursed Mujo with her milk, from which he received great strength and heroism.", "### Halil Hrnjica", "Unlike Mujo, Halil dies several times. It has been recorded in the memory of Krajina that: \"Mujo died once, Halil many times!\". When Halil \"died for the first time\", according to tradition, his place was taken by his older brother, later called after Halil, and after this one, came another Halil. Halil represents heroism and heroic beauty, he was the emperor's warrior.", "Legends state that the mountain fairy nursed Halil with morning dew, from which he received great beauty.", "The most prominent poem where Halil Hrnjica plays a huge role is \"Filip Madžarin i Gojeni Halil\" (Filip the Hungarian and enlightened Halil). Filip Madžarin is the South Slavic name used for [Pippo Spano](/wiki/Pippo_Spano \"Pippo Spano\"). The Ottoman Sultan keeps sending warriors in vain, as Filip wins every duel, killing over 40 of the greatest warriors in the empire. It is only when he encounters Halil that he is defeated, beheaded and his head taken to Istanbul. Halil's heroic beauty is presented in this poem, as his armour and his horse are each striking. All coated in gold.{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Buturović \\\|first\\=Đenana \\\|title\\=Usmena Epika Bošnjaka \\\|publisher\\=Preporod \\\|year\\=1995 \\\|location\\=Sarajevo \\\|pages\\=217–267 \\\|language\\=BS}}", "### Omer Hrnjica", "Omer, being the least famous of the three is still remembered in poems. He often accompanied his brothers and Mustay\\-Bey of Lika in their battles. Omer dies after traveling to Lika over the mountain of Plješevica, where he is ambushed by a certain harambasha named Stojan.", "" ]
Chemical and physical properties -------------------------------- ### Crystal structure Anhydrous scyllo\-inositol exists in at least two [polymorphs](/wiki/Polymorphism_%28materials_science%29 "Polymorphism (materials science)") (crystal forms). In both forms the molecules have symmetry \\bar 1 and are in the [chair conformation](/wiki/Cyclohexane_conformation "Cyclohexane conformation"), that puts all the hydroxyls in nearly equatorial positions. The "A" form readily crystallizes from water. It has a lower density 1\.57 [g](/wiki/Gram "Gram")/[ml](/wiki/Milliliter "Milliliter") and decomposes at 358 [°C](/wiki/Celsius "Celsius"). It crystallizes in the [monoclinic](/wiki/Monoclinic "Monoclinic") system with [group](/wiki/Crystallographic_group "Crystallographic group") is P2\_1/c. The cell parameters are a \= 508\.9 [pm](/wiki/Picometre "Picometre"), b \= 664\.5 pm, c \= 1194\.8 pm, β \= 116\.98[°](/wiki/Degree_%28angle%29 "Degree (angle)"), Z \= 2\. The ring puckering parameter Q is 58\.1 pm. The "B" form is hard to obtain in pure form, as it often crystallizes mixed with the "A" form. Its density is 1\.66 g/ml and decomposes at about 360 °C. Its crystal system is [triclinic](/wiki/Triclinic "Triclinic") with group P\\bar 1. The cell parameters are a \= 672\.5 pm, b \= 679\.7 pm, c \= 863\.5 pm, α \= 95\.45°, β \= 99\.49°, γ \= 99\.19°, Z \= 2\. The puckering Q is 56\.6 pm. The density of the "A" form is similar to that of myo\-inositol but about 0\.05 to 0\.10 g/mL lower than that of the other inositol stereoisomers, and of the "B" form. The melting (decomposition) point of both forms is the highest among all inositols. Like all of them, the crystals feature infinite chains of [hydrogen bonds](/wiki/Hydrogen_bond "Hydrogen bond"). ### Synthesis Scyllitol and other stereo isomers can be synthesized from para\-benzoquinone via a [conduritol](/wiki/Conduritol "Conduritol") intermediate. It can also be obtained from myo\-inositol by the [Mitsunobu reaction](/wiki/Mitsunobu_reaction "Mitsunobu reaction"). Various animals, plants, insects, and bacteria have been found to convert myo\-inositol to scyllo\-inositol, including [Streptomyces griseus](/wiki/Streptomyces_griseus "Streptomyces griseus"), where that conversion is part of the synthesis of [streptomycin](/wiki/Streptomycin "Streptomycin"). Scyllitol was known to be a facultative intermediate in the metabolism of myo\-inositol by the bacterium [Bacillus subtilis](/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis "Bacillus subtilis"). In 2011 a [genetically engineered](/wiki/Genetic_engineering "Genetic engineering") strain of this organism was developed which interrupted that pathway and converted part of the myo\-inositol in the [medium](/wiki/Growth_medium "Growth medium") to scyllo\-inositol in 48 hours. Eventually the process was able to produce 27\.6 [g](/wiki/Gram "Gram")/[L](/wiki/Liter "Liter") of scyllo\-inositol in the medium, from 50 g/L of myo\-inositol, in 48 h. In 2021 another process was developed using the bacterium [Corynebacterium glutamicum](/wiki/Corynebacterium_glutamicum "Corynebacterium glutamicum"), producing 1\.8 g/L of scyllitol from 20 g/L [glucose](/wiki/Glucose "Glucose") and 4\.4 g/L from 20 g/L [sucrose](/wiki/Sucrose "Sucrose") in 72 h. The conversion involves [NAD\+](/wiki/NAD%2B "NAD+")\-dependent oxidation of myo\-inositol to [2\-keto\-myo\-inositol](/wiki/2-keto-myo-inositol "2-keto-myo-inositol") ([scyllo\-inosose](/wiki/Inosose "Inosose")), followed by [NADPH](/wiki/NADPH "NADPH")\-dependent reduction to scyllitol. ### Derivatives Several derivatives of scyllo\-inositol have been synthesized and studied in the laboratory, such as [phosphates](/wiki/Phosphate "Phosphate") (variants of [phytic acid](/wiki/Phytic_acid "Phytic acid")) and [orthoformates](/wiki/Orthoformate "Orthoformate") with an [adamantane](/wiki/Adamantane "Adamantane") structure.	[ "Chemical and physical properties\n--------------------------------", "### Crystal structure", "Anhydrous scyllo\\-inositol exists in at least two [polymorphs](/wiki/Polymorphism_%28materials_science%29 \"Polymorphism (materials science)\") (crystal forms). In both forms the molecules have symmetry \\\\bar 1 and are in the [chair conformation](/wiki/Cyclohexane_conformation \"Cyclohexane conformation\"), that puts all the hydroxyls in nearly equatorial positions.", "The \"A\" form readily crystallizes from water. It has a lower density 1\\.57 [g](/wiki/Gram \"Gram\")/[ml](/wiki/Milliliter \"Milliliter\") and decomposes at 358 [°C](/wiki/Celsius \"Celsius\"). It crystallizes in the [monoclinic](/wiki/Monoclinic \"Monoclinic\") system with [group](/wiki/Crystallographic_group \"Crystallographic group\") is P2\\_1/c. The cell parameters are a \\= 508\\.9 [pm](/wiki/Picometre \"Picometre\"), b \\= 664\\.5 pm, c \\= 1194\\.8 pm, β \\= 116\\.98[°](/wiki/Degree_%28angle%29 \"Degree (angle)\"), Z \\= 2\\. The ring puckering parameter Q is 58\\.1 pm.", "The \"B\" form is hard to obtain in pure form, as it often crystallizes mixed with the \"A\" form. Its density is 1\\.66 g/ml and decomposes at about 360 °C. Its crystal system is [triclinic](/wiki/Triclinic \"Triclinic\") with group P\\\\bar 1. The cell parameters are a \\= 672\\.5 pm, b \\= 679\\.7 pm, c \\= 863\\.5 pm, α \\= 95\\.45°, β \\= 99\\.49°, γ \\= 99\\.19°, Z \\= 2\\. The puckering Q is 56\\.6 pm.", "The density of the \"A\" form is similar to that of myo\\-inositol but about 0\\.05 to 0\\.10 g/mL lower than that of the other inositol stereoisomers, and of the \"B\" form. The melting (decomposition) point of both forms is the highest among all inositols. Like all of them, the crystals feature infinite chains of [hydrogen bonds](/wiki/Hydrogen_bond \"Hydrogen bond\").", "### Synthesis", "Scyllitol and other stereo isomers can be synthesized from para\\-benzoquinone via a [conduritol](/wiki/Conduritol \"Conduritol\") intermediate. It can also be obtained from myo\\-inositol by the [Mitsunobu reaction](/wiki/Mitsunobu_reaction \"Mitsunobu reaction\").", "Various animals, plants, insects, and bacteria have been found to convert myo\\-inositol to scyllo\\-inositol, including [Streptomyces griseus](/wiki/Streptomyces_griseus \"Streptomyces griseus\"), where that conversion is part of the synthesis of [streptomycin](/wiki/Streptomycin \"Streptomycin\").", "Scyllitol was known to be a facultative intermediate in the metabolism of myo\\-inositol by the bacterium [Bacillus subtilis](/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis \"Bacillus subtilis\"). In 2011 a [genetically engineered](/wiki/Genetic_engineering \"Genetic engineering\") strain of this organism was developed which interrupted that pathway and converted part of the myo\\-inositol in the [medium](/wiki/Growth_medium \"Growth medium\") to scyllo\\-inositol in 48 hours. Eventually the process was able to produce 27\\.6 [g](/wiki/Gram \"Gram\")/[L](/wiki/Liter \"Liter\") of scyllo\\-inositol in the medium, from 50 g/L of myo\\-inositol, in 48 h.", "In 2021 another process was developed using the bacterium [Corynebacterium glutamicum](/wiki/Corynebacterium_glutamicum \"Corynebacterium glutamicum\"), producing 1\\.8 g/L of scyllitol from 20 g/L [glucose](/wiki/Glucose \"Glucose\") and 4\\.4 g/L from 20 g/L [sucrose](/wiki/Sucrose \"Sucrose\") in 72 h. The conversion involves [NAD\\+](/wiki/NAD%2B \"NAD+\")\\-dependent oxidation of myo\\-inositol to [2\\-keto\\-myo\\-inositol](/wiki/2-keto-myo-inositol \"2-keto-myo-inositol\") ([scyllo\\-inosose](/wiki/Inosose \"Inosose\")), followed by [NADPH](/wiki/NADPH \"NADPH\")\\-dependent reduction to scyllitol.", "### Derivatives", "Several derivatives of scyllo\\-inositol have been synthesized and studied in the laboratory, such as [phosphates](/wiki/Phosphate \"Phosphate\") (variants of [phytic acid](/wiki/Phytic_acid \"Phytic acid\")) and [orthoformates](/wiki/Orthoformate \"Orthoformate\") with an [adamantane](/wiki/Adamantane \"Adamantane\") structure.", "" ]
Biochemistry ------------ ### Natural occurrence Scyllitol is widely distributed in nature in fish, insects, mammalian tissues and urine, certain bacteria, and plants such as [Calycanthus occidentalis](/wiki/Calycanthus_occidentalis "Calycanthus occidentalis"). It is particularly abundant in [coconut milk](/wiki/Coconut_milk "Coconut milk"). The scyllitol derivative [O\-methyl\-scyllo\-inositol](/wiki/O-methyl-scyllo-inositol "O-methyl-scyllo-inositol") is one of the predominant soluble carbohydrate derivatives in the [root nodules](/wiki/Root_nodule "Root nodule") of the [pea](/wiki/Pisum_sativum "Pisum sativum") plant created bythe bacterium [Rhizobium leguminosarum](/wiki/Rhizobium_leguminosarum "Rhizobium leguminosarum"), together with the isomer [ononitol](/wiki/Ononitol "Ononitol") (4\-O\-methyl\-myo\-inositol), which are not found elsewhere in the plant. Scyllitol hexakis [dihydrogenphosphate](/wiki/Dihydrogenphosphate "Dihydrogenphosphate"), the scyllo isomer of [phytic acid](/wiki/Phytic_acid "Phytic acid") (but not lower phosphates) has been detected in pasture soils from England and Wales at concentrations up to 130 mg of [phosphorus](/wiki/Phosphorus "Phosphorus") per kg of soil, accounting for up to 15% of the soil organic phosphorus. The ratio of the scyllo isomer to the myo isomer ranged between 0\.29 and 0\.79\. The concentration of scyllo\-inositol in coconut milk (the fluid inside the fruit of [Cocos nucifera](/wiki/Cocos_nucifera "Cocos nucifera")) is 0\.5 g/L, five times that of myo\-inositol. ### Physiology The concentration of scyllo\-inositol in human brain can be measured by [NMR](/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance "Nuclear magnetic resonance"); typical values are 0\.35 [mM](/wiki/Millimolar "Millimolar") for [white matter](/wiki/White_matter "White matter"), 0\.4 mM for [grey matter](/wiki/Grey_matter "Grey matter") and 0\.5 mM for [cerebellum](/wiki/Cerebellum "Cerebellum") Another study compared the concentrations of myo and scyllo\-inositol in brains of 24 healthy volunteers. Averages were about 0\.36 mM for scyllo and 4\.31 mM for myo, with large deviations. The study found a significant increase of both isomers in the older 14 (46\-71 yrs) compared to the younger 10 (26\-29 yrs), namely about 40% for scyllo, 20% for myo; and a weak correlation between the two values. However a concentration of scyllo\-inositol 300% higher than normal was measured in a healthy volunteer, without a corresponding increase in myo\-inositol; suggesting that metabolism of the two isomers are independently regulated. Researchers at the [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School")\-affiliated [McLean Hospital](/wiki/McLean_Hospital "McLean Hospital") found that chronic users of [anabolic steroids](/wiki/Anabolic_steroid "Anabolic steroid") had lower levels of brain scyllo\-inositol levels than non\-users. Brain concentration of scyllo\-inositol was found to be about 75% lower than average in patients with [hepatic encephalopathy](/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy "Hepatic encephalopathy"), which also lowers the levels of myo\-inositol. Scyllitol was found to inhibit [in vitro](/wiki/In_vitro "In vitro") the aggregation of [α\-synuclein](/wiki/Alpha-synuclein "Alpha-synuclein") into [fibrils](/wiki/Fibril "Fibril"), a phenomenon implicated in [Parkinson's disease](/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease "Parkinson's disease"). Previous intravenous administration of either myo\- or scyllo\-inositol was found to reduce the duration and intensity of chemically\-induced [seizures](/wiki/Seizure "Seizure") in rats. Since the 1940s, 5–20% of coconut milk has been used as a growth\-promoting agent in formulations of plant cell culture medium. Part of its effectiveness in this application is due to its myo\- and scyllo\-inositol contents.	[ "Biochemistry\n------------", "### Natural occurrence", "Scyllitol is widely distributed in nature in fish, insects, mammalian tissues and urine, certain bacteria, and plants such as [Calycanthus occidentalis](/wiki/Calycanthus_occidentalis \"Calycanthus occidentalis\"). It is particularly abundant in [coconut milk](/wiki/Coconut_milk \"Coconut milk\").", "The scyllitol derivative [O\\-methyl\\-scyllo\\-inositol](/wiki/O-methyl-scyllo-inositol \"O-methyl-scyllo-inositol\") is one of the predominant soluble carbohydrate derivatives in the [root nodules](/wiki/Root_nodule \"Root nodule\") of the [pea](/wiki/Pisum_sativum \"Pisum sativum\") plant created bythe bacterium [Rhizobium leguminosarum](/wiki/Rhizobium_leguminosarum \"Rhizobium leguminosarum\"), together with the isomer [ononitol](/wiki/Ononitol \"Ononitol\") (4\\-O\\-methyl\\-myo\\-inositol), which are not found elsewhere in the plant.", "Scyllitol hexakis [dihydrogenphosphate](/wiki/Dihydrogenphosphate \"Dihydrogenphosphate\"), the scyllo isomer of [phytic acid](/wiki/Phytic_acid \"Phytic acid\") (but not lower phosphates) has been detected in pasture soils from England and Wales at concentrations up to 130 mg of [phosphorus](/wiki/Phosphorus \"Phosphorus\") per kg of soil, accounting for up to 15% of the soil organic phosphorus. The ratio of the scyllo isomer to the myo isomer ranged between 0\\.29 and 0\\.79\\.", "The concentration of scyllo\\-inositol in coconut milk (the fluid inside the fruit of [Cocos nucifera](/wiki/Cocos_nucifera \"Cocos nucifera\")) is 0\\.5 g/L, five times that of myo\\-inositol.", "### Physiology", "The concentration of scyllo\\-inositol in human brain can be measured by [NMR](/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance \"Nuclear magnetic resonance\"); typical values are 0\\.35 [mM](/wiki/Millimolar \"Millimolar\") for [white matter](/wiki/White_matter \"White matter\"), 0\\.4 mM for [grey matter](/wiki/Grey_matter \"Grey matter\") and 0\\.5 mM for [cerebellum](/wiki/Cerebellum \"Cerebellum\") Another study compared the concentrations of myo and scyllo\\-inositol in brains of 24 healthy volunteers. Averages were about 0\\.36 mM for scyllo and 4\\.31 mM for myo, with large deviations. The study found a significant increase of both isomers in the older 14 (46\\-71 yrs) compared to the younger 10 (26\\-29 yrs), namely about 40% for scyllo, 20% for myo; and a weak correlation between the two values. However a concentration of scyllo\\-inositol 300% higher than normal was measured in a healthy volunteer, without a corresponding increase in myo\\-inositol; suggesting that metabolism of the two isomers are independently regulated.", "Researchers at the [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\")\\-affiliated [McLean Hospital](/wiki/McLean_Hospital \"McLean Hospital\") found that chronic users of [anabolic steroids](/wiki/Anabolic_steroid \"Anabolic steroid\") had lower levels of brain scyllo\\-inositol levels than non\\-users.", "Brain concentration of scyllo\\-inositol was found to be about 75% lower than average in patients with [hepatic encephalopathy](/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy \"Hepatic encephalopathy\"), which also lowers the levels of myo\\-inositol.", "Scyllitol was found to inhibit [in vitro](/wiki/In_vitro \"In vitro\") the aggregation of [α\\-synuclein](/wiki/Alpha-synuclein \"Alpha-synuclein\") into [fibrils](/wiki/Fibril \"Fibril\"), a phenomenon implicated in [Parkinson's disease](/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease \"Parkinson's disease\").", "Previous intravenous administration of either myo\\- or scyllo\\-inositol was found to reduce the duration and intensity of chemically\\-induced [seizures](/wiki/Seizure \"Seizure\") in rats.", "Since the 1940s, 5–20% of coconut milk has been used as a growth\\-promoting agent in formulations of plant cell culture medium. Part of its effectiveness in this application is due to its myo\\- and scyllo\\-inositol contents.", "" ]
### Physiology The concentration of scyllo\-inositol in human brain can be measured by [NMR](/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance "Nuclear magnetic resonance"); typical values are 0\.35 [mM](/wiki/Millimolar "Millimolar") for [white matter](/wiki/White_matter "White matter"), 0\.4 mM for [grey matter](/wiki/Grey_matter "Grey matter") and 0\.5 mM for [cerebellum](/wiki/Cerebellum "Cerebellum") Another study compared the concentrations of myo and scyllo\-inositol in brains of 24 healthy volunteers. Averages were about 0\.36 mM for scyllo and 4\.31 mM for myo, with large deviations. The study found a significant increase of both isomers in the older 14 (46\-71 yrs) compared to the younger 10 (26\-29 yrs), namely about 40% for scyllo, 20% for myo; and a weak correlation between the two values. However a concentration of scyllo\-inositol 300% higher than normal was measured in a healthy volunteer, without a corresponding increase in myo\-inositol; suggesting that metabolism of the two isomers are independently regulated. Researchers at the [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School")\-affiliated [McLean Hospital](/wiki/McLean_Hospital "McLean Hospital") found that chronic users of [anabolic steroids](/wiki/Anabolic_steroid "Anabolic steroid") had lower levels of brain scyllo\-inositol levels than non\-users. Brain concentration of scyllo\-inositol was found to be about 75% lower than average in patients with [hepatic encephalopathy](/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy "Hepatic encephalopathy"), which also lowers the levels of myo\-inositol. Scyllitol was found to inhibit [in vitro](/wiki/In_vitro "In vitro") the aggregation of [α\-synuclein](/wiki/Alpha-synuclein "Alpha-synuclein") into [fibrils](/wiki/Fibril "Fibril"), a phenomenon implicated in [Parkinson's disease](/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease "Parkinson's disease"). Previous intravenous administration of either myo\- or scyllo\-inositol was found to reduce the duration and intensity of chemically\-induced [seizures](/wiki/Seizure "Seizure") in rats. Since the 1940s, 5–20% of coconut milk has been used as a growth\-promoting agent in formulations of plant cell culture medium. Part of its effectiveness in this application is due to its myo\- and scyllo\-inositol contents.	[ "### Physiology", "The concentration of scyllo\\-inositol in human brain can be measured by [NMR](/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance \"Nuclear magnetic resonance\"); typical values are 0\\.35 [mM](/wiki/Millimolar \"Millimolar\") for [white matter](/wiki/White_matter \"White matter\"), 0\\.4 mM for [grey matter](/wiki/Grey_matter \"Grey matter\") and 0\\.5 mM for [cerebellum](/wiki/Cerebellum \"Cerebellum\") Another study compared the concentrations of myo and scyllo\\-inositol in brains of 24 healthy volunteers. Averages were about 0\\.36 mM for scyllo and 4\\.31 mM for myo, with large deviations. The study found a significant increase of both isomers in the older 14 (46\\-71 yrs) compared to the younger 10 (26\\-29 yrs), namely about 40% for scyllo, 20% for myo; and a weak correlation between the two values. However a concentration of scyllo\\-inositol 300% higher than normal was measured in a healthy volunteer, without a corresponding increase in myo\\-inositol; suggesting that metabolism of the two isomers are independently regulated.", "Researchers at the [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\")\\-affiliated [McLean Hospital](/wiki/McLean_Hospital \"McLean Hospital\") found that chronic users of [anabolic steroids](/wiki/Anabolic_steroid \"Anabolic steroid\") had lower levels of brain scyllo\\-inositol levels than non\\-users.", "Brain concentration of scyllo\\-inositol was found to be about 75% lower than average in patients with [hepatic encephalopathy](/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy \"Hepatic encephalopathy\"), which also lowers the levels of myo\\-inositol.", "Scyllitol was found to inhibit [in vitro](/wiki/In_vitro \"In vitro\") the aggregation of [α\\-synuclein](/wiki/Alpha-synuclein \"Alpha-synuclein\") into [fibrils](/wiki/Fibril \"Fibril\"), a phenomenon implicated in [Parkinson's disease](/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease \"Parkinson's disease\").", "Previous intravenous administration of either myo\\- or scyllo\\-inositol was found to reduce the duration and intensity of chemically\\-induced [seizures](/wiki/Seizure \"Seizure\") in rats.", "Since the 1940s, 5–20% of coconut milk has been used as a growth\\-promoting agent in formulations of plant cell culture medium. Part of its effectiveness in this application is due to its myo\\- and scyllo\\-inositol contents.", "" ]