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Background: early Rome (to 338 BC)
----------------------------------
Ancient historians' accounts of the history of Rome before it was destroyed by the Gauls in 390 BC are regarded as highly unreliable by modern historians. Livy, the main surviving ancient source on the early period, himself admits that the earlier period is very obscure and that his own account is based on legend rather than written documentation, as the few written documents that did exist in the earlier period were mostly lost in the Gallic sack.Livy VI.1 There is a tendency among ancient authors to create anachronisms. For example, Rome's so\-called "[Servian Wall](/wiki/Servian_Wall "Servian Wall")" was attributed to the legendary king [Servius Tullius](/wiki/Servius_Tullius "Servius Tullius") in c. 550 BC, but archaeology and a note in Livy himself show that the wall was built after the sack of Rome by the Gauls.Cornell (1995\) 198Livy VI.32 Servius Tullius was also credited with the [centuriate](/wiki/Centuria "Centuria") organisation of the Roman citizen body which again scholars agree cannot have been established by Servius in the form described by Livy in book I.43\. His *centuriae* were supposedly designed to organise the military levy, but would have resulted in the majority of the total levy being raised from the two top property classes, which were also the smallest numerically, a result that is clearly nonsensical. Instead, the reform must date from much later, certainly after 400 BC and probably after 300\. (Indeed, it has even been suggested that the centuriate organisation was not introduced before the [Second Punic War](/wiki/Second_Punic_War "Second Punic War") and the currency reform of 211 BC. The sextantal *[as](/wiki/As_%28Roman_coin%29 "As (Roman coin)")*, the denomination used by Livy to define the centuriate property thresholds, did not exist until then. But this argument is regarded as weak by some historians, as Livy may simply have converted older values).Cornell (1995\) 180–181 Despite this, the broad trends of early Roman history as related by the ancient authors are reasonably accurate.
According to Roman legend, Rome was founded by [Romulus](/wiki/Romulus "Romulus") in 753 BC. However, the vast amount of archaeological evidence uncovered since the 1970s suggests that Rome did not assume the characteristics of a united city\-state (as opposed to a group of separate hilltop settlements) before around 625\. The same evidence, however, has also conclusively discredited [A. Alfoldi](/wiki/A._Alfoldi "A. Alfoldi")'s once\-fashionable theory that Rome was an insignificant settlement until c. 500 (and that, consequently, the Republic was not established before c. 450\). There is now no doubt that Rome was a major city in the period from 625 to 500 BC, when it had an area of c. 285 hectares and an estimated population of 35,000\. This made it the second\-largest in Italy (after Tarentum) and about half the size of contemporary [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens") (585 hectares, inc. [Piraeus](/wiki/Piraeus "Piraeus")).Cornell (1995\) 96, 103, 203–209 Also, few scholars today dispute that Rome was ruled by kings in its archaic period, although whether any of the seven names of kings preserved by tradition are historical remains uncertain (Romulus himself is generally regarded as mythical). It is also likely that there were several more kings than those preserved by tradition, given the long duration of the regal era (even if it did start in 625 rather than 753\).Cornell (1995\) 119–21
The Roman monarchy, although an [autocracy](/wiki/Autocracy "Autocracy"), did not resemble a medieval monarchy. It was not hereditary and based on "divine right", but elective and subject to the ultimate sovereignty of the people. The king (*rex*, from root\-verb *regere*, literally means simply "ruler") was elected for life by the people's assembly (the *comitia curiata* originally), although there is strong evidence that the process was in practice controlled by the patricians, a hereditary aristocratic [caste](/wiki/Caste "Caste"). Most kings were non\-Romans brought in from abroad, doubtless as a neutral figure who could be seen as above patrician factions. Although blood relations could succeed, they were still required to submit to election.Cornell (1995\) 141–42\. The position and powers of a Roman king were thus similar to those of [Julius Caesar](/wiki/Julius_Caesar "Julius Caesar") when he was appointed [dictator](/wiki/Roman_dictator "Roman dictator") in perpetuity in 44 BC, and indeed of the [Roman emperors](/wiki/Roman_emperors "Roman emperors").
According to Roman tradition, in 616 BC, an Etruscan named Lucumo from the town of [Tarquinii](/wiki/Tarquinii "Tarquinii"), was elected king of Rome as [Lucius Tarquinius Priscus](/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus "Lucius Tarquinius Priscus"). He was succeeded by his son\-in\-law, [Servius Tullius](/wiki/Servius_Tullius "Servius Tullius"), and then by his son, [Lucius Tarquinius Superbus](/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus "Lucius Tarquinius Superbus"). The establishment of this Etruscan "dynasty" has led some dated historians to claim that late regal Rome was occupied by troops from Tarquinii militarily and culturally Etruscanised. But this theory has been dismissed as a myth by Cornell and other more modern historians, who point to the extensive evidence that Rome remained politically independent, as well as linguistically and culturally a Latin city.Cornell (1995\). In relation to the army, the Cornell faction argue that the introduction of heavy infantry in the late regal era followed Greek, not Etruscan, models.
In addition, it seems certain that the kings were overthrown c. 500 BC, probably as a result of a much more complex and bloody revolution than the simple drama of the rape of [Lucretia](/wiki/Lucretia "Lucretia") related by Livy, and that they were replaced by some form of collegiate rule.Cornell (1995\) 226–229\. It is likely that the revolution that overthrew the Roman monarchy was engineered by the patrician caste and that its aim was not, as rationalised later by ancient authors, the establishment of a democracy, but of a patrician\-dominated [oligarchy](/wiki/Oligarchy "Oligarchy"). The proverbial "arrogance" and "tyranny" of the Tarquins, epitomised by the Lucretia incident, is probably a reflection of the patricians' fear of the Tarquins' growing power and their erosion of patrician privilege, most likely by drawing support from the [plebeians](/wiki/Plebeians "Plebeians") (commoners). To ensure patrician supremacy, the autocratic power of the kings had to be fragmented and permanently curtailed. Thus, the replacement of a single ruler by a collegiate administration, which soon evolved into two [Praetors](/wiki/Praetors "Praetors"), later called [Consuls](/wiki/Roman_Consul "Roman Consul"), with equal powers and limited terms of office (one year, instead of the life tenancy of the kings). In addition, power was further fragmented by the establishment of further collegiate offices, known to history as [Roman magistrates](/wiki/Roman_magistrates "Roman magistrates"): (three [Aediles](/wiki/Aediles "Aediles") and four [Quaestors](/wiki/Quaestors "Quaestors")). Patrician supremacy was assured by limiting eligibility to hold the republican offices to patricians only.
The establishment of a hereditary oligarchy obviously excluded wealthy non\-patricians from political power and it is this class that led plebeian opposition to the early Republican settlement. The early Republic (510–338 BC) saw a long and often bitter struggle for political equality, known as the [Conflict of the Orders](/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders "Conflict of the Orders"), against the patrician monopoly of power. The plebeian leadership had the advantage that they represented the vast majority of the population, therefore also the majority of the Roman levy and of their own growing wealth. Milestones in their ultimately successful struggle are the establishment of a plebeian assembly (the *[concilium plebis](/wiki/Plebeian_council "Plebeian council")*) with some legislative power and to elect officers called [tribunes of the plebs](/wiki/Plebeian_tribune "Plebeian tribune"), who had the power to veto Senatorial decrees (494\); and the opening of the Consulship to plebeians (367\). By 338, the privileges of the patricians had become largely ceremonial (such as the exclusive right to hold certain state priesthoods). But this does not imply a more democratic form of government. The wealthy plebeians who had led the "plebeian revolution" had no more intention of sharing real power with their poorer and far more numerous fellow\-plebeians than did the patricians. It was probably at this time (around 300 BC) that the population was divided, for the purposes of taxation and military service, into seven classes based on an assessment of their property. The two top classes, numerically the smallest, accorded themselves an absolute majority of the votes in the main electoral and legislative assembly. Oligarchy based on birth had been replaced by oligarchy based on wealth.
|
[
"Background: early Rome (to 338 BC)\n----------------------------------",
"Ancient historians' accounts of the history of Rome before it was destroyed by the Gauls in 390 BC are regarded as highly unreliable by modern historians. Livy, the main surviving ancient source on the early period, himself admits that the earlier period is very obscure and that his own account is based on legend rather than written documentation, as the few written documents that did exist in the earlier period were mostly lost in the Gallic sack.Livy VI.1 There is a tendency among ancient authors to create anachronisms. For example, Rome's so\\-called \"[Servian Wall](/wiki/Servian_Wall \"Servian Wall\")\" was attributed to the legendary king [Servius Tullius](/wiki/Servius_Tullius \"Servius Tullius\") in c. 550 BC, but archaeology and a note in Livy himself show that the wall was built after the sack of Rome by the Gauls.Cornell (1995\\) 198Livy VI.32 Servius Tullius was also credited with the [centuriate](/wiki/Centuria \"Centuria\") organisation of the Roman citizen body which again scholars agree cannot have been established by Servius in the form described by Livy in book I.43\\. His *centuriae* were supposedly designed to organise the military levy, but would have resulted in the majority of the total levy being raised from the two top property classes, which were also the smallest numerically, a result that is clearly nonsensical. Instead, the reform must date from much later, certainly after 400 BC and probably after 300\\. (Indeed, it has even been suggested that the centuriate organisation was not introduced before the [Second Punic War](/wiki/Second_Punic_War \"Second Punic War\") and the currency reform of 211 BC. The sextantal *[as](/wiki/As_%28Roman_coin%29 \"As (Roman coin)\")*, the denomination used by Livy to define the centuriate property thresholds, did not exist until then. But this argument is regarded as weak by some historians, as Livy may simply have converted older values).Cornell (1995\\) 180–181 Despite this, the broad trends of early Roman history as related by the ancient authors are reasonably accurate.",
"According to Roman legend, Rome was founded by [Romulus](/wiki/Romulus \"Romulus\") in 753 BC. However, the vast amount of archaeological evidence uncovered since the 1970s suggests that Rome did not assume the characteristics of a united city\\-state (as opposed to a group of separate hilltop settlements) before around 625\\. The same evidence, however, has also conclusively discredited [A. Alfoldi](/wiki/A._Alfoldi \"A. Alfoldi\")'s once\\-fashionable theory that Rome was an insignificant settlement until c. 500 (and that, consequently, the Republic was not established before c. 450\\). There is now no doubt that Rome was a major city in the period from 625 to 500 BC, when it had an area of c. 285 hectares and an estimated population of 35,000\\. This made it the second\\-largest in Italy (after Tarentum) and about half the size of contemporary [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\") (585 hectares, inc. [Piraeus](/wiki/Piraeus \"Piraeus\")).Cornell (1995\\) 96, 103, 203–209 Also, few scholars today dispute that Rome was ruled by kings in its archaic period, although whether any of the seven names of kings preserved by tradition are historical remains uncertain (Romulus himself is generally regarded as mythical). It is also likely that there were several more kings than those preserved by tradition, given the long duration of the regal era (even if it did start in 625 rather than 753\\).Cornell (1995\\) 119–21",
"The Roman monarchy, although an [autocracy](/wiki/Autocracy \"Autocracy\"), did not resemble a medieval monarchy. It was not hereditary and based on \"divine right\", but elective and subject to the ultimate sovereignty of the people. The king (*rex*, from root\\-verb *regere*, literally means simply \"ruler\") was elected for life by the people's assembly (the *comitia curiata* originally), although there is strong evidence that the process was in practice controlled by the patricians, a hereditary aristocratic [caste](/wiki/Caste \"Caste\"). Most kings were non\\-Romans brought in from abroad, doubtless as a neutral figure who could be seen as above patrician factions. Although blood relations could succeed, they were still required to submit to election.Cornell (1995\\) 141–42\\. The position and powers of a Roman king were thus similar to those of [Julius Caesar](/wiki/Julius_Caesar \"Julius Caesar\") when he was appointed [dictator](/wiki/Roman_dictator \"Roman dictator\") in perpetuity in 44 BC, and indeed of the [Roman emperors](/wiki/Roman_emperors \"Roman emperors\").",
"According to Roman tradition, in 616 BC, an Etruscan named Lucumo from the town of [Tarquinii](/wiki/Tarquinii \"Tarquinii\"), was elected king of Rome as [Lucius Tarquinius Priscus](/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus \"Lucius Tarquinius Priscus\"). He was succeeded by his son\\-in\\-law, [Servius Tullius](/wiki/Servius_Tullius \"Servius Tullius\"), and then by his son, [Lucius Tarquinius Superbus](/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus \"Lucius Tarquinius Superbus\"). The establishment of this Etruscan \"dynasty\" has led some dated historians to claim that late regal Rome was occupied by troops from Tarquinii militarily and culturally Etruscanised. But this theory has been dismissed as a myth by Cornell and other more modern historians, who point to the extensive evidence that Rome remained politically independent, as well as linguistically and culturally a Latin city.Cornell (1995\\). In relation to the army, the Cornell faction argue that the introduction of heavy infantry in the late regal era followed Greek, not Etruscan, models.",
"In addition, it seems certain that the kings were overthrown c. 500 BC, probably as a result of a much more complex and bloody revolution than the simple drama of the rape of [Lucretia](/wiki/Lucretia \"Lucretia\") related by Livy, and that they were replaced by some form of collegiate rule.Cornell (1995\\) 226–229\\. It is likely that the revolution that overthrew the Roman monarchy was engineered by the patrician caste and that its aim was not, as rationalised later by ancient authors, the establishment of a democracy, but of a patrician\\-dominated [oligarchy](/wiki/Oligarchy \"Oligarchy\"). The proverbial \"arrogance\" and \"tyranny\" of the Tarquins, epitomised by the Lucretia incident, is probably a reflection of the patricians' fear of the Tarquins' growing power and their erosion of patrician privilege, most likely by drawing support from the [plebeians](/wiki/Plebeians \"Plebeians\") (commoners). To ensure patrician supremacy, the autocratic power of the kings had to be fragmented and permanently curtailed. Thus, the replacement of a single ruler by a collegiate administration, which soon evolved into two [Praetors](/wiki/Praetors \"Praetors\"), later called [Consuls](/wiki/Roman_Consul \"Roman Consul\"), with equal powers and limited terms of office (one year, instead of the life tenancy of the kings). In addition, power was further fragmented by the establishment of further collegiate offices, known to history as [Roman magistrates](/wiki/Roman_magistrates \"Roman magistrates\"): (three [Aediles](/wiki/Aediles \"Aediles\") and four [Quaestors](/wiki/Quaestors \"Quaestors\")). Patrician supremacy was assured by limiting eligibility to hold the republican offices to patricians only.",
"The establishment of a hereditary oligarchy obviously excluded wealthy non\\-patricians from political power and it is this class that led plebeian opposition to the early Republican settlement. The early Republic (510–338 BC) saw a long and often bitter struggle for political equality, known as the [Conflict of the Orders](/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders \"Conflict of the Orders\"), against the patrician monopoly of power. The plebeian leadership had the advantage that they represented the vast majority of the population, therefore also the majority of the Roman levy and of their own growing wealth. Milestones in their ultimately successful struggle are the establishment of a plebeian assembly (the *[concilium plebis](/wiki/Plebeian_council \"Plebeian council\")*) with some legislative power and to elect officers called [tribunes of the plebs](/wiki/Plebeian_tribune \"Plebeian tribune\"), who had the power to veto Senatorial decrees (494\\); and the opening of the Consulship to plebeians (367\\). By 338, the privileges of the patricians had become largely ceremonial (such as the exclusive right to hold certain state priesthoods). But this does not imply a more democratic form of government. The wealthy plebeians who had led the \"plebeian revolution\" had no more intention of sharing real power with their poorer and far more numerous fellow\\-plebeians than did the patricians. It was probably at this time (around 300 BC) that the population was divided, for the purposes of taxation and military service, into seven classes based on an assessment of their property. The two top classes, numerically the smallest, accorded themselves an absolute majority of the votes in the main electoral and legislative assembly. Oligarchy based on birth had been replaced by oligarchy based on wealth.",
""
] |
Political organisation of the Roman Republic
--------------------------------------------
By c. 300 BC, the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic "Roman Republic") had attained its evolved structure, which remained essentially unchanged for three centuries. In theory, Rome's republican constitution was democratic, based on the principle of the sovereignty of the Roman people. It had also developed an elaborate set of [checks and balances](/wiki/Checks_and_balances "Checks and balances") to prevent the excessive concentration of power. The two Consuls, together with other republican Magistrates, were elected annually by the Roman citizenry (male citizens over 14 years old only) voting by *[centuria](/wiki/Centuria "Centuria")* (voting constituency) at the *[comitia centuriata](/wiki/Roman_assemblies "Roman assemblies")* (electoral assembly), held each year on the [Field of Mars](/wiki/Campus_Martius "Campus Martius") in Rome. The popular assemblies also had the right to promulgate laws (*leges*). The Consuls, who combined both civil and military functions, had equal authority and the right to veto each other's decisions. The main policy\-making institution, the Senate, was an unelected body composed mostly of Roman aristocrats but its decrees could not contravene *leges*, and motions in the Senate could be vetoed by any one of 10 [tribunes of the plebs](/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs "Tribune of the plebs"), elected by the *concilium plebis*, an assembly restricted to [plebeian](/wiki/Plebs "Plebs") members only. The tribunes could also veto decisions made by the Consuls.
But these constitutional arrangements were far less democratic than they might appear, as elections were rigged heavily in favour of the wealthiest echelon of society. The centuriate organisation of the Roman citizen\-body may be summarised as follows:
| \+ **ANALYSIS OF ROMAN CENTURIATE ORGANISATION**Based on Polybius VI.19, 20; Livy I.43 and Cornell (1995\) 380 | Class | Property Rating(*drachmae*: *denarii* after 211 BC) | No.*centuriae* | Militaryservice |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Patricii* (patricians) | n.a. (hereditary) | 6 | Officers/legionary cavalry |
| *Equites* (knights) | rating unknown | 12 | Officers/legionary cavalry |
| First | 10,000–? | 80 | Legionary cavalry |
| Second | 7,500–10,000 | 20 | Legionary infantry |
| Third | 5,000–7,500 | 20 | Legionary infantry |
| Fourth | 2,500–5,000 | 20 | Legionary infantry |
| Fifth | 400 (or 1,100\)–2,500 | 30 | Legionary infantry (*[velites](/wiki/Velites "Velites")*) |
| *Proletarii* (a.k.a. *capite censi*) | Under 400 (or 1,100\) | 1 | Fleets (oarsmen) |
N.B. An extra four *centuriae* were allocated to engineers, trumpeters et al., to make a total of 193 *centuriae*. There is a discrepancy in the minimum rating for legionary service between Polybius (400 *drachmae*) and Livy (1,100\). In addition, Polybius states that the *proletarii* were assigned to naval service while Livy simply states that they were exempt from military service. In both cases, Polybius is to be preferred, as 1,100 *drachmae* seems too high a figure for destitute individuals and it is likely that the Roman military would have made use of the manpower of this group.
The table shows that the richest two property classes combined, the *[equites](/wiki/Equites "Equites")* (knights, including the six centuriae probably reserved for patricians), together with the first property class, were allocated an absolute majority of the votes (98 of 193 *centuriae*), despite being a small minority of the population.Cornell (1995\) 379\-80\. Their precise proportion is unknown, but was most likely under 5% of the citizen\-body. These classes supplied a legion's cavalry, just 6\.6% of the unit's total effectives (300 of 4,500\), which is probably greater than their proportionate share, as the lowest class was excluded from legionary service. Overall, votes were allocated in inverse proportion to population. Thus the lowest social echelon (the *proletarii*, under 400 *drachmae*), was allocated just 1 of the 193 *centuriae*, despite being probably the largest. As Livy himself puts it: "Thus every citizen was given the illusion of wielding power through the right to vote, but in reality the aristocracy remained in full control. For the *centuriae* of knights were summoned first to vote, and then the *centuriae* of the First Property Class. In the rare event of a majority not being attained, the Second Class was called, but it was hardly ever necessary to consult the lowest classes."Livy I.43 Also in its legislative capacity, the popular assembly offered little scope for democratic action. For this purpose, the *comitia* could only meet when summoned by a Magistrate. Participants could only vote (by *centuria*) for or against propositions (*[rogationes](/wiki/Rogatio "Rogatio")*) put before them by the convening Magistrate. No amendments or motions from the floor were admissible.Cornell (1995\) 378\. In modern terms, the legislative activity of the *comitia* amounted to no more than a series of [referendums](/wiki/Referendum "Referendum"), and in no sense resembled the role of a [parliament](/wiki/Parliament "Parliament").
Further, the period of the Samnite wars saw the emergence of the Senate as the predominant political organ at Rome. In the early Republic, the Senate had been an *ad hoc* advisory council whose members served at the pleasure of the Consuls. While no doubt influential as a group of friends and confidants of the Consuls, as well as experienced ex\-Magistrates, the Senate had no formal or independent existence. Power rested with the Consuls, acting with the ratification of the *comitia*, a system described as "plebiscitary" by Cornell. This situation changed with the *[Lex Ovinia](/wiki/Lex_Ovinia "Lex Ovinia")* (promulgated sometime in the period from 339 to 318 BC), which transferred authority to appoint (and remove) members of the Senate from the Consuls to the [Censors](/wiki/Roman_censor "Roman censor"), two new Magistrates elected at 5\-yearly intervals, whose specific job was to hold a [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of Roman citizens and their property. The *Lex Ovinia* set specific criteria for such appointments or removals (although these are not precisely known). The result was that the Senate now became a formal constitutional entity. Its members now held office for life (or until expelled by the Censors), and were thus freed from control by the Consuls.Cornell (1995\) 369, 370\.
In the period following the *Lex Ovinia*, the Consuls were gradually reduced to executive servants of the Senate. The concentration of power in the hands of the Senate is exemplified by its assumption of the power of *[prorogatio](/wiki/Prorogatio "Prorogatio")*, the extension of the *imperium* (mandate) of Consuls and other Magistrates beyond its single year. It appears that *prorogatio* could previously be granted only by the *comitia* e.g. in 326 BC.Cornell (1995\) 370 By the end of the Samnite Wars in 290, the Senate enjoyed complete control over virtually all aspects of political life: finance, war, diplomacy, public order and the state religion.Polybius VI.13Cornell (1995\) 269 The rise of the Senate's role was the inevitable consequence of the increasing complexity of the Roman state due to its expansion, which made government by short\-term officers such as the Consuls and by plebiscite impractical.Cornell (1995\) 373
The Senate's monopoly of power in turn entrenched the political supremacy of the wealthiest echelon. The 300 members of the Senate were mostly a narrow, self\-perpetuating *clique* of ex\-Consuls (*consulares*) and other ex\-Magistrates, virtually all members of the wealthy classes. Within this elite, charismatic personalities, who might challenge senatorial supremacy by allying with the commoners, were neutralised by various devices, such as the virtual abolition of "iteration", the re\-election of consuls for several successive terms, a practice common before 300 BC. (In the period from 366 to 291, eight individuals held the consulship four or more times, while from 289 to 255, none did, and few were even elected twice.Cornell (1995\) 371, 373\. Iteration was temporarily resorted to again during the emergency conditions of the Second Punic War). The Roman polity exhibited, in the words of T. J. Cornell, an historian of early Rome, "the classic symptoms of [oligarchy](/wiki/Oligarchy "Oligarchy"), a system of government that depends on rotation of office within a competitive elite, and the suppression of charismatic individuals by peer\-group pressure, usually exercised by a council of elders."Cornell (1995\) 372\.
|
[
"Political organisation of the Roman Republic\n--------------------------------------------",
"By c. 300 BC, the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic \"Roman Republic\") had attained its evolved structure, which remained essentially unchanged for three centuries. In theory, Rome's republican constitution was democratic, based on the principle of the sovereignty of the Roman people. It had also developed an elaborate set of [checks and balances](/wiki/Checks_and_balances \"Checks and balances\") to prevent the excessive concentration of power. The two Consuls, together with other republican Magistrates, were elected annually by the Roman citizenry (male citizens over 14 years old only) voting by *[centuria](/wiki/Centuria \"Centuria\")* (voting constituency) at the *[comitia centuriata](/wiki/Roman_assemblies \"Roman assemblies\")* (electoral assembly), held each year on the [Field of Mars](/wiki/Campus_Martius \"Campus Martius\") in Rome. The popular assemblies also had the right to promulgate laws (*leges*). The Consuls, who combined both civil and military functions, had equal authority and the right to veto each other's decisions. The main policy\\-making institution, the Senate, was an unelected body composed mostly of Roman aristocrats but its decrees could not contravene *leges*, and motions in the Senate could be vetoed by any one of 10 [tribunes of the plebs](/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs \"Tribune of the plebs\"), elected by the *concilium plebis*, an assembly restricted to [plebeian](/wiki/Plebs \"Plebs\") members only. The tribunes could also veto decisions made by the Consuls.",
"But these constitutional arrangements were far less democratic than they might appear, as elections were rigged heavily in favour of the wealthiest echelon of society. The centuriate organisation of the Roman citizen\\-body may be summarised as follows:",
"",
"| \\+ **ANALYSIS OF ROMAN CENTURIATE ORGANISATION**Based on Polybius VI.19, 20; Livy I.43 and Cornell (1995\\) 380 | Class | Property Rating(*drachmae*: *denarii* after 211 BC) | No.*centuriae* | Militaryservice |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| *Patricii* (patricians) | n.a. (hereditary) | 6 | Officers/legionary cavalry |\n| *Equites* (knights) | rating unknown | 12 | Officers/legionary cavalry |\n| First | 10,000–? | 80 | Legionary cavalry |\n| Second | 7,500–10,000 | 20 | Legionary infantry |\n| Third | 5,000–7,500 | 20 | Legionary infantry |\n| Fourth | 2,500–5,000 | 20 | Legionary infantry |\n| Fifth | 400 (or 1,100\\)–2,500 | 30 | Legionary infantry (*[velites](/wiki/Velites \"Velites\")*) |\n| *Proletarii* (a.k.a. *capite censi*) | Under 400 (or 1,100\\) | 1 | Fleets (oarsmen) |",
"N.B. An extra four *centuriae* were allocated to engineers, trumpeters et al., to make a total of 193 *centuriae*. There is a discrepancy in the minimum rating for legionary service between Polybius (400 *drachmae*) and Livy (1,100\\). In addition, Polybius states that the *proletarii* were assigned to naval service while Livy simply states that they were exempt from military service. In both cases, Polybius is to be preferred, as 1,100 *drachmae* seems too high a figure for destitute individuals and it is likely that the Roman military would have made use of the manpower of this group.",
"The table shows that the richest two property classes combined, the *[equites](/wiki/Equites \"Equites\")* (knights, including the six centuriae probably reserved for patricians), together with the first property class, were allocated an absolute majority of the votes (98 of 193 *centuriae*), despite being a small minority of the population.Cornell (1995\\) 379\\-80\\. Their precise proportion is unknown, but was most likely under 5% of the citizen\\-body. These classes supplied a legion's cavalry, just 6\\.6% of the unit's total effectives (300 of 4,500\\), which is probably greater than their proportionate share, as the lowest class was excluded from legionary service. Overall, votes were allocated in inverse proportion to population. Thus the lowest social echelon (the *proletarii*, under 400 *drachmae*), was allocated just 1 of the 193 *centuriae*, despite being probably the largest. As Livy himself puts it: \"Thus every citizen was given the illusion of wielding power through the right to vote, but in reality the aristocracy remained in full control. For the *centuriae* of knights were summoned first to vote, and then the *centuriae* of the First Property Class. In the rare event of a majority not being attained, the Second Class was called, but it was hardly ever necessary to consult the lowest classes.\"Livy I.43 Also in its legislative capacity, the popular assembly offered little scope for democratic action. For this purpose, the *comitia* could only meet when summoned by a Magistrate. Participants could only vote (by *centuria*) for or against propositions (*[rogationes](/wiki/Rogatio \"Rogatio\")*) put before them by the convening Magistrate. No amendments or motions from the floor were admissible.Cornell (1995\\) 378\\. In modern terms, the legislative activity of the *comitia* amounted to no more than a series of [referendums](/wiki/Referendum \"Referendum\"), and in no sense resembled the role of a [parliament](/wiki/Parliament \"Parliament\").",
"Further, the period of the Samnite wars saw the emergence of the Senate as the predominant political organ at Rome. In the early Republic, the Senate had been an *ad hoc* advisory council whose members served at the pleasure of the Consuls. While no doubt influential as a group of friends and confidants of the Consuls, as well as experienced ex\\-Magistrates, the Senate had no formal or independent existence. Power rested with the Consuls, acting with the ratification of the *comitia*, a system described as \"plebiscitary\" by Cornell. This situation changed with the *[Lex Ovinia](/wiki/Lex_Ovinia \"Lex Ovinia\")* (promulgated sometime in the period from 339 to 318 BC), which transferred authority to appoint (and remove) members of the Senate from the Consuls to the [Censors](/wiki/Roman_censor \"Roman censor\"), two new Magistrates elected at 5\\-yearly intervals, whose specific job was to hold a [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of Roman citizens and their property. The *Lex Ovinia* set specific criteria for such appointments or removals (although these are not precisely known). The result was that the Senate now became a formal constitutional entity. Its members now held office for life (or until expelled by the Censors), and were thus freed from control by the Consuls.Cornell (1995\\) 369, 370\\.",
"In the period following the *Lex Ovinia*, the Consuls were gradually reduced to executive servants of the Senate. The concentration of power in the hands of the Senate is exemplified by its assumption of the power of *[prorogatio](/wiki/Prorogatio \"Prorogatio\")*, the extension of the *imperium* (mandate) of Consuls and other Magistrates beyond its single year. It appears that *prorogatio* could previously be granted only by the *comitia* e.g. in 326 BC.Cornell (1995\\) 370 By the end of the Samnite Wars in 290, the Senate enjoyed complete control over virtually all aspects of political life: finance, war, diplomacy, public order and the state religion.Polybius VI.13Cornell (1995\\) 269 The rise of the Senate's role was the inevitable consequence of the increasing complexity of the Roman state due to its expansion, which made government by short\\-term officers such as the Consuls and by plebiscite impractical.Cornell (1995\\) 373",
"The Senate's monopoly of power in turn entrenched the political supremacy of the wealthiest echelon. The 300 members of the Senate were mostly a narrow, self\\-perpetuating *clique* of ex\\-Consuls (*consulares*) and other ex\\-Magistrates, virtually all members of the wealthy classes. Within this elite, charismatic personalities, who might challenge senatorial supremacy by allying with the commoners, were neutralised by various devices, such as the virtual abolition of \"iteration\", the re\\-election of consuls for several successive terms, a practice common before 300 BC. (In the period from 366 to 291, eight individuals held the consulship four or more times, while from 289 to 255, none did, and few were even elected twice.Cornell (1995\\) 371, 373\\. Iteration was temporarily resorted to again during the emergency conditions of the Second Punic War). The Roman polity exhibited, in the words of T. J. Cornell, an historian of early Rome, \"the classic symptoms of [oligarchy](/wiki/Oligarchy \"Oligarchy\"), a system of government that depends on rotation of office within a competitive elite, and the suppression of charismatic individuals by peer\\-group pressure, usually exercised by a council of elders.\"Cornell (1995\\) 372\\.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1910\= 1513
\|1920\= 2434
\|1930\= 2577
\|1940\= 2644
\|1950\= 2856
\|1960\= 2842
\|1970\= 2116
\|1980\= 2119
\|1990\= 1808
\|2000\= 1931
\|2010\= 1788
\|2020\= 1742
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-12\-18}} of 2010, there were 1,788 people, 814 households, and 445 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1334\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 973 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|726\.1\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 95\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 2\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") people of any race were 4\.1% of the population.
There were 814 households, of which 26\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45\.3% were non\-families. 40\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.17 and the average family size was 2\.94\.
The median age in the city was 43\.6 years. 23\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21\.2% were from 25 to 44; 31\.6% were from 45 to 64; and 16\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\.0% male and 52\.0% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2008\-01\-31\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 1,931 people, 833 households, and 498 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|1,437\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 978 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|728\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\.05% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.16% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.78% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.10% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.47% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.45% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") people of any race were 2\.74% of the population.
There were 833 households, out of which 29\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40\.1% were non\-families. 36\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.25 and the average family size was 2\.96\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25\.0% under the age of 18, 6\.2% from 18 to 24, 24\.3% from 25 to 44, 22\.6% from 45 to 64, and 21\.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 87\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85\.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $23,144, and the median income for a family was $31,129\. Males had a median income of $25,875 versus $17,011 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $15,123\. About 13\.7% of families and 20\.3% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 27\.4% of those under age 18 and 14\.7% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1910\\= 1513\n\\|1920\\= 2434\n\\|1930\\= 2577\n\\|1940\\= 2644\n\\|1950\\= 2856\n\\|1960\\= 2842\n\\|1970\\= 2116\n\\|1980\\= 2119\n\\|1990\\= 1808\n\\|2000\\= 1931\n\\|2010\\= 1788\n\\|2020\\= 1742\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-18}} of 2010, there were 1,788 people, 814 households, and 445 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1334\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 973 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|726\\.1\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 95\\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 2\\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") people of any race were 4\\.1% of the population.",
"There were 814 households, of which 26\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\\.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45\\.3% were non\\-families. 40\\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.17 and the average family size was 2\\.94\\.",
"The median age in the city was 43\\.6 years. 23\\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\\.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21\\.2% were from 25 to 44; 31\\.6% were from 45 to 64; and 16\\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\\.0% male and 52\\.0% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 1,931 people, 833 households, and 498 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|1,437\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 978 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|728\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\\.05% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.16% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.78% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.10% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.47% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.45% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") people of any race were 2\\.74% of the population.",
"There were 833 households, out of which 29\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40\\.1% were non\\-families. 36\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.25 and the average family size was 2\\.96\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 25\\.0% under the age of 18, 6\\.2% from 18 to 24, 24\\.3% from 25 to 44, 22\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 21\\.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 87\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85\\.6 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $23,144, and the median income for a family was $31,129\\. Males had a median income of $25,875 versus $17,011 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $15,123\\. About 13\\.7% of families and 20\\.3% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 27\\.4% of those under age 18 and 14\\.7% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Travel Air
In 1925, at the age of 21, she was hired by Clyde Cessna and took a job as an office secretary and bookkeeper for the newly formed [Travel Air Manufacturing Company](/wiki/Travel_Air "Travel Air") in Wichita. After learning the business, she handled correspondence, kept the records, and conducted transactions. She was soon promoted to office manager and secretary to [Walter Beech](/wiki/Walter_Beech "Walter Beech"), one of the founders of Travel Air. Travel Air merged with the [Curtiss\-Wright Corporation](/wiki/Curtiss-Wright "Curtiss-Wright") in August 1929\."Travel Air to Merge With Curtiss\-Wright" Lawrence (Kansas) Journal\-World, 7 August 1929, p. 1 Walter Beech assumed the presidency of Curtiss\-Wright and moved to New York City. On February 24, 1930, they were married at Wichita and she moved to New York.Farney, p 50
### Beech Aircraft
In 1932, following Olive Ann's philosophy, “If you want something, you can do it,” Olive and Walter Beech established Beech Aircraft "with the goal to build the finest airplanes in the world."{{Cite web\|title\=Olive Ann Beech: the Woman from Waverly Who Changed Aviation History\|url\=https://kansaspublicradio.org/kpr\-news/olive\-ann\-beech\-woman\-waverly\-who\-changed\-aviation\-history\|date\=2019\-06\-12\|website\=Kansas Public Radio\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-14}} Walter Beech quit Curtiss\-Wright and started [Beech Aircraft Company](/wiki/Beechcraft "Beechcraft") in Wichita, naming himself as president, Olive Ann as secretary, [Ted A. Wells](/wiki/Ted_A._Wells "Ted A. Wells") as vice president of engineering, K. K. Shaul as treasurer, and investor C. G. Yankey as vice president.{{cite book\|last1\=Phillips\|first1\=Edward H.\|title\=The staggerwing story : a history of the Beechcraft model 17\|date\=1996\|publisher\=Flying Books International\|location\=Eagan, Minn.\|isbn\=9780911139273}} Olive Ann worked with the financial side of the business and played an important role in major company decisions. The first airplane the company designed and built was a biplane with negatively staggered wings which became known as the [Model 17 Staggerwing](/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_17_Staggerwing "Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing"). Olive Ann suggested that to help increase sales of the aircraft that the company should sponsor a woman pilot flying the Staggerwing in the 1936 transcontinental [Bendix Trophy Race](/wiki/Bendix_Trophy "Bendix Trophy"). Beech\-sponsored pilot [Louise Thaden](/wiki/Louise_Thaden "Louise Thaden"), along with [Blanche Noyes](/wiki/Blanche_Noyes "Blanche Noyes") as co\-pilot, won the race against some of the nation's best male pilots.
In 1937, Beech Aircraft introduced the [Twin Beech](/wiki/Twin_Beech "Twin Beech") which was adopted for use by the [U.S. Army Air Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps "United States Army Air Corps") and was also sold all over the world.
[alt\=Photograph of a factory complex with lots of buildings\|thumb\|322x322px\|The main Beechcraft plant in Wichita, 1956](/wiki/File:Beech_Aircraft_Corporation_Plant_1.png "Beech Aircraft Corporation Plant 1.png")
In 1940, Walter became ill with [encephalitis](/wiki/Encephalitis "Encephalitis") and Olive Ann took over the leadership of the company at a time when retooling was required for military production of both the Staggerwing and the Twin Beech. She arranged for {{usd}}83,000,000 in loans for the expansion of production of both. Beech Aircraft produced more than 7,400 aircraft during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") which were used to train navigators and bombardiers. Beech Aircraft also was awarded five [Army\-Navy "E" Awards](/wiki/Army-Navy_%22E%22_Award "Army-Navy ") during the war.
Olive Ann was kept busy with military production during the war but she also planned for the eventual end of the war. In 1946, the first aircraft to be certified for civilian production by the war production authorities was the Twin Beech. Production was also started on the [Beechcraft Bonanza](/wiki/Beechcraft_Bonanza "Beechcraft Bonanza") for the civilian market. Other airplanes introduced after the war included a military primary trainer called [T\-34 Mentor](/wiki/Beechcraft_T-34_Mentor "Beechcraft T-34 Mentor") which was a variant of the Bonanza and an executive type aircraft, the [Beechcraft Twin Bonanza](/wiki/Beechcraft_Twin_Bonanza "Beechcraft Twin Bonanza") which served both civilian and military markets.
After Walter's death in November 1950, Olive Ann assumed leadership of the company by being named president and chair of the board and was the first woman to head a major aircraft company. Production of aircraft for the military during the Korean War continued and facilities were expanded. Production was diversified with the introduction of missile targets for the military.
Under Beech's leadership, the [Beechcraft Travel Air](/wiki/Beechcraft_Travel_Air "Beechcraft Travel Air") was introduced in 1956 along with a way for new owners to finance their purchase through the newly formed Beechcraft Acceptance Corporation. Beech Aircraft took steps to support the United States' space exploration efforts during the late 1950s with development of cryogenic systems for [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA"). The 1960s saw the introduction of the [Beechcraft Queen Air](/wiki/Beechcraft_Queen_Air "Beechcraft Queen Air") series as well as the [Beechcraft Debonair](/wiki/Beechcraft_Debonair "Beechcraft Debonair"), [Beechcraft Baron](/wiki/Beechcraft_Baron "Beechcraft Baron"), and [Beechcraft King Air](/wiki/Beechcraft_King_Air "Beechcraft King Air") as well as the successful use of Beech Aircraft built cabin pressurization equipment used in the [Gemini](/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini") series of spacecraft. In response to the introduction of crosstown Wichita rival [Bill Lear](/wiki/Bill_Lear "Bill Lear")'s successful [Learjet](/wiki/Learjet "Learjet") in 1964, Olive Ann decided that Beechcraft should produce a turboprop version of the Queen Air instead of a jet. Asked by a reporter for *Forbes* magazine when Beechcraft would be producing a jet, Beech replied "We will, when it is compatible with our other activities."Farney, p 140 This was another example of her "Slowly We Go" policy that she had adopted after government contracts were cancelled after World War II and the Korean War.Farney, pp 88–89Farney, p 108 Although piston aircraft sales for Beechcraft were at record highs during the 1960s, her policy would affect the company's late entry into the jet market.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Travel Air",
"In 1925, at the age of 21, she was hired by Clyde Cessna and took a job as an office secretary and bookkeeper for the newly formed [Travel Air Manufacturing Company](/wiki/Travel_Air \"Travel Air\") in Wichita. After learning the business, she handled correspondence, kept the records, and conducted transactions. She was soon promoted to office manager and secretary to [Walter Beech](/wiki/Walter_Beech \"Walter Beech\"), one of the founders of Travel Air. Travel Air merged with the [Curtiss\\-Wright Corporation](/wiki/Curtiss-Wright \"Curtiss-Wright\") in August 1929\\.\"Travel Air to Merge With Curtiss\\-Wright\" Lawrence (Kansas) Journal\\-World, 7 August 1929, p. 1 Walter Beech assumed the presidency of Curtiss\\-Wright and moved to New York City. On February 24, 1930, they were married at Wichita and she moved to New York.Farney, p 50",
"### Beech Aircraft",
"In 1932, following Olive Ann's philosophy, “If you want something, you can do it,” Olive and Walter Beech established Beech Aircraft \"with the goal to build the finest airplanes in the world.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=Olive Ann Beech: the Woman from Waverly Who Changed Aviation History\\|url\\=https://kansaspublicradio.org/kpr\\-news/olive\\-ann\\-beech\\-woman\\-waverly\\-who\\-changed\\-aviation\\-history\\|date\\=2019\\-06\\-12\\|website\\=Kansas Public Radio\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-14}} Walter Beech quit Curtiss\\-Wright and started [Beech Aircraft Company](/wiki/Beechcraft \"Beechcraft\") in Wichita, naming himself as president, Olive Ann as secretary, [Ted A. Wells](/wiki/Ted_A._Wells \"Ted A. Wells\") as vice president of engineering, K. K. Shaul as treasurer, and investor C. G. Yankey as vice president.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Phillips\\|first1\\=Edward H.\\|title\\=The staggerwing story : a history of the Beechcraft model 17\\|date\\=1996\\|publisher\\=Flying Books International\\|location\\=Eagan, Minn.\\|isbn\\=9780911139273}} Olive Ann worked with the financial side of the business and played an important role in major company decisions. The first airplane the company designed and built was a biplane with negatively staggered wings which became known as the [Model 17 Staggerwing](/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_17_Staggerwing \"Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing\"). Olive Ann suggested that to help increase sales of the aircraft that the company should sponsor a woman pilot flying the Staggerwing in the 1936 transcontinental [Bendix Trophy Race](/wiki/Bendix_Trophy \"Bendix Trophy\"). Beech\\-sponsored pilot [Louise Thaden](/wiki/Louise_Thaden \"Louise Thaden\"), along with [Blanche Noyes](/wiki/Blanche_Noyes \"Blanche Noyes\") as co\\-pilot, won the race against some of the nation's best male pilots.",
"In 1937, Beech Aircraft introduced the [Twin Beech](/wiki/Twin_Beech \"Twin Beech\") which was adopted for use by the [U.S. Army Air Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps \"United States Army Air Corps\") and was also sold all over the world.\n[alt\\=Photograph of a factory complex with lots of buildings\\|thumb\\|322x322px\\|The main Beechcraft plant in Wichita, 1956](/wiki/File:Beech_Aircraft_Corporation_Plant_1.png \"Beech Aircraft Corporation Plant 1.png\")\nIn 1940, Walter became ill with [encephalitis](/wiki/Encephalitis \"Encephalitis\") and Olive Ann took over the leadership of the company at a time when retooling was required for military production of both the Staggerwing and the Twin Beech. She arranged for {{usd}}83,000,000 in loans for the expansion of production of both. Beech Aircraft produced more than 7,400 aircraft during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") which were used to train navigators and bombardiers. Beech Aircraft also was awarded five [Army\\-Navy \"E\" Awards](/wiki/Army-Navy_%22E%22_Award \"Army-Navy \") during the war.",
"Olive Ann was kept busy with military production during the war but she also planned for the eventual end of the war. In 1946, the first aircraft to be certified for civilian production by the war production authorities was the Twin Beech. Production was also started on the [Beechcraft Bonanza](/wiki/Beechcraft_Bonanza \"Beechcraft Bonanza\") for the civilian market. Other airplanes introduced after the war included a military primary trainer called [T\\-34 Mentor](/wiki/Beechcraft_T-34_Mentor \"Beechcraft T-34 Mentor\") which was a variant of the Bonanza and an executive type aircraft, the [Beechcraft Twin Bonanza](/wiki/Beechcraft_Twin_Bonanza \"Beechcraft Twin Bonanza\") which served both civilian and military markets.",
"After Walter's death in November 1950, Olive Ann assumed leadership of the company by being named president and chair of the board and was the first woman to head a major aircraft company. Production of aircraft for the military during the Korean War continued and facilities were expanded. Production was diversified with the introduction of missile targets for the military.",
"Under Beech's leadership, the [Beechcraft Travel Air](/wiki/Beechcraft_Travel_Air \"Beechcraft Travel Air\") was introduced in 1956 along with a way for new owners to finance their purchase through the newly formed Beechcraft Acceptance Corporation. Beech Aircraft took steps to support the United States' space exploration efforts during the late 1950s with development of cryogenic systems for [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\"). The 1960s saw the introduction of the [Beechcraft Queen Air](/wiki/Beechcraft_Queen_Air \"Beechcraft Queen Air\") series as well as the [Beechcraft Debonair](/wiki/Beechcraft_Debonair \"Beechcraft Debonair\"), [Beechcraft Baron](/wiki/Beechcraft_Baron \"Beechcraft Baron\"), and [Beechcraft King Air](/wiki/Beechcraft_King_Air \"Beechcraft King Air\") as well as the successful use of Beech Aircraft built cabin pressurization equipment used in the [Gemini](/wiki/Project_Gemini \"Project Gemini\") series of spacecraft. In response to the introduction of crosstown Wichita rival [Bill Lear](/wiki/Bill_Lear \"Bill Lear\")'s successful [Learjet](/wiki/Learjet \"Learjet\") in 1964, Olive Ann decided that Beechcraft should produce a turboprop version of the Queen Air instead of a jet. Asked by a reporter for *Forbes* magazine when Beechcraft would be producing a jet, Beech replied \"We will, when it is compatible with our other activities.\"Farney, p 140 This was another example of her \"Slowly We Go\" policy that she had adopted after government contracts were cancelled after World War II and the Korean War.Farney, pp 88–89Farney, p 108 Although piston aircraft sales for Beechcraft were at record highs during the 1960s, her policy would affect the company's late entry into the jet market.",
""
] |
### Beech Aircraft
In 1932, following Olive Ann's philosophy, “If you want something, you can do it,” Olive and Walter Beech established Beech Aircraft "with the goal to build the finest airplanes in the world."{{Cite web\|title\=Olive Ann Beech: the Woman from Waverly Who Changed Aviation History\|url\=https://kansaspublicradio.org/kpr\-news/olive\-ann\-beech\-woman\-waverly\-who\-changed\-aviation\-history\|date\=2019\-06\-12\|website\=Kansas Public Radio\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-14}} Walter Beech quit Curtiss\-Wright and started [Beech Aircraft Company](/wiki/Beechcraft "Beechcraft") in Wichita, naming himself as president, Olive Ann as secretary, [Ted A. Wells](/wiki/Ted_A._Wells "Ted A. Wells") as vice president of engineering, K. K. Shaul as treasurer, and investor C. G. Yankey as vice president.{{cite book\|last1\=Phillips\|first1\=Edward H.\|title\=The staggerwing story : a history of the Beechcraft model 17\|date\=1996\|publisher\=Flying Books International\|location\=Eagan, Minn.\|isbn\=9780911139273}} Olive Ann worked with the financial side of the business and played an important role in major company decisions. The first airplane the company designed and built was a biplane with negatively staggered wings which became known as the [Model 17 Staggerwing](/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_17_Staggerwing "Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing"). Olive Ann suggested that to help increase sales of the aircraft that the company should sponsor a woman pilot flying the Staggerwing in the 1936 transcontinental [Bendix Trophy Race](/wiki/Bendix_Trophy "Bendix Trophy"). Beech\-sponsored pilot [Louise Thaden](/wiki/Louise_Thaden "Louise Thaden"), along with [Blanche Noyes](/wiki/Blanche_Noyes "Blanche Noyes") as co\-pilot, won the race against some of the nation's best male pilots.
In 1937, Beech Aircraft introduced the [Twin Beech](/wiki/Twin_Beech "Twin Beech") which was adopted for use by the [U.S. Army Air Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps "United States Army Air Corps") and was also sold all over the world.
[alt\=Photograph of a factory complex with lots of buildings\|thumb\|322x322px\|The main Beechcraft plant in Wichita, 1956](/wiki/File:Beech_Aircraft_Corporation_Plant_1.png "Beech Aircraft Corporation Plant 1.png")
In 1940, Walter became ill with [encephalitis](/wiki/Encephalitis "Encephalitis") and Olive Ann took over the leadership of the company at a time when retooling was required for military production of both the Staggerwing and the Twin Beech. She arranged for {{usd}}83,000,000 in loans for the expansion of production of both. Beech Aircraft produced more than 7,400 aircraft during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") which were used to train navigators and bombardiers. Beech Aircraft also was awarded five [Army\-Navy "E" Awards](/wiki/Army-Navy_%22E%22_Award "Army-Navy ") during the war.
Olive Ann was kept busy with military production during the war but she also planned for the eventual end of the war. In 1946, the first aircraft to be certified for civilian production by the war production authorities was the Twin Beech. Production was also started on the [Beechcraft Bonanza](/wiki/Beechcraft_Bonanza "Beechcraft Bonanza") for the civilian market. Other airplanes introduced after the war included a military primary trainer called [T\-34 Mentor](/wiki/Beechcraft_T-34_Mentor "Beechcraft T-34 Mentor") which was a variant of the Bonanza and an executive type aircraft, the [Beechcraft Twin Bonanza](/wiki/Beechcraft_Twin_Bonanza "Beechcraft Twin Bonanza") which served both civilian and military markets.
After Walter's death in November 1950, Olive Ann assumed leadership of the company by being named president and chair of the board and was the first woman to head a major aircraft company. Production of aircraft for the military during the Korean War continued and facilities were expanded. Production was diversified with the introduction of missile targets for the military.
Under Beech's leadership, the [Beechcraft Travel Air](/wiki/Beechcraft_Travel_Air "Beechcraft Travel Air") was introduced in 1956 along with a way for new owners to finance their purchase through the newly formed Beechcraft Acceptance Corporation. Beech Aircraft took steps to support the United States' space exploration efforts during the late 1950s with development of cryogenic systems for [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA"). The 1960s saw the introduction of the [Beechcraft Queen Air](/wiki/Beechcraft_Queen_Air "Beechcraft Queen Air") series as well as the [Beechcraft Debonair](/wiki/Beechcraft_Debonair "Beechcraft Debonair"), [Beechcraft Baron](/wiki/Beechcraft_Baron "Beechcraft Baron"), and [Beechcraft King Air](/wiki/Beechcraft_King_Air "Beechcraft King Air") as well as the successful use of Beech Aircraft built cabin pressurization equipment used in the [Gemini](/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini") series of spacecraft. In response to the introduction of crosstown Wichita rival [Bill Lear](/wiki/Bill_Lear "Bill Lear")'s successful [Learjet](/wiki/Learjet "Learjet") in 1964, Olive Ann decided that Beechcraft should produce a turboprop version of the Queen Air instead of a jet. Asked by a reporter for *Forbes* magazine when Beechcraft would be producing a jet, Beech replied "We will, when it is compatible with our other activities."Farney, p 140 This was another example of her "Slowly We Go" policy that she had adopted after government contracts were cancelled after World War II and the Korean War.Farney, pp 88–89Farney, p 108 Although piston aircraft sales for Beechcraft were at record highs during the 1960s, her policy would affect the company's late entry into the jet market.
|
[
"### Beech Aircraft",
"In 1932, following Olive Ann's philosophy, “If you want something, you can do it,” Olive and Walter Beech established Beech Aircraft \"with the goal to build the finest airplanes in the world.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=Olive Ann Beech: the Woman from Waverly Who Changed Aviation History\\|url\\=https://kansaspublicradio.org/kpr\\-news/olive\\-ann\\-beech\\-woman\\-waverly\\-who\\-changed\\-aviation\\-history\\|date\\=2019\\-06\\-12\\|website\\=Kansas Public Radio\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-14}} Walter Beech quit Curtiss\\-Wright and started [Beech Aircraft Company](/wiki/Beechcraft \"Beechcraft\") in Wichita, naming himself as president, Olive Ann as secretary, [Ted A. Wells](/wiki/Ted_A._Wells \"Ted A. Wells\") as vice president of engineering, K. K. Shaul as treasurer, and investor C. G. Yankey as vice president.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Phillips\\|first1\\=Edward H.\\|title\\=The staggerwing story : a history of the Beechcraft model 17\\|date\\=1996\\|publisher\\=Flying Books International\\|location\\=Eagan, Minn.\\|isbn\\=9780911139273}} Olive Ann worked with the financial side of the business and played an important role in major company decisions. The first airplane the company designed and built was a biplane with negatively staggered wings which became known as the [Model 17 Staggerwing](/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_17_Staggerwing \"Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing\"). Olive Ann suggested that to help increase sales of the aircraft that the company should sponsor a woman pilot flying the Staggerwing in the 1936 transcontinental [Bendix Trophy Race](/wiki/Bendix_Trophy \"Bendix Trophy\"). Beech\\-sponsored pilot [Louise Thaden](/wiki/Louise_Thaden \"Louise Thaden\"), along with [Blanche Noyes](/wiki/Blanche_Noyes \"Blanche Noyes\") as co\\-pilot, won the race against some of the nation's best male pilots.",
"In 1937, Beech Aircraft introduced the [Twin Beech](/wiki/Twin_Beech \"Twin Beech\") which was adopted for use by the [U.S. Army Air Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps \"United States Army Air Corps\") and was also sold all over the world.\n[alt\\=Photograph of a factory complex with lots of buildings\\|thumb\\|322x322px\\|The main Beechcraft plant in Wichita, 1956](/wiki/File:Beech_Aircraft_Corporation_Plant_1.png \"Beech Aircraft Corporation Plant 1.png\")\nIn 1940, Walter became ill with [encephalitis](/wiki/Encephalitis \"Encephalitis\") and Olive Ann took over the leadership of the company at a time when retooling was required for military production of both the Staggerwing and the Twin Beech. She arranged for {{usd}}83,000,000 in loans for the expansion of production of both. Beech Aircraft produced more than 7,400 aircraft during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") which were used to train navigators and bombardiers. Beech Aircraft also was awarded five [Army\\-Navy \"E\" Awards](/wiki/Army-Navy_%22E%22_Award \"Army-Navy \") during the war.",
"Olive Ann was kept busy with military production during the war but she also planned for the eventual end of the war. In 1946, the first aircraft to be certified for civilian production by the war production authorities was the Twin Beech. Production was also started on the [Beechcraft Bonanza](/wiki/Beechcraft_Bonanza \"Beechcraft Bonanza\") for the civilian market. Other airplanes introduced after the war included a military primary trainer called [T\\-34 Mentor](/wiki/Beechcraft_T-34_Mentor \"Beechcraft T-34 Mentor\") which was a variant of the Bonanza and an executive type aircraft, the [Beechcraft Twin Bonanza](/wiki/Beechcraft_Twin_Bonanza \"Beechcraft Twin Bonanza\") which served both civilian and military markets.",
"After Walter's death in November 1950, Olive Ann assumed leadership of the company by being named president and chair of the board and was the first woman to head a major aircraft company. Production of aircraft for the military during the Korean War continued and facilities were expanded. Production was diversified with the introduction of missile targets for the military.",
"Under Beech's leadership, the [Beechcraft Travel Air](/wiki/Beechcraft_Travel_Air \"Beechcraft Travel Air\") was introduced in 1956 along with a way for new owners to finance their purchase through the newly formed Beechcraft Acceptance Corporation. Beech Aircraft took steps to support the United States' space exploration efforts during the late 1950s with development of cryogenic systems for [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\"). The 1960s saw the introduction of the [Beechcraft Queen Air](/wiki/Beechcraft_Queen_Air \"Beechcraft Queen Air\") series as well as the [Beechcraft Debonair](/wiki/Beechcraft_Debonair \"Beechcraft Debonair\"), [Beechcraft Baron](/wiki/Beechcraft_Baron \"Beechcraft Baron\"), and [Beechcraft King Air](/wiki/Beechcraft_King_Air \"Beechcraft King Air\") as well as the successful use of Beech Aircraft built cabin pressurization equipment used in the [Gemini](/wiki/Project_Gemini \"Project Gemini\") series of spacecraft. In response to the introduction of crosstown Wichita rival [Bill Lear](/wiki/Bill_Lear \"Bill Lear\")'s successful [Learjet](/wiki/Learjet \"Learjet\") in 1964, Olive Ann decided that Beechcraft should produce a turboprop version of the Queen Air instead of a jet. Asked by a reporter for *Forbes* magazine when Beechcraft would be producing a jet, Beech replied \"We will, when it is compatible with our other activities.\"Farney, p 140 This was another example of her \"Slowly We Go\" policy that she had adopted after government contracts were cancelled after World War II and the Korean War.Farney, pp 88–89Farney, p 108 Although piston aircraft sales for Beechcraft were at record highs during the 1960s, her policy would affect the company's late entry into the jet market.",
""
] |
History
-------
Established on 7 December 1941, [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28United_States%29 "Rear admiral (United States)") [Richard S. Edwards](/wiki/Richard_S._Edwards "Richard S. Edwards") was its first commander. COMSUBLANT headquarters was at [Naval Submarine Base New London](/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Base_New_London "Naval Submarine Base New London") until 1960, when it was moved to [Naval Station Norfolk](/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk "Naval Station Norfolk"). U.S. submarine operations in the Atlantic, however, date from before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"). On January 1, 1913, Lieutenant [Chester W. Nimitz](/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz "Chester W. Nimitz") was in command of the Atlantic Submarine Flotilla, with First Group consisting of submarines *[C\-2](/wiki/USS_C-2_%28SS-13%29 "USS C-2 (SS-13)")*, *[C\-3](/wiki/USS_C-3_%28SS-14%29 "USS C-3 (SS-14)")*, *[C\-4](/wiki/USS_C-4_%28SS-15%29 "USS C-4 (SS-15)")*, and *[C\-5](/wiki/USS_C-5_%28SS-16%29 "USS C-5 (SS-16)")* under Lieutenant Lewis D. Causey, and Second Group consisting of submarines *[D\-1](/wiki/USS_D-1_%28SS-17%29 "USS D-1 (SS-17)")*, *[D\-2](/wiki/USS_D-2_%28SS-18%29 "USS D-2 (SS-18)")*, *[D\-3](/wiki/USS_D-3_%28SS-19%29 "USS D-3 (SS-19)")*, *[E\-1](/wiki/USS_E-1_%28SS-24%29 "USS E-1 (SS-24)")*, and *[E\-2](/wiki/USS_E-2_%28SS-25%29 "USS E-2 (SS-25)")* under Lieutenant (junior grade) Claudius R. Hyatt.[Atlantic Fleet, January 1, 1913](http://www.fleetorganization.com/1913atlantic.html), accessed June 2012 Nimitz was in command from May 1912 to March 1913\.
In October 1945, [Submarine Squadron 2](/wiki/Submarine_Squadron_2 "Submarine Squadron 2") was established at [Naval Submarine Base New London](/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Base_New_London "Naval Submarine Base New London"), [Groton, Connecticut](/wiki/Groton%2C_Connecticut "Groton, Connecticut"),Submarine Squadron 2 disestablishes, consolidates four attack submarines, Naval Submarine Force Atlantic, January 16, 2012 and in February 1946, [Submarine Squadron 8](/wiki/Submarine_Squadron_8 "Submarine Squadron 8") was commissioned at Groton.
"In correspondence of 31 January 1949, the Chief of Naval Operations directed 'that the Fleet Commanders assign one division in each fleet to \[the] sole task \[of solving] the problem of using submarines to detect and destroy enemy submarines. All other operations of any nature, even type training, ASW services, or fleet tactics, shall be subordinated to this mission.' After a further exchange of correspondence, Submarine Forces Atlantic established Submarine Development Group 2, consisting of four Diesel submarines, two Guppy ([Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program](/wiki/Greater_Underwater_Propulsion_Power_Program "Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program")) conversions and two standard fleet boats."Reference (not quote): Gary E. Weir, 'An Ocean in Common: American Naval Officers, Scientists, and the Ocean Environment', Volume 72 of Texas A\&M University Press, 2001, {{ISBN\|1585441147}}, 302–303\. The initial staff included Captain [Roy S. Benson](/wiki/Roy_S._Benson "Roy S. Benson"), two officers and two yeomen reporting directly to him.
In 1951, Submarine Squadron 10 was established at State Pier, [New London, Connecticut](/wiki/New_London%2C_Connecticut "New London, Connecticut"). The squadron has the distinction of being the only unit associated with Submarine Base New London to actually be located in New London instead of Groton. In the early 1960s Squadron 10 became the first all\-nuclear United States submarine squadron. The squadron was supported by {{USS\|Fulton\|AS\-11}} for most of its existence, until both *Fulton* and the squadron were decommissioned in May, 1991\.
In December 1969, Submarine Squadron 8 was decommissioned.
[Submarine Squadron 14](/wiki/Submarine_Squadron_14 "Submarine Squadron 14") operated Fleet Ballistic Missile boats from [Holy Loch](/wiki/Holy_Loch "Holy Loch"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), from 1961 until it was disbanded in 1992\. COMSUBLANT also oversaw [Submarine Squadron 22](/wiki/Submarine_Squadron_22 "Submarine Squadron 22") at [La Maddalena](/wiki/La_Maddalena "La Maddalena") in the Mediterranean, which existed 1972–2008 and was known as Submarine Refit and Training Group La Maddalena from 1972 to the mid\-1980s. [Submarine Group 8](/wiki/Submarine_Group_8 "Submarine Group 8") continues to operate in support of U.S. and NATO objectives there.
On 1 May 1977, Submarine Development Group 2 was officially redesignated as Submarine Development Squadron 12 in recognition of its role and responsibilities and new organizational status. In August 1979, Submarine Squadron 8 was recommissioned in Norfolk, where it remained until consolidation with [Submarine Squadron 6](/wiki/Submarine_Squadron_6 "Submarine Squadron 6") on April 28, 2011\.Kevin Copeland, [Norfolk Submarine Squadrons Consolidate](http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=60062) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917041850/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story\_id\=60062 \|date\=2012\-09\-17 }}, Naval Submarine Force Atlantic, NNS110506\-13, 6 May 2011 On January 13, 2012, Submarine Squadron 2 similarly was disestablished, transferring its boats to Submarine Squadron 4 and Submarine Development Squadron 12\.
As Commander, Task Force 42, COMSUBLANT operated Atlantic Fleet attack submarines. In addition, as Commander, Task Force 84, the previous Atlantic Fleet special surveillance and anti\-submarine warfare commander, COMSUBLANT operates submarines, Maritime Patrol Aircraft, surface ships assigned by Fleet Forces Command and Integrated Undersea Surveillance System assets.
As of 2011, SUBLANT numbers 30 submarines and more than 15,000 officers, enlisted, and civilian personnel providing combat ready submarines in the Atlantic, Arctic, Eastern Pacific, and Indian Oceans and the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea").
Commander, Naval Submarine Forces wrote in June 2012 on his blog: "We're not perfect. In the Submarine Force we've had some high\-visibility lapses in character. You've read about them: the cheating incident on USS MEMPHIS, the fraternization between the Chief of the Boat and a female midshipman on USS NEBRASKA, an incident of hazing on [USS Florida](/wiki/USS_Florida_%28SSGN-728%29 "USS Florida (SSGN-728)"),{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story\_id\=66192 \|title\=USS Florida (Gold) Chief of the Boat Relieved of Duty \|access\-date\=2012\-09\-12 \|archive\-date\=2013\-02\-18 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218110841/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story\_id\=66192 \|url\-status\=dead }} and the financial misconduct of some Supply Officers in Kings Bay. In each case, once discovered, these incidents were thoroughly investigated, and appropriate people were held accountable. This is our approach and we'll continue to address these cases swiftly and decisively."Vice Admiral John M. Richardson, [Character](http://comsubfor-usn.blogspot.co.nz/2012/06/character.html){{Dead link\|date\=December 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, June 19, 2012
There have also been previous problems of this nature. Commander Michael J. Alfonso was relieved as Commander, Blue Crew, [USS *Florida* (SSBN\-728\)](/wiki/USS_Florida_%28SSGN-728%29 "USS Florida (SSGN-728)") in 1997 for ignoring his executive officer and browbeating his crew.
Rear Admiral Kenneth Perry, Commander, Submarine Group 2, retired on Friday, August 22, 2014, and the post of Commander Submarine Group 2 was disestablished that day.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20140817/NEWS/308170030/Top\-officer\-oldest\-U\-S\-sub\-base\-retiring \|title\=Top officer at oldest U.S. sub base is retiring {{!}} Military Times {{!}} militarytimes.com \|website\=www.militarytimes.com \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817182559/http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20140817/NEWS/308170030/Top\-officer\-oldest\-U\-S\-sub\-base\-retiring \|archive\-date\=2014\-08\-17}} The responsibilities of the 45 personnel in the group headquarters have been shifted to the individual submarine squadrons. The new arrangement, with Submarine Squadrons reporting directly to the Submarine type commander for the fleet, mirrors that functioning in the Pacific.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Established on 7 December 1941, [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28United_States%29 \"Rear admiral (United States)\") [Richard S. Edwards](/wiki/Richard_S._Edwards \"Richard S. Edwards\") was its first commander. COMSUBLANT headquarters was at [Naval Submarine Base New London](/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Base_New_London \"Naval Submarine Base New London\") until 1960, when it was moved to [Naval Station Norfolk](/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk \"Naval Station Norfolk\"). U.S. submarine operations in the Atlantic, however, date from before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"). On January 1, 1913, Lieutenant [Chester W. Nimitz](/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz \"Chester W. Nimitz\") was in command of the Atlantic Submarine Flotilla, with First Group consisting of submarines *[C\\-2](/wiki/USS_C-2_%28SS-13%29 \"USS C-2 (SS-13)\")*, *[C\\-3](/wiki/USS_C-3_%28SS-14%29 \"USS C-3 (SS-14)\")*, *[C\\-4](/wiki/USS_C-4_%28SS-15%29 \"USS C-4 (SS-15)\")*, and *[C\\-5](/wiki/USS_C-5_%28SS-16%29 \"USS C-5 (SS-16)\")* under Lieutenant Lewis D. Causey, and Second Group consisting of submarines *[D\\-1](/wiki/USS_D-1_%28SS-17%29 \"USS D-1 (SS-17)\")*, *[D\\-2](/wiki/USS_D-2_%28SS-18%29 \"USS D-2 (SS-18)\")*, *[D\\-3](/wiki/USS_D-3_%28SS-19%29 \"USS D-3 (SS-19)\")*, *[E\\-1](/wiki/USS_E-1_%28SS-24%29 \"USS E-1 (SS-24)\")*, and *[E\\-2](/wiki/USS_E-2_%28SS-25%29 \"USS E-2 (SS-25)\")* under Lieutenant (junior grade) Claudius R. Hyatt.[Atlantic Fleet, January 1, 1913](http://www.fleetorganization.com/1913atlantic.html), accessed June 2012 Nimitz was in command from May 1912 to March 1913\\.",
"In October 1945, [Submarine Squadron 2](/wiki/Submarine_Squadron_2 \"Submarine Squadron 2\") was established at [Naval Submarine Base New London](/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Base_New_London \"Naval Submarine Base New London\"), [Groton, Connecticut](/wiki/Groton%2C_Connecticut \"Groton, Connecticut\"),Submarine Squadron 2 disestablishes, consolidates four attack submarines, Naval Submarine Force Atlantic, January 16, 2012 and in February 1946, [Submarine Squadron 8](/wiki/Submarine_Squadron_8 \"Submarine Squadron 8\") was commissioned at Groton.",
"\"In correspondence of 31 January 1949, the Chief of Naval Operations directed 'that the Fleet Commanders assign one division in each fleet to \\[the] sole task \\[of solving] the problem of using submarines to detect and destroy enemy submarines. All other operations of any nature, even type training, ASW services, or fleet tactics, shall be subordinated to this mission.' After a further exchange of correspondence, Submarine Forces Atlantic established Submarine Development Group 2, consisting of four Diesel submarines, two Guppy ([Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program](/wiki/Greater_Underwater_Propulsion_Power_Program \"Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program\")) conversions and two standard fleet boats.\"Reference (not quote): Gary E. Weir, 'An Ocean in Common: American Naval Officers, Scientists, and the Ocean Environment', Volume 72 of Texas A\\&M University Press, 2001, {{ISBN\\|1585441147}}, 302–303\\. The initial staff included Captain [Roy S. Benson](/wiki/Roy_S._Benson \"Roy S. Benson\"), two officers and two yeomen reporting directly to him.",
"In 1951, Submarine Squadron 10 was established at State Pier, [New London, Connecticut](/wiki/New_London%2C_Connecticut \"New London, Connecticut\"). The squadron has the distinction of being the only unit associated with Submarine Base New London to actually be located in New London instead of Groton. In the early 1960s Squadron 10 became the first all\\-nuclear United States submarine squadron. The squadron was supported by {{USS\\|Fulton\\|AS\\-11}} for most of its existence, until both *Fulton* and the squadron were decommissioned in May, 1991\\.",
"In December 1969, Submarine Squadron 8 was decommissioned.",
"[Submarine Squadron 14](/wiki/Submarine_Squadron_14 \"Submarine Squadron 14\") operated Fleet Ballistic Missile boats from [Holy Loch](/wiki/Holy_Loch \"Holy Loch\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), from 1961 until it was disbanded in 1992\\. COMSUBLANT also oversaw [Submarine Squadron 22](/wiki/Submarine_Squadron_22 \"Submarine Squadron 22\") at [La Maddalena](/wiki/La_Maddalena \"La Maddalena\") in the Mediterranean, which existed 1972–2008 and was known as Submarine Refit and Training Group La Maddalena from 1972 to the mid\\-1980s. [Submarine Group 8](/wiki/Submarine_Group_8 \"Submarine Group 8\") continues to operate in support of U.S. and NATO objectives there.",
"On 1 May 1977, Submarine Development Group 2 was officially redesignated as Submarine Development Squadron 12 in recognition of its role and responsibilities and new organizational status. In August 1979, Submarine Squadron 8 was recommissioned in Norfolk, where it remained until consolidation with [Submarine Squadron 6](/wiki/Submarine_Squadron_6 \"Submarine Squadron 6\") on April 28, 2011\\.Kevin Copeland, [Norfolk Submarine Squadrons Consolidate](http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=60062) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917041850/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story\\_id\\=60062 \\|date\\=2012\\-09\\-17 }}, Naval Submarine Force Atlantic, NNS110506\\-13, 6 May 2011 On January 13, 2012, Submarine Squadron 2 similarly was disestablished, transferring its boats to Submarine Squadron 4 and Submarine Development Squadron 12\\.",
"As Commander, Task Force 42, COMSUBLANT operated Atlantic Fleet attack submarines. In addition, as Commander, Task Force 84, the previous Atlantic Fleet special surveillance and anti\\-submarine warfare commander, COMSUBLANT operates submarines, Maritime Patrol Aircraft, surface ships assigned by Fleet Forces Command and Integrated Undersea Surveillance System assets.",
"As of 2011, SUBLANT numbers 30 submarines and more than 15,000 officers, enlisted, and civilian personnel providing combat ready submarines in the Atlantic, Arctic, Eastern Pacific, and Indian Oceans and the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\").",
"Commander, Naval Submarine Forces wrote in June 2012 on his blog: \"We're not perfect. In the Submarine Force we've had some high\\-visibility lapses in character. You've read about them: the cheating incident on USS MEMPHIS, the fraternization between the Chief of the Boat and a female midshipman on USS NEBRASKA, an incident of hazing on [USS Florida](/wiki/USS_Florida_%28SSGN-728%29 \"USS Florida (SSGN-728)\"),{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story\\_id\\=66192 \\|title\\=USS Florida (Gold) Chief of the Boat Relieved of Duty \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-12 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-18 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218110841/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story\\_id\\=66192 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and the financial misconduct of some Supply Officers in Kings Bay. In each case, once discovered, these incidents were thoroughly investigated, and appropriate people were held accountable. This is our approach and we'll continue to address these cases swiftly and decisively.\"Vice Admiral John M. Richardson, [Character](http://comsubfor-usn.blogspot.co.nz/2012/06/character.html){{Dead link\\|date\\=December 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, June 19, 2012",
"There have also been previous problems of this nature. Commander Michael J. Alfonso was relieved as Commander, Blue Crew, [USS *Florida* (SSBN\\-728\\)](/wiki/USS_Florida_%28SSGN-728%29 \"USS Florida (SSGN-728)\") in 1997 for ignoring his executive officer and browbeating his crew.",
"Rear Admiral Kenneth Perry, Commander, Submarine Group 2, retired on Friday, August 22, 2014, and the post of Commander Submarine Group 2 was disestablished that day.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20140817/NEWS/308170030/Top\\-officer\\-oldest\\-U\\-S\\-sub\\-base\\-retiring \\|title\\=Top officer at oldest U.S. sub base is retiring {{!}} Military Times {{!}} militarytimes.com \\|website\\=www.militarytimes.com \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817182559/http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20140817/NEWS/308170030/Top\\-officer\\-oldest\\-U\\-S\\-sub\\-base\\-retiring \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-17}} The responsibilities of the 45 personnel in the group headquarters have been shifted to the individual submarine squadrons. The new arrangement, with Submarine Squadrons reporting directly to the Submarine type commander for the fleet, mirrors that functioning in the Pacific.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### The Yardbirds
In May 1963, Topham and his friend at secondary school, [Chris Dreja](/wiki/Chris_Dreja "Chris Dreja"), visited the Railway Hotel in [Norbiton](/wiki/Norbiton "Norbiton"). The hotel's entertainment featured [traditional jazz](/wiki/Traditional_jazz "Traditional jazz") music in the upstairs lounge, and allowed budding musicians to play during the breaks. There, Dreja and Topham met singer and harmonica player [Keith Relf](/wiki/Keith_Relf "Keith Relf"), bassist [Paul Samwell\-Smith](/wiki/Paul_Samwell-Smith "Paul Samwell-Smith"), and drummer [Jim McCarty](/wiki/Jim_McCarty "Jim McCarty") and decided to form The Yardbirds, with Topham as [lead guitarist](/wiki/Lead_guitarist "Lead guitarist"). Two weeks later, they played their first gig at the [Eel Pie Island](/wiki/Eel_Pie_Island "Eel Pie Island"), supporting the [Cyril Davies](/wiki/Cyril_Davies "Cyril Davies") All\-Stars. Two months after the formation of the Yardbirds, [Giorgio Gomelsky](/wiki/Giorgio_Gomelsky "Giorgio Gomelsky") offered them the residency at the [Crawdaddy Club](/wiki/Crawdaddy_Club "Crawdaddy Club") and became their manager. As the Yardbirds had to turn professional, Topham faced parental disapproval coupled with the anxiety of abandoning his art studies. He could not devote himself to the Yardbirds full\-time and he left. His replacement was a fellow art student from the same secondary school, [Eric Clapton](/wiki/Eric_Clapton "Eric Clapton").
Topham recalled, "I was only 15 then, three or four years younger than the rest, and there was no way my parents would let me go out five or six nights a week to play music, even though I was already bringing home double what my father was earning. I was going on to [Epsom Art School](/wiki/Surrey_Institute_of_Art_%26_Design%2C_University_College "Surrey Institute of Art & Design, University College") and they wanted me to take it seriously. Eric Clapton was the obvious person to replace me. Later on, I didn't regret leaving because they'd moved away from the blues music that I was interested in. Even if I'd stayed with them to become professional, I think I would have left later for the same reasons Eric left."{{cite web\|title\=The Top Man\|url\=http://thebackbeatltm.blogspot.com/2013/02/the\-top\-man.html\|work\=The Backbeat\|date\=2 February 2013 \|publisher\=(Original quote confirmed in e\-mail interview)\|accessdate\=16 February 2013}}
### Post\-Yardbirds
Topham went on to art college, where he formed bands with his friend [Duster Bennett](/wiki/Duster_Bennett "Duster Bennett"). He joined Winston G and the Wicked (later renamed The Fox), playing alongside [Marc Bolan](/wiki/Marc_Bolan "Marc Bolan").
After a final gig with Winston G at London's [Roundhouse](/wiki/Roundhouse_%28venue%29 "Roundhouse (venue)"), Topham revived his association with Bennett, recording a live album with him. This led to an introduction to [Mike Vernon](/wiki/Mike_Vernon_%28producer%29 "Mike Vernon (producer)") and his [Blue Horizon](/wiki/Blue_Horizon_%28record_label%29 "Blue Horizon (record label)") label. Topham became a [session musician](/wiki/Session_musician "Session musician") for Blue Horizon, playing with [Peter Green](/wiki/Peter_Green_%28musician%29 "Peter Green (musician)") and [Christine McVie](/wiki/Christine_McVie "Christine McVie").
Topham recorded a solo [album](/wiki/Album "Album") for Blue Horizon, *Ascension Heights*. While Bennett was touring with [John Mayall](/wiki/John_Mayall "John Mayall") in 1970, Topham fell seriously ill and had to abandon the [music industry](/wiki/Music_industry "Music industry") again. Topham joined the spiritual movement [Subud](/wiki/Subud "Subud"), in which he participated for the rest of his life, taking first the name Rashid and then Sanderson.
Upon his recovery two years later, he entered the fine\-arts business, but a chance meeting with Jim McCarty led Topham to return to the blues in 1988\. The Topham\-McCarty Band was formed and played for two years until Topham decided in July 1990 to pursue [country blues](/wiki/Country_blues "Country blues"). As a [session musician](/wiki/Session_musician "Session musician") he played 12\-string guitar on "Broken Waltz Time" on the [Bill Morrissey](/wiki/Bill_Morrissey "Bill Morrissey") album, *Night Train* (Philo Records). Later, Topham and Jim McCarty teamed again up to contribute the track "Drifting" for the double album *Rattlesnake Guitar: The Music of Peter Green*.
In the 2000s, Topham guested with the latest edition of The Yardbirds under the co\-leadership of McCarty and Dreja, and performed with [John Idan](/wiki/John_Idan "John Idan") in sporadic concerts of his own. He also played alongside eminent [boogie\-woogie](/wiki/Boogie-woogie "Boogie-woogie") pianist [Bob Hall](/wiki/Bob_Hall_%28musician%29 "Bob Hall (musician)"). He officially became a member of The Yardbirds again in 2013, replacing Dreja, who was forced to leave the band for medical reasons. In May 2015, Topham left The Yardbirds and was replaced by [Johnny A.](/wiki/Johnny_A. "Johnny A.")
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### The Yardbirds",
"In May 1963, Topham and his friend at secondary school, [Chris Dreja](/wiki/Chris_Dreja \"Chris Dreja\"), visited the Railway Hotel in [Norbiton](/wiki/Norbiton \"Norbiton\"). The hotel's entertainment featured [traditional jazz](/wiki/Traditional_jazz \"Traditional jazz\") music in the upstairs lounge, and allowed budding musicians to play during the breaks. There, Dreja and Topham met singer and harmonica player [Keith Relf](/wiki/Keith_Relf \"Keith Relf\"), bassist [Paul Samwell\\-Smith](/wiki/Paul_Samwell-Smith \"Paul Samwell-Smith\"), and drummer [Jim McCarty](/wiki/Jim_McCarty \"Jim McCarty\") and decided to form The Yardbirds, with Topham as [lead guitarist](/wiki/Lead_guitarist \"Lead guitarist\"). Two weeks later, they played their first gig at the [Eel Pie Island](/wiki/Eel_Pie_Island \"Eel Pie Island\"), supporting the [Cyril Davies](/wiki/Cyril_Davies \"Cyril Davies\") All\\-Stars. Two months after the formation of the Yardbirds, [Giorgio Gomelsky](/wiki/Giorgio_Gomelsky \"Giorgio Gomelsky\") offered them the residency at the [Crawdaddy Club](/wiki/Crawdaddy_Club \"Crawdaddy Club\") and became their manager. As the Yardbirds had to turn professional, Topham faced parental disapproval coupled with the anxiety of abandoning his art studies. He could not devote himself to the Yardbirds full\\-time and he left. His replacement was a fellow art student from the same secondary school, [Eric Clapton](/wiki/Eric_Clapton \"Eric Clapton\").",
"Topham recalled, \"I was only 15 then, three or four years younger than the rest, and there was no way my parents would let me go out five or six nights a week to play music, even though I was already bringing home double what my father was earning. I was going on to [Epsom Art School](/wiki/Surrey_Institute_of_Art_%26_Design%2C_University_College \"Surrey Institute of Art & Design, University College\") and they wanted me to take it seriously. Eric Clapton was the obvious person to replace me. Later on, I didn't regret leaving because they'd moved away from the blues music that I was interested in. Even if I'd stayed with them to become professional, I think I would have left later for the same reasons Eric left.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=The Top Man\\|url\\=http://thebackbeatltm.blogspot.com/2013/02/the\\-top\\-man.html\\|work\\=The Backbeat\\|date\\=2 February 2013 \\|publisher\\=(Original quote confirmed in e\\-mail interview)\\|accessdate\\=16 February 2013}}",
"### Post\\-Yardbirds",
"Topham went on to art college, where he formed bands with his friend [Duster Bennett](/wiki/Duster_Bennett \"Duster Bennett\"). He joined Winston G and the Wicked (later renamed The Fox), playing alongside [Marc Bolan](/wiki/Marc_Bolan \"Marc Bolan\").",
"After a final gig with Winston G at London's [Roundhouse](/wiki/Roundhouse_%28venue%29 \"Roundhouse (venue)\"), Topham revived his association with Bennett, recording a live album with him. This led to an introduction to [Mike Vernon](/wiki/Mike_Vernon_%28producer%29 \"Mike Vernon (producer)\") and his [Blue Horizon](/wiki/Blue_Horizon_%28record_label%29 \"Blue Horizon (record label)\") label. Topham became a [session musician](/wiki/Session_musician \"Session musician\") for Blue Horizon, playing with [Peter Green](/wiki/Peter_Green_%28musician%29 \"Peter Green (musician)\") and [Christine McVie](/wiki/Christine_McVie \"Christine McVie\").",
"Topham recorded a solo [album](/wiki/Album \"Album\") for Blue Horizon, *Ascension Heights*. While Bennett was touring with [John Mayall](/wiki/John_Mayall \"John Mayall\") in 1970, Topham fell seriously ill and had to abandon the [music industry](/wiki/Music_industry \"Music industry\") again. Topham joined the spiritual movement [Subud](/wiki/Subud \"Subud\"), in which he participated for the rest of his life, taking first the name Rashid and then Sanderson.",
"Upon his recovery two years later, he entered the fine\\-arts business, but a chance meeting with Jim McCarty led Topham to return to the blues in 1988\\. The Topham\\-McCarty Band was formed and played for two years until Topham decided in July 1990 to pursue [country blues](/wiki/Country_blues \"Country blues\"). As a [session musician](/wiki/Session_musician \"Session musician\") he played 12\\-string guitar on \"Broken Waltz Time\" on the [Bill Morrissey](/wiki/Bill_Morrissey \"Bill Morrissey\") album, *Night Train* (Philo Records). Later, Topham and Jim McCarty teamed again up to contribute the track \"Drifting\" for the double album *Rattlesnake Guitar: The Music of Peter Green*.",
"In the 2000s, Topham guested with the latest edition of The Yardbirds under the co\\-leadership of McCarty and Dreja, and performed with [John Idan](/wiki/John_Idan \"John Idan\") in sporadic concerts of his own. He also played alongside eminent [boogie\\-woogie](/wiki/Boogie-woogie \"Boogie-woogie\") pianist [Bob Hall](/wiki/Bob_Hall_%28musician%29 \"Bob Hall (musician)\"). He officially became a member of The Yardbirds again in 2013, replacing Dreja, who was forced to leave the band for medical reasons. In May 2015, Topham left The Yardbirds and was replaced by [Johnny A.](/wiki/Johnny_A. \"Johnny A.\")",
""
] |
Plot
----
In the far future, Dr. Avrana Kern is the head of a science team orbiting a [terraformed](/wiki/Terraforming "Terraforming"), previously uninhabitable [exoplanet](/wiki/Exoplanet "Exoplanet") that she hopes will be named "Kern's World." The team is preparing to release a genetically designed nanovirus onto the new world to accelerate the evolution of a group of monkeys. There is talk of war stirring back home between authorities and multiple anti\-technology factions opposed to this kind of genetic engineering, including a terrorist group or radical movement known as "*non ultra natura"* (nothing greater than nature).
Dr. Kern learns there is an agent of an anti\-technology group aboard the ship about to overload the reactor, and she flees aboard an escape pod before anyone else can. The payload of monkeys is jettisoned from the ship in a landing craft but it burns up in atmospheric entry. With no monkeys on Kern's World, and its ecosystems originally seeded with a minimum of possible competitor species for Kern's experiment, the nanovirus spends its time infecting and altering a multitude of living creatures, a notable example being jumping spiders (*[Portia labiata](/wiki/Portia_labiata "Portia labiata")*)—referred to in the book as Portiids. Dr. Avrana Kern is left stranded in orbit awaiting rescue, periodically waking from [stasis](/wiki/Suspended_animation "Suspended animation"), troubled by the sudden cessation of radio signals bleeding out from humanity's home.
Many millennia pass, and civilization reemerges on Earth from the hunter\-gathering descendants of survivors, eventually salvaging machinery leftover from Kern's time, which is only known as the Old Empire. Faced with the slow [collapse](/wiki/Dying_Earth_%28genre%29 "Dying Earth (genre)") of Earth's [biosphere](/wiki/Biosphere "Biosphere") due to the long\-delayed consequences of the ancient war, the last remnants of humanity are en route to Kern's World aboard the starship *Gilgamesh*, hoping for a paradisiacal planet and ignorant of the [uplifted](/wiki/Uplift_%28science_fiction%29 "Uplift (science fiction)") Portiid spiders. Confronting Dr. Avrana Kern in orbit, powerful and rendered crazed and xenophobic by the millennia, the *Gilgamesh* takes a centuries\-long detour to a neighboring system that proves uninhabitable. The novel plays off the contrast between the rapid advancement of the spiders' societies and the descent of the crew of last humans into strife and barbarism, primarily seen through the eyes of the *Gilgamesh'''s chief classicist, Holsten Mason.*
After the Gilgamesh *returns to Kern's World, the two narratives collide, seemingly dooming one or both sides to extinction. The Portiids, on the other hand, devise a strategy that saves both their world and the invaders, uniting with and inviting the last humans to live with them on Kern's World, drawing on past genetic memories, known as "Understandings," which showed collaboration was the better option in the end.*
Characters
----------
### Old Empire
#### Dr. Avrana Kern
The Old Empire's only known survivor; a cynical, egotistic woman aiming to "beget new sentient life" in the image of humanity. She survives the destruction of her ship and spends millennia in suspended animation inside an observation satellite, orbiting the only world she was able to seed with the gene\-editing nanovirus while it works wonders on the animal population below. Unstrung by millennia of isolation and mechanical and biological degradation, she xenophobically denies the humanity of the crew of the starship Gilgamesh *and what they assume to be their main threat until the starship returns to her world centuries later.*
### *Gilgamesh*
#### Commander Guyen
The leader of the Gilgamesh*, Guyen often exercises autocratic authority over the expedition and its sleeping human cargo. Guyen leads the ark ship to another terraformed world after Kern forces his hand and discovers experimental Old Empire technology capable of uploading a human mind to a sufficiently complex computer. He eventually devotes himself to a new quixotic purpose: uploading his mind to the* Gilgamesh *computer, as a means of establishing firmer control over the ship itself before returning to Kern's World.*
#### Holsten
Chief classicist of the starship Gilgamesh*, he is charged with translating a prominent Old Empire language—“Imperial C”. Holsten's primary responsibility is to help the ark ship navigate the unknown territories and technologies of the Old Empire. However, he eventually embraces a higher mission: establishing a new cultural heritage for humanity based upon the historical narrative through which he lived while aboard the* Gilgamesh*.*
#### Lain
The Gilgamesh *chief engineer and its eventual* de facto *leader, Lain is frequently forced to hold the ark ship together in the face of near\-insurmountable mechanical breakdown. Sacrificing decades of her life guiding and preserving “the tribe”—primarily descendants of engineering; initially Lain's anti\-Guyen faction—and the vessel itself, she becomes the spiritual leader of* Gilgamesh'*s ship\-born generations. If Guyen is the villain in Holsten's historical narrative, Lain is unquestionably the heroine.*
#### Vitas
The chief science officer of the Gilgamesh *and a staunch adherent of professional objectivity, Vitas is more than capable of notable research. However, her ambitious scientific curiosity, deference to precedent, and, ultimately, personal insecurity frequently lead her astray. Holsten sees her as almost robotic and uncannily ageless.*
#### Karst
The Gilgamesh'' chief of security. Though flamboyantly blunt, Karst demonstrates himself as a cautious leader by restricting weapons access during the ark ship's internal conflicts. Initially intimidated by the gruff gunslinger, by the end of the novel, Holsten eventually comes to respect Karst, who appears to have a heroic, albeit vulnerable, quality.
### Spiders
The novel spans thousands of years and multiple generations of Portiid spiders. The spiders each have their own identities, lives, and experiences, on top of their genetic memories called "Understandings," although the narrative refers to its main and supporting characters by four different names based on distinct personalities or historical archetypes.
#### Portia
Female spider; warrior, priestess, leader. Usually the main viewpoint female.
#### Bianca
Female spider; warrior, scientist, leader, genius. Main supporting female.
#### Fabian
Male spider; scientist, rebel, genius, leader. Main supporting male, becomes the main viewpoint for the spiders' seventh story.
#### Viola
Female spider; scientist, leader. Another main viewpoint female.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In the far future, Dr. Avrana Kern is the head of a science team orbiting a [terraformed](/wiki/Terraforming \"Terraforming\"), previously uninhabitable [exoplanet](/wiki/Exoplanet \"Exoplanet\") that she hopes will be named \"Kern's World.\" The team is preparing to release a genetically designed nanovirus onto the new world to accelerate the evolution of a group of monkeys. There is talk of war stirring back home between authorities and multiple anti\\-technology factions opposed to this kind of genetic engineering, including a terrorist group or radical movement known as \"*non ultra natura\"* (nothing greater than nature).",
"Dr. Kern learns there is an agent of an anti\\-technology group aboard the ship about to overload the reactor, and she flees aboard an escape pod before anyone else can. The payload of monkeys is jettisoned from the ship in a landing craft but it burns up in atmospheric entry. With no monkeys on Kern's World, and its ecosystems originally seeded with a minimum of possible competitor species for Kern's experiment, the nanovirus spends its time infecting and altering a multitude of living creatures, a notable example being jumping spiders (*[Portia labiata](/wiki/Portia_labiata \"Portia labiata\")*)—referred to in the book as Portiids. Dr. Avrana Kern is left stranded in orbit awaiting rescue, periodically waking from [stasis](/wiki/Suspended_animation \"Suspended animation\"), troubled by the sudden cessation of radio signals bleeding out from humanity's home.",
"Many millennia pass, and civilization reemerges on Earth from the hunter\\-gathering descendants of survivors, eventually salvaging machinery leftover from Kern's time, which is only known as the Old Empire. Faced with the slow [collapse](/wiki/Dying_Earth_%28genre%29 \"Dying Earth (genre)\") of Earth's [biosphere](/wiki/Biosphere \"Biosphere\") due to the long\\-delayed consequences of the ancient war, the last remnants of humanity are en route to Kern's World aboard the starship *Gilgamesh*, hoping for a paradisiacal planet and ignorant of the [uplifted](/wiki/Uplift_%28science_fiction%29 \"Uplift (science fiction)\") Portiid spiders. Confronting Dr. Avrana Kern in orbit, powerful and rendered crazed and xenophobic by the millennia, the *Gilgamesh* takes a centuries\\-long detour to a neighboring system that proves uninhabitable. The novel plays off the contrast between the rapid advancement of the spiders' societies and the descent of the crew of last humans into strife and barbarism, primarily seen through the eyes of the *Gilgamesh'''s chief classicist, Holsten Mason.*",
"After the Gilgamesh *returns to Kern's World, the two narratives collide, seemingly dooming one or both sides to extinction. The Portiids, on the other hand, devise a strategy that saves both their world and the invaders, uniting with and inviting the last humans to live with them on Kern's World, drawing on past genetic memories, known as \"Understandings,\" which showed collaboration was the better option in the end.*",
"Characters\n----------",
"### Old Empire",
"#### Dr. Avrana Kern",
"The Old Empire's only known survivor; a cynical, egotistic woman aiming to \"beget new sentient life\" in the image of humanity. She survives the destruction of her ship and spends millennia in suspended animation inside an observation satellite, orbiting the only world she was able to seed with the gene\\-editing nanovirus while it works wonders on the animal population below. Unstrung by millennia of isolation and mechanical and biological degradation, she xenophobically denies the humanity of the crew of the starship Gilgamesh *and what they assume to be their main threat until the starship returns to her world centuries later.*",
"### *Gilgamesh*",
"#### Commander Guyen",
"The leader of the Gilgamesh*, Guyen often exercises autocratic authority over the expedition and its sleeping human cargo. Guyen leads the ark ship to another terraformed world after Kern forces his hand and discovers experimental Old Empire technology capable of uploading a human mind to a sufficiently complex computer. He eventually devotes himself to a new quixotic purpose: uploading his mind to the* Gilgamesh *computer, as a means of establishing firmer control over the ship itself before returning to Kern's World.*",
"#### Holsten",
"Chief classicist of the starship Gilgamesh*, he is charged with translating a prominent Old Empire language—“Imperial C”. Holsten's primary responsibility is to help the ark ship navigate the unknown territories and technologies of the Old Empire. However, he eventually embraces a higher mission: establishing a new cultural heritage for humanity based upon the historical narrative through which he lived while aboard the* Gilgamesh*.*",
"#### Lain",
"The Gilgamesh *chief engineer and its eventual* de facto *leader, Lain is frequently forced to hold the ark ship together in the face of near\\-insurmountable mechanical breakdown. Sacrificing decades of her life guiding and preserving “the tribe”—primarily descendants of engineering; initially Lain's anti\\-Guyen faction—and the vessel itself, she becomes the spiritual leader of* Gilgamesh'*s ship\\-born generations. If Guyen is the villain in Holsten's historical narrative, Lain is unquestionably the heroine.*",
"#### Vitas",
"The chief science officer of the Gilgamesh *and a staunch adherent of professional objectivity, Vitas is more than capable of notable research. However, her ambitious scientific curiosity, deference to precedent, and, ultimately, personal insecurity frequently lead her astray. Holsten sees her as almost robotic and uncannily ageless.*",
"#### Karst",
"The Gilgamesh'' chief of security. Though flamboyantly blunt, Karst demonstrates himself as a cautious leader by restricting weapons access during the ark ship's internal conflicts. Initially intimidated by the gruff gunslinger, by the end of the novel, Holsten eventually comes to respect Karst, who appears to have a heroic, albeit vulnerable, quality.",
"### Spiders",
"The novel spans thousands of years and multiple generations of Portiid spiders. The spiders each have their own identities, lives, and experiences, on top of their genetic memories called \"Understandings,\" although the narrative refers to its main and supporting characters by four different names based on distinct personalities or historical archetypes.",
"#### Portia",
"Female spider; warrior, priestess, leader. Usually the main viewpoint female.",
"#### Bianca",
"Female spider; warrior, scientist, leader, genius. Main supporting female.",
"#### Fabian",
"Male spider; scientist, rebel, genius, leader. Main supporting male, becomes the main viewpoint for the spiders' seventh story.",
"#### Viola",
"Female spider; scientist, leader. Another main viewpoint female.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Companies in Australia
Timis was arrested twice for possession of heroin in the Eighties and was deemed "unsuitable" to be a director of a company by the Toronto Stock Exchange for failing to disclose those convictions.{{Cite web \|last\=Nimmo \|first\=Jamie \|date\=2017\-02\-15 \|title\=China tries to recoup $700m from bust African Minerals \|url\=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/china\-tries\-to\-recoup\-700m\-from\-bust\-african\-minerals\-a3467471\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-01 \|website\=Evening Standard \|language\=en}} Timiș started his own transport company in Australia, which owned only one truck driven by himself. However, it went bankrupt in 1986 with debts of 15,806 [AUD](/wiki/Australian_dollar "Australian dollar"). According to [Jurnalul Național](/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional "Jurnalul Național"), Timiș failed to declare this fact in the CV he published when he listed the company [Gabriel Resources](/wiki/Gabriel_Resources "Gabriel Resources") on the [Toronto Stock Exchange](/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange "Toronto Stock Exchange"), as required by law.Radu, Paul Christian, [Jurnalul Național](/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional "Jurnalul Național"), ["Viața secretă a lui Vasile Frank Timiș"](http://www.jurnalul.ro/articol.php?id=828) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115025127/http://www.jurnalul.ro/articol.php?id\=828 \|date\=15 November 2006 }} 23 June 2005 [(English translation)](http://www.rosiamontana.org/documents/english/secretfrank2005.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071202/http://www.rosiamontana.org/documents/english/secretfrank2005\.htm \|date\=28 September 2007 }}
In 1992, he became the CEO of Morwest Holdings Pty Ltd, the first of his gold mining businesses. Timiș and two Australian miners dug for six months for gold in a region called [Mosquito Creek](/wiki/Mosquito_Creek_%28Australia%29 "Mosquito Creek (Australia)"), but the result was a failure. In the meantime, he founded another three companies: Riverdale Mining, Timis Corporation, and Carpathian Investments, together with Ioana Timiș and his sister, Ioana Majdik. However, these companies were liquidated by Timiș, and all creditors were paid in full.
Another setback was Timiș' investment in Pneumatic Systems International Pty Ltd. In 2001, he quit his investment and kept only 11\.6% of the company, administered via a new company, Regal Group Services, in the [British Virgin Islands](/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands "British Virgin Islands") [tax haven](/wiki/Tax_haven "Tax haven"). According to an ex\-manager of the company, in 2003, those shares were worth under A$1,500\.
Regal Group Services changed its name and headquarters, and is currently listed on the London Stock Exchange as [Regal Petroleum](/wiki/Regal_Petroleum "Regal Petroleum"). This company is associated with a Romanian company, Global Mineral Resources, owned by a son of a former Romanian senator of the [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Romania%29 "Democratic Party (Romania)"), [Teodor Hăucă](/wiki/Teodor_H%C4%83uc%C4%83 "Teodor Hăucă"), who used to be secretary of the Economic Commission of the Romanian Senate between 1996 and 2000\.
### Gabriel Resources
{{main\|Gabriel Resources\|Roșia Montană}}
In 1995, Timiș founded Gabriel Resources NL Australia, and in the autumn of the same year, the Romanian state\-owned mining company "Regia Autonomă a Cuprului din [Deva](/wiki/Deva%2C_Romania "Deva, Romania")" (RAC) announced that it was searching for a partnership with a foreign company for the mining of [precious metals](/wiki/Precious_metal "Precious metal") from the [tailings](/wiki/Tailings "Tailings") in [Roșia Montană](/wiki/Ro%C8%99ia_Montan%C4%83 "Roșia Montană") and [Gurabarză\-Brad](/wiki/Gurabarz%C4%83-Brad "Gurabarză-Brad"). However, [Jurnalul Național](/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional "Jurnalul Național") claims that it has documents indicating a collaboration signed by RAC Deva and Gabriel Resources one day before the announcement was published, on 4 September 1995\. Also, RAC claimed it received several offers, including from another Australian company, Lycopodium Pty Ltd., but that company has denied RAC's claim.
According to ASIC, in April 1996, Gabriel Resources NL had financial problems with its creditors, including the [National Australia Bank](/wiki/National_Australia_Bank "National Australia Bank"), and Timiș started a new company after paying all creditors in full, Gabriel Resources Limited, registered in the Jersey tax haven. The mining contract was redirected to the new company. Timiș had an 80% stake in the joint company. The Romanian Agency of Mineral Resources declared that the new contract was unfavourable to the Romanian state, but it was allowed by the Government after a parliamentary vote.[Academia Cațavencu](/wiki/Academia_Ca%C8%9Bavencu "Academia Cațavencu"), ["Frank Timis a inhatat aurul din Apuseni printr\-o caruta de falsuri, iar Tariceanu a inchis ochii"](http://www.hotnews.ro/articol_20433-Frank-Timis-a-inhatat-aurul-din-Apuseni-printr-o-caruta-de-falsuri-iar-Tariceanu-a-inchis-ochii.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119234318/http://www.hotnews.ro/articol\_20433\-Frank\-Timis\-a\-inhatat\-aurul\-din\-Apuseni\-printr\-o\-caruta\-de\-falsuri\-iar\-Tariceanu\-a\-inchis\-ochii.htm \|date\=19 November 2005 }} 19 April 2005
Timiș had access to various databanks of the Romanian research institutes of mineralogy and got data on the area. His company also hired relevant scientists and an ex\-officer of the Topographic Department of the [Romanian Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_%28Romania%29 "Ministry of National Defence (Romania)") who mapped the area.
Gabriel Resources sent 80 tonnes of ore to a research lab in Australia to measure the gold content. The ore was high in gold, and the market value of Gabriel Resources soared to $75 million. Timiș obtained a $3 million loan from the [Rothschild](/wiki/N_M_Rothschild_%26_Sons "N M Rothschild & Sons") bank in the United States. Between 1999 and 2000, the area being mined was increased from 12 km2 to 22 km2, and then to 42\.8 km2.
The resulting project in [Roșia Montană](/wiki/Ro%C8%99ia_Montan%C4%83 "Roșia Montană") has been a source of much controversy, with local people lining up on both sides of the issue, and some national and international environmental groups joining the opposition. One source of controversy involved the method used for mining, [gold cyanidation](/wiki/Gold_cyanidation "Gold cyanidation"), which causes pollution. The company hopes to eventually extract 300 tonnes of gold and 1600 tonnes of silver from the area but the project is currently on hold.
### Regal Petroleum
{{main\|Regal Petroleum}}
Regal Petroleum, founded by Timiș in November 1996, was listed on the London [Alternative Investment Market](/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market "Alternative Investment Market") and owned some oil and gas resources in Romania and Ukraine. However, it became famous after the September 2003 acquisition of 60% of an oilfield located in [Kavala](/wiki/Kavala "Kavala"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece"). The Regal board hoped that the company's survey team had found one of the largest oil deposits in Europe: up to a billion barrels. The oil was allegedly under so much pressure that it almost destroyed the drilling platform.[The Sunday Times](/wiki/The_Sunday_Times "The Sunday Times") 22 May 2005 ["Focus: The gusher"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140903080915/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/business/article134708.ece)
This hype drove Regal's share price up to a peak of 509p, with the company's [market value](/wiki/Market_value "Market value") reaching £500m, making it one of the highest\-valued companies of the Alternative Investment Market. Many private investors and respectable institutions (including [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch "Merrill Lynch"), [Commerzbank](/wiki/Commerzbank "Commerzbank"), Artemis and [Schroders](/wiki/Schroders "Schroders")) invested more than £45m in the company. Days later, Timiș secretly agreed to sell the company's assets["New Regal shock as ex\-chairman's secret sell\-off deal is revealed"](http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,3604,1510911,00.html) 21 June 2005 and then resigned as chief executive of the company.[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian"), ["Regal chairman resigns "](http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,3604,1501503,00.html) 8 June 2005
By mid\-2005, it was clear that Regal's oil field contained oil but not in commercial amounts. The flow rates were around 30 barrels a day and "deemed to be non\-commercial". In a few hours, the stock fell by more than 60%, and as of June 2006, the share price was at 65p, less than 20% of the peak price. In 2010, the company was still worth about £200m, and had cash reserves of £80m,["Regal losses widen after 'difficult' year"](http://www.citywire.co.uk/News/NewsArticle.aspx?VersionID=83185&MenuKey=News.Home){{dead link\|date\=September 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} 27 June 2006 In February 2006, Regal lost its Ukraine gas production license in a trial but got it back through appeal one year later.[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian"), [https://www.theguardian.com/oil/story/0,,1699352,00\.html](https://www.theguardian.com/oil/story/0,,1699352,00.html)
In June 2005, an environmental group, Alburnus Maior, asked the Romanian Supreme Court, under the freedom of information laws, whether Timiș was under any investigations. The answer was that his name was linked with three dossiers investigated by the organised crime department. However, Timiș denied all the claims and no charges were ever filed.[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent"), ["Regal's Timis named in Romania organised crime investigation"](http://www.rosiamontana.org/documents/english/press/indy2005.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071219/http://www.rosiamontana.org/documents/english/press/indy2005\.htm \|date\=28 September 2007 }} 6 June 2005 Later queries to the Romanian administration on this subject were given the answer that there are no investigations concerning Timiș.[Averea](/wiki/Averea "Averea"), ["Dosarele lui Frank Timis s\-au evaporat"](http://www.hotnews.ro/articol_23909-Dosarele-lui-Frank-Timis-s-au-evaporat.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083509/http://www.hotnews.ro/articol\_23909\-Dosarele\-lui\-Frank\-Timis\-s\-au\-evaporat.htm \|date\=29 September 2007 }} 6 June 2005
Due to the collapse in the share price of this company, the Alternative Investment Market decided in 2006 to toughen regulations for companies in the natural resources sector and to hire experts who would prevent future bubbles followed by price fluctuations.Accountancy Age, [AIM recruits to beef up rules"](http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2158341/aim-recruits-beef-rules) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823174041/http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2158341/aim\-recruits\-beef\-rules \|date\=23 August 2006 }} 15 June 2006
### African Minerals (AMI.L, was Sierra Leone Diamond Corporation)
In 2005, the Timiș Trust bought 30% of the shares of the Sierra Leone Diamond Corporation, via the Trust's Bermuda\-registered Timis Diamond Corporation Limited. SLDC holds mineral rights over a third of the area of [Sierra Leone](/wiki/Sierra_Leone "Sierra Leone") in the northern part of the country,Awareness Times Newspaper, Sierra Leone ["Romanian buys more Sierra Leone Diamonds shares"](http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_200575.shtml) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618183850/http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article\_200575\.shtml \|date\=18 June 2006 }}, 22 July 2005 including some important diamond fields and the Tonkolili \& Marampa Iron Ore Projects. The company is also exploring for uranium at Lovetta, and for gold and base metals in the [Sula Mountains](/wiki/Sula_Mountains "Sula Mountains"), Gori Hills and Nimini Hills. On 16 August 2007 the [AIM](/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market "Alternative Investment Market")\-listed company was renamed African Minerals Limited (AMI.L) to reflect these other interests.,London Stock Exchange RNS, [Change of Name](http://www.londonstockexchange.com/LSECWS/IFSPages/MarketNewsPopup.aspx?id=1555088){{dead link\|date\=September 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} On 15 March 2010 AMI announced an initial Mineral Resource estimate of over 10 billion tonnes of iron ore (independently valued) at an average grade of 29\.9% Total Iron in the Numbara and Simbili targets at Tonkolili.{{citation \| url\=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/LSECWS/IFSPages/MarketNewsPopup.aspx?id\=2081364\&source\=RNS \| title\= 4\.7 Billion Tonne Initial Resource Estimate Confirms Tonkolili Iron Ore Project As World Class \| publisher\=London Stock Exchange \| last\=African Minerals Limited \| date\=2 February 2009 \| access\-date\=2 February 2009}} {{Dead link\|date\=October 2010\|bot\=H3llBot}}
Timiș, who is executive chairman of the company, increased his shareholding to 34% in June 2006London Stock Exchange RNS, [Directors Share Dealings](http://www.londonstockexchange.com/LSECWS/IFSPages/MarketNewsPopup.aspx?id=1251501){{dead link\|date\=October 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, 29 June 2006 and to 34\.6% (40,875,002 shares) in September 2006\.London Stock Exchange RNS, [Directors Share Dealings](http://www.londonstockexchange.com/LSECWS/IFSPages/MarketNewsPopup.aspx?id=1308488){{dead link\|date\=October 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, 29 September 2006 {{As of\|2009\|02}} the entire company was worth £45m (US$65m).
In 2015, Frank Timis together with then CEO Alan Watling and CFO Matthew Hird took African Minerals into administration. The company has been forced to sell its 75% share to Shandong Iron and Steel Group for a grossly undervalued sum. Half year results for AMI were impressive, the Company posted a quarterly production of 4mt – an improvement of 81% on the prior 3 months. In January 2014 AMI hit its operating capacity for the first time, producing 5\.3mt and exporting 4\.6mt in the first quarter. Earnings for the company were US$203m in 2013 compared with a US$26\.5m in 2012\. Despite the best efforts of the team and management, the continued downturn in iron ore prices, slowing global growth and China's appetite and the Ebola crisis (which infected almost 15,000 and claimed 4,000 lives) left AMI exposed. The downturn in iron ore prices from US$128\.12 in January 2014 decreased rapidly over coming months reaching US$68 in December 2014 and US$63 in February 2015\. This combined with the Ebola crises created a perfect storm for the beleaguered mining company. Shandong refused to release remaining funds (US$100m) and their lawyers Linklater's recognised a perfect opportunity to take over buying 75% of AMI shares at a grossly undervalued price and through a process that was anything but transparent. The Board, management and Timis fought passionately to keep the company from going to administration, but given the perfect storm it was facing and like many other junior mining Companies then and since, there was no alternative but administration.
Timis lost all of his $450m investment as did the institution investors, shareholders and bond holders. AMI was operating as Shan Steel under Chinese leadership until they recently left the tonkolili project with the loss of all jobs created by Frank Timis and AML.
His Timis Corporation controversially bought the operations of London Mining, another iron ore miner in Sierra Leone, out of administration shortly before African Minerals went bust.
### African Petroleum
Timiș was formerly the non\-executive chairman of African Petroleum, he stepped off the board and any role in Governance in African Petroleum in October 2014 and this remained a precondition of the subsequent and current listing on the Oslo Bors. He remains the founder and a supportive shareholder but plays no other role{{cite web\|title\=Board and Management\|url\=http://www.africanpetroleum.com.au/about\-us/board\-management\|access\-date\=10 April 2013\|author\=African Petroleum}} African Petroleum Corporation is a company with various oil and gas operations in West Africa, listed on the [National Stock Exchange of Australia](/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_Australia "National Stock Exchange of Australia") (NSX: AOQ) and Oslo Bors (APCL).{{cite web\|title\=African Petroleum Corporation Limited\|url\=http://www.nsxa.com.au/summary/AOQ\|access\-date\=10 April 2013\|author\=National Stock Exchange of Australia}}
### International Petroleum
Timiș is a non\-executive director at International Petroleum Limited,{{cite web\|title\=About International Petroleum – Board of Directors\|url\=http://www.internationalpetroleum.com.au/irm/content/board\-of\-directors.aspx?RID\=173\|access\-date\=10 April 2013\|author\=International Petroleum\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410022928/http://internationalpetroleum.com.au/irm/content/board\-of\-directors.aspx?RID\=173\|archive\-date\=10 April 2013\|df\=dmy\-all}} an Australian\-domiciled, NSX\-listed (NSX code: IOP),{{cite web\|title\=International Petroleum Limited\|url\=http://www.nsxa.com.au/summary/IOP\|access\-date\=10 April 2013\|author\=National Stock Exchange of Australia}} oil and gas exploration and production company.
### Pan African Minerals
Timiș is CEO of Pan African Minerals Limited, which has various operations in Africa, including exploration of a large manganese deposit at [Tambao](/wiki/Tambao "Tambao") in Burkina Faso.{{cite web\|title\=Burkina Faso gives green light for $1 bln manganese mine
\|url\=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/burkina\-faso\-gives\-green\-light\-182333482\.html\|publisher\=Yahoo Finance\|access\-date\=10 April 2013\|date\=17 August 2012}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.railpage.com.au/f\-p1913774\.htm\#1913774\|title\=Railpage\|access\-date\=17 May 2014\|archive\-date\=9 February 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209182723/http://www.railpage.com.au/f\-p1913774\.htm\#1913774\|url\-status\=dead}}
### European Goldfields
In 2000 Frank Timiș bought 15% of [European Goldfields](/wiki/European_Goldfields "European Goldfields") (EGU.L),{{citation \| url\=http://www.egoldfields.com/goldfields/uploads/press/News\_Release.pdf \| title\=FRANK V. TIMIS No. 9, Lucial Blaga Deva, Romania 2700 NEWS RELEASE June 16, 2000 \| date\=16 June 2000 \| publisher\=European Goldfields }}{{dead link\|date\=September 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} a Yukon\-incorporated company listed in Toronto and on AIM that owns 95% of Hellas Gold S.A. 21% of that stake was acquired by EGU from Timiș himself in 2004 for $77\.3m, paid a third in cash and two\-thirds in EGU shares, taking his stake to 18\.9%.{{citation \|title\=Oil baron strikes £40m deal \| url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2898153/Oil\-baron\-strikes\-40m\-deal.html \|first\=Edmund \| last\=Conway \| journal\=Daily Telegraph \| date\=26 October 2004 \| location\=London}} Hellas has three mining projects in Greece ([Stratoni](/wiki/Stratoni "Stratoni"), [Skouries](/wiki/Skouries "Skouries") and [Olympias](/wiki/Olympias "Olympias")) and two companies in Romania: 100% of the shares of European Goldfields Deva (with projects at [Voia](/wiki/Bal%C8%99a "Balșa") and the [Cainel perimeter](/wiki/Cainel_perimeter "Cainel perimeter")) and 80% of the shares in Deva Gold, [Certej Mine](/wiki/Certej_Mine "Certej Mine"), [Bolcana](/wiki/Bolcana "Bolcana") and [Băița\-Crăciunești](/wiki/B%C4%83i%C8%9Ba-Cr%C4%83ciune%C8%99ti "Băița-Crăciunești").European Goldfields Website, [Corporate Structure](http://www.egoldfields.com/goldfields/useinfo.jsp#7) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103215104/http://www.egoldfields.com/goldfields/useinfo.jsp \|date\=3 November 2006 }}
He sold his entire stake in the company between January and April 2006\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Companies in Australia",
"Timis was arrested twice for possession of heroin in the Eighties and was deemed \"unsuitable\" to be a director of a company by the Toronto Stock Exchange for failing to disclose those convictions.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Nimmo \\|first\\=Jamie \\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-15 \\|title\\=China tries to recoup $700m from bust African Minerals \\|url\\=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/china\\-tries\\-to\\-recoup\\-700m\\-from\\-bust\\-african\\-minerals\\-a3467471\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-01 \\|website\\=Evening Standard \\|language\\=en}} Timiș started his own transport company in Australia, which owned only one truck driven by himself. However, it went bankrupt in 1986 with debts of 15,806 [AUD](/wiki/Australian_dollar \"Australian dollar\"). According to [Jurnalul Național](/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional \"Jurnalul Național\"), Timiș failed to declare this fact in the CV he published when he listed the company [Gabriel Resources](/wiki/Gabriel_Resources \"Gabriel Resources\") on the [Toronto Stock Exchange](/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange \"Toronto Stock Exchange\"), as required by law.Radu, Paul Christian, [Jurnalul Național](/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional \"Jurnalul Național\"), [\"Viața secretă a lui Vasile Frank Timiș\"](http://www.jurnalul.ro/articol.php?id=828) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115025127/http://www.jurnalul.ro/articol.php?id\\=828 \\|date\\=15 November 2006 }} 23 June 2005 [(English translation)](http://www.rosiamontana.org/documents/english/secretfrank2005.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071202/http://www.rosiamontana.org/documents/english/secretfrank2005\\.htm \\|date\\=28 September 2007 }}",
"In 1992, he became the CEO of Morwest Holdings Pty Ltd, the first of his gold mining businesses. Timiș and two Australian miners dug for six months for gold in a region called [Mosquito Creek](/wiki/Mosquito_Creek_%28Australia%29 \"Mosquito Creek (Australia)\"), but the result was a failure. In the meantime, he founded another three companies: Riverdale Mining, Timis Corporation, and Carpathian Investments, together with Ioana Timiș and his sister, Ioana Majdik. However, these companies were liquidated by Timiș, and all creditors were paid in full.",
"Another setback was Timiș' investment in Pneumatic Systems International Pty Ltd. In 2001, he quit his investment and kept only 11\\.6% of the company, administered via a new company, Regal Group Services, in the [British Virgin Islands](/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands \"British Virgin Islands\") [tax haven](/wiki/Tax_haven \"Tax haven\"). According to an ex\\-manager of the company, in 2003, those shares were worth under A$1,500\\.",
"Regal Group Services changed its name and headquarters, and is currently listed on the London Stock Exchange as [Regal Petroleum](/wiki/Regal_Petroleum \"Regal Petroleum\"). This company is associated with a Romanian company, Global Mineral Resources, owned by a son of a former Romanian senator of the [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Romania%29 \"Democratic Party (Romania)\"), [Teodor Hăucă](/wiki/Teodor_H%C4%83uc%C4%83 \"Teodor Hăucă\"), who used to be secretary of the Economic Commission of the Romanian Senate between 1996 and 2000\\.",
"### Gabriel Resources",
"{{main\\|Gabriel Resources\\|Roșia Montană}}",
"In 1995, Timiș founded Gabriel Resources NL Australia, and in the autumn of the same year, the Romanian state\\-owned mining company \"Regia Autonomă a Cuprului din [Deva](/wiki/Deva%2C_Romania \"Deva, Romania\")\" (RAC) announced that it was searching for a partnership with a foreign company for the mining of [precious metals](/wiki/Precious_metal \"Precious metal\") from the [tailings](/wiki/Tailings \"Tailings\") in [Roșia Montană](/wiki/Ro%C8%99ia_Montan%C4%83 \"Roșia Montană\") and [Gurabarză\\-Brad](/wiki/Gurabarz%C4%83-Brad \"Gurabarză-Brad\"). However, [Jurnalul Național](/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional \"Jurnalul Național\") claims that it has documents indicating a collaboration signed by RAC Deva and Gabriel Resources one day before the announcement was published, on 4 September 1995\\. Also, RAC claimed it received several offers, including from another Australian company, Lycopodium Pty Ltd., but that company has denied RAC's claim.",
"According to ASIC, in April 1996, Gabriel Resources NL had financial problems with its creditors, including the [National Australia Bank](/wiki/National_Australia_Bank \"National Australia Bank\"), and Timiș started a new company after paying all creditors in full, Gabriel Resources Limited, registered in the Jersey tax haven. The mining contract was redirected to the new company. Timiș had an 80% stake in the joint company. The Romanian Agency of Mineral Resources declared that the new contract was unfavourable to the Romanian state, but it was allowed by the Government after a parliamentary vote.[Academia Cațavencu](/wiki/Academia_Ca%C8%9Bavencu \"Academia Cațavencu\"), [\"Frank Timis a inhatat aurul din Apuseni printr\\-o caruta de falsuri, iar Tariceanu a inchis ochii\"](http://www.hotnews.ro/articol_20433-Frank-Timis-a-inhatat-aurul-din-Apuseni-printr-o-caruta-de-falsuri-iar-Tariceanu-a-inchis-ochii.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119234318/http://www.hotnews.ro/articol\\_20433\\-Frank\\-Timis\\-a\\-inhatat\\-aurul\\-din\\-Apuseni\\-printr\\-o\\-caruta\\-de\\-falsuri\\-iar\\-Tariceanu\\-a\\-inchis\\-ochii.htm \\|date\\=19 November 2005 }} 19 April 2005",
"Timiș had access to various databanks of the Romanian research institutes of mineralogy and got data on the area. His company also hired relevant scientists and an ex\\-officer of the Topographic Department of the [Romanian Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_%28Romania%29 \"Ministry of National Defence (Romania)\") who mapped the area.",
"Gabriel Resources sent 80 tonnes of ore to a research lab in Australia to measure the gold content. The ore was high in gold, and the market value of Gabriel Resources soared to $75 million. Timiș obtained a $3 million loan from the [Rothschild](/wiki/N_M_Rothschild_%26_Sons \"N M Rothschild & Sons\") bank in the United States. Between 1999 and 2000, the area being mined was increased from 12 km2 to 22 km2, and then to 42\\.8 km2.",
"The resulting project in [Roșia Montană](/wiki/Ro%C8%99ia_Montan%C4%83 \"Roșia Montană\") has been a source of much controversy, with local people lining up on both sides of the issue, and some national and international environmental groups joining the opposition. One source of controversy involved the method used for mining, [gold cyanidation](/wiki/Gold_cyanidation \"Gold cyanidation\"), which causes pollution. The company hopes to eventually extract 300 tonnes of gold and 1600 tonnes of silver from the area but the project is currently on hold.",
"### Regal Petroleum",
"{{main\\|Regal Petroleum}}",
"Regal Petroleum, founded by Timiș in November 1996, was listed on the London [Alternative Investment Market](/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market \"Alternative Investment Market\") and owned some oil and gas resources in Romania and Ukraine. However, it became famous after the September 2003 acquisition of 60% of an oilfield located in [Kavala](/wiki/Kavala \"Kavala\"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\"). The Regal board hoped that the company's survey team had found one of the largest oil deposits in Europe: up to a billion barrels. The oil was allegedly under so much pressure that it almost destroyed the drilling platform.[The Sunday Times](/wiki/The_Sunday_Times \"The Sunday Times\") 22 May 2005 [\"Focus: The gusher\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140903080915/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/business/article134708.ece)",
"This hype drove Regal's share price up to a peak of 509p, with the company's [market value](/wiki/Market_value \"Market value\") reaching £500m, making it one of the highest\\-valued companies of the Alternative Investment Market. Many private investors and respectable institutions (including [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch \"Merrill Lynch\"), [Commerzbank](/wiki/Commerzbank \"Commerzbank\"), Artemis and [Schroders](/wiki/Schroders \"Schroders\")) invested more than £45m in the company. Days later, Timiș secretly agreed to sell the company's assets[\"New Regal shock as ex\\-chairman's secret sell\\-off deal is revealed\"](http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,3604,1510911,00.html) 21 June 2005 and then resigned as chief executive of the company.[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\"), [\"Regal chairman resigns \"](http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,3604,1501503,00.html) 8 June 2005",
"By mid\\-2005, it was clear that Regal's oil field contained oil but not in commercial amounts. The flow rates were around 30 barrels a day and \"deemed to be non\\-commercial\". In a few hours, the stock fell by more than 60%, and as of June 2006, the share price was at 65p, less than 20% of the peak price. In 2010, the company was still worth about £200m, and had cash reserves of £80m,[\"Regal losses widen after 'difficult' year\"](http://www.citywire.co.uk/News/NewsArticle.aspx?VersionID=83185&MenuKey=News.Home){{dead link\\|date\\=September 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} 27 June 2006 In February 2006, Regal lost its Ukraine gas production license in a trial but got it back through appeal one year later.[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\"), [https://www.theguardian.com/oil/story/0,,1699352,00\\.html](https://www.theguardian.com/oil/story/0,,1699352,00.html)",
"In June 2005, an environmental group, Alburnus Maior, asked the Romanian Supreme Court, under the freedom of information laws, whether Timiș was under any investigations. The answer was that his name was linked with three dossiers investigated by the organised crime department. However, Timiș denied all the claims and no charges were ever filed.[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\"), [\"Regal's Timis named in Romania organised crime investigation\"](http://www.rosiamontana.org/documents/english/press/indy2005.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071219/http://www.rosiamontana.org/documents/english/press/indy2005\\.htm \\|date\\=28 September 2007 }} 6 June 2005 Later queries to the Romanian administration on this subject were given the answer that there are no investigations concerning Timiș.[Averea](/wiki/Averea \"Averea\"), [\"Dosarele lui Frank Timis s\\-au evaporat\"](http://www.hotnews.ro/articol_23909-Dosarele-lui-Frank-Timis-s-au-evaporat.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083509/http://www.hotnews.ro/articol\\_23909\\-Dosarele\\-lui\\-Frank\\-Timis\\-s\\-au\\-evaporat.htm \\|date\\=29 September 2007 }} 6 June 2005",
"Due to the collapse in the share price of this company, the Alternative Investment Market decided in 2006 to toughen regulations for companies in the natural resources sector and to hire experts who would prevent future bubbles followed by price fluctuations.Accountancy Age, [AIM recruits to beef up rules\"](http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2158341/aim-recruits-beef-rules) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823174041/http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2158341/aim\\-recruits\\-beef\\-rules \\|date\\=23 August 2006 }} 15 June 2006",
"### African Minerals (AMI.L, was Sierra Leone Diamond Corporation)",
"In 2005, the Timiș Trust bought 30% of the shares of the Sierra Leone Diamond Corporation, via the Trust's Bermuda\\-registered Timis Diamond Corporation Limited. SLDC holds mineral rights over a third of the area of [Sierra Leone](/wiki/Sierra_Leone \"Sierra Leone\") in the northern part of the country,Awareness Times Newspaper, Sierra Leone [\"Romanian buys more Sierra Leone Diamonds shares\"](http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_200575.shtml) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618183850/http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article\\_200575\\.shtml \\|date\\=18 June 2006 }}, 22 July 2005 including some important diamond fields and the Tonkolili \\& Marampa Iron Ore Projects. The company is also exploring for uranium at Lovetta, and for gold and base metals in the [Sula Mountains](/wiki/Sula_Mountains \"Sula Mountains\"), Gori Hills and Nimini Hills. On 16 August 2007 the [AIM](/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market \"Alternative Investment Market\")\\-listed company was renamed African Minerals Limited (AMI.L) to reflect these other interests.,London Stock Exchange RNS, [Change of Name](http://www.londonstockexchange.com/LSECWS/IFSPages/MarketNewsPopup.aspx?id=1555088){{dead link\\|date\\=September 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} On 15 March 2010 AMI announced an initial Mineral Resource estimate of over 10 billion tonnes of iron ore (independently valued) at an average grade of 29\\.9% Total Iron in the Numbara and Simbili targets at Tonkolili.{{citation \\| url\\=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/LSECWS/IFSPages/MarketNewsPopup.aspx?id\\=2081364\\&source\\=RNS \\| title\\= 4\\.7 Billion Tonne Initial Resource Estimate Confirms Tonkolili Iron Ore Project As World Class \\| publisher\\=London Stock Exchange \\| last\\=African Minerals Limited \\| date\\=2 February 2009 \\| access\\-date\\=2 February 2009}} {{Dead link\\|date\\=October 2010\\|bot\\=H3llBot}}",
"Timiș, who is executive chairman of the company, increased his shareholding to 34% in June 2006London Stock Exchange RNS, [Directors Share Dealings](http://www.londonstockexchange.com/LSECWS/IFSPages/MarketNewsPopup.aspx?id=1251501){{dead link\\|date\\=October 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, 29 June 2006 and to 34\\.6% (40,875,002 shares) in September 2006\\.London Stock Exchange RNS, [Directors Share Dealings](http://www.londonstockexchange.com/LSECWS/IFSPages/MarketNewsPopup.aspx?id=1308488){{dead link\\|date\\=October 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, 29 September 2006 {{As of\\|2009\\|02}} the entire company was worth £45m (US$65m).",
"In 2015, Frank Timis together with then CEO Alan Watling and CFO Matthew Hird took African Minerals into administration. The company has been forced to sell its 75% share to Shandong Iron and Steel Group for a grossly undervalued sum. Half year results for AMI were impressive, the Company posted a quarterly production of 4mt – an improvement of 81% on the prior 3 months. In January 2014 AMI hit its operating capacity for the first time, producing 5\\.3mt and exporting 4\\.6mt in the first quarter. Earnings for the company were US$203m in 2013 compared with a US$26\\.5m in 2012\\. Despite the best efforts of the team and management, the continued downturn in iron ore prices, slowing global growth and China's appetite and the Ebola crisis (which infected almost 15,000 and claimed 4,000 lives) left AMI exposed. The downturn in iron ore prices from US$128\\.12 in January 2014 decreased rapidly over coming months reaching US$68 in December 2014 and US$63 in February 2015\\. This combined with the Ebola crises created a perfect storm for the beleaguered mining company. Shandong refused to release remaining funds (US$100m) and their lawyers Linklater's recognised a perfect opportunity to take over buying 75% of AMI shares at a grossly undervalued price and through a process that was anything but transparent. The Board, management and Timis fought passionately to keep the company from going to administration, but given the perfect storm it was facing and like many other junior mining Companies then and since, there was no alternative but administration.\nTimis lost all of his $450m investment as did the institution investors, shareholders and bond holders. AMI was operating as Shan Steel under Chinese leadership until they recently left the tonkolili project with the loss of all jobs created by Frank Timis and AML.",
"His Timis Corporation controversially bought the operations of London Mining, another iron ore miner in Sierra Leone, out of administration shortly before African Minerals went bust.",
"### African Petroleum",
"Timiș was formerly the non\\-executive chairman of African Petroleum, he stepped off the board and any role in Governance in African Petroleum in October 2014 and this remained a precondition of the subsequent and current listing on the Oslo Bors. He remains the founder and a supportive shareholder but plays no other role{{cite web\\|title\\=Board and Management\\|url\\=http://www.africanpetroleum.com.au/about\\-us/board\\-management\\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2013\\|author\\=African Petroleum}} African Petroleum Corporation is a company with various oil and gas operations in West Africa, listed on the [National Stock Exchange of Australia](/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_Australia \"National Stock Exchange of Australia\") (NSX: AOQ) and Oslo Bors (APCL).{{cite web\\|title\\=African Petroleum Corporation Limited\\|url\\=http://www.nsxa.com.au/summary/AOQ\\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2013\\|author\\=National Stock Exchange of Australia}}",
"### International Petroleum",
"Timiș is a non\\-executive director at International Petroleum Limited,{{cite web\\|title\\=About International Petroleum – Board of Directors\\|url\\=http://www.internationalpetroleum.com.au/irm/content/board\\-of\\-directors.aspx?RID\\=173\\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2013\\|author\\=International Petroleum\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410022928/http://internationalpetroleum.com.au/irm/content/board\\-of\\-directors.aspx?RID\\=173\\|archive\\-date\\=10 April 2013\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} an Australian\\-domiciled, NSX\\-listed (NSX code: IOP),{{cite web\\|title\\=International Petroleum Limited\\|url\\=http://www.nsxa.com.au/summary/IOP\\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2013\\|author\\=National Stock Exchange of Australia}} oil and gas exploration and production company.",
"### Pan African Minerals",
"Timiș is CEO of Pan African Minerals Limited, which has various operations in Africa, including exploration of a large manganese deposit at [Tambao](/wiki/Tambao \"Tambao\") in Burkina Faso.{{cite web\\|title\\=Burkina Faso gives green light for $1 bln manganese mine\n\\|url\\=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/burkina\\-faso\\-gives\\-green\\-light\\-182333482\\.html\\|publisher\\=Yahoo Finance\\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2013\\|date\\=17 August 2012}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.railpage.com.au/f\\-p1913774\\.htm\\#1913774\\|title\\=Railpage\\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=9 February 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209182723/http://www.railpage.com.au/f\\-p1913774\\.htm\\#1913774\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### European Goldfields",
"In 2000 Frank Timiș bought 15% of [European Goldfields](/wiki/European_Goldfields \"European Goldfields\") (EGU.L),{{citation \\| url\\=http://www.egoldfields.com/goldfields/uploads/press/News\\_Release.pdf \\| title\\=FRANK V. TIMIS No. 9, Lucial Blaga Deva, Romania 2700 NEWS RELEASE June 16, 2000 \\| date\\=16 June 2000 \\| publisher\\=European Goldfields }}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} a Yukon\\-incorporated company listed in Toronto and on AIM that owns 95% of Hellas Gold S.A. 21% of that stake was acquired by EGU from Timiș himself in 2004 for $77\\.3m, paid a third in cash and two\\-thirds in EGU shares, taking his stake to 18\\.9%.{{citation \\|title\\=Oil baron strikes £40m deal \\| url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2898153/Oil\\-baron\\-strikes\\-40m\\-deal.html \\|first\\=Edmund \\| last\\=Conway \\| journal\\=Daily Telegraph \\| date\\=26 October 2004 \\| location\\=London}} Hellas has three mining projects in Greece ([Stratoni](/wiki/Stratoni \"Stratoni\"), [Skouries](/wiki/Skouries \"Skouries\") and [Olympias](/wiki/Olympias \"Olympias\")) and two companies in Romania: 100% of the shares of European Goldfields Deva (with projects at [Voia](/wiki/Bal%C8%99a \"Balșa\") and the [Cainel perimeter](/wiki/Cainel_perimeter \"Cainel perimeter\")) and 80% of the shares in Deva Gold, [Certej Mine](/wiki/Certej_Mine \"Certej Mine\"), [Bolcana](/wiki/Bolcana \"Bolcana\") and [Băița\\-Crăciunești](/wiki/B%C4%83i%C8%9Ba-Cr%C4%83ciune%C8%99ti \"Băița-Crăciunești\").European Goldfields Website, [Corporate Structure](http://www.egoldfields.com/goldfields/useinfo.jsp#7) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103215104/http://www.egoldfields.com/goldfields/useinfo.jsp \\|date\\=3 November 2006 }}",
"He sold his entire stake in the company between January and April 2006\\.",
""
] |
Impact
------
[thumb\|[Humboldt University of Berlin](/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin "Humboldt University of Berlin") in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), {{Circa\|1850}}](/wiki/File:Berlin_Universitaet_um_1850.jpg "Berlin Universitaet um 1850.jpg")
These principles, in particular the idea of the research\-based university, rapidly made an impact both in Germany and abroad. The Humboldtian university concept profoundly influenced higher education throughout central, eastern, and northern Europe. It was in competition with the post\-Revolutionary French concept of the *[grandes écoles](/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles "Grandes écoles")*. The French system lacked the freedom of German universities and instead imposed severe discipline and control over curriculum, awarding of degrees, conformity of views, and personal habits, instituting, for example, a ban on beards in 1852\.Rüegg, "Themes", *A History of the University in Europe*, Vol. III, pp. 4–5 Universities built on the Humboldtian model have provided students with the ability to address [recalcitrant problems](/wiki/Wicked_problems "Wicked problems"), leading to major scientific breakthroughs with important economic effects.Hautamäki A. \& Ståhle P. (2012\): *Ristiriitainen tiedepolitiikkamme, Suuntana innovaatiot vai sivistys?* \[The contradictory science policy. Towards innovation or civilization?]. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. The book also contains contributions by Ilkka Arminen, Riitta Hari, Sanna Lauslahti, Tarmo Lemola, Markku Mattila, Arto Mustajoki, Kaisa Oksannen and Saara Taalas.Geiger R. L. (2004\). *Knowledge and Money, Research Universities and the Paradox of the Marketplace*. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
American universities, starting with [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia") and then [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University"), were early to adopt several of the German educational and scientific principles, which during the 20th century were globally recognized as valuable.Berman E.P. (2012\). *Creating the Market University, How Academic Science Became an Economic Engine*. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.{{cite web\|url\=https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/2rops.cshe\_.1\.2018\.douglass\_.riseofthepublicu\_.2\.12\.2018\.pdf \|title\=THE RISE OF THE PUBLICS: American Democracy, the Public University Ideal, and the University of California \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231042721/https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/2rops.cshe\_.1\.2018\.douglass\_.riseofthepublicu\_.2\.12\.2018\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-31 \|date\=2021\-12\-31 }}.{{cite web\|url\=http://health\-equity.pitt.edu/4042/1/policy\-paper\-98\.html\|title\=policy\-paper/The Humboldtian ideal: a community of scholars and students \|publisher\=health\-equity.pitt.edu\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220555/http://health\-equity.pitt.edu/4042/1/policy\-paper\-98\.html \|accessdate\=\|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-03 }}The Humboldtian ideal: a community of scholars and students/"The phrase 'idea of the university' was not invented by Newman, but goes back to a seminal period in modern university history, the reforms of Wilhelm von Humboldt in Prussia. Starting with the University of Berlin, founded in 1810, the 'Humboldtian' university became a model for the rest of Europe, and by 1914 German universities were generally admired as the best in the world. It was the Humboldtian model that shaped the research universities of the United States, which head the international league today."
One flaw with the Humboldtian model is that unlike English universities, German universities traditionally did not [provide housing](/wiki/Residence_life "Residence life") for their students. Following in the footsteps of the great German universities, the [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California "University of California") adhered to that rule for over 80 years after its 1868 founding.{{cite book\|last1\=Kerr\|first1\=Clark\|title\=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1\|date\=2001\|publisher\=University of California Press\|location\=Berkeley\|isbn\=9780520223677\|page\=93\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=jMEZ\_47vXkAC\&pg\=PA93\|access\-date\=11 November 2021\|archive\-date\=11 July 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711174321/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The\_Gold\_and\_the\_Blue\_Volume\_One/jMEZ\_47vXkAC?hl\=en\&gbpv\=1\&pg\=PA93\&printsec\=frontcover\|url\-status\=live}} After [Clark Kerr](/wiki/Clark_Kerr "Clark Kerr") became the first chancellor of [UC Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley") in 1952, he shifted UC Berkeley from the German model to the English model in which universities assume responsibility for providing and operating student housing.
In 1921, German students first began to form local private self\-help organizations called [Studentenwerke](/wiki/Studentenwerk "Studentenwerk"), spanning multiple universities, to construct the residence halls and cafeterias which their universities had failed to provide them. From 1969 to 1975, these organizations were transitioned from private non\-profits to state\-run non\-profits.
### 20th century
[thumb\|[Jürgen Habermas](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas "Jürgen Habermas"), who has promoted Humboldt's educational ideals](/wiki/File:JuergenHabermas.jpg "JuergenHabermas.jpg")
In the 1960s, the Humboldtian model of the university attracted renewed interest and was discussed internationally. The German sociologist and philosopher [Jürgen Habermas](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas "Jürgen Habermas") actively promoted Humboldt's ideas.{{Failed verification\|date\=August 2017}}"First of all, the Humboldtian ideal of the unity of research and teaching has been in practice scrapped in favor of a division of labor, the function of which is to produce more efficiently: patents and citations, in the case of research; highly skilled laborers, in the case of teaching. Second, this division of labor is necessary insofar as the university is seen primarily as an economic motor for the region (understood locally for smaller colleges and nationally for the major universities). The classical ideals of Lehrfreiheit and Lernfreiheit, the academic equivalents to free speech and civil rights in liberal democracies, are eroded as they constitute impediments to achieving the market ideals of efficiency in production and distribution of goods (goods here understood as more engineers
and fewer humanists among students, for example; [patents](/wiki/Patent "Patent") and technical applications instead of Bildung and basic research.)" {{cite web\|url\=http://www.cultureunbound.ep.liu.se/v1/a07/cu09v1a07\.pdf\|title\=The Future of the European University: Liberal Democracy or Authoritarian Capitalism?\|publisher\=www.cultureunbound.ep.liu.se\|accessdate\=\|archive\-date\=2015\-01\-02\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102164603/http://www.cultureunbound.ep.liu.se/v1/a07/cu09v1a07\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}}{{Failed verification\|date\=August 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kva.se/globalassets/vetenskap\_samhallet/forskningspolitik/utskottet/debattbok\_appendix\_fstrat\_eng\_2008\.pdf \|title\=vetenskap\_samhallet/forskningspolitik/ \|publisher\=www.kva.se/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172822/http://www.kva.se/globalassets/vetenskap\_samhallet/forskningspolitik/utskottet/debattbok\_appendix\_fstrat\_eng\_2008\.pdf \|archivedate\=2015\-01\-02 }}
In the 1970s, breakthrough discoveries in [biotechnology](/wiki/Biotechnology "Biotechnology") and patent legislation favoring market\-oriented research such as the [Bayh–Dole Act](/wiki/Bayh%E2%80%93Dole_Act "Bayh–Dole Act") in the US allowed for the creation of research partnerships between universities and industry, with the objective of rapidly bringing innovations to market. (The earliest such partnerships in the US, such as [Stanford Research Park](/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park "Stanford Research Park"), date back to the postwar period.) A similar development has taken place in all industrial countries, based on proposals of the [OECD](/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development").Niinikoski M\-L. (2011\). "Innovation: Formation of a Policy Field and a Policy\-making Practice". [Aalto University](/wiki/Aalto_University "Aalto University") – Doctoral Dissertations 40/2011\. This innovation of the "market university" as an economic engine, which first emerged in the US, diverges from Humboldt's principles. In a 2012 study, Ståhle and Hautamäki doubted the long\-term sustainability of what they termed a "contradictory science policy", and argued for a return to a neo\-Humboldtian approach to the university that would aim less for "innovation than for civilization" and reinstate the basic Humboldtian principles of academic freedom and autonomy for educational institutions, the pursuit of knowledge as a basis for both civilization and education (German *[Bildung](/wiki/Bildung "Bildung")*), and unity in teaching and research.
The implications of the Humboldtian approach and of the conflict between market\-driven and idealistic approaches to higher education have led to ironic results in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Though elite private universities in the US do charge high [tuition fees](/wiki/Tuition_fee "Tuition fee"), both universities and their students also benefit from charitable donations as well as from government support. This combination of resources results in lavish funding that far exceeds the budgets of German universities, which are state\-funded and mostly tuition\-free.
#### Current debate
While during Humboldt's time universities mainly conducted state\-organized academic research, there are now in Germany's [tertiary education](/wiki/Tertiary_education "Tertiary education") new forms of higher education, which now all have a scientific mission to research.vgl. Hochschulgesetze der Länder However, Humboldt is still being discussed in Germany. Current problems and policy decisions regarding German education are addressed by a joint initiative called *Konzertierte Aktion Internationales Marketing für den Bildungs\- und Forschungsstandort Deutschland* (KAIM). KAIM coordinates efforts of the partners, which include the state and federal government, universities, trade unions and industry associations.
The name of the group, KAIM, refers to earlier cooperative efforts, for example the Konzertierte Aktion at the end of the 1960s. It tries to improve the international position of German education and research capacities, including marketing. Estimating that American universities receive US$10 billion annually from tuition fees and other financial contributions, which KAIM sees as an important source of revenue for the United States, they have warned Germany to prepare for American attempts to market the American university model via the [World Trade Organization](/wiki/World_Trade_Organization "World Trade Organization") in order to corner the international educational and research market.Konzertierte Aktion "Internationales Marketing für den Bildungs\- und Forschungsstandort Deutschland" (KAIM) Newsletter 2001, quoted in University of Kassel, Veranstaltungsreihe des AStA, "Konsequenzen der Hochschulstrukturreform und der Internationalisierung von Bildung", (Consequences of Structural Reform of Universities and of the Internationalization of Education) 5\.11\.2 Ingrid Lohmann, Humboldts Bildungsideal vs. marktförmige Universität? (Humboldt's Educational Ideal versus Market\-Format University?){{cite web\|url\=https://educationandutopia.wordpress.com/\|title\=Can we think about the student as a public?\|website\=educationandutopia.wordpress.com\|accessdate\=\|archive\-date\=2015\-01\-02\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102154501/https://educationandutopia.wordpress.com/\|url\-status\=live}} The Humboldt concept and its image are used by different and sometimes opposing parties in the German debate.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ses.unam.mx/curso2011/pdf/M2\_Lecturas/M2\_S1c\_Rodriguez.pdf\|title\=Bachelor of What, Master of Whom? The Humboldt Myth and Historical Transformations of Higher Education in German\-Speaking Europe and the US\|publisher\=www.ses.unam.mx\|accessdate\=\|archive\-date\=2022\-07\-11\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711174325/https://www.ses.unam.mx/curso2011/pdf/M2\_Lecturas/M2\_S1c\_Rodriguez.pdf\|url\-status\=live}}"Freedom of teaching and learning (Lehr\- und Lernfreiheit). Central here is that Humboldt was a liberal in the traditional sense. He believed in individual freedom, and therefore argued that students had as much right to choose their instructors and subjects as professors had to decide what and how they taught. This implied a radical break with any form of set curriculum. The unity of teaching and research (Einheit von Lehre und Forschung). For Humboldt and his adherents, learning is a collaborative enterprise in which ‘the professors are not there for the students, but rather both are there for science (and scholarship)" Humboldt, 1809/1990, p. 274\). The unity of science and scholarship (Einheit der Wissenschaft).
For Humboldt at least, there was no fundamental distinction in principle between the natural sciences and the humanities because the concept of Wissenschaft applies to both. The primacy of 'pure' science (Bildung durch Wissenschaft) over specialized professional training (Ausbildung, Spezialschulmodell). Humboldt and those who cite him claim to understand science and scholarship as processes of inquiry — 'not a finished thing to be found, but something unfinished and perpetually sought after', as he put it — not the mere discovery and repetition of things to be learned from textbooks, but rather an approach to learning, an attitude of mind, a skill and a capacity to think rather than specialized knowledge". (Humboldt, 1809/1990, p. 274\)
In Germany, the [German Universities Excellence Initiative](/wiki/German_Universities_Excellence_Initiative "German Universities Excellence Initiative") was begun in 2005–06 to counter the perceived lack of cutting\-edge achievement in both research and education in the state\-funded universities. This initiative is primarily driven and funded at the federal level. The American tradition of large private grants and foundations for science has been mirrored in the 21st century, for example at [Freiberg University of Mining and Technology](/wiki/Freiberg_University_of_Mining_and_Technology "Freiberg University of Mining and Technology"). Freiberg University, one of the oldest mining schools in the world, narrowly escaped closure after [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification"). In 2007, it received a private grant in the triple\-digit millions of [euros](/wiki/Euro "Euro") from the *Dr.\-Erich\-Krüger\-Stiftung* (Dr. Erich Krüger Foundation), the largest grant ever made to a state\-owned university in Germany.{{cite news \|first\=Michael \|last\=Bartsch \|url\=http://www.taz.de/pt/2007/01/24/a0200\.1/text \|title\=Geldsegen für Freiberg \|newspaper\=\[\[Die tageszeitung\|taz]] \|date\=24 January 2007 \|language\=German \|access\-date\=12 December 2014 \|archive\-date\=11 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711174342/https://taz.de/!325417/ \|url\-status\=live }} Peter Krüger, the Munich\-based real estate and food retail entrepreneur who endowed the foundation, was born in [Freiberg](/wiki/Freiberg "Freiberg") and started an apprenticeship there in 1946, but was driven away by the [East German](/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany") communists because of his bourgeois background. He was made an honorary senator of the University of Mining and Technology in 2007\.{{cite web \|first\=Christian \|last\=Möls \|url\=http://idw\-online.de/pages/de/news211904 \|title\=Millionen\-Stifter Peter Krüger wird Ehrensenator der TU Bergakademie Freiberg \|publisher\=\[\[Informationsdienst Wissenschaft]] \|date\=4 June 2007 \|language\=German \|access\-date\=12 December 2014 \|archive\-date\=13 December 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213015134/http://idw\-online.de/pages/de/news211904 \|url\-status\=live }}
Critics see in many current reforms, such as the [Bologna process](/wiki/Bologna_process "Bologna process"), a departure from Humboldt's ideal towards greater occupational studies with economic interests. Furthermore, it is criticized that the [freedom of teaching](/wiki/Academic_freedom "Academic freedom") is restricted by the [Bologna process](/wiki/Bologna_process "Bologna process").
|
[
"Impact\n------",
"[thumb\\|[Humboldt University of Berlin](/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin \"Humboldt University of Berlin\") in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\"), {{Circa\\|1850}}](/wiki/File:Berlin_Universitaet_um_1850.jpg \"Berlin Universitaet um 1850.jpg\")\nThese principles, in particular the idea of the research\\-based university, rapidly made an impact both in Germany and abroad. The Humboldtian university concept profoundly influenced higher education throughout central, eastern, and northern Europe. It was in competition with the post\\-Revolutionary French concept of the *[grandes écoles](/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles \"Grandes écoles\")*. The French system lacked the freedom of German universities and instead imposed severe discipline and control over curriculum, awarding of degrees, conformity of views, and personal habits, instituting, for example, a ban on beards in 1852\\.Rüegg, \"Themes\", *A History of the University in Europe*, Vol. III, pp. 4–5 Universities built on the Humboldtian model have provided students with the ability to address [recalcitrant problems](/wiki/Wicked_problems \"Wicked problems\"), leading to major scientific breakthroughs with important economic effects.Hautamäki A. \\& Ståhle P. (2012\\): *Ristiriitainen tiedepolitiikkamme, Suuntana innovaatiot vai sivistys?* \\[The contradictory science policy. Towards innovation or civilization?]. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. The book also contains contributions by Ilkka Arminen, Riitta Hari, Sanna Lauslahti, Tarmo Lemola, Markku Mattila, Arto Mustajoki, Kaisa Oksannen and Saara Taalas.Geiger R. L. (2004\\). *Knowledge and Money, Research Universities and the Paradox of the Marketplace*. Stanford: Stanford University Press.",
"American universities, starting with [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia \"University of Virginia\") and then [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University \"Johns Hopkins University\"), were early to adopt several of the German educational and scientific principles, which during the 20th century were globally recognized as valuable.Berman E.P. (2012\\). *Creating the Market University, How Academic Science Became an Economic Engine*. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/2rops.cshe\\_.1\\.2018\\.douglass\\_.riseofthepublicu\\_.2\\.12\\.2018\\.pdf \\|title\\=THE RISE OF THE PUBLICS: American Democracy, the Public University Ideal, and the University of California \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231042721/https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/2rops.cshe\\_.1\\.2018\\.douglass\\_.riseofthepublicu\\_.2\\.12\\.2018\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-31 \\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-31 }}.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://health\\-equity.pitt.edu/4042/1/policy\\-paper\\-98\\.html\\|title\\=policy\\-paper/The Humboldtian ideal: a community of scholars and students \\|publisher\\=health\\-equity.pitt.edu\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220555/http://health\\-equity.pitt.edu/4042/1/policy\\-paper\\-98\\.html \\|accessdate\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-03 }}The Humboldtian ideal: a community of scholars and students/\"The phrase 'idea of the university' was not invented by Newman, but goes back to a seminal period in modern university history, the reforms of Wilhelm von Humboldt in Prussia. Starting with the University of Berlin, founded in 1810, the 'Humboldtian' university became a model for the rest of Europe, and by 1914 German universities were generally admired as the best in the world. It was the Humboldtian model that shaped the research universities of the United States, which head the international league today.\"",
"One flaw with the Humboldtian model is that unlike English universities, German universities traditionally did not [provide housing](/wiki/Residence_life \"Residence life\") for their students. Following in the footsteps of the great German universities, the [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California \"University of California\") adhered to that rule for over 80 years after its 1868 founding.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Kerr\\|first1\\=Clark\\|title\\=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1\\|date\\=2001\\|publisher\\=University of California Press\\|location\\=Berkeley\\|isbn\\=9780520223677\\|page\\=93\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jMEZ\\_47vXkAC\\&pg\\=PA93\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711174321/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The\\_Gold\\_and\\_the\\_Blue\\_Volume\\_One/jMEZ\\_47vXkAC?hl\\=en\\&gbpv\\=1\\&pg\\=PA93\\&printsec\\=frontcover\\|url\\-status\\=live}} After [Clark Kerr](/wiki/Clark_Kerr \"Clark Kerr\") became the first chancellor of [UC Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley \"University of California, Berkeley\") in 1952, he shifted UC Berkeley from the German model to the English model in which universities assume responsibility for providing and operating student housing.",
"In 1921, German students first began to form local private self\\-help organizations called [Studentenwerke](/wiki/Studentenwerk \"Studentenwerk\"), spanning multiple universities, to construct the residence halls and cafeterias which their universities had failed to provide them. From 1969 to 1975, these organizations were transitioned from private non\\-profits to state\\-run non\\-profits.",
"### 20th century",
"[thumb\\|[Jürgen Habermas](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas \"Jürgen Habermas\"), who has promoted Humboldt's educational ideals](/wiki/File:JuergenHabermas.jpg \"JuergenHabermas.jpg\")\nIn the 1960s, the Humboldtian model of the university attracted renewed interest and was discussed internationally. The German sociologist and philosopher [Jürgen Habermas](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas \"Jürgen Habermas\") actively promoted Humboldt's ideas.{{Failed verification\\|date\\=August 2017}}\"First of all, the Humboldtian ideal of the unity of research and teaching has been in practice scrapped in favor of a division of labor, the function of which is to produce more efficiently: patents and citations, in the case of research; highly skilled laborers, in the case of teaching. Second, this division of labor is necessary insofar as the university is seen primarily as an economic motor for the region (understood locally for smaller colleges and nationally for the major universities). The classical ideals of Lehrfreiheit and Lernfreiheit, the academic equivalents to free speech and civil rights in liberal democracies, are eroded as they constitute impediments to achieving the market ideals of efficiency in production and distribution of goods (goods here understood as more engineers\nand fewer humanists among students, for example; [patents](/wiki/Patent \"Patent\") and technical applications instead of Bildung and basic research.)\" {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cultureunbound.ep.liu.se/v1/a07/cu09v1a07\\.pdf\\|title\\=The Future of the European University: Liberal Democracy or Authoritarian Capitalism?\\|publisher\\=www.cultureunbound.ep.liu.se\\|accessdate\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-02\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102164603/http://www.cultureunbound.ep.liu.se/v1/a07/cu09v1a07\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Failed verification\\|date\\=August 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kva.se/globalassets/vetenskap\\_samhallet/forskningspolitik/utskottet/debattbok\\_appendix\\_fstrat\\_eng\\_2008\\.pdf \\|title\\=vetenskap\\_samhallet/forskningspolitik/ \\|publisher\\=www.kva.se/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172822/http://www.kva.se/globalassets/vetenskap\\_samhallet/forskningspolitik/utskottet/debattbok\\_appendix\\_fstrat\\_eng\\_2008\\.pdf \\|archivedate\\=2015\\-01\\-02 }}",
"In the 1970s, breakthrough discoveries in [biotechnology](/wiki/Biotechnology \"Biotechnology\") and patent legislation favoring market\\-oriented research such as the [Bayh–Dole Act](/wiki/Bayh%E2%80%93Dole_Act \"Bayh–Dole Act\") in the US allowed for the creation of research partnerships between universities and industry, with the objective of rapidly bringing innovations to market. (The earliest such partnerships in the US, such as [Stanford Research Park](/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park \"Stanford Research Park\"), date back to the postwar period.) A similar development has taken place in all industrial countries, based on proposals of the [OECD](/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development \"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\").Niinikoski M\\-L. (2011\\). \"Innovation: Formation of a Policy Field and a Policy\\-making Practice\". [Aalto University](/wiki/Aalto_University \"Aalto University\") – Doctoral Dissertations 40/2011\\. This innovation of the \"market university\" as an economic engine, which first emerged in the US, diverges from Humboldt's principles. In a 2012 study, Ståhle and Hautamäki doubted the long\\-term sustainability of what they termed a \"contradictory science policy\", and argued for a return to a neo\\-Humboldtian approach to the university that would aim less for \"innovation than for civilization\" and reinstate the basic Humboldtian principles of academic freedom and autonomy for educational institutions, the pursuit of knowledge as a basis for both civilization and education (German *[Bildung](/wiki/Bildung \"Bildung\")*), and unity in teaching and research.",
"The implications of the Humboldtian approach and of the conflict between market\\-driven and idealistic approaches to higher education have led to ironic results in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Though elite private universities in the US do charge high [tuition fees](/wiki/Tuition_fee \"Tuition fee\"), both universities and their students also benefit from charitable donations as well as from government support. This combination of resources results in lavish funding that far exceeds the budgets of German universities, which are state\\-funded and mostly tuition\\-free.",
"#### Current debate",
"While during Humboldt's time universities mainly conducted state\\-organized academic research, there are now in Germany's [tertiary education](/wiki/Tertiary_education \"Tertiary education\") new forms of higher education, which now all have a scientific mission to research.vgl. Hochschulgesetze der Länder However, Humboldt is still being discussed in Germany. Current problems and policy decisions regarding German education are addressed by a joint initiative called *Konzertierte Aktion Internationales Marketing für den Bildungs\\- und Forschungsstandort Deutschland* (KAIM). KAIM coordinates efforts of the partners, which include the state and federal government, universities, trade unions and industry associations.",
"The name of the group, KAIM, refers to earlier cooperative efforts, for example the Konzertierte Aktion at the end of the 1960s. It tries to improve the international position of German education and research capacities, including marketing. Estimating that American universities receive US$10 billion annually from tuition fees and other financial contributions, which KAIM sees as an important source of revenue for the United States, they have warned Germany to prepare for American attempts to market the American university model via the [World Trade Organization](/wiki/World_Trade_Organization \"World Trade Organization\") in order to corner the international educational and research market.Konzertierte Aktion \"Internationales Marketing für den Bildungs\\- und Forschungsstandort Deutschland\" (KAIM) Newsletter 2001, quoted in University of Kassel, Veranstaltungsreihe des AStA, \"Konsequenzen der Hochschulstrukturreform und der Internationalisierung von Bildung\", (Consequences of Structural Reform of Universities and of the Internationalization of Education) 5\\.11\\.2 Ingrid Lohmann, Humboldts Bildungsideal vs. marktförmige Universität? (Humboldt's Educational Ideal versus Market\\-Format University?){{cite web\\|url\\=https://educationandutopia.wordpress.com/\\|title\\=Can we think about the student as a public?\\|website\\=educationandutopia.wordpress.com\\|accessdate\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-02\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102154501/https://educationandutopia.wordpress.com/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Humboldt concept and its image are used by different and sometimes opposing parties in the German debate.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ses.unam.mx/curso2011/pdf/M2\\_Lecturas/M2\\_S1c\\_Rodriguez.pdf\\|title\\=Bachelor of What, Master of Whom? The Humboldt Myth and Historical Transformations of Higher Education in German\\-Speaking Europe and the US\\|publisher\\=www.ses.unam.mx\\|accessdate\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-11\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711174325/https://www.ses.unam.mx/curso2011/pdf/M2\\_Lecturas/M2\\_S1c\\_Rodriguez.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\"Freedom of teaching and learning (Lehr\\- und Lernfreiheit). Central here is that Humboldt was a liberal in the traditional sense. He believed in individual freedom, and therefore argued that students had as much right to choose their instructors and subjects as professors had to decide what and how they taught. This implied a radical break with any form of set curriculum. The unity of teaching and research (Einheit von Lehre und Forschung). For Humboldt and his adherents, learning is a collaborative enterprise in which ‘the professors are not there for the students, but rather both are there for science (and scholarship)\" Humboldt, 1809/1990, p. 274\\). The unity of science and scholarship (Einheit der Wissenschaft).",
"For Humboldt at least, there was no fundamental distinction in principle between the natural sciences and the humanities because the concept of Wissenschaft applies to both. The primacy of 'pure' science (Bildung durch Wissenschaft) over specialized professional training (Ausbildung, Spezialschulmodell). Humboldt and those who cite him claim to understand science and scholarship as processes of inquiry — 'not a finished thing to be found, but something unfinished and perpetually sought after', as he put it — not the mere discovery and repetition of things to be learned from textbooks, but rather an approach to learning, an attitude of mind, a skill and a capacity to think rather than specialized knowledge\". (Humboldt, 1809/1990, p. 274\\)",
"",
"In Germany, the [German Universities Excellence Initiative](/wiki/German_Universities_Excellence_Initiative \"German Universities Excellence Initiative\") was begun in 2005–06 to counter the perceived lack of cutting\\-edge achievement in both research and education in the state\\-funded universities. This initiative is primarily driven and funded at the federal level. The American tradition of large private grants and foundations for science has been mirrored in the 21st century, for example at [Freiberg University of Mining and Technology](/wiki/Freiberg_University_of_Mining_and_Technology \"Freiberg University of Mining and Technology\"). Freiberg University, one of the oldest mining schools in the world, narrowly escaped closure after [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification \"German reunification\"). In 2007, it received a private grant in the triple\\-digit millions of [euros](/wiki/Euro \"Euro\") from the *Dr.\\-Erich\\-Krüger\\-Stiftung* (Dr. Erich Krüger Foundation), the largest grant ever made to a state\\-owned university in Germany.{{cite news \\|first\\=Michael \\|last\\=Bartsch \\|url\\=http://www.taz.de/pt/2007/01/24/a0200\\.1/text \\|title\\=Geldsegen für Freiberg \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Die tageszeitung\\|taz]] \\|date\\=24 January 2007 \\|language\\=German \\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711174342/https://taz.de/!325417/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Peter Krüger, the Munich\\-based real estate and food retail entrepreneur who endowed the foundation, was born in [Freiberg](/wiki/Freiberg \"Freiberg\") and started an apprenticeship there in 1946, but was driven away by the [East German](/wiki/East_Germany \"East Germany\") communists because of his bourgeois background. He was made an honorary senator of the University of Mining and Technology in 2007\\.{{cite web \\|first\\=Christian \\|last\\=Möls \\|url\\=http://idw\\-online.de/pages/de/news211904 \\|title\\=Millionen\\-Stifter Peter Krüger wird Ehrensenator der TU Bergakademie Freiberg \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Informationsdienst Wissenschaft]] \\|date\\=4 June 2007 \\|language\\=German \\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213015134/http://idw\\-online.de/pages/de/news211904 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Critics see in many current reforms, such as the [Bologna process](/wiki/Bologna_process \"Bologna process\"), a departure from Humboldt's ideal towards greater occupational studies with economic interests. Furthermore, it is criticized that the [freedom of teaching](/wiki/Academic_freedom \"Academic freedom\") is restricted by the [Bologna process](/wiki/Bologna_process \"Bologna process\").",
""
] |
### 20th century
[thumb\|[Jürgen Habermas](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas "Jürgen Habermas"), who has promoted Humboldt's educational ideals](/wiki/File:JuergenHabermas.jpg "JuergenHabermas.jpg")
In the 1960s, the Humboldtian model of the university attracted renewed interest and was discussed internationally. The German sociologist and philosopher [Jürgen Habermas](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas "Jürgen Habermas") actively promoted Humboldt's ideas.{{Failed verification\|date\=August 2017}}"First of all, the Humboldtian ideal of the unity of research and teaching has been in practice scrapped in favor of a division of labor, the function of which is to produce more efficiently: patents and citations, in the case of research; highly skilled laborers, in the case of teaching. Second, this division of labor is necessary insofar as the university is seen primarily as an economic motor for the region (understood locally for smaller colleges and nationally for the major universities). The classical ideals of Lehrfreiheit and Lernfreiheit, the academic equivalents to free speech and civil rights in liberal democracies, are eroded as they constitute impediments to achieving the market ideals of efficiency in production and distribution of goods (goods here understood as more engineers
and fewer humanists among students, for example; [patents](/wiki/Patent "Patent") and technical applications instead of Bildung and basic research.)" {{cite web\|url\=http://www.cultureunbound.ep.liu.se/v1/a07/cu09v1a07\.pdf\|title\=The Future of the European University: Liberal Democracy or Authoritarian Capitalism?\|publisher\=www.cultureunbound.ep.liu.se\|accessdate\=\|archive\-date\=2015\-01\-02\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102164603/http://www.cultureunbound.ep.liu.se/v1/a07/cu09v1a07\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}}{{Failed verification\|date\=August 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kva.se/globalassets/vetenskap\_samhallet/forskningspolitik/utskottet/debattbok\_appendix\_fstrat\_eng\_2008\.pdf \|title\=vetenskap\_samhallet/forskningspolitik/ \|publisher\=www.kva.se/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172822/http://www.kva.se/globalassets/vetenskap\_samhallet/forskningspolitik/utskottet/debattbok\_appendix\_fstrat\_eng\_2008\.pdf \|archivedate\=2015\-01\-02 }}
In the 1970s, breakthrough discoveries in [biotechnology](/wiki/Biotechnology "Biotechnology") and patent legislation favoring market\-oriented research such as the [Bayh–Dole Act](/wiki/Bayh%E2%80%93Dole_Act "Bayh–Dole Act") in the US allowed for the creation of research partnerships between universities and industry, with the objective of rapidly bringing innovations to market. (The earliest such partnerships in the US, such as [Stanford Research Park](/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park "Stanford Research Park"), date back to the postwar period.) A similar development has taken place in all industrial countries, based on proposals of the [OECD](/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development").Niinikoski M\-L. (2011\). "Innovation: Formation of a Policy Field and a Policy\-making Practice". [Aalto University](/wiki/Aalto_University "Aalto University") – Doctoral Dissertations 40/2011\. This innovation of the "market university" as an economic engine, which first emerged in the US, diverges from Humboldt's principles. In a 2012 study, Ståhle and Hautamäki doubted the long\-term sustainability of what they termed a "contradictory science policy", and argued for a return to a neo\-Humboldtian approach to the university that would aim less for "innovation than for civilization" and reinstate the basic Humboldtian principles of academic freedom and autonomy for educational institutions, the pursuit of knowledge as a basis for both civilization and education (German *[Bildung](/wiki/Bildung "Bildung")*), and unity in teaching and research.
The implications of the Humboldtian approach and of the conflict between market\-driven and idealistic approaches to higher education have led to ironic results in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Though elite private universities in the US do charge high [tuition fees](/wiki/Tuition_fee "Tuition fee"), both universities and their students also benefit from charitable donations as well as from government support. This combination of resources results in lavish funding that far exceeds the budgets of German universities, which are state\-funded and mostly tuition\-free.
#### Current debate
While during Humboldt's time universities mainly conducted state\-organized academic research, there are now in Germany's [tertiary education](/wiki/Tertiary_education "Tertiary education") new forms of higher education, which now all have a scientific mission to research.vgl. Hochschulgesetze der Länder However, Humboldt is still being discussed in Germany. Current problems and policy decisions regarding German education are addressed by a joint initiative called *Konzertierte Aktion Internationales Marketing für den Bildungs\- und Forschungsstandort Deutschland* (KAIM). KAIM coordinates efforts of the partners, which include the state and federal government, universities, trade unions and industry associations.
The name of the group, KAIM, refers to earlier cooperative efforts, for example the Konzertierte Aktion at the end of the 1960s. It tries to improve the international position of German education and research capacities, including marketing. Estimating that American universities receive US$10 billion annually from tuition fees and other financial contributions, which KAIM sees as an important source of revenue for the United States, they have warned Germany to prepare for American attempts to market the American university model via the [World Trade Organization](/wiki/World_Trade_Organization "World Trade Organization") in order to corner the international educational and research market.Konzertierte Aktion "Internationales Marketing für den Bildungs\- und Forschungsstandort Deutschland" (KAIM) Newsletter 2001, quoted in University of Kassel, Veranstaltungsreihe des AStA, "Konsequenzen der Hochschulstrukturreform und der Internationalisierung von Bildung", (Consequences of Structural Reform of Universities and of the Internationalization of Education) 5\.11\.2 Ingrid Lohmann, Humboldts Bildungsideal vs. marktförmige Universität? (Humboldt's Educational Ideal versus Market\-Format University?){{cite web\|url\=https://educationandutopia.wordpress.com/\|title\=Can we think about the student as a public?\|website\=educationandutopia.wordpress.com\|accessdate\=\|archive\-date\=2015\-01\-02\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102154501/https://educationandutopia.wordpress.com/\|url\-status\=live}} The Humboldt concept and its image are used by different and sometimes opposing parties in the German debate.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ses.unam.mx/curso2011/pdf/M2\_Lecturas/M2\_S1c\_Rodriguez.pdf\|title\=Bachelor of What, Master of Whom? The Humboldt Myth and Historical Transformations of Higher Education in German\-Speaking Europe and the US\|publisher\=www.ses.unam.mx\|accessdate\=\|archive\-date\=2022\-07\-11\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711174325/https://www.ses.unam.mx/curso2011/pdf/M2\_Lecturas/M2\_S1c\_Rodriguez.pdf\|url\-status\=live}}"Freedom of teaching and learning (Lehr\- und Lernfreiheit). Central here is that Humboldt was a liberal in the traditional sense. He believed in individual freedom, and therefore argued that students had as much right to choose their instructors and subjects as professors had to decide what and how they taught. This implied a radical break with any form of set curriculum. The unity of teaching and research (Einheit von Lehre und Forschung). For Humboldt and his adherents, learning is a collaborative enterprise in which ‘the professors are not there for the students, but rather both are there for science (and scholarship)" Humboldt, 1809/1990, p. 274\). The unity of science and scholarship (Einheit der Wissenschaft).
For Humboldt at least, there was no fundamental distinction in principle between the natural sciences and the humanities because the concept of Wissenschaft applies to both. The primacy of 'pure' science (Bildung durch Wissenschaft) over specialized professional training (Ausbildung, Spezialschulmodell). Humboldt and those who cite him claim to understand science and scholarship as processes of inquiry — 'not a finished thing to be found, but something unfinished and perpetually sought after', as he put it — not the mere discovery and repetition of things to be learned from textbooks, but rather an approach to learning, an attitude of mind, a skill and a capacity to think rather than specialized knowledge". (Humboldt, 1809/1990, p. 274\)
In Germany, the [German Universities Excellence Initiative](/wiki/German_Universities_Excellence_Initiative "German Universities Excellence Initiative") was begun in 2005–06 to counter the perceived lack of cutting\-edge achievement in both research and education in the state\-funded universities. This initiative is primarily driven and funded at the federal level. The American tradition of large private grants and foundations for science has been mirrored in the 21st century, for example at [Freiberg University of Mining and Technology](/wiki/Freiberg_University_of_Mining_and_Technology "Freiberg University of Mining and Technology"). Freiberg University, one of the oldest mining schools in the world, narrowly escaped closure after [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification"). In 2007, it received a private grant in the triple\-digit millions of [euros](/wiki/Euro "Euro") from the *Dr.\-Erich\-Krüger\-Stiftung* (Dr. Erich Krüger Foundation), the largest grant ever made to a state\-owned university in Germany.{{cite news \|first\=Michael \|last\=Bartsch \|url\=http://www.taz.de/pt/2007/01/24/a0200\.1/text \|title\=Geldsegen für Freiberg \|newspaper\=\[\[Die tageszeitung\|taz]] \|date\=24 January 2007 \|language\=German \|access\-date\=12 December 2014 \|archive\-date\=11 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711174342/https://taz.de/!325417/ \|url\-status\=live }} Peter Krüger, the Munich\-based real estate and food retail entrepreneur who endowed the foundation, was born in [Freiberg](/wiki/Freiberg "Freiberg") and started an apprenticeship there in 1946, but was driven away by the [East German](/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany") communists because of his bourgeois background. He was made an honorary senator of the University of Mining and Technology in 2007\.{{cite web \|first\=Christian \|last\=Möls \|url\=http://idw\-online.de/pages/de/news211904 \|title\=Millionen\-Stifter Peter Krüger wird Ehrensenator der TU Bergakademie Freiberg \|publisher\=\[\[Informationsdienst Wissenschaft]] \|date\=4 June 2007 \|language\=German \|access\-date\=12 December 2014 \|archive\-date\=13 December 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213015134/http://idw\-online.de/pages/de/news211904 \|url\-status\=live }}
Critics see in many current reforms, such as the [Bologna process](/wiki/Bologna_process "Bologna process"), a departure from Humboldt's ideal towards greater occupational studies with economic interests. Furthermore, it is criticized that the [freedom of teaching](/wiki/Academic_freedom "Academic freedom") is restricted by the [Bologna process](/wiki/Bologna_process "Bologna process").
|
[
"### 20th century",
"[thumb\\|[Jürgen Habermas](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas \"Jürgen Habermas\"), who has promoted Humboldt's educational ideals](/wiki/File:JuergenHabermas.jpg \"JuergenHabermas.jpg\")\nIn the 1960s, the Humboldtian model of the university attracted renewed interest and was discussed internationally. The German sociologist and philosopher [Jürgen Habermas](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas \"Jürgen Habermas\") actively promoted Humboldt's ideas.{{Failed verification\\|date\\=August 2017}}\"First of all, the Humboldtian ideal of the unity of research and teaching has been in practice scrapped in favor of a division of labor, the function of which is to produce more efficiently: patents and citations, in the case of research; highly skilled laborers, in the case of teaching. Second, this division of labor is necessary insofar as the university is seen primarily as an economic motor for the region (understood locally for smaller colleges and nationally for the major universities). The classical ideals of Lehrfreiheit and Lernfreiheit, the academic equivalents to free speech and civil rights in liberal democracies, are eroded as they constitute impediments to achieving the market ideals of efficiency in production and distribution of goods (goods here understood as more engineers\nand fewer humanists among students, for example; [patents](/wiki/Patent \"Patent\") and technical applications instead of Bildung and basic research.)\" {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cultureunbound.ep.liu.se/v1/a07/cu09v1a07\\.pdf\\|title\\=The Future of the European University: Liberal Democracy or Authoritarian Capitalism?\\|publisher\\=www.cultureunbound.ep.liu.se\\|accessdate\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-02\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102164603/http://www.cultureunbound.ep.liu.se/v1/a07/cu09v1a07\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Failed verification\\|date\\=August 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kva.se/globalassets/vetenskap\\_samhallet/forskningspolitik/utskottet/debattbok\\_appendix\\_fstrat\\_eng\\_2008\\.pdf \\|title\\=vetenskap\\_samhallet/forskningspolitik/ \\|publisher\\=www.kva.se/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172822/http://www.kva.se/globalassets/vetenskap\\_samhallet/forskningspolitik/utskottet/debattbok\\_appendix\\_fstrat\\_eng\\_2008\\.pdf \\|archivedate\\=2015\\-01\\-02 }}",
"In the 1970s, breakthrough discoveries in [biotechnology](/wiki/Biotechnology \"Biotechnology\") and patent legislation favoring market\\-oriented research such as the [Bayh–Dole Act](/wiki/Bayh%E2%80%93Dole_Act \"Bayh–Dole Act\") in the US allowed for the creation of research partnerships between universities and industry, with the objective of rapidly bringing innovations to market. (The earliest such partnerships in the US, such as [Stanford Research Park](/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park \"Stanford Research Park\"), date back to the postwar period.) A similar development has taken place in all industrial countries, based on proposals of the [OECD](/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development \"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\").Niinikoski M\\-L. (2011\\). \"Innovation: Formation of a Policy Field and a Policy\\-making Practice\". [Aalto University](/wiki/Aalto_University \"Aalto University\") – Doctoral Dissertations 40/2011\\. This innovation of the \"market university\" as an economic engine, which first emerged in the US, diverges from Humboldt's principles. In a 2012 study, Ståhle and Hautamäki doubted the long\\-term sustainability of what they termed a \"contradictory science policy\", and argued for a return to a neo\\-Humboldtian approach to the university that would aim less for \"innovation than for civilization\" and reinstate the basic Humboldtian principles of academic freedom and autonomy for educational institutions, the pursuit of knowledge as a basis for both civilization and education (German *[Bildung](/wiki/Bildung \"Bildung\")*), and unity in teaching and research.",
"The implications of the Humboldtian approach and of the conflict between market\\-driven and idealistic approaches to higher education have led to ironic results in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Though elite private universities in the US do charge high [tuition fees](/wiki/Tuition_fee \"Tuition fee\"), both universities and their students also benefit from charitable donations as well as from government support. This combination of resources results in lavish funding that far exceeds the budgets of German universities, which are state\\-funded and mostly tuition\\-free.",
"#### Current debate",
"While during Humboldt's time universities mainly conducted state\\-organized academic research, there are now in Germany's [tertiary education](/wiki/Tertiary_education \"Tertiary education\") new forms of higher education, which now all have a scientific mission to research.vgl. Hochschulgesetze der Länder However, Humboldt is still being discussed in Germany. Current problems and policy decisions regarding German education are addressed by a joint initiative called *Konzertierte Aktion Internationales Marketing für den Bildungs\\- und Forschungsstandort Deutschland* (KAIM). KAIM coordinates efforts of the partners, which include the state and federal government, universities, trade unions and industry associations.",
"The name of the group, KAIM, refers to earlier cooperative efforts, for example the Konzertierte Aktion at the end of the 1960s. It tries to improve the international position of German education and research capacities, including marketing. Estimating that American universities receive US$10 billion annually from tuition fees and other financial contributions, which KAIM sees as an important source of revenue for the United States, they have warned Germany to prepare for American attempts to market the American university model via the [World Trade Organization](/wiki/World_Trade_Organization \"World Trade Organization\") in order to corner the international educational and research market.Konzertierte Aktion \"Internationales Marketing für den Bildungs\\- und Forschungsstandort Deutschland\" (KAIM) Newsletter 2001, quoted in University of Kassel, Veranstaltungsreihe des AStA, \"Konsequenzen der Hochschulstrukturreform und der Internationalisierung von Bildung\", (Consequences of Structural Reform of Universities and of the Internationalization of Education) 5\\.11\\.2 Ingrid Lohmann, Humboldts Bildungsideal vs. marktförmige Universität? (Humboldt's Educational Ideal versus Market\\-Format University?){{cite web\\|url\\=https://educationandutopia.wordpress.com/\\|title\\=Can we think about the student as a public?\\|website\\=educationandutopia.wordpress.com\\|accessdate\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-02\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102154501/https://educationandutopia.wordpress.com/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Humboldt concept and its image are used by different and sometimes opposing parties in the German debate.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ses.unam.mx/curso2011/pdf/M2\\_Lecturas/M2\\_S1c\\_Rodriguez.pdf\\|title\\=Bachelor of What, Master of Whom? The Humboldt Myth and Historical Transformations of Higher Education in German\\-Speaking Europe and the US\\|publisher\\=www.ses.unam.mx\\|accessdate\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-11\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711174325/https://www.ses.unam.mx/curso2011/pdf/M2\\_Lecturas/M2\\_S1c\\_Rodriguez.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\"Freedom of teaching and learning (Lehr\\- und Lernfreiheit). Central here is that Humboldt was a liberal in the traditional sense. He believed in individual freedom, and therefore argued that students had as much right to choose their instructors and subjects as professors had to decide what and how they taught. This implied a radical break with any form of set curriculum. The unity of teaching and research (Einheit von Lehre und Forschung). For Humboldt and his adherents, learning is a collaborative enterprise in which ‘the professors are not there for the students, but rather both are there for science (and scholarship)\" Humboldt, 1809/1990, p. 274\\). The unity of science and scholarship (Einheit der Wissenschaft).",
"For Humboldt at least, there was no fundamental distinction in principle between the natural sciences and the humanities because the concept of Wissenschaft applies to both. The primacy of 'pure' science (Bildung durch Wissenschaft) over specialized professional training (Ausbildung, Spezialschulmodell). Humboldt and those who cite him claim to understand science and scholarship as processes of inquiry — 'not a finished thing to be found, but something unfinished and perpetually sought after', as he put it — not the mere discovery and repetition of things to be learned from textbooks, but rather an approach to learning, an attitude of mind, a skill and a capacity to think rather than specialized knowledge\". (Humboldt, 1809/1990, p. 274\\)",
"",
"In Germany, the [German Universities Excellence Initiative](/wiki/German_Universities_Excellence_Initiative \"German Universities Excellence Initiative\") was begun in 2005–06 to counter the perceived lack of cutting\\-edge achievement in both research and education in the state\\-funded universities. This initiative is primarily driven and funded at the federal level. The American tradition of large private grants and foundations for science has been mirrored in the 21st century, for example at [Freiberg University of Mining and Technology](/wiki/Freiberg_University_of_Mining_and_Technology \"Freiberg University of Mining and Technology\"). Freiberg University, one of the oldest mining schools in the world, narrowly escaped closure after [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification \"German reunification\"). In 2007, it received a private grant in the triple\\-digit millions of [euros](/wiki/Euro \"Euro\") from the *Dr.\\-Erich\\-Krüger\\-Stiftung* (Dr. Erich Krüger Foundation), the largest grant ever made to a state\\-owned university in Germany.{{cite news \\|first\\=Michael \\|last\\=Bartsch \\|url\\=http://www.taz.de/pt/2007/01/24/a0200\\.1/text \\|title\\=Geldsegen für Freiberg \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Die tageszeitung\\|taz]] \\|date\\=24 January 2007 \\|language\\=German \\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711174342/https://taz.de/!325417/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Peter Krüger, the Munich\\-based real estate and food retail entrepreneur who endowed the foundation, was born in [Freiberg](/wiki/Freiberg \"Freiberg\") and started an apprenticeship there in 1946, but was driven away by the [East German](/wiki/East_Germany \"East Germany\") communists because of his bourgeois background. He was made an honorary senator of the University of Mining and Technology in 2007\\.{{cite web \\|first\\=Christian \\|last\\=Möls \\|url\\=http://idw\\-online.de/pages/de/news211904 \\|title\\=Millionen\\-Stifter Peter Krüger wird Ehrensenator der TU Bergakademie Freiberg \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Informationsdienst Wissenschaft]] \\|date\\=4 June 2007 \\|language\\=German \\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213015134/http://idw\\-online.de/pages/de/news211904 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Critics see in many current reforms, such as the [Bologna process](/wiki/Bologna_process \"Bologna process\"), a departure from Humboldt's ideal towards greater occupational studies with economic interests. Furthermore, it is criticized that the [freedom of teaching](/wiki/Academic_freedom \"Academic freedom\") is restricted by the [Bologna process](/wiki/Bologna_process \"Bologna process\").",
""
] |
Awards
------
"Killer B" awards are given out in Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director, Best Foreign Film and other categories. A B\-Movie is defined as "a low\-budget film which provides a level of entertainment and/or artistic value which rivals or surpasses big\-budget mainstream pictures."http://\[www.b\-independent.com/news/mar2001\.htm "Call for Entries in Third Annual B\-Movie Film Festival Celebration of Lower\-Budget Productions to be Held In Syracuse, NY, in Early September"] B\-Independent, March 10, 2001\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\. Feature films, documentaries and short subjects are open for consideration.
### 1999
[Razor Blade Smile](/wiki/Razor_Blade_Smile "Razor Blade Smile") won awards for Best B\-Movie, Best Actress ([Eileen Daly](/wiki/Eileen_Daly "Eileen Daly")), Best Cinematography (Jim Solan), Best Director ([Jake West](/wiki/Jake_West "Jake West")), and Best Special Effects. Other awards were Best Actor to Scott McCord (Motel), Best Supporting Actress to Verda Bridges (Color\-Blinded), and Best Supporting Actor to Robert Margolis (Criminals).
### 2000
Hosted by B\-movie star Roxanne Michaels. *[I Woke Up Early the Day I Died](/wiki/I_Woke_Up_Early_the_Day_I_Died "I Woke Up Early the Day I Died")* a 'dialogue\-free comedy' based on an unproduced [Ed Wood](/wiki/Ed_Wood "Ed Wood") screenplay, won Best Picture, Best Cinematography, Best Set Design, Best Director (Aris Iliopolous), Best Actor ([Billy Zane](/wiki/Billy_Zane "Billy Zane")), and Best Star Cameo ([Christina Ricci](/wiki/Christina_Ricci "Christina Ricci")). Other awards were Best Actress to [Karin Viard](/wiki/Karin_Viard "Karin Viard") for *[The New Eve](/wiki/The_New_Eve "The New Eve")*, Best Screenplay, for *Pep Squad*, by [Steve Balderson](/wiki/Steve_Balderson "Steve Balderson"), and Best Documentary for *Memories of the Soil*.["BRIEFLY: Flick Based on Ed Wood Script Wins Top B\-Movie Fest Prizes"](http://www.indiewire.com/biz/biz_000830_briefs.html), Eugene Hernandez, *[indieWIRE](/wiki/IndieWIRE "IndieWIRE")*, 2000\-08\-30\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\.
### 2001
The ceremony was scheduled for September at the Westcott Movie Theater, Syracuse, New York, but canceled due to the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"). The awards had been voted on before the attacks, and were announced October 31, 2001\. Best B\-Movie and Best Director were both tied between *Lethal Force*, a martial arts film directed by Alvin Ecarma and *[Scrapbook](/wiki/Scrapbook_%28film%29 "Scrapbook (film)")*, a thriller directed by Eric Stanze. *Scrapbook* won Best Screenplay and Best B\-Movie Villain, both for Tommy Biondo, who died before the awards were voted on. *Lethal Force* won Best Cinematography and Best Action Sequence. Neil Maffin won Best Actor for *A Moment in Time* and [Lorri Bagley](/wiki/Lorri_Bagley "Lorri Bagley") won Best Actress for *Peroxide Passion*. [Mike Legge](/wiki/Michael_Legge_%28filmmaker%29 "Michael Legge (filmmaker)") won Best Supporting Actor for *Curtains* and [Paulina Gálvez](/wiki/Paulina_G%C3%A1lvez_%28actress%29 "Paulina Gálvez (actress)") won named Best Supporting Actress for *Tatawo*, which also won Best Foreign Film Award ([Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain")). *Aliens of the Sea* won Best Documentary, *[Third World Cop](/wiki/Third_World_Cop "Third World Cop")* Best Musical Score, *Beware* Best Editing, *Cremains* Best Set Design, *Biohazardous* Best Make\-up, *Creatures of the Mist* Best Special Effects, *Bucky McSnead* Best Short Subject and *Ornaments* Best Animated Short.["B\-Movie Theater Film Fest 2001 Wrap\-Up"](http://www.divergentthinking.net/LethalArkive/History/B-Movie%20Theater%20Film%20Fest%202000%20Wrap-Up.htm), October 31, 2001\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\.
### 2002
Held October 5\-October 6 at the Planet 505 Club in Syracuse, New York.["Nominees for the 2002 B\-Movie Film Festival are in"](http://filmthreat.com/index.php?section=festivals&Id=951&archive=Date&match=0&page=18), *[Film Threat](/wiki/Film_Threat "Film Threat")*, 2002\-09\-09\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\. *[Jane White Is Sick \& Twisted](/wiki/Jane_White_Is_Sick_%26_Twisted "Jane White Is Sick & Twisted")* won Best B\-Movie, Best Director ([David Michael Latt](/wiki/David_Michael_Latt "David Michael Latt")), and Best B\-Movie Hollywood Appearance/Cameo ([Colin Mochrie](/wiki/Colin_Mochrie "Colin Mochrie")). The winner of Best Actor was Michael Emanuel for *Lucky*, Best Actress Andrea Ajemian for *Rutland, USA*, Best Supporting Actor Graeme Anning for *P.O.V*, Best Supporting Actress Lara Clancy for *Summer Rain*. *Hunting Humans* won Best Editing and Best Action Sequences. Best Writer was Stephen Sustarsic for *Lucky*. There was a Special Achievement Winner: [Young Man Kang](/wiki/Young_Man_Kang "Young Man Kang") for *1st Testament CIA Vengeance* ["Jane White" wins 2002 B\-Movie Film Fest Award"](http://www.b-movie.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=87&Itemid=44), b\-movie.com, 31 October 2002\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\.
### 2004
*Prison\-a\-Go\-Go*, a parody of [women in prison](/wiki/Women_in_prison "Women in prison") films, won Best B\-Movie, Best Director (Barak Epstein), Best Actress ([Rhonda Shear](/wiki/Rhonda_Shear "Rhonda Shear")), and Best Set Design. *The Passage* won Best Actor (Greg Dow), and Best Screenplay Award for Daniel Casey\-Vanhout. *Ambition Withdraw* won Best Documentary and Best Music Score, and *Head Hunter* won Best Make\-up and Special Effects.
*The Last Round* won Best B\-Movie Short, and *Beer Muscles* won the B\-Movie Merit Award.["'Prison\-a\-Go\-Go' Locks Up Top Honors In the 2004 B\-Movie Awards"](http://www.b-movie.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86&Itemid=44), b\-movie.com, 4 March 2004\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\.
### 2005
Held April 8\-April 14 at the Palace Movie Theater, in Syracuse, New York.["2005 B\-Movie Film Festival Announces Films and Nominations"](http://www.filmthreat.com/index.php?section=festivals&Id=1715&archive=Date&match=0&page=13), *[Film Threat](/wiki/Film_Threat "Film Threat")*, 2005\-03\-23\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\. *[Land of College Prophets](/wiki/Land_of_College_Prophets "Land of College Prophets")*, a fantasy comedy, won Best Picture, Best Actor (Thomas Edward Seymour), Best Cinematography, and Best Make\-up Effects. Best Director was shared by four people, Thomas Edward Seymour, Mike Aransky and Phil Guerette jointly for *Land of College Prophets*, and [Elza Kephart](/wiki/Elza_Kephart "Elza Kephart") for *Graveyard Alive*, which also won for Best Editing. *And I Lived* won for Best Supporting Actor (Josue Rivera), and Best Music Score (Matt Tyson and Gary Judge). [Maggie Ross](/wiki/Maggie_Ross "Maggie Ross") won Best Actress for *Rock and Roll Eulogy*, and [Debbie Rochon](/wiki/Debbie_Rochon "Debbie Rochon") won Best Supporting Actress for *Scream of the Decapitated*. [Michael Legge](/wiki/Michael_Legge_%28filmmaker%29 "Michael Legge (filmmaker)") won Best Screenplay for *Democrazy*. Phil Hall received a Special Achievement Award for his work supporting independent film as a publicist and film writer.["'Land of College Prophets' Wins Top Honors At 2005 B\-Movie Film Festival"](http://www.b-movie.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=74&Itemid=44), b\-movie.com, April 10, 2005\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\.
### 2006
The 2006 guest of honor was B\-movie star [Michael Berryman](/wiki/Michael_Berryman "Michael Berryman"). Drama *Big Fish in Middlesex*, won "Tor" Awards for Best B\-Movie, Best B\-Movie Writer (Jonathan Straiton), Best Supporting Actor (Michael Wingfield) and Best Music Score. Science fiction film *Borrowing Time*, won Best Director (Webster Crowell), Best Editing, Best Set Design, and Best Digital / Special Effects. Jackie Parker (actress)\|Jackie Parker won Best Actress for *Both*. [Ray Wise](/wiki/Ray_Wise "Ray Wise") won Best Actor for *Cyxork 7*. *[Ellektra](/wiki/Ellektra_%282004_film%29 "Ellektra (2004 film)")* won "Best Foreign B\-Movie" ([Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium")), Best Supporting Actress ([Axelle Red](/wiki/Axelle_Red "Axelle Red")). *Flyaway* won Best Animated Short, *Pawns of Paradise* won Best Documentary, *Bon Appetit* won Best Short, *The Last Eve* won Best Cinematography, *Big Foot* won Best Make\-Up.["The 2006 B\-Movie Film Fest Winners"](http://www.bmoviefest.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=76&Itemid=62), b\-movie.com, 7 March 2006\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\.
|
[
"Awards\n------",
"\"Killer B\" awards are given out in Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director, Best Foreign Film and other categories. A B\\-Movie is defined as \"a low\\-budget film which provides a level of entertainment and/or artistic value which rivals or surpasses big\\-budget mainstream pictures.\"http://\\[www.b\\-independent.com/news/mar2001\\.htm \"Call for Entries in Third Annual B\\-Movie Film Festival Celebration of Lower\\-Budget Productions to be Held In Syracuse, NY, in Early September\"] B\\-Independent, March 10, 2001\\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\\. Feature films, documentaries and short subjects are open for consideration.",
"### 1999",
"[Razor Blade Smile](/wiki/Razor_Blade_Smile \"Razor Blade Smile\") won awards for Best B\\-Movie, Best Actress ([Eileen Daly](/wiki/Eileen_Daly \"Eileen Daly\")), Best Cinematography (Jim Solan), Best Director ([Jake West](/wiki/Jake_West \"Jake West\")), and Best Special Effects. Other awards were Best Actor to Scott McCord (Motel), Best Supporting Actress to Verda Bridges (Color\\-Blinded), and Best Supporting Actor to Robert Margolis (Criminals).",
"### 2000",
"Hosted by B\\-movie star Roxanne Michaels. *[I Woke Up Early the Day I Died](/wiki/I_Woke_Up_Early_the_Day_I_Died \"I Woke Up Early the Day I Died\")* a 'dialogue\\-free comedy' based on an unproduced [Ed Wood](/wiki/Ed_Wood \"Ed Wood\") screenplay, won Best Picture, Best Cinematography, Best Set Design, Best Director (Aris Iliopolous), Best Actor ([Billy Zane](/wiki/Billy_Zane \"Billy Zane\")), and Best Star Cameo ([Christina Ricci](/wiki/Christina_Ricci \"Christina Ricci\")). Other awards were Best Actress to [Karin Viard](/wiki/Karin_Viard \"Karin Viard\") for *[The New Eve](/wiki/The_New_Eve \"The New Eve\")*, Best Screenplay, for *Pep Squad*, by [Steve Balderson](/wiki/Steve_Balderson \"Steve Balderson\"), and Best Documentary for *Memories of the Soil*.[\"BRIEFLY: Flick Based on Ed Wood Script Wins Top B\\-Movie Fest Prizes\"](http://www.indiewire.com/biz/biz_000830_briefs.html), Eugene Hernandez, *[indieWIRE](/wiki/IndieWIRE \"IndieWIRE\")*, 2000\\-08\\-30\\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\\.",
"### 2001",
"The ceremony was scheduled for September at the Westcott Movie Theater, Syracuse, New York, but canceled due to the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\"). The awards had been voted on before the attacks, and were announced October 31, 2001\\. Best B\\-Movie and Best Director were both tied between *Lethal Force*, a martial arts film directed by Alvin Ecarma and *[Scrapbook](/wiki/Scrapbook_%28film%29 \"Scrapbook (film)\")*, a thriller directed by Eric Stanze. *Scrapbook* won Best Screenplay and Best B\\-Movie Villain, both for Tommy Biondo, who died before the awards were voted on. *Lethal Force* won Best Cinematography and Best Action Sequence. Neil Maffin won Best Actor for *A Moment in Time* and [Lorri Bagley](/wiki/Lorri_Bagley \"Lorri Bagley\") won Best Actress for *Peroxide Passion*. [Mike Legge](/wiki/Michael_Legge_%28filmmaker%29 \"Michael Legge (filmmaker)\") won Best Supporting Actor for *Curtains* and [Paulina Gálvez](/wiki/Paulina_G%C3%A1lvez_%28actress%29 \"Paulina Gálvez (actress)\") won named Best Supporting Actress for *Tatawo*, which also won Best Foreign Film Award ([Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\")). *Aliens of the Sea* won Best Documentary, *[Third World Cop](/wiki/Third_World_Cop \"Third World Cop\")* Best Musical Score, *Beware* Best Editing, *Cremains* Best Set Design, *Biohazardous* Best Make\\-up, *Creatures of the Mist* Best Special Effects, *Bucky McSnead* Best Short Subject and *Ornaments* Best Animated Short.[\"B\\-Movie Theater Film Fest 2001 Wrap\\-Up\"](http://www.divergentthinking.net/LethalArkive/History/B-Movie%20Theater%20Film%20Fest%202000%20Wrap-Up.htm), October 31, 2001\\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\\.",
"### 2002",
"Held October 5\\-October 6 at the Planet 505 Club in Syracuse, New York.[\"Nominees for the 2002 B\\-Movie Film Festival are in\"](http://filmthreat.com/index.php?section=festivals&Id=951&archive=Date&match=0&page=18), *[Film Threat](/wiki/Film_Threat \"Film Threat\")*, 2002\\-09\\-09\\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\\. *[Jane White Is Sick \\& Twisted](/wiki/Jane_White_Is_Sick_%26_Twisted \"Jane White Is Sick & Twisted\")* won Best B\\-Movie, Best Director ([David Michael Latt](/wiki/David_Michael_Latt \"David Michael Latt\")), and Best B\\-Movie Hollywood Appearance/Cameo ([Colin Mochrie](/wiki/Colin_Mochrie \"Colin Mochrie\")). The winner of Best Actor was Michael Emanuel for *Lucky*, Best Actress Andrea Ajemian for *Rutland, USA*, Best Supporting Actor Graeme Anning for *P.O.V*, Best Supporting Actress Lara Clancy for *Summer Rain*. *Hunting Humans* won Best Editing and Best Action Sequences. Best Writer was Stephen Sustarsic for *Lucky*. There was a Special Achievement Winner: [Young Man Kang](/wiki/Young_Man_Kang \"Young Man Kang\") for *1st Testament CIA Vengeance* [\"Jane White\" wins 2002 B\\-Movie Film Fest Award\"](http://www.b-movie.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=87&Itemid=44), b\\-movie.com, 31 October 2002\\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\\.",
"### 2004",
"*Prison\\-a\\-Go\\-Go*, a parody of [women in prison](/wiki/Women_in_prison \"Women in prison\") films, won Best B\\-Movie, Best Director (Barak Epstein), Best Actress ([Rhonda Shear](/wiki/Rhonda_Shear \"Rhonda Shear\")), and Best Set Design. *The Passage* won Best Actor (Greg Dow), and Best Screenplay Award for Daniel Casey\\-Vanhout. *Ambition Withdraw* won Best Documentary and Best Music Score, and *Head Hunter* won Best Make\\-up and Special Effects.\n*The Last Round* won Best B\\-Movie Short, and *Beer Muscles* won the B\\-Movie Merit Award.[\"'Prison\\-a\\-Go\\-Go' Locks Up Top Honors In the 2004 B\\-Movie Awards\"](http://www.b-movie.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86&Itemid=44), b\\-movie.com, 4 March 2004\\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\\.",
"### 2005",
"Held April 8\\-April 14 at the Palace Movie Theater, in Syracuse, New York.[\"2005 B\\-Movie Film Festival Announces Films and Nominations\"](http://www.filmthreat.com/index.php?section=festivals&Id=1715&archive=Date&match=0&page=13), *[Film Threat](/wiki/Film_Threat \"Film Threat\")*, 2005\\-03\\-23\\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\\. *[Land of College Prophets](/wiki/Land_of_College_Prophets \"Land of College Prophets\")*, a fantasy comedy, won Best Picture, Best Actor (Thomas Edward Seymour), Best Cinematography, and Best Make\\-up Effects. Best Director was shared by four people, Thomas Edward Seymour, Mike Aransky and Phil Guerette jointly for *Land of College Prophets*, and [Elza Kephart](/wiki/Elza_Kephart \"Elza Kephart\") for *Graveyard Alive*, which also won for Best Editing. *And I Lived* won for Best Supporting Actor (Josue Rivera), and Best Music Score (Matt Tyson and Gary Judge). [Maggie Ross](/wiki/Maggie_Ross \"Maggie Ross\") won Best Actress for *Rock and Roll Eulogy*, and [Debbie Rochon](/wiki/Debbie_Rochon \"Debbie Rochon\") won Best Supporting Actress for *Scream of the Decapitated*. [Michael Legge](/wiki/Michael_Legge_%28filmmaker%29 \"Michael Legge (filmmaker)\") won Best Screenplay for *Democrazy*. Phil Hall received a Special Achievement Award for his work supporting independent film as a publicist and film writer.[\"'Land of College Prophets' Wins Top Honors At 2005 B\\-Movie Film Festival\"](http://www.b-movie.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=74&Itemid=44), b\\-movie.com, April 10, 2005\\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\\.",
"### 2006",
"The 2006 guest of honor was B\\-movie star [Michael Berryman](/wiki/Michael_Berryman \"Michael Berryman\"). Drama *Big Fish in Middlesex*, won \"Tor\" Awards for Best B\\-Movie, Best B\\-Movie Writer (Jonathan Straiton), Best Supporting Actor (Michael Wingfield) and Best Music Score. Science fiction film *Borrowing Time*, won Best Director (Webster Crowell), Best Editing, Best Set Design, and Best Digital / Special Effects. Jackie Parker (actress)\\|Jackie Parker won Best Actress for *Both*. [Ray Wise](/wiki/Ray_Wise \"Ray Wise\") won Best Actor for *Cyxork 7*. *[Ellektra](/wiki/Ellektra_%282004_film%29 \"Ellektra (2004 film)\")* won \"Best Foreign B\\-Movie\" ([Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\")), Best Supporting Actress ([Axelle Red](/wiki/Axelle_Red \"Axelle Red\")). *Flyaway* won Best Animated Short, *Pawns of Paradise* won Best Documentary, *Bon Appetit* won Best Short, *The Last Eve* won Best Cinematography, *Big Foot* won Best Make\\-Up.[\"The 2006 B\\-Movie Film Fest Winners\"](http://www.bmoviefest.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=76&Itemid=62), b\\-movie.com, 7 March 2006\\. Retrieved April 12, 2007\\.",
""
] |
Private festivities
-------------------
{{quote box
\|quote\="Meanwhile, the head of the slave household, whose responsibility it was to offer sacrifice to the \[\[Penates]], to manage the provisions and to direct the activities of the domestic servants, came to tell his master that the household had feasted according to the annual ritual custom. For at this festival, in houses that keep to proper religious usage, they first of all honor the slaves with a dinner prepared as if for the master; and only afterwards is the table set again for the head of the household. So, then, the chief slave came in to announce the time of dinner and to summon the masters to the table."{{sfn\|Beard\|North\|Price\|2004\|page\=124}}
\|source\=\[\[Macrobius]], ''Saturnalia'' 1\.24\.22–23
\| align \= right
\| width \= 30%
\| bgcolor \= \#FFFFF0
\|salign\=right
}}
### Role reversal
Saturnalia was characterized by role reversals and behavioral license. Slaves were treated to a banquet of the kind usually enjoyed by their masters. Ancient sources differ on the circumstances: some suggest that master and slave dined together,[Seneca](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger "Seneca the Younger"), *Epistulae* 47\.14; Carlin A. Barton, *The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster* (Princeton University Press, 1993\), p. 498\. while others indicate that the slaves feasted first, or that the masters actually served the food. The practice might have varied over time.{{sfn\|Dolansky\|2011\|page\=484}}
Saturnalian license also permitted slaves to disrespect their masters without the threat of a punishment. It was a time for [free speech](/wiki/Marsyas%23Prophecy_and_free_speech_at_Rome "Marsyas#Prophecy and free speech at Rome"): the [Augustan](/wiki/Augustan_literature_%28ancient_Rome%29 "Augustan literature (ancient Rome)") poet [Horace](/wiki/Horace "Horace") calls it "December liberty".[Horace](/wiki/Horace "Horace"), *Satires* 2\.7\.4, *libertas Decembri*; {{harvnb\|Mueller\|2010\|pages\=221–222}} In two [satires](/wiki/Satires_%28Horace%29 "Satires (Horace)") set during the Saturnalia, Horace has a slave offer sharp criticism to his master.[Horace](/wiki/Horace "Horace"), *Satires*, Book 2, poems 3 and 7; Catherine Keane, *Figuring Genre in Roman Satire* (Oxford University Press, 2006\), p. 90; Maria Plaza, *The Function of Humour in Roman Verse Satire: Laughing and Lying* (Oxford University Press, 2006\), pp. 298–300 *et passim.* Everyone knew, however, that the leveling of the [social hierarchy](/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome "Social class in ancient Rome") was temporary and had limits; no social norms were ultimately threatened, because the holiday would end.Barton, *The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans*, *passim*.
The [toga](/wiki/Toga "Toga"), the characteristic garment of the male Roman citizen, was set aside in favor of the Greek *[synthesis](/wiki/Synthesis_%28clothing%29 "Synthesis (clothing)")*, colourful "dinner clothes" otherwise considered in poor taste for daytime wear.{{harvnb\|Versnel\|1992\|page\=147}} (especially note 59\). Romans of citizen status normally went about bare\-headed, but for the Saturnalia donned the *[pilleus](/wiki/Pileus_%28hat%29 "Pileus (hat)")*, the conical felt cap that was the usual mark of a freedman. Slaves, who ordinarily were not entitled to wear the *pilleus*, wore it as well, so that everyone was "pilleated" without distinction.{{sfn\|Versnel\|1992\|page\=147}}{{sfn\|Dolansky\|2011\|page\=492}}
The participation of [freeborn Roman women](/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome "Women in ancient Rome") is implied by sources that name gifts for women, but their presence at banquets may have depended on the custom of their time; from the late Republic onward, women mingled socially with men more freely than they had in earlier times. Female entertainers were certainly present at some otherwise all\-male gatherings.{{sfn\|Dolansky\|2011\|pages\=492–494}} Role\-playing was implicit in the Saturnalia's status reversals, and there are hints of mask\-wearing or "[guising](/wiki/Guising "Guising")".At the beginning of [Horace](/wiki/Horace "Horace")'s *Satire* 2\.3, and the mask in the Saturnalia imagery of the [Calendar of Philocalus](/wiki/Calendar_of_Philocalus "Calendar of Philocalus"), and [Martial](/wiki/Martial "Martial")'s inclusion of masks as Saturnalia gifts{{sfn\|Beard\|North\|Price\|2004\|page\=125}} No theatrical events are mentioned in connection with the festivities, but the classicist [Erich Segal](/wiki/Erich_Segal "Erich Segal") saw [Roman comedy](/wiki/Roman_comedy "Roman comedy"), with its cast of impudent, free\-wheeling slaves and libertine seniors, as imbued with the Saturnalian spirit.[Segal, Erich](/wiki/Erich_Segal "Erich Segal"), *Roman Laughter: The Comedy of Plautus* (Oxford University Press, 1968, 2nd ed. 1987\), pp. 8–9, 32–33, 103 *et passim*.
### Gambling
[thumb\|upright\=1\.3\|Dice players in a wall painting from [Pompeii](/wiki/Pompeii "Pompeii")](/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_Osteria_della_Via_di_Mercurio_-_Dice_Players.jpg "Pompeii - Osteria della Via di Mercurio - Dice Players.jpg")
Gambling and dice\-playing, normally prohibited or at least frowned upon, were permitted for all, even slaves. Coins and nuts were the [stakes](/wiki/Gambling "Gambling"). On the [Calendar of Philocalus](/wiki/Calendar_of_Philocalus "Calendar of Philocalus"), the Saturnalia is represented by a man wearing a fur\-trimmed coat next to a table with dice, and a caption reading: "Now you have license, slave, to game with your master."{{harvnb\|Versnel\|1992\|page\=148}} citing [Suetonius](/wiki/Suetonius "Suetonius"), *Life of Augustus* 71; Martial 1\.14\.7, 5\.84, 7\.91\.2, 11\.6, 13\.1\.7; 14\.1; Lucian, [*Saturnalia* 1\.](http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl4/wl422.htm)See [a copy of the actual calendar](http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/chronography_of_354_06_calendar.htm) Rampant overeating and drunkenness became the rule, and a sober person the exception.{{harvnb\|Versnel\|1992\|page\=147}}, citing [Cato the Elder](/wiki/Cato_the_Elder "Cato the Elder"), *De agricultura* 57; [Aulus Gellius](/wiki/Aulus_Gellius "Aulus Gellius") 2\.24\.3; Martial 14\.70\.1 and 14\.1\.9; [Horace](/wiki/Horace "Horace"), *Satire* 2\.3\.5; [Lucian](/wiki/Lucian "Lucian"), *Saturnalia* 13; *Scriptores Historiae Augustae*, Alexander Severus 37\.6\.
[Seneca](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger "Seneca the Younger") looked forward to the holiday, if somewhat tentatively, in a letter to a friend:
> "It is now the month of December, when the greatest part of the city is in a bustle. Loose reins are given to public dissipation; everywhere you may hear the sound of great preparations, as if there were some real difference between the days devoted to Saturn and those for transacting business. ... Were you here, I would willingly confer with you as to the plan of our conduct; whether we should eve in our usual way, or, to avoid singularity, both take a better supper and throw off the toga."[Seneca the Younger](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger "Seneca the Younger"), *Epistulae* 18\.1–2\.
Some Romans found it all a bit much. [Pliny](/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger "Pliny the Younger") describes a secluded suite of rooms in his [Laurentine](/wiki/Laurentum "Laurentum") [villa](/wiki/Roman_villa "Roman villa"), which he used as a retreat: "... especially during the Saturnalia when the rest of the house is noisy with the licence of the holiday and festive cries. This way I don't hamper the games of my people and they don't hinder my work or studies."[Pliny the Younger](/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger "Pliny the Younger"), *Letters* 2\.17\.24\. [Horace](/wiki/Horace "Horace") similarly sets *Satire* 2\.3 during the Saturnalia but in the countryside, where he has fled the frenzied pace.
### Gift\-giving
{{main\|Sigillaria (ancient Rome)}}
The Sigillaria on 19 December was a day of gift\-giving.{{harvnb\|Dolansky\|2011\|pages\=492, 502}} [Macrobius](/wiki/Macrobius "Macrobius"), *Saturnalia* 1\.10\.24, seems to indicate that the Sigillaria was a market that occurred at the end of Saturnalia, but the [Gallo\-Roman](/wiki/Gallo-Roman "Gallo-Roman") scholar\-poet [Ausonius](/wiki/Ausonius "Ausonius") (*Eclogues* 16\.32\) refers to it as a religious occasion *(sacra sigillorum,* "rites of the *sigillaria*"). Because gifts of value would mark social status contrary to the spirit of the season, these were often the [pottery](/wiki/Ancient_Roman_pottery "Ancient Roman pottery") or wax figurines called *[sigillaria](/wiki/Sigillaria_%28ancient_Rome%29 "Sigillaria (ancient Rome)")* made specially for the day, candles, or "[gag gifts](/wiki/Gag_gift "Gag gift")", of which [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus "Augustus") was particularly fond.[Suetonius](/wiki/Suetonius "Suetonius"), *Life of Augustus* [75](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#75); {{harvnb\|Versnel\|1992\|page\=148}}, pointing to the *[Cronosolon](http://lucianofsamosata.info/Cronosolon.html)* of Lucian on the problem of unequal gift\-giving. Children received toys as gifts.Beryl Rawson, "Adult\-Child Relationships in Ancient Rome," in *Marriage, Divorce, and Children in Ancient Rome* (Oxford University Press, 1991\), p. 19\. In his many poems about the Saturnalia, [Martial](/wiki/Martial "Martial") names both expensive and quite cheap gifts, including writing tablets, dice, [knucklebones](/wiki/Knucklebones "Knucklebones"), moneyboxes, combs, toothpicks, a hat, a hunting knife, an axe, various lamps, balls, [perfumes](/wiki/Perfume "Perfume"), pipes, a pig, a sausage, a [parrot](/wiki/Parrot "Parrot"), tables, cups, spoons, items of clothing, statues, masks, books, and pets.[Martial](/wiki/Martial "Martial"), *Epigrams* 13 and 14, the *Xenia* and the *Apophoreta*, published 84–85 AD. Gifts might be as costly as a slave or exotic animal,{{harvnb\|Dolansky\|2011\|page\=492}} citing [Martial](/wiki/Martial "Martial") 5\.18, 7\.53, 14; Suetonius, *Life of Augustus* 75 and *Life of Vespasian* 19 on the range of gifts. but Martial suggests that token gifts of low intrinsic value inversely measure the high quality of a friendship.Ruurd R. Nauta, *Poetry for Patrons: Literary Communication in the Age of Domitian* (Brill, 2002\), pp. 78–79\. [Patrons](/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome "Patronage in ancient Rome") or "bosses" might pass along a gratuity *(sigillaricium)* to their poorer clients or dependents to help them buy gifts. Some [emperors](/wiki/Roman_emperor "Roman emperor") were noted for their devoted observance of the Sigillaria.{{harvnb\|Versnel\|1992\|pages\=148–149}}, citing Macrobius, *Saturnalia* 1\.10\.24 and 1\.11\.49; [Suetonius](/wiki/Suetonius "Suetonius"), *Life of Claudius* 5; *[Scriptores Historiae Augustae](/wiki/Scriptores_Historiae_Augustae "Scriptores Historiae Augustae")* Hadrian [17\.3](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Hadrian/2*.html#17.3), Caracalla [1\.8](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Caracalla*.html#1.8) and Aurelian [50\.3\.](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Aurelian/3*.html#ref184) See also {{harvnb\|Dolansky\|2011\|page\=492}}
In a practice that might be compared to modern [greeting cards](/wiki/Greeting_card "Greeting card"), verses sometimes accompanied the gifts. Martial has a collection of poems written as if to be attached to gifts.Martial, Book 14 *(Apophoreta)*; Williams, *Martial: Epigrams*, p. 259; Nauta, *Poetry for Patrons,* p. 79 *et [passim.](https://books.google.com/books?id=EelGbtB7ppsC&q=saturnalia)*{{sfn\|Versnel\|1992\|page\=148}} Catullus received a book of bad poems by "the worst poet of all time" as a joke from a friend.[Catullus](/wiki/Catullus "Catullus"), *Carmen* 14; Robinson Ellis, *A Commentary on Catullus* (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1876\), pp. 38–39\.
Gift\-giving was not confined to the day of the Sigillaria. In some households, guests and family members received gifts after the feast in which slaves had shared.{{sfn\|Dolansky\|2011\|page\=492}}
### King of the Saturnalia
[thumb\|upright\=1\.5\|*Ave, Caesar! Io, Saturnalia!* (1880\) by [Lawrence Alma\-Tadema](/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema "Lawrence Alma-Tadema"). The painting's title draws a comparison between the spontaneous declaration of [Claudius](/wiki/Claudius "Claudius") as the new emperor by the [Praetorian Guard](/wiki/Praetorian_Guard "Praetorian Guard") after the assassination of [Caligula](/wiki/Caligula "Caligula") and the election of a *Saturnalicius princeps*.The painting represents a scene recorded by [Josephus](/wiki/Josephus "Josephus"), *Antiquitates Iudiacae* 19; and [Cassius Dio](/wiki/Cassius_Dio "Cassius Dio") [60\.1\.3\.](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/60*.html#1)](/wiki/File:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_06.jpeg "Lawrence Alma-Tadema 06.jpeg")
[Imperial](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") sources refer to a *Saturnalicius princeps* ("Ruler of the Saturnalia"), who ruled as master of ceremonies for the proceedings. He was appointed by lot, and has been compared to the medieval [Lord of Misrule](/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule "Lord of Misrule") at the [Feast of Fools](/wiki/Feast_of_Fools "Feast of Fools"). His capricious commands, such as "Sing naked!" or "Throw him into cold water!", had to be obeyed by the other guests at the *convivium*: he creates and (mis)rules a chaotic and absurd world. The future emperor [Nero](/wiki/Nero "Nero") is recorded as playing the role in his youth.By [Tacitus](/wiki/Tacitus "Tacitus"), *Annales* 13\.15\.
Since this figure does not appear in accounts from the [Republican period](/wiki/Roman_Republic "Roman Republic"), the *princeps* of the Saturnalia may have developed as a satiric response to the new era of rule by a *[princeps](/wiki/Princeps "Princeps")*, the title assumed by the first emperor [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus "Augustus") to avoid the hated connotations of the word "king" *(rex)*. Art and [literature under Augustus](/wiki/Augustan_literature_%28ancient_Rome%29 "Augustan literature (ancient Rome)") celebrated his reign as a new Golden Age, but the Saturnalia makes a mockery of a world in which law is determined by one man and the traditional social and political networks are reduced to the power of the emperor over his subjects.{{sfn\|Versnel\|1992\|pages\=206–208}} In a poem about a lavish Saturnalia under [Domitian](/wiki/Domitian "Domitian"), [Statius](/wiki/Statius "Statius") makes it clear that the emperor, like [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28mythology%29 "Jupiter (mythology)"), still reigns during the temporary return of Saturn.[Statius](/wiki/Statius "Statius"), *Silvae* 1\.6; Nauta, *Poetry for Patrons*, p. 400\.
### *Io Saturnalia*
The phrase *io Saturnalia* was the characteristic shout or salutation of the festival, originally commencing after the public banquet on the single day of 17 December.{{sfn\|Versnel\|1992\|page\=141}}{{sfn\|Palmer\|1997\|page\=63}} The [interjection](/wiki/Interjection "Interjection") *io* (Greek *ἰώ*, *ǐō*) is pronounced either with two [syllables](/wiki/Syllable "Syllable") (a short *i* and a long *o*) or as a single syllable (with the *i* becoming the Latin [consonantal](/wiki/Consonant "Consonant") *j* and pronounced *yō*). It was a strongly emotive ritual exclamation or invocation, used for instance in announcing [triumph](/wiki/Roman_triumph "Roman triumph") or celebrating [Bacchus](/wiki/Bacchus "Bacchus"), but also to punctuate a joke.Entry on *io,* *[Oxford Latin Dictionary](/wiki/Oxford_Latin_Dictionary "Oxford Latin Dictionary")* (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), p. 963\.
|
[
"Private festivities\n-------------------",
"{{quote box\n\\|quote\\=\"Meanwhile, the head of the slave household, whose responsibility it was to offer sacrifice to the \\[\\[Penates]], to manage the provisions and to direct the activities of the domestic servants, came to tell his master that the household had feasted according to the annual ritual custom. For at this festival, in houses that keep to proper religious usage, they first of all honor the slaves with a dinner prepared as if for the master; and only afterwards is the table set again for the head of the household. So, then, the chief slave came in to announce the time of dinner and to summon the masters to the table.\"{{sfn\\|Beard\\|North\\|Price\\|2004\\|page\\=124}}\n\\|source\\=\\[\\[Macrobius]], ''Saturnalia'' 1\\.24\\.22–23\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| width \\= 30%\n\\| bgcolor \\= \\#FFFFF0\n\\|salign\\=right\n}}\n### Role reversal",
"Saturnalia was characterized by role reversals and behavioral license. Slaves were treated to a banquet of the kind usually enjoyed by their masters. Ancient sources differ on the circumstances: some suggest that master and slave dined together,[Seneca](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger \"Seneca the Younger\"), *Epistulae* 47\\.14; Carlin A. Barton, *The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster* (Princeton University Press, 1993\\), p. 498\\. while others indicate that the slaves feasted first, or that the masters actually served the food. The practice might have varied over time.{{sfn\\|Dolansky\\|2011\\|page\\=484}}",
"Saturnalian license also permitted slaves to disrespect their masters without the threat of a punishment. It was a time for [free speech](/wiki/Marsyas%23Prophecy_and_free_speech_at_Rome \"Marsyas#Prophecy and free speech at Rome\"): the [Augustan](/wiki/Augustan_literature_%28ancient_Rome%29 \"Augustan literature (ancient Rome)\") poet [Horace](/wiki/Horace \"Horace\") calls it \"December liberty\".[Horace](/wiki/Horace \"Horace\"), *Satires* 2\\.7\\.4, *libertas Decembri*; {{harvnb\\|Mueller\\|2010\\|pages\\=221–222}} In two [satires](/wiki/Satires_%28Horace%29 \"Satires (Horace)\") set during the Saturnalia, Horace has a slave offer sharp criticism to his master.[Horace](/wiki/Horace \"Horace\"), *Satires*, Book 2, poems 3 and 7; Catherine Keane, *Figuring Genre in Roman Satire* (Oxford University Press, 2006\\), p. 90; Maria Plaza, *The Function of Humour in Roman Verse Satire: Laughing and Lying* (Oxford University Press, 2006\\), pp. 298–300 *et passim.* Everyone knew, however, that the leveling of the [social hierarchy](/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome \"Social class in ancient Rome\") was temporary and had limits; no social norms were ultimately threatened, because the holiday would end.Barton, *The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans*, *passim*.",
"The [toga](/wiki/Toga \"Toga\"), the characteristic garment of the male Roman citizen, was set aside in favor of the Greek *[synthesis](/wiki/Synthesis_%28clothing%29 \"Synthesis (clothing)\")*, colourful \"dinner clothes\" otherwise considered in poor taste for daytime wear.{{harvnb\\|Versnel\\|1992\\|page\\=147}} (especially note 59\\). Romans of citizen status normally went about bare\\-headed, but for the Saturnalia donned the *[pilleus](/wiki/Pileus_%28hat%29 \"Pileus (hat)\")*, the conical felt cap that was the usual mark of a freedman. Slaves, who ordinarily were not entitled to wear the *pilleus*, wore it as well, so that everyone was \"pilleated\" without distinction.{{sfn\\|Versnel\\|1992\\|page\\=147}}{{sfn\\|Dolansky\\|2011\\|page\\=492}}",
"The participation of [freeborn Roman women](/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome \"Women in ancient Rome\") is implied by sources that name gifts for women, but their presence at banquets may have depended on the custom of their time; from the late Republic onward, women mingled socially with men more freely than they had in earlier times. Female entertainers were certainly present at some otherwise all\\-male gatherings.{{sfn\\|Dolansky\\|2011\\|pages\\=492–494}} Role\\-playing was implicit in the Saturnalia's status reversals, and there are hints of mask\\-wearing or \"[guising](/wiki/Guising \"Guising\")\".At the beginning of [Horace](/wiki/Horace \"Horace\")'s *Satire* 2\\.3, and the mask in the Saturnalia imagery of the [Calendar of Philocalus](/wiki/Calendar_of_Philocalus \"Calendar of Philocalus\"), and [Martial](/wiki/Martial \"Martial\")'s inclusion of masks as Saturnalia gifts{{sfn\\|Beard\\|North\\|Price\\|2004\\|page\\=125}} No theatrical events are mentioned in connection with the festivities, but the classicist [Erich Segal](/wiki/Erich_Segal \"Erich Segal\") saw [Roman comedy](/wiki/Roman_comedy \"Roman comedy\"), with its cast of impudent, free\\-wheeling slaves and libertine seniors, as imbued with the Saturnalian spirit.[Segal, Erich](/wiki/Erich_Segal \"Erich Segal\"), *Roman Laughter: The Comedy of Plautus* (Oxford University Press, 1968, 2nd ed. 1987\\), pp. 8–9, 32–33, 103 *et passim*.",
"### Gambling",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.3\\|Dice players in a wall painting from [Pompeii](/wiki/Pompeii \"Pompeii\")](/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_Osteria_della_Via_di_Mercurio_-_Dice_Players.jpg \"Pompeii - Osteria della Via di Mercurio - Dice Players.jpg\")\nGambling and dice\\-playing, normally prohibited or at least frowned upon, were permitted for all, even slaves. Coins and nuts were the [stakes](/wiki/Gambling \"Gambling\"). On the [Calendar of Philocalus](/wiki/Calendar_of_Philocalus \"Calendar of Philocalus\"), the Saturnalia is represented by a man wearing a fur\\-trimmed coat next to a table with dice, and a caption reading: \"Now you have license, slave, to game with your master.\"{{harvnb\\|Versnel\\|1992\\|page\\=148}} citing [Suetonius](/wiki/Suetonius \"Suetonius\"), *Life of Augustus* 71; Martial 1\\.14\\.7, 5\\.84, 7\\.91\\.2, 11\\.6, 13\\.1\\.7; 14\\.1; Lucian, [*Saturnalia* 1\\.](http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl4/wl422.htm)See [a copy of the actual calendar](http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/chronography_of_354_06_calendar.htm) Rampant overeating and drunkenness became the rule, and a sober person the exception.{{harvnb\\|Versnel\\|1992\\|page\\=147}}, citing [Cato the Elder](/wiki/Cato_the_Elder \"Cato the Elder\"), *De agricultura* 57; [Aulus Gellius](/wiki/Aulus_Gellius \"Aulus Gellius\") 2\\.24\\.3; Martial 14\\.70\\.1 and 14\\.1\\.9; [Horace](/wiki/Horace \"Horace\"), *Satire* 2\\.3\\.5; [Lucian](/wiki/Lucian \"Lucian\"), *Saturnalia* 13; *Scriptores Historiae Augustae*, Alexander Severus 37\\.6\\.",
"[Seneca](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger \"Seneca the Younger\") looked forward to the holiday, if somewhat tentatively, in a letter to a friend:",
"",
"> \"It is now the month of December, when the greatest part of the city is in a bustle. Loose reins are given to public dissipation; everywhere you may hear the sound of great preparations, as if there were some real difference between the days devoted to Saturn and those for transacting business. ... Were you here, I would willingly confer with you as to the plan of our conduct; whether we should eve in our usual way, or, to avoid singularity, both take a better supper and throw off the toga.\"[Seneca the Younger](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger \"Seneca the Younger\"), *Epistulae* 18\\.1–2\\.",
"Some Romans found it all a bit much. [Pliny](/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger \"Pliny the Younger\") describes a secluded suite of rooms in his [Laurentine](/wiki/Laurentum \"Laurentum\") [villa](/wiki/Roman_villa \"Roman villa\"), which he used as a retreat: \"... especially during the Saturnalia when the rest of the house is noisy with the licence of the holiday and festive cries. This way I don't hamper the games of my people and they don't hinder my work or studies.\"[Pliny the Younger](/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger \"Pliny the Younger\"), *Letters* 2\\.17\\.24\\. [Horace](/wiki/Horace \"Horace\") similarly sets *Satire* 2\\.3 during the Saturnalia but in the countryside, where he has fled the frenzied pace.",
"### Gift\\-giving",
"{{main\\|Sigillaria (ancient Rome)}}\nThe Sigillaria on 19 December was a day of gift\\-giving.{{harvnb\\|Dolansky\\|2011\\|pages\\=492, 502}} [Macrobius](/wiki/Macrobius \"Macrobius\"), *Saturnalia* 1\\.10\\.24, seems to indicate that the Sigillaria was a market that occurred at the end of Saturnalia, but the [Gallo\\-Roman](/wiki/Gallo-Roman \"Gallo-Roman\") scholar\\-poet [Ausonius](/wiki/Ausonius \"Ausonius\") (*Eclogues* 16\\.32\\) refers to it as a religious occasion *(sacra sigillorum,* \"rites of the *sigillaria*\"). Because gifts of value would mark social status contrary to the spirit of the season, these were often the [pottery](/wiki/Ancient_Roman_pottery \"Ancient Roman pottery\") or wax figurines called *[sigillaria](/wiki/Sigillaria_%28ancient_Rome%29 \"Sigillaria (ancient Rome)\")* made specially for the day, candles, or \"[gag gifts](/wiki/Gag_gift \"Gag gift\")\", of which [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus \"Augustus\") was particularly fond.[Suetonius](/wiki/Suetonius \"Suetonius\"), *Life of Augustus* [75](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#75); {{harvnb\\|Versnel\\|1992\\|page\\=148}}, pointing to the *[Cronosolon](http://lucianofsamosata.info/Cronosolon.html)* of Lucian on the problem of unequal gift\\-giving. Children received toys as gifts.Beryl Rawson, \"Adult\\-Child Relationships in Ancient Rome,\" in *Marriage, Divorce, and Children in Ancient Rome* (Oxford University Press, 1991\\), p. 19\\. In his many poems about the Saturnalia, [Martial](/wiki/Martial \"Martial\") names both expensive and quite cheap gifts, including writing tablets, dice, [knucklebones](/wiki/Knucklebones \"Knucklebones\"), moneyboxes, combs, toothpicks, a hat, a hunting knife, an axe, various lamps, balls, [perfumes](/wiki/Perfume \"Perfume\"), pipes, a pig, a sausage, a [parrot](/wiki/Parrot \"Parrot\"), tables, cups, spoons, items of clothing, statues, masks, books, and pets.[Martial](/wiki/Martial \"Martial\"), *Epigrams* 13 and 14, the *Xenia* and the *Apophoreta*, published 84–85 AD. Gifts might be as costly as a slave or exotic animal,{{harvnb\\|Dolansky\\|2011\\|page\\=492}} citing [Martial](/wiki/Martial \"Martial\") 5\\.18, 7\\.53, 14; Suetonius, *Life of Augustus* 75 and *Life of Vespasian* 19 on the range of gifts. but Martial suggests that token gifts of low intrinsic value inversely measure the high quality of a friendship.Ruurd R. Nauta, *Poetry for Patrons: Literary Communication in the Age of Domitian* (Brill, 2002\\), pp. 78–79\\. [Patrons](/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome \"Patronage in ancient Rome\") or \"bosses\" might pass along a gratuity *(sigillaricium)* to their poorer clients or dependents to help them buy gifts. Some [emperors](/wiki/Roman_emperor \"Roman emperor\") were noted for their devoted observance of the Sigillaria.{{harvnb\\|Versnel\\|1992\\|pages\\=148–149}}, citing Macrobius, *Saturnalia* 1\\.10\\.24 and 1\\.11\\.49; [Suetonius](/wiki/Suetonius \"Suetonius\"), *Life of Claudius* 5; *[Scriptores Historiae Augustae](/wiki/Scriptores_Historiae_Augustae \"Scriptores Historiae Augustae\")* Hadrian [17\\.3](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Hadrian/2*.html#17.3), Caracalla [1\\.8](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Caracalla*.html#1.8) and Aurelian [50\\.3\\.](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Aurelian/3*.html#ref184) See also {{harvnb\\|Dolansky\\|2011\\|page\\=492}}",
"In a practice that might be compared to modern [greeting cards](/wiki/Greeting_card \"Greeting card\"), verses sometimes accompanied the gifts. Martial has a collection of poems written as if to be attached to gifts.Martial, Book 14 *(Apophoreta)*; Williams, *Martial: Epigrams*, p. 259; Nauta, *Poetry for Patrons,* p. 79 *et [passim.](https://books.google.com/books?id=EelGbtB7ppsC&q=saturnalia)*{{sfn\\|Versnel\\|1992\\|page\\=148}} Catullus received a book of bad poems by \"the worst poet of all time\" as a joke from a friend.[Catullus](/wiki/Catullus \"Catullus\"), *Carmen* 14; Robinson Ellis, *A Commentary on Catullus* (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1876\\), pp. 38–39\\.",
"Gift\\-giving was not confined to the day of the Sigillaria. In some households, guests and family members received gifts after the feast in which slaves had shared.{{sfn\\|Dolansky\\|2011\\|page\\=492}}",
"### King of the Saturnalia",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\|*Ave, Caesar! Io, Saturnalia!* (1880\\) by [Lawrence Alma\\-Tadema](/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema \"Lawrence Alma-Tadema\"). The painting's title draws a comparison between the spontaneous declaration of [Claudius](/wiki/Claudius \"Claudius\") as the new emperor by the [Praetorian Guard](/wiki/Praetorian_Guard \"Praetorian Guard\") after the assassination of [Caligula](/wiki/Caligula \"Caligula\") and the election of a *Saturnalicius princeps*.The painting represents a scene recorded by [Josephus](/wiki/Josephus \"Josephus\"), *Antiquitates Iudiacae* 19; and [Cassius Dio](/wiki/Cassius_Dio \"Cassius Dio\") [60\\.1\\.3\\.](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/60*.html#1)](/wiki/File:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_06.jpeg \"Lawrence Alma-Tadema 06.jpeg\")\n[Imperial](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") sources refer to a *Saturnalicius princeps* (\"Ruler of the Saturnalia\"), who ruled as master of ceremonies for the proceedings. He was appointed by lot, and has been compared to the medieval [Lord of Misrule](/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule \"Lord of Misrule\") at the [Feast of Fools](/wiki/Feast_of_Fools \"Feast of Fools\"). His capricious commands, such as \"Sing naked!\" or \"Throw him into cold water!\", had to be obeyed by the other guests at the *convivium*: he creates and (mis)rules a chaotic and absurd world. The future emperor [Nero](/wiki/Nero \"Nero\") is recorded as playing the role in his youth.By [Tacitus](/wiki/Tacitus \"Tacitus\"), *Annales* 13\\.15\\.",
"Since this figure does not appear in accounts from the [Republican period](/wiki/Roman_Republic \"Roman Republic\"), the *princeps* of the Saturnalia may have developed as a satiric response to the new era of rule by a *[princeps](/wiki/Princeps \"Princeps\")*, the title assumed by the first emperor [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus \"Augustus\") to avoid the hated connotations of the word \"king\" *(rex)*. Art and [literature under Augustus](/wiki/Augustan_literature_%28ancient_Rome%29 \"Augustan literature (ancient Rome)\") celebrated his reign as a new Golden Age, but the Saturnalia makes a mockery of a world in which law is determined by one man and the traditional social and political networks are reduced to the power of the emperor over his subjects.{{sfn\\|Versnel\\|1992\\|pages\\=206–208}} In a poem about a lavish Saturnalia under [Domitian](/wiki/Domitian \"Domitian\"), [Statius](/wiki/Statius \"Statius\") makes it clear that the emperor, like [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28mythology%29 \"Jupiter (mythology)\"), still reigns during the temporary return of Saturn.[Statius](/wiki/Statius \"Statius\"), *Silvae* 1\\.6; Nauta, *Poetry for Patrons*, p. 400\\.",
"### *Io Saturnalia*",
"The phrase *io Saturnalia* was the characteristic shout or salutation of the festival, originally commencing after the public banquet on the single day of 17 December.{{sfn\\|Versnel\\|1992\\|page\\=141}}{{sfn\\|Palmer\\|1997\\|page\\=63}} The [interjection](/wiki/Interjection \"Interjection\") *io* (Greek *ἰώ*, *ǐō*) is pronounced either with two [syllables](/wiki/Syllable \"Syllable\") (a short *i* and a long *o*) or as a single syllable (with the *i* becoming the Latin [consonantal](/wiki/Consonant \"Consonant\") *j* and pronounced *yō*). It was a strongly emotive ritual exclamation or invocation, used for instance in announcing [triumph](/wiki/Roman_triumph \"Roman triumph\") or celebrating [Bacchus](/wiki/Bacchus \"Bacchus\"), but also to punctuate a joke.Entry on *io,* *[Oxford Latin Dictionary](/wiki/Oxford_Latin_Dictionary \"Oxford Latin Dictionary\")* (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), p. 963\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
In 1828, his father established himself as a general merchant in York, and soon opened a branch in [Brantford](/wiki/Brantford "Brantford"), [Canada West](/wiki/Canada_West "Canada West") which Ignatius clerked for his father. After a rocky start at the branch location, it was ultimately successful to the point that the York business was closed and the operation consolidated in Brantford.
In 1840, Ignatius and his sister Jane purchased the business from their father and operated it until 1846 when Ignatius purchased his sister's share. He operated the business very successfully until 1882 as his main occupation.
Along with his son [James](/wiki/James_G._Cockshutt "James G. Cockshutt"), in 1877 he founded the original Cockshutt factory, the [Brantford Plow Works](/wiki/Cockshutt_Plow_Company "Cockshutt Plow Company") at Brantford, Ontario.
In 1882, the business was incorporated as the [Cockshutt Plow Company](/wiki/Cockshutt_Plow_Company "Cockshutt Plow Company"), with James G. Cockshutt as president and Ignatius as vice\-president. At that time, they employed about 50 workers. After James' death in 1885, the company was operated by three of Ignatius' sons in succession and by a Cockshutt family member until 1957, when outside interests gained control of the company.
After his withdrawal from his active businesses, he spent considerable time and money on various charity and philanthropic causes. He was a devout Inghamite [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist "Methodist") and remained committed to its teachings of charity and evangelism.
He married Margaret Gemmel on September 22, 1846, with whom he had one child named Mary. Margaret died in 1847\. Three years later, on September 9, 1850, he married Elizabeth Foster and had eight more surviving children with her. In total he had nine children that survived into adulthood, and three who died in infancy.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"In 1828, his father established himself as a general merchant in York, and soon opened a branch in [Brantford](/wiki/Brantford \"Brantford\"), [Canada West](/wiki/Canada_West \"Canada West\") which Ignatius clerked for his father. After a rocky start at the branch location, it was ultimately successful to the point that the York business was closed and the operation consolidated in Brantford.",
"In 1840, Ignatius and his sister Jane purchased the business from their father and operated it until 1846 when Ignatius purchased his sister's share. He operated the business very successfully until 1882 as his main occupation.",
"Along with his son [James](/wiki/James_G._Cockshutt \"James G. Cockshutt\"), in 1877 he founded the original Cockshutt factory, the [Brantford Plow Works](/wiki/Cockshutt_Plow_Company \"Cockshutt Plow Company\") at Brantford, Ontario.",
"In 1882, the business was incorporated as the [Cockshutt Plow Company](/wiki/Cockshutt_Plow_Company \"Cockshutt Plow Company\"), with James G. Cockshutt as president and Ignatius as vice\\-president. At that time, they employed about 50 workers. After James' death in 1885, the company was operated by three of Ignatius' sons in succession and by a Cockshutt family member until 1957, when outside interests gained control of the company.",
"After his withdrawal from his active businesses, he spent considerable time and money on various charity and philanthropic causes. He was a devout Inghamite [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\") and remained committed to its teachings of charity and evangelism.",
"He married Margaret Gemmel on September 22, 1846, with whom he had one child named Mary. Margaret died in 1847\\. Three years later, on September 9, 1850, he married Elizabeth Foster and had eight more surviving children with her. In total he had nine children that survived into adulthood, and three who died in infancy.",
""
] |
Life
----
Williams was born in [Barnstaple](/wiki/Barnstaple "Barnstaple"), [Devonshire](/wiki/Devon "Devon"), [England](/wiki/England "England") in September 1752\. He received a liberal education, studied medicine and surgery in [St. Thomas' Hospital](/wiki/St._Thomas%27_Hospital "St. Thomas' Hospital"), London, and served for one year as surgeon’s mate on an English man\-of\-war. He immigrated to America in 1773 and settled in New Perth, Charlotte County, New York (now [Salem](/wiki/Salem%2C_New_York "Salem, New York"), [Washington County](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_New_York "Washington County, New York")), where he engaged in an extensive medical practice. He married Susanna (Thomas) Turner, and they had four children. After the death of his first wife, he married Mrs. Mary Townley.
Williams was a member of the [New York Provincial Congress](/wiki/New_York_Provincial_Congress "New York Provincial Congress") in 1775; he was reelected and served until its dissolution in 1777\. He was appointed surgeon of state militia forces in 1775\. Williams was a named colonel of the Charlotte County militia regiment in 1776 and retained command throughout the Revolutionary War. He was a member of the [New York State Senate](/wiki/New_York_State_Senate "New York State Senate") from 1777 to 1779{{cite book\| last1 \= Schneiderman \| first1 \=Eric T. \| authorlink \=Eric T. Schneiderman \| last2 \= \[\[James Alesi\|James S. Alesi]], \[\[John J. Flanagan]], \[\[Ruth Hassell\-Thompson]], \[\[Andrew J. Lanza]], \[\[Diane Savino\|Diane J. Savino]], \[\[Toby Ann Stavisky]], \[\[Andrea Stewart\-Cousins]], \[\[Catharine Young (politician)\|Catharine Young]] \| title \= Report of the New York State Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Facts and Circumstances Surrounding the Conviction of Hiram Monserrate on October 15, 2009 \| publisher \= \[\[New York State Senate]] \| year \= 2010 \| url\=http://www.nysenate.gov/report/report\-new\-york\-state\-senate\-select\-committee\-investigate\-facts\-and\-circumstances\-surrounding \|pages\=44}} when he was expelled for fraud and theft. One act of which he was accused was the submission of false muster and payrolls, which enabled him to draw government money for paying soldiers, but which he then kept. He was also accused of holding of courts\-martial which were not authorized by militia regulations and fining soldiers who were found guilty, after which he withheld their salaries to pay the fines.{{cite news\| last \= Peters \| first \= Jeremy W. \| title \= Monserrate Will Face Sanction Votes \| work \= \[\[The New York Times]] \| page \= A23\| date \= January 13, 2010 \| url \= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/13/nyregion/13monserrate.html \| accessdate \= February 21, 2010 }} He was later exonerated and resumed his political and military careers.
He was a member of the [New York State Assembly](/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly "New York State Assembly") in 1781 and 1782, and again a member of the [New York State Senate](/wiki/New_York_State_Senate "New York State Senate") from 1782 to 1794\. Williams was appointed a member of the first board of regents of the [University of the State of New York](/wiki/University_of_the_State_of_New_York "University of the State of New York") in 1784\. He served as brigadier general of militia in 1786\.
During 1788 when the American people were debating whether their states should ratify the proposed [Constitution of the United States](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States "Constitution of the United States"), Williams was an [Anti\-Federalist](/wiki/Anti-Federalism "Anti-Federalism"), meaning that he opposed the proposed Constitution.Young, Alfred. *[The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763\-1797](https://books.google.com/books?id=Vi3qCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA422)*, p. 422 (UNC Press Books, 2012\). Williams is one of several people suspected of having written very influential Anti\-Federalist essays under the pen name [Brutus](/wiki/Brutus_%28Antifederalist%29 "Brutus (Antifederalist)").Johnson, Joel. ["'Brutus' and 'Cato' Unmasked: General John Williams's Role in the New York Ratification Debate"](http://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/45147499.pdf),([American Antiquarian Society](/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society "American Antiquarian Society"), 2009\). Williams was subsequently a delegate to the State ratification convention in 1788, where the Anti\-Federalists failed to stop the Constitution, but succeeded in obtaining assurances that a Bill of Rights would be added.
He was a member of the [Council of Appointment](/wiki/Council_of_Appointment "Council of Appointment") in 1789\. In [March 1789](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York%2C_1789 "United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1789"), Williams received a small number of votes running as a Democratic\-Republican in the [5th District](/wiki/New_York%27s_5th_congressional_district "New York's 5th congressional district") for Congress, but was defeated by Federalist [Peter Silvester](/wiki/Peter_Silvester_%281734%E2%80%931808%29 "Peter Silvester (1734–1808)").[1789 Election result 5th D.](https://archive.today/20120707191927/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/aas_portal/view-election.xq?id=MS115.002.NY.1789.00009) at [Tufts University](/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University") Library project "A New Nation Votes" In [January 1793](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York%2C_1793 "United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1793"), Williams ran again as a Democratic\-Republican for Congress, this time in the [9th District](/wiki/New_York%27s_9th_congressional_district "New York's 9th congressional district") to which Washington County had been re\-districted, but was defeated by Federalist [James Gordon](/wiki/James_Gordon_%28New_York%29 "James Gordon (New York)").[1793 Election result 9th D.](https://archive.today/20120707164055/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/aas_portal/view-election.xq?id=MS115.002.NY.1793.00022) at [Tufts University](/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University") Library project "A New Nation Votes"
In [December 1794](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York%2C_1794 "United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1794"), Williams was elected as a [Democratic\-Republican](/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party")[1794 Election result 9th D.](https://archive.today/20120714114657/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/aas_portal/view-election.xq?id=MS115.002.NY.1794.00015) to the [4th](/wiki/4th_United_States_Congress "4th United States Congress"), and in [December 1796](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York%2C_1796 "United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1796") was re\-elected as a [Federalist](/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") [*The History of Political Parties in the State of New\-York, from the Ratification of the Federal Constitution to 1840*](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bu8SPTyhrF8C/page/n133) by [Jabez D. Hammond](/wiki/Jabez_D._Hammond "Jabez D. Hammond") (4th ed., Vol. 1, H. \& E. Phinney, [Cooperstown](/wiki/Cooperstown%2C_New_York "Cooperstown, New York"), 1846\) to the [5th United States Congress](/wiki/5th_United_States_Congress "5th United States Congress"), serving from March 4, 1795 to March 3, 1799\. In [April 1798](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York%2C_1798 "United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1798"), he ran for re\-election as a Federalist in the [7th District](/wiki/New_York%27s_7th_congressional_district "New York's 7th congressional district") to which Washington County had been re\-districted, but was defeated by Democratic\-Republican [John Thompson](/wiki/John_Thompson_%281749%E2%80%931823%29 "John Thompson (1749–1823)").[1798 Election result 7th D.](https://archive.today/20120709105605/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/aas_portal/view-election.xq?id=MS115.002.NY.1798.00008) In [April 1802](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York%2C_1802 "United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1802"), he ran for election again as a Federalist in the [12th District](/wiki/New_York%27s_12th_congressional_district "New York's 12th congressional district") to which Washington County had been re\-districted, but was defeated by Democratic\-Republican [David Thomas](/wiki/David_Thomas_%28New_York%29 "David Thomas (New York)").[1802 Election result 12th D.](https://archive.today/20120714130315/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/aas_portal/view-election.xq?id=MS115.002.NY.1802.00035)
He was a large landholder. He owned slaves.{{Citation\|title\=Congress slaveowners\|date\=2022\-01\-13\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/interactive/2022/congress\-slaveowners\-names\-list/\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|access\-date\=2022\-07\-05}} He was a promoter and director of a company organized to build the Erie Canal as a private enterprise, the project later being taken over and completed by the State, and a judge of the county court. Williams died in Salem on July 22, 1806; his interment was at Salem Revolutionary Cemetery.
The Salem chapter of the [Daughters of the American Revolution](/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution "Daughters of the American Revolution") is named for Williams and Israel Harris.New York State Senate, [Resolution J629\-2009](http://open.nysenate.gov/legislation/bill/J629-2009), Commending the Captain Israel Harris\-General John Williams Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution upon the occasion of hosting its 2009 Good Citizens of the Year Awards, 2009
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Williams was born in [Barnstaple](/wiki/Barnstaple \"Barnstaple\"), [Devonshire](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\") in September 1752\\. He received a liberal education, studied medicine and surgery in [St. Thomas' Hospital](/wiki/St._Thomas%27_Hospital \"St. Thomas' Hospital\"), London, and served for one year as surgeon’s mate on an English man\\-of\\-war. He immigrated to America in 1773 and settled in New Perth, Charlotte County, New York (now [Salem](/wiki/Salem%2C_New_York \"Salem, New York\"), [Washington County](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_New_York \"Washington County, New York\")), where he engaged in an extensive medical practice. He married Susanna (Thomas) Turner, and they had four children. After the death of his first wife, he married Mrs. Mary Townley.",
"Williams was a member of the [New York Provincial Congress](/wiki/New_York_Provincial_Congress \"New York Provincial Congress\") in 1775; he was reelected and served until its dissolution in 1777\\. He was appointed surgeon of state militia forces in 1775\\. Williams was a named colonel of the Charlotte County militia regiment in 1776 and retained command throughout the Revolutionary War. He was a member of the [New York State Senate](/wiki/New_York_State_Senate \"New York State Senate\") from 1777 to 1779{{cite book\\| last1 \\= Schneiderman \\| first1 \\=Eric T. \\| authorlink \\=Eric T. Schneiderman \\| last2 \\= \\[\\[James Alesi\\|James S. Alesi]], \\[\\[John J. Flanagan]], \\[\\[Ruth Hassell\\-Thompson]], \\[\\[Andrew J. Lanza]], \\[\\[Diane Savino\\|Diane J. Savino]], \\[\\[Toby Ann Stavisky]], \\[\\[Andrea Stewart\\-Cousins]], \\[\\[Catharine Young (politician)\\|Catharine Young]] \\| title \\= Report of the New York State Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Facts and Circumstances Surrounding the Conviction of Hiram Monserrate on October 15, 2009 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[New York State Senate]] \\| year \\= 2010 \\| url\\=http://www.nysenate.gov/report/report\\-new\\-york\\-state\\-senate\\-select\\-committee\\-investigate\\-facts\\-and\\-circumstances\\-surrounding \\|pages\\=44}} when he was expelled for fraud and theft. One act of which he was accused was the submission of false muster and payrolls, which enabled him to draw government money for paying soldiers, but which he then kept. He was also accused of holding of courts\\-martial which were not authorized by militia regulations and fining soldiers who were found guilty, after which he withheld their salaries to pay the fines.{{cite news\\| last \\= Peters \\| first \\= Jeremy W. \\| title \\= Monserrate Will Face Sanction Votes \\| work \\= \\[\\[The New York Times]] \\| page \\= A23\\| date \\= January 13, 2010 \\| url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/13/nyregion/13monserrate.html \\| accessdate \\= February 21, 2010 }} He was later exonerated and resumed his political and military careers.",
"He was a member of the [New York State Assembly](/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly \"New York State Assembly\") in 1781 and 1782, and again a member of the [New York State Senate](/wiki/New_York_State_Senate \"New York State Senate\") from 1782 to 1794\\. Williams was appointed a member of the first board of regents of the [University of the State of New York](/wiki/University_of_the_State_of_New_York \"University of the State of New York\") in 1784\\. He served as brigadier general of militia in 1786\\.",
"During 1788 when the American people were debating whether their states should ratify the proposed [Constitution of the United States](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States \"Constitution of the United States\"), Williams was an [Anti\\-Federalist](/wiki/Anti-Federalism \"Anti-Federalism\"), meaning that he opposed the proposed Constitution.Young, Alfred. *[The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763\\-1797](https://books.google.com/books?id=Vi3qCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA422)*, p. 422 (UNC Press Books, 2012\\). Williams is one of several people suspected of having written very influential Anti\\-Federalist essays under the pen name [Brutus](/wiki/Brutus_%28Antifederalist%29 \"Brutus (Antifederalist)\").Johnson, Joel. [\"'Brutus' and 'Cato' Unmasked: General John Williams's Role in the New York Ratification Debate\"](http://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/45147499.pdf),([American Antiquarian Society](/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society \"American Antiquarian Society\"), 2009\\). Williams was subsequently a delegate to the State ratification convention in 1788, where the Anti\\-Federalists failed to stop the Constitution, but succeeded in obtaining assurances that a Bill of Rights would be added.",
"He was a member of the [Council of Appointment](/wiki/Council_of_Appointment \"Council of Appointment\") in 1789\\. In [March 1789](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York%2C_1789 \"United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1789\"), Williams received a small number of votes running as a Democratic\\-Republican in the [5th District](/wiki/New_York%27s_5th_congressional_district \"New York's 5th congressional district\") for Congress, but was defeated by Federalist [Peter Silvester](/wiki/Peter_Silvester_%281734%E2%80%931808%29 \"Peter Silvester (1734–1808)\").[1789 Election result 5th D.](https://archive.today/20120707191927/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/aas_portal/view-election.xq?id=MS115.002.NY.1789.00009) at [Tufts University](/wiki/Tufts_University \"Tufts University\") Library project \"A New Nation Votes\" In [January 1793](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York%2C_1793 \"United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1793\"), Williams ran again as a Democratic\\-Republican for Congress, this time in the [9th District](/wiki/New_York%27s_9th_congressional_district \"New York's 9th congressional district\") to which Washington County had been re\\-districted, but was defeated by Federalist [James Gordon](/wiki/James_Gordon_%28New_York%29 \"James Gordon (New York)\").[1793 Election result 9th D.](https://archive.today/20120707164055/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/aas_portal/view-election.xq?id=MS115.002.NY.1793.00022) at [Tufts University](/wiki/Tufts_University \"Tufts University\") Library project \"A New Nation Votes\"",
"In [December 1794](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York%2C_1794 \"United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1794\"), Williams was elected as a [Democratic\\-Republican](/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party \"Democratic-Republican Party\")[1794 Election result 9th D.](https://archive.today/20120714114657/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/aas_portal/view-election.xq?id=MS115.002.NY.1794.00015) to the [4th](/wiki/4th_United_States_Congress \"4th United States Congress\"), and in [December 1796](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York%2C_1796 \"United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1796\") was re\\-elected as a [Federalist](/wiki/Federalist_Party \"Federalist Party\") [*The History of Political Parties in the State of New\\-York, from the Ratification of the Federal Constitution to 1840*](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bu8SPTyhrF8C/page/n133) by [Jabez D. Hammond](/wiki/Jabez_D._Hammond \"Jabez D. Hammond\") (4th ed., Vol. 1, H. \\& E. Phinney, [Cooperstown](/wiki/Cooperstown%2C_New_York \"Cooperstown, New York\"), 1846\\) to the [5th United States Congress](/wiki/5th_United_States_Congress \"5th United States Congress\"), serving from March 4, 1795 to March 3, 1799\\. In [April 1798](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York%2C_1798 \"United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1798\"), he ran for re\\-election as a Federalist in the [7th District](/wiki/New_York%27s_7th_congressional_district \"New York's 7th congressional district\") to which Washington County had been re\\-districted, but was defeated by Democratic\\-Republican [John Thompson](/wiki/John_Thompson_%281749%E2%80%931823%29 \"John Thompson (1749–1823)\").[1798 Election result 7th D.](https://archive.today/20120709105605/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/aas_portal/view-election.xq?id=MS115.002.NY.1798.00008) In [April 1802](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York%2C_1802 \"United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1802\"), he ran for election again as a Federalist in the [12th District](/wiki/New_York%27s_12th_congressional_district \"New York's 12th congressional district\") to which Washington County had been re\\-districted, but was defeated by Democratic\\-Republican [David Thomas](/wiki/David_Thomas_%28New_York%29 \"David Thomas (New York)\").[1802 Election result 12th D.](https://archive.today/20120714130315/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/aas_portal/view-election.xq?id=MS115.002.NY.1802.00035)",
"He was a large landholder. He owned slaves.{{Citation\\|title\\=Congress slaveowners\\|date\\=2022\\-01\\-13\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/interactive/2022/congress\\-slaveowners\\-names\\-list/\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-05}} He was a promoter and director of a company organized to build the Erie Canal as a private enterprise, the project later being taken over and completed by the State, and a judge of the county court. Williams died in Salem on July 22, 1806; his interment was at Salem Revolutionary Cemetery.",
"The Salem chapter of the [Daughters of the American Revolution](/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution \"Daughters of the American Revolution\") is named for Williams and Israel Harris.New York State Senate, [Resolution J629\\-2009](http://open.nysenate.gov/legislation/bill/J629-2009), Commending the Captain Israel Harris\\-General John Williams Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution upon the occasion of hosting its 2009 Good Citizens of the Year Awards, 2009",
""
] |
Early life and education
------------------------
Ruth Sager was born in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") on February 7, 1918, the only child of Leon B. Sager, an advertising executive, and Deborah Borovik Sager. Her mother died from the [influenza epidemic](/wiki/Spanish_flu "Spanish flu") in March 1919\. Her widowed father married Hannah Shulman and had two more daughters, Esther and Naomi. At age 16, Ruth graduated from [New Trier High School](/wiki/New_Trier_High_School "New Trier High School").[“Sager, Ruth”](https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/ruth-sager) by Gail K. Schmitt, *Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography*, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com.
She then enrolled at the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago") with plans to study [liberal arts](/wiki/Liberal_arts_education "Liberal arts education") and major in English. A [physiology](/wiki/Physiology "Physiology") course taught by [Anton Carlson](/wiki/Anton_Julius_Carlson "Anton Julius Carlson") awakened her interest in [biology](/wiki/Biology "Biology"). Since she enjoyed her science classes the most, Sager switched her major to biology, aiming to attend medical school. She earned her [Bachelor of Science](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science "Bachelor of Science") degree in 1938 and was elected to [Phi Beta Kappa](/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa "Phi Beta Kappa").[“Sager, Ruth”](https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/ruth-sager) by Gail K. Schmitt, *Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography*, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com.
### Middle East connection
Aiming to give their three daughters a wide\-ranging education, Sager’s parents took them on a trip through Europe and the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") from February to May 1938\. While in [Palestine](/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine "Mandatory Palestine"), Sager visited a [kibbutz](/wiki/Kibbutz "Kibbutz"), whose members’ self\-sufficiency in creating a life in the desert impressed her. She wanted to return to Palestine, but ran into harsh emigration restrictions. Over the next few years, she spent time working on several American training farms of [Hashomer Hatzair](/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair "Hashomer Hatzair"), a [Zionist](/wiki/Zionism "Zionism") movement for young [secular Jews](/wiki/Jewish_secularism "Jewish secularism"). While doing so, she became interested in the scientific aspects of desert farming.[“Sager, Ruth”](https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/ruth-sager) by Gail K. Schmitt, *Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography*, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com.
### Graduate studies
Attending graduate school at [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University"), Sager opted for scientific research instead of medical practice. She carried out wartime research on the growth of tomato seedlings, receiving her [M.S.](/wiki/Master_of_Science "Master of Science") in [plant physiology](/wiki/Plant_physiology "Plant physiology") in October 1944 with a thesis on the mineral nutrition of tomato plants.{{Cite book\|url\=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil\_0\|title\=The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid\-20th century\|date\=2000\|publisher\=Routledge\|editor\=Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey\|editor2\=Harvey, Joy Dorothy\|editor\-link\=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie\|editor2\-link\=Joy Harvey\|isbn\=0415920388\|location\=New York\|oclc\=40776839}} She spent the next academic year working on the [horticulture](/wiki/Horticulture "Horticulture") department farm at the [University of Maryland](https://agnr.umd.edu/about/agnr-history/).[“Sager, Ruth”](https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/ruth-sager) by Gail K. Schmitt, *Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography*, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com.
Sager’s wartime correspondence with Seymour Melman, an army officer stationed in California, led to their marriage in 1944\. Both were accepted at [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University"), where they began their graduate studies in 1945\. Sager studied [maize (corn)](/wiki/Maize "Maize") genetics under [Marcus Rhoades](/wiki/Marcus_Rhoades "Marcus Rhoades"), sometimes doing fieldwork for [Barbara McClintock](/wiki/Barbara_McClintock "Barbara McClintock"), who served as a reader of Sager’s dissertation.[“Sager, Ruth”](https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/ruth-sager) by Gail K. Schmitt, *Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography*, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com. Sager earned her [PhD](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy "Doctor of Philosophy") in 1948\.
Sager and Melman divorced in 1960\. In 1973, Sager married [Arthur Pardee](/wiki/Arthur_Pardee "Arthur Pardee").
|
[
"Early life and education\n------------------------",
"Ruth Sager was born in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") on February 7, 1918, the only child of Leon B. Sager, an advertising executive, and Deborah Borovik Sager. Her mother died from the [influenza epidemic](/wiki/Spanish_flu \"Spanish flu\") in March 1919\\. Her widowed father married Hannah Shulman and had two more daughters, Esther and Naomi. At age 16, Ruth graduated from [New Trier High School](/wiki/New_Trier_High_School \"New Trier High School\").[“Sager, Ruth”](https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/ruth-sager) by Gail K. Schmitt, *Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography*, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com.",
"She then enrolled at the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago \"University of Chicago\") with plans to study [liberal arts](/wiki/Liberal_arts_education \"Liberal arts education\") and major in English. A [physiology](/wiki/Physiology \"Physiology\") course taught by [Anton Carlson](/wiki/Anton_Julius_Carlson \"Anton Julius Carlson\") awakened her interest in [biology](/wiki/Biology \"Biology\"). Since she enjoyed her science classes the most, Sager switched her major to biology, aiming to attend medical school. She earned her [Bachelor of Science](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science \"Bachelor of Science\") degree in 1938 and was elected to [Phi Beta Kappa](/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa \"Phi Beta Kappa\").[“Sager, Ruth”](https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/ruth-sager) by Gail K. Schmitt, *Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography*, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com.",
"### Middle East connection",
"Aiming to give their three daughters a wide\\-ranging education, Sager’s parents took them on a trip through Europe and the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") from February to May 1938\\. While in [Palestine](/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine \"Mandatory Palestine\"), Sager visited a [kibbutz](/wiki/Kibbutz \"Kibbutz\"), whose members’ self\\-sufficiency in creating a life in the desert impressed her. She wanted to return to Palestine, but ran into harsh emigration restrictions. Over the next few years, she spent time working on several American training farms of [Hashomer Hatzair](/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair \"Hashomer Hatzair\"), a [Zionist](/wiki/Zionism \"Zionism\") movement for young [secular Jews](/wiki/Jewish_secularism \"Jewish secularism\"). While doing so, she became interested in the scientific aspects of desert farming.[“Sager, Ruth”](https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/ruth-sager) by Gail K. Schmitt, *Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography*, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com.",
"### Graduate studies",
"Attending graduate school at [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University \"Rutgers University\"), Sager opted for scientific research instead of medical practice. She carried out wartime research on the growth of tomato seedlings, receiving her [M.S.](/wiki/Master_of_Science \"Master of Science\") in [plant physiology](/wiki/Plant_physiology \"Plant physiology\") in October 1944 with a thesis on the mineral nutrition of tomato plants.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil\\_0\\|title\\=The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid\\-20th century\\|date\\=2000\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|editor\\=Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey\\|editor2\\=Harvey, Joy Dorothy\\|editor\\-link\\=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie\\|editor2\\-link\\=Joy Harvey\\|isbn\\=0415920388\\|location\\=New York\\|oclc\\=40776839}} She spent the next academic year working on the [horticulture](/wiki/Horticulture \"Horticulture\") department farm at the [University of Maryland](https://agnr.umd.edu/about/agnr-history/).[“Sager, Ruth”](https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/ruth-sager) by Gail K. Schmitt, *Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography*, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com.",
"Sager’s wartime correspondence with Seymour Melman, an army officer stationed in California, led to their marriage in 1944\\. Both were accepted at [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\"), where they began their graduate studies in 1945\\. Sager studied [maize (corn)](/wiki/Maize \"Maize\") genetics under [Marcus Rhoades](/wiki/Marcus_Rhoades \"Marcus Rhoades\"), sometimes doing fieldwork for [Barbara McClintock](/wiki/Barbara_McClintock \"Barbara McClintock\"), who served as a reader of Sager’s dissertation.[“Sager, Ruth”](https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/ruth-sager) by Gail K. Schmitt, *Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography*, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com. Sager earned her [PhD](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy \"Doctor of Philosophy\") in 1948\\.",
"Sager and Melman divorced in 1960\\. In 1973, Sager married [Arthur Pardee](/wiki/Arthur_Pardee \"Arthur Pardee\").",
""
] |
2000s
-----
### "For The Freedom" (2006\)
Hampton won a Western Music Association award for Top Male Performer in 2004\. In 2006, he won the WMA Song of the Year award for his composition "For the Freedom" (which appears on his album *I Believe*). *American Cowboy* magazine said of the record, "For The Freedom" "touches the heart in a personal way. Regardless of how one feels about war, it beautifully honors the soldiers’ work and commitment."Braley, Bethany. "Hampton's "For The Freedom"" in *American Cowboy*. May/June 2005\.
### Oklahoma… (2007\)
In 2008, Hampton won his second [Western Heritage Award](/wiki/Bronze_Wrangler "Bronze Wrangler"), this time for his album *Oklahoma … Where the West Remains!* which was named Outstanding Traditional Western Album. This album was Hampton's first performance with a full orchestra. It was praised by *[Western Horseman](/wiki/Western_Horseman "Western Horseman")* magazine for what it described as Hampton's "deep, velvety vocals, idyllic lyrics and cowboy authenticity" which has "captivated audiences worldwide."Denison, Jenifer. "Cowboy Culture" in *Western Horseman*. February 2008\.
### "Austin to Boston" (2010\)
{{BLP unsourced section\|date\=May 2017}}
Prior to the album's release, the first European focus track, "Cowboy's Prayer", debuted at No. 2 on the UK Hotdisc Top 40 chart and rose to No. 1, where it remained for three weeks; the second European focus track, "Driftin' Again", debuted at No. 1\. Early in 2011, Hampton received his third Wrangler Award from the National Cowboy Museum and Western Heritage Center in the "Outstanding Original Western Composition" category for his song, "Shortgrass", from this album.
### Lubbock Cowboy Symposium (2013\)
Having recorded twelve albums, Hampton was a headline performer at the 2013 National Cowboy Symposium in [Lubbock](/wiki/Lubbock%2C_Texas "Lubbock, Texas"), Texas, sponsored in part by the American Cowboy Culture Association. Hampton first played before an audience in Lubbock in 1978; his selection at that time was "Little Joe the Wrangler".
In an interview with Ray Westbrook of the *[Lubbock Avalanche\-Journal](/wiki/Lubbock_Avalanche-Journal "Lubbock Avalanche-Journal")*, Hampton said:
> The spiritual songs seem to go right along with the cowboy life. There's varying degrees of people's faith out where we live, but it seems to go right along, because you work out in this creation — God's creation. ... Every time I see a beautiful sunset or a sunrise — and I've seen a bunch of them — I always think of the song, "[How Great Thou Art](/wiki/How_Great_Thou_Art "How Great Thou Art")". I like to call it the world's greatest cowboy song because it talks about God's creation. ... When the sun comes up over the horizon, \[it] just lights everything up, and you go "wow!"...
> I have a song, kind of a signature song, called "Born to be a Cowboy". It says, "The life I love I freely chose; I'm at it yet tonight. I was born to be a cowboy, and I will be 'til I die."
In late 2013 American Cowboy Magazine released their *Legends Collector's Edition* where they listed Hampton among the "Top 50 Greatest Country \& Western Singers of All Time" along with [Johnny Cash](/wiki/Johnny_Cash "Johnny Cash"), [Roy Rogers](/wiki/Roy_Rogers "Roy Rogers"), [George Strait](/wiki/George_Strait "George Strait"), [Hank Williams](/wiki/Hank_Williams "Hank Williams"), [Ian Tyson](/wiki/Ian_Tyson "Ian Tyson"), and [Chris LeDoux](/wiki/Chris_LeDoux "Chris LeDoux").{{citation needed\|date\=May 2017}} In April 2014 Hampton's song "Born to be a Cowboy", originally recorded in 1994 was chosen by cowboy music radio host and writer Charley Engel as one of the Top 20 Cowboy Songs written in the previous 20 years, saying "One mark of success is how many times your song has been covered. There are no less than nine versions by other top artists."{{citation needed\|date\=May 2017}}
Other musicians on the list included Riders in the Sky, Michael Martin Murphey, Tom Russell and Don Edwards.
### "This Cowboy" (2014\)
{{BLP unsourced section\|date\=May 2017}}
Hampton's latest release is the first album in a two\-part project, "This Cowboy, My Country" which includes songs written or co\-written by Hampton, as well as several [cover versions](/wiki/Cover_version "Cover version"). Two tracks on the album were pre\-released in 2013 and 2014 to positive reviews{{by whom\|date\=May 2017}} and sold as singles to benefit a New Mexico Veterans group, (Horses for Heroes, New Mexico), that Hampton and his family have become involved with. "My Country's Not For Sale" stayed at the top of the Western Music radio charts for the entire 12 months of 2014 and the album "This Cowboy" was listed at No. 40 for Top True Country Albums for 2014 on the Roots Music Report. The album was at the No. 2 position for the Roots Music Report True Country Chart as of February 9, 2015\.
### Awards and recognition
Hampton has won industry awards for his performing and songwriting fifteen times, notably in November 2011, when he was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the Western Music Association. His first industry awards came in 1996, when the Academy of Western Artists presented him with its first Will Rogers awards, naming him both Male Vocalist of the Year and Entertainer of the Year. Twelve months later, his album, *Ridin’ The Dreamland Range*, won recognition as the group's Album of the Year. The Academy named Hampton its Male Vocalist of the Year again in 1999, 2002 and 2006\.{{cite web\|url\=http://awaawards.org/western.htm\|title\=Western Music Awards\|publisher\=awaawards.org\|accessdate\=September 2, 2013}}{{failed verification\|date\=May 2017}}
The Western Music Association inducted him into the Association's Hall of Fame in 2011,{{citation needed\|date\=May 2017}} and have voted him Top Male Performer for 2004 and 2010, {{citation needed\|date\=May 2017}}and his composition, "For the Freedom" (from his Western gospel album, *I Believe*) won the 2006 WMA Song of the Year.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2017}} In September 2009, Hampton received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Association of Cowboy Culture.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2017}}
Hampton was named the 2018 recipient of the Philmont Staff Association's Distinguished Staff Alumni Award. The Distinguished Staff Alumni Award (DSAA) is presented annually by the Philmont Staff Association (PSA) to recognize “distinguished or exceptional personal success or achievement on a national or international level by a current or former Philmont staff member, in any field of human endeavor, that brings honor and credit to the legacy of the Philmont staff.” Previous recipients include Wally Berg, internationally known mountaineer and explorer; the late Steve Fossett, world record aviator and adventurer, and Rick Searfoss, former NASA astronaut and space shuttle commander.
In 2021, Hampton was awarded the prestigious Chester A. Reynolds Award at the Western Heritage Awards in Oklahoma City, OK. The National Cowboy \& Western Heritage Museum (formerly National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center) established the Chester A. Reynolds Award, named in honor of the founder of the Museum, Chester A. Reynolds. The award is presented to a living honoree that has made outstanding contributions as an individual, group or institution toward perpetuating the ideals, history and heritage of the American West, whether by a single remarkable achievement or a body of quality work over a period of years.
|
[
"2000s\n-----",
"### \"For The Freedom\" (2006\\)",
"Hampton won a Western Music Association award for Top Male Performer in 2004\\. In 2006, he won the WMA Song of the Year award for his composition \"For the Freedom\" (which appears on his album *I Believe*). *American Cowboy* magazine said of the record, \"For The Freedom\" \"touches the heart in a personal way. Regardless of how one feels about war, it beautifully honors the soldiers’ work and commitment.\"Braley, Bethany. \"Hampton's \"For The Freedom\"\" in *American Cowboy*. May/June 2005\\.",
"### Oklahoma… (2007\\)",
"In 2008, Hampton won his second [Western Heritage Award](/wiki/Bronze_Wrangler \"Bronze Wrangler\"), this time for his album *Oklahoma … Where the West Remains!* which was named Outstanding Traditional Western Album. This album was Hampton's first performance with a full orchestra. It was praised by *[Western Horseman](/wiki/Western_Horseman \"Western Horseman\")* magazine for what it described as Hampton's \"deep, velvety vocals, idyllic lyrics and cowboy authenticity\" which has \"captivated audiences worldwide.\"Denison, Jenifer. \"Cowboy Culture\" in *Western Horseman*. February 2008\\.",
"### \"Austin to Boston\" (2010\\)",
"{{BLP unsourced section\\|date\\=May 2017}}\nPrior to the album's release, the first European focus track, \"Cowboy's Prayer\", debuted at No. 2 on the UK Hotdisc Top 40 chart and rose to No. 1, where it remained for three weeks; the second European focus track, \"Driftin' Again\", debuted at No. 1\\. Early in 2011, Hampton received his third Wrangler Award from the National Cowboy Museum and Western Heritage Center in the \"Outstanding Original Western Composition\" category for his song, \"Shortgrass\", from this album.",
"### Lubbock Cowboy Symposium (2013\\)",
"Having recorded twelve albums, Hampton was a headline performer at the 2013 National Cowboy Symposium in [Lubbock](/wiki/Lubbock%2C_Texas \"Lubbock, Texas\"), Texas, sponsored in part by the American Cowboy Culture Association. Hampton first played before an audience in Lubbock in 1978; his selection at that time was \"Little Joe the Wrangler\".",
"In an interview with Ray Westbrook of the *[Lubbock Avalanche\\-Journal](/wiki/Lubbock_Avalanche-Journal \"Lubbock Avalanche-Journal\")*, Hampton said:",
"",
"> The spiritual songs seem to go right along with the cowboy life. There's varying degrees of people's faith out where we live, but it seems to go right along, because you work out in this creation — God's creation. ... Every time I see a beautiful sunset or a sunrise — and I've seen a bunch of them — I always think of the song, \"[How Great Thou Art](/wiki/How_Great_Thou_Art \"How Great Thou Art\")\". I like to call it the world's greatest cowboy song because it talks about God's creation. ... When the sun comes up over the horizon, \\[it] just lights everything up, and you go \"wow!\"...\n> I have a song, kind of a signature song, called \"Born to be a Cowboy\". It says, \"The life I love I freely chose; I'm at it yet tonight. I was born to be a cowboy, and I will be 'til I die.\"",
"In late 2013 American Cowboy Magazine released their *Legends Collector's Edition* where they listed Hampton among the \"Top 50 Greatest Country \\& Western Singers of All Time\" along with [Johnny Cash](/wiki/Johnny_Cash \"Johnny Cash\"), [Roy Rogers](/wiki/Roy_Rogers \"Roy Rogers\"), [George Strait](/wiki/George_Strait \"George Strait\"), [Hank Williams](/wiki/Hank_Williams \"Hank Williams\"), [Ian Tyson](/wiki/Ian_Tyson \"Ian Tyson\"), and [Chris LeDoux](/wiki/Chris_LeDoux \"Chris LeDoux\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2017}} In April 2014 Hampton's song \"Born to be a Cowboy\", originally recorded in 1994 was chosen by cowboy music radio host and writer Charley Engel as one of the Top 20 Cowboy Songs written in the previous 20 years, saying \"One mark of success is how many times your song has been covered. There are no less than nine versions by other top artists.\"{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2017}}\nOther musicians on the list included Riders in the Sky, Michael Martin Murphey, Tom Russell and Don Edwards.",
"### \"This Cowboy\" (2014\\)",
"{{BLP unsourced section\\|date\\=May 2017}}\nHampton's latest release is the first album in a two\\-part project, \"This Cowboy, My Country\" which includes songs written or co\\-written by Hampton, as well as several [cover versions](/wiki/Cover_version \"Cover version\"). Two tracks on the album were pre\\-released in 2013 and 2014 to positive reviews{{by whom\\|date\\=May 2017}} and sold as singles to benefit a New Mexico Veterans group, (Horses for Heroes, New Mexico), that Hampton and his family have become involved with. \"My Country's Not For Sale\" stayed at the top of the Western Music radio charts for the entire 12 months of 2014 and the album \"This Cowboy\" was listed at No. 40 for Top True Country Albums for 2014 on the Roots Music Report. The album was at the No. 2 position for the Roots Music Report True Country Chart as of February 9, 2015\\.",
"### Awards and recognition",
"Hampton has won industry awards for his performing and songwriting fifteen times, notably in November 2011, when he was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the Western Music Association. His first industry awards came in 1996, when the Academy of Western Artists presented him with its first Will Rogers awards, naming him both Male Vocalist of the Year and Entertainer of the Year. Twelve months later, his album, *Ridin’ The Dreamland Range*, won recognition as the group's Album of the Year. The Academy named Hampton its Male Vocalist of the Year again in 1999, 2002 and 2006\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://awaawards.org/western.htm\\|title\\=Western Music Awards\\|publisher\\=awaawards.org\\|accessdate\\=September 2, 2013}}{{failed verification\\|date\\=May 2017}}",
"The Western Music Association inducted him into the Association's Hall of Fame in 2011,{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2017}} and have voted him Top Male Performer for 2004 and 2010, {{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2017}}and his composition, \"For the Freedom\" (from his Western gospel album, *I Believe*) won the 2006 WMA Song of the Year.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2017}} In September 2009, Hampton received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Association of Cowboy Culture.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2017}}",
"Hampton was named the 2018 recipient of the Philmont Staff Association's Distinguished Staff Alumni Award. The Distinguished Staff Alumni Award (DSAA) is presented annually by the Philmont Staff Association (PSA) to recognize “distinguished or exceptional personal success or achievement on a national or international level by a current or former Philmont staff member, in any field of human endeavor, that brings honor and credit to the legacy of the Philmont staff.” Previous recipients include Wally Berg, internationally known mountaineer and explorer; the late Steve Fossett, world record aviator and adventurer, and Rick Searfoss, former NASA astronaut and space shuttle commander.",
"In 2021, Hampton was awarded the prestigious Chester A. Reynolds Award at the Western Heritage Awards in Oklahoma City, OK. The National Cowboy \\& Western Heritage Museum (formerly National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center) established the Chester A. Reynolds Award, named in honor of the founder of the Museum, Chester A. Reynolds. The award is presented to a living honoree that has made outstanding contributions as an individual, group or institution toward perpetuating the ideals, history and heritage of the American West, whether by a single remarkable achievement or a body of quality work over a period of years.",
""
] |
Temporary labour migration
--------------------------
Unlike applicants for permanent residence, the [Canada's Temporary Foreign Worker Program](/wiki/Temporary_foreign_worker_program_in_Canada "Temporary foreign worker program in Canada") (TFWP) does not have a cap on the number of applicants admitted; instead, numbers are dictated primarily by employer demand.
From 2002 and 2011, the number of temporary foreign workers (TFW) residing in Canada had a three\-fold increase, from about 101,000 to 300,000\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.irpp.org/miscpubs/archive/roundtable\_043012\.pdf \|title\=Roundtable on Temporary Migration and the Canadian Labour Market \|publisher\=Institute for Research on Public Policy \|location\=Ottawa, Ontario \|date\=30 April 2012 \|access\-date\=2013\-02\-12 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514075735/http://www.irpp.org/miscpubs/archive/roundtable\_043012\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2013\-05\-14 }} For the first time in 2007, overall temporary migration overtook permanent migration, with the highest increase being in the number of TFWs that entered the country, and within that the largest increase accounted for those in lower\-skilled occupations in farming, caregiving, service \& retail, clerical work, manufacturing and construction.
{{cite journal \|journal\=IRPP \|year\=2010 \|title\=The Canadian temporary foreign worker program: do short\-term economic needs prevail over human rights concerns? \|author1\=Nakache, D. \|author2\=Kinoshita, P. J. \|name\-list\-style\=amp \|url\=http://ssrn.com/abstract/1617255 \|access\-date\=February 7, 2013 }} {{Dead link\|date\=June 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=no }}{{cite journal \|journal\=Antipode \|year\=2011 \|volume\=43 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=1330–1356 \|title\=Points of Prejudice: Education\-Based Discrimination in Canada's Immigration System\|author\=Tannock, Stuart\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1467\-8330\.2010\.00864\.x \|bibcode\=2011Antip..43\.1330T }} There was also a 73% increase in the number of entries and re\-entries into the country in the 2002\-2008 period.
The expansion of the TFWP to accommodate workers in lower\-skilled occupations has been influenced by general increased employer demand of lower\-skilled workers, particularly in the oil, gas, and construction sectors. In 2002, the pilot project for Hiring Foreign Workers in Occupations that Require Lower Levels of Formal Training was introduced. The project has since evolved to better suit employers needs, for example by increasing the length of the work permit from 12 to 24 months. However this is not the case for those entering through 2 occupation\-specific programs: the [Live\-in Caregiver Program](/wiki/Live-In_Caregiver_Program "Live-In Caregiver Program") (LCP) or the [Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program](/wiki/Seasonal_Agricultural_Worker_Program "Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program") (SAWP).
| \+Top 10 source countries for TFWs, 1999 and 2008 |
| --- |
| Country of origin | 1999 | 2008 |
| United States | 41,911 | 31,399 |
| Mexico | 8,118 | 20,900 |
| Philippines | 2,225 | 19,253 |
| Australia | 4,043 | 12,408 |
| France | 5,391 | 12,394 |
| Britain | 7,451 | 10,757 |
| Japan | 6,175 | 7,599 |
| India | 1,688 | 7,475 |
| Jamaica | 5,608 | 7,320 |
| Germany | 2,747 | 6,439 |
| Source: [Canadian International Council](/wiki/Canadian_International_Council "Canadian International Council"){{Cite web\|title\=Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents \|publisher\=Citizenship and Immigration Canada \|date\=30 August 2010 \|url\=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2010/temporary/07\.asp\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516060237/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2010/temporary/07\.asp\|archive\-date\=2013\-05\-16\|access\-date\=2013\-02\-12}} | | |
### Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program
{{main\|Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program}}
Implemented in 1966, more than 29,000 agricultural workers enter Canada every year through this program from the Caribbean and Mexico. The program exists as an agreement between sending countries and the Canadian government to provide seasonal agricultural workers during peak Canadian production. Particular sectors that report labour shortages are often the fruits, vegetables and horticultural sectors. Those who enter through this program can work for a maximum of 8 months per year.{{cite journal \|journal\=\[\[International Journal]] \|year\=2008 \|volume\=63 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=469–484 \|title\=Canada's experience with managed migration \|author\=Reed, Austina J.\|doi\=10\.1177/002070200806300216 \|s2cid\=150466672 \|id\={{ProQuest\|220855076}} }}
In 2009, half of agricultural migrants were from Mexico (about 15,800 people). Among these migrants, 75% have been re\-entering the program for 4 years or more, while 57%, for 6 years or more.
### Live\-in Caregiver Program
{{main\|Live\-In Caregiver Program}}
Replacing the foreign domestic movement (FDM) in 1992, the Live\-in Caregiver program accepts between 2,500 and 3,500 caregivers each year. According to [Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada](/wiki/Immigration%2C_Refugees_and_Citizenship_Canada "Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada"), "Live\-in caregivers are individuals who are qualified to provide care for children, elderly persons or persons with disabilities in private homes without supervision."{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/work/caregiver/index.asp\|title \= Live\-in Caregiver Program\|date \= March 31, 2007}}
Applicants to the program must meet certain criteria, some of which include: high school education, equivalent to Canadian standards, language ability, as well as a written contract by an employer and [Employment and Social Development Canada](/wiki/Employment_and_Social_Development_Canada "Employment and Social Development Canada") approval that labour shortages necessitate hiring abroad.
Recruitment into this program is seen to be racialized and gendered, as 95\.6% of Canada's live\-in caregivers are women from the [Philippines](/wiki/Filipino_Canadians "Filipino Canadians"). Despite this, and unlike the SAWP, no formal labour agreement exists to govern these migratory flows. Rather, an informal Filipino community network, as well as the Philippine government's labour export strategy facilitates and regulates the continuous migratory flows between the two countries. Also unlike those who enter through the SAWP, LCP applicants can apply for permanent residency at the end of their 2\-year contract.{{cite journal \|journal\=Canadian Journal of Law and Society \|year\=2009 \|volume\=24 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=23–45 \|title\=From Labour of Love to Decent Work: Protecting the Human Rights of Migrant Caregivers in Canada \|author\=Khan, Sabaa A.\|doi\= 10\.1017/s0829320100009753\|s2cid\=143172593 \|url\=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jls/summary/v024/24\.1\.khan.html \|access\-date\=November 19, 2012 }}
### International Experience Canada
The **International Experience Canada** (**IEC**) program provides young nationals from select countries, with the opportunity to travel and work in Canada for a maximum of 24 months. Interested candidates are randomly selected depending on the spots available for their country of origin and for the category in which they are eligible.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration\-refugees\-citizenship/services/work\-canada/iec/become\-candidate.html\|title\=Become a candidate – International Experience Canada \- Canada.ca\|last\=Canada\|first\=Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship\|website\=www.canada.ca\|date\=November 2, 2015\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-02\-05}}
There are three categories under IEC:{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.justforcanada.com/international\-experience\-canada\-iec\-eligibility\-and\-application\-guide.html\|title\=International Experience Canada (IEC) \- Eligibility and Application Guide {{!}} Just For Canada\|website\=Just For Canada\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-02\-05}}{{cite news \|title\=инвестиционная программа гражданства Вануату \|url\=https://passportivity.com/ru/citizenship\-by\-investment/vanuatu/ \|access\-date\=11 September 2023}}
1. Working Holiday,
2. Young Professionals, and
3. International Co\-op Internship.
In order to be able to participate in the IEC, the country or territory that the candidate is a citizen of must have an agreement with Canada, allowing them to apply for an IEC work permit.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cic.gc.ca/english/work/iec/eligibility.asp\|title\=International Experience Canada: Who can apply\|date\=December 12, 2014}}
Alternatively, if they do not belong to any such country or territory, they must be able to make use of a recognized organization (RO). ROs, for the purposes of IEC, include: [AIESEC](/wiki/AIESEC "AIESEC"), GO International, [International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience](/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Exchange_of_Students_for_Technical_Experience "International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience") (IAESTE), International Rural Exchange (IRE), [Memorial University of Newfoundland](/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland "Memorial University of Newfoundland") (MUN), Stepwest, WAP Working Holidays, [University of British Columbia](/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia "University of British Columbia"), and [University of New Brunswick](/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick "University of New Brunswick").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cic.gc.ca/english/work/iec/ros.asp\|title \= Work and travel in Canada using a Recognized Organization\|date \= August 5, 2021}}
Furthermore, the candidate will also have to successfully meet the eligibility requirements for their country or territory of citizenship as well as of the specific pool that they are applying for. Usually, countries that have an agreement with Canada as to the IEC program allow candidates to participate in the program only 1 time. Other countries, though allowing a candidate to apply 2 times, will require the candidates to apply in different pools each of the times that they apply for the IEC.
Those holding a refugee travel document that has been issued by a country with a youth mobility agreement with Canada are not eligible to participate in the IEC program. While dependents cannot be taken along on the IEC, dependents might apply for visiting, studying, or working Canada. The applications are to be assessed separately and not along with that of the IEC candidate.
|
[
"Temporary labour migration\n--------------------------",
"Unlike applicants for permanent residence, the [Canada's Temporary Foreign Worker Program](/wiki/Temporary_foreign_worker_program_in_Canada \"Temporary foreign worker program in Canada\") (TFWP) does not have a cap on the number of applicants admitted; instead, numbers are dictated primarily by employer demand.",
"From 2002 and 2011, the number of temporary foreign workers (TFW) residing in Canada had a three\\-fold increase, from about 101,000 to 300,000\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.irpp.org/miscpubs/archive/roundtable\\_043012\\.pdf \\|title\\=Roundtable on Temporary Migration and the Canadian Labour Market \\|publisher\\=Institute for Research on Public Policy \\|location\\=Ottawa, Ontario \\|date\\=30 April 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514075735/http://www.irpp.org/miscpubs/archive/roundtable\\_043012\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-05\\-14 }} For the first time in 2007, overall temporary migration overtook permanent migration, with the highest increase being in the number of TFWs that entered the country, and within that the largest increase accounted for those in lower\\-skilled occupations in farming, caregiving, service \\& retail, clerical work, manufacturing and construction.\n{{cite journal \\|journal\\=IRPP \\|year\\=2010 \\|title\\=The Canadian temporary foreign worker program: do short\\-term economic needs prevail over human rights concerns? \\|author1\\=Nakache, D. \\|author2\\=Kinoshita, P. J. \\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp \\|url\\=http://ssrn.com/abstract/1617255 \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2013 }} {{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=no }}{{cite journal \\|journal\\=Antipode \\|year\\=2011 \\|volume\\=43 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=1330–1356 \\|title\\=Points of Prejudice: Education\\-Based Discrimination in Canada's Immigration System\\|author\\=Tannock, Stuart\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1467\\-8330\\.2010\\.00864\\.x \\|bibcode\\=2011Antip..43\\.1330T }} There was also a 73% increase in the number of entries and re\\-entries into the country in the 2002\\-2008 period.",
"The expansion of the TFWP to accommodate workers in lower\\-skilled occupations has been influenced by general increased employer demand of lower\\-skilled workers, particularly in the oil, gas, and construction sectors. In 2002, the pilot project for Hiring Foreign Workers in Occupations that Require Lower Levels of Formal Training was introduced. The project has since evolved to better suit employers needs, for example by increasing the length of the work permit from 12 to 24 months. However this is not the case for those entering through 2 occupation\\-specific programs: the [Live\\-in Caregiver Program](/wiki/Live-In_Caregiver_Program \"Live-In Caregiver Program\") (LCP) or the [Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program](/wiki/Seasonal_Agricultural_Worker_Program \"Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program\") (SAWP).",
"| \\+Top 10 source countries for TFWs, 1999 and 2008 |\n| --- |\n| Country of origin | 1999 | 2008 |\n| United States | 41,911 | 31,399 |\n| Mexico | 8,118 | 20,900 |\n| Philippines | 2,225 | 19,253 |\n| Australia | 4,043 | 12,408 |\n| France | 5,391 | 12,394 |\n| Britain | 7,451 | 10,757 |\n| Japan | 6,175 | 7,599 |\n| India | 1,688 | 7,475 |\n| Jamaica | 5,608 | 7,320 |\n| Germany | 2,747 | 6,439 |\n| Source: [Canadian International Council](/wiki/Canadian_International_Council \"Canadian International Council\"){{Cite web\\|title\\=Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents \\|publisher\\=Citizenship and Immigration Canada \\|date\\=30 August 2010 \\|url\\=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2010/temporary/07\\.asp\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516060237/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2010/temporary/07\\.asp\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-05\\-16\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-12}} | | |",
"",
"### Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program",
"{{main\\|Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program}}\nImplemented in 1966, more than 29,000 agricultural workers enter Canada every year through this program from the Caribbean and Mexico. The program exists as an agreement between sending countries and the Canadian government to provide seasonal agricultural workers during peak Canadian production. Particular sectors that report labour shortages are often the fruits, vegetables and horticultural sectors. Those who enter through this program can work for a maximum of 8 months per year.{{cite journal \\|journal\\=\\[\\[International Journal]] \\|year\\=2008 \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=469–484 \\|title\\=Canada's experience with managed migration \\|author\\=Reed, Austina J.\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/002070200806300216 \\|s2cid\\=150466672 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|220855076}} }}",
"In 2009, half of agricultural migrants were from Mexico (about 15,800 people). Among these migrants, 75% have been re\\-entering the program for 4 years or more, while 57%, for 6 years or more.",
"### Live\\-in Caregiver Program",
"{{main\\|Live\\-In Caregiver Program}}\nReplacing the foreign domestic movement (FDM) in 1992, the Live\\-in Caregiver program accepts between 2,500 and 3,500 caregivers each year. According to [Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada](/wiki/Immigration%2C_Refugees_and_Citizenship_Canada \"Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada\"), \"Live\\-in caregivers are individuals who are qualified to provide care for children, elderly persons or persons with disabilities in private homes without supervision.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/work/caregiver/index.asp\\|title \\= Live\\-in Caregiver Program\\|date \\= March 31, 2007}}",
"Applicants to the program must meet certain criteria, some of which include: high school education, equivalent to Canadian standards, language ability, as well as a written contract by an employer and [Employment and Social Development Canada](/wiki/Employment_and_Social_Development_Canada \"Employment and Social Development Canada\") approval that labour shortages necessitate hiring abroad.",
"Recruitment into this program is seen to be racialized and gendered, as 95\\.6% of Canada's live\\-in caregivers are women from the [Philippines](/wiki/Filipino_Canadians \"Filipino Canadians\"). Despite this, and unlike the SAWP, no formal labour agreement exists to govern these migratory flows. Rather, an informal Filipino community network, as well as the Philippine government's labour export strategy facilitates and regulates the continuous migratory flows between the two countries. Also unlike those who enter through the SAWP, LCP applicants can apply for permanent residency at the end of their 2\\-year contract.{{cite journal \\|journal\\=Canadian Journal of Law and Society \\|year\\=2009 \\|volume\\=24 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=23–45 \\|title\\=From Labour of Love to Decent Work: Protecting the Human Rights of Migrant Caregivers in Canada \\|author\\=Khan, Sabaa A.\\|doi\\= 10\\.1017/s0829320100009753\\|s2cid\\=143172593 \\|url\\=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jls/summary/v024/24\\.1\\.khan.html \\|access\\-date\\=November 19, 2012 }}",
"### International Experience Canada",
"The **International Experience Canada** (**IEC**) program provides young nationals from select countries, with the opportunity to travel and work in Canada for a maximum of 24 months. Interested candidates are randomly selected depending on the spots available for their country of origin and for the category in which they are eligible.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration\\-refugees\\-citizenship/services/work\\-canada/iec/become\\-candidate.html\\|title\\=Become a candidate – International Experience Canada \\- Canada.ca\\|last\\=Canada\\|first\\=Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship\\|website\\=www.canada.ca\\|date\\=November 2, 2015\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-05}}",
"There are three categories under IEC:{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.justforcanada.com/international\\-experience\\-canada\\-iec\\-eligibility\\-and\\-application\\-guide.html\\|title\\=International Experience Canada (IEC) \\- Eligibility and Application Guide {{!}} Just For Canada\\|website\\=Just For Canada\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-05}}{{cite news \\|title\\=инвестиционная программа гражданства Вануату \\|url\\=https://passportivity.com/ru/citizenship\\-by\\-investment/vanuatu/ \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2023}}\n1. Working Holiday,\n2. Young Professionals, and\n3. International Co\\-op Internship.\nIn order to be able to participate in the IEC, the country or territory that the candidate is a citizen of must have an agreement with Canada, allowing them to apply for an IEC work permit.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cic.gc.ca/english/work/iec/eligibility.asp\\|title\\=International Experience Canada: Who can apply\\|date\\=December 12, 2014}}",
"Alternatively, if they do not belong to any such country or territory, they must be able to make use of a recognized organization (RO). ROs, for the purposes of IEC, include: [AIESEC](/wiki/AIESEC \"AIESEC\"), GO International, [International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience](/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Exchange_of_Students_for_Technical_Experience \"International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience\") (IAESTE), International Rural Exchange (IRE), [Memorial University of Newfoundland](/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland \"Memorial University of Newfoundland\") (MUN), Stepwest, WAP Working Holidays, [University of British Columbia](/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia \"University of British Columbia\"), and [University of New Brunswick](/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick \"University of New Brunswick\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cic.gc.ca/english/work/iec/ros.asp\\|title \\= Work and travel in Canada using a Recognized Organization\\|date \\= August 5, 2021}}",
"Furthermore, the candidate will also have to successfully meet the eligibility requirements for their country or territory of citizenship as well as of the specific pool that they are applying for. Usually, countries that have an agreement with Canada as to the IEC program allow candidates to participate in the program only 1 time. Other countries, though allowing a candidate to apply 2 times, will require the candidates to apply in different pools each of the times that they apply for the IEC.",
"Those holding a refugee travel document that has been issued by a country with a youth mobility agreement with Canada are not eligible to participate in the IEC program. While dependents cannot be taken along on the IEC, dependents might apply for visiting, studying, or working Canada. The applications are to be assessed separately and not along with that of the IEC candidate.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Having studied composition with [Jorge Peixinho](/wiki/Jorge_Peixinho "Jorge Peixinho") in Lisbon, he was a 20th\-century music composer and a [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") pianist.
As a teacher and director of the [Jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") School at the [Hot Club of Portugal](/wiki/Hot_Club_of_Portugal "Hot Club of Portugal"), he taught and influenced many Portuguese musicians.
Among others, he has been accompanied on stage by [Jan A. P. Kaczmarek](/wiki/Jan_A._P._Kaczmarek "Jan A. P. Kaczmarek") ([Academy Award winner for Best Original Score](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score "Academy Award for Best Original Score") in 2005\), [Steve Potts](/wiki/Steve_Potts_%28jazz_musician%29 "Steve Potts (jazz musician)"), [Carlos Alberto Augusto](/wiki/Carlos_Alberto_Augusto "Carlos Alberto Augusto"), [Paleka](/wiki/Paleka "Paleka") and [Maria João](/wiki/Maria_Jo%C3%A3o_%28singer%29 "Maria João (singer)").
He performed in several Music Festivals such as the [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges "Bruges") Jazz Festival in [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium").
An inspired melodist and intriguing harmonizer, his musical style was based on the fusion of several musical idioms and in this domain his work with traditional [fado](/wiki/Fado "Fado") forms and improvised music is considered particularly unique and relevant.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Having studied composition with [Jorge Peixinho](/wiki/Jorge_Peixinho \"Jorge Peixinho\") in Lisbon, he was a 20th\\-century music composer and a [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") pianist.",
"As a teacher and director of the [Jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") School at the [Hot Club of Portugal](/wiki/Hot_Club_of_Portugal \"Hot Club of Portugal\"), he taught and influenced many Portuguese musicians.",
"Among others, he has been accompanied on stage by [Jan A. P. Kaczmarek](/wiki/Jan_A._P._Kaczmarek \"Jan A. P. Kaczmarek\") ([Academy Award winner for Best Original Score](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score \"Academy Award for Best Original Score\") in 2005\\), [Steve Potts](/wiki/Steve_Potts_%28jazz_musician%29 \"Steve Potts (jazz musician)\"), [Carlos Alberto Augusto](/wiki/Carlos_Alberto_Augusto \"Carlos Alberto Augusto\"), [Paleka](/wiki/Paleka \"Paleka\") and [Maria João](/wiki/Maria_Jo%C3%A3o_%28singer%29 \"Maria João (singer)\").",
"He performed in several Music Festivals such as the [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges \"Bruges\") Jazz Festival in [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\").",
"An inspired melodist and intriguing harmonizer, his musical style was based on the fusion of several musical idioms and in this domain his work with traditional [fado](/wiki/Fado \"Fado\") forms and improvised music is considered particularly unique and relevant.",
""
] |
In media
--------
### Literature
The 1941 bombing is described in a chapter of *[The Attenbury Emeralds](/wiki/The_Attenbury_Emeralds "The Attenbury Emeralds")* by [Jill Paton Walsh](/wiki/Jill_Paton_Walsh "Jill Paton Walsh"). The bombing and its aftermath have a considerable bearing on the investigation carried out by [Lord Peter Wimsey](/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey "Lord Peter Wimsey") in that book.
The café, and the bombing, are major plot devices in the 2011 novel *[Moon Over Soho](/wiki/Moon_Over_Soho "Moon Over Soho")* by [Ben Aaronovitch](/wiki/Ben_Aaronovitch "Ben Aaronovitch").
Disguised as the Café Madrid, this event is also featured in a scene in *[The Soldier's Art](/wiki/The_Soldier%27s_Art "The Soldier's Art")*, [Anthony Powell](/wiki/Anthony_Powell "Anthony Powell")'s eighth novel in his *[A Dance to the Music of Time](/wiki/A_Dance_to_the_Music_of_Time "A Dance to the Music of Time")* series, on which several of the characters in the series are killed when "a bomb hit the Madrid full pitch."{{cite book \|last\=White \|first\=Jerry \|title\=London in the Twentieth Century: A City and its People \|publisher\=Vintage \|location\=London \|year\=2008 \|isbn\=978\-1\-84595\-126\-9 }}
There is a passing reference to the air\-raid in [Barbara Pym](/wiki/Barbara_Pym "Barbara Pym")'s *A Few Green Leaves*.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2019}}
The bombing features in [AJ Pearce](/wiki/AJ_Pearce "AJ Pearce")'s novel *[Dear Mrs Bird](/wiki/Dear_Mrs_Bird "Dear Mrs Bird")* (2018\); in [Kate Quinn](/wiki/Kate_Quinn "Kate Quinn")'s 2021 novel *The Rose Code*; and in the novel *The Whalebone Theatre* by Joanna Quinn, resulting in the death of one of the characters.
### Music
During the war, the British composer [Vaughan Williams](/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams "Ralph Vaughan Williams") had been writing his [6th Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._6_%28Vaughan_Williams%29 "Symphony No. 6 (Vaughan Williams)"), which premiered in 1948\. The deaths of the band members moved him to incorporate elements of jazz, including a saxophone solo in the Scherzo movement.{{Cite book \|last1\=Adams \|first1\=Byron \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8qTMEAAAQBAJ\&dq\=Ken\+%27Snakehips%27\+Johnson\+jazz\+vaughan\+williams\+6th\+symphony\&pg\=PA156 \|title\=Vaughan Williams and His World \|last2\=Grimley \|first2\=Daniel M. \|date\=5 August 2023 \|publisher\=University of Chicago Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-226\-83045\-2 \|access\-date\=8 March 2024 \|archive\-date\=10 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910073125/https://books.google.com/books?id\=8qTMEAAAQBAJ\&dq\=Ken\+%27Snakehips%27\+Johnson\+jazz\+vaughan\+williams\+6th\+symphony\&pg\=PA156\#v\=onepage\&q\=Ken%20'Snakehips'%20Johnson%20jazz%20vaughan%20williams%206th%20symphony\&f\=false \|url\-status\=live }} This influence was noted by the conductor [Malcolm Sargent](/wiki/Malcolm_Sargent "Malcolm Sargent") who took the symphony on its initial tour around the world.{{Cite book \|last\=Heffer \|first\=Simon \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=eFGzAwAAQBAJ\&dq\=Ken\+%27Snake\-hips%27\+Johnson\+vaughan\+williams\&pg\=PT90 \|title\=Vaughan Williams \|date\=19 June 2014 \|publisher\=Faber \& Faber \|isbn\=978\-0\-571\-31548\-2 \|access\-date\=8 March 2024 \|archive\-date\=10 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910073126/https://books.google.com/books?id\=eFGzAwAAQBAJ\&dq\=Ken\+%27Snake\-hips%27\+Johnson\+vaughan\+williams\&pg\=PT90 \|url\-status\=live }}
### Television and film
The Café de Paris and its 1941 bombing are discussed in the episode "Safest Spot in Town" in the BBC 4's *Queers*, a series of monologues in response to the fiftieth anniversary of the [Sexual Offences Act 1967](/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act_1967 "Sexual Offences Act 1967") and are mentioned in the novel *[Transcription](/wiki/Transcription_%28novel%29 "Transcription (novel)")* by [Kate Atkinson](/wiki/Kate_Atkinson_%28writer%29 "Kate Atkinson (writer)").
The café features in the [Edgar Wright](/wiki/Edgar_Wright "Edgar Wright") film *[Last Night in Soho](/wiki/Last_Night_in_Soho "Last Night in Soho")*.
There is also a passing reference to the cafe in the 5th episode of the 6th season of *[Downton Abbey](/wiki/Downton_Abbey "Downton Abbey")*.
The cafe was used as the strip club back drop in the 1990 comedy film *[King Ralph](/wiki/King_Ralph "King Ralph")* starring John Goodman and [Peter O'Toole](/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole "Peter O'Toole").
### Theatre
The bombing is a main plot point in [Matthew Bourne](/wiki/Matthew_Bourne "Matthew Bourne")'s production of *Cinderella* set during WW2 in London. It is the location of the main ball/party at the heart of the fairy tale. Act 2 begins with the cafe having just been bombed, destroyed and full of dead bodies. Then an Angel (the fairy Godmother equivalent) reverses time and brings the cafe fully to life.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/cinderella\-theater\-1183842 \|title\='Cinderella': Theater Review \|website\=The Hollywood Reporter \|date\=7 February 2019 \|access\-date\=24 February 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224173606/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/cinderella\-theater\-1183842 \|archive\-date\=24 February 2019 \|url\-status\=live }}
|
[
"In media\n--------",
"### Literature",
"The 1941 bombing is described in a chapter of *[The Attenbury Emeralds](/wiki/The_Attenbury_Emeralds \"The Attenbury Emeralds\")* by [Jill Paton Walsh](/wiki/Jill_Paton_Walsh \"Jill Paton Walsh\"). The bombing and its aftermath have a considerable bearing on the investigation carried out by [Lord Peter Wimsey](/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey \"Lord Peter Wimsey\") in that book.",
"The café, and the bombing, are major plot devices in the 2011 novel *[Moon Over Soho](/wiki/Moon_Over_Soho \"Moon Over Soho\")* by [Ben Aaronovitch](/wiki/Ben_Aaronovitch \"Ben Aaronovitch\").",
"Disguised as the Café Madrid, this event is also featured in a scene in *[The Soldier's Art](/wiki/The_Soldier%27s_Art \"The Soldier's Art\")*, [Anthony Powell](/wiki/Anthony_Powell \"Anthony Powell\")'s eighth novel in his *[A Dance to the Music of Time](/wiki/A_Dance_to_the_Music_of_Time \"A Dance to the Music of Time\")* series, on which several of the characters in the series are killed when \"a bomb hit the Madrid full pitch.\"{{cite book \\|last\\=White \\|first\\=Jerry \\|title\\=London in the Twentieth Century: A City and its People \\|publisher\\=Vintage \\|location\\=London \\|year\\=2008 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84595\\-126\\-9 }}",
"There is a passing reference to the air\\-raid in [Barbara Pym](/wiki/Barbara_Pym \"Barbara Pym\")'s *A Few Green Leaves*.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2019}}",
"The bombing features in [AJ Pearce](/wiki/AJ_Pearce \"AJ Pearce\")'s novel *[Dear Mrs Bird](/wiki/Dear_Mrs_Bird \"Dear Mrs Bird\")* (2018\\); in [Kate Quinn](/wiki/Kate_Quinn \"Kate Quinn\")'s 2021 novel *The Rose Code*; and in the novel *The Whalebone Theatre* by Joanna Quinn, resulting in the death of one of the characters.",
"### Music",
"During the war, the British composer [Vaughan Williams](/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams \"Ralph Vaughan Williams\") had been writing his [6th Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._6_%28Vaughan_Williams%29 \"Symphony No. 6 (Vaughan Williams)\"), which premiered in 1948\\. The deaths of the band members moved him to incorporate elements of jazz, including a saxophone solo in the Scherzo movement.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Adams \\|first1\\=Byron \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8qTMEAAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=Ken\\+%27Snakehips%27\\+Johnson\\+jazz\\+vaughan\\+williams\\+6th\\+symphony\\&pg\\=PA156 \\|title\\=Vaughan Williams and His World \\|last2\\=Grimley \\|first2\\=Daniel M. \\|date\\=5 August 2023 \\|publisher\\=University of Chicago Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-226\\-83045\\-2 \\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910073125/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8qTMEAAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=Ken\\+%27Snakehips%27\\+Johnson\\+jazz\\+vaughan\\+williams\\+6th\\+symphony\\&pg\\=PA156\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=Ken%20'Snakehips'%20Johnson%20jazz%20vaughan%20williams%206th%20symphony\\&f\\=false \\|url\\-status\\=live }} This influence was noted by the conductor [Malcolm Sargent](/wiki/Malcolm_Sargent \"Malcolm Sargent\") who took the symphony on its initial tour around the world.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Heffer \\|first\\=Simon \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=eFGzAwAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=Ken\\+%27Snake\\-hips%27\\+Johnson\\+vaughan\\+williams\\&pg\\=PT90 \\|title\\=Vaughan Williams \\|date\\=19 June 2014 \\|publisher\\=Faber \\& Faber \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-571\\-31548\\-2 \\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910073126/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=eFGzAwAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=Ken\\+%27Snake\\-hips%27\\+Johnson\\+vaughan\\+williams\\&pg\\=PT90 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Television and film",
"The Café de Paris and its 1941 bombing are discussed in the episode \"Safest Spot in Town\" in the BBC 4's *Queers*, a series of monologues in response to the fiftieth anniversary of the [Sexual Offences Act 1967](/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act_1967 \"Sexual Offences Act 1967\") and are mentioned in the novel *[Transcription](/wiki/Transcription_%28novel%29 \"Transcription (novel)\")* by [Kate Atkinson](/wiki/Kate_Atkinson_%28writer%29 \"Kate Atkinson (writer)\").",
"The café features in the [Edgar Wright](/wiki/Edgar_Wright \"Edgar Wright\") film *[Last Night in Soho](/wiki/Last_Night_in_Soho \"Last Night in Soho\")*.",
"There is also a passing reference to the cafe in the 5th episode of the 6th season of *[Downton Abbey](/wiki/Downton_Abbey \"Downton Abbey\")*.",
"The cafe was used as the strip club back drop in the 1990 comedy film *[King Ralph](/wiki/King_Ralph \"King Ralph\")* starring John Goodman and [Peter O'Toole](/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole \"Peter O'Toole\").",
"### Theatre",
"The bombing is a main plot point in [Matthew Bourne](/wiki/Matthew_Bourne \"Matthew Bourne\")'s production of *Cinderella* set during WW2 in London. It is the location of the main ball/party at the heart of the fairy tale. Act 2 begins with the cafe having just been bombed, destroyed and full of dead bodies. Then an Angel (the fairy Godmother equivalent) reverses time and brings the cafe fully to life.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/cinderella\\-theater\\-1183842 \\|title\\='Cinderella': Theater Review \\|website\\=The Hollywood Reporter \\|date\\=7 February 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=24 February 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224173606/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/cinderella\\-theater\\-1183842 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 February 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1963\-1973: DZLM
Mareco Broadcasting Network, Inc., owned by Villar family led by Manuel Sr., made its debut in [the radio industry](/wiki/Radio_in_the_Philippines "Radio in the Philippines") in 1963\. The family were the pioneers of the country's music industry which had started Mabuhay and [Villar](/wiki/Villar_Records "Villar Records") records, two of the country's first and then largest recording companies. The latter was also the licensee of many foreign labels, including [RCA](/wiki/RCA_Records "RCA Records"), [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia_Records "Columbia Records") and [Motown](/wiki/Motown "Motown").
**DZLM Love Radio 1430**{{cite news \|date\=June 13, 2020 \|title\=An AM radio story \|url\=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/daily\-tribune\-philippines/20200613/282046214338267 \|newspaper\=\[\[Daily Tribune (Philippines)\|Daily Tribune]] \|via\=\[\[PressReader]] \|access\-date\=July 1, 2023}} was established by the family, being one of the network's first AM radio stations; another was [DZBM 740](/wiki/DWWW "DWWW") which first went on the air. Both stations originally served only as a promotional venue for Mareco's record labels.{{cite web \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=VZVOAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=dzbm\&pg\=PA30\&article\_id\=5411,1979583 \|title\=Crossing over to the top \|date\=November 14, 1996 \|newspaper\=\[\[Manila Standard]] \|page\=30 \|access\-date\=July 1, 2023 \|via\=\[\[Google Books]]}}{{cite web \|last\=Sicam \|first\=Edmund \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3FQ1AAAAIBAJ\&dq\=dzlm\&pg\=PA58\&article\_id\=2082,14893701 \|title\=Meet Louie Villar, the man behind radio's Crossover stations \|date\=September 30, 2000 \|newspaper\=\[\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \|page\=E2 \|access\-date\=July 1, 2023 \|via\=\[\[Google Books]]}} While played a local recording once daily, they mostly played records under foreign labels as well;{{cite news \|date\=February 2, 2022 \|title\=How Villar Records changed Philippines pop music forever \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2022/02/02/2157852/how\-villar\-records\-changed\-philippines\-pop\-music\-forever/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023}} all requested by the listeners within their 19\-hour run in later years.{{cite news \|date\=August 10, 1968 \|title\=From the Music Capitals of the World: Manila \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xAoEAAAAMBAJ\&dq\=dzbm\+740\&pg\=PA50 \|newspaper\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|via\=\[\[Google Books]] \|page\=50 \|access\-date\=July 3, 2023}}
The station was known for pioneering the [contemporary hit radio](/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio "Contemporary hit radio") (top 40\) format, as well as playing [dance music](/wiki/Dance_music "Dance music") in 1971\.{{cite web \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=eJkVAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=dzbm\&pg\=PA26\&article\_id\=6106,2424874 \|author\=Pancho Alvarez \|title\=Radio in retrospect, part 1: The days of the dinosaurs – the AM story \|date\=June 14, 1989 \|newspaper\=\[\[Manila Standard]] \|page\=24 \|access\-date\=July 1, 2023 \|via\=\[\[Google Books]]}}
### 1973\-1994: Move to FM
Upon [the declaration of nationwide martial law in 1972](/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081 "Proclamation No. 1081"), a decree was issued ordering a broadcast company to operate an AM and an FM station in each area. While DZBM was kept,{{cite book \|date\=August 1979 \|title\=The Philippines, a Country Profile \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=1QOJ6lmxfHkC\&dq\=dzbm\+740\&pg\=PA110 \|location\=\[\[Washington, D.C.]] \|publisher\=\[\[U.S. Department of State]] \|page\=110 \|via\=\[\[Google Books]] \|access\-date\=July 3, 2023}} DZLM migrated to FM the following year, later becoming **DWLM 105\.1**. DZBM, on the other hand, had played a variety of the latest in [popular music](/wiki/Popular_music "Popular music") and consistently topped the surveys; had the magazine\-type format until becoming the first AM station to reformat and subsequently the top\-rated [pop music](/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music") station{{cite news \|last\=Samonte \|first\=Danee \|date\=September 13, 2018 \|title\=Rene Garcia: The final Hotdog \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/09/13/1850939/rene\-garcia\-final\-hotdog/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023}} for at least five to six years,{{cite news \|last\=Samonte \|first\=Danee \|date\=January 17, 2015 \|title\=Them were the days \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2015/01/17/1413635/them\-were\-days/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philippine Star]]}} and later became DWOO with a [showbiz\-oriented](/wiki/Show_business "Show business") format. The station, now owned by [Interactive Broadcast Media](/wiki/Interactive_Broadcast_Media "Interactive Broadcast Media"), is currently operated as DWWW 774\.
The station continued with its format, competing with [DZRJ\-FM](/wiki/DZRJ-FM "DZRJ-FM"). The station later became **Super Tunog Pinoy** with an all\-[Filipino](/wiki/Original_Pilipino_Music "Original Pilipino Music") format,[Post by Jay P. Mercado, Apr. 30, 2013\.](https://manilatonight.com/profile/71068-jay-p-mercado/content/?type=forums_topic_post&change_section=1) *Manila Tonight.* Retrieved July 5, 2023\. and then **Power 105 (DZ)BM FM** with a [new wave](/wiki/New_wave_music "New wave music") format from 1985 to 1991,{{cite book \|author\=\[\[National Statistics Office (Philippines)\|National Statistics Office]] \|date\=1987 \|title\=Philippine Yearbook 1987 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5CWyAAAAIAAJ\&dq\=philippine\+radio\+1985\&pg\=PR17 \|location\=\[\[Manila]] \|publisher\=\[\[Government of the Philippines]] \|pages\=902 \|via\=\[\[Google Books]] \|access\-date\=July 5, 2023}}[POWERful Blogpost \#105, July 8, 2008\.](http://docmuzic.blogspot.com/2008/07/power-105s-power-switchers-club.html?m=1) *docmuzic.* Retrieved July 5, 2023\. competing with [WXB 102](/wiki/WXB_102 "WXB 102") (then at [102\.7 FM](/wiki/DWSM "DWSM")).[WXB102 \& DZBM POWER105, Aug. 24, 2007\.](http://docmuzic.blogspot.com/2007/08/wxb102-dzbm-power105.html?m=1) *docmuzic.* Retrieved July 5, 2023\.
Thereafter, the station changed its call letters to DWBM\-FM and its format to be adapted by its succeeding management. It was in this decade when the station became the country's first [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") radio affiliate.{{cite news \|date\=November 18, 1992 \|title\=DWBM\-CNN linkup \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=21s0AAAAIBAJ\&dq\=dwbm\&pg\=PA19\&article\_id\=4134,3284893 \|newspaper\=\[\[Manila Standard]] \|via\=\[\[Google Books]] \|page\=19 \|access\-date\=July 1, 2023}}
### 1994\-2019: Crossover
[thumb\|right\|170px\|Third and final logo as 105\.1 Crossover](/wiki/File:Crossover_FM.svg "Crossover FM.svg")
In 1994, when Luis Villar sold the shares to his children, the station went to his son, Louie, who reformatted it as **Crossover**. The station pioneered the [smooth jazz](/wiki/Smooth_jazz "Smooth jazz") format; a blend of [cool jazz](/wiki/Cool_jazz "Cool jazz"), [rhythm and blues](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues "Rhythm and blues"),{{cite news \|date\=November 1, 1996 \|title\=Crossover drive on 105\.1 dwBM \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ypMVAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=105\.1\+manila\&pg\=PA27\&article\_id\=6728,159120 \|newspaper\=\[\[Manila Standard]] \|via\=\[\[Google Books]] \|page\=27 \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023}} [Latin](/wiki/Latin_music "Latin music"), [pop](/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music"), [classic soul](/wiki/Classic_soul "Classic soul"), [samba](/wiki/Samba "Samba"), and [tropical music](/wiki/Tropical_music "Tropical music"); the combination of these was described by the Villars as the "most literal translation" of the station's name they had coined and later popularized. It was able to distinguish itself from [Citylite 88\.3](/wiki/Citylite_88.3 "Citylite 88.3") which plays only [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz"). The station's first{{cite web \|url\=https://radioonlinenow.com/2011/07/22/evolution\-of\-crossover\-105\-1\-manila\-logo/ \|title\=Evolution of Crossover 105\.1 Manila Logo \|date\=July 22, 2011 \|website\=Radio Online Now \|access\-date\=July 7, 2023}} corporate logo—roughly based on a silhouette of jazz pianist [Ahmad Jamal](/wiki/Ahmad_Jamal "Ahmad Jamal")—was introduced in 1996\.{{cite news \|date\=November 6, 1996 \|title\='Crossover Drive' \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=TZVOAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=dwbm\&pg\=PA10\&article\_id\=2742,759773 \|newspaper\=\[\[Manila Standard]] \|via\=\[\[Google Books]] \|page\=10 \|access\-date\=July 1, 2023}} Being classified as an [avant\-garde](/wiki/Avant-garde "Avant-garde") music station by then, high\-income listeners were the target audiences.{{cite web \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X5VOAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=dzbm\&pg\=PA29\&article\_id\=6629,3690266 \|title\=Current radio programming trends \|date\=November 25, 1996 \|newspaper\=\[\[Manila Standard]] \|page\=29 \|access\-date\=July 1, 2023 \|via\=\[\[Google Books]]}}
Few years later, Crossover expanded to the provinces with [99\.1 FM](/wiki/DYBM "DYBM") in [Bacolod](/wiki/Bacolod "Bacolod"), [93\.1 FM](/wiki/DYWF "DYWF") in [Cebu City](/wiki/Cebu_City "Cebu City") (later moved to [90\.7 FM](/wiki/DYAC-FM "DYAC-FM")), [93\.1 FM](/wiki/DXAC "DXAC") in [Davao City](/wiki/Davao_City "Davao City"), all in 1997; and [105\.1 FM](/wiki/DZBM "DZBM") in [Baguio](/wiki/Baguio "Baguio") (Manila's relay station) in 2000\. All of those stations share the same playlist as the one in Manila to avoid shortchanging the audiences.{{cite news \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=83UE6yvegO4C\&dat\=20001216\&printsec\=frontpage\&hl\=en\| last\=Salterio\| first\=Leah\| title\=Stay tuned, Crossover 105\.1 bent on getting bigger in 2001 \|page\=31 \|date\=December 16, 2000 \|newspaper\=\[\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \|publisher\=The Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. \|access\-date\=January 27, 2022 \|via\=\[\[Google News Archive]]}} A plan to put up another in [Cagayan de Oro](/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro "Cagayan de Oro") didn't come to fruition. The Crossover format is also webcast worldwide in real time on their official website.
In early 2000s, the station organized nationwide concert series, which featured [Martin Nievera](/wiki/Martin_Nievera "Martin Nievera"), [Jaya](/wiki/Jaya_%28singer%29 "Jaya (singer)"), [Lani Misalucha](/wiki/Lani_Misalucha "Lani Misalucha"), and [Zsa Zsa Padilla](/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Padilla "Zsa Zsa Padilla"),{{cite news \|last\=Samio \|first\=Veronica \|date\=July 22, 2001 \|title\=MMFF 2001, binagyo \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino\-star\-ngayon/showbiz/2001/07/22/114676/mmff\-2001\-binagyo \|newspaper\=\[\[Pilipino Star Ngayon]] \|language\=tl \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023}} as well as monthly pocket concerts and bar tours around [Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila "Metro Manila").{{cite news \|last\=Esguerra \|first\=Tinnie \|date\=May 10, 2002 \|title\=Creating the Crossover lifestyle \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2002/05/10/160318/creating\-crossover\-lifestyle/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023}}{{cite news \|last\=Salterio \|first\=G. Jemuel \|date\=October 28, 2001 \|title\=Crossover: The radio station as producer \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2001/10/28/138165/crossover\-radio\-station\-producer/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023}}{{cite news \|last\=Esguerra \|first\=Tinnie \|date\=December 21, 2000 \|title\=Defining the Crossover Sound \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2000/12/21/92311/defining\-crossover\-sound/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|location\= \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023}} They also produced live concerts by foreign artists, jazz performers [Bobby Caldwell](/wiki/Bobby_Caldwell "Bobby Caldwell") and [Phil Perry](/wiki/Phil_Perry "Phil Perry"),{{cite news \|last\=Lo \|first\=Ricky \|author\-link\=Ricky Lo \|date\=October 10, 2002 \|title\=Jazz in time with Bobby Caldwell \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2002/10/10/179225/jazz\-time\-bobby\-caldwell/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023}} [David Benoit](/wiki/David_Benoit_%28musician%29 "David Benoit (musician)"), [Basia](/wiki/Basia "Basia"), and [The Spinners](/wiki/The_Spinners_%28American_group%29 "The Spinners (American group)").
The station eventually produced a series of [CDs](/wiki/Compact_disc "Compact disc") that would later be given recognitions.
During the early 2000s, the station had no [DJs](/wiki/Disc_jockey "Disc jockey") in favor of playing music. By that time, Louie Villar explained that its playlist were based on quality rather than popularity.
It became an affiliate of the [BBC World Service](/wiki/BBC_World_Service "BBC World Service").{{cite news \|date\=February 21, 2010 \|title\=Less is more \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/21/551214/less\-more \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philippine Star]]}}
In June 2014, 105\.1 Crossover celebrated its 20th year with the theme "Celebrating 20 Years of Great Music." At the same time, the station had its first two disc jockeys after almost a decade, April Padil (formerly from [NU 107](/wiki/NU_107 "NU 107")) who boarded during weekday mornings and Benjamin (Reuben "Beng" Chua, formerly of Dream FM and Citylite who is a former voiceover of PTV/NBN from 1998 to 2011 and [AksyonTV](/wiki/AksyonTV "AksyonTV") from 2013 to 2019; he currently serves as the voiceover of [RPTV](/wiki/RPTV_%28TV_channel%29 "RPTV (TV channel)") since 2024\), also boarded during weekday evenings.
### 2019\-2023: Q Radio
[thumb\|right\|170px\|Q Radio 105\.1 Manila (2020–2023\)](/wiki/File:Q105.1_Manila_logo.png "Q105.1 Manila logo.png")
On December 30, 2019, 105\.1 FM [silently dropped](/wiki/Stunting_%28broadcasting%29 "Stunting (broadcasting)") its Crossover brand and smooth jazz format and switched to a [Top 40](/wiki/Contemporary_Hit_Radio "Contemporary Hit Radio") format, as MBN opted to lease the station's airtime to Horizon of the Sun Communications (producer of Chinese Filipino oriented shows Chinatown TV and Chinese News TV). The station announced on the following day that the Crossover FM format has migrated online (via its [live stream](/wiki/Live_streaming "Live streaming") [application](/wiki/Application_software "Application software")).[Crossover Radio Online](https://crossoverradioonline.com) Its [Baguio relay station](/wiki/DZBM "DZBM") have also adopted the new format. While other MBN regional stations still broadcasts under the Crossover brand and format, they would soon follow suit with the Manila station.
On January 13, 2020, the station was officially launched as **Q Radio**. Former [PBS](/wiki/Philippine_Broadcasting_Service "Philippine Broadcasting Service") deputy director general and former [Quest Broadcasting Inc.](/wiki/Quest_Broadcasting_Inc. "Quest Broadcasting Inc.") executive Carlo Jose Magno Villo was brought in as the station's director, along with several DJs from various upscale stations. It airs daily news updates with reporting segments on local and international news, business, entertainment and lifestyle.
On March 1, 2020, former [Monster Radio](/wiki/DWRX "DWRX") jock and chief digital strategist Lexy Angeles took over management of the station. In the same month, the station launched new shows: *Q Eclectic*, a Saturday evening show that featured predominantly [OPM](/wiki/Original_Pilipino_Music "Original Pilipino Music"), [K\-pop](/wiki/K-pop "K-pop"), [C\-pop](/wiki/C-pop "C-pop"), and [Latin Pop](/wiki/Latin_Pop "Latin Pop"), *Q Mix*, a Saturday late night program that played music remixes, and *Sunday Flashback*, an all\-day segment which aired 2000s music.
On November 16, 2020, all MBNI provincial stations started carrying the Q Radio branding. The station also opened a program for student DJs in January 2023 called, *Qniversity*.
On June 19, 2023, Q Radio announced that the station will permanently go off the air due to financial problems, as well as poor ratings and loss of advertisers' support.{{Cite web \|title\=Louella Hazeline Chan in Q Radio Qlassmates \|url\=https://t.me/qradiogroup/281438 \|access\-date\=June 19, 2023 \|website\=Telegram}}{{cite web\|title\=To all of our amazing Qties, After a fulfilling 3\-year run, filled with several viral online campaigns and exciting on\-air gimmicks, it is with a heavy heart that we announce that Q Radio will be permanently signing off nationwide effective July 1, 2023\.\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid\=809902190493563\&set\=a.641941660622951\|website\=\[\[Facebook]]\|author\=Q Radio 105\.1\|date\=June 19, 2023\|access\-date\=June 20, 2023}} Q Radio 105\.1 signed off at 12:00 am of July 1, 2023, with "[The Last Time](/wiki/The_Last_Time_%28The_Script_song%29 "The Last Time (The Script song)")" by [The Script](/wiki/The_Script "The Script") as its swansong.
### 2023–present: Brigada News FM
On June 27, 2023, [Brigada Mass Media Corporation](/wiki/Brigada_Mass_Media_Corporation "Brigada Mass Media Corporation") signed an agreement with Mareco, in which it would lease the station's airtime. This includes the transfer of Brigada News FM National's operations from its former frequency assignment at [104\.7 MHz](/wiki/DWEY "DWEY"), based in Batangas. {{cite web\|title\=Konting tulog na lang mga Ka\-Brigada! Mas pinalakas, mas pinalawak, at mas pinaganda! Ang No. 1 sa mga probinsiya sa Luzon, Visayas, at Mindanao \- mapakikinggan na sa Metro at Mega Manila! \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/brigadanewsfmmanila/posts/pfbid06dVgLGeGZZk7rBqkW4HS8v2LsBZ6evHudohcGgTVFYdepQ8fxEzqare4NnAqwjnrl\|website\=\[\[Facebook]]\|author\=Brigada News FM\|date\=June 27, 2023\|access\-date\=June 27, 2023}}
On July 1, minutes after Q Radio ceased its operations, Brigada News FM Manila began its test broadcast on this frequency with programming emanating from BMMC's National Broadcast Center in Jacinta Building 2 in [Makati](/wiki/Makati "Makati"). Its official broadcast began at 4:00 a.m. of July 3\.
On August 31, the station went off the air as part of the transfer of the station's studio and offices from Makati to [One San Miguel Avenue Bldg.](/wiki/One_San_Miguel_Avenue "One San Miguel Avenue") in [Pasig](/wiki/Pasig "Pasig"). It went back on air on September 2\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1963\\-1973: DZLM",
"Mareco Broadcasting Network, Inc., owned by Villar family led by Manuel Sr., made its debut in [the radio industry](/wiki/Radio_in_the_Philippines \"Radio in the Philippines\") in 1963\\. The family were the pioneers of the country's music industry which had started Mabuhay and [Villar](/wiki/Villar_Records \"Villar Records\") records, two of the country's first and then largest recording companies. The latter was also the licensee of many foreign labels, including [RCA](/wiki/RCA_Records \"RCA Records\"), [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\") and [Motown](/wiki/Motown \"Motown\").",
"**DZLM Love Radio 1430**{{cite news \\|date\\=June 13, 2020 \\|title\\=An AM radio story \\|url\\=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/daily\\-tribune\\-philippines/20200613/282046214338267 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Daily Tribune (Philippines)\\|Daily Tribune]] \\|via\\=\\[\\[PressReader]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2023}} was established by the family, being one of the network's first AM radio stations; another was [DZBM 740](/wiki/DWWW \"DWWW\") which first went on the air. Both stations originally served only as a promotional venue for Mareco's record labels.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=VZVOAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=dzbm\\&pg\\=PA30\\&article\\_id\\=5411,1979583 \\|title\\=Crossing over to the top \\|date\\=November 14, 1996 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Manila Standard]] \\|page\\=30 \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2023 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]]}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Sicam \\|first\\=Edmund \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3FQ1AAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=dzlm\\&pg\\=PA58\\&article\\_id\\=2082,14893701 \\|title\\=Meet Louie Villar, the man behind radio's Crossover stations \\|date\\=September 30, 2000 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \\|page\\=E2 \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2023 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]]}} While played a local recording once daily, they mostly played records under foreign labels as well;{{cite news \\|date\\=February 2, 2022 \\|title\\=How Villar Records changed Philippines pop music forever \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2022/02/02/2157852/how\\-villar\\-records\\-changed\\-philippines\\-pop\\-music\\-forever/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023}} all requested by the listeners within their 19\\-hour run in later years.{{cite news \\|date\\=August 10, 1968 \\|title\\=From the Music Capitals of the World: Manila \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xAoEAAAAMBAJ\\&dq\\=dzbm\\+740\\&pg\\=PA50 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]] \\|page\\=50 \\|access\\-date\\=July 3, 2023}}",
"The station was known for pioneering the [contemporary hit radio](/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio \"Contemporary hit radio\") (top 40\\) format, as well as playing [dance music](/wiki/Dance_music \"Dance music\") in 1971\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=eJkVAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=dzbm\\&pg\\=PA26\\&article\\_id\\=6106,2424874 \\|author\\=Pancho Alvarez \\|title\\=Radio in retrospect, part 1: The days of the dinosaurs – the AM story \\|date\\=June 14, 1989 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Manila Standard]] \\|page\\=24 \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2023 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]]}}",
"### 1973\\-1994: Move to FM",
"Upon [the declaration of nationwide martial law in 1972](/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081 \"Proclamation No. 1081\"), a decree was issued ordering a broadcast company to operate an AM and an FM station in each area. While DZBM was kept,{{cite book \\|date\\=August 1979 \\|title\\=The Philippines, a Country Profile \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1QOJ6lmxfHkC\\&dq\\=dzbm\\+740\\&pg\\=PA110 \\|location\\=\\[\\[Washington, D.C.]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[U.S. Department of State]] \\|page\\=110 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 3, 2023}} DZLM migrated to FM the following year, later becoming **DWLM 105\\.1**. DZBM, on the other hand, had played a variety of the latest in [popular music](/wiki/Popular_music \"Popular music\") and consistently topped the surveys; had the magazine\\-type format until becoming the first AM station to reformat and subsequently the top\\-rated [pop music](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\") station{{cite news \\|last\\=Samonte \\|first\\=Danee \\|date\\=September 13, 2018 \\|title\\=Rene Garcia: The final Hotdog \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/09/13/1850939/rene\\-garcia\\-final\\-hotdog/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023}} for at least five to six years,{{cite news \\|last\\=Samonte \\|first\\=Danee \\|date\\=January 17, 2015 \\|title\\=Them were the days \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2015/01/17/1413635/them\\-were\\-days/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]]}} and later became DWOO with a [showbiz\\-oriented](/wiki/Show_business \"Show business\") format. The station, now owned by [Interactive Broadcast Media](/wiki/Interactive_Broadcast_Media \"Interactive Broadcast Media\"), is currently operated as DWWW 774\\.",
"The station continued with its format, competing with [DZRJ\\-FM](/wiki/DZRJ-FM \"DZRJ-FM\"). The station later became **Super Tunog Pinoy** with an all\\-[Filipino](/wiki/Original_Pilipino_Music \"Original Pilipino Music\") format,[Post by Jay P. Mercado, Apr. 30, 2013\\.](https://manilatonight.com/profile/71068-jay-p-mercado/content/?type=forums_topic_post&change_section=1) *Manila Tonight.* Retrieved July 5, 2023\\. and then **Power 105 (DZ)BM FM** with a [new wave](/wiki/New_wave_music \"New wave music\") format from 1985 to 1991,{{cite book \\|author\\=\\[\\[National Statistics Office (Philippines)\\|National Statistics Office]] \\|date\\=1987 \\|title\\=Philippine Yearbook 1987 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5CWyAAAAIAAJ\\&dq\\=philippine\\+radio\\+1985\\&pg\\=PR17 \\|location\\=\\[\\[Manila]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Government of the Philippines]] \\|pages\\=902 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2023}}[POWERful Blogpost \\#105, July 8, 2008\\.](http://docmuzic.blogspot.com/2008/07/power-105s-power-switchers-club.html?m=1) *docmuzic.* Retrieved July 5, 2023\\. competing with [WXB 102](/wiki/WXB_102 \"WXB 102\") (then at [102\\.7 FM](/wiki/DWSM \"DWSM\")).[WXB102 \\& DZBM POWER105, Aug. 24, 2007\\.](http://docmuzic.blogspot.com/2007/08/wxb102-dzbm-power105.html?m=1) *docmuzic.* Retrieved July 5, 2023\\.",
"Thereafter, the station changed its call letters to DWBM\\-FM and its format to be adapted by its succeeding management. It was in this decade when the station became the country's first [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") radio affiliate.{{cite news \\|date\\=November 18, 1992 \\|title\\=DWBM\\-CNN linkup \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=21s0AAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=dwbm\\&pg\\=PA19\\&article\\_id\\=4134,3284893 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Manila Standard]] \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]] \\|page\\=19 \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2023}}",
"### 1994\\-2019: Crossover",
"[thumb\\|right\\|170px\\|Third and final logo as 105\\.1 Crossover](/wiki/File:Crossover_FM.svg \"Crossover FM.svg\")\nIn 1994, when Luis Villar sold the shares to his children, the station went to his son, Louie, who reformatted it as **Crossover**. The station pioneered the [smooth jazz](/wiki/Smooth_jazz \"Smooth jazz\") format; a blend of [cool jazz](/wiki/Cool_jazz \"Cool jazz\"), [rhythm and blues](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues \"Rhythm and blues\"),{{cite news \\|date\\=November 1, 1996 \\|title\\=Crossover drive on 105\\.1 dwBM \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ypMVAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=105\\.1\\+manila\\&pg\\=PA27\\&article\\_id\\=6728,159120 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Manila Standard]] \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]] \\|page\\=27 \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023}} [Latin](/wiki/Latin_music \"Latin music\"), [pop](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\"), [classic soul](/wiki/Classic_soul \"Classic soul\"), [samba](/wiki/Samba \"Samba\"), and [tropical music](/wiki/Tropical_music \"Tropical music\"); the combination of these was described by the Villars as the \"most literal translation\" of the station's name they had coined and later popularized. It was able to distinguish itself from [Citylite 88\\.3](/wiki/Citylite_88.3 \"Citylite 88.3\") which plays only [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\"). The station's first{{cite web \\|url\\=https://radioonlinenow.com/2011/07/22/evolution\\-of\\-crossover\\-105\\-1\\-manila\\-logo/ \\|title\\=Evolution of Crossover 105\\.1 Manila Logo \\|date\\=July 22, 2011 \\|website\\=Radio Online Now \\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2023}} corporate logo—roughly based on a silhouette of jazz pianist [Ahmad Jamal](/wiki/Ahmad_Jamal \"Ahmad Jamal\")—was introduced in 1996\\.{{cite news \\|date\\=November 6, 1996 \\|title\\='Crossover Drive' \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=TZVOAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=dwbm\\&pg\\=PA10\\&article\\_id\\=2742,759773 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Manila Standard]] \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]] \\|page\\=10 \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2023}} Being classified as an [avant\\-garde](/wiki/Avant-garde \"Avant-garde\") music station by then, high\\-income listeners were the target audiences.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X5VOAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=dzbm\\&pg\\=PA29\\&article\\_id\\=6629,3690266 \\|title\\=Current radio programming trends \\|date\\=November 25, 1996 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Manila Standard]] \\|page\\=29 \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2023 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]]}}",
"Few years later, Crossover expanded to the provinces with [99\\.1 FM](/wiki/DYBM \"DYBM\") in [Bacolod](/wiki/Bacolod \"Bacolod\"), [93\\.1 FM](/wiki/DYWF \"DYWF\") in [Cebu City](/wiki/Cebu_City \"Cebu City\") (later moved to [90\\.7 FM](/wiki/DYAC-FM \"DYAC-FM\")), [93\\.1 FM](/wiki/DXAC \"DXAC\") in [Davao City](/wiki/Davao_City \"Davao City\"), all in 1997; and [105\\.1 FM](/wiki/DZBM \"DZBM\") in [Baguio](/wiki/Baguio \"Baguio\") (Manila's relay station) in 2000\\. All of those stations share the same playlist as the one in Manila to avoid shortchanging the audiences.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=83UE6yvegO4C\\&dat\\=20001216\\&printsec\\=frontpage\\&hl\\=en\\| last\\=Salterio\\| first\\=Leah\\| title\\=Stay tuned, Crossover 105\\.1 bent on getting bigger in 2001 \\|page\\=31 \\|date\\=December 16, 2000 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \\|publisher\\=The Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. \\|access\\-date\\=January 27, 2022 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google News Archive]]}} A plan to put up another in [Cagayan de Oro](/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro \"Cagayan de Oro\") didn't come to fruition. The Crossover format is also webcast worldwide in real time on their official website.",
"In early 2000s, the station organized nationwide concert series, which featured [Martin Nievera](/wiki/Martin_Nievera \"Martin Nievera\"), [Jaya](/wiki/Jaya_%28singer%29 \"Jaya (singer)\"), [Lani Misalucha](/wiki/Lani_Misalucha \"Lani Misalucha\"), and [Zsa Zsa Padilla](/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Padilla \"Zsa Zsa Padilla\"),{{cite news \\|last\\=Samio \\|first\\=Veronica \\|date\\=July 22, 2001 \\|title\\=MMFF 2001, binagyo \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino\\-star\\-ngayon/showbiz/2001/07/22/114676/mmff\\-2001\\-binagyo \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pilipino Star Ngayon]] \\|language\\=tl \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023}} as well as monthly pocket concerts and bar tours around [Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila \"Metro Manila\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Esguerra \\|first\\=Tinnie \\|date\\=May 10, 2002 \\|title\\=Creating the Crossover lifestyle \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2002/05/10/160318/creating\\-crossover\\-lifestyle/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Salterio \\|first\\=G. Jemuel \\|date\\=October 28, 2001 \\|title\\=Crossover: The radio station as producer \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2001/10/28/138165/crossover\\-radio\\-station\\-producer/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Esguerra \\|first\\=Tinnie \\|date\\=December 21, 2000 \\|title\\=Defining the Crossover Sound \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2000/12/21/92311/defining\\-crossover\\-sound/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|location\\= \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023}} They also produced live concerts by foreign artists, jazz performers [Bobby Caldwell](/wiki/Bobby_Caldwell \"Bobby Caldwell\") and [Phil Perry](/wiki/Phil_Perry \"Phil Perry\"),{{cite news \\|last\\=Lo \\|first\\=Ricky \\|author\\-link\\=Ricky Lo \\|date\\=October 10, 2002 \\|title\\=Jazz in time with Bobby Caldwell \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2002/10/10/179225/jazz\\-time\\-bobby\\-caldwell/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023}} [David Benoit](/wiki/David_Benoit_%28musician%29 \"David Benoit (musician)\"), [Basia](/wiki/Basia \"Basia\"), and [The Spinners](/wiki/The_Spinners_%28American_group%29 \"The Spinners (American group)\").",
"The station eventually produced a series of [CDs](/wiki/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") that would later be given recognitions.",
"During the early 2000s, the station had no [DJs](/wiki/Disc_jockey \"Disc jockey\") in favor of playing music. By that time, Louie Villar explained that its playlist were based on quality rather than popularity.",
"It became an affiliate of the [BBC World Service](/wiki/BBC_World_Service \"BBC World Service\").{{cite news \\|date\\=February 21, 2010 \\|title\\=Less is more \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/21/551214/less\\-more \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]]}}",
"In June 2014, 105\\.1 Crossover celebrated its 20th year with the theme \"Celebrating 20 Years of Great Music.\" At the same time, the station had its first two disc jockeys after almost a decade, April Padil (formerly from [NU 107](/wiki/NU_107 \"NU 107\")) who boarded during weekday mornings and Benjamin (Reuben \"Beng\" Chua, formerly of Dream FM and Citylite who is a former voiceover of PTV/NBN from 1998 to 2011 and [AksyonTV](/wiki/AksyonTV \"AksyonTV\") from 2013 to 2019; he currently serves as the voiceover of [RPTV](/wiki/RPTV_%28TV_channel%29 \"RPTV (TV channel)\") since 2024\\), also boarded during weekday evenings.",
"### 2019\\-2023: Q Radio",
"[thumb\\|right\\|170px\\|Q Radio 105\\.1 Manila (2020–2023\\)](/wiki/File:Q105.1_Manila_logo.png \"Q105.1 Manila logo.png\")\nOn December 30, 2019, 105\\.1 FM [silently dropped](/wiki/Stunting_%28broadcasting%29 \"Stunting (broadcasting)\") its Crossover brand and smooth jazz format and switched to a [Top 40](/wiki/Contemporary_Hit_Radio \"Contemporary Hit Radio\") format, as MBN opted to lease the station's airtime to Horizon of the Sun Communications (producer of Chinese Filipino oriented shows Chinatown TV and Chinese News TV). The station announced on the following day that the Crossover FM format has migrated online (via its [live stream](/wiki/Live_streaming \"Live streaming\") [application](/wiki/Application_software \"Application software\")).[Crossover Radio Online](https://crossoverradioonline.com) Its [Baguio relay station](/wiki/DZBM \"DZBM\") have also adopted the new format. While other MBN regional stations still broadcasts under the Crossover brand and format, they would soon follow suit with the Manila station.",
"On January 13, 2020, the station was officially launched as **Q Radio**. Former [PBS](/wiki/Philippine_Broadcasting_Service \"Philippine Broadcasting Service\") deputy director general and former [Quest Broadcasting Inc.](/wiki/Quest_Broadcasting_Inc. \"Quest Broadcasting Inc.\") executive Carlo Jose Magno Villo was brought in as the station's director, along with several DJs from various upscale stations. It airs daily news updates with reporting segments on local and international news, business, entertainment and lifestyle.",
"On March 1, 2020, former [Monster Radio](/wiki/DWRX \"DWRX\") jock and chief digital strategist Lexy Angeles took over management of the station. In the same month, the station launched new shows: *Q Eclectic*, a Saturday evening show that featured predominantly [OPM](/wiki/Original_Pilipino_Music \"Original Pilipino Music\"), [K\\-pop](/wiki/K-pop \"K-pop\"), [C\\-pop](/wiki/C-pop \"C-pop\"), and [Latin Pop](/wiki/Latin_Pop \"Latin Pop\"), *Q Mix*, a Saturday late night program that played music remixes, and *Sunday Flashback*, an all\\-day segment which aired 2000s music.",
"On November 16, 2020, all MBNI provincial stations started carrying the Q Radio branding. The station also opened a program for student DJs in January 2023 called, *Qniversity*.",
"On June 19, 2023, Q Radio announced that the station will permanently go off the air due to financial problems, as well as poor ratings and loss of advertisers' support.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Louella Hazeline Chan in Q Radio Qlassmates \\|url\\=https://t.me/qradiogroup/281438 \\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2023 \\|website\\=Telegram}}{{cite web\\|title\\=To all of our amazing Qties, After a fulfilling 3\\-year run, filled with several viral online campaigns and exciting on\\-air gimmicks, it is with a heavy heart that we announce that Q Radio will be permanently signing off nationwide effective July 1, 2023\\.\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid\\=809902190493563\\&set\\=a.641941660622951\\|website\\=\\[\\[Facebook]]\\|author\\=Q Radio 105\\.1\\|date\\=June 19, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2023}} Q Radio 105\\.1 signed off at 12:00 am of July 1, 2023, with \"[The Last Time](/wiki/The_Last_Time_%28The_Script_song%29 \"The Last Time (The Script song)\")\" by [The Script](/wiki/The_Script \"The Script\") as its swansong.",
"### 2023–present: Brigada News FM",
"On June 27, 2023, [Brigada Mass Media Corporation](/wiki/Brigada_Mass_Media_Corporation \"Brigada Mass Media Corporation\") signed an agreement with Mareco, in which it would lease the station's airtime. This includes the transfer of Brigada News FM National's operations from its former frequency assignment at [104\\.7 MHz](/wiki/DWEY \"DWEY\"), based in Batangas. {{cite web\\|title\\=Konting tulog na lang mga Ka\\-Brigada! Mas pinalakas, mas pinalawak, at mas pinaganda! Ang No. 1 sa mga probinsiya sa Luzon, Visayas, at Mindanao \\- mapakikinggan na sa Metro at Mega Manila! \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/brigadanewsfmmanila/posts/pfbid06dVgLGeGZZk7rBqkW4HS8v2LsBZ6evHudohcGgTVFYdepQ8fxEzqare4NnAqwjnrl\\|website\\=\\[\\[Facebook]]\\|author\\=Brigada News FM\\|date\\=June 27, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=June 27, 2023}}",
"On July 1, minutes after Q Radio ceased its operations, Brigada News FM Manila began its test broadcast on this frequency with programming emanating from BMMC's National Broadcast Center in Jacinta Building 2 in [Makati](/wiki/Makati \"Makati\"). Its official broadcast began at 4:00 a.m. of July 3\\.",
"On August 31, the station went off the air as part of the transfer of the station's studio and offices from Makati to [One San Miguel Avenue Bldg.](/wiki/One_San_Miguel_Avenue \"One San Miguel Avenue\") in [Pasig](/wiki/Pasig \"Pasig\"). It went back on air on September 2\\.",
""
] |
### 1994\-2019: Crossover
[thumb\|right\|170px\|Third and final logo as 105\.1 Crossover](/wiki/File:Crossover_FM.svg "Crossover FM.svg")
In 1994, when Luis Villar sold the shares to his children, the station went to his son, Louie, who reformatted it as **Crossover**. The station pioneered the [smooth jazz](/wiki/Smooth_jazz "Smooth jazz") format; a blend of [cool jazz](/wiki/Cool_jazz "Cool jazz"), [rhythm and blues](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues "Rhythm and blues"),{{cite news \|date\=November 1, 1996 \|title\=Crossover drive on 105\.1 dwBM \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ypMVAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=105\.1\+manila\&pg\=PA27\&article\_id\=6728,159120 \|newspaper\=\[\[Manila Standard]] \|via\=\[\[Google Books]] \|page\=27 \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023}} [Latin](/wiki/Latin_music "Latin music"), [pop](/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music"), [classic soul](/wiki/Classic_soul "Classic soul"), [samba](/wiki/Samba "Samba"), and [tropical music](/wiki/Tropical_music "Tropical music"); the combination of these was described by the Villars as the "most literal translation" of the station's name they had coined and later popularized. It was able to distinguish itself from [Citylite 88\.3](/wiki/Citylite_88.3 "Citylite 88.3") which plays only [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz"). The station's first{{cite web \|url\=https://radioonlinenow.com/2011/07/22/evolution\-of\-crossover\-105\-1\-manila\-logo/ \|title\=Evolution of Crossover 105\.1 Manila Logo \|date\=July 22, 2011 \|website\=Radio Online Now \|access\-date\=July 7, 2023}} corporate logo—roughly based on a silhouette of jazz pianist [Ahmad Jamal](/wiki/Ahmad_Jamal "Ahmad Jamal")—was introduced in 1996\.{{cite news \|date\=November 6, 1996 \|title\='Crossover Drive' \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=TZVOAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=dwbm\&pg\=PA10\&article\_id\=2742,759773 \|newspaper\=\[\[Manila Standard]] \|via\=\[\[Google Books]] \|page\=10 \|access\-date\=July 1, 2023}} Being classified as an [avant\-garde](/wiki/Avant-garde "Avant-garde") music station by then, high\-income listeners were the target audiences.{{cite web \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X5VOAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=dzbm\&pg\=PA29\&article\_id\=6629,3690266 \|title\=Current radio programming trends \|date\=November 25, 1996 \|newspaper\=\[\[Manila Standard]] \|page\=29 \|access\-date\=July 1, 2023 \|via\=\[\[Google Books]]}}
Few years later, Crossover expanded to the provinces with [99\.1 FM](/wiki/DYBM "DYBM") in [Bacolod](/wiki/Bacolod "Bacolod"), [93\.1 FM](/wiki/DYWF "DYWF") in [Cebu City](/wiki/Cebu_City "Cebu City") (later moved to [90\.7 FM](/wiki/DYAC-FM "DYAC-FM")), [93\.1 FM](/wiki/DXAC "DXAC") in [Davao City](/wiki/Davao_City "Davao City"), all in 1997; and [105\.1 FM](/wiki/DZBM "DZBM") in [Baguio](/wiki/Baguio "Baguio") (Manila's relay station) in 2000\. All of those stations share the same playlist as the one in Manila to avoid shortchanging the audiences.{{cite news \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=83UE6yvegO4C\&dat\=20001216\&printsec\=frontpage\&hl\=en\| last\=Salterio\| first\=Leah\| title\=Stay tuned, Crossover 105\.1 bent on getting bigger in 2001 \|page\=31 \|date\=December 16, 2000 \|newspaper\=\[\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \|publisher\=The Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. \|access\-date\=January 27, 2022 \|via\=\[\[Google News Archive]]}} A plan to put up another in [Cagayan de Oro](/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro "Cagayan de Oro") didn't come to fruition. The Crossover format is also webcast worldwide in real time on their official website.
In early 2000s, the station organized nationwide concert series, which featured [Martin Nievera](/wiki/Martin_Nievera "Martin Nievera"), [Jaya](/wiki/Jaya_%28singer%29 "Jaya (singer)"), [Lani Misalucha](/wiki/Lani_Misalucha "Lani Misalucha"), and [Zsa Zsa Padilla](/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Padilla "Zsa Zsa Padilla"),{{cite news \|last\=Samio \|first\=Veronica \|date\=July 22, 2001 \|title\=MMFF 2001, binagyo \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino\-star\-ngayon/showbiz/2001/07/22/114676/mmff\-2001\-binagyo \|newspaper\=\[\[Pilipino Star Ngayon]] \|language\=tl \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023}} as well as monthly pocket concerts and bar tours around [Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila "Metro Manila").{{cite news \|last\=Esguerra \|first\=Tinnie \|date\=May 10, 2002 \|title\=Creating the Crossover lifestyle \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2002/05/10/160318/creating\-crossover\-lifestyle/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023}}{{cite news \|last\=Salterio \|first\=G. Jemuel \|date\=October 28, 2001 \|title\=Crossover: The radio station as producer \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2001/10/28/138165/crossover\-radio\-station\-producer/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023}}{{cite news \|last\=Esguerra \|first\=Tinnie \|date\=December 21, 2000 \|title\=Defining the Crossover Sound \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2000/12/21/92311/defining\-crossover\-sound/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|location\= \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023}} They also produced live concerts by foreign artists, jazz performers [Bobby Caldwell](/wiki/Bobby_Caldwell "Bobby Caldwell") and [Phil Perry](/wiki/Phil_Perry "Phil Perry"),{{cite news \|last\=Lo \|first\=Ricky \|author\-link\=Ricky Lo \|date\=October 10, 2002 \|title\=Jazz in time with Bobby Caldwell \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2002/10/10/179225/jazz\-time\-bobby\-caldwell/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023}} [David Benoit](/wiki/David_Benoit_%28musician%29 "David Benoit (musician)"), [Basia](/wiki/Basia "Basia"), and [The Spinners](/wiki/The_Spinners_%28American_group%29 "The Spinners (American group)").
The station eventually produced a series of [CDs](/wiki/Compact_disc "Compact disc") that would later be given recognitions.
During the early 2000s, the station had no [DJs](/wiki/Disc_jockey "Disc jockey") in favor of playing music. By that time, Louie Villar explained that its playlist were based on quality rather than popularity.
It became an affiliate of the [BBC World Service](/wiki/BBC_World_Service "BBC World Service").{{cite news \|date\=February 21, 2010 \|title\=Less is more \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/21/551214/less\-more \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philippine Star]]}}
In June 2014, 105\.1 Crossover celebrated its 20th year with the theme "Celebrating 20 Years of Great Music." At the same time, the station had its first two disc jockeys after almost a decade, April Padil (formerly from [NU 107](/wiki/NU_107 "NU 107")) who boarded during weekday mornings and Benjamin (Reuben "Beng" Chua, formerly of Dream FM and Citylite who is a former voiceover of PTV/NBN from 1998 to 2011 and [AksyonTV](/wiki/AksyonTV "AksyonTV") from 2013 to 2019; he currently serves as the voiceover of [RPTV](/wiki/RPTV_%28TV_channel%29 "RPTV (TV channel)") since 2024\), also boarded during weekday evenings.
|
[
"### 1994\\-2019: Crossover",
"[thumb\\|right\\|170px\\|Third and final logo as 105\\.1 Crossover](/wiki/File:Crossover_FM.svg \"Crossover FM.svg\")\nIn 1994, when Luis Villar sold the shares to his children, the station went to his son, Louie, who reformatted it as **Crossover**. The station pioneered the [smooth jazz](/wiki/Smooth_jazz \"Smooth jazz\") format; a blend of [cool jazz](/wiki/Cool_jazz \"Cool jazz\"), [rhythm and blues](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues \"Rhythm and blues\"),{{cite news \\|date\\=November 1, 1996 \\|title\\=Crossover drive on 105\\.1 dwBM \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ypMVAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=105\\.1\\+manila\\&pg\\=PA27\\&article\\_id\\=6728,159120 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Manila Standard]] \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]] \\|page\\=27 \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023}} [Latin](/wiki/Latin_music \"Latin music\"), [pop](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\"), [classic soul](/wiki/Classic_soul \"Classic soul\"), [samba](/wiki/Samba \"Samba\"), and [tropical music](/wiki/Tropical_music \"Tropical music\"); the combination of these was described by the Villars as the \"most literal translation\" of the station's name they had coined and later popularized. It was able to distinguish itself from [Citylite 88\\.3](/wiki/Citylite_88.3 \"Citylite 88.3\") which plays only [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\"). The station's first{{cite web \\|url\\=https://radioonlinenow.com/2011/07/22/evolution\\-of\\-crossover\\-105\\-1\\-manila\\-logo/ \\|title\\=Evolution of Crossover 105\\.1 Manila Logo \\|date\\=July 22, 2011 \\|website\\=Radio Online Now \\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2023}} corporate logo—roughly based on a silhouette of jazz pianist [Ahmad Jamal](/wiki/Ahmad_Jamal \"Ahmad Jamal\")—was introduced in 1996\\.{{cite news \\|date\\=November 6, 1996 \\|title\\='Crossover Drive' \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=TZVOAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=dwbm\\&pg\\=PA10\\&article\\_id\\=2742,759773 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Manila Standard]] \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]] \\|page\\=10 \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2023}} Being classified as an [avant\\-garde](/wiki/Avant-garde \"Avant-garde\") music station by then, high\\-income listeners were the target audiences.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X5VOAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=dzbm\\&pg\\=PA29\\&article\\_id\\=6629,3690266 \\|title\\=Current radio programming trends \\|date\\=November 25, 1996 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Manila Standard]] \\|page\\=29 \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2023 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]]}}",
"Few years later, Crossover expanded to the provinces with [99\\.1 FM](/wiki/DYBM \"DYBM\") in [Bacolod](/wiki/Bacolod \"Bacolod\"), [93\\.1 FM](/wiki/DYWF \"DYWF\") in [Cebu City](/wiki/Cebu_City \"Cebu City\") (later moved to [90\\.7 FM](/wiki/DYAC-FM \"DYAC-FM\")), [93\\.1 FM](/wiki/DXAC \"DXAC\") in [Davao City](/wiki/Davao_City \"Davao City\"), all in 1997; and [105\\.1 FM](/wiki/DZBM \"DZBM\") in [Baguio](/wiki/Baguio \"Baguio\") (Manila's relay station) in 2000\\. All of those stations share the same playlist as the one in Manila to avoid shortchanging the audiences.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=83UE6yvegO4C\\&dat\\=20001216\\&printsec\\=frontpage\\&hl\\=en\\| last\\=Salterio\\| first\\=Leah\\| title\\=Stay tuned, Crossover 105\\.1 bent on getting bigger in 2001 \\|page\\=31 \\|date\\=December 16, 2000 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \\|publisher\\=The Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. \\|access\\-date\\=January 27, 2022 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google News Archive]]}} A plan to put up another in [Cagayan de Oro](/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro \"Cagayan de Oro\") didn't come to fruition. The Crossover format is also webcast worldwide in real time on their official website.",
"In early 2000s, the station organized nationwide concert series, which featured [Martin Nievera](/wiki/Martin_Nievera \"Martin Nievera\"), [Jaya](/wiki/Jaya_%28singer%29 \"Jaya (singer)\"), [Lani Misalucha](/wiki/Lani_Misalucha \"Lani Misalucha\"), and [Zsa Zsa Padilla](/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Padilla \"Zsa Zsa Padilla\"),{{cite news \\|last\\=Samio \\|first\\=Veronica \\|date\\=July 22, 2001 \\|title\\=MMFF 2001, binagyo \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino\\-star\\-ngayon/showbiz/2001/07/22/114676/mmff\\-2001\\-binagyo \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pilipino Star Ngayon]] \\|language\\=tl \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023}} as well as monthly pocket concerts and bar tours around [Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila \"Metro Manila\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Esguerra \\|first\\=Tinnie \\|date\\=May 10, 2002 \\|title\\=Creating the Crossover lifestyle \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2002/05/10/160318/creating\\-crossover\\-lifestyle/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Salterio \\|first\\=G. Jemuel \\|date\\=October 28, 2001 \\|title\\=Crossover: The radio station as producer \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2001/10/28/138165/crossover\\-radio\\-station\\-producer/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Esguerra \\|first\\=Tinnie \\|date\\=December 21, 2000 \\|title\\=Defining the Crossover Sound \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2000/12/21/92311/defining\\-crossover\\-sound/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|location\\= \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023}} They also produced live concerts by foreign artists, jazz performers [Bobby Caldwell](/wiki/Bobby_Caldwell \"Bobby Caldwell\") and [Phil Perry](/wiki/Phil_Perry \"Phil Perry\"),{{cite news \\|last\\=Lo \\|first\\=Ricky \\|author\\-link\\=Ricky Lo \\|date\\=October 10, 2002 \\|title\\=Jazz in time with Bobby Caldwell \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2002/10/10/179225/jazz\\-time\\-bobby\\-caldwell/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023}} [David Benoit](/wiki/David_Benoit_%28musician%29 \"David Benoit (musician)\"), [Basia](/wiki/Basia \"Basia\"), and [The Spinners](/wiki/The_Spinners_%28American_group%29 \"The Spinners (American group)\").",
"The station eventually produced a series of [CDs](/wiki/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") that would later be given recognitions.",
"During the early 2000s, the station had no [DJs](/wiki/Disc_jockey \"Disc jockey\") in favor of playing music. By that time, Louie Villar explained that its playlist were based on quality rather than popularity.",
"It became an affiliate of the [BBC World Service](/wiki/BBC_World_Service \"BBC World Service\").{{cite news \\|date\\=February 21, 2010 \\|title\\=Less is more \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/21/551214/less\\-more \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]]}}",
"In June 2014, 105\\.1 Crossover celebrated its 20th year with the theme \"Celebrating 20 Years of Great Music.\" At the same time, the station had its first two disc jockeys after almost a decade, April Padil (formerly from [NU 107](/wiki/NU_107 \"NU 107\")) who boarded during weekday mornings and Benjamin (Reuben \"Beng\" Chua, formerly of Dream FM and Citylite who is a former voiceover of PTV/NBN from 1998 to 2011 and [AksyonTV](/wiki/AksyonTV \"AksyonTV\") from 2013 to 2019; he currently serves as the voiceover of [RPTV](/wiki/RPTV_%28TV_channel%29 \"RPTV (TV channel)\") since 2024\\), also boarded during weekday evenings.",
""
] |
Character storyline
-------------------
Colvin joined the [Baltimore Police Department](/wiki/Baltimore_Police_Department "Baltimore Police Department") in 1973, patrolling his home neighborhood in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore")'s [Western District](/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods%23West "List of Baltimore neighborhoods#West"). Over his tenure, he advanced to the rank of district commander in the Western. Colvin's philosophy of policing involves protecting the community he serves by making quality arrests through the use of trusted [informants](/wiki/Informant "Informant") on his foot post.
As a commander, he insists that his men learn their foot post and urges them to focus on doing real police work. Toward the end of his career, he begins seeing the [War on Drugs](/wiki/War_on_Drugs "War on Drugs") as an ineffective waste of time and resources that has led to many needless casualties in his district.
### Season two
Colvin is at the scene when a child is accidentally shot during a [turf war](/wiki/wikt:Turf_war "Turf war"), appalled at the senselessness of the killing. When ordered to crack down on the area, his second in command, [Dennis Mello](/wiki/Dennis_Mello "Dennis Mello"), states that they waited too long to make the arrests they had. Colvin begins to question if they are actually doing their job.{{
cite web
\|author\=Dan Kois
\|year\=2004
\|title\=Everything you were afraid to ask about "The Wire"
\|work\=Salon.com
\|access\-date\=2006\-07\-12
\|url\=http://dir.salon.com/story/ent/feature/2004/10/01/the\_wire/index.html?pn\=4
\|url\-status\=dead
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119003527/http://dir.salon.com/story/ent/feature/2004/10/01/the\_wire/index.html?pn\=4
\|archive\-date\=2006\-11\-19
}}
### Season three
Colvin, months away from being eligible to retire on a major's [pension](/wiki/Pension "Pension"), decides to make a last effort to have a real impact on the community. He recognizes that much of his time and resources are spent on policing addicts and low level dealers, which never improves the situation in his district and leaves little time for "real" police work. All of Baltimore's district majors are under extreme pressure to reduce the city's violent crime rate from [Mayor](/wiki/Mayor_of_Baltimore "Mayor of Baltimore") [Clarence Royce](/wiki/Clarence_Royce "Clarence Royce"), who is seeking re\-election.
After Commissioner [Ervin Burrell](/wiki/Ervin_Burrell "Ervin Burrell") relieves Major [Marvin Taylor](/wiki/Police_of_The_Wire%23Marvin_Taylor "Police of The Wire#Marvin Taylor") from his post commanding the [Eastern District](/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods%23East "List of Baltimore neighborhoods#East") due to his poor performance, other district commanders begin "juking" their stats to make crime rates appear to drop. Colvin refuses to do this, and his stats honestly reflect a 2% rise in [felonies](/wiki/Felony "Felony"). He is quickly chewed out by Deputy Commissioner [William Rawls](/wiki/William_Rawls "William Rawls"), while Burrell threatens to have him replaced.
Colvin wonders if there is a way for low\-level users to take drugs safely without facing punishment. After the attempted murder of [Kenneth Dozerman](/wiki/Major_Case_Unit_of_The_Wire%23Kenneth_Dozerman "Major Case Unit of The Wire#Kenneth Dozerman"), Colvin decides that he will independently set up three "free zones" in the Western where addicts and dealers can conduct their business under supervision, but without interference. This moves the drug trade into a controlled, uninhabited area to protect the rest of his district.
Colvin does not seek the permission or approval of his superiors before implementing his plan, and ignores the concerns of his subordinates, including Mello and [Ellis Carver](/wiki/Ellis_Carver "Ellis Carver"), who are charged with ensuring no violence takes place within the free zones. One of these areas becomes known as "Hamsterdam", after [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam")'s [liberal drug laws](/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands "Drug policy of the Netherlands"). Because his retirement is imminent and he is guaranteed a pension, Colvin believes he'll be free from any consequences should his plan be discovered. Legalizing drugs in Hamsterdam allows him to redirect police resources to quality felony cases elsewhere.
After implementing the Hamsterdam plan for five weeks, Colvin delivers a cumulative 14% reduction in the felony rate, unheard of in the Western's history. Colvin is forced to take his vacation time immediately after revealing his experiment to Rawls and Burrell. Royce considers trying to spin Hamsterdam as an enforcement strategy because of its success in lowering the crime rate. However, in the meantime, [Herc](/wiki/Herc_%28The_Wire%29 "Herc (The Wire)") leaks information about Hamsterdam to the press after rejecting Carver's request to help him move a homicide victim off the free zone premises.
After realizing that public opinion is sharply against the free zones, and that there are broader political ramifications (the White House's Deputy Drug Czar threatens to pull all Federal funding from the city if the entire endeavor isn't immediately ended and publicly negated), Royce recants and decides to end the Hamsterdam experiment. Burrell and Rawls force Colvin into becoming a [scapegoat](/wiki/Scapegoat "Scapegoat") by threatening to persecute his officers. He is demoted to lieutenant and thus gets a lowered pension. Burrell also contacts [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University") and convinces them to withdraw a job offer for their campus security force.
As a commanding officer, Colvin is well liked by his men. Colvin has a major impact on Carver, convincing him to reassess his role as DEU sergeant and to take a more community\-minded approach to policing. He also reconnects with [Jimmy McNulty](/wiki/Jimmy_McNulty "Jimmy McNulty"), who had started out as a beat officer under his command. Colvin's last piece of detective work involves McNulty's Major Case Unit: [Stringer Bell](/wiki/Stringer_Bell "Stringer Bell") contacts Colvin to inform on [Avon Barksdale](/wiki/Avon_Barksdale "Avon Barksdale"), and Colvin passes the information on to McNulty. In Colvin, Stringer sees a fellow reformer who feels his superiors are preventing useful work from being done. As Bell puts it, they are "both trying to make sense of this game," though from opposite sides of the law.{{
cite web
\| year \= 2004
\| title \= Org Chart \- The Law
\| publisher \= HBO
\| access\-date \= 2006\-07\-22
\| url \= http://www.hbo.com/thewire/orgchart/law.shtml
}}
### Season four
Colvin attempts to supplement his diminished pension by working as the head of security for a downtown hotel. He becomes disillusioned with the post when the hotel manager refuses to let him arrest a wealthy client who had assaulted a [prostitute](/wiki/Prostitute "Prostitute") in his hotel room, and quits the job soon thereafter. Later, he is approached with another job from [The Deacon](/wiki/Street_level_characters_of_The_Wire%23The_Deacon "Street level characters of The Wire#The Deacon"), who has learned of a large grant to the [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland%2C_Baltimore "University of Maryland, Baltimore") to look at repeat violent offenders.
The study is led by [Dr. David Parenti](/wiki/School_system_of_The_Wire%23David_Parenti "School system of The Wire#David Parenti"). Colvin has developed a reputation among academics as a result of his Hamsterdam experiment, and the Deacon helps him secure a job offer with Parenti as a field researcher. Parenti initially plans to focus on 18\- to 21\-year\-olds, but Colvin convinces Parenti to look at Edward Tilghman Middle School for his target group.
Colvin identifies for Parenti the two types of [West Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore%23West_Baltimore "Baltimore#West Baltimore") students: "stoop" kids who obey their parents' instructions and who are respectful of authority, and "corner" kids, the kids who sell drugs, disrupt class, and are aspiring gangsters disrespectful of authority. Together, they isolate ten corner kids into a classroom where Parenti and a UM [doctoral student](/wiki/Doctoral_student "Doctoral student") study them while Colvin acts as the mediator. In this classroom, no suspensions are handed down to misbehaving students, as it is seen as a punishment the students often utilize to get out of class intentionally.
Colvin begins to take an interest in [Namond Brice](/wiki/Namond_Brice "Namond Brice"), one of the most disruptive students. He allows Namond to stay at his home when Carver arrests him for selling drugs and his mother is out of town. Colvin takes him home the next day and sees first hand that his mother is pushing him into drug dealing. After seeing how Namond has progressed in school, Colvin sees Namond's potential and realizes he will only get himself killed or arrested if he remains in his current household.
Colvin then talks with [Wee\-Bey Brice](/wiki/Wee-Bey_Brice "Wee-Bey Brice"), Namond's incarcerated father, explaining Namond could have a life outside of West Baltimore given the proper support from Colvin and his wife. After thinking it over, Wee\-Bey tells Namond's mother to send him to live with Colvin as he wants him to have a future. Namond is seen to be living with Colvin and his wife at the conclusion of season four.{{
cite web
\| year \= 2006
\| title \= Character profile \- Major Howard "Bunny" Colvin
\| publisher \= HBO
\| access\-date \= 2006\-09\-14
\| url \= http://www.hbo.com/thewire/cast/characters/bunny\_colvin.shtml
}}
### Season five
Colvin appears briefly with a gray and white goatee, attending Namond's high school [competitive debate](/wiki/Debate%23Formal_debate_in_education "Debate#Formal debate in education"). He looks displeased when Mayor [Tommy Carcetti](/wiki/Tommy_Carcetti "Tommy Carcetti") visits the event, using it to burnish his political image. Outside the debate, Carcetti approaches Colvin and apologizes for being unable to support the Hamsterdam experiment, saying no politician could run with the idea politically despite hinting at the time that he supported the initiative. Colvin refuses to shake Carcetti's extended hand, and leaves the Mayor ashamed and speechless when he bluntly says "well then, Mr. Mayor, I guess there's nothing more to be done".
|
[
"Character storyline\n-------------------",
"Colvin joined the [Baltimore Police Department](/wiki/Baltimore_Police_Department \"Baltimore Police Department\") in 1973, patrolling his home neighborhood in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\")'s [Western District](/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods%23West \"List of Baltimore neighborhoods#West\"). Over his tenure, he advanced to the rank of district commander in the Western. Colvin's philosophy of policing involves protecting the community he serves by making quality arrests through the use of trusted [informants](/wiki/Informant \"Informant\") on his foot post.",
"As a commander, he insists that his men learn their foot post and urges them to focus on doing real police work. Toward the end of his career, he begins seeing the [War on Drugs](/wiki/War_on_Drugs \"War on Drugs\") as an ineffective waste of time and resources that has led to many needless casualties in his district.",
"### Season two",
"Colvin is at the scene when a child is accidentally shot during a [turf war](/wiki/wikt:Turf_war \"Turf war\"), appalled at the senselessness of the killing. When ordered to crack down on the area, his second in command, [Dennis Mello](/wiki/Dennis_Mello \"Dennis Mello\"), states that they waited too long to make the arrests they had. Colvin begins to question if they are actually doing their job.{{\ncite web\n \\|author\\=Dan Kois \n \\|year\\=2004 \n \\|title\\=Everything you were afraid to ask about \"The Wire\" \n \\|work\\=Salon.com \n \\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-07\\-12 \n \\|url\\=http://dir.salon.com/story/ent/feature/2004/10/01/the\\_wire/index.html?pn\\=4 \n \\|url\\-status\\=dead \n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119003527/http://dir.salon.com/story/ent/feature/2004/10/01/the\\_wire/index.html?pn\\=4 \n \\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-19 \n}}",
"### Season three",
"Colvin, months away from being eligible to retire on a major's [pension](/wiki/Pension \"Pension\"), decides to make a last effort to have a real impact on the community. He recognizes that much of his time and resources are spent on policing addicts and low level dealers, which never improves the situation in his district and leaves little time for \"real\" police work. All of Baltimore's district majors are under extreme pressure to reduce the city's violent crime rate from [Mayor](/wiki/Mayor_of_Baltimore \"Mayor of Baltimore\") [Clarence Royce](/wiki/Clarence_Royce \"Clarence Royce\"), who is seeking re\\-election.",
"After Commissioner [Ervin Burrell](/wiki/Ervin_Burrell \"Ervin Burrell\") relieves Major [Marvin Taylor](/wiki/Police_of_The_Wire%23Marvin_Taylor \"Police of The Wire#Marvin Taylor\") from his post commanding the [Eastern District](/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods%23East \"List of Baltimore neighborhoods#East\") due to his poor performance, other district commanders begin \"juking\" their stats to make crime rates appear to drop. Colvin refuses to do this, and his stats honestly reflect a 2% rise in [felonies](/wiki/Felony \"Felony\"). He is quickly chewed out by Deputy Commissioner [William Rawls](/wiki/William_Rawls \"William Rawls\"), while Burrell threatens to have him replaced.",
"Colvin wonders if there is a way for low\\-level users to take drugs safely without facing punishment. After the attempted murder of [Kenneth Dozerman](/wiki/Major_Case_Unit_of_The_Wire%23Kenneth_Dozerman \"Major Case Unit of The Wire#Kenneth Dozerman\"), Colvin decides that he will independently set up three \"free zones\" in the Western where addicts and dealers can conduct their business under supervision, but without interference. This moves the drug trade into a controlled, uninhabited area to protect the rest of his district.",
"Colvin does not seek the permission or approval of his superiors before implementing his plan, and ignores the concerns of his subordinates, including Mello and [Ellis Carver](/wiki/Ellis_Carver \"Ellis Carver\"), who are charged with ensuring no violence takes place within the free zones. One of these areas becomes known as \"Hamsterdam\", after [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\")'s [liberal drug laws](/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands \"Drug policy of the Netherlands\"). Because his retirement is imminent and he is guaranteed a pension, Colvin believes he'll be free from any consequences should his plan be discovered. Legalizing drugs in Hamsterdam allows him to redirect police resources to quality felony cases elsewhere.",
"After implementing the Hamsterdam plan for five weeks, Colvin delivers a cumulative 14% reduction in the felony rate, unheard of in the Western's history. Colvin is forced to take his vacation time immediately after revealing his experiment to Rawls and Burrell. Royce considers trying to spin Hamsterdam as an enforcement strategy because of its success in lowering the crime rate. However, in the meantime, [Herc](/wiki/Herc_%28The_Wire%29 \"Herc (The Wire)\") leaks information about Hamsterdam to the press after rejecting Carver's request to help him move a homicide victim off the free zone premises.",
"After realizing that public opinion is sharply against the free zones, and that there are broader political ramifications (the White House's Deputy Drug Czar threatens to pull all Federal funding from the city if the entire endeavor isn't immediately ended and publicly negated), Royce recants and decides to end the Hamsterdam experiment. Burrell and Rawls force Colvin into becoming a [scapegoat](/wiki/Scapegoat \"Scapegoat\") by threatening to persecute his officers. He is demoted to lieutenant and thus gets a lowered pension. Burrell also contacts [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University \"Johns Hopkins University\") and convinces them to withdraw a job offer for their campus security force.",
"As a commanding officer, Colvin is well liked by his men. Colvin has a major impact on Carver, convincing him to reassess his role as DEU sergeant and to take a more community\\-minded approach to policing. He also reconnects with [Jimmy McNulty](/wiki/Jimmy_McNulty \"Jimmy McNulty\"), who had started out as a beat officer under his command. Colvin's last piece of detective work involves McNulty's Major Case Unit: [Stringer Bell](/wiki/Stringer_Bell \"Stringer Bell\") contacts Colvin to inform on [Avon Barksdale](/wiki/Avon_Barksdale \"Avon Barksdale\"), and Colvin passes the information on to McNulty. In Colvin, Stringer sees a fellow reformer who feels his superiors are preventing useful work from being done. As Bell puts it, they are \"both trying to make sense of this game,\" though from opposite sides of the law.{{",
"cite web\n\\| year \\= 2004\n\\| title \\= Org Chart \\- The Law\n\\| publisher \\= HBO\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2006\\-07\\-22\n\\| url \\= http://www.hbo.com/thewire/orgchart/law.shtml\n}}\n### Season four",
"Colvin attempts to supplement his diminished pension by working as the head of security for a downtown hotel. He becomes disillusioned with the post when the hotel manager refuses to let him arrest a wealthy client who had assaulted a [prostitute](/wiki/Prostitute \"Prostitute\") in his hotel room, and quits the job soon thereafter. Later, he is approached with another job from [The Deacon](/wiki/Street_level_characters_of_The_Wire%23The_Deacon \"Street level characters of The Wire#The Deacon\"), who has learned of a large grant to the [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland%2C_Baltimore \"University of Maryland, Baltimore\") to look at repeat violent offenders.",
"The study is led by [Dr. David Parenti](/wiki/School_system_of_The_Wire%23David_Parenti \"School system of The Wire#David Parenti\"). Colvin has developed a reputation among academics as a result of his Hamsterdam experiment, and the Deacon helps him secure a job offer with Parenti as a field researcher. Parenti initially plans to focus on 18\\- to 21\\-year\\-olds, but Colvin convinces Parenti to look at Edward Tilghman Middle School for his target group.",
"Colvin identifies for Parenti the two types of [West Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore%23West_Baltimore \"Baltimore#West Baltimore\") students: \"stoop\" kids who obey their parents' instructions and who are respectful of authority, and \"corner\" kids, the kids who sell drugs, disrupt class, and are aspiring gangsters disrespectful of authority. Together, they isolate ten corner kids into a classroom where Parenti and a UM [doctoral student](/wiki/Doctoral_student \"Doctoral student\") study them while Colvin acts as the mediator. In this classroom, no suspensions are handed down to misbehaving students, as it is seen as a punishment the students often utilize to get out of class intentionally.",
"Colvin begins to take an interest in [Namond Brice](/wiki/Namond_Brice \"Namond Brice\"), one of the most disruptive students. He allows Namond to stay at his home when Carver arrests him for selling drugs and his mother is out of town. Colvin takes him home the next day and sees first hand that his mother is pushing him into drug dealing. After seeing how Namond has progressed in school, Colvin sees Namond's potential and realizes he will only get himself killed or arrested if he remains in his current household.",
"Colvin then talks with [Wee\\-Bey Brice](/wiki/Wee-Bey_Brice \"Wee-Bey Brice\"), Namond's incarcerated father, explaining Namond could have a life outside of West Baltimore given the proper support from Colvin and his wife. After thinking it over, Wee\\-Bey tells Namond's mother to send him to live with Colvin as he wants him to have a future. Namond is seen to be living with Colvin and his wife at the conclusion of season four.{{",
"cite web\n\\| year \\= 2006\n\\| title \\= Character profile \\- Major Howard \"Bunny\" Colvin\n\\| publisher \\= HBO\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2006\\-09\\-14\n\\| url \\= http://www.hbo.com/thewire/cast/characters/bunny\\_colvin.shtml\n}}\n### Season five",
"Colvin appears briefly with a gray and white goatee, attending Namond's high school [competitive debate](/wiki/Debate%23Formal_debate_in_education \"Debate#Formal debate in education\"). He looks displeased when Mayor [Tommy Carcetti](/wiki/Tommy_Carcetti \"Tommy Carcetti\") visits the event, using it to burnish his political image. Outside the debate, Carcetti approaches Colvin and apologizes for being unable to support the Hamsterdam experiment, saying no politician could run with the idea politically despite hinting at the time that he supported the initiative. Colvin refuses to shake Carcetti's extended hand, and leaves the Mayor ashamed and speechless when he bluntly says \"well then, Mr. Mayor, I guess there's nothing more to be done\".",
"",
"",
""
] |
### Season three
Colvin, months away from being eligible to retire on a major's [pension](/wiki/Pension "Pension"), decides to make a last effort to have a real impact on the community. He recognizes that much of his time and resources are spent on policing addicts and low level dealers, which never improves the situation in his district and leaves little time for "real" police work. All of Baltimore's district majors are under extreme pressure to reduce the city's violent crime rate from [Mayor](/wiki/Mayor_of_Baltimore "Mayor of Baltimore") [Clarence Royce](/wiki/Clarence_Royce "Clarence Royce"), who is seeking re\-election.
After Commissioner [Ervin Burrell](/wiki/Ervin_Burrell "Ervin Burrell") relieves Major [Marvin Taylor](/wiki/Police_of_The_Wire%23Marvin_Taylor "Police of The Wire#Marvin Taylor") from his post commanding the [Eastern District](/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods%23East "List of Baltimore neighborhoods#East") due to his poor performance, other district commanders begin "juking" their stats to make crime rates appear to drop. Colvin refuses to do this, and his stats honestly reflect a 2% rise in [felonies](/wiki/Felony "Felony"). He is quickly chewed out by Deputy Commissioner [William Rawls](/wiki/William_Rawls "William Rawls"), while Burrell threatens to have him replaced.
Colvin wonders if there is a way for low\-level users to take drugs safely without facing punishment. After the attempted murder of [Kenneth Dozerman](/wiki/Major_Case_Unit_of_The_Wire%23Kenneth_Dozerman "Major Case Unit of The Wire#Kenneth Dozerman"), Colvin decides that he will independently set up three "free zones" in the Western where addicts and dealers can conduct their business under supervision, but without interference. This moves the drug trade into a controlled, uninhabited area to protect the rest of his district.
Colvin does not seek the permission or approval of his superiors before implementing his plan, and ignores the concerns of his subordinates, including Mello and [Ellis Carver](/wiki/Ellis_Carver "Ellis Carver"), who are charged with ensuring no violence takes place within the free zones. One of these areas becomes known as "Hamsterdam", after [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam")'s [liberal drug laws](/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands "Drug policy of the Netherlands"). Because his retirement is imminent and he is guaranteed a pension, Colvin believes he'll be free from any consequences should his plan be discovered. Legalizing drugs in Hamsterdam allows him to redirect police resources to quality felony cases elsewhere.
After implementing the Hamsterdam plan for five weeks, Colvin delivers a cumulative 14% reduction in the felony rate, unheard of in the Western's history. Colvin is forced to take his vacation time immediately after revealing his experiment to Rawls and Burrell. Royce considers trying to spin Hamsterdam as an enforcement strategy because of its success in lowering the crime rate. However, in the meantime, [Herc](/wiki/Herc_%28The_Wire%29 "Herc (The Wire)") leaks information about Hamsterdam to the press after rejecting Carver's request to help him move a homicide victim off the free zone premises.
After realizing that public opinion is sharply against the free zones, and that there are broader political ramifications (the White House's Deputy Drug Czar threatens to pull all Federal funding from the city if the entire endeavor isn't immediately ended and publicly negated), Royce recants and decides to end the Hamsterdam experiment. Burrell and Rawls force Colvin into becoming a [scapegoat](/wiki/Scapegoat "Scapegoat") by threatening to persecute his officers. He is demoted to lieutenant and thus gets a lowered pension. Burrell also contacts [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University") and convinces them to withdraw a job offer for their campus security force.
As a commanding officer, Colvin is well liked by his men. Colvin has a major impact on Carver, convincing him to reassess his role as DEU sergeant and to take a more community\-minded approach to policing. He also reconnects with [Jimmy McNulty](/wiki/Jimmy_McNulty "Jimmy McNulty"), who had started out as a beat officer under his command. Colvin's last piece of detective work involves McNulty's Major Case Unit: [Stringer Bell](/wiki/Stringer_Bell "Stringer Bell") contacts Colvin to inform on [Avon Barksdale](/wiki/Avon_Barksdale "Avon Barksdale"), and Colvin passes the information on to McNulty. In Colvin, Stringer sees a fellow reformer who feels his superiors are preventing useful work from being done. As Bell puts it, they are "both trying to make sense of this game," though from opposite sides of the law.{{
cite web
\| year \= 2004
\| title \= Org Chart \- The Law
\| publisher \= HBO
\| access\-date \= 2006\-07\-22
\| url \= http://www.hbo.com/thewire/orgchart/law.shtml
}}
|
[
"### Season three",
"Colvin, months away from being eligible to retire on a major's [pension](/wiki/Pension \"Pension\"), decides to make a last effort to have a real impact on the community. He recognizes that much of his time and resources are spent on policing addicts and low level dealers, which never improves the situation in his district and leaves little time for \"real\" police work. All of Baltimore's district majors are under extreme pressure to reduce the city's violent crime rate from [Mayor](/wiki/Mayor_of_Baltimore \"Mayor of Baltimore\") [Clarence Royce](/wiki/Clarence_Royce \"Clarence Royce\"), who is seeking re\\-election.",
"After Commissioner [Ervin Burrell](/wiki/Ervin_Burrell \"Ervin Burrell\") relieves Major [Marvin Taylor](/wiki/Police_of_The_Wire%23Marvin_Taylor \"Police of The Wire#Marvin Taylor\") from his post commanding the [Eastern District](/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods%23East \"List of Baltimore neighborhoods#East\") due to his poor performance, other district commanders begin \"juking\" their stats to make crime rates appear to drop. Colvin refuses to do this, and his stats honestly reflect a 2% rise in [felonies](/wiki/Felony \"Felony\"). He is quickly chewed out by Deputy Commissioner [William Rawls](/wiki/William_Rawls \"William Rawls\"), while Burrell threatens to have him replaced.",
"Colvin wonders if there is a way for low\\-level users to take drugs safely without facing punishment. After the attempted murder of [Kenneth Dozerman](/wiki/Major_Case_Unit_of_The_Wire%23Kenneth_Dozerman \"Major Case Unit of The Wire#Kenneth Dozerman\"), Colvin decides that he will independently set up three \"free zones\" in the Western where addicts and dealers can conduct their business under supervision, but without interference. This moves the drug trade into a controlled, uninhabited area to protect the rest of his district.",
"Colvin does not seek the permission or approval of his superiors before implementing his plan, and ignores the concerns of his subordinates, including Mello and [Ellis Carver](/wiki/Ellis_Carver \"Ellis Carver\"), who are charged with ensuring no violence takes place within the free zones. One of these areas becomes known as \"Hamsterdam\", after [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\")'s [liberal drug laws](/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands \"Drug policy of the Netherlands\"). Because his retirement is imminent and he is guaranteed a pension, Colvin believes he'll be free from any consequences should his plan be discovered. Legalizing drugs in Hamsterdam allows him to redirect police resources to quality felony cases elsewhere.",
"After implementing the Hamsterdam plan for five weeks, Colvin delivers a cumulative 14% reduction in the felony rate, unheard of in the Western's history. Colvin is forced to take his vacation time immediately after revealing his experiment to Rawls and Burrell. Royce considers trying to spin Hamsterdam as an enforcement strategy because of its success in lowering the crime rate. However, in the meantime, [Herc](/wiki/Herc_%28The_Wire%29 \"Herc (The Wire)\") leaks information about Hamsterdam to the press after rejecting Carver's request to help him move a homicide victim off the free zone premises.",
"After realizing that public opinion is sharply against the free zones, and that there are broader political ramifications (the White House's Deputy Drug Czar threatens to pull all Federal funding from the city if the entire endeavor isn't immediately ended and publicly negated), Royce recants and decides to end the Hamsterdam experiment. Burrell and Rawls force Colvin into becoming a [scapegoat](/wiki/Scapegoat \"Scapegoat\") by threatening to persecute his officers. He is demoted to lieutenant and thus gets a lowered pension. Burrell also contacts [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University \"Johns Hopkins University\") and convinces them to withdraw a job offer for their campus security force.",
"As a commanding officer, Colvin is well liked by his men. Colvin has a major impact on Carver, convincing him to reassess his role as DEU sergeant and to take a more community\\-minded approach to policing. He also reconnects with [Jimmy McNulty](/wiki/Jimmy_McNulty \"Jimmy McNulty\"), who had started out as a beat officer under his command. Colvin's last piece of detective work involves McNulty's Major Case Unit: [Stringer Bell](/wiki/Stringer_Bell \"Stringer Bell\") contacts Colvin to inform on [Avon Barksdale](/wiki/Avon_Barksdale \"Avon Barksdale\"), and Colvin passes the information on to McNulty. In Colvin, Stringer sees a fellow reformer who feels his superiors are preventing useful work from being done. As Bell puts it, they are \"both trying to make sense of this game,\" though from opposite sides of the law.{{",
"cite web\n\\| year \\= 2004\n\\| title \\= Org Chart \\- The Law\n\\| publisher \\= HBO\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2006\\-07\\-22\n\\| url \\= http://www.hbo.com/thewire/orgchart/law.shtml\n}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Will Carlson is an around\-30 loser who lives in a duplex house apartment in a rundown neighborhood in New Jersey, where he ekes out a living as a birthday party [clown](/wiki/Clown "Clown") in order to pay the rent for his abusive mother's nursing home and the rent on his rundown house. Despite the difficulties of the job, clowning is Will's one escape from the realities of his miserable existence: Will genuinely likes kids, and takes great joy from making them happy on their birthdays.
Struggling to make ends meet, but not wanting to give up his dream job, Will comes up with the idea to be a "bachelor party clown." Will's idea is that men throwing [bachelor parties](/wiki/Bachelor_party "Bachelor party") can hire him as a [stripper](/wiki/Stripper "Stripper"); Will enters the room prior to the "real" entertainment, wearing clown makeup and lingerie, tricking the bachelor into thinking that there was a mix\-up and a [gay](/wiki/Gay "Gay") clown stripper has been sent in lieu of a female one. Will invents the persona of Vulgar the Clown (after his friend Syd tells him that the entire idea is "vulgar") and solicits himself in the want\-ads. Before long, he is hired to appear at a bachelor party being held at a nearby motel.
When Will arrives for the party — wearing stockings, garters, clown makeup, and a trench\-coat — he is attacked and brutally beaten by a middle\-aged man, Ed, and his sons Gino and Frankie. The three men then proceed to [gang rape](/wiki/Gang_rape "Gang rape") Will, taking turns videotaping the attack. The trio hold Will hostage in the motel room for an indeterminate amount of time, during which they subject him to a series of violent and humiliating [sexual assaults](/wiki/Sexual_assault "Sexual assault"). They also break a bottle over his head and drug him with hallucinogens. A tearful Will goes home and spends the remainder of the night and part of the next morning crying while he washes himself clean in the bathtub. Syd comes by to see Will. Will tells him of what happened, but swears Syd to secrecy.
Will spends a considerable amount of time after the attack in a crippling [depression](/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder"), which nearly costs him his home. Eventually, Will fulfills a promise to appear as a clown at one of his past clients' children's party. When he gets to the party, Will discovers a [hostage crisis](/wiki/Hostage_crisis "Hostage crisis") is occurring; the father of one of the children, in the middle of divorce proceedings, has kidnapped his own daughter and is threatening to kill her. He agrees to exchange his daughter for his wife. In a near\-suicidal reaction, Will sneaks past the police barricade, breaks into the house, and subdues the father. News reporters capture some of the events on film, and before long the story makes national headlines. Will becomes known as "the hero clown;" the attention and outpouring of support breaks him out of his depression, and he is eventually given his own syndicated children's television show.
The media coverage attracts the attention of Ed and his sons (who are still raping young men). They threaten Will with a copy of the tape of his being raped (edited to look like amateur porn) and begin to [extort](/wiki/Extortion "Extortion") him. When Will tries to pay the men off, they attack him in a bathroom stall. Will finally strikes an agreement with the men wherein he will come to a motel room and "perform" for them, allowing himself to be taken advantage of again, and they will give him all of the copies of the tape; secretly, Will plans to ambush and murder them with the help of Syd.
When the time comes, the gun jams and Will finds himself unable to kill his tormentors. Just as Ed and his sons move in to rape and murder Will, Ed's son Frankie accidentally shoots himself in the face. Then, a shootout ensues with a vagrant lowlife at the hotel, who robs Syd and then plots to do the same to the others. Both the man and Ed's other son (Gino) shoot each other to death. Ed panics, and Will chases him through the motel parking lot to a nearby deserted playground. As Will approaches him with gun\-in\-hand, Ed has a massive [heart attack](/wiki/Heart_attack "Heart attack") and dies. Will takes off as he hears police sirens coming. His [conscience](/wiki/Conscience "Conscience") clear, Will retrieves the tape and goes on to live happily ever after, hosting his television show.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Will Carlson is an around\\-30 loser who lives in a duplex house apartment in a rundown neighborhood in New Jersey, where he ekes out a living as a birthday party [clown](/wiki/Clown \"Clown\") in order to pay the rent for his abusive mother's nursing home and the rent on his rundown house. Despite the difficulties of the job, clowning is Will's one escape from the realities of his miserable existence: Will genuinely likes kids, and takes great joy from making them happy on their birthdays.",
"Struggling to make ends meet, but not wanting to give up his dream job, Will comes up with the idea to be a \"bachelor party clown.\" Will's idea is that men throwing [bachelor parties](/wiki/Bachelor_party \"Bachelor party\") can hire him as a [stripper](/wiki/Stripper \"Stripper\"); Will enters the room prior to the \"real\" entertainment, wearing clown makeup and lingerie, tricking the bachelor into thinking that there was a mix\\-up and a [gay](/wiki/Gay \"Gay\") clown stripper has been sent in lieu of a female one. Will invents the persona of Vulgar the Clown (after his friend Syd tells him that the entire idea is \"vulgar\") and solicits himself in the want\\-ads. Before long, he is hired to appear at a bachelor party being held at a nearby motel.",
"When Will arrives for the party — wearing stockings, garters, clown makeup, and a trench\\-coat — he is attacked and brutally beaten by a middle\\-aged man, Ed, and his sons Gino and Frankie. The three men then proceed to [gang rape](/wiki/Gang_rape \"Gang rape\") Will, taking turns videotaping the attack. The trio hold Will hostage in the motel room for an indeterminate amount of time, during which they subject him to a series of violent and humiliating [sexual assaults](/wiki/Sexual_assault \"Sexual assault\"). They also break a bottle over his head and drug him with hallucinogens. A tearful Will goes home and spends the remainder of the night and part of the next morning crying while he washes himself clean in the bathtub. Syd comes by to see Will. Will tells him of what happened, but swears Syd to secrecy.",
"Will spends a considerable amount of time after the attack in a crippling [depression](/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder \"Major depressive disorder\"), which nearly costs him his home. Eventually, Will fulfills a promise to appear as a clown at one of his past clients' children's party. When he gets to the party, Will discovers a [hostage crisis](/wiki/Hostage_crisis \"Hostage crisis\") is occurring; the father of one of the children, in the middle of divorce proceedings, has kidnapped his own daughter and is threatening to kill her. He agrees to exchange his daughter for his wife. In a near\\-suicidal reaction, Will sneaks past the police barricade, breaks into the house, and subdues the father. News reporters capture some of the events on film, and before long the story makes national headlines. Will becomes known as \"the hero clown;\" the attention and outpouring of support breaks him out of his depression, and he is eventually given his own syndicated children's television show.",
"The media coverage attracts the attention of Ed and his sons (who are still raping young men). They threaten Will with a copy of the tape of his being raped (edited to look like amateur porn) and begin to [extort](/wiki/Extortion \"Extortion\") him. When Will tries to pay the men off, they attack him in a bathroom stall. Will finally strikes an agreement with the men wherein he will come to a motel room and \"perform\" for them, allowing himself to be taken advantage of again, and they will give him all of the copies of the tape; secretly, Will plans to ambush and murder them with the help of Syd.",
"When the time comes, the gun jams and Will finds himself unable to kill his tormentors. Just as Ed and his sons move in to rape and murder Will, Ed's son Frankie accidentally shoots himself in the face. Then, a shootout ensues with a vagrant lowlife at the hotel, who robs Syd and then plots to do the same to the others. Both the man and Ed's other son (Gino) shoot each other to death. Ed panics, and Will chases him through the motel parking lot to a nearby deserted playground. As Will approaches him with gun\\-in\\-hand, Ed has a massive [heart attack](/wiki/Heart_attack \"Heart attack\") and dies. Will takes off as he hears police sirens coming. His [conscience](/wiki/Conscience \"Conscience\") clear, Will retrieves the tape and goes on to live happily ever after, hosting his television show.",
""
] |
History
-------
The company that would become Piedmont Airlines was founded by [Thomas Henry Davis](/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Davis_%28businessman%29 "Thomas Henry Davis (businessman)") (March 15, 1918 – April 22, 1999{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/24/arts/thomas\-h\-davis\-dies\-at\-81\-founder\-of\-piedmont\-airlines.html\|title\=Thomas H. Davis Dies at 81; Founder of Piedmont Airlines\|first\=Melody\|last\=Petersen\|newspaper\=The New York Times \|date\=24 April 1999\|access\-date\=26 January 2018}}) in [Winston\-Salem, North Carolina](/wiki/Winston-Salem%2C_North_Carolina "Winston-Salem, North Carolina") in 1940, when Davis purchased Camel City Flying Service and changed the name to Piedmont Aviation.{{cite web\|title\=Piedmont Aviation Employee Newsletter Archives on DigitalNC.org\|url\=http://www.digitalnc.org/collections/newspapers/piedmont\-aviation\-employee\-newsletter\|access\-date\=23 January 2013}} Piedmont originally operated as an airplane repair service and a training school for pilots in the War Department Civilian Pilot Training Program. In 1944, Davis filed an application to run a passenger flight service in the southeast. After several years of lobbying government agencies and fighting legal challenges from other airlines, Piedmont received authorization on January 1, 1948\. The first flight, from [Wilmington, North Carolina](/wiki/Wilmington%2C_North_Carolina "Wilmington, North Carolina") to [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati "Cincinnati"), was on February 20, 1948\.{{cite web\|title\=JetPiedmont.com, website of the Piedmont Aviation Historical Society\|url\=http://jetpiedmont.com/thd/?page\=4\|access\-date\=23 January 2013}}
Davis grew up in Winston\-Salem, North Carolina.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jetpiedmont.com/thd/\|title\=JetPiedmont – Salute to T.H. Davis\|website\=www.jetpiedmont.com\|access\-date\=26 January 2018}} As a child, he loved airplanes and often used his allowance to take flying lessons. He took [pre\-med](/wiki/Pre-med "Pre-med") classes at the [University of Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona "University of Arizona"). At the same time, he worked as a part\-time [flight instructor](/wiki/Flight_instructor "Flight instructor").
### Foundation
[thumb\|right\|The [Martin 4\-0\-4](/wiki/Martin_4-0-4 "Martin 4-0-4") was Piedmont's first pressurized airliner](/wiki/File:Martin_404_N462M_Ex_Piedmont_LGB_17.10.70_edited-2.jpg "Martin 404 N462M Ex Piedmont LGB 17.10.70 edited-2.jpg")
Like most airlines before [deregulation](/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act "Airline Deregulation Act"), Piedmont did not have hubs. The airline would eventually fly jets to small airports and connected unlikely city pairs with jet flights: [Kinston, North Carolina](/wiki/Kinston%2C_North_Carolina "Kinston, North Carolina"), and [Florence, South Carolina](/wiki/Florence%2C_South_Carolina "Florence, South Carolina"); [Roanoke, Virginia](/wiki/Roanoke%2C_Virginia "Roanoke, Virginia"), and [Asheville, North Carolina](/wiki/Asheville%2C_North_Carolina "Asheville, North Carolina"); [Lynchburg, Virginia](/wiki/Lynchburg%2C_Virginia "Lynchburg, Virginia"), and New York City's [LaGuardia Airport](/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport "LaGuardia Airport"); Chicago's [O'Hare International Airport](/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport "O'Hare International Airport") and [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol%2C_Tennessee "Bristol, Tennessee")/[Kingsport](/wiki/Kingsport%2C_Tennessee "Kingsport, Tennessee")/[Johnson City, Tennessee](/wiki/Johnson_City%2C_Tennessee "Johnson City, Tennessee"); and Winston\-Salem, North Carolina, to Lynchburg, Virginia.
Its early routes stretched from [Wilmington, North Carolina](/wiki/Wilmington%2C_North_Carolina "Wilmington, North Carolina"), northwest to [Cincinnati, Ohio](/wiki/Cincinnati%2C_Ohio "Cincinnati, Ohio"), with intermediate stops. All flights were on [Douglas DC\-3s](/wiki/Douglas_DC-3 "Douglas DC-3").
### Growth
{{pax
\| note \= (scheduled flights only)
\| footnote \= ''Handbook of Airline Statistics'' (biannual CAB publication) and ''Air Carrier Traffic Statistics''
\| 1951 \| 44
\| 1955 \| 69
\| 1960 \| 94
\| 1965 \| 287
\| 1970 \| 745
\| 1975 \| 1061
\| 1980 \| 2363
\| 1985 \| 8164
}}
[thumb\|right\|Piedmont [NAMC YS\-11A](/wiki/NAMC_YS-11A "NAMC YS-11A") at Washington National.](/wiki/Image:NAMC_YS-11A_N254P_Piedt_DCA_13.04.72_edited-1.jpg "NAMC YS-11A N254P Piedt DCA 13.04.72 edited-1.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|[Fairchild\-Hiller FH\-227B](/wiki/Fairchild-Hiller_FH-227B "Fairchild-Hiller FH-227B") at Washington National in 1972\.](/wiki/Image:Fairchild_FH-227B_N709U_Piedmont_DCA_13.04.72_edited-2.jpg "Fairchild FH-227B N709U Piedmont DCA 13.04.72 edited-2.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|[Boeing 727\-100](/wiki/Boeing_727-100 "Boeing 727-100") at [Chicago O'Hare Airport](/wiki/Chicago_O%27Hare_Airport "Chicago O'Hare Airport") in 1979\. This aircraft was involved in [Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305](/wiki/Northwest_Orient_Airlines_Flight_305 "Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305") eight years prior.](/wiki/Image:Boeing_727-51_N838N_Piedmont_ORD_30.09.79_edited-2.jpg "Boeing 727-51 N838N Piedmont ORD 30.09.79 edited-2.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|A [Fokker F28\-4000](/wiki/Fokker_F28-4000 "Fokker F28-4000") at [Miami International Airport](/wiki/Miami_International_Airport "Miami International Airport") in October 1988\. This aircraft later crashed as [USAir Flight 405](/wiki/USAir_Flight_405 "USAir Flight 405") in 1992](/wiki/Image:1988_10_12_KMIA_N485US_1.jpg "1988 10 12 KMIA N485US 1.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|A [Boeing 737\-200](/wiki/Boeing_737-200 "Boeing 737-200") and a [Boeing 737\-300](/wiki/Boeing_737-300 "Boeing 737-300") at [LaGuardia Airport](/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport "LaGuardia Airport") in August 1985\.](/wiki/Image:Boeing_737-301_N301P_Piedmont_La_Guardia_17.08.85.jpg "Boeing 737-301 N301P Piedmont La Guardia 17.08.85.jpg")
Piedmont started with [Douglas DC\-3s](/wiki/Douglas_DC-3 "Douglas DC-3"); it added [Fairchild F\-27s](/wiki/Fairchild_F-27 "Fairchild F-27") in late 1958 and [Martin 4\-0\-4s](/wiki/Martin_4-0-4 "Martin 4-0-4") at the beginning of 1962\. FH\-227B flights started (and F27 flights ended) in 1967 and [NAMC YS\-11A](/wiki/NAMC_YS-11 "NAMC YS-11") flights started in 1968\.Davies says YS11 flights started in 1969, which must be a typo. In August 1953 it scheduled flights to 26 airports and in May 1968 to 47\.
Like other Local Service airlines, Piedmont was subsidized; in 1962, its operating "revenues" of $18\.2 million included $4\.8 million "Pub. serv. rev."Moody's Transportation Manual 1964
### The jet age
Piedmont's first jet flights took off in March 1967: 92\-seat [Boeing 727\-100s](/wiki/Boeing_727-100 "Boeing 727-100") on such routes as Atlanta \- Asheville \- Winston\-Salem \- Roanoke \- New York [LaGuardia Airport](/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport "LaGuardia Airport"). [Boeing 737\-200s](/wiki/Boeing_737-200 "Boeing 737-200") arrived in 1968; six 727\-100s were added from 1977, and in June 1981 the airline added the [Boeing 727\-200](/wiki/Boeing_727-200 "Boeing 727-200"). Piedmont's fleet was all\-turbine after the last Martin 4\-0\-4 piston powered flights in 1972 and all\-jet after the last NAMC YS\-11 turboprop flights in 1982 (one 727\-100 that Piedmont bought from [Northwest Orient Airlines](/wiki/Northwest_Airlines "Northwest Airlines") was the aircraft hijacked by [D. B. Cooper](/wiki/D._B._Cooper "D. B. Cooper")). [Fokker F28 Fellowship](/wiki/Fokker_F28_Fellowship "Fokker F28 Fellowship") jets were added to the fleet as well as [Boeing 737\-300s](/wiki/Boeing_737-300 "Boeing 737-300"), [737\-400s](/wiki/737-400 "737-400") and [767\-200ERs](/wiki/767-200ER "767-200ER").
### Route expansion
In 1949 the network extended from Cincinnati and Louisville east to Norfolk and points south. The map reached Knoxville in 1951–1952, Columbus OH and Washington DC in 1955, Atlanta and Baltimore in 1962, New York La Guardia in 1966, Nashville and Memphis in 1968 and Chicago Midway in December 1969\.
In 1978, still under U.S. route regulation, Piedmont added Boston, Denver, and Miami. Flights to Dallas/Ft. Worth and Tampa began in 1979 followed by Houston in January 1980 and New Orleans in 1982\.<http://www.departedflights.com/>,{{Dead link\|date\=April 2024}} April 29, 1979; Jan. 15, 1980; June 1, 1982, Piedmont route maps In 1984 Los Angeles and San Francisco were added followed by Minneapolis/St. Paul in 1985, Montreal and Ottawa with the [Empire Airlines](/wiki/Empire_Airlines_%281976%E2%80%931985%29 "Empire Airlines (1976–1985)") merger in July 1986, and Seattle, Phoenix and San Diego in 1987\.<http://www.departedflights.com>,{{Dead link\|date\=April 2024}} June 1, 1984; Nov. 1, 1984; July 1, 1985; June 1, 1986; June 15, 1987, Piedmont route maps In 1988 the airline was serving a new international destination, Nassau, Bahamas<http://www.departedflights.com>,{{Dead link\|date\=April 2024}} June 1, 1988, Piedmont route map and by 1989 was flying to Bermuda and nonstop between Los Angeles and Baltimore, Charlotte, Dayton, and Tampa; nonstop between San Francisco and Charlotte, Dayton and Kansas City; nonstop between Phoenix and Baltimore and Charlotte; and nonstop between Seattle and Charlotte<http://www.departedflights.com>,{{Dead link\|date\=April 2024}} June 1, 1989, Piedmont route map Shortly before the merger with USAir in 1989, Piedmont had hubs at Baltimore, Charlotte, Dayton and Syracuse. Syracuse was the smallest hub; it had been an Empire hub.<http://www.departedflights.com>,{{Dead link\|date\=April 2024}} Sept. 1, 1984 Empire route map
### Deregulation
[thumb\|right\|A [Boeing 767\-200ER](/wiki/Boeing_767-200ER "Boeing 767-200ER") at [London Gatwick Airport](/wiki/London_Gatwick_Airport "London Gatwick Airport").](/wiki/File:Piedmont_767-201ER.jpg "Piedmont 767-201ER.jpg")
After deregulation in the late 1970s the airline grew rapidly and developed a hub at [Charlotte/Douglas International Airport](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport "Charlotte/Douglas International Airport") in [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina"). Piedmont bought [Empire Airlines](/wiki/Empire_Airlines_%281974%E2%80%931986%29 "Empire Airlines (1974–1986)"), based in [Utica, New York](/wiki/Utica%2C_New_York "Utica, New York"), in 1985 which brought more [Fokker F28 Fellowships](/wiki/Fokker_F28_Fellowship "Fokker F28 Fellowship") into the fleet. Passenger\-miles for the merged airline in 1987 were almost nine times Piedmont's RPMs in 1977\.
Later hubs included [Baltimore/Washington International Airport](/wiki/Baltimore/Washington_International_Airport "Baltimore/Washington International Airport"); [James M. Cox Dayton International Airport](/wiki/James_M._Cox_Dayton_International_Airport "James M. Cox Dayton International Airport") in [Dayton, Ohio](/wiki/Dayton%2C_Ohio "Dayton, Ohio"); and [Syracuse Hancock International Airport](/wiki/Syracuse_Hancock_International_Airport "Syracuse Hancock International Airport") in [Syracuse, New York](/wiki/Syracuse%2C_New_York "Syracuse, New York"). Non\-stop flights from Charlotte to the [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States "West Coast of the United States") began in 1984 on [Boeing 727\-200s.](/wiki/Boeing_727-200 "Boeing 727-200") These were Piedmont's first jets with a first\-class section. New [Boeing 767\-200ERs](/wiki/Boeing_767 "Boeing 767") (ER for "Extended Range"), the airline's only wide\-body jet, flew nonstop Charlotte to [London Gatwick Airport](/wiki/London_Gatwick_Airport "London Gatwick Airport") beginning in 1987\. The 767 also flew nonstop Charlotte\-Los Angeles.<http://www.airliners.net>, photos of Piedmont 767\-200 at LAX Shortly before it was acquired by USAir, Piedmont was the first airline to announce fleet\-wide adoption of the [Traffic Collision Avoidance System](/wiki/Traffic_Collision_Avoidance_System "Traffic Collision Avoidance System") (TCAS).
### Commuter and regional airline affiliates
Several commuter and regional airline affiliates provided passenger feed for Piedmont via [code sharing](/wiki/Code_sharing "Code sharing") agreements, including [Britt Airways](/wiki/Britt_Airways "Britt Airways"), [Brockway Air](/wiki/Brockway_Air "Brockway Air"), [CCAir](/wiki/CCAir "CCAir"), [Henson Airlines](/wiki/Henson_Airlines "Henson Airlines") and [Jetstream International Airlines](/wiki/Jetstream_International_Airlines "Jetstream International Airlines").<http://www.departedflights.com>, June 1, 1986 \& June 1, 1989 Piedmont Airlines system route maps These operations were identified by several different names including Piedmont Commuter System, Piedmont Shuttle Link and The Piedmont Regional Airline.<http://www.departedflights.com>, June 1, 1988 Piedmont Airlines system route map Turboprop aircraft operated by these airlines included the [Beechcraft 99](/wiki/Beechcraft_99 "Beechcraft 99"), [Beechcraft 1900C](/wiki/Beechcraft_1900C "Beechcraft 1900C"), [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace "British Aerospace") [BAe Jetstream 31](/wiki/BAe_Jetstream_31 "BAe Jetstream 31"), [de Havilland Canada DHC\-7 Dash 7](/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-7_Dash_7 "De Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7"), [de Havilland Canada DHC\-8 Dash 8](/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-8_Dash_8 "De Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8"), [Fokker F\-27](/wiki/Fokker_F-27 "Fokker F-27")\-600, [Saab 340](/wiki/Saab_340 "Saab 340"), [Short 330](/wiki/Short_330 "Short 330") and [Short 360](/wiki/Short_360 "Short 360").<http://www.airliners.net>, photos of Piedmont Commuter and Piedmont Regional aircraft
### Absorption into USAir
[thumb\|US Airways A319 in a hybrid US Airways/Piedmont "retro" livery](/wiki/File:Piedmont_A319_Retrojet.jpg "Piedmont A319 Retrojet.jpg")
Piedmont's expanding route system, its loyal passenger following, and its profitability caused it to gain notice among other airlines for a potential buyout. On August 5, 1989, Piedmont Airlines was absorbed by [USAir](/wiki/US_Airways "US Airways") (formerly [Allegheny Airlines](/wiki/Allegheny_Airlines "Allegheny Airlines")); the combination became one of the East Coast's largest airlines. USAir later changed its name to [US Airways](/wiki/US_Airways "US Airways"), which merged with [America West Airlines](/wiki/America_West_Airlines "America West Airlines") on November 4, 2007\. US Airways merged with [American Airlines](/wiki/American_Airlines "American Airlines") on October 17, 2015, with the American name being retained. The Charlotte hub established by Piedmont and maintained by US Airways continues under American; it is now American's second\-largest hub.
[Piedmont Airlines](/wiki/Piedmont_Airlines "Piedmont Airlines") (formerly [Henson Airlines](/wiki/Henson_Airlines "Henson Airlines")) still exists as a brand within American Airlines, doing business as [American Eagle](/wiki/American_Eagle_%28airline_brand%29 "American Eagle (airline brand)").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The company that would become Piedmont Airlines was founded by [Thomas Henry Davis](/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Davis_%28businessman%29 \"Thomas Henry Davis (businessman)\") (March 15, 1918 – April 22, 1999{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/24/arts/thomas\\-h\\-davis\\-dies\\-at\\-81\\-founder\\-of\\-piedmont\\-airlines.html\\|title\\=Thomas H. Davis Dies at 81; Founder of Piedmont Airlines\\|first\\=Melody\\|last\\=Petersen\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=24 April 1999\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2018}}) in [Winston\\-Salem, North Carolina](/wiki/Winston-Salem%2C_North_Carolina \"Winston-Salem, North Carolina\") in 1940, when Davis purchased Camel City Flying Service and changed the name to Piedmont Aviation.{{cite web\\|title\\=Piedmont Aviation Employee Newsletter Archives on DigitalNC.org\\|url\\=http://www.digitalnc.org/collections/newspapers/piedmont\\-aviation\\-employee\\-newsletter\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2013}} Piedmont originally operated as an airplane repair service and a training school for pilots in the War Department Civilian Pilot Training Program. In 1944, Davis filed an application to run a passenger flight service in the southeast. After several years of lobbying government agencies and fighting legal challenges from other airlines, Piedmont received authorization on January 1, 1948\\. The first flight, from [Wilmington, North Carolina](/wiki/Wilmington%2C_North_Carolina \"Wilmington, North Carolina\") to [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati \"Cincinnati\"), was on February 20, 1948\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=JetPiedmont.com, website of the Piedmont Aviation Historical Society\\|url\\=http://jetpiedmont.com/thd/?page\\=4\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2013}}",
"Davis grew up in Winston\\-Salem, North Carolina.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jetpiedmont.com/thd/\\|title\\=JetPiedmont – Salute to T.H. Davis\\|website\\=www.jetpiedmont.com\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2018}} As a child, he loved airplanes and often used his allowance to take flying lessons. He took [pre\\-med](/wiki/Pre-med \"Pre-med\") classes at the [University of Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona \"University of Arizona\"). At the same time, he worked as a part\\-time [flight instructor](/wiki/Flight_instructor \"Flight instructor\").",
"### Foundation",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The [Martin 4\\-0\\-4](/wiki/Martin_4-0-4 \"Martin 4-0-4\") was Piedmont's first pressurized airliner](/wiki/File:Martin_404_N462M_Ex_Piedmont_LGB_17.10.70_edited-2.jpg \"Martin 404 N462M Ex Piedmont LGB 17.10.70 edited-2.jpg\")\nLike most airlines before [deregulation](/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act \"Airline Deregulation Act\"), Piedmont did not have hubs. The airline would eventually fly jets to small airports and connected unlikely city pairs with jet flights: [Kinston, North Carolina](/wiki/Kinston%2C_North_Carolina \"Kinston, North Carolina\"), and [Florence, South Carolina](/wiki/Florence%2C_South_Carolina \"Florence, South Carolina\"); [Roanoke, Virginia](/wiki/Roanoke%2C_Virginia \"Roanoke, Virginia\"), and [Asheville, North Carolina](/wiki/Asheville%2C_North_Carolina \"Asheville, North Carolina\"); [Lynchburg, Virginia](/wiki/Lynchburg%2C_Virginia \"Lynchburg, Virginia\"), and New York City's [LaGuardia Airport](/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport \"LaGuardia Airport\"); Chicago's [O'Hare International Airport](/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport \"O'Hare International Airport\") and [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol%2C_Tennessee \"Bristol, Tennessee\")/[Kingsport](/wiki/Kingsport%2C_Tennessee \"Kingsport, Tennessee\")/[Johnson City, Tennessee](/wiki/Johnson_City%2C_Tennessee \"Johnson City, Tennessee\"); and Winston\\-Salem, North Carolina, to Lynchburg, Virginia.",
"Its early routes stretched from [Wilmington, North Carolina](/wiki/Wilmington%2C_North_Carolina \"Wilmington, North Carolina\"), northwest to [Cincinnati, Ohio](/wiki/Cincinnati%2C_Ohio \"Cincinnati, Ohio\"), with intermediate stops. All flights were on [Douglas DC\\-3s](/wiki/Douglas_DC-3 \"Douglas DC-3\").",
"### Growth",
"{{pax\n\\| note \\= (scheduled flights only)\n\\| footnote \\= ''Handbook of Airline Statistics'' (biannual CAB publication) and ''Air Carrier Traffic Statistics''\n\\| 1951 \\| 44\n\\| 1955 \\| 69\n\\| 1960 \\| 94\n\\| 1965 \\| 287\n\\| 1970 \\| 745\n\\| 1975 \\| 1061\n\\| 1980 \\| 2363\n\\| 1985 \\| 8164\n}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Piedmont [NAMC YS\\-11A](/wiki/NAMC_YS-11A \"NAMC YS-11A\") at Washington National.](/wiki/Image:NAMC_YS-11A_N254P_Piedt_DCA_13.04.72_edited-1.jpg \"NAMC YS-11A N254P Piedt DCA 13.04.72 edited-1.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|[Fairchild\\-Hiller FH\\-227B](/wiki/Fairchild-Hiller_FH-227B \"Fairchild-Hiller FH-227B\") at Washington National in 1972\\.](/wiki/Image:Fairchild_FH-227B_N709U_Piedmont_DCA_13.04.72_edited-2.jpg \"Fairchild FH-227B N709U Piedmont DCA 13.04.72 edited-2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|[Boeing 727\\-100](/wiki/Boeing_727-100 \"Boeing 727-100\") at [Chicago O'Hare Airport](/wiki/Chicago_O%27Hare_Airport \"Chicago O'Hare Airport\") in 1979\\. This aircraft was involved in [Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305](/wiki/Northwest_Orient_Airlines_Flight_305 \"Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305\") eight years prior.](/wiki/Image:Boeing_727-51_N838N_Piedmont_ORD_30.09.79_edited-2.jpg \"Boeing 727-51 N838N Piedmont ORD 30.09.79 edited-2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|A [Fokker F28\\-4000](/wiki/Fokker_F28-4000 \"Fokker F28-4000\") at [Miami International Airport](/wiki/Miami_International_Airport \"Miami International Airport\") in October 1988\\. This aircraft later crashed as [USAir Flight 405](/wiki/USAir_Flight_405 \"USAir Flight 405\") in 1992](/wiki/Image:1988_10_12_KMIA_N485US_1.jpg \"1988 10 12 KMIA N485US 1.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|A [Boeing 737\\-200](/wiki/Boeing_737-200 \"Boeing 737-200\") and a [Boeing 737\\-300](/wiki/Boeing_737-300 \"Boeing 737-300\") at [LaGuardia Airport](/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport \"LaGuardia Airport\") in August 1985\\.](/wiki/Image:Boeing_737-301_N301P_Piedmont_La_Guardia_17.08.85.jpg \"Boeing 737-301 N301P Piedmont La Guardia 17.08.85.jpg\")",
"Piedmont started with [Douglas DC\\-3s](/wiki/Douglas_DC-3 \"Douglas DC-3\"); it added [Fairchild F\\-27s](/wiki/Fairchild_F-27 \"Fairchild F-27\") in late 1958 and [Martin 4\\-0\\-4s](/wiki/Martin_4-0-4 \"Martin 4-0-4\") at the beginning of 1962\\. FH\\-227B flights started (and F27 flights ended) in 1967 and [NAMC YS\\-11A](/wiki/NAMC_YS-11 \"NAMC YS-11\") flights started in 1968\\.Davies says YS11 flights started in 1969, which must be a typo. In August 1953 it scheduled flights to 26 airports and in May 1968 to 47\\.",
"Like other Local Service airlines, Piedmont was subsidized; in 1962, its operating \"revenues\" of $18\\.2 million included $4\\.8 million \"Pub. serv. rev.\"Moody's Transportation Manual 1964",
"### The jet age",
"Piedmont's first jet flights took off in March 1967: 92\\-seat [Boeing 727\\-100s](/wiki/Boeing_727-100 \"Boeing 727-100\") on such routes as Atlanta \\- Asheville \\- Winston\\-Salem \\- Roanoke \\- New York [LaGuardia Airport](/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport \"LaGuardia Airport\"). [Boeing 737\\-200s](/wiki/Boeing_737-200 \"Boeing 737-200\") arrived in 1968; six 727\\-100s were added from 1977, and in June 1981 the airline added the [Boeing 727\\-200](/wiki/Boeing_727-200 \"Boeing 727-200\"). Piedmont's fleet was all\\-turbine after the last Martin 4\\-0\\-4 piston powered flights in 1972 and all\\-jet after the last NAMC YS\\-11 turboprop flights in 1982 (one 727\\-100 that Piedmont bought from [Northwest Orient Airlines](/wiki/Northwest_Airlines \"Northwest Airlines\") was the aircraft hijacked by [D. B. Cooper](/wiki/D._B._Cooper \"D. B. Cooper\")). [Fokker F28 Fellowship](/wiki/Fokker_F28_Fellowship \"Fokker F28 Fellowship\") jets were added to the fleet as well as [Boeing 737\\-300s](/wiki/Boeing_737-300 \"Boeing 737-300\"), [737\\-400s](/wiki/737-400 \"737-400\") and [767\\-200ERs](/wiki/767-200ER \"767-200ER\").",
"### Route expansion",
"In 1949 the network extended from Cincinnati and Louisville east to Norfolk and points south. The map reached Knoxville in 1951–1952, Columbus OH and Washington DC in 1955, Atlanta and Baltimore in 1962, New York La Guardia in 1966, Nashville and Memphis in 1968 and Chicago Midway in December 1969\\.",
"In 1978, still under U.S. route regulation, Piedmont added Boston, Denver, and Miami. Flights to Dallas/Ft. Worth and Tampa began in 1979 followed by Houston in January 1980 and New Orleans in 1982\\.<http://www.departedflights.com/>,{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2024}} April 29, 1979; Jan. 15, 1980; June 1, 1982, Piedmont route maps In 1984 Los Angeles and San Francisco were added followed by Minneapolis/St. Paul in 1985, Montreal and Ottawa with the [Empire Airlines](/wiki/Empire_Airlines_%281976%E2%80%931985%29 \"Empire Airlines (1976–1985)\") merger in July 1986, and Seattle, Phoenix and San Diego in 1987\\.<http://www.departedflights.com>,{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2024}} June 1, 1984; Nov. 1, 1984; July 1, 1985; June 1, 1986; June 15, 1987, Piedmont route maps In 1988 the airline was serving a new international destination, Nassau, Bahamas<http://www.departedflights.com>,{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2024}} June 1, 1988, Piedmont route map and by 1989 was flying to Bermuda and nonstop between Los Angeles and Baltimore, Charlotte, Dayton, and Tampa; nonstop between San Francisco and Charlotte, Dayton and Kansas City; nonstop between Phoenix and Baltimore and Charlotte; and nonstop between Seattle and Charlotte<http://www.departedflights.com>,{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2024}} June 1, 1989, Piedmont route map Shortly before the merger with USAir in 1989, Piedmont had hubs at Baltimore, Charlotte, Dayton and Syracuse. Syracuse was the smallest hub; it had been an Empire hub.<http://www.departedflights.com>,{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2024}} Sept. 1, 1984 Empire route map",
"### Deregulation",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A [Boeing 767\\-200ER](/wiki/Boeing_767-200ER \"Boeing 767-200ER\") at [London Gatwick Airport](/wiki/London_Gatwick_Airport \"London Gatwick Airport\").](/wiki/File:Piedmont_767-201ER.jpg \"Piedmont 767-201ER.jpg\")\nAfter deregulation in the late 1970s the airline grew rapidly and developed a hub at [Charlotte/Douglas International Airport](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport \"Charlotte/Douglas International Airport\") in [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\"). Piedmont bought [Empire Airlines](/wiki/Empire_Airlines_%281974%E2%80%931986%29 \"Empire Airlines (1974–1986)\"), based in [Utica, New York](/wiki/Utica%2C_New_York \"Utica, New York\"), in 1985 which brought more [Fokker F28 Fellowships](/wiki/Fokker_F28_Fellowship \"Fokker F28 Fellowship\") into the fleet. Passenger\\-miles for the merged airline in 1987 were almost nine times Piedmont's RPMs in 1977\\.",
"Later hubs included [Baltimore/Washington International Airport](/wiki/Baltimore/Washington_International_Airport \"Baltimore/Washington International Airport\"); [James M. Cox Dayton International Airport](/wiki/James_M._Cox_Dayton_International_Airport \"James M. Cox Dayton International Airport\") in [Dayton, Ohio](/wiki/Dayton%2C_Ohio \"Dayton, Ohio\"); and [Syracuse Hancock International Airport](/wiki/Syracuse_Hancock_International_Airport \"Syracuse Hancock International Airport\") in [Syracuse, New York](/wiki/Syracuse%2C_New_York \"Syracuse, New York\"). Non\\-stop flights from Charlotte to the [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States \"West Coast of the United States\") began in 1984 on [Boeing 727\\-200s.](/wiki/Boeing_727-200 \"Boeing 727-200\") These were Piedmont's first jets with a first\\-class section. New [Boeing 767\\-200ERs](/wiki/Boeing_767 \"Boeing 767\") (ER for \"Extended Range\"), the airline's only wide\\-body jet, flew nonstop Charlotte to [London Gatwick Airport](/wiki/London_Gatwick_Airport \"London Gatwick Airport\") beginning in 1987\\. The 767 also flew nonstop Charlotte\\-Los Angeles.<http://www.airliners.net>, photos of Piedmont 767\\-200 at LAX Shortly before it was acquired by USAir, Piedmont was the first airline to announce fleet\\-wide adoption of the [Traffic Collision Avoidance System](/wiki/Traffic_Collision_Avoidance_System \"Traffic Collision Avoidance System\") (TCAS).",
"### Commuter and regional airline affiliates",
"Several commuter and regional airline affiliates provided passenger feed for Piedmont via [code sharing](/wiki/Code_sharing \"Code sharing\") agreements, including [Britt Airways](/wiki/Britt_Airways \"Britt Airways\"), [Brockway Air](/wiki/Brockway_Air \"Brockway Air\"), [CCAir](/wiki/CCAir \"CCAir\"), [Henson Airlines](/wiki/Henson_Airlines \"Henson Airlines\") and [Jetstream International Airlines](/wiki/Jetstream_International_Airlines \"Jetstream International Airlines\").<http://www.departedflights.com>, June 1, 1986 \\& June 1, 1989 Piedmont Airlines system route maps These operations were identified by several different names including Piedmont Commuter System, Piedmont Shuttle Link and The Piedmont Regional Airline.<http://www.departedflights.com>, June 1, 1988 Piedmont Airlines system route map Turboprop aircraft operated by these airlines included the [Beechcraft 99](/wiki/Beechcraft_99 \"Beechcraft 99\"), [Beechcraft 1900C](/wiki/Beechcraft_1900C \"Beechcraft 1900C\"), [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace \"British Aerospace\") [BAe Jetstream 31](/wiki/BAe_Jetstream_31 \"BAe Jetstream 31\"), [de Havilland Canada DHC\\-7 Dash 7](/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-7_Dash_7 \"De Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7\"), [de Havilland Canada DHC\\-8 Dash 8](/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-8_Dash_8 \"De Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8\"), [Fokker F\\-27](/wiki/Fokker_F-27 \"Fokker F-27\")\\-600, [Saab 340](/wiki/Saab_340 \"Saab 340\"), [Short 330](/wiki/Short_330 \"Short 330\") and [Short 360](/wiki/Short_360 \"Short 360\").<http://www.airliners.net>, photos of Piedmont Commuter and Piedmont Regional aircraft",
"### Absorption into USAir",
"[thumb\\|US Airways A319 in a hybrid US Airways/Piedmont \"retro\" livery](/wiki/File:Piedmont_A319_Retrojet.jpg \"Piedmont A319 Retrojet.jpg\")\nPiedmont's expanding route system, its loyal passenger following, and its profitability caused it to gain notice among other airlines for a potential buyout. On August 5, 1989, Piedmont Airlines was absorbed by [USAir](/wiki/US_Airways \"US Airways\") (formerly [Allegheny Airlines](/wiki/Allegheny_Airlines \"Allegheny Airlines\")); the combination became one of the East Coast's largest airlines. USAir later changed its name to [US Airways](/wiki/US_Airways \"US Airways\"), which merged with [America West Airlines](/wiki/America_West_Airlines \"America West Airlines\") on November 4, 2007\\. US Airways merged with [American Airlines](/wiki/American_Airlines \"American Airlines\") on October 17, 2015, with the American name being retained. The Charlotte hub established by Piedmont and maintained by US Airways continues under American; it is now American's second\\-largest hub.",
"[Piedmont Airlines](/wiki/Piedmont_Airlines \"Piedmont Airlines\") (formerly [Henson Airlines](/wiki/Henson_Airlines \"Henson Airlines\")) still exists as a brand within American Airlines, doing business as [American Eagle](/wiki/American_Eagle_%28airline_brand%29 \"American Eagle (airline brand)\").",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Jean was the son of Michel, baron of Barbançon, and grandson of Jean II of Ligne (ca.1361\-1442\). Until 1468 he was known as lord of Rely, after a lordship from his mother's dowry.
He inherited the Hainaut lordships of Ligne, Stambruges and Montrœul\-sur\-Haine, and the lordship of [Belœil](/wiki/Beloeil%2C_Belgium "Beloeil, Belgium"), a fief of the county of Namur, from his uncle Jean III of Ligne, who had died childless in 1468\. He was also hereditary Marshal of Hainaut.
[thumb\|Jacqueline de Croÿ](/wiki/File:Jacqueline_de_Croy.png "Jacqueline de Croy.png")
Jean married Jacqueline de Croÿ, daughter of [Antoine I de Croÿ](/wiki/Antoine_I_de_Cro%C3%BF "Antoine I de Croÿ"), on 16 May 1472\. This association with the influential house of Croÿ proved very favorable for Ligne's reputation.
Jean became chamberlain to [Charles the Bold](/wiki/Charles_the_Bold "Charles the Bold") and accompanied him, among other things, at the [Siege of Neuss](/wiki/Siege_of_Neuss "Siege of Neuss"). After Charles' death he enlisted in Maximilian's service and fought against the French at the [Battle of Guinegate (1479\)](/wiki/Battle_of_Guinegate_%281479%29 "Battle of Guinegate (1479)"), where he was captured. To pay the ransom of 9,000 ecu, he sold the seigniory of Woelingen to Godfried van Gavere.
In 1481, Jean became the first knight in the [Order of the Golden Fleece](/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece "Order of the Golden Fleece") from the house of Ligne. Jean had become one of Maximilian's closest advisers during his regency in the name of his son [Philip the Fair](/wiki/Philip_the_Fair "Philip the Fair"), together with [Pierre de Hennin](/wiki/Pierre_de_Hennin%2C_Seigneur_de_Boussu "Pierre de Hennin, Seigneur de Boussu"), [Baudouin de Lannoy](/wiki/Baudouin_de_Lannoy%2C_Seigneur_de_Molembaix "Baudouin de Lannoy, Seigneur de Molembaix") and Antoine Rolin.
At the conclusion of the [Treaty of Arras (1482\)](/wiki/Treaty_of_Arras_%281482%29 "Treaty of Arras (1482)"), it was Jean of Ligne who officially placed the toddler [Margaret of Austria](/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria%2C_Duchess_of_Savoy "Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy") in the hands of the French to be married to the Dauphin. After the resumption of hostilities, Jean defeated the French and recaptured the castle of [Oudenaarde](/wiki/Oudenaarde "Oudenaarde") (1484\). He then played a role in suppressing the [Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria](/wiki/Flemish_revolts_against_Maximilian_of_Austria "Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria").
Jean died in 1491 and was interred in Belœil. His only son, Antoine of Ligne, succeeded him.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Jean was the son of Michel, baron of Barbançon, and grandson of Jean II of Ligne (ca.1361\\-1442\\). Until 1468 he was known as lord of Rely, after a lordship from his mother's dowry.",
"He inherited the Hainaut lordships of Ligne, Stambruges and Montrœul\\-sur\\-Haine, and the lordship of [Belœil](/wiki/Beloeil%2C_Belgium \"Beloeil, Belgium\"), a fief of the county of Namur, from his uncle Jean III of Ligne, who had died childless in 1468\\. He was also hereditary Marshal of Hainaut.\n[thumb\\|Jacqueline de Croÿ](/wiki/File:Jacqueline_de_Croy.png \"Jacqueline de Croy.png\")\nJean married Jacqueline de Croÿ, daughter of [Antoine I de Croÿ](/wiki/Antoine_I_de_Cro%C3%BF \"Antoine I de Croÿ\"), on 16 May 1472\\. This association with the influential house of Croÿ proved very favorable for Ligne's reputation.",
"Jean became chamberlain to [Charles the Bold](/wiki/Charles_the_Bold \"Charles the Bold\") and accompanied him, among other things, at the [Siege of Neuss](/wiki/Siege_of_Neuss \"Siege of Neuss\"). After Charles' death he enlisted in Maximilian's service and fought against the French at the [Battle of Guinegate (1479\\)](/wiki/Battle_of_Guinegate_%281479%29 \"Battle of Guinegate (1479)\"), where he was captured. To pay the ransom of 9,000 ecu, he sold the seigniory of Woelingen to Godfried van Gavere.",
"In 1481, Jean became the first knight in the [Order of the Golden Fleece](/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece \"Order of the Golden Fleece\") from the house of Ligne. Jean had become one of Maximilian's closest advisers during his regency in the name of his son [Philip the Fair](/wiki/Philip_the_Fair \"Philip the Fair\"), together with [Pierre de Hennin](/wiki/Pierre_de_Hennin%2C_Seigneur_de_Boussu \"Pierre de Hennin, Seigneur de Boussu\"), [Baudouin de Lannoy](/wiki/Baudouin_de_Lannoy%2C_Seigneur_de_Molembaix \"Baudouin de Lannoy, Seigneur de Molembaix\") and Antoine Rolin.",
"At the conclusion of the [Treaty of Arras (1482\\)](/wiki/Treaty_of_Arras_%281482%29 \"Treaty of Arras (1482)\"), it was Jean of Ligne who officially placed the toddler [Margaret of Austria](/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria%2C_Duchess_of_Savoy \"Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy\") in the hands of the French to be married to the Dauphin. After the resumption of hostilities, Jean defeated the French and recaptured the castle of [Oudenaarde](/wiki/Oudenaarde \"Oudenaarde\") (1484\\). He then played a role in suppressing the [Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria](/wiki/Flemish_revolts_against_Maximilian_of_Austria \"Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria\").",
"Jean died in 1491 and was interred in Belœil. His only son, Antoine of Ligne, succeeded him.",
""
] |
Books
-----
In total, Savage has written 44 books, twenty under his real name of Michael Weiner, and twenty\-four under the pseudonym of Michael Savage. As Michael Savage, his works include two \#1 *New York Times* Best Sellers and three additional books which made [*The New York Times* Best Seller list](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list "The New York Times Best Seller list").{{cite web \|title\=Hawes New York Times Best Seller list \|url\=http://www.hawes.com/2004/2004\-01\-18\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106021054/http://www.hawes.com/2004/2004\-01\-18\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=January 6, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 9, 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[Hawes]] }}{{cite web \|title\=Hawes New York Times Best Seller list \|url\=http://www.hawes.com/2005/2005\-05\-01\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006150437/http://www.hawes.com/2005/2005\-05\-01\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=October 6, 2008 \|access\-date\=May 9, 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[Hawes]] }}{{cite web \|title\=Hawes New York Times Best Seller list \|url\=http://www.hawes.com/2006/2006\-05\-14\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121012104/http://www.hawes.com/2006/2006\-05\-14\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=November 21, 2008 \|access\-date\=May 9, 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[Hawes]] }} have also been reprinted under his alias of Michael Savage.
His earlier books as Michael A. Weiner, Ph.D., draw on his doctoral expertise in the field of [nutritional](/wiki/Nutrition "Nutrition") [ethnomedicine](/wiki/Ethnomedicine "Ethnomedicine"). In them, he advocates [nutritional](/wiki/Nutrition "Nutrition"), [herbal](/wiki/Herbalism "Herbalism"), and [homeopathic](/wiki/Homeopathy "Homeopathy") options to approach the prevention and treatment of diseases such as [poor diet](/wiki/Malnutrition "Malnutrition"), [aging](/wiki/Ageing "Ageing"), [arthritis](/wiki/Arthritis "Arthritis"), [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease "Alzheimer's disease"), [cancer](/wiki/Cancer "Cancer"), [allergies](/wiki/Allergy "Allergy"), [cocaine addiction](/wiki/Cocaine_dependence "Cocaine dependence"), the [common cold](/wiki/Common_cold "Common cold"), and [HIV/AIDS](/wiki/HIV/AIDS "HIV/AIDS").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.com/Michael\-A.\-Weiner/e/B001HCYZ9W\|title\=Michael A. Weiner\|website\=www.amazon.com}} He has also written about [tree planting](/wiki/Tree_planting "Tree planting"), [beer\-tasting](/wiki/Beer_sommelier%23Beer_tasting "Beer sommelier#Beer tasting"), and [nutritional cooking](/wiki/Nutrition "Nutrition").
His more recent books as Michael Savage are political in nature and published by a variety of different companies. His recent works also include holiday family stories and thrillers.
In 1991, Savage self\-published *The Death of the White Male*, an argument against [affirmative action](/wiki/Affirmative_action "Affirmative action"), through Quantum Books.{{cite book\|title\=The death of the white male \|publisher\=Quantum Books\|year\=1991 \|oclc\=54958700 }} In the book, Savage, calls affirmative action "[reverse discrimination](/wiki/Reverse_discrimination "Reverse discrimination")", and demonstrates his emerging philosophy. This eventually led to his starting the Paul Revere Society and he continues to sell the book to raise money for this group.{{cite web\|title\=Sponsor the Paul Revere Society \|work\=Paul Revere Society website \|url\=http://www.olsenclan.com/clients/savage/prs\_sponsor.shtml \|access\-date\=January 18, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211084614/http://www.olsenclan.com/clients/savage/prs\_sponsor.shtml \|archive\-date\=December 11, 2008 }}
In January 2003, Savage published *The Savage Nation: Saving America from the Liberal Assault on Our Borders, Language and Culture*, his first major book under the pseudonym Michael Savage. The book directs attacks at "liberal [media bias](/wiki/Media_bias "Media bias")", the "dominating culture of 'she\-ocracy'", [gay activists](/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory "LGBT rights by country or territory"), and liberals.
In January 2004, Savage published his second political book *[The Enemy Within: Saving America from the Liberal Assault on Our Schools, Faith, and Military](/wiki/The_Enemy_Within_%28Savage_book%29 "The Enemy Within (Savage book)")*. His next book, *[Liberalism Is a Mental Disorder](/wiki/Liberalism_Is_a_Mental_Disorder "Liberalism Is a Mental Disorder")*, was released on April 12, 2005\. Unlike *The Savage Nation*, both of these books cited sources for some of the more controversial claims made.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2015}}
In April 2006, Savage released *[The Political Zoo](/wiki/The_Political_Zoo "The Political Zoo")*. The book contains [satirical](/wiki/Satire "Satire") profiles and cartoons of different public figures, most of whom are liberal political figures and celebrities, depicted in [caricature](/wiki/Caricature "Caricature") as animals in the "Political Zoo", with Savage portrayed as the zoo keeper.
In October 2010, Savage released *Trickle Up Poverty: Stopping Obama's Attack on Our Borders, Economy, and Security*. Released through the [HarperCollins](/wiki/HarperCollins "HarperCollins") imprint of [William Morrow and Company](/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company "William Morrow and Company"), Savage argues in the book that "Americans are boiling mad over the way Congress and this [Marxist](/wiki/Marxism "Marxism")/[Leninist](/wiki/Leninism "Leninism")\-oriented President are manipulating the current economic crisis to nationalize businesses."Boog, Jason. "[Michael Savage Sells 'Trickle Up Poverty' to William Morrow](http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/michael-savage-sells-trickle-up-poverty-to-william-morrow_b11988) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016112935/http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/michael\-savage\-sells\-trickle\-up\-poverty\-to\-william\-morrow\_b11988 \|date\=October 16, 2010 }}". *Galleycat*. Media Bistro. June 17, 2010\.
In November 2010, it was confirmed that Savage had signed a deal to write two thrillers for publisher St. Martin's Press. The first political thriller, *[Abuse of Power](/wiki/Abuse_of_Power_%28novel%29 "Abuse of Power (novel)")*, was released on September 13, 2011\. The novel is based on "My fictionalized account of being banned from Britain and hunted by overbearing governments is set in the San Francisco only I know", said Savage. It is set in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), mainly in [North Beach](/wiki/North_Beach%2C_San_Francisco "North Beach, San Francisco"), as well as [London](/wiki/London "London"), and [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv"). It tells the story of a failed carjacking that reveals a government cover\-up. A dark plot involving British officials and a terrorist group known as "the Hand of Allah". The publisher has described the novel by saying, "will make 9/11 look like child's play".Bosman, Julie. "[Michael Savage To Write Two Thrillers](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9904E2D8133DF930A15752C1A9669D8B63)". *The New York Times*: November 23, 2010\.
In 2014, Savage released *Stop the Coming Civil War: My Savage Truth*, in which Savage writes in part, "We are under assault from both inside and out as our government moves to consolidate its domestic power, while at the same time weakening our defenses against the growing power of our enemies."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/nov/18/book\-review\-how\-a\-divided\-nation\-can\-proceed/\|last\=Vernon\|first\=Wes\|work\=The Washington Times\|date\=November 18, 2014\|access\-date\=May 2, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119203910/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/nov/18/book\-review\-how\-a\-divided\-nation\-can\-proceed/?page\=all\|archive\-date\=November 19, 2014\|title\=Book Review: 'Stop the Coming Civil War'\|url\-status\=live}}
In 2015, Savage released another a book titled *Government Zero: No Borders, No Language, No Culture.* In it he writes that the country has been left without the founding principles of his radio show, "borders, language and culture," and describes what he calls the destruction that the [Presidency of Barack Obama](/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama "Presidency of Barack Obama") brought to the country. He offers several solutions to rebuild the nation.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/sep/23/inside\-the\-beltway\-new\-book\-from\-michael\-savage\-go/\|title\=New book from Michael Savage: 'Government Zero: No Borders, No Language, No Culture'\|last\=Harper\|first\=Jennifer\|work\=The Washington Times\|date\=September 23, 2015\|access\-date\=May 2, 2018}}
In 2016, Savage's book *Scorched Earth: Restoring The Country After Obama*. This work was a blueprint for how then candidate Donald Trump could help get the country back on the right track should he win the election.{{cite web\|last\=Sadar\|first\=Anthony J.\|url\=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/sep/21/book\-review\-scorched\-earth\-restoring\-the\-country\-a/\|title\=Book Review: 'Scorched Earth: Restoring the Country After Obama'\|work\=\[\[The Washington Times]]\|date\=September 21, 2016}}
In March 2017, Savage released what he said would be his last political book, *Trump's War: His Battle For America*. The book debuted at number one on *The New York Times* Best Seller list.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/mar/27/michael\-savage\-new\-book\-trumps\-war\-hits\-no\-1\-on\-ne/\|title\=Michael Savage new book 'Trump's War' hits No. 1 on New York Times Best Seller list\|last\=Harper\|first\=Jennifer\|work\=\[\[The Washington Times]]\|access\-date\=May 10, 2017\|date\=March 27, 2017}}
In November 2017, Savage released a non\-political book on his search for spiritual truth, *God, Faith, and Reason*.{{cite web\|last\=Harper\|first\=Jennifer\|url\=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/nov/13/inside\-the\-beltway\-michael\-savage\-leaps\-into\-faith/\|title\=Inside the Beltway: Michael Savage leaps into faith with new book\|work\=\[\[The Washington Times]]}}
In October 2018, Savage published a book on American psychology, *Stop Mass Hysteria: America's Insanity from the Salem Witch Trials to the Trump Witch Hunt.*{{cite web\|url\=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/new\-book\-out\-today\-michael\-savage\-talks\-mass\-hysteria\-with\-cindys\-corners/\|title\=New Book out Today: Michael Savage Talks about Mass Hysteria\|last\=Corners\|first\=Cindy\|date\=October 8, 2019\|website\=Times of Israel}} In it he discusses what he calls the many "loud flashpoints" that he believes have engulfed American thought over the nation's history, and relates those phenomena to what he describes as a current obsession with Trump hatred.
In June 2019, Savage published a new book of stories and anecdotes entitled *A Savage Life*.
|
[
"Books\n-----",
"In total, Savage has written 44 books, twenty under his real name of Michael Weiner, and twenty\\-four under the pseudonym of Michael Savage. As Michael Savage, his works include two \\#1 *New York Times* Best Sellers and three additional books which made [*The New York Times* Best Seller list](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list \"The New York Times Best Seller list\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Hawes New York Times Best Seller list \\|url\\=http://www.hawes.com/2004/2004\\-01\\-18\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106021054/http://www.hawes.com/2004/2004\\-01\\-18\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 9, 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hawes]] }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Hawes New York Times Best Seller list \\|url\\=http://www.hawes.com/2005/2005\\-05\\-01\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006150437/http://www.hawes.com/2005/2005\\-05\\-01\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=October 6, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=May 9, 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hawes]] }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Hawes New York Times Best Seller list \\|url\\=http://www.hawes.com/2006/2006\\-05\\-14\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121012104/http://www.hawes.com/2006/2006\\-05\\-14\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=May 9, 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hawes]] }} have also been reprinted under his alias of Michael Savage.",
"His earlier books as Michael A. Weiner, Ph.D., draw on his doctoral expertise in the field of [nutritional](/wiki/Nutrition \"Nutrition\") [ethnomedicine](/wiki/Ethnomedicine \"Ethnomedicine\"). In them, he advocates [nutritional](/wiki/Nutrition \"Nutrition\"), [herbal](/wiki/Herbalism \"Herbalism\"), and [homeopathic](/wiki/Homeopathy \"Homeopathy\") options to approach the prevention and treatment of diseases such as [poor diet](/wiki/Malnutrition \"Malnutrition\"), [aging](/wiki/Ageing \"Ageing\"), [arthritis](/wiki/Arthritis \"Arthritis\"), [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease \"Alzheimer's disease\"), [cancer](/wiki/Cancer \"Cancer\"), [allergies](/wiki/Allergy \"Allergy\"), [cocaine addiction](/wiki/Cocaine_dependence \"Cocaine dependence\"), the [common cold](/wiki/Common_cold \"Common cold\"), and [HIV/AIDS](/wiki/HIV/AIDS \"HIV/AIDS\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.com/Michael\\-A.\\-Weiner/e/B001HCYZ9W\\|title\\=Michael A. Weiner\\|website\\=www.amazon.com}} He has also written about [tree planting](/wiki/Tree_planting \"Tree planting\"), [beer\\-tasting](/wiki/Beer_sommelier%23Beer_tasting \"Beer sommelier#Beer tasting\"), and [nutritional cooking](/wiki/Nutrition \"Nutrition\").",
"His more recent books as Michael Savage are political in nature and published by a variety of different companies. His recent works also include holiday family stories and thrillers.",
"In 1991, Savage self\\-published *The Death of the White Male*, an argument against [affirmative action](/wiki/Affirmative_action \"Affirmative action\"), through Quantum Books.{{cite book\\|title\\=The death of the white male \\|publisher\\=Quantum Books\\|year\\=1991 \\|oclc\\=54958700 }} In the book, Savage, calls affirmative action \"[reverse discrimination](/wiki/Reverse_discrimination \"Reverse discrimination\")\", and demonstrates his emerging philosophy. This eventually led to his starting the Paul Revere Society and he continues to sell the book to raise money for this group.{{cite web\\|title\\=Sponsor the Paul Revere Society \\|work\\=Paul Revere Society website \\|url\\=http://www.olsenclan.com/clients/savage/prs\\_sponsor.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211084614/http://www.olsenclan.com/clients/savage/prs\\_sponsor.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=December 11, 2008 }}",
"In January 2003, Savage published *The Savage Nation: Saving America from the Liberal Assault on Our Borders, Language and Culture*, his first major book under the pseudonym Michael Savage. The book directs attacks at \"liberal [media bias](/wiki/Media_bias \"Media bias\")\", the \"dominating culture of 'she\\-ocracy'\", [gay activists](/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory \"LGBT rights by country or territory\"), and liberals.",
"In January 2004, Savage published his second political book *[The Enemy Within: Saving America from the Liberal Assault on Our Schools, Faith, and Military](/wiki/The_Enemy_Within_%28Savage_book%29 \"The Enemy Within (Savage book)\")*. His next book, *[Liberalism Is a Mental Disorder](/wiki/Liberalism_Is_a_Mental_Disorder \"Liberalism Is a Mental Disorder\")*, was released on April 12, 2005\\. Unlike *The Savage Nation*, both of these books cited sources for some of the more controversial claims made.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2015}}",
"In April 2006, Savage released *[The Political Zoo](/wiki/The_Political_Zoo \"The Political Zoo\")*. The book contains [satirical](/wiki/Satire \"Satire\") profiles and cartoons of different public figures, most of whom are liberal political figures and celebrities, depicted in [caricature](/wiki/Caricature \"Caricature\") as animals in the \"Political Zoo\", with Savage portrayed as the zoo keeper.",
"In October 2010, Savage released *Trickle Up Poverty: Stopping Obama's Attack on Our Borders, Economy, and Security*. Released through the [HarperCollins](/wiki/HarperCollins \"HarperCollins\") imprint of [William Morrow and Company](/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company \"William Morrow and Company\"), Savage argues in the book that \"Americans are boiling mad over the way Congress and this [Marxist](/wiki/Marxism \"Marxism\")/[Leninist](/wiki/Leninism \"Leninism\")\\-oriented President are manipulating the current economic crisis to nationalize businesses.\"Boog, Jason. \"[Michael Savage Sells 'Trickle Up Poverty' to William Morrow](http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/michael-savage-sells-trickle-up-poverty-to-william-morrow_b11988) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016112935/http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/michael\\-savage\\-sells\\-trickle\\-up\\-poverty\\-to\\-william\\-morrow\\_b11988 \\|date\\=October 16, 2010 }}\". *Galleycat*. Media Bistro. June 17, 2010\\.",
"In November 2010, it was confirmed that Savage had signed a deal to write two thrillers for publisher St. Martin's Press. The first political thriller, *[Abuse of Power](/wiki/Abuse_of_Power_%28novel%29 \"Abuse of Power (novel)\")*, was released on September 13, 2011\\. The novel is based on \"My fictionalized account of being banned from Britain and hunted by overbearing governments is set in the San Francisco only I know\", said Savage. It is set in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), mainly in [North Beach](/wiki/North_Beach%2C_San_Francisco \"North Beach, San Francisco\"), as well as [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), and [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\"). It tells the story of a failed carjacking that reveals a government cover\\-up. A dark plot involving British officials and a terrorist group known as \"the Hand of Allah\". The publisher has described the novel by saying, \"will make 9/11 look like child's play\".Bosman, Julie. \"[Michael Savage To Write Two Thrillers](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9904E2D8133DF930A15752C1A9669D8B63)\". *The New York Times*: November 23, 2010\\.",
"In 2014, Savage released *Stop the Coming Civil War: My Savage Truth*, in which Savage writes in part, \"We are under assault from both inside and out as our government moves to consolidate its domestic power, while at the same time weakening our defenses against the growing power of our enemies.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/nov/18/book\\-review\\-how\\-a\\-divided\\-nation\\-can\\-proceed/\\|last\\=Vernon\\|first\\=Wes\\|work\\=The Washington Times\\|date\\=November 18, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119203910/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/nov/18/book\\-review\\-how\\-a\\-divided\\-nation\\-can\\-proceed/?page\\=all\\|archive\\-date\\=November 19, 2014\\|title\\=Book Review: 'Stop the Coming Civil War'\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 2015, Savage released another a book titled *Government Zero: No Borders, No Language, No Culture.* In it he writes that the country has been left without the founding principles of his radio show, \"borders, language and culture,\" and describes what he calls the destruction that the [Presidency of Barack Obama](/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama \"Presidency of Barack Obama\") brought to the country. He offers several solutions to rebuild the nation.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/sep/23/inside\\-the\\-beltway\\-new\\-book\\-from\\-michael\\-savage\\-go/\\|title\\=New book from Michael Savage: 'Government Zero: No Borders, No Language, No Culture'\\|last\\=Harper\\|first\\=Jennifer\\|work\\=The Washington Times\\|date\\=September 23, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2018}}",
"In 2016, Savage's book *Scorched Earth: Restoring The Country After Obama*. This work was a blueprint for how then candidate Donald Trump could help get the country back on the right track should he win the election.{{cite web\\|last\\=Sadar\\|first\\=Anthony J.\\|url\\=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/sep/21/book\\-review\\-scorched\\-earth\\-restoring\\-the\\-country\\-a/\\|title\\=Book Review: 'Scorched Earth: Restoring the Country After Obama'\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Washington Times]]\\|date\\=September 21, 2016}}",
"In March 2017, Savage released what he said would be his last political book, *Trump's War: His Battle For America*. The book debuted at number one on *The New York Times* Best Seller list.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/mar/27/michael\\-savage\\-new\\-book\\-trumps\\-war\\-hits\\-no\\-1\\-on\\-ne/\\|title\\=Michael Savage new book 'Trump's War' hits No. 1 on New York Times Best Seller list\\|last\\=Harper\\|first\\=Jennifer\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Washington Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 10, 2017\\|date\\=March 27, 2017}}",
"In November 2017, Savage released a non\\-political book on his search for spiritual truth, *God, Faith, and Reason*.{{cite web\\|last\\=Harper\\|first\\=Jennifer\\|url\\=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/nov/13/inside\\-the\\-beltway\\-michael\\-savage\\-leaps\\-into\\-faith/\\|title\\=Inside the Beltway: Michael Savage leaps into faith with new book\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Washington Times]]}}",
"In October 2018, Savage published a book on American psychology, *Stop Mass Hysteria: America's Insanity from the Salem Witch Trials to the Trump Witch Hunt.*{{cite web\\|url\\=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/new\\-book\\-out\\-today\\-michael\\-savage\\-talks\\-mass\\-hysteria\\-with\\-cindys\\-corners/\\|title\\=New Book out Today: Michael Savage Talks about Mass Hysteria\\|last\\=Corners\\|first\\=Cindy\\|date\\=October 8, 2019\\|website\\=Times of Israel}} In it he discusses what he calls the many \"loud flashpoints\" that he believes have engulfed American thought over the nation's history, and relates those phenomena to what he describes as a current obsession with Trump hatred.",
"In June 2019, Savage published a new book of stories and anecdotes entitled *A Savage Life*.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early history
The 169th Infantry Regiment traces its heritage back to the English train bands organized in the settlements of Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield from 1633 to 1636\. These militia units mobilized and deployed during the Pequot War of 1636 to 1638\. It also operated against the Dutch in the Hartford Area. The [Hartford County, Connecticut](/wiki/Hartford_County%2C_Connecticut "Hartford County, Connecticut"), train bands were later organized into the Regiment of Hartford County in 1672 and would deploy during King Philip's War in 1675 to 1676\.{{cite book \|last1\=Higgins \|first1\=John J. \|url\=https://web.ccsu.edu/vhp/Higgins\_John/History\_of\_first\_CT\_regiment.pdf \|title\=A History of the First Connecticut Regiment. First Battle Group, 169th Infantry, Connecticut Army National Guard. 1672–1963 \|date\=1963 \|location\=Hartford, CT}} The regiment was the security bulwark of the Connecticut colony in North Central Connecticut with further deployments throughout the colonial period such as the deployment north to Deerfield in Massachusetts in 1704\. On 11 October 1739 by an act of the Connecticut Assembly the regiment was organized into the First Connecticut Regiment. This is the date the U.S. Army recognizes as the organization date of the 169th Infantry. During the [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War "French and Indian War"), the 1st Connecticut was called up on 7–8 August 1757 for a period of two weeks to man fortifications. Volunteers from [Hartford](/wiki/Hartford "Hartford"), [Simsbury](/wiki/Simsbury "Simsbury"), and [Windsor](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Connecticut "Windsor, Connecticut") were enlisted, and it is unknown whether these militiamen saw action in combat. However, Connecticut field regiments raised in several wars during this period to include the French and Indian War (Seven Years War) drew many of their soldiers from the militia regiments and some of the operations participated in by these soldiers were significant such as the siege of Quebec in two different wars and operations around Louisbourg in the Seven Years War.
### American Revolutionary War
In the summer of 1776, General [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington") called upon the state militias to meet the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire")'s suspected [attack on New York](/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island "Battle of Long Island"). The 1st Regiment of the Connecticut militia responded, and they reported for duty on 11 August 1776\. The militia troops were hastily assembled, poorly armed, meagerly paid, thus discipline and morale was low. On 15 September 1776, they were attacked by the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army "British Army") and retreated in the face of superior firepower. The 1st Connecticut militia was ordered to reinforce General [Horatio Gates](/wiki/Horatio_Gates "Horatio Gates") at [Saratoga](/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga "Battles of Saratoga") in the fall of 1777 and served under the command of General [Enoch Poor](/wiki/Enoch_Poor "Enoch Poor"). The Connecticuters fought heavily at the [Battle of Freeman's Farm](/wiki/Battle_of_Freeman%27s_Farm "Battle of Freeman's Farm") on 19 September 1777, and at the [Battle of Bemis Heights](/wiki/Battle_of_Bemis_Heights "Battle of Bemis Heights") on 7 October. At Bemis Heights, they lost more men than any other regiment engaged, and General Gates referred to them as the "excellent militia regiment from Connecticut.
### War of 1812
On 28 April 1812, Governor [Roger Griswold](/wiki/Roger_Griswold "Roger Griswold") ordered the mobilization of 3,000 militiamen to repel any British invasion during the [War of 1812](/wiki/War_of_1812 "War of 1812"). The 1st Regiment consisted of 121 officers and men and began their service on 7 June 1813 when they marched to [New London](/wiki/New_London%2C_Connecticut "New London, Connecticut"). On 28 July 1814, the Connecticut militia deployed along the coast from [Stonington](/wiki/Stonington%2C_Connecticut "Stonington, Connecticut") to [Greenwich](/wiki/Greenwich%2C_Connecticut "Greenwich, Connecticut") to deter an enemy invasion. The 1st contributed 522 officers and men for the task, and were relieved on 27 October 1814\.
### American Civil War and Spanish–American War
On 15 April 1861, President [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln") issued a call for volunteers after the [fall of Fort Sumter](/wiki/Fall_of_Fort_Sumter "Fall of Fort Sumter"), and the [1st Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Regiment](/wiki/1st_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment "1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment") was mustered in on 22–23 April. A Company was designated as a "Rifle Company," and B and C Companies were designated as "Infantry Companies. The regiment arrived at [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington_D.C. "Washington D.C."), on 13 May, and camped at [Glenwood](/wiki/Glenwood%2C_Howard_County%2C_Maryland "Glenwood, Howard County, Maryland"), 2 miles to the north of the capitol. On 1 June, the 1st Connecticut relieved the [12th New York Volunteer Infantry](/wiki/12th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry "12th New York Volunteer Infantry") and engaged in their first engagement of the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") at [Vienna, Virginia](/wiki/Vienna%2C_Virginia "Vienna, Virginia"), where they were ambushed by [Confederate troops](/wiki/Confederate_States_Army "Confederate States Army"), and PVT George H. Bugbee of A Company was wounded; the regiment's first casualty of the war. The regiment fought in the [First Battle of Bull Run](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run "First Battle of Bull Run") on 21 July, where they engaged in constant activity against the enemy, and repelled infantry and [cavalry](/wiki/Cavalry "Cavalry") attacks from 1,000 to 1,600\. The 1st Connecticut remained in Washington until 27 July, and were mustered out in [New Haven, Connecticut](/wiki/New_Haven%2C_Connecticut "New Haven, Connecticut"), on 31 July 1861 when their period of enlistment expired. Parts of the regiment remained in service with the [4th Connecticut Infantry Regiment](/wiki/4th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment "4th Connecticut Infantry Regiment") and the [7th Connecticut Infantry Regiment](/wiki/7th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment "7th Connecticut Infantry Regiment").
The 1st Connecticut Infantry was recalled to federal service on 26 April 1898 for duty in the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War "Spanish–American War"). They were destined to invade the island of [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico"), but they never saw active service and were mustered out on 31 October 1898\.
### Mexican Border
The 1st Connecticut was called up on 18 June 1916 by President [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson"), and the 1,100 officers and men of the regiment assembled at Camp Holcomb in [Niantic](/wiki/Niantic%2C_Connecticut "Niantic, Connecticut") and departed for the [Mexico–United States border](/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border "Mexico–United States border"), arriving in [El Paso, Texas](/wiki/El_Paso%2C_Texas "El Paso, Texas"), on 2 July. On 7 July, the Connecticuters began patrolling near [Nogales, Arizona](/wiki/Nogales%2C_Arizona "Nogales, Arizona"). For 13 weeks, the regiment patrolled the border and encountered slight enemy resistance during their time there but suffered no casualties. They continued their training at [Fort Huachuca](/wiki/Fort_Huachuca "Fort Huachuca") on 24 August before returning to Nogales in September and continuing patrols in conjunction with the 2nd Connecticut, soon to be the [102nd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/102nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States)").
Historical and Pictorial Review 43rd Infantry Division Camp Shelby, Mississippi 1942, History of the 169th Infantry, pages 43\-45 \& Infantry Regiments of the U. S. Army by James A. Sawicki, pages 336\-337, Wyvern Publications 1981
### World War I
When the United States began its involvement in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), the 1st Connecticut mustered into Federal Service 25\-31 March 1917 (per General Orders No. 61, Adjutant General's Office, Connecticut) at home stations: drafted into Federal service 5 August 1917 (35 officers and 1,582 enlisted men transferred with soldiers of the 2nd Connecticut Regiment to the 102nd Infantry 24 August 1917\). Both regiments would share the operational history of the 102nd Infantry with the 26th Division. Extensive combat would be experienced in France, the regiment's soldiers participating in the following campaigns; Champagne\-Marne, Aisne\-Marne, St. Mihael, Meuse\-Argonne, Ile de France 1918, Lorraine 1918\.
The regimental history of 1942 (pages 43–45\) narrates the regiment's World War I experience.
"On 25 March 1917, per General Orders No. 61, Adjutant General's Office, Connecticut, upon the call of the President for troops of the National Guard, the First Regiment, Connecticut Infantry, was ordered to mobilize for Federal service at 7 a.m., 26 March 1917\. The regiment remained at its home station (Hartford) per\- forming guard duty and recruiting to war strength. On July 23, it went into camp at Pratt Field, New Haven, adjacent to Yale Field, where the Second Infantry was encamped. On August 5, it was drafted into Federal service. The formation of the 102nd Infantry was accomplished on August 25, 1917, in accordance with instructions issued from Boston through a consolidation of the old First and Second Regiments. To this new regiment the First contributed 35 officers and 1,582 enlisted men. The war\-time history of the 102nd Infantry thereby becomes the heritage of both these old historic regiments. Such officers and enlisted men of the First as were not absorbed in this consolidation later became the 58th Pioneer Infantry, which, however, remained in service in the United States until mustered out in January 1919\."{{quote without source\|date\=June 2023}}
Between 7 and 25 September 1917, all units of the 102nd sailed for Liverpool, England, en route for Le Havre, France, where they arrived on various dates from 24 September to 12 November. A detachment from the Medical Detachment and one from the Supply Company sailed direct to France, arriving at St. Nazaire on 5 October and 7 December respectively.
The assembled regiment went into training near the town of Neufchateau, in the foothills of the Vosges Mountains, where it trained with the 167th Regiment (French).
The regiment saw its first front\-line service on the Chemin des Dames beginning 8 February 1918, when the Second Battalion was brigaded with the 137th Regiment (French): continuing through March 7, when it began to operate a sector independently, and being terminated on 20 March, when it was relieved in all positions by the French. Even in this so\-called "quiet" area it suffered 494 casualties, as its first front\-line experience of the war.
On 29 March, orders were received to relieve the First Division in the Toul Sector: on the 3lst the First Battalion relieved a battalion of the 26th Infantry; and during the next night the Second Battalion similarly relieved a battalion of the 28th, while the Third Battalion went into reserve at Mandres and Ansauville. The outstanding event of this tour of duty was the fight at Seicheprey on 20 April. By 1:30 a.m. on that date the relief of M Company by D and I Company by C had been completed. At 3 a.m. the enemy put down a heavy barrage on our positions; at 5 a.m. he attacked with from 1,200 to 1,500 "Sturmtruppen," preceding the 259 Regiment German) and two or three companies of territorials (elsewhere given as two infantry battalions) with machine guns, sappers and pioneers. After a determined resistance our troops were overpowered, except in Seicheprey itself. During the night of the 20th\-21st, the enemy withdrew. The German casualties were heavy, variously given at from 600 to 1,800 while ours for the entire month of April amounted to 71 killed, 134 wounded and 12 gassed, or a total of 327 exclusive of a considerable number of prisoners captured by the Germans. Except for a short period (May 2 – May 13\) the regiment continued in this sector until finally relieved by the 154th Division (French) and the 82nd Division (American) between 24 and 28 June.
Early July found the regiment in the vicinity of Chateau Thierry and Belleau Woods, where on the 7th and 8th it relieved units of the 23rd Infantry, Second Division (American). From these positions it attacked on 20 July, as a part of the great offensive then under way to wipe out the Chateau Thiery salient. The leading battalion, the Third, attacked at 3 p.m. and by 7 p.m. had reached and consolidated on its objective, the far edge of the Bois de Bouresches. The advance beyond that line was rapid until late afternoon of the 2Ist, when the regiment approached Trugny and Epieds. Here the Germans, determined to gain sufficient time for the withdrawal of their troops from the salient, interposed strong resistance. Next morning the attack was renewed by the First Battalion. Its forces were quickly decimated; in about half an hour after the attack started it was reduced from 500 to 50 in numbers. However. it succeeded in gaining a precarious foothold in Trugny; before the morning was over these survivors, still further reduced in numbers, were either killed or captured. Again the attack was made at 4 p.m., and although it was much better supported on the right and left, the result was the same. Next day the I0lst attacked while the 102nd maintained its positions and reorganized its much\-reduced companies: the attack of the 101st was without success. During the night of the 23rd the enemy withdrew and the 102nd resumed its advance, marching at the head of the main body. Late on the afternoon of the 25th the regiment then in the La Fere Forest was passed through by elements of the 42nd Division (American), which brought to an end the 102nd's participation in this fight, but no before the regiment had suffered 1,198 casualties, of which 137 were killed, 541 wounded, and 520 gassed.
The regiment was soon to participate in battle as a part of the First Army (American) to reduce the St. Mihiel salient. The 3lst of August found the 102nd at Longueville; a series of night marches brought the regiment to le Soff Bois, in rear of the 101st which had relieved the French. The attack orders issued on the 11th placed the 102nd in division reserve; before the day's fighting was done, however, on the 12th, the First Battalion had been ordered to go "through" a battalion of the 10lst which had been held up: its advance enabled al elements of the division to reach the first day's objective by 10 p.m. Then came orders to make a forced march down La Grande Tranchee de Colonne, a night march of more than nine kilometers into territory occupied by the Germans, to Vigneulles, there to meet the advance of the First Division (American) from the other side of the salient. Vigneules was reached at 2:30 a.m. on the I3th; about 9 a.m., contact was made with elements of the hirst: the salient was reduced. A large number of prisoners (almost 1,000\) was captured; but our own casualties were slight.
The regiment remained in this area, which came to be known as the Troyon Sector, for some time. organizing the sector and participating in two important raids, those of St. Hilaire on the 22nd and 23rd of September and Riaville\-Marcheville on the 26th. On the nights of the 6th and 7th of October the relief of the division by elements of the Second Division C. A. P. (French), the 29th Division (French), and the 79th Division (American) was accomplished. Next night movement by marching vie Verdun to another sector was begun.
On the night of October 16\-17, the regiment relieved the 66th R. I. F. (French) and the 113th Infantry, 29th Division (American) north of Verdun and east of the Meuse. Here its job in conjunction with the remainder of the division was to so harass and occupy the enemy that he could not withdraw his troops from that front or reinforce his line further to the north; the mission was that of "active\-defensive." Beginning on 24 October a series of attacks against the very strong position centering on Cote 360 was made, but with very limited success due to the inability of troops on the left to take their objective. On the 28th the First and Second Battalions were relieved by the 104th and on the 3lst the Second was relieved by the 314th Infantry, 79th Division (American). During these few days of fighting the regiment experienced its heaviest casualties of the war: 1,278 in all – 187 killed, 590 wounded, 501 gassed. Only a few days later on the nights of the 1st and 2nd of November, the regiment relieved elements of the 26th (French) in the so\-called "Neptune Sector," in the same general area in which it had been fighting. Attacks with some local success were made on the 8th, 9th, and 10th, and it was on this front, still prepared for further attack, that the Armistice found the regiment.
This ended the regiment's active participation in the World War\-\-some 9,000 officers and men had passed through its ranks, of whom 4,150 had become casualties\- 476 killed, 1,765 wounded, and 1,909 gassed\-\-not including sick, prisoners of war, missing in action, or died of disease or wounds. The division of which this regiment was a part acquired the record for the longest stay in the front line of any which served in France. The troops demobilized in April 1919\."
To emphasize and note, the remaining regiment's personnel not consolidated with the 2nd Regiment into the 102nd Infantry, 28 officers and 169 enlisted men, reorganized and redesignated as the 58th Pioneer Infantry Regiment 11 February 1918 deploying to Camp Wadswoth, South Carolina. The 58th Pioneer Infantry Regiment would be assigned over 3,400 men and engage in extensive pre\-deployment training. The war ended just as the regiment was about to deploy to France.
### Interwar period
The 169th Infantry Regiment was newly constituted in the National Guard in 1921, assigned to the [43rd Division](/wiki/43rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "43rd Infantry Division (United States)"), and allotted to the state of Connecticut. It was organized on 23 May 1921 by consolidation and redesignation of the 1st and 2nd Infantry Regiments, Connecticut National Guard, as the Connecticut Regiment of Infantry. The headquarters was concurrently organized and federally recognized at Hartford. It was redesignated as the 169th Infantry on 7 October 1921\.
From 23 December 1920 to 23 June 1923, the 169th Infantry expanded until it embodied 15 company sized units, a medical detachment, a band, and three headquarters detachments. Companies A and D were recruited from Meriden Company B was recruited from Middletown, and Company C was recruited from Bristol. Companies E, F, G, and H were all recruited from Hartford. Companies I and M were formed from New Britain men. Company K was a Manchester unit and Company L was recruited from Willimantic.
The lineage of the 2nd Infantry Regiment, Connecticut National Guard, was withdrawn from the 169th Infantry on 20 October 1922 and the regiment was concurrently redesignated the 170th Infantry. Per the terms of the [National Defense Act of 1920](/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1920 "National Defense Act of 1920"), the former 2nd Connecticut was allowed to keep its World War I designation, being redesignated as the 102nd Infantry on 28 February 1924\. The assignment of regimental lineages per the act that would satisfy the desires of states, soldiers, and politicians to get back their "old" units sometimes proved difficult, as during the war, many regiments had been made up of units from multiple states, and after the war, allotments were changed and new regiments were constituted.
The entire 169th Infantry was called up to perform the following state duties: riot control during [a textile workers strike](/wiki/United_States_textile_workers%27_strike_of_1934 "United States textile workers' strike of 1934") at [Putnam](/wiki/Putnam%2C_Connecticut "Putnam, Connecticut") and [Danielson, Connecticut](/wiki/Danielson%2C_Connecticut "Danielson, Connecticut"), in September 1934; flood relief at Hartford, 19 March–1 April 1936; hurricane relief in the vicinity of [Rockville, Connecticut](/wiki/Rockville%2C_Connecticut "Rockville, Connecticut"), 22–27 September 1938\. The regiment conducted annual summer training most years at the state military reservation at [Niantic, Connecticut](/wiki/Niantic%2C_Connecticut "Niantic, Connecticut"), and some years at [Camp Devens](/wiki/Fort_Devens "Fort Devens"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts"). Inducted into active Federal service at Hartford on 24 February 1941, and moved to Camp Blanding, FL, where it arrived 15 March 1941\.{{cite book\|last\=Clay\|first\=Steven E.\|date\=2010\|title\=U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919\-1941, Volume 1\. The Arms: Major Commands and Infantry Organizations, 1919\-41\|location\=Fort Leavenworth, KS\|publisher\=Combat Studies Institute Press\|pages\=440\-441}}{{source\-attribution}}
The 169th Infantry Regiment was ordered to mobilize on 24 February 1941\. The regiment moved to [Camp Blanding](/wiki/Camp_Blanding "Camp Blanding"), [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida"), and upon induction, consisted of 132 officers and 1,825 enlisted men. Under the command of Colonel [Kenneth F. Cramer](/wiki/Kenneth_F._Cramer "Kenneth F. Cramer"), the 169th trained hard for 13 weeks, and from 17 to 28 June, the regiment received 950 draftees to fill their ranks. The 169th trained in Florida, [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina"), and [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") until 4 December. At this time, the count was 90 officers, 1 warrant officer, and 2,219 enlisted men.
### World War II
The [Attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor") on 7 December 1941 marked the entry of the United States in the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"). On 11 December 1941, 22 officers and 700 enlisted men of the 169th were transferred to the 102nd Regiment, who were detached from the 43rd Infantry Division. At [Camp Shelby](/wiki/Camp_Shelby "Camp Shelby"), [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi"), the 169th received 900 new recruits on 21 February 1942 and began training them right away. Another 900 raw recruits were received on 22 May 1942\. On 30 September 1942, the 169th Infantry Regiment left [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), [California](/wiki/California "California"), and sailed to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") with a total strength of 139 officers, 5 warrant officers, and 3,138 enlisted men.
The regiment arrived in New Zealand on 22 October, and engaged in intensive training on the island until 22 November 1942\. On 28 November, the 169th arrived in [Nouméa](/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a "Nouméa"), [New Caledonia](/wiki/New_Caledonia "New Caledonia") and garrisoned the island while conducting intensive jungle warfare training, loading and unloading ships, and guarding [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_Empire "Japanese Empire") prisoners of war. The 169th embarked for [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal "Guadalcanal") on 15 February 1943, and two days into the voyage, the convoy was attacked by Japanese [torpedo planes](/wiki/Torpedo_planes "Torpedo planes"). Aboard the {{USS\|President Hayes}}, CPL John E. A. Gagnon, of H Company, 169th Infantry, managed to shoot down an enemy plane with a .50 caliber [machine\-gun](/wiki/Machine-gun "Machine-gun"). On 18 February, the convoy docked at Guadalcanal and bivouacked on the island. On 23–24 February, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 169th made an amphibious assault on the island of [Pavuvu](/wiki/Pavuvu "Pavuvu") in the [Russell Islands](/wiki/Russell_Islands "Russell Islands") against no resistance. The regiment's first casualties came during their occupation of Pavuvu when Japanese planes strafed their positions. 3rd Battalion arrived on Pavuvu on 27 March. For the next few months, the 169th conducted jungle warfare training on the island and honed their battle skills before their next assignment.
#### New Georgia
[thumb\|Landing operations on Rendova Island 30 June 1943](/wiki/File:Landing_operations_on_Rendova_Island_HD-SN-99-02835.JPG "Landing operations on Rendova Island HD-SN-99-02835.JPG")
Operation "Toenails," or the [Invasion of New Georgia](/wiki/New_Georgia_Campaign "New Georgia Campaign"), would be the next mission the 169th would undertake. As a part of the 43rd Infantry Division operation, the Regiment seized [Rendova](/wiki/Rendova "Rendova") Island against minimal opposition on 30 June. Elements of the 169th soon landed on the southern coast of [New Georgia](/wiki/New_Georgia "New Georgia") on 2 July and began to march alongside the [172nd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/172nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States)") toward [Munda Point](/wiki/Munda%2C_Solomon_Islands "Munda, Solomon Islands") to capture the [Munda Airfield](/wiki/Munda_Airfield "Munda Airfield") there. The men of the regiment "were soon introduced to the harsh realities of jungle warfare.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.army.mil/article/51848/The\_Harsh\_Realities\_of\_Warfare\|title\=The Harsh Realities of Warfare \| Article \| The United States Army\|website\=army.mil\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-27}}" The main attack was scheduled to begin on 9 July 1943, but the 169th (unaccustomed to combat) was exhausted after spending a sleepless night shooting at real and imagined enemy patrols. The drive resumed on 11 July, but was completely stalled by combat casualties, fatigue, jungle diseases, and continuous rain. Static warfare in the dense jungle made the drive on Munda Point bitter and frustrating for the men of the 169th. By 17 July, the main line of Japanese resistance had not been reached, but the regiment had already suffered 90 men killed and 600 men wounded along with many psychoneurotic casualties.{{cite web\|url\=https://medium.com/the\-bridge/all\-hell\-broke\-loose\-f99fb13d0cb\#.pckl36tff\|title\="All Hell Broke Loose". The U.S. Army and Operation Toenails \| by Angry Staff Officer \|website\=Medium\|date\=2 July 2015 \|access\-date\=2021\-11\-27}} By on 18 July, the Japanese attempted to drive the 1st Battalion (1\-169\) off of "Kelley Hill," but the Connecticuters killed 102 of their enemy and drove them back. After heavy fighting along the line, the airfield was finally captured after heavy loss on 5 August 1943\. From 6–10 August, the beleaguered regiment guarded Munda Airfield and were subjected to minor enemy air attacks. 3rd Battalion (3\-169\) was ordered to seize the island of [Baanga](/wiki/Baanga_Island "Baanga Island") northwest west of Munda Point and met heavy resistance and elements were soon pinned down on the beaches and in the dense jungle. 2\-169 landed on Baanga to reinforce the attack, but the Japanese resistance on the islands was much stronger than anticipated and the advance made slow, if any, progress. On 20 August they were relieved by elements of the 172nd Infantry Regiment. This "non\-battle" on Baanga had cost the Americans 44 dead and 74 wounded; L Company was reduced to just 16 men. From 25 August to 9 September, the regiment patrolled and guarded Munda Airfield until they were ordered to assist the 172nd Infantry in clearing [Arundel Island](/wiki/Arundel_Island "Arundel Island") which they managed to secure on 21 August. Here they suffered 4 killed and 29 wounded. The regiment moved back to Munda, and defended the airstrip until 19 January 1944, when 3\-169 was ordered to [Vella Lavella](/wiki/Vella_Lavella "Vella Lavella") to defend the airstrip there. The regiment then arrived in New Zealand for [R\&R](/wiki/R%26R_%28military%29 "R&R (military)") on 1 March. The men had free time, furloughs, awards ceremonies, training exercises, and parades while in New Zealand.
#### New Guinea
The 169th Infantry Regiment arrived at [Aitape](/wiki/Aitape "Aitape"), New Guinea, on 17 July 1944, to reinforce General [Walter Krueger](/wiki/Walter_Krueger "Walter Krueger")'s [Sixth Army](/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Army "Sixth United States Army"). The regiment was ordered to construct defensive lines in the area to support the [32nd Infantry Division](/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "32nd Infantry Division (United States)") already fighting in the area. Japanese patrols constantly harassed the men, and they launched a counterattack on 22 July. The 169th threw this charge back and inflicted 274 deaths on the enemy. Patrolling and encountering the enemy was commonplace in the Aitape region, and the men experienced hard fighting along the [Drinuimor River](/wiki/Battle_of_Driniumor_River "Battle of Driniumor River") and nearby ridges on 31 July. Hard fighting in the hills, jungles, and villages near Aitape continued until long after the area was officially declared secure on 25 August 1944\. The regiment conducted continuous training after being relieved by the [Australian 6th Division](/wiki/Australian_6th_Division "Australian 6th Division") until 10 December 1944, when the regiment loaded up and headed for [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon").
#### Luzon
During the [Battle of Luzon](/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon "Battle of Luzon"), the 169th was in charge of the left flank of the 43rd Infantry Division's advance. 2\-169 landed near [San Fabian](/wiki/San_Fabian%2C_Pangasinan "San Fabian, Pangasinan") on 9 January 1945 in [Lingayen Gulf](/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf "Lingayen Gulf") and advanced quickly inland. 1\-169 and 3\-169 followed shortly after and pressed the attack. The hills and rugged countryside of [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon") proved to be very difficult ground, and tenacious Japanese defenders made the drive painful. On 12 January, SSG [Robert E. Laws](/wiki/Robert_E._Laws "Robert E. Laws") (G Company, 2–169\) earned the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor "Medal of Honor") for his actions while attacking an enemy controlled ridge. Neutralizing enemy [pillboxes](/wiki/Pillbox_%28military%29 "Pillbox (military)") with grenades, he managed to knock it out despite being wounded. Leading a charge, he was wounded again and killed three Japanese soldiers in close combat. He was given first aid and evacuated from the area while his squad completed the destruction of the enemy position. SSG Laws' heroic actions provided great inspiration to his comrades, and his courageous determination, in the face of formidable odds and while suffering from multiple wounds, enabled them to secure an important objective with minimum casualties.
The 169th attacked numerous enemy positions, including the deadly Hill 355, and suffered many casualties, but eventually managed to take ground from the stalwart defenders. During the period of 15–21 January 1945, all three infantry battalions of the 169th Regiment earned the [Distinguished Unit Citation](/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation "Distinguished Unit Citation") award for their gallantry in action amid the rugged hills of Luzon. On 1–2 February, the regiment repulsed tenacious enemy [Banzai charges](/wiki/Banzai_charge "Banzai charge") and managed to capture the imposing Hill 1500 on 5 February, and were relieved on 14 February by elements of the [33rd Infantry Division](/wiki/33rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "33rd Infantry Division (United States)") and enjoyed some R\&R behind the lines. In the early stages of the Battle of Luzon, the 169th lost 17 officers and 248 enlisted men KIA, and 45 officers and 789 enlisted men WIA. They had managed to inflict (by actual count) 2,786 Japanese dead.
On 1 March, the 169th relieved elements of the [40th Infantry Division](/wiki/40th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "40th Infantry Division (United States)") near [Clark Field](/wiki/Clark_Field "Clark Field") and [Fort Stotsenburg](/wiki/Fort_Stotsenburg "Fort Stotsenburg"). The regiment was ordered to attack Hill 1750, but were thwarted by strong Japanese resistance until 6 March. The men then captured a nearby hill, Bald Hill, and held it against several enemy counterattacks on 9–10 March. During this period, the 169th Infantry Regiment was under the command of the [38th Infantry Division](/wiki/38th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "38th Infantry Division (United States)"), and were returned to 43rd Divisional control on 24 March. On 3 April, they were attached to the [112th Cavalry Regiment](/wiki/112th_Cavalry_Regiment "112th Cavalry Regiment") to conduct reconnaissance against the formidable Shimbu Line. These recon patrols were costly, but they managed to contain the enemy in the area. On 1 May, they were returned to the 43rd Infantry Division. They then attacked the enemy in the vicinity of the [Ipo Dam](/wiki/Ipo_Dam "Ipo Dam"), which controlled roughly 30% of [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila")'s water supply. The dam was secured on 19 May, but resistance continued in the area until 2 June 1945\. In this particular fight, the 169th suffered 60 KIA, 285 WIA, and 2 MIA, while the 43rd Infantry Division as a whole killed over 750 enemy combatants. On 5 June, the 169th relieved the [151st Infantry Regiment](/wiki/151st_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "151st Infantry Regiment (United States)") near Mount Oro. Nearby hills and ridges were secured against heavy enemy resistance, and the 169th continued to slog on through the island against determined defenders until 28 June 1945, when the 43rd Division was relieved by the 38th Division.
#### Occupation of Japan
The 169th soon found themselves as part of the US [Occupation of Japan](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan "Occupation of Japan"), garrisoning [Kumagaya Airdrome](/wiki/Kumagaya%2C_Saitama "Kumagaya, Saitama") from 14 September to 12 October. They set sail for San Francisco separately, and the last men to return home passed under the [Golden Gate Bridge](/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge "Golden Gate Bridge") on 29 October 1945 to a cheering crowd. During the war, all three battalions of the 169th earned the Distinguished Unit Citation, and the [Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation](/wiki/Philippine_Republic_Presidential_Unit_Citation "Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation"). On 1 November 1945, the regiment was inactivated.
#### World War II Decorations
Presidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered LUZON (1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions, 169th Infantry cited; 1st Battalion: WD GO8, 1946\. 2d Battalion, WD GO 38, 1946\. 3d Battalion, WD GO 13, 1946\)
Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945 (169th Infantry cited; DA GO 47, 1950\)
/\>
### Post\-World War II
The regiment was reactivated on 23 October 1946 to serve as a formation in the Connecticut National Guard in Hartford, CT. During the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"), the 169th Infantry Regiment was recalled to active federal service, accepting large drafts of officers and men from the Army of the United States training centers and schools building to authorized table of organization strength with and engaging in rigorous individual and collective training to achieve battle readiness for deployment overseas in the event the war escalated.
The regiment trained at Camp Pickett and Camp A. P. Hill, Virginia from October 1950 to October 1951 by which time it had achieved full establishment before deployment by troopship from Newport News, Virginia to Bremerhaven, Germany. This deployment of the parent 43rd Infantry Division and the 28th Infantry Division (Pennsylvania National Guard) to Germany was considered necessary by the Truman Administration to discourage any adventurism into Europe by the Soviet Government led by Josef Stalin. The regiment was garrisoned first around Munich then around Nürnburg. It engaged in extensive training and combat maneuvers as part of U.S. VII Corps and 7th Army as NATO built its combat and deterrence capabilities. The 169th Infantry Regiment made a major contribution to the defense of Freedom's Frontier against further Soviet encroachment into Europe.
To note, the 2nd Battalion was awarded the Golden Rifles Standard as best battalion in the 43rd Infantry Division by VII Corps Commander, Major General Withers Burress at a regimental parade at Montieth Barracks, Fürth, West Germany in 1952\.
The regiment returned to Connecticut in 1954 (the regiment in place in Germany redesignated as the 39th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division). It would continue as a three battalion regiment until reorganization in the late 1950s into the 1st and 2nd Battle Groups, 169th Infantry as part of the Army's larger Pentomic reorganization. When the Army reorganized again in the early 1960s, the 1st Battle Group reorganized as the 1st Battalion, 169th Infantry and the 2nd Battle Group deactivated. The 1st Battalion would continue to serve as one of the maneuver battalions of the 43rd Infantry Brigade of the 26th Infantry Division until 1992 when, as the regiment's last organized combat battalion, it inactivated and many of the battalion's personnel were incorporated into the 242nd Combat Engineer Battalion. The regiment continues to serve as the Connecticut Army National Guard's 169th Regiment (Regional Training Institute).
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early history",
"The 169th Infantry Regiment traces its heritage back to the English train bands organized in the settlements of Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield from 1633 to 1636\\. These militia units mobilized and deployed during the Pequot War of 1636 to 1638\\. It also operated against the Dutch in the Hartford Area. The [Hartford County, Connecticut](/wiki/Hartford_County%2C_Connecticut \"Hartford County, Connecticut\"), train bands were later organized into the Regiment of Hartford County in 1672 and would deploy during King Philip's War in 1675 to 1676\\.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Higgins \\|first1\\=John J. \\|url\\=https://web.ccsu.edu/vhp/Higgins\\_John/History\\_of\\_first\\_CT\\_regiment.pdf \\|title\\=A History of the First Connecticut Regiment. First Battle Group, 169th Infantry, Connecticut Army National Guard. 1672–1963 \\|date\\=1963 \\|location\\=Hartford, CT}} The regiment was the security bulwark of the Connecticut colony in North Central Connecticut with further deployments throughout the colonial period such as the deployment north to Deerfield in Massachusetts in 1704\\. On 11 October 1739 by an act of the Connecticut Assembly the regiment was organized into the First Connecticut Regiment. This is the date the U.S. Army recognizes as the organization date of the 169th Infantry. During the [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War \"French and Indian War\"), the 1st Connecticut was called up on 7–8 August 1757 for a period of two weeks to man fortifications. Volunteers from [Hartford](/wiki/Hartford \"Hartford\"), [Simsbury](/wiki/Simsbury \"Simsbury\"), and [Windsor](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Connecticut \"Windsor, Connecticut\") were enlisted, and it is unknown whether these militiamen saw action in combat. However, Connecticut field regiments raised in several wars during this period to include the French and Indian War (Seven Years War) drew many of their soldiers from the militia regiments and some of the operations participated in by these soldiers were significant such as the siege of Quebec in two different wars and operations around Louisbourg in the Seven Years War.",
"### American Revolutionary War",
"In the summer of 1776, General [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington \"George Washington\") called upon the state militias to meet the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\")'s suspected [attack on New York](/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island \"Battle of Long Island\"). The 1st Regiment of the Connecticut militia responded, and they reported for duty on 11 August 1776\\. The militia troops were hastily assembled, poorly armed, meagerly paid, thus discipline and morale was low. On 15 September 1776, they were attacked by the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\") and retreated in the face of superior firepower. The 1st Connecticut militia was ordered to reinforce General [Horatio Gates](/wiki/Horatio_Gates \"Horatio Gates\") at [Saratoga](/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga \"Battles of Saratoga\") in the fall of 1777 and served under the command of General [Enoch Poor](/wiki/Enoch_Poor \"Enoch Poor\"). The Connecticuters fought heavily at the [Battle of Freeman's Farm](/wiki/Battle_of_Freeman%27s_Farm \"Battle of Freeman's Farm\") on 19 September 1777, and at the [Battle of Bemis Heights](/wiki/Battle_of_Bemis_Heights \"Battle of Bemis Heights\") on 7 October. At Bemis Heights, they lost more men than any other regiment engaged, and General Gates referred to them as the \"excellent militia regiment from Connecticut.",
"### War of 1812",
"On 28 April 1812, Governor [Roger Griswold](/wiki/Roger_Griswold \"Roger Griswold\") ordered the mobilization of 3,000 militiamen to repel any British invasion during the [War of 1812](/wiki/War_of_1812 \"War of 1812\"). The 1st Regiment consisted of 121 officers and men and began their service on 7 June 1813 when they marched to [New London](/wiki/New_London%2C_Connecticut \"New London, Connecticut\"). On 28 July 1814, the Connecticut militia deployed along the coast from [Stonington](/wiki/Stonington%2C_Connecticut \"Stonington, Connecticut\") to [Greenwich](/wiki/Greenwich%2C_Connecticut \"Greenwich, Connecticut\") to deter an enemy invasion. The 1st contributed 522 officers and men for the task, and were relieved on 27 October 1814\\.",
"### American Civil War and Spanish–American War",
"On 15 April 1861, President [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\") issued a call for volunteers after the [fall of Fort Sumter](/wiki/Fall_of_Fort_Sumter \"Fall of Fort Sumter\"), and the [1st Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Regiment](/wiki/1st_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment \"1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment\") was mustered in on 22–23 April. A Company was designated as a \"Rifle Company,\" and B and C Companies were designated as \"Infantry Companies. The regiment arrived at [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington_D.C. \"Washington D.C.\"), on 13 May, and camped at [Glenwood](/wiki/Glenwood%2C_Howard_County%2C_Maryland \"Glenwood, Howard County, Maryland\"), 2 miles to the north of the capitol. On 1 June, the 1st Connecticut relieved the [12th New York Volunteer Infantry](/wiki/12th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry \"12th New York Volunteer Infantry\") and engaged in their first engagement of the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") at [Vienna, Virginia](/wiki/Vienna%2C_Virginia \"Vienna, Virginia\"), where they were ambushed by [Confederate troops](/wiki/Confederate_States_Army \"Confederate States Army\"), and PVT George H. Bugbee of A Company was wounded; the regiment's first casualty of the war. The regiment fought in the [First Battle of Bull Run](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run \"First Battle of Bull Run\") on 21 July, where they engaged in constant activity against the enemy, and repelled infantry and [cavalry](/wiki/Cavalry \"Cavalry\") attacks from 1,000 to 1,600\\. The 1st Connecticut remained in Washington until 27 July, and were mustered out in [New Haven, Connecticut](/wiki/New_Haven%2C_Connecticut \"New Haven, Connecticut\"), on 31 July 1861 when their period of enlistment expired. Parts of the regiment remained in service with the [4th Connecticut Infantry Regiment](/wiki/4th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment \"4th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\") and the [7th Connecticut Infantry Regiment](/wiki/7th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment \"7th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\").",
"The 1st Connecticut Infantry was recalled to federal service on 26 April 1898 for duty in the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War \"Spanish–American War\"). They were destined to invade the island of [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\"), but they never saw active service and were mustered out on 31 October 1898\\.",
"### Mexican Border",
"The 1st Connecticut was called up on 18 June 1916 by President [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson \"Woodrow Wilson\"), and the 1,100 officers and men of the regiment assembled at Camp Holcomb in [Niantic](/wiki/Niantic%2C_Connecticut \"Niantic, Connecticut\") and departed for the [Mexico–United States border](/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border \"Mexico–United States border\"), arriving in [El Paso, Texas](/wiki/El_Paso%2C_Texas \"El Paso, Texas\"), on 2 July. On 7 July, the Connecticuters began patrolling near [Nogales, Arizona](/wiki/Nogales%2C_Arizona \"Nogales, Arizona\"). For 13 weeks, the regiment patrolled the border and encountered slight enemy resistance during their time there but suffered no casualties. They continued their training at [Fort Huachuca](/wiki/Fort_Huachuca \"Fort Huachuca\") on 24 August before returning to Nogales in September and continuing patrols in conjunction with the 2nd Connecticut, soon to be the [102nd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/102nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"102nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\").",
"Historical and Pictorial Review 43rd Infantry Division Camp Shelby, Mississippi 1942, History of the 169th Infantry, pages 43\\-45 \\& Infantry Regiments of the U. S. Army by James A. Sawicki, pages 336\\-337, Wyvern Publications 1981",
"### World War I",
"When the United States began its involvement in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), the 1st Connecticut mustered into Federal Service 25\\-31 March 1917 (per General Orders No. 61, Adjutant General's Office, Connecticut) at home stations: drafted into Federal service 5 August 1917 (35 officers and 1,582 enlisted men transferred with soldiers of the 2nd Connecticut Regiment to the 102nd Infantry 24 August 1917\\). Both regiments would share the operational history of the 102nd Infantry with the 26th Division. Extensive combat would be experienced in France, the regiment's soldiers participating in the following campaigns; Champagne\\-Marne, Aisne\\-Marne, St. Mihael, Meuse\\-Argonne, Ile de France 1918, Lorraine 1918\\.",
"The regimental history of 1942 (pages 43–45\\) narrates the regiment's World War I experience.",
"\"On 25 March 1917, per General Orders No. 61, Adjutant General's Office, Connecticut, upon the call of the President for troops of the National Guard, the First Regiment, Connecticut Infantry, was ordered to mobilize for Federal service at 7 a.m., 26 March 1917\\. The regiment remained at its home station (Hartford) per\\- forming guard duty and recruiting to war strength. On July 23, it went into camp at Pratt Field, New Haven, adjacent to Yale Field, where the Second Infantry was encamped. On August 5, it was drafted into Federal service. The formation of the 102nd Infantry was accomplished on August 25, 1917, in accordance with instructions issued from Boston through a consolidation of the old First and Second Regiments. To this new regiment the First contributed 35 officers and 1,582 enlisted men. The war\\-time history of the 102nd Infantry thereby becomes the heritage of both these old historic regiments. Such officers and enlisted men of the First as were not absorbed in this consolidation later became the 58th Pioneer Infantry, which, however, remained in service in the United States until mustered out in January 1919\\.\"{{quote without source\\|date\\=June 2023}}",
"Between 7 and 25 September 1917, all units of the 102nd sailed for Liverpool, England, en route for Le Havre, France, where they arrived on various dates from 24 September to 12 November. A detachment from the Medical Detachment and one from the Supply Company sailed direct to France, arriving at St. Nazaire on 5 October and 7 December respectively.",
"The assembled regiment went into training near the town of Neufchateau, in the foothills of the Vosges Mountains, where it trained with the 167th Regiment (French).",
"The regiment saw its first front\\-line service on the Chemin des Dames beginning 8 February 1918, when the Second Battalion was brigaded with the 137th Regiment (French): continuing through March 7, when it began to operate a sector independently, and being terminated on 20 March, when it was relieved in all positions by the French. Even in this so\\-called \"quiet\" area it suffered 494 casualties, as its first front\\-line experience of the war.",
"On 29 March, orders were received to relieve the First Division in the Toul Sector: on the 3lst the First Battalion relieved a battalion of the 26th Infantry; and during the next night the Second Battalion similarly relieved a battalion of the 28th, while the Third Battalion went into reserve at Mandres and Ansauville. The outstanding event of this tour of duty was the fight at Seicheprey on 20 April. By 1:30 a.m. on that date the relief of M Company by D and I Company by C had been completed. At 3 a.m. the enemy put down a heavy barrage on our positions; at 5 a.m. he attacked with from 1,200 to 1,500 \"Sturmtruppen,\" preceding the 259 Regiment German) and two or three companies of territorials (elsewhere given as two infantry battalions) with machine guns, sappers and pioneers. After a determined resistance our troops were overpowered, except in Seicheprey itself. During the night of the 20th\\-21st, the enemy withdrew. The German casualties were heavy, variously given at from 600 to 1,800 while ours for the entire month of April amounted to 71 killed, 134 wounded and 12 gassed, or a total of 327 exclusive of a considerable number of prisoners captured by the Germans. Except for a short period (May 2 – May 13\\) the regiment continued in this sector until finally relieved by the 154th Division (French) and the 82nd Division (American) between 24 and 28 June.",
"Early July found the regiment in the vicinity of Chateau Thierry and Belleau Woods, where on the 7th and 8th it relieved units of the 23rd Infantry, Second Division (American). From these positions it attacked on 20 July, as a part of the great offensive then under way to wipe out the Chateau Thiery salient. The leading battalion, the Third, attacked at 3 p.m. and by 7 p.m. had reached and consolidated on its objective, the far edge of the Bois de Bouresches. The advance beyond that line was rapid until late afternoon of the 2Ist, when the regiment approached Trugny and Epieds. Here the Germans, determined to gain sufficient time for the withdrawal of their troops from the salient, interposed strong resistance. Next morning the attack was renewed by the First Battalion. Its forces were quickly decimated; in about half an hour after the attack started it was reduced from 500 to 50 in numbers. However. it succeeded in gaining a precarious foothold in Trugny; before the morning was over these survivors, still further reduced in numbers, were either killed or captured. Again the attack was made at 4 p.m., and although it was much better supported on the right and left, the result was the same. Next day the I0lst attacked while the 102nd maintained its positions and reorganized its much\\-reduced companies: the attack of the 101st was without success. During the night of the 23rd the enemy withdrew and the 102nd resumed its advance, marching at the head of the main body. Late on the afternoon of the 25th the regiment then in the La Fere Forest was passed through by elements of the 42nd Division (American), which brought to an end the 102nd's participation in this fight, but no before the regiment had suffered 1,198 casualties, of which 137 were killed, 541 wounded, and 520 gassed.",
"The regiment was soon to participate in battle as a part of the First Army (American) to reduce the St. Mihiel salient. The 3lst of August found the 102nd at Longueville; a series of night marches brought the regiment to le Soff Bois, in rear of the 101st which had relieved the French. The attack orders issued on the 11th placed the 102nd in division reserve; before the day's fighting was done, however, on the 12th, the First Battalion had been ordered to go \"through\" a battalion of the 10lst which had been held up: its advance enabled al elements of the division to reach the first day's objective by 10 p.m. Then came orders to make a forced march down La Grande Tranchee de Colonne, a night march of more than nine kilometers into territory occupied by the Germans, to Vigneulles, there to meet the advance of the First Division (American) from the other side of the salient. Vigneules was reached at 2:30 a.m. on the I3th; about 9 a.m., contact was made with elements of the hirst: the salient was reduced. A large number of prisoners (almost 1,000\\) was captured; but our own casualties were slight.",
"The regiment remained in this area, which came to be known as the Troyon Sector, for some time. organizing the sector and participating in two important raids, those of St. Hilaire on the 22nd and 23rd of September and Riaville\\-Marcheville on the 26th. On the nights of the 6th and 7th of October the relief of the division by elements of the Second Division C. A. P. (French), the 29th Division (French), and the 79th Division (American) was accomplished. Next night movement by marching vie Verdun to another sector was begun.\nOn the night of October 16\\-17, the regiment relieved the 66th R. I. F. (French) and the 113th Infantry, 29th Division (American) north of Verdun and east of the Meuse. Here its job in conjunction with the remainder of the division was to so harass and occupy the enemy that he could not withdraw his troops from that front or reinforce his line further to the north; the mission was that of \"active\\-defensive.\" Beginning on 24 October a series of attacks against the very strong position centering on Cote 360 was made, but with very limited success due to the inability of troops on the left to take their objective. On the 28th the First and Second Battalions were relieved by the 104th and on the 3lst the Second was relieved by the 314th Infantry, 79th Division (American). During these few days of fighting the regiment experienced its heaviest casualties of the war: 1,278 in all – 187 killed, 590 wounded, 501 gassed. Only a few days later on the nights of the 1st and 2nd of November, the regiment relieved elements of the 26th (French) in the so\\-called \"Neptune Sector,\" in the same general area in which it had been fighting. Attacks with some local success were made on the 8th, 9th, and 10th, and it was on this front, still prepared for further attack, that the Armistice found the regiment.",
"This ended the regiment's active participation in the World War\\-\\-some 9,000 officers and men had passed through its ranks, of whom 4,150 had become casualties\\- 476 killed, 1,765 wounded, and 1,909 gassed\\-\\-not including sick, prisoners of war, missing in action, or died of disease or wounds. The division of which this regiment was a part acquired the record for the longest stay in the front line of any which served in France. The troops demobilized in April 1919\\.\"",
"To emphasize and note, the remaining regiment's personnel not consolidated with the 2nd Regiment into the 102nd Infantry, 28 officers and 169 enlisted men, reorganized and redesignated as the 58th Pioneer Infantry Regiment 11 February 1918 deploying to Camp Wadswoth, South Carolina. The 58th Pioneer Infantry Regiment would be assigned over 3,400 men and engage in extensive pre\\-deployment training. The war ended just as the regiment was about to deploy to France.",
"### Interwar period",
"The 169th Infantry Regiment was newly constituted in the National Guard in 1921, assigned to the [43rd Division](/wiki/43rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"43rd Infantry Division (United States)\"), and allotted to the state of Connecticut. It was organized on 23 May 1921 by consolidation and redesignation of the 1st and 2nd Infantry Regiments, Connecticut National Guard, as the Connecticut Regiment of Infantry. The headquarters was concurrently organized and federally recognized at Hartford. It was redesignated as the 169th Infantry on 7 October 1921\\.",
"From 23 December 1920 to 23 June 1923, the 169th Infantry expanded until it embodied 15 company sized units, a medical detachment, a band, and three headquarters detachments. Companies A and D were recruited from Meriden Company B was recruited from Middletown, and Company C was recruited from Bristol. Companies E, F, G, and H were all recruited from Hartford. Companies I and M were formed from New Britain men. Company K was a Manchester unit and Company L was recruited from Willimantic.",
"The lineage of the 2nd Infantry Regiment, Connecticut National Guard, was withdrawn from the 169th Infantry on 20 October 1922 and the regiment was concurrently redesignated the 170th Infantry. Per the terms of the [National Defense Act of 1920](/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1920 \"National Defense Act of 1920\"), the former 2nd Connecticut was allowed to keep its World War I designation, being redesignated as the 102nd Infantry on 28 February 1924\\. The assignment of regimental lineages per the act that would satisfy the desires of states, soldiers, and politicians to get back their \"old\" units sometimes proved difficult, as during the war, many regiments had been made up of units from multiple states, and after the war, allotments were changed and new regiments were constituted.",
"The entire 169th Infantry was called up to perform the following state duties: riot control during [a textile workers strike](/wiki/United_States_textile_workers%27_strike_of_1934 \"United States textile workers' strike of 1934\") at [Putnam](/wiki/Putnam%2C_Connecticut \"Putnam, Connecticut\") and [Danielson, Connecticut](/wiki/Danielson%2C_Connecticut \"Danielson, Connecticut\"), in September 1934; flood relief at Hartford, 19 March–1 April 1936; hurricane relief in the vicinity of [Rockville, Connecticut](/wiki/Rockville%2C_Connecticut \"Rockville, Connecticut\"), 22–27 September 1938\\. The regiment conducted annual summer training most years at the state military reservation at [Niantic, Connecticut](/wiki/Niantic%2C_Connecticut \"Niantic, Connecticut\"), and some years at [Camp Devens](/wiki/Fort_Devens \"Fort Devens\"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"). Inducted into active Federal service at Hartford on 24 February 1941, and moved to Camp Blanding, FL, where it arrived 15 March 1941\\.{{cite book\\|last\\=Clay\\|first\\=Steven E.\\|date\\=2010\\|title\\=U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919\\-1941, Volume 1\\. The Arms: Major Commands and Infantry Organizations, 1919\\-41\\|location\\=Fort Leavenworth, KS\\|publisher\\=Combat Studies Institute Press\\|pages\\=440\\-441}}{{source\\-attribution}}",
"The 169th Infantry Regiment was ordered to mobilize on 24 February 1941\\. The regiment moved to [Camp Blanding](/wiki/Camp_Blanding \"Camp Blanding\"), [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"), and upon induction, consisted of 132 officers and 1,825 enlisted men. Under the command of Colonel [Kenneth F. Cramer](/wiki/Kenneth_F._Cramer \"Kenneth F. Cramer\"), the 169th trained hard for 13 weeks, and from 17 to 28 June, the regiment received 950 draftees to fill their ranks. The 169th trained in Florida, [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"), and [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\") until 4 December. At this time, the count was 90 officers, 1 warrant officer, and 2,219 enlisted men.",
"### World War II",
"The [Attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\") on 7 December 1941 marked the entry of the United States in the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"). On 11 December 1941, 22 officers and 700 enlisted men of the 169th were transferred to the 102nd Regiment, who were detached from the 43rd Infantry Division. At [Camp Shelby](/wiki/Camp_Shelby \"Camp Shelby\"), [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi \"Mississippi\"), the 169th received 900 new recruits on 21 February 1942 and began training them right away. Another 900 raw recruits were received on 22 May 1942\\. On 30 September 1942, the 169th Infantry Regiment left [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), and sailed to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") with a total strength of 139 officers, 5 warrant officers, and 3,138 enlisted men.",
"The regiment arrived in New Zealand on 22 October, and engaged in intensive training on the island until 22 November 1942\\. On 28 November, the 169th arrived in [Nouméa](/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a \"Nouméa\"), [New Caledonia](/wiki/New_Caledonia \"New Caledonia\") and garrisoned the island while conducting intensive jungle warfare training, loading and unloading ships, and guarding [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_Empire \"Japanese Empire\") prisoners of war. The 169th embarked for [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal \"Guadalcanal\") on 15 February 1943, and two days into the voyage, the convoy was attacked by Japanese [torpedo planes](/wiki/Torpedo_planes \"Torpedo planes\"). Aboard the {{USS\\|President Hayes}}, CPL John E. A. Gagnon, of H Company, 169th Infantry, managed to shoot down an enemy plane with a .50 caliber [machine\\-gun](/wiki/Machine-gun \"Machine-gun\"). On 18 February, the convoy docked at Guadalcanal and bivouacked on the island. On 23–24 February, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 169th made an amphibious assault on the island of [Pavuvu](/wiki/Pavuvu \"Pavuvu\") in the [Russell Islands](/wiki/Russell_Islands \"Russell Islands\") against no resistance. The regiment's first casualties came during their occupation of Pavuvu when Japanese planes strafed their positions. 3rd Battalion arrived on Pavuvu on 27 March. For the next few months, the 169th conducted jungle warfare training on the island and honed their battle skills before their next assignment.",
"#### New Georgia",
"[thumb\\|Landing operations on Rendova Island 30 June 1943](/wiki/File:Landing_operations_on_Rendova_Island_HD-SN-99-02835.JPG \"Landing operations on Rendova Island HD-SN-99-02835.JPG\")",
"Operation \"Toenails,\" or the [Invasion of New Georgia](/wiki/New_Georgia_Campaign \"New Georgia Campaign\"), would be the next mission the 169th would undertake. As a part of the 43rd Infantry Division operation, the Regiment seized [Rendova](/wiki/Rendova \"Rendova\") Island against minimal opposition on 30 June. Elements of the 169th soon landed on the southern coast of [New Georgia](/wiki/New_Georgia \"New Georgia\") on 2 July and began to march alongside the [172nd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/172nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"172nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\") toward [Munda Point](/wiki/Munda%2C_Solomon_Islands \"Munda, Solomon Islands\") to capture the [Munda Airfield](/wiki/Munda_Airfield \"Munda Airfield\") there. The men of the regiment \"were soon introduced to the harsh realities of jungle warfare.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.army.mil/article/51848/The\\_Harsh\\_Realities\\_of\\_Warfare\\|title\\=The Harsh Realities of Warfare \\| Article \\| The United States Army\\|website\\=army.mil\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-27}}\" The main attack was scheduled to begin on 9 July 1943, but the 169th (unaccustomed to combat) was exhausted after spending a sleepless night shooting at real and imagined enemy patrols. The drive resumed on 11 July, but was completely stalled by combat casualties, fatigue, jungle diseases, and continuous rain. Static warfare in the dense jungle made the drive on Munda Point bitter and frustrating for the men of the 169th. By 17 July, the main line of Japanese resistance had not been reached, but the regiment had already suffered 90 men killed and 600 men wounded along with many psychoneurotic casualties.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://medium.com/the\\-bridge/all\\-hell\\-broke\\-loose\\-f99fb13d0cb\\#.pckl36tff\\|title\\=\"All Hell Broke Loose\". The U.S. Army and Operation Toenails \\| by Angry Staff Officer \\|website\\=Medium\\|date\\=2 July 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-27}} By on 18 July, the Japanese attempted to drive the 1st Battalion (1\\-169\\) off of \"Kelley Hill,\" but the Connecticuters killed 102 of their enemy and drove them back. After heavy fighting along the line, the airfield was finally captured after heavy loss on 5 August 1943\\. From 6–10 August, the beleaguered regiment guarded Munda Airfield and were subjected to minor enemy air attacks. 3rd Battalion (3\\-169\\) was ordered to seize the island of [Baanga](/wiki/Baanga_Island \"Baanga Island\") northwest west of Munda Point and met heavy resistance and elements were soon pinned down on the beaches and in the dense jungle. 2\\-169 landed on Baanga to reinforce the attack, but the Japanese resistance on the islands was much stronger than anticipated and the advance made slow, if any, progress. On 20 August they were relieved by elements of the 172nd Infantry Regiment. This \"non\\-battle\" on Baanga had cost the Americans 44 dead and 74 wounded; L Company was reduced to just 16 men. From 25 August to 9 September, the regiment patrolled and guarded Munda Airfield until they were ordered to assist the 172nd Infantry in clearing [Arundel Island](/wiki/Arundel_Island \"Arundel Island\") which they managed to secure on 21 August. Here they suffered 4 killed and 29 wounded. The regiment moved back to Munda, and defended the airstrip until 19 January 1944, when 3\\-169 was ordered to [Vella Lavella](/wiki/Vella_Lavella \"Vella Lavella\") to defend the airstrip there. The regiment then arrived in New Zealand for [R\\&R](/wiki/R%26R_%28military%29 \"R&R (military)\") on 1 March. The men had free time, furloughs, awards ceremonies, training exercises, and parades while in New Zealand.",
"#### New Guinea",
"The 169th Infantry Regiment arrived at [Aitape](/wiki/Aitape \"Aitape\"), New Guinea, on 17 July 1944, to reinforce General [Walter Krueger](/wiki/Walter_Krueger \"Walter Krueger\")'s [Sixth Army](/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Army \"Sixth United States Army\"). The regiment was ordered to construct defensive lines in the area to support the [32nd Infantry Division](/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"32nd Infantry Division (United States)\") already fighting in the area. Japanese patrols constantly harassed the men, and they launched a counterattack on 22 July. The 169th threw this charge back and inflicted 274 deaths on the enemy. Patrolling and encountering the enemy was commonplace in the Aitape region, and the men experienced hard fighting along the [Drinuimor River](/wiki/Battle_of_Driniumor_River \"Battle of Driniumor River\") and nearby ridges on 31 July. Hard fighting in the hills, jungles, and villages near Aitape continued until long after the area was officially declared secure on 25 August 1944\\. The regiment conducted continuous training after being relieved by the [Australian 6th Division](/wiki/Australian_6th_Division \"Australian 6th Division\") until 10 December 1944, when the regiment loaded up and headed for [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\").",
"#### Luzon",
"During the [Battle of Luzon](/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon \"Battle of Luzon\"), the 169th was in charge of the left flank of the 43rd Infantry Division's advance. 2\\-169 landed near [San Fabian](/wiki/San_Fabian%2C_Pangasinan \"San Fabian, Pangasinan\") on 9 January 1945 in [Lingayen Gulf](/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf \"Lingayen Gulf\") and advanced quickly inland. 1\\-169 and 3\\-169 followed shortly after and pressed the attack. The hills and rugged countryside of [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\") proved to be very difficult ground, and tenacious Japanese defenders made the drive painful. On 12 January, SSG [Robert E. Laws](/wiki/Robert_E._Laws \"Robert E. Laws\") (G Company, 2–169\\) earned the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor \"Medal of Honor\") for his actions while attacking an enemy controlled ridge. Neutralizing enemy [pillboxes](/wiki/Pillbox_%28military%29 \"Pillbox (military)\") with grenades, he managed to knock it out despite being wounded. Leading a charge, he was wounded again and killed three Japanese soldiers in close combat. He was given first aid and evacuated from the area while his squad completed the destruction of the enemy position. SSG Laws' heroic actions provided great inspiration to his comrades, and his courageous determination, in the face of formidable odds and while suffering from multiple wounds, enabled them to secure an important objective with minimum casualties.",
"The 169th attacked numerous enemy positions, including the deadly Hill 355, and suffered many casualties, but eventually managed to take ground from the stalwart defenders. During the period of 15–21 January 1945, all three infantry battalions of the 169th Regiment earned the [Distinguished Unit Citation](/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation \"Distinguished Unit Citation\") award for their gallantry in action amid the rugged hills of Luzon. On 1–2 February, the regiment repulsed tenacious enemy [Banzai charges](/wiki/Banzai_charge \"Banzai charge\") and managed to capture the imposing Hill 1500 on 5 February, and were relieved on 14 February by elements of the [33rd Infantry Division](/wiki/33rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"33rd Infantry Division (United States)\") and enjoyed some R\\&R behind the lines. In the early stages of the Battle of Luzon, the 169th lost 17 officers and 248 enlisted men KIA, and 45 officers and 789 enlisted men WIA. They had managed to inflict (by actual count) 2,786 Japanese dead.",
"On 1 March, the 169th relieved elements of the [40th Infantry Division](/wiki/40th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"40th Infantry Division (United States)\") near [Clark Field](/wiki/Clark_Field \"Clark Field\") and [Fort Stotsenburg](/wiki/Fort_Stotsenburg \"Fort Stotsenburg\"). The regiment was ordered to attack Hill 1750, but were thwarted by strong Japanese resistance until 6 March. The men then captured a nearby hill, Bald Hill, and held it against several enemy counterattacks on 9–10 March. During this period, the 169th Infantry Regiment was under the command of the [38th Infantry Division](/wiki/38th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"38th Infantry Division (United States)\"), and were returned to 43rd Divisional control on 24 March. On 3 April, they were attached to the [112th Cavalry Regiment](/wiki/112th_Cavalry_Regiment \"112th Cavalry Regiment\") to conduct reconnaissance against the formidable Shimbu Line. These recon patrols were costly, but they managed to contain the enemy in the area. On 1 May, they were returned to the 43rd Infantry Division. They then attacked the enemy in the vicinity of the [Ipo Dam](/wiki/Ipo_Dam \"Ipo Dam\"), which controlled roughly 30% of [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\")'s water supply. The dam was secured on 19 May, but resistance continued in the area until 2 June 1945\\. In this particular fight, the 169th suffered 60 KIA, 285 WIA, and 2 MIA, while the 43rd Infantry Division as a whole killed over 750 enemy combatants. On 5 June, the 169th relieved the [151st Infantry Regiment](/wiki/151st_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"151st Infantry Regiment (United States)\") near Mount Oro. Nearby hills and ridges were secured against heavy enemy resistance, and the 169th continued to slog on through the island against determined defenders until 28 June 1945, when the 43rd Division was relieved by the 38th Division.",
"#### Occupation of Japan",
"The 169th soon found themselves as part of the US [Occupation of Japan](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan \"Occupation of Japan\"), garrisoning [Kumagaya Airdrome](/wiki/Kumagaya%2C_Saitama \"Kumagaya, Saitama\") from 14 September to 12 October. They set sail for San Francisco separately, and the last men to return home passed under the [Golden Gate Bridge](/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge \"Golden Gate Bridge\") on 29 October 1945 to a cheering crowd. During the war, all three battalions of the 169th earned the Distinguished Unit Citation, and the [Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation](/wiki/Philippine_Republic_Presidential_Unit_Citation \"Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation\"). On 1 November 1945, the regiment was inactivated.",
"#### World War II Decorations",
"Presidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered LUZON (1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions, 169th Infantry cited; 1st Battalion: WD GO8, 1946\\. 2d Battalion, WD GO 38, 1946\\. 3d Battalion, WD GO 13, 1946\\)",
"Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945 (169th Infantry cited; DA GO 47, 1950\\)\n/\\>",
"### Post\\-World War II",
"The regiment was reactivated on 23 October 1946 to serve as a formation in the Connecticut National Guard in Hartford, CT. During the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\"), the 169th Infantry Regiment was recalled to active federal service, accepting large drafts of officers and men from the Army of the United States training centers and schools building to authorized table of organization strength with and engaging in rigorous individual and collective training to achieve battle readiness for deployment overseas in the event the war escalated.",
"The regiment trained at Camp Pickett and Camp A. P. Hill, Virginia from October 1950 to October 1951 by which time it had achieved full establishment before deployment by troopship from Newport News, Virginia to Bremerhaven, Germany. This deployment of the parent 43rd Infantry Division and the 28th Infantry Division (Pennsylvania National Guard) to Germany was considered necessary by the Truman Administration to discourage any adventurism into Europe by the Soviet Government led by Josef Stalin. The regiment was garrisoned first around Munich then around Nürnburg. It engaged in extensive training and combat maneuvers as part of U.S. VII Corps and 7th Army as NATO built its combat and deterrence capabilities. The 169th Infantry Regiment made a major contribution to the defense of Freedom's Frontier against further Soviet encroachment into Europe.",
"To note, the 2nd Battalion was awarded the Golden Rifles Standard as best battalion in the 43rd Infantry Division by VII Corps Commander, Major General Withers Burress at a regimental parade at Montieth Barracks, Fürth, West Germany in 1952\\.",
"The regiment returned to Connecticut in 1954 (the regiment in place in Germany redesignated as the 39th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division). It would continue as a three battalion regiment until reorganization in the late 1950s into the 1st and 2nd Battle Groups, 169th Infantry as part of the Army's larger Pentomic reorganization. When the Army reorganized again in the early 1960s, the 1st Battle Group reorganized as the 1st Battalion, 169th Infantry and the 2nd Battle Group deactivated. The 1st Battalion would continue to serve as one of the maneuver battalions of the 43rd Infantry Brigade of the 26th Infantry Division until 1992 when, as the regiment's last organized combat battalion, it inactivated and many of the battalion's personnel were incorporated into the 242nd Combat Engineer Battalion. The regiment continues to serve as the Connecticut Army National Guard's 169th Regiment (Regional Training Institute).",
""
] |
### World War I
When the United States began its involvement in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), the 1st Connecticut mustered into Federal Service 25\-31 March 1917 (per General Orders No. 61, Adjutant General's Office, Connecticut) at home stations: drafted into Federal service 5 August 1917 (35 officers and 1,582 enlisted men transferred with soldiers of the 2nd Connecticut Regiment to the 102nd Infantry 24 August 1917\). Both regiments would share the operational history of the 102nd Infantry with the 26th Division. Extensive combat would be experienced in France, the regiment's soldiers participating in the following campaigns; Champagne\-Marne, Aisne\-Marne, St. Mihael, Meuse\-Argonne, Ile de France 1918, Lorraine 1918\.
The regimental history of 1942 (pages 43–45\) narrates the regiment's World War I experience.
"On 25 March 1917, per General Orders No. 61, Adjutant General's Office, Connecticut, upon the call of the President for troops of the National Guard, the First Regiment, Connecticut Infantry, was ordered to mobilize for Federal service at 7 a.m., 26 March 1917\. The regiment remained at its home station (Hartford) per\- forming guard duty and recruiting to war strength. On July 23, it went into camp at Pratt Field, New Haven, adjacent to Yale Field, where the Second Infantry was encamped. On August 5, it was drafted into Federal service. The formation of the 102nd Infantry was accomplished on August 25, 1917, in accordance with instructions issued from Boston through a consolidation of the old First and Second Regiments. To this new regiment the First contributed 35 officers and 1,582 enlisted men. The war\-time history of the 102nd Infantry thereby becomes the heritage of both these old historic regiments. Such officers and enlisted men of the First as were not absorbed in this consolidation later became the 58th Pioneer Infantry, which, however, remained in service in the United States until mustered out in January 1919\."{{quote without source\|date\=June 2023}}
Between 7 and 25 September 1917, all units of the 102nd sailed for Liverpool, England, en route for Le Havre, France, where they arrived on various dates from 24 September to 12 November. A detachment from the Medical Detachment and one from the Supply Company sailed direct to France, arriving at St. Nazaire on 5 October and 7 December respectively.
The assembled regiment went into training near the town of Neufchateau, in the foothills of the Vosges Mountains, where it trained with the 167th Regiment (French).
The regiment saw its first front\-line service on the Chemin des Dames beginning 8 February 1918, when the Second Battalion was brigaded with the 137th Regiment (French): continuing through March 7, when it began to operate a sector independently, and being terminated on 20 March, when it was relieved in all positions by the French. Even in this so\-called "quiet" area it suffered 494 casualties, as its first front\-line experience of the war.
On 29 March, orders were received to relieve the First Division in the Toul Sector: on the 3lst the First Battalion relieved a battalion of the 26th Infantry; and during the next night the Second Battalion similarly relieved a battalion of the 28th, while the Third Battalion went into reserve at Mandres and Ansauville. The outstanding event of this tour of duty was the fight at Seicheprey on 20 April. By 1:30 a.m. on that date the relief of M Company by D and I Company by C had been completed. At 3 a.m. the enemy put down a heavy barrage on our positions; at 5 a.m. he attacked with from 1,200 to 1,500 "Sturmtruppen," preceding the 259 Regiment German) and two or three companies of territorials (elsewhere given as two infantry battalions) with machine guns, sappers and pioneers. After a determined resistance our troops were overpowered, except in Seicheprey itself. During the night of the 20th\-21st, the enemy withdrew. The German casualties were heavy, variously given at from 600 to 1,800 while ours for the entire month of April amounted to 71 killed, 134 wounded and 12 gassed, or a total of 327 exclusive of a considerable number of prisoners captured by the Germans. Except for a short period (May 2 – May 13\) the regiment continued in this sector until finally relieved by the 154th Division (French) and the 82nd Division (American) between 24 and 28 June.
Early July found the regiment in the vicinity of Chateau Thierry and Belleau Woods, where on the 7th and 8th it relieved units of the 23rd Infantry, Second Division (American). From these positions it attacked on 20 July, as a part of the great offensive then under way to wipe out the Chateau Thiery salient. The leading battalion, the Third, attacked at 3 p.m. and by 7 p.m. had reached and consolidated on its objective, the far edge of the Bois de Bouresches. The advance beyond that line was rapid until late afternoon of the 2Ist, when the regiment approached Trugny and Epieds. Here the Germans, determined to gain sufficient time for the withdrawal of their troops from the salient, interposed strong resistance. Next morning the attack was renewed by the First Battalion. Its forces were quickly decimated; in about half an hour after the attack started it was reduced from 500 to 50 in numbers. However. it succeeded in gaining a precarious foothold in Trugny; before the morning was over these survivors, still further reduced in numbers, were either killed or captured. Again the attack was made at 4 p.m., and although it was much better supported on the right and left, the result was the same. Next day the I0lst attacked while the 102nd maintained its positions and reorganized its much\-reduced companies: the attack of the 101st was without success. During the night of the 23rd the enemy withdrew and the 102nd resumed its advance, marching at the head of the main body. Late on the afternoon of the 25th the regiment then in the La Fere Forest was passed through by elements of the 42nd Division (American), which brought to an end the 102nd's participation in this fight, but no before the regiment had suffered 1,198 casualties, of which 137 were killed, 541 wounded, and 520 gassed.
The regiment was soon to participate in battle as a part of the First Army (American) to reduce the St. Mihiel salient. The 3lst of August found the 102nd at Longueville; a series of night marches brought the regiment to le Soff Bois, in rear of the 101st which had relieved the French. The attack orders issued on the 11th placed the 102nd in division reserve; before the day's fighting was done, however, on the 12th, the First Battalion had been ordered to go "through" a battalion of the 10lst which had been held up: its advance enabled al elements of the division to reach the first day's objective by 10 p.m. Then came orders to make a forced march down La Grande Tranchee de Colonne, a night march of more than nine kilometers into territory occupied by the Germans, to Vigneulles, there to meet the advance of the First Division (American) from the other side of the salient. Vigneules was reached at 2:30 a.m. on the I3th; about 9 a.m., contact was made with elements of the hirst: the salient was reduced. A large number of prisoners (almost 1,000\) was captured; but our own casualties were slight.
The regiment remained in this area, which came to be known as the Troyon Sector, for some time. organizing the sector and participating in two important raids, those of St. Hilaire on the 22nd and 23rd of September and Riaville\-Marcheville on the 26th. On the nights of the 6th and 7th of October the relief of the division by elements of the Second Division C. A. P. (French), the 29th Division (French), and the 79th Division (American) was accomplished. Next night movement by marching vie Verdun to another sector was begun.
On the night of October 16\-17, the regiment relieved the 66th R. I. F. (French) and the 113th Infantry, 29th Division (American) north of Verdun and east of the Meuse. Here its job in conjunction with the remainder of the division was to so harass and occupy the enemy that he could not withdraw his troops from that front or reinforce his line further to the north; the mission was that of "active\-defensive." Beginning on 24 October a series of attacks against the very strong position centering on Cote 360 was made, but with very limited success due to the inability of troops on the left to take their objective. On the 28th the First and Second Battalions were relieved by the 104th and on the 3lst the Second was relieved by the 314th Infantry, 79th Division (American). During these few days of fighting the regiment experienced its heaviest casualties of the war: 1,278 in all – 187 killed, 590 wounded, 501 gassed. Only a few days later on the nights of the 1st and 2nd of November, the regiment relieved elements of the 26th (French) in the so\-called "Neptune Sector," in the same general area in which it had been fighting. Attacks with some local success were made on the 8th, 9th, and 10th, and it was on this front, still prepared for further attack, that the Armistice found the regiment.
This ended the regiment's active participation in the World War\-\-some 9,000 officers and men had passed through its ranks, of whom 4,150 had become casualties\- 476 killed, 1,765 wounded, and 1,909 gassed\-\-not including sick, prisoners of war, missing in action, or died of disease or wounds. The division of which this regiment was a part acquired the record for the longest stay in the front line of any which served in France. The troops demobilized in April 1919\."
To emphasize and note, the remaining regiment's personnel not consolidated with the 2nd Regiment into the 102nd Infantry, 28 officers and 169 enlisted men, reorganized and redesignated as the 58th Pioneer Infantry Regiment 11 February 1918 deploying to Camp Wadswoth, South Carolina. The 58th Pioneer Infantry Regiment would be assigned over 3,400 men and engage in extensive pre\-deployment training. The war ended just as the regiment was about to deploy to France.
|
[
"### World War I",
"When the United States began its involvement in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), the 1st Connecticut mustered into Federal Service 25\\-31 March 1917 (per General Orders No. 61, Adjutant General's Office, Connecticut) at home stations: drafted into Federal service 5 August 1917 (35 officers and 1,582 enlisted men transferred with soldiers of the 2nd Connecticut Regiment to the 102nd Infantry 24 August 1917\\). Both regiments would share the operational history of the 102nd Infantry with the 26th Division. Extensive combat would be experienced in France, the regiment's soldiers participating in the following campaigns; Champagne\\-Marne, Aisne\\-Marne, St. Mihael, Meuse\\-Argonne, Ile de France 1918, Lorraine 1918\\.",
"The regimental history of 1942 (pages 43–45\\) narrates the regiment's World War I experience.",
"\"On 25 March 1917, per General Orders No. 61, Adjutant General's Office, Connecticut, upon the call of the President for troops of the National Guard, the First Regiment, Connecticut Infantry, was ordered to mobilize for Federal service at 7 a.m., 26 March 1917\\. The regiment remained at its home station (Hartford) per\\- forming guard duty and recruiting to war strength. On July 23, it went into camp at Pratt Field, New Haven, adjacent to Yale Field, where the Second Infantry was encamped. On August 5, it was drafted into Federal service. The formation of the 102nd Infantry was accomplished on August 25, 1917, in accordance with instructions issued from Boston through a consolidation of the old First and Second Regiments. To this new regiment the First contributed 35 officers and 1,582 enlisted men. The war\\-time history of the 102nd Infantry thereby becomes the heritage of both these old historic regiments. Such officers and enlisted men of the First as were not absorbed in this consolidation later became the 58th Pioneer Infantry, which, however, remained in service in the United States until mustered out in January 1919\\.\"{{quote without source\\|date\\=June 2023}}",
"Between 7 and 25 September 1917, all units of the 102nd sailed for Liverpool, England, en route for Le Havre, France, where they arrived on various dates from 24 September to 12 November. A detachment from the Medical Detachment and one from the Supply Company sailed direct to France, arriving at St. Nazaire on 5 October and 7 December respectively.",
"The assembled regiment went into training near the town of Neufchateau, in the foothills of the Vosges Mountains, where it trained with the 167th Regiment (French).",
"The regiment saw its first front\\-line service on the Chemin des Dames beginning 8 February 1918, when the Second Battalion was brigaded with the 137th Regiment (French): continuing through March 7, when it began to operate a sector independently, and being terminated on 20 March, when it was relieved in all positions by the French. Even in this so\\-called \"quiet\" area it suffered 494 casualties, as its first front\\-line experience of the war.",
"On 29 March, orders were received to relieve the First Division in the Toul Sector: on the 3lst the First Battalion relieved a battalion of the 26th Infantry; and during the next night the Second Battalion similarly relieved a battalion of the 28th, while the Third Battalion went into reserve at Mandres and Ansauville. The outstanding event of this tour of duty was the fight at Seicheprey on 20 April. By 1:30 a.m. on that date the relief of M Company by D and I Company by C had been completed. At 3 a.m. the enemy put down a heavy barrage on our positions; at 5 a.m. he attacked with from 1,200 to 1,500 \"Sturmtruppen,\" preceding the 259 Regiment German) and two or three companies of territorials (elsewhere given as two infantry battalions) with machine guns, sappers and pioneers. After a determined resistance our troops were overpowered, except in Seicheprey itself. During the night of the 20th\\-21st, the enemy withdrew. The German casualties were heavy, variously given at from 600 to 1,800 while ours for the entire month of April amounted to 71 killed, 134 wounded and 12 gassed, or a total of 327 exclusive of a considerable number of prisoners captured by the Germans. Except for a short period (May 2 – May 13\\) the regiment continued in this sector until finally relieved by the 154th Division (French) and the 82nd Division (American) between 24 and 28 June.",
"Early July found the regiment in the vicinity of Chateau Thierry and Belleau Woods, where on the 7th and 8th it relieved units of the 23rd Infantry, Second Division (American). From these positions it attacked on 20 July, as a part of the great offensive then under way to wipe out the Chateau Thiery salient. The leading battalion, the Third, attacked at 3 p.m. and by 7 p.m. had reached and consolidated on its objective, the far edge of the Bois de Bouresches. The advance beyond that line was rapid until late afternoon of the 2Ist, when the regiment approached Trugny and Epieds. Here the Germans, determined to gain sufficient time for the withdrawal of their troops from the salient, interposed strong resistance. Next morning the attack was renewed by the First Battalion. Its forces were quickly decimated; in about half an hour after the attack started it was reduced from 500 to 50 in numbers. However. it succeeded in gaining a precarious foothold in Trugny; before the morning was over these survivors, still further reduced in numbers, were either killed or captured. Again the attack was made at 4 p.m., and although it was much better supported on the right and left, the result was the same. Next day the I0lst attacked while the 102nd maintained its positions and reorganized its much\\-reduced companies: the attack of the 101st was without success. During the night of the 23rd the enemy withdrew and the 102nd resumed its advance, marching at the head of the main body. Late on the afternoon of the 25th the regiment then in the La Fere Forest was passed through by elements of the 42nd Division (American), which brought to an end the 102nd's participation in this fight, but no before the regiment had suffered 1,198 casualties, of which 137 were killed, 541 wounded, and 520 gassed.",
"The regiment was soon to participate in battle as a part of the First Army (American) to reduce the St. Mihiel salient. The 3lst of August found the 102nd at Longueville; a series of night marches brought the regiment to le Soff Bois, in rear of the 101st which had relieved the French. The attack orders issued on the 11th placed the 102nd in division reserve; before the day's fighting was done, however, on the 12th, the First Battalion had been ordered to go \"through\" a battalion of the 10lst which had been held up: its advance enabled al elements of the division to reach the first day's objective by 10 p.m. Then came orders to make a forced march down La Grande Tranchee de Colonne, a night march of more than nine kilometers into territory occupied by the Germans, to Vigneulles, there to meet the advance of the First Division (American) from the other side of the salient. Vigneules was reached at 2:30 a.m. on the I3th; about 9 a.m., contact was made with elements of the hirst: the salient was reduced. A large number of prisoners (almost 1,000\\) was captured; but our own casualties were slight.",
"The regiment remained in this area, which came to be known as the Troyon Sector, for some time. organizing the sector and participating in two important raids, those of St. Hilaire on the 22nd and 23rd of September and Riaville\\-Marcheville on the 26th. On the nights of the 6th and 7th of October the relief of the division by elements of the Second Division C. A. P. (French), the 29th Division (French), and the 79th Division (American) was accomplished. Next night movement by marching vie Verdun to another sector was begun.\nOn the night of October 16\\-17, the regiment relieved the 66th R. I. F. (French) and the 113th Infantry, 29th Division (American) north of Verdun and east of the Meuse. Here its job in conjunction with the remainder of the division was to so harass and occupy the enemy that he could not withdraw his troops from that front or reinforce his line further to the north; the mission was that of \"active\\-defensive.\" Beginning on 24 October a series of attacks against the very strong position centering on Cote 360 was made, but with very limited success due to the inability of troops on the left to take their objective. On the 28th the First and Second Battalions were relieved by the 104th and on the 3lst the Second was relieved by the 314th Infantry, 79th Division (American). During these few days of fighting the regiment experienced its heaviest casualties of the war: 1,278 in all – 187 killed, 590 wounded, 501 gassed. Only a few days later on the nights of the 1st and 2nd of November, the regiment relieved elements of the 26th (French) in the so\\-called \"Neptune Sector,\" in the same general area in which it had been fighting. Attacks with some local success were made on the 8th, 9th, and 10th, and it was on this front, still prepared for further attack, that the Armistice found the regiment.",
"This ended the regiment's active participation in the World War\\-\\-some 9,000 officers and men had passed through its ranks, of whom 4,150 had become casualties\\- 476 killed, 1,765 wounded, and 1,909 gassed\\-\\-not including sick, prisoners of war, missing in action, or died of disease or wounds. The division of which this regiment was a part acquired the record for the longest stay in the front line of any which served in France. The troops demobilized in April 1919\\.\"",
"To emphasize and note, the remaining regiment's personnel not consolidated with the 2nd Regiment into the 102nd Infantry, 28 officers and 169 enlisted men, reorganized and redesignated as the 58th Pioneer Infantry Regiment 11 February 1918 deploying to Camp Wadswoth, South Carolina. The 58th Pioneer Infantry Regiment would be assigned over 3,400 men and engage in extensive pre\\-deployment training. The war ended just as the regiment was about to deploy to France.",
""
] |
### World War II
The [Attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor") on 7 December 1941 marked the entry of the United States in the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"). On 11 December 1941, 22 officers and 700 enlisted men of the 169th were transferred to the 102nd Regiment, who were detached from the 43rd Infantry Division. At [Camp Shelby](/wiki/Camp_Shelby "Camp Shelby"), [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi"), the 169th received 900 new recruits on 21 February 1942 and began training them right away. Another 900 raw recruits were received on 22 May 1942\. On 30 September 1942, the 169th Infantry Regiment left [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), [California](/wiki/California "California"), and sailed to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") with a total strength of 139 officers, 5 warrant officers, and 3,138 enlisted men.
The regiment arrived in New Zealand on 22 October, and engaged in intensive training on the island until 22 November 1942\. On 28 November, the 169th arrived in [Nouméa](/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a "Nouméa"), [New Caledonia](/wiki/New_Caledonia "New Caledonia") and garrisoned the island while conducting intensive jungle warfare training, loading and unloading ships, and guarding [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_Empire "Japanese Empire") prisoners of war. The 169th embarked for [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal "Guadalcanal") on 15 February 1943, and two days into the voyage, the convoy was attacked by Japanese [torpedo planes](/wiki/Torpedo_planes "Torpedo planes"). Aboard the {{USS\|President Hayes}}, CPL John E. A. Gagnon, of H Company, 169th Infantry, managed to shoot down an enemy plane with a .50 caliber [machine\-gun](/wiki/Machine-gun "Machine-gun"). On 18 February, the convoy docked at Guadalcanal and bivouacked on the island. On 23–24 February, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 169th made an amphibious assault on the island of [Pavuvu](/wiki/Pavuvu "Pavuvu") in the [Russell Islands](/wiki/Russell_Islands "Russell Islands") against no resistance. The regiment's first casualties came during their occupation of Pavuvu when Japanese planes strafed their positions. 3rd Battalion arrived on Pavuvu on 27 March. For the next few months, the 169th conducted jungle warfare training on the island and honed their battle skills before their next assignment.
#### New Georgia
[thumb\|Landing operations on Rendova Island 30 June 1943](/wiki/File:Landing_operations_on_Rendova_Island_HD-SN-99-02835.JPG "Landing operations on Rendova Island HD-SN-99-02835.JPG")
Operation "Toenails," or the [Invasion of New Georgia](/wiki/New_Georgia_Campaign "New Georgia Campaign"), would be the next mission the 169th would undertake. As a part of the 43rd Infantry Division operation, the Regiment seized [Rendova](/wiki/Rendova "Rendova") Island against minimal opposition on 30 June. Elements of the 169th soon landed on the southern coast of [New Georgia](/wiki/New_Georgia "New Georgia") on 2 July and began to march alongside the [172nd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/172nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States)") toward [Munda Point](/wiki/Munda%2C_Solomon_Islands "Munda, Solomon Islands") to capture the [Munda Airfield](/wiki/Munda_Airfield "Munda Airfield") there. The men of the regiment "were soon introduced to the harsh realities of jungle warfare.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.army.mil/article/51848/The\_Harsh\_Realities\_of\_Warfare\|title\=The Harsh Realities of Warfare \| Article \| The United States Army\|website\=army.mil\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-27}}" The main attack was scheduled to begin on 9 July 1943, but the 169th (unaccustomed to combat) was exhausted after spending a sleepless night shooting at real and imagined enemy patrols. The drive resumed on 11 July, but was completely stalled by combat casualties, fatigue, jungle diseases, and continuous rain. Static warfare in the dense jungle made the drive on Munda Point bitter and frustrating for the men of the 169th. By 17 July, the main line of Japanese resistance had not been reached, but the regiment had already suffered 90 men killed and 600 men wounded along with many psychoneurotic casualties.{{cite web\|url\=https://medium.com/the\-bridge/all\-hell\-broke\-loose\-f99fb13d0cb\#.pckl36tff\|title\="All Hell Broke Loose". The U.S. Army and Operation Toenails \| by Angry Staff Officer \|website\=Medium\|date\=2 July 2015 \|access\-date\=2021\-11\-27}} By on 18 July, the Japanese attempted to drive the 1st Battalion (1\-169\) off of "Kelley Hill," but the Connecticuters killed 102 of their enemy and drove them back. After heavy fighting along the line, the airfield was finally captured after heavy loss on 5 August 1943\. From 6–10 August, the beleaguered regiment guarded Munda Airfield and were subjected to minor enemy air attacks. 3rd Battalion (3\-169\) was ordered to seize the island of [Baanga](/wiki/Baanga_Island "Baanga Island") northwest west of Munda Point and met heavy resistance and elements were soon pinned down on the beaches and in the dense jungle. 2\-169 landed on Baanga to reinforce the attack, but the Japanese resistance on the islands was much stronger than anticipated and the advance made slow, if any, progress. On 20 August they were relieved by elements of the 172nd Infantry Regiment. This "non\-battle" on Baanga had cost the Americans 44 dead and 74 wounded; L Company was reduced to just 16 men. From 25 August to 9 September, the regiment patrolled and guarded Munda Airfield until they were ordered to assist the 172nd Infantry in clearing [Arundel Island](/wiki/Arundel_Island "Arundel Island") which they managed to secure on 21 August. Here they suffered 4 killed and 29 wounded. The regiment moved back to Munda, and defended the airstrip until 19 January 1944, when 3\-169 was ordered to [Vella Lavella](/wiki/Vella_Lavella "Vella Lavella") to defend the airstrip there. The regiment then arrived in New Zealand for [R\&R](/wiki/R%26R_%28military%29 "R&R (military)") on 1 March. The men had free time, furloughs, awards ceremonies, training exercises, and parades while in New Zealand.
#### New Guinea
The 169th Infantry Regiment arrived at [Aitape](/wiki/Aitape "Aitape"), New Guinea, on 17 July 1944, to reinforce General [Walter Krueger](/wiki/Walter_Krueger "Walter Krueger")'s [Sixth Army](/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Army "Sixth United States Army"). The regiment was ordered to construct defensive lines in the area to support the [32nd Infantry Division](/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "32nd Infantry Division (United States)") already fighting in the area. Japanese patrols constantly harassed the men, and they launched a counterattack on 22 July. The 169th threw this charge back and inflicted 274 deaths on the enemy. Patrolling and encountering the enemy was commonplace in the Aitape region, and the men experienced hard fighting along the [Drinuimor River](/wiki/Battle_of_Driniumor_River "Battle of Driniumor River") and nearby ridges on 31 July. Hard fighting in the hills, jungles, and villages near Aitape continued until long after the area was officially declared secure on 25 August 1944\. The regiment conducted continuous training after being relieved by the [Australian 6th Division](/wiki/Australian_6th_Division "Australian 6th Division") until 10 December 1944, when the regiment loaded up and headed for [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon").
#### Luzon
During the [Battle of Luzon](/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon "Battle of Luzon"), the 169th was in charge of the left flank of the 43rd Infantry Division's advance. 2\-169 landed near [San Fabian](/wiki/San_Fabian%2C_Pangasinan "San Fabian, Pangasinan") on 9 January 1945 in [Lingayen Gulf](/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf "Lingayen Gulf") and advanced quickly inland. 1\-169 and 3\-169 followed shortly after and pressed the attack. The hills and rugged countryside of [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon") proved to be very difficult ground, and tenacious Japanese defenders made the drive painful. On 12 January, SSG [Robert E. Laws](/wiki/Robert_E._Laws "Robert E. Laws") (G Company, 2–169\) earned the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor "Medal of Honor") for his actions while attacking an enemy controlled ridge. Neutralizing enemy [pillboxes](/wiki/Pillbox_%28military%29 "Pillbox (military)") with grenades, he managed to knock it out despite being wounded. Leading a charge, he was wounded again and killed three Japanese soldiers in close combat. He was given first aid and evacuated from the area while his squad completed the destruction of the enemy position. SSG Laws' heroic actions provided great inspiration to his comrades, and his courageous determination, in the face of formidable odds and while suffering from multiple wounds, enabled them to secure an important objective with minimum casualties.
The 169th attacked numerous enemy positions, including the deadly Hill 355, and suffered many casualties, but eventually managed to take ground from the stalwart defenders. During the period of 15–21 January 1945, all three infantry battalions of the 169th Regiment earned the [Distinguished Unit Citation](/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation "Distinguished Unit Citation") award for their gallantry in action amid the rugged hills of Luzon. On 1–2 February, the regiment repulsed tenacious enemy [Banzai charges](/wiki/Banzai_charge "Banzai charge") and managed to capture the imposing Hill 1500 on 5 February, and were relieved on 14 February by elements of the [33rd Infantry Division](/wiki/33rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "33rd Infantry Division (United States)") and enjoyed some R\&R behind the lines. In the early stages of the Battle of Luzon, the 169th lost 17 officers and 248 enlisted men KIA, and 45 officers and 789 enlisted men WIA. They had managed to inflict (by actual count) 2,786 Japanese dead.
On 1 March, the 169th relieved elements of the [40th Infantry Division](/wiki/40th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "40th Infantry Division (United States)") near [Clark Field](/wiki/Clark_Field "Clark Field") and [Fort Stotsenburg](/wiki/Fort_Stotsenburg "Fort Stotsenburg"). The regiment was ordered to attack Hill 1750, but were thwarted by strong Japanese resistance until 6 March. The men then captured a nearby hill, Bald Hill, and held it against several enemy counterattacks on 9–10 March. During this period, the 169th Infantry Regiment was under the command of the [38th Infantry Division](/wiki/38th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "38th Infantry Division (United States)"), and were returned to 43rd Divisional control on 24 March. On 3 April, they were attached to the [112th Cavalry Regiment](/wiki/112th_Cavalry_Regiment "112th Cavalry Regiment") to conduct reconnaissance against the formidable Shimbu Line. These recon patrols were costly, but they managed to contain the enemy in the area. On 1 May, they were returned to the 43rd Infantry Division. They then attacked the enemy in the vicinity of the [Ipo Dam](/wiki/Ipo_Dam "Ipo Dam"), which controlled roughly 30% of [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila")'s water supply. The dam was secured on 19 May, but resistance continued in the area until 2 June 1945\. In this particular fight, the 169th suffered 60 KIA, 285 WIA, and 2 MIA, while the 43rd Infantry Division as a whole killed over 750 enemy combatants. On 5 June, the 169th relieved the [151st Infantry Regiment](/wiki/151st_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "151st Infantry Regiment (United States)") near Mount Oro. Nearby hills and ridges were secured against heavy enemy resistance, and the 169th continued to slog on through the island against determined defenders until 28 June 1945, when the 43rd Division was relieved by the 38th Division.
#### Occupation of Japan
The 169th soon found themselves as part of the US [Occupation of Japan](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan "Occupation of Japan"), garrisoning [Kumagaya Airdrome](/wiki/Kumagaya%2C_Saitama "Kumagaya, Saitama") from 14 September to 12 October. They set sail for San Francisco separately, and the last men to return home passed under the [Golden Gate Bridge](/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge "Golden Gate Bridge") on 29 October 1945 to a cheering crowd. During the war, all three battalions of the 169th earned the Distinguished Unit Citation, and the [Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation](/wiki/Philippine_Republic_Presidential_Unit_Citation "Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation"). On 1 November 1945, the regiment was inactivated.
#### World War II Decorations
Presidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered LUZON (1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions, 169th Infantry cited; 1st Battalion: WD GO8, 1946\. 2d Battalion, WD GO 38, 1946\. 3d Battalion, WD GO 13, 1946\)
Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945 (169th Infantry cited; DA GO 47, 1950\)
/\>
|
[
"### World War II",
"The [Attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\") on 7 December 1941 marked the entry of the United States in the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"). On 11 December 1941, 22 officers and 700 enlisted men of the 169th were transferred to the 102nd Regiment, who were detached from the 43rd Infantry Division. At [Camp Shelby](/wiki/Camp_Shelby \"Camp Shelby\"), [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi \"Mississippi\"), the 169th received 900 new recruits on 21 February 1942 and began training them right away. Another 900 raw recruits were received on 22 May 1942\\. On 30 September 1942, the 169th Infantry Regiment left [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), and sailed to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") with a total strength of 139 officers, 5 warrant officers, and 3,138 enlisted men.",
"The regiment arrived in New Zealand on 22 October, and engaged in intensive training on the island until 22 November 1942\\. On 28 November, the 169th arrived in [Nouméa](/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a \"Nouméa\"), [New Caledonia](/wiki/New_Caledonia \"New Caledonia\") and garrisoned the island while conducting intensive jungle warfare training, loading and unloading ships, and guarding [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_Empire \"Japanese Empire\") prisoners of war. The 169th embarked for [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal \"Guadalcanal\") on 15 February 1943, and two days into the voyage, the convoy was attacked by Japanese [torpedo planes](/wiki/Torpedo_planes \"Torpedo planes\"). Aboard the {{USS\\|President Hayes}}, CPL John E. A. Gagnon, of H Company, 169th Infantry, managed to shoot down an enemy plane with a .50 caliber [machine\\-gun](/wiki/Machine-gun \"Machine-gun\"). On 18 February, the convoy docked at Guadalcanal and bivouacked on the island. On 23–24 February, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 169th made an amphibious assault on the island of [Pavuvu](/wiki/Pavuvu \"Pavuvu\") in the [Russell Islands](/wiki/Russell_Islands \"Russell Islands\") against no resistance. The regiment's first casualties came during their occupation of Pavuvu when Japanese planes strafed their positions. 3rd Battalion arrived on Pavuvu on 27 March. For the next few months, the 169th conducted jungle warfare training on the island and honed their battle skills before their next assignment.",
"#### New Georgia",
"[thumb\\|Landing operations on Rendova Island 30 June 1943](/wiki/File:Landing_operations_on_Rendova_Island_HD-SN-99-02835.JPG \"Landing operations on Rendova Island HD-SN-99-02835.JPG\")",
"Operation \"Toenails,\" or the [Invasion of New Georgia](/wiki/New_Georgia_Campaign \"New Georgia Campaign\"), would be the next mission the 169th would undertake. As a part of the 43rd Infantry Division operation, the Regiment seized [Rendova](/wiki/Rendova \"Rendova\") Island against minimal opposition on 30 June. Elements of the 169th soon landed on the southern coast of [New Georgia](/wiki/New_Georgia \"New Georgia\") on 2 July and began to march alongside the [172nd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/172nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"172nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\") toward [Munda Point](/wiki/Munda%2C_Solomon_Islands \"Munda, Solomon Islands\") to capture the [Munda Airfield](/wiki/Munda_Airfield \"Munda Airfield\") there. The men of the regiment \"were soon introduced to the harsh realities of jungle warfare.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.army.mil/article/51848/The\\_Harsh\\_Realities\\_of\\_Warfare\\|title\\=The Harsh Realities of Warfare \\| Article \\| The United States Army\\|website\\=army.mil\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-27}}\" The main attack was scheduled to begin on 9 July 1943, but the 169th (unaccustomed to combat) was exhausted after spending a sleepless night shooting at real and imagined enemy patrols. The drive resumed on 11 July, but was completely stalled by combat casualties, fatigue, jungle diseases, and continuous rain. Static warfare in the dense jungle made the drive on Munda Point bitter and frustrating for the men of the 169th. By 17 July, the main line of Japanese resistance had not been reached, but the regiment had already suffered 90 men killed and 600 men wounded along with many psychoneurotic casualties.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://medium.com/the\\-bridge/all\\-hell\\-broke\\-loose\\-f99fb13d0cb\\#.pckl36tff\\|title\\=\"All Hell Broke Loose\". The U.S. Army and Operation Toenails \\| by Angry Staff Officer \\|website\\=Medium\\|date\\=2 July 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-27}} By on 18 July, the Japanese attempted to drive the 1st Battalion (1\\-169\\) off of \"Kelley Hill,\" but the Connecticuters killed 102 of their enemy and drove them back. After heavy fighting along the line, the airfield was finally captured after heavy loss on 5 August 1943\\. From 6–10 August, the beleaguered regiment guarded Munda Airfield and were subjected to minor enemy air attacks. 3rd Battalion (3\\-169\\) was ordered to seize the island of [Baanga](/wiki/Baanga_Island \"Baanga Island\") northwest west of Munda Point and met heavy resistance and elements were soon pinned down on the beaches and in the dense jungle. 2\\-169 landed on Baanga to reinforce the attack, but the Japanese resistance on the islands was much stronger than anticipated and the advance made slow, if any, progress. On 20 August they were relieved by elements of the 172nd Infantry Regiment. This \"non\\-battle\" on Baanga had cost the Americans 44 dead and 74 wounded; L Company was reduced to just 16 men. From 25 August to 9 September, the regiment patrolled and guarded Munda Airfield until they were ordered to assist the 172nd Infantry in clearing [Arundel Island](/wiki/Arundel_Island \"Arundel Island\") which they managed to secure on 21 August. Here they suffered 4 killed and 29 wounded. The regiment moved back to Munda, and defended the airstrip until 19 January 1944, when 3\\-169 was ordered to [Vella Lavella](/wiki/Vella_Lavella \"Vella Lavella\") to defend the airstrip there. The regiment then arrived in New Zealand for [R\\&R](/wiki/R%26R_%28military%29 \"R&R (military)\") on 1 March. The men had free time, furloughs, awards ceremonies, training exercises, and parades while in New Zealand.",
"#### New Guinea",
"The 169th Infantry Regiment arrived at [Aitape](/wiki/Aitape \"Aitape\"), New Guinea, on 17 July 1944, to reinforce General [Walter Krueger](/wiki/Walter_Krueger \"Walter Krueger\")'s [Sixth Army](/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Army \"Sixth United States Army\"). The regiment was ordered to construct defensive lines in the area to support the [32nd Infantry Division](/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"32nd Infantry Division (United States)\") already fighting in the area. Japanese patrols constantly harassed the men, and they launched a counterattack on 22 July. The 169th threw this charge back and inflicted 274 deaths on the enemy. Patrolling and encountering the enemy was commonplace in the Aitape region, and the men experienced hard fighting along the [Drinuimor River](/wiki/Battle_of_Driniumor_River \"Battle of Driniumor River\") and nearby ridges on 31 July. Hard fighting in the hills, jungles, and villages near Aitape continued until long after the area was officially declared secure on 25 August 1944\\. The regiment conducted continuous training after being relieved by the [Australian 6th Division](/wiki/Australian_6th_Division \"Australian 6th Division\") until 10 December 1944, when the regiment loaded up and headed for [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\").",
"#### Luzon",
"During the [Battle of Luzon](/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon \"Battle of Luzon\"), the 169th was in charge of the left flank of the 43rd Infantry Division's advance. 2\\-169 landed near [San Fabian](/wiki/San_Fabian%2C_Pangasinan \"San Fabian, Pangasinan\") on 9 January 1945 in [Lingayen Gulf](/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf \"Lingayen Gulf\") and advanced quickly inland. 1\\-169 and 3\\-169 followed shortly after and pressed the attack. The hills and rugged countryside of [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\") proved to be very difficult ground, and tenacious Japanese defenders made the drive painful. On 12 January, SSG [Robert E. Laws](/wiki/Robert_E._Laws \"Robert E. Laws\") (G Company, 2–169\\) earned the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor \"Medal of Honor\") for his actions while attacking an enemy controlled ridge. Neutralizing enemy [pillboxes](/wiki/Pillbox_%28military%29 \"Pillbox (military)\") with grenades, he managed to knock it out despite being wounded. Leading a charge, he was wounded again and killed three Japanese soldiers in close combat. He was given first aid and evacuated from the area while his squad completed the destruction of the enemy position. SSG Laws' heroic actions provided great inspiration to his comrades, and his courageous determination, in the face of formidable odds and while suffering from multiple wounds, enabled them to secure an important objective with minimum casualties.",
"The 169th attacked numerous enemy positions, including the deadly Hill 355, and suffered many casualties, but eventually managed to take ground from the stalwart defenders. During the period of 15–21 January 1945, all three infantry battalions of the 169th Regiment earned the [Distinguished Unit Citation](/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation \"Distinguished Unit Citation\") award for their gallantry in action amid the rugged hills of Luzon. On 1–2 February, the regiment repulsed tenacious enemy [Banzai charges](/wiki/Banzai_charge \"Banzai charge\") and managed to capture the imposing Hill 1500 on 5 February, and were relieved on 14 February by elements of the [33rd Infantry Division](/wiki/33rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"33rd Infantry Division (United States)\") and enjoyed some R\\&R behind the lines. In the early stages of the Battle of Luzon, the 169th lost 17 officers and 248 enlisted men KIA, and 45 officers and 789 enlisted men WIA. They had managed to inflict (by actual count) 2,786 Japanese dead.",
"On 1 March, the 169th relieved elements of the [40th Infantry Division](/wiki/40th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"40th Infantry Division (United States)\") near [Clark Field](/wiki/Clark_Field \"Clark Field\") and [Fort Stotsenburg](/wiki/Fort_Stotsenburg \"Fort Stotsenburg\"). The regiment was ordered to attack Hill 1750, but were thwarted by strong Japanese resistance until 6 March. The men then captured a nearby hill, Bald Hill, and held it against several enemy counterattacks on 9–10 March. During this period, the 169th Infantry Regiment was under the command of the [38th Infantry Division](/wiki/38th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"38th Infantry Division (United States)\"), and were returned to 43rd Divisional control on 24 March. On 3 April, they were attached to the [112th Cavalry Regiment](/wiki/112th_Cavalry_Regiment \"112th Cavalry Regiment\") to conduct reconnaissance against the formidable Shimbu Line. These recon patrols were costly, but they managed to contain the enemy in the area. On 1 May, they were returned to the 43rd Infantry Division. They then attacked the enemy in the vicinity of the [Ipo Dam](/wiki/Ipo_Dam \"Ipo Dam\"), which controlled roughly 30% of [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\")'s water supply. The dam was secured on 19 May, but resistance continued in the area until 2 June 1945\\. In this particular fight, the 169th suffered 60 KIA, 285 WIA, and 2 MIA, while the 43rd Infantry Division as a whole killed over 750 enemy combatants. On 5 June, the 169th relieved the [151st Infantry Regiment](/wiki/151st_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"151st Infantry Regiment (United States)\") near Mount Oro. Nearby hills and ridges were secured against heavy enemy resistance, and the 169th continued to slog on through the island against determined defenders until 28 June 1945, when the 43rd Division was relieved by the 38th Division.",
"#### Occupation of Japan",
"The 169th soon found themselves as part of the US [Occupation of Japan](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan \"Occupation of Japan\"), garrisoning [Kumagaya Airdrome](/wiki/Kumagaya%2C_Saitama \"Kumagaya, Saitama\") from 14 September to 12 October. They set sail for San Francisco separately, and the last men to return home passed under the [Golden Gate Bridge](/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge \"Golden Gate Bridge\") on 29 October 1945 to a cheering crowd. During the war, all three battalions of the 169th earned the Distinguished Unit Citation, and the [Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation](/wiki/Philippine_Republic_Presidential_Unit_Citation \"Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation\"). On 1 November 1945, the regiment was inactivated.",
"#### World War II Decorations",
"Presidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered LUZON (1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions, 169th Infantry cited; 1st Battalion: WD GO8, 1946\\. 2d Battalion, WD GO 38, 1946\\. 3d Battalion, WD GO 13, 1946\\)",
"Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945 (169th Infantry cited; DA GO 47, 1950\\)\n/\\>",
""
] |
Urban structure
---------------
### Districts
#### Changangkha
Changangkha is a western central district, located between the [Chubachu](/wiki/Chubachu "Chubachu") centre and [Motithang](/wiki/Motithang "Motithang") to the west. It contains the [Changangkha Lhakhang](/wiki/Changangkha_Lhakhang "Changangkha Lhakhang").Pommaret, p. 162 Changangkha Temple is one of the oldest temples in the Thimphu valley, founded by [Phajo Drugom Zhigpo](/wiki/Phajo_Drugom_Zhigpo "Phajo Drugom Zhigpo"), founder of the [Drukpa Lineage](/wiki/Drukpa_Lineage "Drukpa Lineage") in Bhutan,Pommaret (2006\), p.181 and extended by his son Nyima in the 13th century. The temple houses a statue of [Thousand\-armed Avalokiteśvara](/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara%23Thousand-armed_Avalokite%C5%9Bvara "Avalokiteśvara#Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara") as well as very large [prayer wheels](/wiki/Prayer_wheel "Prayer wheel") and unusually large size sacred scriptures.Brown, p. 106 The temple was restored in 1998–99\. A well known incense factory, named Nado Poedzokhang, is located above the Lhakhang in Changangkha.
#### Changzamtok
Changzamtok is a southern district from the main centre, bordered by the [Hospital Area](/wiki/Hospital_Area "Hospital Area") to the west, by Gongphel Lam and the Wang Chuu river to the east.
{{wide image\|Panoramic view Thimphu 1\.jpg\|900px\|align\-cap\=center\|Panoramic view of Thimphu, Bhutan}}
#### Chubachu
[Chubachu](/wiki/Chubachu "Chubachu") is the central district. It is bounded by the [Chubachu River](/wiki/Chubachu_River "Chubachu River") to the north, the Wang Chuu River to the east and Changangkha and Motithang to the west.Pommaret, pp. 166–167 Below Chubachu lies the Centenary Farmers Market which runs throughout the week. A weekend market is held on the western bank of the Wang Chu. To the west lies the Norzin Lam road which divides Chubachu from Motithang. This road contains the [Bhutan Textile Museum](/wiki/Bhutan_Textile_Museum "Bhutan Textile Museum") and the [National Library of Bhutan](/wiki/National_Library_of_Bhutan "National Library of Bhutan"). The central road of the district is called Yanden Lam. The eastern road of the district is Chogyal Lam which runs northwest–southeast along the banks of the Wang Chu.
#### Hospital Area
The [Hospital Area](/wiki/Hospital_Area "Hospital Area") is a central district of Thimphu. Located south of the [Memorial Chorten](/wiki/Memorial_Chorten%2C_Thimphu "Memorial Chorten, Thimphu"), it contains the central roundabout, [JDWR Hospital](/wiki/JDWR_Hospital "JDWR Hospital") and the [Royal Bhutan Police](/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Police "Royal Bhutan Police") national headquarters.Pommaret, p. 167 The Gongphel Lam road divides it from Changzamthok District.
#### Jungshina
Jungshina is a northern district. It contains the Wangduetse Gompa.
#### Kawangjangsa
[thumb\|left\|DDC Office in Kawajangsa](/wiki/File:DDC-Office-Thimphu.JPG "DDC-Office-Thimphu.JPG")
Kawangjangsa (or Kawajangsa) is a western district, north of Motithang, and north of the Chubachu River.
The Institute of Traditional Medicine, Institute for Zorig Chusum, the National Library of Bhutan, the [Folk Heritage Museum](/wiki/Folk_Heritage_Museum "Folk Heritage Museum") and the Bhutan Telecom Offices are located in Kawajangsa. The [World Wide Fund for Nature](/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature "World Wide Fund for Nature") (WWF) has its Bhutanese headquarters here; it has been responsible for facilitating tiger conservation in Bhutan.
#### Langjupakha
[thumb\|View of Thimphu from the southern part of Langjupakha in the northeastern part of the city.](/wiki/File:Thimphu.JPG "Thimphu.JPG")
Langjupakha is a northeastern district of Thimphu. Located on the eastern bank of the Wang Chuu it contains the Royal Banquet Hall, SAARC building and National Assembly and Centre for Bhutan Studies.
The SAARCC building in Thimphu was initially built for the purpose of holding the SAARC (South East Asia Association for Regional Cooperation) conference, in the early 1990s. It is located across the Wang Chuu River opposite to the Tashechho Dzong. This elegant structure is built in a fusion of Bhutanese and modern architecture with high tech facilities. It presently houses the Ministries of Planning and Foreign Affairs. The National Assembly, which used to meet in the Tashechhoe Dzong until 1993, is now held in this building in an elaborately decorated assembly hall at the end of two long decorated corridors. The National Assembly meets here twice a year. The banquet hall is also close by.Brown, p. 105
#### Motithang
[Motithang](/wiki/Motithang "Motithang") is a north\-western district of Thimphu. The [Chubachu River](/wiki/Chubachu_River "Chubachu River") divides the district from [Kawajangsa](/wiki/Kawajangsa "Kawajangsa") further north and [Chubachu](/wiki/Chubachu "Chubachu") district lies to the east.
Meaning "the meadow of pearls", the area only developed as a residential area in the 1980s, following the initial establishment of the [Motithang Hotel](/wiki/Motithang_Hotel "Motithang Hotel") in 1974, on the occasion of the coronation of [Jigme Singye Wangchuck](/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck "Jigme Singye Wangchuck").Pommaret, p. 181 At the time, the hotel was located in the middle of forest, separated from the city by farmland but today this area has grown up with houses and gardens.
Aside from the Motithang Hotel, the district contains several notable state guest houses such as the [Kungacholing](/wiki/Kungacholing "Kungacholing") and [Lhundupling](/wiki/Lhundupling "Lhundupling"), Rapten Apartments and the [Amankora Thimphu](/wiki/Amankora_Thimphu "Amankora Thimphu"). It also contains the National Commission for Cultural Affairs, a [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF "UNICEF") station and several grocery stores, including the Lhatshog supermarket. Schools include [Motithang Higher Secondary School](/wiki/Motithang_Higher_Secondary_School "Motithang Higher Secondary School") and Jigme Namgyal School. Other buildings in Mottithang are the Royal Bodyguard Camp and the Youth Centre.Brown, p. 214
There is also a notable [takin](/wiki/Takin "Takin") wildlife sanctuary in the district, named [Motithang Takin Preserve](/wiki/Motithang_Takin_Preserve "Motithang Takin Preserve").
#### Sangyegang
Sangyegang is a western district, north of the Chubachu River but south of Zilukha. It contains the Sangyegang Telecom Tower and a golf course to the east which expands north in the Zilukha part of the city.
#### Yangchenphug
[thumb\|Looking across the river towards the main town from Yangchenphug](/wiki/File:Thimphu03.jpg "Thimphu03.jpg")
[Yangchenphug](/wiki/Yangchenphug "Yangchenphug") is an eastern district, located across the [Wang Chu River](/wiki/Wang_Chu_River "Wang Chu River") from the city centre and contains the [Lungten Zampa Middle School](/wiki/Lungten_Zampa_Middle_School "Lungten Zampa Middle School") and [Yangchenphug High School](/wiki/Yangchenphug_High_School "Yangchenphug High School"). The main road is Dechen Lam which follows the line of the river and connects the district to [Zamazingka](/wiki/Zamazingka "Zamazingka") in the south.
#### Zamazingka
[Zamazingka](/wiki/Zamazingka "Zamazingka") is an eastern district, located across the [Wang Chu River](/wiki/Wang_Chu_River "Wang Chu River") from the city centre. The main road is Dechen Lam, which follows the line of the river and connects the district to [Yangchenphug](/wiki/Yangchenphug "Yangchenphug") in the north and eventually leads to [Paro](/wiki/Paro%2C_Bhutan "Paro, Bhutan") to the south.
#### Zilukha
Zilukha is a northern district, located between Jungshina to the north and Sangyegang to the south. It contains the Drubthob Gonpa/Zilukha Nunnery once belonged to the Drubthob (Realized one) Thang Thong Gyalpo often referred to as The King of the open field. In the early 15th century with his multiple talents he popularly became the Leonardo da Vinci of the Great Himalayas.
The place also has a great view of the majestic, Tashi Chhoe Dzong (Fortress of Glorious Religion) and government cottages nearby. A golf course spans much of the district flanking the lower eastern part.
### City planning
Thimphu was selected to be the capital of Bhutan in 1952 but was not officially established as capital of Bhutan until 1961\. It was then a hamlet of a few houses built, around the Tashichhoe Dzong. The city has expanded slowly over the years along river banks and on high ground. Lower plains along the river have also been occupied. It was only after the country was opened for foreign visitors that it grew rapidly. Thimphu is now a major city with all civic amenities such as well planned wide roads with traffic police controlling the traffic, banks, hotels and restaurants, institutions of arts, culture, media, sports and also the traditional [dzongs](/wiki/Dzongs "Dzongs"), [monasteries](/wiki/Monasteries "Monasteries") and [chortens](/wiki/Chortens "Chortens"). Consequently, a boom in property value in Thimphu has been reported.{{Cite book\|last\=Fraser\|first\= Neil \|author2\= Anima Bhattacharya\|author3\= Bimalendu Bhattacharya\|title\= Geography of a Himalayan kingdom: Bhutan\|pages\=188–190\|access\-date\=2010\-06\-07\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=OzLsd5nvzGwC\&q\=Topography\+of\+Thimphu\+Chu\&pg\=PA189\|publisher\= Concept Publishing Company\|year\=2001\|isbn\=81\-7022\-887\-5}}Palin, p. 253\-254
The residential area of the city constitutes 38\.3% of the total area. In the non\-residential area, 9\.3% of the city consists of administrative buildings, 4% of commercial establishments, 10\.1% is taken up by health, educational or institutional structures, 2% by industrial establishments and 3\.8% by security. The remaining 32\.5% of the city constitutes dispersed open spaces with vacant lands, which need to be preserved in any future planning and expansion.
[thumb\|right\|Shops in the lower market of Thimphu.](/wiki/File:Roadside_shops_north_of_Thimphu.jpg "Roadside shops north of Thimphu.jpg")
The Thimphu Structure Plan is a modern urban development plan for the Thimphu city, evolved in 1998, with the objective of protecting the fragile ecology of the valley, including its rivers and forests. This planning was necessitated due to growth of automobiles and pressure on the public health infrastructure in the town centre, restrictions imposed on plot coverage and building heights. The plan was approved by the Council of Ministers in 2003\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bhutannica.org/index.php?title\=Thimphu\_Structure\_Plan\|title\=Thimphu Structure Plan\|publisher\=Bhutannica\|access\-date\=2010\-08\-02\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522093912/http://www.bhutannica.org/index.php?title\=Thimphu\_Structure\_Plan\|archive\-date\=2011\-05\-22\|url\-status\=dead}} An elected body, the Thimphu Municipal Corporation, is implementing the plan, drawn up by the American architect [Christopher Charles Benninger](/wiki/Christopher_Charles_Benninger "Christopher Charles Benninger"). This plan is estimated to cost more than $1 billion when completed. Funds for implementation of the plan are being provided by the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank") and the [Asian Development Bank](/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank "Asian Development Bank"). There are some disputed areas between land owners and stakeholders, which has resulted in the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank requesting the Ministry of Works and Human Settlement (MOWHS) to resolve the issues through a process of the agreement, before further funds are released.{{cite web\|url\=http://web.mit.edu/sigus/www/NEW/files/Bhutan/THIMPHU.pdf\|title\=Thimphu 2020: Alternative Visions for Bhutan's Capital City\|access\-date\=2010\-06\-05\|publisher\=Thimpu City Corporation, MIW and World Bank\|year\=2001}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bhutannica.org/index.php?\|title\=Thimphu\_Structure\_Plan\|access\-date\=2010\-06\-08\|publisher\=Bhutannica\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517074320/http://www.bhutannica.org/index.php\|archive\-date\=2013\-05\-17\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dudh.gov.bt/Thimphustructural/Index.html \|title\=Foreword \|access\-date\=2010\-06\-08 \|publisher\=Government of Bhutan \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623013525/http://www.dudh.gov.bt/Thimphustructural/Index.html \|archive\-date\=2010\-06\-23 }}
The clear planning concepts that have been established within the 'Structured Plan' are: the Tashichheo Dzong, Wang Chuu and the streams, Green Hills and their Forest cover, monasteries, temples, chortens and prayer flags, the urban core, urban villages and the urban corridor. The southern entrance of the city at [Simtokha Dzong](/wiki/Simtokha_Dzong "Simtokha Dzong") anchors the city limits with the Northern and Western limits of the Wang Chuu Valley.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dudh.gov.bt/Thimphustructural/Index.html \|title\=The City Of Our Dreams \|access\-date\=2010\-06\-08 \|publisher\=Government of Bhutan \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623013525/http://www.dudh.gov.bt/Thimphustructural/Index.html \|archive\-date\=2010\-06\-23 }}
Under a development plan for 2027, much of the city will be car\-free pedestrian zones filled with arcaded walkways, plazas, courtyards, cafes, and exhibitions, with automobile traffic confined to the edges of the city. Parks and footpaths will be developed along riverfronts, and no construction will be allowed within {{convert\|30\|m\|ft\|abbr\=off}} of a river or stream. City planners also announced that the rule that buildings be constructed to reflect traditional Bhutanese architecture, which was often violated in the past, would be enforced more strictly. Many of the economic activities that take place in the city, along with military and police infrastructure, would be moved. It is expected that by this time, the city's population will have increased to 162,000\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://bhutanobserver.bt/3413\-bo\-news\-about\-thimphu\_by\_2027\.aspx \|title\=Thimphu by 2027 \| Bhutan Observer \|access\-date\=2015\-11\-11 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208131331/http://bhutanobserver.bt/3413\-bo\-news\-about\-thimphu\_by\_2027\.aspx \|archive\-date\=2015\-12\-08 \|url\-status\=dead }}
### Urban expansion
[thumb\|Urban expansion in Thimphu](/wiki/File:Thimphu_city_in_the_valley.jpg "Thimphu city in the valley.jpg")
Over the last 50 years, since its establishment as the capital of Bhutan, Thimphu has witnessed expansion, initially at a slow pace, then rapidly after the country was opened up to the outside world after the coronation of the fourth King, [Jigme Singye Wangchuck](/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck "Jigme Singye Wangchuck"). Broadly, the city's natural systems are under three categories: natural (forest, bush cover, river, and watersheds), agricultural (orchards, rice paddies, grazing lands) and recreational (public open space, parks, stadium).
The urban expansion has seen a structured development plan for 2027\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tourism.gov.bt/about\-bhutan/history\|title\=Bhutan: History\|access\-date\=2010\-06\-07\|publisher\=Tourism Council of Bhutan:Government of Bhutan\|archive\-date\=2010\-06\-21\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621074052/http://www.tourism.gov.bt/about\-bhutan/history\|url\-status\=dead}} The buildings will continue to be built to retain ancient Bhutanese culture and architectural styles but with a measured and modulated blend of modern development, meeting requirements of national and civic administration and all basic civic amenities such as roads, water supply and drainage, hospitals, schools and colleges, electricity, media centres and so forth. The monuments or buildings of note are the sprawling [Tashichho Dzong](/wiki/Tashichho_Dzong "Tashichho Dzong"), built like a fortress, which is the centre of Bhutanese administration as well as monastic centre, the [Memorial Chorten, Thimphu](/wiki/Memorial_Chorten%2C_Thimphu "Memorial Chorten, Thimphu") and the National Assembly of the newly formed parliamentary democracy within the monarchic rule. The Palace of the King located to the north of the city, called the [Dechencholing Palace](/wiki/Dechencholing_Palace "Dechencholing Palace"), the official residence of the King, is an impressive structure that provides a grand aerial view of the city.
Rapid expansion following the pattern of [rural exodus](/wiki/Rural_exodus "Rural exodus") has resulted in considerable rebuilding in the city centre and mushrooming of suburban development elsewhere. Norzin Lam, the recently upgraded main thoroughfare, is lined with shops, restaurants, retail arcades and public buildings.
Within the core area of the city, there is a mix of apartment blocks, small family homes and family\-owned stores. By regulation, all buildings are required to be designed in traditional style with Buddhist paintings and motifs. A lively weekend market near the river supplies meat, vegetables and tourist items. Most of the city's limited light industry is located south of the main bridge. Thimphu has a growing number of commercial services and offices, which provide for ever\-growing local needs.
|
[
"Urban structure\n---------------",
"### Districts",
"#### Changangkha",
"Changangkha is a western central district, located between the [Chubachu](/wiki/Chubachu \"Chubachu\") centre and [Motithang](/wiki/Motithang \"Motithang\") to the west. It contains the [Changangkha Lhakhang](/wiki/Changangkha_Lhakhang \"Changangkha Lhakhang\").Pommaret, p. 162 Changangkha Temple is one of the oldest temples in the Thimphu valley, founded by [Phajo Drugom Zhigpo](/wiki/Phajo_Drugom_Zhigpo \"Phajo Drugom Zhigpo\"), founder of the [Drukpa Lineage](/wiki/Drukpa_Lineage \"Drukpa Lineage\") in Bhutan,Pommaret (2006\\), p.181 and extended by his son Nyima in the 13th century. The temple houses a statue of [Thousand\\-armed Avalokiteśvara](/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara%23Thousand-armed_Avalokite%C5%9Bvara \"Avalokiteśvara#Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara\") as well as very large [prayer wheels](/wiki/Prayer_wheel \"Prayer wheel\") and unusually large size sacred scriptures.Brown, p. 106 The temple was restored in 1998–99\\. A well known incense factory, named Nado Poedzokhang, is located above the Lhakhang in Changangkha.",
"#### Changzamtok",
"Changzamtok is a southern district from the main centre, bordered by the [Hospital Area](/wiki/Hospital_Area \"Hospital Area\") to the west, by Gongphel Lam and the Wang Chuu river to the east.",
"{{wide image\\|Panoramic view Thimphu 1\\.jpg\\|900px\\|align\\-cap\\=center\\|Panoramic view of Thimphu, Bhutan}}",
"#### Chubachu",
"[Chubachu](/wiki/Chubachu \"Chubachu\") is the central district. It is bounded by the [Chubachu River](/wiki/Chubachu_River \"Chubachu River\") to the north, the Wang Chuu River to the east and Changangkha and Motithang to the west.Pommaret, pp. 166–167 Below Chubachu lies the Centenary Farmers Market which runs throughout the week. A weekend market is held on the western bank of the Wang Chu. To the west lies the Norzin Lam road which divides Chubachu from Motithang. This road contains the [Bhutan Textile Museum](/wiki/Bhutan_Textile_Museum \"Bhutan Textile Museum\") and the [National Library of Bhutan](/wiki/National_Library_of_Bhutan \"National Library of Bhutan\"). The central road of the district is called Yanden Lam. The eastern road of the district is Chogyal Lam which runs northwest–southeast along the banks of the Wang Chu.",
"#### Hospital Area",
"The [Hospital Area](/wiki/Hospital_Area \"Hospital Area\") is a central district of Thimphu. Located south of the [Memorial Chorten](/wiki/Memorial_Chorten%2C_Thimphu \"Memorial Chorten, Thimphu\"), it contains the central roundabout, [JDWR Hospital](/wiki/JDWR_Hospital \"JDWR Hospital\") and the [Royal Bhutan Police](/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Police \"Royal Bhutan Police\") national headquarters.Pommaret, p. 167 The Gongphel Lam road divides it from Changzamthok District.",
"#### Jungshina",
"Jungshina is a northern district. It contains the Wangduetse Gompa.",
"#### Kawangjangsa",
"[thumb\\|left\\|DDC Office in Kawajangsa](/wiki/File:DDC-Office-Thimphu.JPG \"DDC-Office-Thimphu.JPG\")\nKawangjangsa (or Kawajangsa) is a western district, north of Motithang, and north of the Chubachu River.\nThe Institute of Traditional Medicine, Institute for Zorig Chusum, the National Library of Bhutan, the [Folk Heritage Museum](/wiki/Folk_Heritage_Museum \"Folk Heritage Museum\") and the Bhutan Telecom Offices are located in Kawajangsa. The [World Wide Fund for Nature](/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature \"World Wide Fund for Nature\") (WWF) has its Bhutanese headquarters here; it has been responsible for facilitating tiger conservation in Bhutan.",
"#### Langjupakha",
"[thumb\\|View of Thimphu from the southern part of Langjupakha in the northeastern part of the city.](/wiki/File:Thimphu.JPG \"Thimphu.JPG\")\nLangjupakha is a northeastern district of Thimphu. Located on the eastern bank of the Wang Chuu it contains the Royal Banquet Hall, SAARC building and National Assembly and Centre for Bhutan Studies.",
"The SAARCC building in Thimphu was initially built for the purpose of holding the SAARC (South East Asia Association for Regional Cooperation) conference, in the early 1990s. It is located across the Wang Chuu River opposite to the Tashechho Dzong. This elegant structure is built in a fusion of Bhutanese and modern architecture with high tech facilities. It presently houses the Ministries of Planning and Foreign Affairs. The National Assembly, which used to meet in the Tashechhoe Dzong until 1993, is now held in this building in an elaborately decorated assembly hall at the end of two long decorated corridors. The National Assembly meets here twice a year. The banquet hall is also close by.Brown, p. 105",
"#### Motithang",
"[Motithang](/wiki/Motithang \"Motithang\") is a north\\-western district of Thimphu. The [Chubachu River](/wiki/Chubachu_River \"Chubachu River\") divides the district from [Kawajangsa](/wiki/Kawajangsa \"Kawajangsa\") further north and [Chubachu](/wiki/Chubachu \"Chubachu\") district lies to the east.",
"Meaning \"the meadow of pearls\", the area only developed as a residential area in the 1980s, following the initial establishment of the [Motithang Hotel](/wiki/Motithang_Hotel \"Motithang Hotel\") in 1974, on the occasion of the coronation of [Jigme Singye Wangchuck](/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck \"Jigme Singye Wangchuck\").Pommaret, p. 181 At the time, the hotel was located in the middle of forest, separated from the city by farmland but today this area has grown up with houses and gardens.",
"Aside from the Motithang Hotel, the district contains several notable state guest houses such as the [Kungacholing](/wiki/Kungacholing \"Kungacholing\") and [Lhundupling](/wiki/Lhundupling \"Lhundupling\"), Rapten Apartments and the [Amankora Thimphu](/wiki/Amankora_Thimphu \"Amankora Thimphu\"). It also contains the National Commission for Cultural Affairs, a [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF \"UNICEF\") station and several grocery stores, including the Lhatshog supermarket. Schools include [Motithang Higher Secondary School](/wiki/Motithang_Higher_Secondary_School \"Motithang Higher Secondary School\") and Jigme Namgyal School. Other buildings in Mottithang are the Royal Bodyguard Camp and the Youth Centre.Brown, p. 214",
"There is also a notable [takin](/wiki/Takin \"Takin\") wildlife sanctuary in the district, named [Motithang Takin Preserve](/wiki/Motithang_Takin_Preserve \"Motithang Takin Preserve\").",
"#### Sangyegang",
"Sangyegang is a western district, north of the Chubachu River but south of Zilukha. It contains the Sangyegang Telecom Tower and a golf course to the east which expands north in the Zilukha part of the city.",
"#### Yangchenphug",
"[thumb\\|Looking across the river towards the main town from Yangchenphug](/wiki/File:Thimphu03.jpg \"Thimphu03.jpg\")\n[Yangchenphug](/wiki/Yangchenphug \"Yangchenphug\") is an eastern district, located across the [Wang Chu River](/wiki/Wang_Chu_River \"Wang Chu River\") from the city centre and contains the [Lungten Zampa Middle School](/wiki/Lungten_Zampa_Middle_School \"Lungten Zampa Middle School\") and [Yangchenphug High School](/wiki/Yangchenphug_High_School \"Yangchenphug High School\"). The main road is Dechen Lam which follows the line of the river and connects the district to [Zamazingka](/wiki/Zamazingka \"Zamazingka\") in the south.",
"#### Zamazingka",
"[Zamazingka](/wiki/Zamazingka \"Zamazingka\") is an eastern district, located across the [Wang Chu River](/wiki/Wang_Chu_River \"Wang Chu River\") from the city centre. The main road is Dechen Lam, which follows the line of the river and connects the district to [Yangchenphug](/wiki/Yangchenphug \"Yangchenphug\") in the north and eventually leads to [Paro](/wiki/Paro%2C_Bhutan \"Paro, Bhutan\") to the south.",
"#### Zilukha",
"Zilukha is a northern district, located between Jungshina to the north and Sangyegang to the south. It contains the Drubthob Gonpa/Zilukha Nunnery once belonged to the Drubthob (Realized one) Thang Thong Gyalpo often referred to as The King of the open field. In the early 15th century with his multiple talents he popularly became the Leonardo da Vinci of the Great Himalayas.\nThe place also has a great view of the majestic, Tashi Chhoe Dzong (Fortress of Glorious Religion) and government cottages nearby. A golf course spans much of the district flanking the lower eastern part.",
"### City planning",
"Thimphu was selected to be the capital of Bhutan in 1952 but was not officially established as capital of Bhutan until 1961\\. It was then a hamlet of a few houses built, around the Tashichhoe Dzong. The city has expanded slowly over the years along river banks and on high ground. Lower plains along the river have also been occupied. It was only after the country was opened for foreign visitors that it grew rapidly. Thimphu is now a major city with all civic amenities such as well planned wide roads with traffic police controlling the traffic, banks, hotels and restaurants, institutions of arts, culture, media, sports and also the traditional [dzongs](/wiki/Dzongs \"Dzongs\"), [monasteries](/wiki/Monasteries \"Monasteries\") and [chortens](/wiki/Chortens \"Chortens\"). Consequently, a boom in property value in Thimphu has been reported.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Fraser\\|first\\= Neil \\|author2\\= Anima Bhattacharya\\|author3\\= Bimalendu Bhattacharya\\|title\\= Geography of a Himalayan kingdom: Bhutan\\|pages\\=188–190\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-07\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=OzLsd5nvzGwC\\&q\\=Topography\\+of\\+Thimphu\\+Chu\\&pg\\=PA189\\|publisher\\= Concept Publishing Company\\|year\\=2001\\|isbn\\=81\\-7022\\-887\\-5}}Palin, p. 253\\-254",
"The residential area of the city constitutes 38\\.3% of the total area. In the non\\-residential area, 9\\.3% of the city consists of administrative buildings, 4% of commercial establishments, 10\\.1% is taken up by health, educational or institutional structures, 2% by industrial establishments and 3\\.8% by security. The remaining 32\\.5% of the city constitutes dispersed open spaces with vacant lands, which need to be preserved in any future planning and expansion.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Shops in the lower market of Thimphu.](/wiki/File:Roadside_shops_north_of_Thimphu.jpg \"Roadside shops north of Thimphu.jpg\")",
"The Thimphu Structure Plan is a modern urban development plan for the Thimphu city, evolved in 1998, with the objective of protecting the fragile ecology of the valley, including its rivers and forests. This planning was necessitated due to growth of automobiles and pressure on the public health infrastructure in the town centre, restrictions imposed on plot coverage and building heights. The plan was approved by the Council of Ministers in 2003\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bhutannica.org/index.php?title\\=Thimphu\\_Structure\\_Plan\\|title\\=Thimphu Structure Plan\\|publisher\\=Bhutannica\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-08\\-02\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522093912/http://www.bhutannica.org/index.php?title\\=Thimphu\\_Structure\\_Plan\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-05\\-22\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} An elected body, the Thimphu Municipal Corporation, is implementing the plan, drawn up by the American architect [Christopher Charles Benninger](/wiki/Christopher_Charles_Benninger \"Christopher Charles Benninger\"). This plan is estimated to cost more than $1 billion when completed. Funds for implementation of the plan are being provided by the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") and the [Asian Development Bank](/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank \"Asian Development Bank\"). There are some disputed areas between land owners and stakeholders, which has resulted in the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank requesting the Ministry of Works and Human Settlement (MOWHS) to resolve the issues through a process of the agreement, before further funds are released.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://web.mit.edu/sigus/www/NEW/files/Bhutan/THIMPHU.pdf\\|title\\=Thimphu 2020: Alternative Visions for Bhutan's Capital City\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-05\\|publisher\\=Thimpu City Corporation, MIW and World Bank\\|year\\=2001}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bhutannica.org/index.php?\\|title\\=Thimphu\\_Structure\\_Plan\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-08\\|publisher\\=Bhutannica\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517074320/http://www.bhutannica.org/index.php\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-05\\-17\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dudh.gov.bt/Thimphustructural/Index.html \\|title\\=Foreword \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-08 \\|publisher\\=Government of Bhutan \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623013525/http://www.dudh.gov.bt/Thimphustructural/Index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-23 }}",
"The clear planning concepts that have been established within the 'Structured Plan' are: the Tashichheo Dzong, Wang Chuu and the streams, Green Hills and their Forest cover, monasteries, temples, chortens and prayer flags, the urban core, urban villages and the urban corridor. The southern entrance of the city at [Simtokha Dzong](/wiki/Simtokha_Dzong \"Simtokha Dzong\") anchors the city limits with the Northern and Western limits of the Wang Chuu Valley.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dudh.gov.bt/Thimphustructural/Index.html \\|title\\=The City Of Our Dreams \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-08 \\|publisher\\=Government of Bhutan \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623013525/http://www.dudh.gov.bt/Thimphustructural/Index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-23 }}",
"Under a development plan for 2027, much of the city will be car\\-free pedestrian zones filled with arcaded walkways, plazas, courtyards, cafes, and exhibitions, with automobile traffic confined to the edges of the city. Parks and footpaths will be developed along riverfronts, and no construction will be allowed within {{convert\\|30\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=off}} of a river or stream. City planners also announced that the rule that buildings be constructed to reflect traditional Bhutanese architecture, which was often violated in the past, would be enforced more strictly. Many of the economic activities that take place in the city, along with military and police infrastructure, would be moved. It is expected that by this time, the city's population will have increased to 162,000\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://bhutanobserver.bt/3413\\-bo\\-news\\-about\\-thimphu\\_by\\_2027\\.aspx \\|title\\=Thimphu by 2027 \\| Bhutan Observer \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-11 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208131331/http://bhutanobserver.bt/3413\\-bo\\-news\\-about\\-thimphu\\_by\\_2027\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-12\\-08 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### Urban expansion",
"[thumb\\|Urban expansion in Thimphu](/wiki/File:Thimphu_city_in_the_valley.jpg \"Thimphu city in the valley.jpg\")\nOver the last 50 years, since its establishment as the capital of Bhutan, Thimphu has witnessed expansion, initially at a slow pace, then rapidly after the country was opened up to the outside world after the coronation of the fourth King, [Jigme Singye Wangchuck](/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck \"Jigme Singye Wangchuck\"). Broadly, the city's natural systems are under three categories: natural (forest, bush cover, river, and watersheds), agricultural (orchards, rice paddies, grazing lands) and recreational (public open space, parks, stadium).",
"The urban expansion has seen a structured development plan for 2027\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tourism.gov.bt/about\\-bhutan/history\\|title\\=Bhutan: History\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-07\\|publisher\\=Tourism Council of Bhutan:Government of Bhutan\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-21\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621074052/http://www.tourism.gov.bt/about\\-bhutan/history\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The buildings will continue to be built to retain ancient Bhutanese culture and architectural styles but with a measured and modulated blend of modern development, meeting requirements of national and civic administration and all basic civic amenities such as roads, water supply and drainage, hospitals, schools and colleges, electricity, media centres and so forth. The monuments or buildings of note are the sprawling [Tashichho Dzong](/wiki/Tashichho_Dzong \"Tashichho Dzong\"), built like a fortress, which is the centre of Bhutanese administration as well as monastic centre, the [Memorial Chorten, Thimphu](/wiki/Memorial_Chorten%2C_Thimphu \"Memorial Chorten, Thimphu\") and the National Assembly of the newly formed parliamentary democracy within the monarchic rule. The Palace of the King located to the north of the city, called the [Dechencholing Palace](/wiki/Dechencholing_Palace \"Dechencholing Palace\"), the official residence of the King, is an impressive structure that provides a grand aerial view of the city.",
"Rapid expansion following the pattern of [rural exodus](/wiki/Rural_exodus \"Rural exodus\") has resulted in considerable rebuilding in the city centre and mushrooming of suburban development elsewhere. Norzin Lam, the recently upgraded main thoroughfare, is lined with shops, restaurants, retail arcades and public buildings.",
"Within the core area of the city, there is a mix of apartment blocks, small family homes and family\\-owned stores. By regulation, all buildings are required to be designed in traditional style with Buddhist paintings and motifs. A lively weekend market near the river supplies meat, vegetables and tourist items. Most of the city's limited light industry is located south of the main bridge. Thimphu has a growing number of commercial services and offices, which provide for ever\\-growing local needs.",
""
] |
### Districts
#### Changangkha
Changangkha is a western central district, located between the [Chubachu](/wiki/Chubachu "Chubachu") centre and [Motithang](/wiki/Motithang "Motithang") to the west. It contains the [Changangkha Lhakhang](/wiki/Changangkha_Lhakhang "Changangkha Lhakhang").Pommaret, p. 162 Changangkha Temple is one of the oldest temples in the Thimphu valley, founded by [Phajo Drugom Zhigpo](/wiki/Phajo_Drugom_Zhigpo "Phajo Drugom Zhigpo"), founder of the [Drukpa Lineage](/wiki/Drukpa_Lineage "Drukpa Lineage") in Bhutan,Pommaret (2006\), p.181 and extended by his son Nyima in the 13th century. The temple houses a statue of [Thousand\-armed Avalokiteśvara](/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara%23Thousand-armed_Avalokite%C5%9Bvara "Avalokiteśvara#Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara") as well as very large [prayer wheels](/wiki/Prayer_wheel "Prayer wheel") and unusually large size sacred scriptures.Brown, p. 106 The temple was restored in 1998–99\. A well known incense factory, named Nado Poedzokhang, is located above the Lhakhang in Changangkha.
#### Changzamtok
Changzamtok is a southern district from the main centre, bordered by the [Hospital Area](/wiki/Hospital_Area "Hospital Area") to the west, by Gongphel Lam and the Wang Chuu river to the east.
{{wide image\|Panoramic view Thimphu 1\.jpg\|900px\|align\-cap\=center\|Panoramic view of Thimphu, Bhutan}}
#### Chubachu
[Chubachu](/wiki/Chubachu "Chubachu") is the central district. It is bounded by the [Chubachu River](/wiki/Chubachu_River "Chubachu River") to the north, the Wang Chuu River to the east and Changangkha and Motithang to the west.Pommaret, pp. 166–167 Below Chubachu lies the Centenary Farmers Market which runs throughout the week. A weekend market is held on the western bank of the Wang Chu. To the west lies the Norzin Lam road which divides Chubachu from Motithang. This road contains the [Bhutan Textile Museum](/wiki/Bhutan_Textile_Museum "Bhutan Textile Museum") and the [National Library of Bhutan](/wiki/National_Library_of_Bhutan "National Library of Bhutan"). The central road of the district is called Yanden Lam. The eastern road of the district is Chogyal Lam which runs northwest–southeast along the banks of the Wang Chu.
#### Hospital Area
The [Hospital Area](/wiki/Hospital_Area "Hospital Area") is a central district of Thimphu. Located south of the [Memorial Chorten](/wiki/Memorial_Chorten%2C_Thimphu "Memorial Chorten, Thimphu"), it contains the central roundabout, [JDWR Hospital](/wiki/JDWR_Hospital "JDWR Hospital") and the [Royal Bhutan Police](/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Police "Royal Bhutan Police") national headquarters.Pommaret, p. 167 The Gongphel Lam road divides it from Changzamthok District.
#### Jungshina
Jungshina is a northern district. It contains the Wangduetse Gompa.
#### Kawangjangsa
[thumb\|left\|DDC Office in Kawajangsa](/wiki/File:DDC-Office-Thimphu.JPG "DDC-Office-Thimphu.JPG")
Kawangjangsa (or Kawajangsa) is a western district, north of Motithang, and north of the Chubachu River.
The Institute of Traditional Medicine, Institute for Zorig Chusum, the National Library of Bhutan, the [Folk Heritage Museum](/wiki/Folk_Heritage_Museum "Folk Heritage Museum") and the Bhutan Telecom Offices are located in Kawajangsa. The [World Wide Fund for Nature](/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature "World Wide Fund for Nature") (WWF) has its Bhutanese headquarters here; it has been responsible for facilitating tiger conservation in Bhutan.
#### Langjupakha
[thumb\|View of Thimphu from the southern part of Langjupakha in the northeastern part of the city.](/wiki/File:Thimphu.JPG "Thimphu.JPG")
Langjupakha is a northeastern district of Thimphu. Located on the eastern bank of the Wang Chuu it contains the Royal Banquet Hall, SAARC building and National Assembly and Centre for Bhutan Studies.
The SAARCC building in Thimphu was initially built for the purpose of holding the SAARC (South East Asia Association for Regional Cooperation) conference, in the early 1990s. It is located across the Wang Chuu River opposite to the Tashechho Dzong. This elegant structure is built in a fusion of Bhutanese and modern architecture with high tech facilities. It presently houses the Ministries of Planning and Foreign Affairs. The National Assembly, which used to meet in the Tashechhoe Dzong until 1993, is now held in this building in an elaborately decorated assembly hall at the end of two long decorated corridors. The National Assembly meets here twice a year. The banquet hall is also close by.Brown, p. 105
#### Motithang
[Motithang](/wiki/Motithang "Motithang") is a north\-western district of Thimphu. The [Chubachu River](/wiki/Chubachu_River "Chubachu River") divides the district from [Kawajangsa](/wiki/Kawajangsa "Kawajangsa") further north and [Chubachu](/wiki/Chubachu "Chubachu") district lies to the east.
Meaning "the meadow of pearls", the area only developed as a residential area in the 1980s, following the initial establishment of the [Motithang Hotel](/wiki/Motithang_Hotel "Motithang Hotel") in 1974, on the occasion of the coronation of [Jigme Singye Wangchuck](/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck "Jigme Singye Wangchuck").Pommaret, p. 181 At the time, the hotel was located in the middle of forest, separated from the city by farmland but today this area has grown up with houses and gardens.
Aside from the Motithang Hotel, the district contains several notable state guest houses such as the [Kungacholing](/wiki/Kungacholing "Kungacholing") and [Lhundupling](/wiki/Lhundupling "Lhundupling"), Rapten Apartments and the [Amankora Thimphu](/wiki/Amankora_Thimphu "Amankora Thimphu"). It also contains the National Commission for Cultural Affairs, a [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF "UNICEF") station and several grocery stores, including the Lhatshog supermarket. Schools include [Motithang Higher Secondary School](/wiki/Motithang_Higher_Secondary_School "Motithang Higher Secondary School") and Jigme Namgyal School. Other buildings in Mottithang are the Royal Bodyguard Camp and the Youth Centre.Brown, p. 214
There is also a notable [takin](/wiki/Takin "Takin") wildlife sanctuary in the district, named [Motithang Takin Preserve](/wiki/Motithang_Takin_Preserve "Motithang Takin Preserve").
#### Sangyegang
Sangyegang is a western district, north of the Chubachu River but south of Zilukha. It contains the Sangyegang Telecom Tower and a golf course to the east which expands north in the Zilukha part of the city.
#### Yangchenphug
[thumb\|Looking across the river towards the main town from Yangchenphug](/wiki/File:Thimphu03.jpg "Thimphu03.jpg")
[Yangchenphug](/wiki/Yangchenphug "Yangchenphug") is an eastern district, located across the [Wang Chu River](/wiki/Wang_Chu_River "Wang Chu River") from the city centre and contains the [Lungten Zampa Middle School](/wiki/Lungten_Zampa_Middle_School "Lungten Zampa Middle School") and [Yangchenphug High School](/wiki/Yangchenphug_High_School "Yangchenphug High School"). The main road is Dechen Lam which follows the line of the river and connects the district to [Zamazingka](/wiki/Zamazingka "Zamazingka") in the south.
#### Zamazingka
[Zamazingka](/wiki/Zamazingka "Zamazingka") is an eastern district, located across the [Wang Chu River](/wiki/Wang_Chu_River "Wang Chu River") from the city centre. The main road is Dechen Lam, which follows the line of the river and connects the district to [Yangchenphug](/wiki/Yangchenphug "Yangchenphug") in the north and eventually leads to [Paro](/wiki/Paro%2C_Bhutan "Paro, Bhutan") to the south.
#### Zilukha
Zilukha is a northern district, located between Jungshina to the north and Sangyegang to the south. It contains the Drubthob Gonpa/Zilukha Nunnery once belonged to the Drubthob (Realized one) Thang Thong Gyalpo often referred to as The King of the open field. In the early 15th century with his multiple talents he popularly became the Leonardo da Vinci of the Great Himalayas.
The place also has a great view of the majestic, Tashi Chhoe Dzong (Fortress of Glorious Religion) and government cottages nearby. A golf course spans much of the district flanking the lower eastern part.
|
[
"### Districts",
"#### Changangkha",
"Changangkha is a western central district, located between the [Chubachu](/wiki/Chubachu \"Chubachu\") centre and [Motithang](/wiki/Motithang \"Motithang\") to the west. It contains the [Changangkha Lhakhang](/wiki/Changangkha_Lhakhang \"Changangkha Lhakhang\").Pommaret, p. 162 Changangkha Temple is one of the oldest temples in the Thimphu valley, founded by [Phajo Drugom Zhigpo](/wiki/Phajo_Drugom_Zhigpo \"Phajo Drugom Zhigpo\"), founder of the [Drukpa Lineage](/wiki/Drukpa_Lineage \"Drukpa Lineage\") in Bhutan,Pommaret (2006\\), p.181 and extended by his son Nyima in the 13th century. The temple houses a statue of [Thousand\\-armed Avalokiteśvara](/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara%23Thousand-armed_Avalokite%C5%9Bvara \"Avalokiteśvara#Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara\") as well as very large [prayer wheels](/wiki/Prayer_wheel \"Prayer wheel\") and unusually large size sacred scriptures.Brown, p. 106 The temple was restored in 1998–99\\. A well known incense factory, named Nado Poedzokhang, is located above the Lhakhang in Changangkha.",
"#### Changzamtok",
"Changzamtok is a southern district from the main centre, bordered by the [Hospital Area](/wiki/Hospital_Area \"Hospital Area\") to the west, by Gongphel Lam and the Wang Chuu river to the east.",
"{{wide image\\|Panoramic view Thimphu 1\\.jpg\\|900px\\|align\\-cap\\=center\\|Panoramic view of Thimphu, Bhutan}}",
"#### Chubachu",
"[Chubachu](/wiki/Chubachu \"Chubachu\") is the central district. It is bounded by the [Chubachu River](/wiki/Chubachu_River \"Chubachu River\") to the north, the Wang Chuu River to the east and Changangkha and Motithang to the west.Pommaret, pp. 166–167 Below Chubachu lies the Centenary Farmers Market which runs throughout the week. A weekend market is held on the western bank of the Wang Chu. To the west lies the Norzin Lam road which divides Chubachu from Motithang. This road contains the [Bhutan Textile Museum](/wiki/Bhutan_Textile_Museum \"Bhutan Textile Museum\") and the [National Library of Bhutan](/wiki/National_Library_of_Bhutan \"National Library of Bhutan\"). The central road of the district is called Yanden Lam. The eastern road of the district is Chogyal Lam which runs northwest–southeast along the banks of the Wang Chu.",
"#### Hospital Area",
"The [Hospital Area](/wiki/Hospital_Area \"Hospital Area\") is a central district of Thimphu. Located south of the [Memorial Chorten](/wiki/Memorial_Chorten%2C_Thimphu \"Memorial Chorten, Thimphu\"), it contains the central roundabout, [JDWR Hospital](/wiki/JDWR_Hospital \"JDWR Hospital\") and the [Royal Bhutan Police](/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Police \"Royal Bhutan Police\") national headquarters.Pommaret, p. 167 The Gongphel Lam road divides it from Changzamthok District.",
"#### Jungshina",
"Jungshina is a northern district. It contains the Wangduetse Gompa.",
"#### Kawangjangsa",
"[thumb\\|left\\|DDC Office in Kawajangsa](/wiki/File:DDC-Office-Thimphu.JPG \"DDC-Office-Thimphu.JPG\")\nKawangjangsa (or Kawajangsa) is a western district, north of Motithang, and north of the Chubachu River.\nThe Institute of Traditional Medicine, Institute for Zorig Chusum, the National Library of Bhutan, the [Folk Heritage Museum](/wiki/Folk_Heritage_Museum \"Folk Heritage Museum\") and the Bhutan Telecom Offices are located in Kawajangsa. The [World Wide Fund for Nature](/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature \"World Wide Fund for Nature\") (WWF) has its Bhutanese headquarters here; it has been responsible for facilitating tiger conservation in Bhutan.",
"#### Langjupakha",
"[thumb\\|View of Thimphu from the southern part of Langjupakha in the northeastern part of the city.](/wiki/File:Thimphu.JPG \"Thimphu.JPG\")\nLangjupakha is a northeastern district of Thimphu. Located on the eastern bank of the Wang Chuu it contains the Royal Banquet Hall, SAARC building and National Assembly and Centre for Bhutan Studies.",
"The SAARCC building in Thimphu was initially built for the purpose of holding the SAARC (South East Asia Association for Regional Cooperation) conference, in the early 1990s. It is located across the Wang Chuu River opposite to the Tashechho Dzong. This elegant structure is built in a fusion of Bhutanese and modern architecture with high tech facilities. It presently houses the Ministries of Planning and Foreign Affairs. The National Assembly, which used to meet in the Tashechhoe Dzong until 1993, is now held in this building in an elaborately decorated assembly hall at the end of two long decorated corridors. The National Assembly meets here twice a year. The banquet hall is also close by.Brown, p. 105",
"#### Motithang",
"[Motithang](/wiki/Motithang \"Motithang\") is a north\\-western district of Thimphu. The [Chubachu River](/wiki/Chubachu_River \"Chubachu River\") divides the district from [Kawajangsa](/wiki/Kawajangsa \"Kawajangsa\") further north and [Chubachu](/wiki/Chubachu \"Chubachu\") district lies to the east.",
"Meaning \"the meadow of pearls\", the area only developed as a residential area in the 1980s, following the initial establishment of the [Motithang Hotel](/wiki/Motithang_Hotel \"Motithang Hotel\") in 1974, on the occasion of the coronation of [Jigme Singye Wangchuck](/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck \"Jigme Singye Wangchuck\").Pommaret, p. 181 At the time, the hotel was located in the middle of forest, separated from the city by farmland but today this area has grown up with houses and gardens.",
"Aside from the Motithang Hotel, the district contains several notable state guest houses such as the [Kungacholing](/wiki/Kungacholing \"Kungacholing\") and [Lhundupling](/wiki/Lhundupling \"Lhundupling\"), Rapten Apartments and the [Amankora Thimphu](/wiki/Amankora_Thimphu \"Amankora Thimphu\"). It also contains the National Commission for Cultural Affairs, a [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF \"UNICEF\") station and several grocery stores, including the Lhatshog supermarket. Schools include [Motithang Higher Secondary School](/wiki/Motithang_Higher_Secondary_School \"Motithang Higher Secondary School\") and Jigme Namgyal School. Other buildings in Mottithang are the Royal Bodyguard Camp and the Youth Centre.Brown, p. 214",
"There is also a notable [takin](/wiki/Takin \"Takin\") wildlife sanctuary in the district, named [Motithang Takin Preserve](/wiki/Motithang_Takin_Preserve \"Motithang Takin Preserve\").",
"#### Sangyegang",
"Sangyegang is a western district, north of the Chubachu River but south of Zilukha. It contains the Sangyegang Telecom Tower and a golf course to the east which expands north in the Zilukha part of the city.",
"#### Yangchenphug",
"[thumb\\|Looking across the river towards the main town from Yangchenphug](/wiki/File:Thimphu03.jpg \"Thimphu03.jpg\")\n[Yangchenphug](/wiki/Yangchenphug \"Yangchenphug\") is an eastern district, located across the [Wang Chu River](/wiki/Wang_Chu_River \"Wang Chu River\") from the city centre and contains the [Lungten Zampa Middle School](/wiki/Lungten_Zampa_Middle_School \"Lungten Zampa Middle School\") and [Yangchenphug High School](/wiki/Yangchenphug_High_School \"Yangchenphug High School\"). The main road is Dechen Lam which follows the line of the river and connects the district to [Zamazingka](/wiki/Zamazingka \"Zamazingka\") in the south.",
"#### Zamazingka",
"[Zamazingka](/wiki/Zamazingka \"Zamazingka\") is an eastern district, located across the [Wang Chu River](/wiki/Wang_Chu_River \"Wang Chu River\") from the city centre. The main road is Dechen Lam, which follows the line of the river and connects the district to [Yangchenphug](/wiki/Yangchenphug \"Yangchenphug\") in the north and eventually leads to [Paro](/wiki/Paro%2C_Bhutan \"Paro, Bhutan\") to the south.",
"#### Zilukha",
"Zilukha is a northern district, located between Jungshina to the north and Sangyegang to the south. It contains the Drubthob Gonpa/Zilukha Nunnery once belonged to the Drubthob (Realized one) Thang Thong Gyalpo often referred to as The King of the open field. In the early 15th century with his multiple talents he popularly became the Leonardo da Vinci of the Great Himalayas.\nThe place also has a great view of the majestic, Tashi Chhoe Dzong (Fortress of Glorious Religion) and government cottages nearby. A golf course spans much of the district flanking the lower eastern part.",
""
] |
Senior school
-------------
Throughout the senior school years, Grades 9 (SS9\) to Grade 12 (SS12/Grad Year), girls have a teacher advisor as well as subject\-specific teachers. and invited to explore a wide range of co\-curricular opportunities. There are also several major social events, including grade dances, a semi formal, and father daughter/mother daughter dances.
In SS9 and SS10, two types of courses are offered: academic and open courses. Academic courses emphasize theory and abstract problems. Open courses are designed to prepare students for further study in certain subjects and to enrich their education generally.
In SS11 to Grad Year, university and college preparation courses and open courses are offered to prepare students for their post\-secondary destinations.
Technology is integrated throughout curriculum in all subjects to continue education beginning in the junior and middle schools.
All senior school students have their own personal laptop equipped with an SMLS suite of installed software. Updates are completed as necessary by the IT Department. The use of technology, including a collection of web\-based applications, is not limited to computers. Student's curricular use of technology includes the following, among others: video and digital cameras, tablets, interactive projectors, sound recording, TI\-83\+ calculators, scientific probes, and GPS units. Technology use is guided by the Acceptable Use Policy signed by parents and students.
|
[
"Senior school\n-------------",
"Throughout the senior school years, Grades 9 (SS9\\) to Grade 12 (SS12/Grad Year), girls have a teacher advisor as well as subject\\-specific teachers. and invited to explore a wide range of co\\-curricular opportunities. There are also several major social events, including grade dances, a semi formal, and father daughter/mother daughter dances.",
"In SS9 and SS10, two types of courses are offered: academic and open courses. Academic courses emphasize theory and abstract problems. Open courses are designed to prepare students for further study in certain subjects and to enrich their education generally.",
"In SS11 to Grad Year, university and college preparation courses and open courses are offered to prepare students for their post\\-secondary destinations.",
"Technology is integrated throughout curriculum in all subjects to continue education beginning in the junior and middle schools.",
"All senior school students have their own personal laptop equipped with an SMLS suite of installed software. Updates are completed as necessary by the IT Department. The use of technology, including a collection of web\\-based applications, is not limited to computers. Student's curricular use of technology includes the following, among others: video and digital cameras, tablets, interactive projectors, sound recording, TI\\-83\\+ calculators, scientific probes, and GPS units. Technology use is guided by the Acceptable Use Policy signed by parents and students.",
""
] |
Operations
----------
The line was 31 miles long, broken into approximately 10\-mile sections at Castlegregory Junction and Annascaul, where the locomotives would take water if required, and where trains could pass each other.
In 1910, at the peak of the line's usage, there were two return passenger trains, morning and evening, which on market days, Tuesday and Saturday, made a third midday trip. The trains passed one another at Castlegregory Junction, apart from the morning trips which passed at Annascaul. The journey time was two hours and 30 minutes.
The Castlegregory branch train met every train at the junction for the six\-mile branch. On Saturday afternoons it ran an extra trip through to Tralee and back.
On Sundays, only the morning trip from Tralee and the afternoon return from Dingle operated, plus two connecting round trips from Castlegregory.
By 1922, there were just the morning and afternoon return trips on the main line, which passed at Castlegregory Junction, and two round trips on the branch to connect. Journey times were still the same. Sunday services had ceased.
By 1938, there were still two round trips daily on the main line, still taking the same time, but the times were altered so that in the morning a Tralee\-based train ran out to Dingle and back, while in the afternoon a Tralee\-based train did the round trip. The Castlegregory branch train ran through to Tralee and back in the morning, as there were no convenient main line trains to connect with, but in the afternoon made a shuttle to the junction as before.
Despite the rundown in the line's usage over time, all the timetables required three locomotives to operate the passenger services each day. In addition there were freight services, normally a round trip each day with general freight, plus extra services on market days to move cattle between Tralee and Dingle, which were the last trains to use the line. The cattle trains to the end were of sufficient size to require two locomotives. Some locomotives (3, 4, 5 and 6\) were transferred to the [Cavan and Leitrim Railway](/wiki/Cavan_and_Leitrim_Railway "Cavan and Leitrim Railway") when no longer required on the T\&D or after its closure.
|
[
"Operations\n----------",
"The line was 31 miles long, broken into approximately 10\\-mile sections at Castlegregory Junction and Annascaul, where the locomotives would take water if required, and where trains could pass each other.",
"In 1910, at the peak of the line's usage, there were two return passenger trains, morning and evening, which on market days, Tuesday and Saturday, made a third midday trip. The trains passed one another at Castlegregory Junction, apart from the morning trips which passed at Annascaul. The journey time was two hours and 30 minutes.",
"The Castlegregory branch train met every train at the junction for the six\\-mile branch. On Saturday afternoons it ran an extra trip through to Tralee and back.",
"On Sundays, only the morning trip from Tralee and the afternoon return from Dingle operated, plus two connecting round trips from Castlegregory.",
"By 1922, there were just the morning and afternoon return trips on the main line, which passed at Castlegregory Junction, and two round trips on the branch to connect. Journey times were still the same. Sunday services had ceased.",
"By 1938, there were still two round trips daily on the main line, still taking the same time, but the times were altered so that in the morning a Tralee\\-based train ran out to Dingle and back, while in the afternoon a Tralee\\-based train did the round trip. The Castlegregory branch train ran through to Tralee and back in the morning, as there were no convenient main line trains to connect with, but in the afternoon made a shuttle to the junction as before.",
"Despite the rundown in the line's usage over time, all the timetables required three locomotives to operate the passenger services each day. In addition there were freight services, normally a round trip each day with general freight, plus extra services on market days to move cattle between Tralee and Dingle, which were the last trains to use the line. The cattle trains to the end were of sufficient size to require two locomotives. Some locomotives (3, 4, 5 and 6\\) were transferred to the [Cavan and Leitrim Railway](/wiki/Cavan_and_Leitrim_Railway \"Cavan and Leitrim Railway\") when no longer required on the T\\&D or after its closure.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Lagarrigue taught [history of communism](/wiki/History_of_communism "History of communism") at the [Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris](/wiki/Institut_d%27Etudes_Politiques_de_Paris "Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris") and has published numerous papers including in the magazine *[Communism](/wiki/Communism_%28journal%29 "Communism (journal)")* Max Lagarrigue, Instructeurs et délégués du PCF (Instructors and delegates of the French Communist Party), *Communisme* n° 51\-52, 1998; "Renaud Jean: iconoclaste ou l'enfant terrible du communisme (Iconoclast or the enfant terrible of communism), *Communisme*, n° 55\-56, 1999\. published by the Study Group and Democracy Observatory (GEODE) of the [National Center for Scientific Research](/wiki/National_Center_for_Scientific_Research "National Center for Scientific Research") and a book on the charismatic leader of French rural communism [Renaud Jean](/wiki/Renaud_Jean "Renaud Jean") entitled *Notebooks a Communist deputy* (2001\).
Working alongside the history of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), it was also interested in the Exodus and the history of refugees in 1940\. Organizer of an international symposium on this subject, he led a reference book titled *1940, The decline of France. The European defeat*(in 2001\).[Yves Le Maner, Compte\-rendu](http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=VING_076_0159), revue Vingtième siècle, Sciences\-Pop Paris, n°76, 2002\. These investigations have also led to writing and directing a documentary (*The decline of France, May 1940*) and a book about the exodus of the Belgians in the Southwest of France (2005\).[Jean\-Pierre François, Quand Montauban vivait à l'heure des Belges](http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2005/04/28/361491-Quand-Montauban-vivait-a-l-heure-des-Belges.html), in [La Dépêche du Midi](/wiki/La_D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche_du_Midi "La Dépêche du Midi"), 28/4/2005; [Marcel Leroy, Une Petite Belgique](http://archives.lesoir.be/charleroi-soixante-cinq-ans-apres-un-livre-raconte_t-20050324-Z0QEVQ.html?query=LAGARRIGUE&firstHit=0&by=10&sort=datedesc&when=-1&queryor=LAGARRIGUE&pos=2&all=9&nav=1), [Le Soir](/wiki/Le_Soir "Le Soir"), 24 mars 2005\.
He also organized an international symposium titled *Manuel Azana and memory of the Spanish Civil War*in November 2004 [Montauban](/wiki/Montauban "Montauban")) working to preserve the memory of President of the Spanish Republic, [Manual Azaña](/wiki/Manual_Aza%C3%B1a "Manual Azaña"), a refugee who was buried in Montauban in November 1940\. He co\-founded in 2005, with actor and director François\-Henri Soulié, the association ["Présence de Manuel Azaña".](https://web.archive.org/web/20110624140545/http://www.associationmanuelazana.org/) which was established to hold an annual celebration on the date of death of the President of the Spanish Republic.
Wishing to promote regional contemporary history, he co\-founded an association called Montauban [Arkheia \- History, memory of the twentieth century in South\-West](/wiki/Arkheia "Arkheia"), which publishes a magazine of the same name. This review brings together a group of historians, academics, journalists, local scholars, teachers and students.[Les 50 qui font bouger Montauban](http://www.lexpress.fr/informations/les-50-qui-font-bouger-montauban_658608.html), L'Express, 13 décembre 2004\.
He is also since 2001 a journalist by involving local (Journal du Palais) prior to professionalize in 2006, within the regional daily *[La Dépêche du Midi](/wiki/La_D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche_du_Midi "La Dépêche du Midi")*.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Lagarrigue taught [history of communism](/wiki/History_of_communism \"History of communism\") at the [Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris](/wiki/Institut_d%27Etudes_Politiques_de_Paris \"Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris\") and has published numerous papers including in the magazine *[Communism](/wiki/Communism_%28journal%29 \"Communism (journal)\")* Max Lagarrigue, Instructeurs et délégués du PCF (Instructors and delegates of the French Communist Party), *Communisme* n° 51\\-52, 1998; \"Renaud Jean: iconoclaste ou l'enfant terrible du communisme (Iconoclast or the enfant terrible of communism), *Communisme*, n° 55\\-56, 1999\\. published by the Study Group and Democracy Observatory (GEODE) of the [National Center for Scientific Research](/wiki/National_Center_for_Scientific_Research \"National Center for Scientific Research\") and a book on the charismatic leader of French rural communism [Renaud Jean](/wiki/Renaud_Jean \"Renaud Jean\") entitled *Notebooks a Communist deputy* (2001\\).",
"Working alongside the history of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), it was also interested in the Exodus and the history of refugees in 1940\\. Organizer of an international symposium on this subject, he led a reference book titled *1940, The decline of France. The European defeat*(in 2001\\).[Yves Le Maner, Compte\\-rendu](http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=VING_076_0159), revue Vingtième siècle, Sciences\\-Pop Paris, n°76, 2002\\. These investigations have also led to writing and directing a documentary (*The decline of France, May 1940*) and a book about the exodus of the Belgians in the Southwest of France (2005\\).[Jean\\-Pierre François, Quand Montauban vivait à l'heure des Belges](http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2005/04/28/361491-Quand-Montauban-vivait-a-l-heure-des-Belges.html), in [La Dépêche du Midi](/wiki/La_D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche_du_Midi \"La Dépêche du Midi\"), 28/4/2005; [Marcel Leroy, Une Petite Belgique](http://archives.lesoir.be/charleroi-soixante-cinq-ans-apres-un-livre-raconte_t-20050324-Z0QEVQ.html?query=LAGARRIGUE&firstHit=0&by=10&sort=datedesc&when=-1&queryor=LAGARRIGUE&pos=2&all=9&nav=1), [Le Soir](/wiki/Le_Soir \"Le Soir\"), 24 mars 2005\\.",
"He also organized an international symposium titled *Manuel Azana and memory of the Spanish Civil War*in November 2004 [Montauban](/wiki/Montauban \"Montauban\")) working to preserve the memory of President of the Spanish Republic, [Manual Azaña](/wiki/Manual_Aza%C3%B1a \"Manual Azaña\"), a refugee who was buried in Montauban in November 1940\\. He co\\-founded in 2005, with actor and director François\\-Henri Soulié, the association [\"Présence de Manuel Azaña\".](https://web.archive.org/web/20110624140545/http://www.associationmanuelazana.org/) which was established to hold an annual celebration on the date of death of the President of the Spanish Republic.",
"Wishing to promote regional contemporary history, he co\\-founded an association called Montauban [Arkheia \\- History, memory of the twentieth century in South\\-West](/wiki/Arkheia \"Arkheia\"), which publishes a magazine of the same name. This review brings together a group of historians, academics, journalists, local scholars, teachers and students.[Les 50 qui font bouger Montauban](http://www.lexpress.fr/informations/les-50-qui-font-bouger-montauban_658608.html), L'Express, 13 décembre 2004\\.",
"He is also since 2001 a journalist by involving local (Journal du Palais) prior to professionalize in 2006, within the regional daily *[La Dépêche du Midi](/wiki/La_D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche_du_Midi \"La Dépêche du Midi\")*.",
""
] |
History
-------
Prior to World War II, social theorists such as Allport, Watson, Shaw, and Mead began establishing cooperative learning theory after finding that group work was more effective and efficient in quantity, quality, and overall productivity when compared to working alone.Gilles, R.M., \& Adrian, F. (2003\). Cooperative Learning: The social and intellectual Outcomes of Learning in Groups. London: Farmer Press. However, it wasn't until 1937 when researchers May and DoobMay, M. and Doob, L. (1937\). Cooperation and Competition. New York: Social Sciences Research Council found that people who cooperate and work together to achieve shared goals were more successful in attaining outcomes, than those who strived independently to complete the same goals. Furthermore, they found that independent achievers had a greater likelihood of displaying competitive behaviors.
Philosophers and psychologists in the 1930s and 1940s such as [John Dewey](/wiki/John_Dewey "John Dewey"), [Kurt Lewin](/wiki/Kurt_Lewin "Kurt Lewin"), and Morton Deutsh also influenced the cooperative learning theory practiced today.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Sharan \| first1 \= Y \| year \= 2010 \| title \= Cooperative Learning for Academic and Social Gains: valued pedagogy, problematic practice \| journal \= European Journal of Education \| volume \= 45 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 300–313 \| doi\=10\.1111/j.1465\-3435\.2010\.01430\.x}} Dewey believed it was important that students develop knowledge and social skills that could be used outside of the classroom, and in the democratic society. This theory portrayed students as active recipients of knowledge by discussing information and answers in groups, engaging in the learning process together rather than being passive receivers of information (e.g., teacher talking, students listening).
Lewin's contributions to cooperative learning were based on the ideas of establishing relationships between group members in order to successfully carry out and achieve the learning goal. Deutsh's contribution to cooperative learning was [positive social interdependence](/wiki/Positive_interdependence "Positive interdependence"), the idea that the student is responsible for contributing to group knowledge.
Since then, David and Roger Johnson have been actively contributing to the cooperative learning theory. In 1975, they identified that cooperative learning promoted mutual liking, better communication, high acceptance and support, as well as demonstrated an increase in a variety of thinking strategies among individuals in the group.Johnson, D., Johnson, R. (1975\). Learning together and alone: cooperation, competition, and individualization. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice\-Hall. Students who showed to be more competitive lacked in their interaction and trust with others, as well as in their emotional involvement with other students.
In 1994 Johnson and Johnson published the *five elements* (positive interdependence, individual accountability, face\-to\-face interaction, social skills, and processing) essential for effective group learning, achievement, and higher\-order social, personal and cognitive skills (e.g., problem solving, reasoning, decision\-making, planning, organizing, and reflecting).Johnson, D., Johnson, R. (1994\). Learning together and alone: cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning. Needham Heights, MA: Prentice\-Hall.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Prior to World War II, social theorists such as Allport, Watson, Shaw, and Mead began establishing cooperative learning theory after finding that group work was more effective and efficient in quantity, quality, and overall productivity when compared to working alone.Gilles, R.M., \\& Adrian, F. (2003\\). Cooperative Learning: The social and intellectual Outcomes of Learning in Groups. London: Farmer Press. However, it wasn't until 1937 when researchers May and DoobMay, M. and Doob, L. (1937\\). Cooperation and Competition. New York: Social Sciences Research Council found that people who cooperate and work together to achieve shared goals were more successful in attaining outcomes, than those who strived independently to complete the same goals. Furthermore, they found that independent achievers had a greater likelihood of displaying competitive behaviors.",
"Philosophers and psychologists in the 1930s and 1940s such as [John Dewey](/wiki/John_Dewey \"John Dewey\"), [Kurt Lewin](/wiki/Kurt_Lewin \"Kurt Lewin\"), and Morton Deutsh also influenced the cooperative learning theory practiced today.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Sharan \\| first1 \\= Y \\| year \\= 2010 \\| title \\= Cooperative Learning for Academic and Social Gains: valued pedagogy, problematic practice \\| journal \\= European Journal of Education \\| volume \\= 45 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 300–313 \\| doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1465\\-3435\\.2010\\.01430\\.x}} Dewey believed it was important that students develop knowledge and social skills that could be used outside of the classroom, and in the democratic society. This theory portrayed students as active recipients of knowledge by discussing information and answers in groups, engaging in the learning process together rather than being passive receivers of information (e.g., teacher talking, students listening).",
"Lewin's contributions to cooperative learning were based on the ideas of establishing relationships between group members in order to successfully carry out and achieve the learning goal. Deutsh's contribution to cooperative learning was [positive social interdependence](/wiki/Positive_interdependence \"Positive interdependence\"), the idea that the student is responsible for contributing to group knowledge.",
"Since then, David and Roger Johnson have been actively contributing to the cooperative learning theory. In 1975, they identified that cooperative learning promoted mutual liking, better communication, high acceptance and support, as well as demonstrated an increase in a variety of thinking strategies among individuals in the group.Johnson, D., Johnson, R. (1975\\). Learning together and alone: cooperation, competition, and individualization. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice\\-Hall. Students who showed to be more competitive lacked in their interaction and trust with others, as well as in their emotional involvement with other students.",
"In 1994 Johnson and Johnson published the *five elements* (positive interdependence, individual accountability, face\\-to\\-face interaction, social skills, and processing) essential for effective group learning, achievement, and higher\\-order social, personal and cognitive skills (e.g., problem solving, reasoning, decision\\-making, planning, organizing, and reflecting).Johnson, D., Johnson, R. (1994\\). Learning together and alone: cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning. Needham Heights, MA: Prentice\\-Hall.",
""
] |
Types
-----
Formal cooperative learning is structured, facilitated, and monitored by the educator over time and is used to achieve group goals in task work (e.g. completing a unit). Any course material or assignment can be adapted to this type of learning, and groups can vary from 2\-6 people with discussions lasting from a few minutes up to an entire period. Types of formal cooperative learning strategies include:
1. [The jigsaw technique](/wiki/Jigsaw_%28teaching_technique%29 "Jigsaw (teaching technique)")
2. Assignments that involve [group problem\-solving](/wiki/Group-dynamic_game "Group-dynamic game") and decision making
3. Laboratory or experiment assignments
4. [Peer review](/wiki/Peer_review "Peer review") work (e.g. editing writing assignments).
Having experience and developing skill with this type of learning often facilitates [informal](/wiki/Informal_learning "Informal learning") and base learning.Johnson, D., Johnson, R., \& Holubec, E. (1988\). Advanced Cooperative Learning. Edina, MN: Interaction Book Company. Jigsaw activities are wonderful because the student assumes the role of the teacher on a given topic and is in charge of teaching the topic to a classmate. The idea is that if students can teach something, they have already learned the material.
Informal cooperative learning incorporates group learning with passive teaching by drawing attention to material through small groups throughout the lesson or by discussion at the end of a lesson, and typically involves groups of two (e.g. turn\-to\-your\-partner discussions). These groups are often temporary and can change from lesson to lesson (very much unlike formal learning where 2 students may be lab partners throughout the entire semester contributing to one another's knowledge of science).
Discussions typically have four components that include formulating a response to questions asked by the educator, sharing responses to the questions asked with a partner, listening to a partner's responses to the same question, and creating a new well\-developed answer. This type of learning enables the student to process, consolidate, and retain more information.
In group\-based cooperative learning, these peer groups gather together over the long term (e.g. over the course of a year, or several years such as in high school or post\-secondary studies) to develop and contribute to one another's knowledge mastery on a topic by regularly discussing material, encouraging one another, and supporting the academic and personal success of group members.
Base group learning (e.g., a long\-term [study group](/wiki/Study_group "Study group")) is effective for learning complex subject matter over the course or semester and establishes caring, supportive peer relationships, which in turn motivates and strengthens the student's commitment to the group's education while increasing self\-esteem and self\-worth. Base group approaches also make the students accountable to educating their peer group in the event that a member was absent for a lesson. This is effective both for individual learning, as well as social support.
|
[
"Types\n-----",
"Formal cooperative learning is structured, facilitated, and monitored by the educator over time and is used to achieve group goals in task work (e.g. completing a unit). Any course material or assignment can be adapted to this type of learning, and groups can vary from 2\\-6 people with discussions lasting from a few minutes up to an entire period. Types of formal cooperative learning strategies include:\n1. [The jigsaw technique](/wiki/Jigsaw_%28teaching_technique%29 \"Jigsaw (teaching technique)\")\n2. Assignments that involve [group problem\\-solving](/wiki/Group-dynamic_game \"Group-dynamic game\") and decision making\n3. Laboratory or experiment assignments\n4. [Peer review](/wiki/Peer_review \"Peer review\") work (e.g. editing writing assignments).\nHaving experience and developing skill with this type of learning often facilitates [informal](/wiki/Informal_learning \"Informal learning\") and base learning.Johnson, D., Johnson, R., \\& Holubec, E. (1988\\). Advanced Cooperative Learning. Edina, MN: Interaction Book Company. Jigsaw activities are wonderful because the student assumes the role of the teacher on a given topic and is in charge of teaching the topic to a classmate. The idea is that if students can teach something, they have already learned the material.",
"Informal cooperative learning incorporates group learning with passive teaching by drawing attention to material through small groups throughout the lesson or by discussion at the end of a lesson, and typically involves groups of two (e.g. turn\\-to\\-your\\-partner discussions). These groups are often temporary and can change from lesson to lesson (very much unlike formal learning where 2 students may be lab partners throughout the entire semester contributing to one another's knowledge of science).",
"Discussions typically have four components that include formulating a response to questions asked by the educator, sharing responses to the questions asked with a partner, listening to a partner's responses to the same question, and creating a new well\\-developed answer. This type of learning enables the student to process, consolidate, and retain more information.",
"In group\\-based cooperative learning, these peer groups gather together over the long term (e.g. over the course of a year, or several years such as in high school or post\\-secondary studies) to develop and contribute to one another's knowledge mastery on a topic by regularly discussing material, encouraging one another, and supporting the academic and personal success of group members.",
"Base group learning (e.g., a long\\-term [study group](/wiki/Study_group \"Study group\")) is effective for learning complex subject matter over the course or semester and establishes caring, supportive peer relationships, which in turn motivates and strengthens the student's commitment to the group's education while increasing self\\-esteem and self\\-worth. Base group approaches also make the students accountable to educating their peer group in the event that a member was absent for a lesson. This is effective both for individual learning, as well as social support.",
""
] |
Techniques
----------
There are a great number of cooperative learning techniques available. Some cooperative learning techniques utilize student pairing, while others utilize small groups of four or five students. Hundreds of techniques have been created into structures to use in any content area.Kagan, S. 1994\. Kagan cooperative learning. 2nd ed. San Clemente, CA: Kagan Publishing. Among the easy to implement structures are think\-pair\-share, think\-pair\-write, variations of Round Robin, and the [reciprocal teaching](/wiki/Reciprocal_teaching "Reciprocal teaching") technique.{{cite journal \| last\=Schul \| first\=James E. \| title\=Revisiting an Old Friend: The Practice and Promise of Cooperative Learning for the Twenty\-First Century \| journal\=The Social Studies \| publisher\=Informa UK Limited \| volume\=102 \| issue\=2 \| date\=2011\-02\-07 \| issn\=0037\-7996 \| doi\=10\.1080/00377996\.2010\.509370 \| pages\=88–93\| s2cid\=144687973 }} A well known cooperative learning technique is the Jigsaw, Jigsaw II and Reverse Jigsaw. Educators should think of critical thinking, creative thinking and empathetic thinking activities to give students in pairs and work together.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Avcı\|first1\=Filiz\|last2\=Kırbaşlar\|first2\=Fatma Gülay\|last3\=Acar Şeşen\|first3\=Burçin\|date\=2019\-08\-31\|title\=Instructional curriculum based on cooperative learning related to the structure of matter and its properties: Learning achievement, motivation and attitude\|journal\=South African Journal of Education \|volume\=39 \|pages\=1–14 \|doi\=10\.15700/saje.v39n3a1602 \|issn\=0256\-0100 \|doi\-access\=free}}
### Think\-pair\-share
{{Main\|Think\-pair\-share}}
Originally developed by Frank T. Lyman (1981\),{{cite periodical \|last\=Lyman \|first\=F.T. \|year\=1981 \|title\=The responsive classroom discussion: The inclusion of all students \|periodical\=Mainstreaming Digest \|volume\=109 \|page\=113 \|place\=College Park \|publisher\=University of Maryland Press}} think\-pair\-share allows students to contemplate a posed question or problem silently. The student may write down thoughts or simply just brainstorm in his or her head. When prompted, the student pairs up with a peer and discusses his or her ideas and then listens to the ideas of his or her partner. Following pair dialogue, the teacher solicits responses from the whole group. Teachers using this technique don't have to worry about students not volunteering because each student will already have an idea in their heads; therefore, the teacher can call on anyone and increase discussion productivity.
### Jigsaw
{{main\|Jigsaw learning technique}}
Students are members of two groups: home group and expert group. In the heterogeneous home group, students are each assigned a different topic. Once a topic has been identified, students leave the home group and group with the other students with their assigned topic. In the new group, students learn the material together before returning to their home group. Once back in their home group, each student is accountable for teaching his or her assigned topic.
#### Jigsaw II
Jigsaw II is [Robert Slavin](/wiki/Robert_Slavin "Robert Slavin")'s (1980\) variation of Jigsaw in which members of the home group are assigned the same material, but focus on separate portions of the material. Each member must become an "expert" on his or her assigned portion and teach the other members of the home group.
#### Reverse jigsaw
{{main\|Reverse jigsaw}}
This variation was created by Timothy Hedeen (2003\){{cite journal \| last\=Hedeen \| first\=Timothy \| title\=The Reverse Jigsaw: A Process of Cooperative Learning and Discussion \| journal\=Teaching Sociology \| publisher\=American Sociological Association \| volume\=31 \| issue\=3 \| date\=July 2003 \| pages\=325–332 \| issn\=0092\-055X \| doi\=10\.2307/3211330 \| jstor\=3211330 }} It differs from the original Jigsaw during the teaching portion of the activity. In the Reverse Jigsaw technique, students in the expert groups teach the whole class rather than return to their home groups to teach the content.
### Inside\-outside circle
{{Main\|Inside\-outside circle}}
The inside\-outside circle is a cooperative learning strategy in which students form two concentric circles and take turns on rotation to face new partners to answer or discuss the teacher's questions.{{cite magazine \|url\=http://www.kaganonline.com/free\_articles/research\_and\_rationale/313/Effects\-of\-Communication\-on\-Student\-Learning \|last\=Murie \|first\=R. C. \|title\=Effects of Communication on Student Learning. \|location\=San Clemente \|publisher\=Kagan Publishing \|magazine\=Kagan Online Magazine \|date\=Summer 2004}} This method can be used to gather a variety of information, generate new ideas and solve problems.{{cite book\|author1\=Gayle H. Gregory\|author2\=Lin Kuzmich\|title\=Differentiated Literacy Strategies for Student Growth and Achievement in Grades 7\-12 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=6XlyAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA63 \|date\=9 February 2005\|publisher\=SAGE Publications \|isbn\=978\-1\-4522\-1026\-1 \|pages\=63–}}
### Reciprocal teaching
{{Main\|Reciprocal teaching}}
Brown and Paliscar (1982\) developed reciprocal teaching, which — as currently practiced — pertains to the form of guided, cooperative learning that features a [collaborative learning](/wiki/Collaborative_learning "Collaborative learning") setting between learning leaders and listeners; expert scaffolding by an adult teacher; and direct instruction, modeling, and practice in the use of simple strategies that facilitate a dialogue structure.{{Cite book\|title\=Knowing, Learning, and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser\|last\=Resnick\|first\=Lauren\|publisher\=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers\|year\=1989\|isbn\=978\-0805800685\|location\=Hillsdale, NJ\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/knowinglearningi00glas/page/443 443]\|url\-access\=registration\|url\=https://archive.org/details/knowinglearningi00glas/page/443}}
In a model that allows for student pairs to participate in a dialogue about text, partners take turns reading and asking questions of each other, receiving immediate feedback. This approach enables students to use important metacognitive techniques such as clarifying, questioning, predicting, and summarizing. It embraces the idea that students can effectively learn from each other.Palinscar, A.S., \& Brown, A.L. (1984\). Reciprocal teaching of comprehension\-fostering and comprehension\-monitoring activities. Cognition and Instruction, I (2\), 117\-175\. There are empirical studies that show the efficacy of reciprocal teaching even in subjects such as mathematics. For instance, it was found that children who were taught using this strategy showed higher levels of accuracy in mathematical computations in comparison with those who were not.{{Cite book\|title\=Cooperative Learning: The Social and Intellectual Outcomes of Learning in Groups\|url\=https://archive.org/details/cooperativelearn00gill\|url\-access\=limited\|last1\=Gillies \|first1\=Robyn\|last2\=Ashman \|first2\=Adrian \|publisher\=Routledge\|year\=2003\|isbn\=978\-0415303408\|location\=Oxon\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/cooperativelearn00gill/page/n59 49]}} The same success has been obtained in the cases of students learning in diverse situations such as those with learning disabilities and those who are at risk of academic failure,{{Cite book\|title\=Cooperative Learning: Integrating Theory and Practice\|last\=Gillies \|first\=Robyn\|publisher\=SAGE \|year\=2007 \|isbn\=9781412940474 \|location\=Los Angeles\|pages\=96}} among others. These studies also cover learners from elementary to college levels.
### The Williams
Students collaborate to answer a big question that is the learning objective. Each group has differentiated questions that increase in cognitive demands to allow students to progress and meet the learning objective.
### Student\-teams\-achievement divisions
Students are placed in small groups (or [teams](/wiki/Team "Team")). The class in its entirety is presented with a lesson and the students are subsequently tested. Individuals are graded on the team's performance. Although the tests are taken individually, students are encouraged to work together to improve the overall performance of the group.Kevin Seifert and Rosemary Sutton. (2009\) Educational Psychology 2nd Edition. "Chapter 9: Facilitating Complex Thinking." pp. 204 [http://www.saylor.org/site/wp\-content/uploads/2012/06/Educational\-Psychology.pdf](http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Educational-Psychology.pdf)
### Rally table
{{Main\|Rally table}}
Rally table is another cooperative learning strategy. In this process, the class or the students are divided into groups. This is done to encourage group learning, team building and cooperative learning. It is the written version of Robin Table.{{Cite journal \|last\=Chophel \|first\=Yonten \|date\=2021 \|title\=Effect of Kagan Cooperative Learning Structures on Learning Achievement: An Experimental Study \|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355480437 \|journal\=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Explorer (IJMRE) \|volume\=1 \|issue\=9 \|pages\=124–132}}
### Team game tournament
In a team game tournament (TGT), students are placed into small groups to study and prepare for a trivia game. This gives students incentive to learn and have some fun learning the material. This is a group exercise so not one student is to blame.
TGT is an effective technique of cooperative learning wherein groups are created that function in the class for a period of time. In this technique the groups revise a portion of material before writing a written test. This motivates those students that have the fear of writing the test and to learn and reinforce what has been already learnt.
This method is one of the learning strategies designed by Robert Slavin for the purpose of review and mastery in learning. This method was basically to increase student's skills, increase interaction and self\-esteem between students.
In this technique the students study in the class. The material is supplied and are taught in groups or individually through different activities. The students after receiving the material review it and then bring 2\-6 points from their study into their assigned groups. Since the tournament is based on a material there is a specific answer.
The characteristics of TGT are that students are working in heterogeneous groups, that playing the games makes the students to move into homogeneous and higher level groups, and that they understand others' skills.
#### Method
The students compete in the tournament after a designated time to study by forming groups of 3\-4 students where the stronger students compete with the weaker students and winner of the respective teams is moved to a high level team while the students who don't score well are moved to an easier level. This ensures that students of the same ability are competing with each other."
TGT enhances student cooperation and friendly competition which allows different students with different capabilities to work together and acquire mastery in the topics assigned to them. The students have the independence to have interactions with different students. The benefit of this activity is that it holds the students responsible for the preparation of the material. The advantages of TGT are that it involves students in higher\-order learning and they become excited about learning, knowledge is obtained from the student rather than solely from the teacher, it fosters positive attitudes in the students (such as cooperation and tolerance), and it trains students to express or convey ideas.{{cite web\|title \= Team game tournament\|url \= http://syahbella\-bellapoenya.blogspot.in/2011/05/effect\-of\-using\-cooperative\-learning.html\|ref \= blog\|access\-date \= 2015\-09\-12\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20151223081530/http://syahbella\-bellapoenya.blogspot.in/2011/05/effect\-of\-using\-cooperative\-learning.html\|archive\-date \= 2015\-12\-23\|url\-status \= dead}} TGT is an effective tool to teach mathematics as it motivates and helps students acquire skills and mastery with the help of their peer and through healthy competition.
The disadvantages are that it is time consuming for new teachers, requires adequate facilities and infrastructure, and can create confusion in the classroom. It does not translate to college environment where study is individualistic and allows more voice to the dominant personality than individualistic study would. It leaves out slower students, and lowers their self esteem by constantly being dominated. It can create a classroom of behavior problems and allows noise in the classroom making it difficult for concentration. It creates a negative environment for high achievers, who may have a lowered grade if group doesn't participate well in the group work. Finally, the world already functions in groups, such as the police force and unions, without teaching collective study.
|
[
"Techniques\n----------",
"There are a great number of cooperative learning techniques available. Some cooperative learning techniques utilize student pairing, while others utilize small groups of four or five students. Hundreds of techniques have been created into structures to use in any content area.Kagan, S. 1994\\. Kagan cooperative learning. 2nd ed. San Clemente, CA: Kagan Publishing. Among the easy to implement structures are think\\-pair\\-share, think\\-pair\\-write, variations of Round Robin, and the [reciprocal teaching](/wiki/Reciprocal_teaching \"Reciprocal teaching\") technique.{{cite journal \\| last\\=Schul \\| first\\=James E. \\| title\\=Revisiting an Old Friend: The Practice and Promise of Cooperative Learning for the Twenty\\-First Century \\| journal\\=The Social Studies \\| publisher\\=Informa UK Limited \\| volume\\=102 \\| issue\\=2 \\| date\\=2011\\-02\\-07 \\| issn\\=0037\\-7996 \\| doi\\=10\\.1080/00377996\\.2010\\.509370 \\| pages\\=88–93\\| s2cid\\=144687973 }} A well known cooperative learning technique is the Jigsaw, Jigsaw II and Reverse Jigsaw. Educators should think of critical thinking, creative thinking and empathetic thinking activities to give students in pairs and work together.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Avcı\\|first1\\=Filiz\\|last2\\=Kırbaşlar\\|first2\\=Fatma Gülay\\|last3\\=Acar Şeşen\\|first3\\=Burçin\\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-31\\|title\\=Instructional curriculum based on cooperative learning related to the structure of matter and its properties: Learning achievement, motivation and attitude\\|journal\\=South African Journal of Education \\|volume\\=39 \\|pages\\=1–14 \\|doi\\=10\\.15700/saje.v39n3a1602 \\|issn\\=0256\\-0100 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"### Think\\-pair\\-share",
"{{Main\\|Think\\-pair\\-share}}\nOriginally developed by Frank T. Lyman (1981\\),{{cite periodical \\|last\\=Lyman \\|first\\=F.T. \\|year\\=1981 \\|title\\=The responsive classroom discussion: The inclusion of all students \\|periodical\\=Mainstreaming Digest \\|volume\\=109 \\|page\\=113 \\|place\\=College Park \\|publisher\\=University of Maryland Press}} think\\-pair\\-share allows students to contemplate a posed question or problem silently. The student may write down thoughts or simply just brainstorm in his or her head. When prompted, the student pairs up with a peer and discusses his or her ideas and then listens to the ideas of his or her partner. Following pair dialogue, the teacher solicits responses from the whole group. Teachers using this technique don't have to worry about students not volunteering because each student will already have an idea in their heads; therefore, the teacher can call on anyone and increase discussion productivity.",
"### Jigsaw",
"{{main\\|Jigsaw learning technique}}\nStudents are members of two groups: home group and expert group. In the heterogeneous home group, students are each assigned a different topic. Once a topic has been identified, students leave the home group and group with the other students with their assigned topic. In the new group, students learn the material together before returning to their home group. Once back in their home group, each student is accountable for teaching his or her assigned topic.",
"#### Jigsaw II",
"Jigsaw II is [Robert Slavin](/wiki/Robert_Slavin \"Robert Slavin\")'s (1980\\) variation of Jigsaw in which members of the home group are assigned the same material, but focus on separate portions of the material. Each member must become an \"expert\" on his or her assigned portion and teach the other members of the home group.",
"#### Reverse jigsaw",
"{{main\\|Reverse jigsaw}}\nThis variation was created by Timothy Hedeen (2003\\){{cite journal \\| last\\=Hedeen \\| first\\=Timothy \\| title\\=The Reverse Jigsaw: A Process of Cooperative Learning and Discussion \\| journal\\=Teaching Sociology \\| publisher\\=American Sociological Association \\| volume\\=31 \\| issue\\=3 \\| date\\=July 2003 \\| pages\\=325–332 \\| issn\\=0092\\-055X \\| doi\\=10\\.2307/3211330 \\| jstor\\=3211330 }} It differs from the original Jigsaw during the teaching portion of the activity. In the Reverse Jigsaw technique, students in the expert groups teach the whole class rather than return to their home groups to teach the content.",
"### Inside\\-outside circle",
"{{Main\\|Inside\\-outside circle}}\nThe inside\\-outside circle is a cooperative learning strategy in which students form two concentric circles and take turns on rotation to face new partners to answer or discuss the teacher's questions.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=http://www.kaganonline.com/free\\_articles/research\\_and\\_rationale/313/Effects\\-of\\-Communication\\-on\\-Student\\-Learning \\|last\\=Murie \\|first\\=R. C. \\|title\\=Effects of Communication on Student Learning. \\|location\\=San Clemente \\|publisher\\=Kagan Publishing \\|magazine\\=Kagan Online Magazine \\|date\\=Summer 2004}} This method can be used to gather a variety of information, generate new ideas and solve problems.{{cite book\\|author1\\=Gayle H. Gregory\\|author2\\=Lin Kuzmich\\|title\\=Differentiated Literacy Strategies for Student Growth and Achievement in Grades 7\\-12 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=6XlyAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA63 \\|date\\=9 February 2005\\|publisher\\=SAGE Publications \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4522\\-1026\\-1 \\|pages\\=63–}}",
"### Reciprocal teaching",
"{{Main\\|Reciprocal teaching}}\nBrown and Paliscar (1982\\) developed reciprocal teaching, which — as currently practiced — pertains to the form of guided, cooperative learning that features a [collaborative learning](/wiki/Collaborative_learning \"Collaborative learning\") setting between learning leaders and listeners; expert scaffolding by an adult teacher; and direct instruction, modeling, and practice in the use of simple strategies that facilitate a dialogue structure.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Knowing, Learning, and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser\\|last\\=Resnick\\|first\\=Lauren\\|publisher\\=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers\\|year\\=1989\\|isbn\\=978\\-0805800685\\|location\\=Hillsdale, NJ\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/knowinglearningi00glas/page/443 443]\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/knowinglearningi00glas/page/443}}",
"In a model that allows for student pairs to participate in a dialogue about text, partners take turns reading and asking questions of each other, receiving immediate feedback. This approach enables students to use important metacognitive techniques such as clarifying, questioning, predicting, and summarizing. It embraces the idea that students can effectively learn from each other.Palinscar, A.S., \\& Brown, A.L. (1984\\). Reciprocal teaching of comprehension\\-fostering and comprehension\\-monitoring activities. Cognition and Instruction, I (2\\), 117\\-175\\. There are empirical studies that show the efficacy of reciprocal teaching even in subjects such as mathematics. For instance, it was found that children who were taught using this strategy showed higher levels of accuracy in mathematical computations in comparison with those who were not.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Cooperative Learning: The Social and Intellectual Outcomes of Learning in Groups\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/cooperativelearn00gill\\|url\\-access\\=limited\\|last1\\=Gillies \\|first1\\=Robyn\\|last2\\=Ashman \\|first2\\=Adrian \\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|year\\=2003\\|isbn\\=978\\-0415303408\\|location\\=Oxon\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/cooperativelearn00gill/page/n59 49]}} The same success has been obtained in the cases of students learning in diverse situations such as those with learning disabilities and those who are at risk of academic failure,{{Cite book\\|title\\=Cooperative Learning: Integrating Theory and Practice\\|last\\=Gillies \\|first\\=Robyn\\|publisher\\=SAGE \\|year\\=2007 \\|isbn\\=9781412940474 \\|location\\=Los Angeles\\|pages\\=96}} among others. These studies also cover learners from elementary to college levels.",
"### The Williams",
"Students collaborate to answer a big question that is the learning objective. Each group has differentiated questions that increase in cognitive demands to allow students to progress and meet the learning objective.",
"### Student\\-teams\\-achievement divisions",
"Students are placed in small groups (or [teams](/wiki/Team \"Team\")). The class in its entirety is presented with a lesson and the students are subsequently tested. Individuals are graded on the team's performance. Although the tests are taken individually, students are encouraged to work together to improve the overall performance of the group.Kevin Seifert and Rosemary Sutton. (2009\\) Educational Psychology 2nd Edition. \"Chapter 9: Facilitating Complex Thinking.\" pp. 204 [http://www.saylor.org/site/wp\\-content/uploads/2012/06/Educational\\-Psychology.pdf](http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Educational-Psychology.pdf)",
"### Rally table",
"{{Main\\|Rally table}}\nRally table is another cooperative learning strategy. In this process, the class or the students are divided into groups. This is done to encourage group learning, team building and cooperative learning. It is the written version of Robin Table.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Chophel \\|first\\=Yonten \\|date\\=2021 \\|title\\=Effect of Kagan Cooperative Learning Structures on Learning Achievement: An Experimental Study \\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355480437 \\|journal\\=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Explorer (IJMRE) \\|volume\\=1 \\|issue\\=9 \\|pages\\=124–132}}",
"### Team game tournament",
"In a team game tournament (TGT), students are placed into small groups to study and prepare for a trivia game. This gives students incentive to learn and have some fun learning the material. This is a group exercise so not one student is to blame.",
"TGT is an effective technique of cooperative learning wherein groups are created that function in the class for a period of time. In this technique the groups revise a portion of material before writing a written test. This motivates those students that have the fear of writing the test and to learn and reinforce what has been already learnt.\nThis method is one of the learning strategies designed by Robert Slavin for the purpose of review and mastery in learning. This method was basically to increase student's skills, increase interaction and self\\-esteem between students.\nIn this technique the students study in the class. The material is supplied and are taught in groups or individually through different activities. The students after receiving the material review it and then bring 2\\-6 points from their study into their assigned groups. Since the tournament is based on a material there is a specific answer.",
"The characteristics of TGT are that students are working in heterogeneous groups, that playing the games makes the students to move into homogeneous and higher level groups, and that they understand others' skills.",
"#### Method",
"The students compete in the tournament after a designated time to study by forming groups of 3\\-4 students where the stronger students compete with the weaker students and winner of the respective teams is moved to a high level team while the students who don't score well are moved to an easier level. This ensures that students of the same ability are competing with each other.\"",
"TGT enhances student cooperation and friendly competition which allows different students with different capabilities to work together and acquire mastery in the topics assigned to them. The students have the independence to have interactions with different students. The benefit of this activity is that it holds the students responsible for the preparation of the material. The advantages of TGT are that it involves students in higher\\-order learning and they become excited about learning, knowledge is obtained from the student rather than solely from the teacher, it fosters positive attitudes in the students (such as cooperation and tolerance), and it trains students to express or convey ideas.{{cite web\\|title \\= Team game tournament\\|url \\= http://syahbella\\-bellapoenya.blogspot.in/2011/05/effect\\-of\\-using\\-cooperative\\-learning.html\\|ref \\= blog\\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-09\\-12\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20151223081530/http://syahbella\\-bellapoenya.blogspot.in/2011/05/effect\\-of\\-using\\-cooperative\\-learning.html\\|archive\\-date \\= 2015\\-12\\-23\\|url\\-status \\= dead}} TGT is an effective tool to teach mathematics as it motivates and helps students acquire skills and mastery with the help of their peer and through healthy competition.",
"The disadvantages are that it is time consuming for new teachers, requires adequate facilities and infrastructure, and can create confusion in the classroom. It does not translate to college environment where study is individualistic and allows more voice to the dominant personality than individualistic study would. It leaves out slower students, and lowers their self esteem by constantly being dominated. It can create a classroom of behavior problems and allows noise in the classroom making it difficult for concentration. It creates a negative environment for high achievers, who may have a lowered grade if group doesn't participate well in the group work. Finally, the world already functions in groups, such as the police force and unions, without teaching collective study.",
""
] |
### Team game tournament
In a team game tournament (TGT), students are placed into small groups to study and prepare for a trivia game. This gives students incentive to learn and have some fun learning the material. This is a group exercise so not one student is to blame.
TGT is an effective technique of cooperative learning wherein groups are created that function in the class for a period of time. In this technique the groups revise a portion of material before writing a written test. This motivates those students that have the fear of writing the test and to learn and reinforce what has been already learnt.
This method is one of the learning strategies designed by Robert Slavin for the purpose of review and mastery in learning. This method was basically to increase student's skills, increase interaction and self\-esteem between students.
In this technique the students study in the class. The material is supplied and are taught in groups or individually through different activities. The students after receiving the material review it and then bring 2\-6 points from their study into their assigned groups. Since the tournament is based on a material there is a specific answer.
The characteristics of TGT are that students are working in heterogeneous groups, that playing the games makes the students to move into homogeneous and higher level groups, and that they understand others' skills.
#### Method
The students compete in the tournament after a designated time to study by forming groups of 3\-4 students where the stronger students compete with the weaker students and winner of the respective teams is moved to a high level team while the students who don't score well are moved to an easier level. This ensures that students of the same ability are competing with each other."
TGT enhances student cooperation and friendly competition which allows different students with different capabilities to work together and acquire mastery in the topics assigned to them. The students have the independence to have interactions with different students. The benefit of this activity is that it holds the students responsible for the preparation of the material. The advantages of TGT are that it involves students in higher\-order learning and they become excited about learning, knowledge is obtained from the student rather than solely from the teacher, it fosters positive attitudes in the students (such as cooperation and tolerance), and it trains students to express or convey ideas.{{cite web\|title \= Team game tournament\|url \= http://syahbella\-bellapoenya.blogspot.in/2011/05/effect\-of\-using\-cooperative\-learning.html\|ref \= blog\|access\-date \= 2015\-09\-12\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20151223081530/http://syahbella\-bellapoenya.blogspot.in/2011/05/effect\-of\-using\-cooperative\-learning.html\|archive\-date \= 2015\-12\-23\|url\-status \= dead}} TGT is an effective tool to teach mathematics as it motivates and helps students acquire skills and mastery with the help of their peer and through healthy competition.
The disadvantages are that it is time consuming for new teachers, requires adequate facilities and infrastructure, and can create confusion in the classroom. It does not translate to college environment where study is individualistic and allows more voice to the dominant personality than individualistic study would. It leaves out slower students, and lowers their self esteem by constantly being dominated. It can create a classroom of behavior problems and allows noise in the classroom making it difficult for concentration. It creates a negative environment for high achievers, who may have a lowered grade if group doesn't participate well in the group work. Finally, the world already functions in groups, such as the police force and unions, without teaching collective study.
|
[
"### Team game tournament",
"In a team game tournament (TGT), students are placed into small groups to study and prepare for a trivia game. This gives students incentive to learn and have some fun learning the material. This is a group exercise so not one student is to blame.",
"TGT is an effective technique of cooperative learning wherein groups are created that function in the class for a period of time. In this technique the groups revise a portion of material before writing a written test. This motivates those students that have the fear of writing the test and to learn and reinforce what has been already learnt.\nThis method is one of the learning strategies designed by Robert Slavin for the purpose of review and mastery in learning. This method was basically to increase student's skills, increase interaction and self\\-esteem between students.\nIn this technique the students study in the class. The material is supplied and are taught in groups or individually through different activities. The students after receiving the material review it and then bring 2\\-6 points from their study into their assigned groups. Since the tournament is based on a material there is a specific answer.",
"The characteristics of TGT are that students are working in heterogeneous groups, that playing the games makes the students to move into homogeneous and higher level groups, and that they understand others' skills.",
"#### Method",
"The students compete in the tournament after a designated time to study by forming groups of 3\\-4 students where the stronger students compete with the weaker students and winner of the respective teams is moved to a high level team while the students who don't score well are moved to an easier level. This ensures that students of the same ability are competing with each other.\"",
"TGT enhances student cooperation and friendly competition which allows different students with different capabilities to work together and acquire mastery in the topics assigned to them. The students have the independence to have interactions with different students. The benefit of this activity is that it holds the students responsible for the preparation of the material. The advantages of TGT are that it involves students in higher\\-order learning and they become excited about learning, knowledge is obtained from the student rather than solely from the teacher, it fosters positive attitudes in the students (such as cooperation and tolerance), and it trains students to express or convey ideas.{{cite web\\|title \\= Team game tournament\\|url \\= http://syahbella\\-bellapoenya.blogspot.in/2011/05/effect\\-of\\-using\\-cooperative\\-learning.html\\|ref \\= blog\\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-09\\-12\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20151223081530/http://syahbella\\-bellapoenya.blogspot.in/2011/05/effect\\-of\\-using\\-cooperative\\-learning.html\\|archive\\-date \\= 2015\\-12\\-23\\|url\\-status \\= dead}} TGT is an effective tool to teach mathematics as it motivates and helps students acquire skills and mastery with the help of their peer and through healthy competition.",
"The disadvantages are that it is time consuming for new teachers, requires adequate facilities and infrastructure, and can create confusion in the classroom. It does not translate to college environment where study is individualistic and allows more voice to the dominant personality than individualistic study would. It leaves out slower students, and lowers their self esteem by constantly being dominated. It can create a classroom of behavior problems and allows noise in the classroom making it difficult for concentration. It creates a negative environment for high achievers, who may have a lowered grade if group doesn't participate well in the group work. Finally, the world already functions in groups, such as the police force and unions, without teaching collective study.",
""
] |
Limitations and problems
------------------------
Cooperative Learning has many limitations that could cause the process to be more complicated than first perceived. Sharan (2010\) describes the constant evolution of cooperative learning as a threat. Because cooperative learning is constantly changing, there is a possibility that teachers may become confused and lack complete understanding of the method. The highly dynamic nature of cooperative learning means that it can not be used effectively in many situations. Also teachers can get into the habit of relying on cooperative learning as a way to keep students busy. While cooperative learning will consume time, the most effective application of cooperative learning hinges on an active instructor. Teachers implementing cooperative learning may also be challenged with resistance and hostility from students who believe that they are being held back by slower teammates or by students who are less confident and feel that they are being ignored or demeaned by their team.
Students often provide feedback in the form of evaluations or reviews on success of the teamwork experienced during cooperative learning experiences. Peer review and evaluations may not reflect true experiences due to perceived competition among peers. Students might feel pressured into submitting inaccurate evaluations due to bullying. Although assessment of groups can lead to inaccurate results, a study was done that found students who participated in groups that ended with self assessment performed significantly better than the groups who did not end with self assessment.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Pratten \|first1\=Margaret K. \|last2\=Merrick \|first2\=Deborah \|last3\=Burr \|first3\=Steven A. \|date\=May 2014 \|title\=Group in\-course assessment promotes cooperative learning and increases performance \|url\=https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\.1002/ase.1397 \|journal\=Anatomical Sciences Education \|language\=en \|volume\=7 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=224–233 \|doi\=10\.1002/ase.1397 \|pmid\=24039224 \|issn\=1935\-9772}} To eliminate such concerns, confidential evaluation processes and individual performance evaluation may help to increase evaluation strength.
### Group hate
Group hate is defined as "a feeling of dread that arises when facing the possibility of having to work in a group{{Cite conference \|last\=Sorensen \|first\=Susan M. \|date\=1981 \|title\=Grouphate: a negative reaction to group work \|conference\=Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association \|id\={{ERIC\|ED204821}}}} When students develop group hate their individual performance in the group suffers and in turn the group as a whole suffers. There are many factors that lead students to experience these feelings of group hate. The more crucial elements include past bad experiences, group fatigue due to overuse of cooperative learning and whether they prefer to work alone.
When students are given a choice between group based or individual work, they often evaluate several factors. The three most common factors are how likely they are to get a good grade, the difficulty of the task, and the amount of effort involved. Students will choose to do the work individually more often that not, because they feel that they can do a better job individually than as a group.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Lewis \|last2\=Haywaird \|date\=2003 \|title\=Choice\-based learning: student reactions in an undergraduate organizational communication course \|journal\=Communication Education \|volume\=52 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=148–156 \|doi\=10\.1080/03634520302467 \|s2cid\=144617585}}
It is difficult to definitively identify which factors lead to a student forming group hate, as each group and individual is unique. However, there are several common concerns that lead to students developing group hate.
* Concerns about the teachers' role
* Concerns about the students' role
* Concerns about fairness and use of resources.
Concerns about the teachers' role usually stem from lack of communication from the teacher as to what exactly is expected of the group. It is difficult for a teacher to find the right balance between being overbearing, and not providing sufficient structure and oversight. While an experienced teacher may be able to strike the balance every time, most teachers tend to lean one way or the other which can cause confusion with the students. This is only amplified when the students are put into groups and asked to complete a project with insufficient instructions. The way a teacher chooses to structure a project can influence how a student perceives the project overall. Whether or not a student likes a teaching style or not can influence if they develop group hate.{{cite book \| last1\=Allen \| first1\=Terre \| last2\=Plax \| first2\=Timothy \| title\=New Directions in Group Communication \| chapter\=Exploring Consequences of Group Communication in the Classroom: Unraveling Relational Learning \| publisher\=SAGE Publications \| publication\-place\=Thousand Oaks \| year\=2002 \| doi\=10\.4135/9781412990042\.n12 \| pages\=219–234\| isbn\=9780761912811 }}
The next concern that leads students to developing group hate is that students get sick of working with the same group members over and over again. Cooperative learning is becoming so common that students are beginning to develop group hate simply because they are doing too many group projects. Students express opinions such as, "so many group projects with the same people", and, "we are all up in each others business". While the building of personal relationships can be a positive aspect of cooperative learning, it can also be a negative if a person has to continually work with people who are constantly letting them down or who are difficult to work with. Unfortunately, it is common to have group members that exhibit signs of loafing within the group.{{Cite periodical \|last\=Glenn \|date\=2010 \|title\=Students Give Group Assignments a Failing Grade \|periodical\=The Chronicle of Higher Education }}
### Loafing
{{main\|Social loafing}}
Loafing is defined as "students who don't take responsibility for their own role, even if it is the smallest role in the group."{{Cite journal\|last\=Isaac\|first\=Megan\|date\=March 2012\|title\=I Hate Group Work: Social Loafers, Indignant Peers, and the Drama of The Classroom\|journal\=The English Journal\|volume\=101\|issue\=4 \|pages\=83–89\|doi\=10\.58680/ej201218753 \|jstor\=41415478}} Students expect that group based learning will be fair for everyone within the group. In order for cooperative learning to be fair the work load must be shared equally within the group. Many students fear that this will not take place. This leads to the students developing group hate.
{{blockquote\|text\=The fear that some members of the group will act as passengers or social loafers and derive a benefit (generally a good grade) from the group activity undermines the effectiveness of the group. Some students hoard their intellectual capital to make sure that no one unjustly benefits from it. Ironically, some of the students most indignant about "slackers" or "freeloaders" make immediate assumptions about their peers and insist from the outset that they will have to take care of everything in order to maintain control. There are many ways for a concern about equity to warp the function of a group. Therefore, to make groups more effective, the most important thing an instructor can do to defuse student resistance to cooperative learning is to focus attention on the issue of "fairness."}}
In order for students not to develop group hate the instructors must be very aware of this process and take steps to insure that the project is fair. This can be a difficult task. It is often difficult to gauge which students are loafing while the project is taking place, unless other students in the group bring the problem to the attention of the instructor.
### Assessment of groups
It is a common practice to have the groups self assess after the project is complete. However, "assessment can be the Achilles heel of cooperative learning".{{cite book \| editor\-last\=Boud \| editor\-first\=David \| editor\-last2\=Cohen \| editor\-first2\=Ruth \| editor\-last3\=Sampson \| editor\-first3\=Jane \| title\=Peer Learning in Higher Education \| place\=London \| publisher\=Routledge \| date\=2001 \| isbn\=978\-1\-135\-38346\-6 \| doi\=10\.4324/9781315042565 \| page\=}} Students often will assess their group positively in hopes that they will in return be assessed the same way. This often leads to inaccurate assessments of the group. "For most instructors, one of the greatest pedagogical challenges for a group communication course is to help students realize that the benefits of cooperative learning outweigh the costs involved".{{Cite journal \|last\=Barton \|date\=2005 \|title\=Turning Grouphate into competent communication: Shared Governance and the small group classroom \|journal\=North Dakota Journal of Speech \& Theatre}}
### Group cohesion and conflict management
Another aspect of cooperative learning that leads to group members developing group hate is that "groups are unable to achieve sufficient cohesion because they fail to manage conflict effectively".{{Cite journal\|last\=Rothwell\|date\=2004\|title\=Instruction based on cooperative learning\|journal\=Handbook of Research on Learning and Instruction}} The students are not usually in a group long enough to develop good group cohesion and establish effective ways to resolve conflict. The problem is that most students have had a negative experience in groups and consequently are apprehensive to get into such a situation again.{{Cite journal\|last\=Keyton Harmon Frey\|date\=1996\|title\=Grouphate: Implications for Teaching Group Communication \|journal\=Instructional Development}} "One answer to this dilemma is to demonstrate how groups trump individuals in terms of problem solving". If instructors are able to effectively accomplish this it is a positive step towards eliminating group hate.
Group hate exists in almost all student group, due to factors such as past bad experiences, concerns about how the project will play out, worries about others loafing, or not knowing how to effectively manage conflict that may arise within the group. However, group based learning is an important aspect of higher education and should continue to be used. More companies are turning towards team based models in order to become more efficient in the work place. Limiting student feelings of group hate leads to students having better group experiences and learning how to work better in groups.
Cooperative learning is becoming more and more popular within the American education system.{{Cite journal\|last\=Caruso Wooley\|date\=2008\|title\=Harnessing the power of emergent interdependence to promote diverse team collaboration \|journal\=Diversity and Groups\|series\=Research on Managing Groups and Teams\|volume\=11\|pages\=245–266\|doi\=10\.1016/S1534\-0856(08\)11011\-8\|isbn\=978\-1\-84855\-052\-0}} It is almost uncommon not to have some cooperative learning elements within a college class. However, it is not uncommon to hear students expressing negative opinions regarding cooperative learning.{{Cite journal\|last\=Myers\|date\=2012\|title\=Students' perceptions of classroom group work as a function of group member selection\|journal\=\[\[Communication Teacher]]\|volume\=26\|pages\=50–64\|doi\=10\.1080/17404622\.2011\.625368\|s2cid\=144926877}} Feichtner and Davis stated that this is because "entirely too many students are leaving the classroom experiencing only the frustrations of cooperative learning and not the numerous benefits possible through team based effort".{{Cite journal\|last\=Feichtner \& Davis\|date\=1984\|title\=Why some groups fail: A survey of students' experiences with learning groups \|journal\=Organizational Behavior Teaching Review\|volume\=9\|issue\=4\|pages\=58–73\|doi\=10\.1177/105256298400900409\|hdl\=11244/25221\|s2cid\=144047578\|hdl\-access\=free}} One of the main flaws with previous research is that the research is almost always done from the perspective of the instructor, giving a flawed view as the instructors are not the ones who are participating in the cooperative learning.
{{blockquote\|From the (often blind) viewpoint of instructors, we had always viewed cooperative learning as an added advantage for the students – an opportunity to receive additional support while working closely with their peers. We had never really considered what a disastrous experience some frustrated students must endure, or why some students reported only positive experiences from classes utilizing group learning techniques.}}
|
[
"Limitations and problems\n------------------------",
"Cooperative Learning has many limitations that could cause the process to be more complicated than first perceived. Sharan (2010\\) describes the constant evolution of cooperative learning as a threat. Because cooperative learning is constantly changing, there is a possibility that teachers may become confused and lack complete understanding of the method. The highly dynamic nature of cooperative learning means that it can not be used effectively in many situations. Also teachers can get into the habit of relying on cooperative learning as a way to keep students busy. While cooperative learning will consume time, the most effective application of cooperative learning hinges on an active instructor. Teachers implementing cooperative learning may also be challenged with resistance and hostility from students who believe that they are being held back by slower teammates or by students who are less confident and feel that they are being ignored or demeaned by their team.",
"Students often provide feedback in the form of evaluations or reviews on success of the teamwork experienced during cooperative learning experiences. Peer review and evaluations may not reflect true experiences due to perceived competition among peers. Students might feel pressured into submitting inaccurate evaluations due to bullying. Although assessment of groups can lead to inaccurate results, a study was done that found students who participated in groups that ended with self assessment performed significantly better than the groups who did not end with self assessment.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Pratten \\|first1\\=Margaret K. \\|last2\\=Merrick \\|first2\\=Deborah \\|last3\\=Burr \\|first3\\=Steven A. \\|date\\=May 2014 \\|title\\=Group in\\-course assessment promotes cooperative learning and increases performance \\|url\\=https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\\.1002/ase.1397 \\|journal\\=Anatomical Sciences Education \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=224–233 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/ase.1397 \\|pmid\\=24039224 \\|issn\\=1935\\-9772}} To eliminate such concerns, confidential evaluation processes and individual performance evaluation may help to increase evaluation strength.",
"### Group hate",
"Group hate is defined as \"a feeling of dread that arises when facing the possibility of having to work in a group{{Cite conference \\|last\\=Sorensen \\|first\\=Susan M. \\|date\\=1981 \\|title\\=Grouphate: a negative reaction to group work \\|conference\\=Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association \\|id\\={{ERIC\\|ED204821}}}} When students develop group hate their individual performance in the group suffers and in turn the group as a whole suffers. There are many factors that lead students to experience these feelings of group hate. The more crucial elements include past bad experiences, group fatigue due to overuse of cooperative learning and whether they prefer to work alone.",
"When students are given a choice between group based or individual work, they often evaluate several factors. The three most common factors are how likely they are to get a good grade, the difficulty of the task, and the amount of effort involved. Students will choose to do the work individually more often that not, because they feel that they can do a better job individually than as a group.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Lewis \\|last2\\=Haywaird \\|date\\=2003 \\|title\\=Choice\\-based learning: student reactions in an undergraduate organizational communication course \\|journal\\=Communication Education \\|volume\\=52 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=148–156 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/03634520302467 \\|s2cid\\=144617585}}",
"It is difficult to definitively identify which factors lead to a student forming group hate, as each group and individual is unique. However, there are several common concerns that lead to students developing group hate.\n* Concerns about the teachers' role\n* Concerns about the students' role\n* Concerns about fairness and use of resources.\nConcerns about the teachers' role usually stem from lack of communication from the teacher as to what exactly is expected of the group. It is difficult for a teacher to find the right balance between being overbearing, and not providing sufficient structure and oversight. While an experienced teacher may be able to strike the balance every time, most teachers tend to lean one way or the other which can cause confusion with the students. This is only amplified when the students are put into groups and asked to complete a project with insufficient instructions. The way a teacher chooses to structure a project can influence how a student perceives the project overall. Whether or not a student likes a teaching style or not can influence if they develop group hate.{{cite book \\| last1\\=Allen \\| first1\\=Terre \\| last2\\=Plax \\| first2\\=Timothy \\| title\\=New Directions in Group Communication \\| chapter\\=Exploring Consequences of Group Communication in the Classroom: Unraveling Relational Learning \\| publisher\\=SAGE Publications \\| publication\\-place\\=Thousand Oaks \\| year\\=2002 \\| doi\\=10\\.4135/9781412990042\\.n12 \\| pages\\=219–234\\| isbn\\=9780761912811 }}",
"The next concern that leads students to developing group hate is that students get sick of working with the same group members over and over again. Cooperative learning is becoming so common that students are beginning to develop group hate simply because they are doing too many group projects. Students express opinions such as, \"so many group projects with the same people\", and, \"we are all up in each others business\". While the building of personal relationships can be a positive aspect of cooperative learning, it can also be a negative if a person has to continually work with people who are constantly letting them down or who are difficult to work with. Unfortunately, it is common to have group members that exhibit signs of loafing within the group.{{Cite periodical \\|last\\=Glenn \\|date\\=2010 \\|title\\=Students Give Group Assignments a Failing Grade \\|periodical\\=The Chronicle of Higher Education }}",
"### Loafing",
"{{main\\|Social loafing}}\nLoafing is defined as \"students who don't take responsibility for their own role, even if it is the smallest role in the group.\"{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Isaac\\|first\\=Megan\\|date\\=March 2012\\|title\\=I Hate Group Work: Social Loafers, Indignant Peers, and the Drama of The Classroom\\|journal\\=The English Journal\\|volume\\=101\\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=83–89\\|doi\\=10\\.58680/ej201218753 \\|jstor\\=41415478}} Students expect that group based learning will be fair for everyone within the group. In order for cooperative learning to be fair the work load must be shared equally within the group. Many students fear that this will not take place. This leads to the students developing group hate.\n{{blockquote\\|text\\=The fear that some members of the group will act as passengers or social loafers and derive a benefit (generally a good grade) from the group activity undermines the effectiveness of the group. Some students hoard their intellectual capital to make sure that no one unjustly benefits from it. Ironically, some of the students most indignant about \"slackers\" or \"freeloaders\" make immediate assumptions about their peers and insist from the outset that they will have to take care of everything in order to maintain control. There are many ways for a concern about equity to warp the function of a group. Therefore, to make groups more effective, the most important thing an instructor can do to defuse student resistance to cooperative learning is to focus attention on the issue of \"fairness.\"}}\nIn order for students not to develop group hate the instructors must be very aware of this process and take steps to insure that the project is fair. This can be a difficult task. It is often difficult to gauge which students are loafing while the project is taking place, unless other students in the group bring the problem to the attention of the instructor.",
"### Assessment of groups",
"It is a common practice to have the groups self assess after the project is complete. However, \"assessment can be the Achilles heel of cooperative learning\".{{cite book \\| editor\\-last\\=Boud \\| editor\\-first\\=David \\| editor\\-last2\\=Cohen \\| editor\\-first2\\=Ruth \\| editor\\-last3\\=Sampson \\| editor\\-first3\\=Jane \\| title\\=Peer Learning in Higher Education \\| place\\=London \\| publisher\\=Routledge \\| date\\=2001 \\| isbn\\=978\\-1\\-135\\-38346\\-6 \\| doi\\=10\\.4324/9781315042565 \\| page\\=}} Students often will assess their group positively in hopes that they will in return be assessed the same way. This often leads to inaccurate assessments of the group. \"For most instructors, one of the greatest pedagogical challenges for a group communication course is to help students realize that the benefits of cooperative learning outweigh the costs involved\".{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Barton \\|date\\=2005 \\|title\\=Turning Grouphate into competent communication: Shared Governance and the small group classroom \\|journal\\=North Dakota Journal of Speech \\& Theatre}}",
"### Group cohesion and conflict management",
"Another aspect of cooperative learning that leads to group members developing group hate is that \"groups are unable to achieve sufficient cohesion because they fail to manage conflict effectively\".{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Rothwell\\|date\\=2004\\|title\\=Instruction based on cooperative learning\\|journal\\=Handbook of Research on Learning and Instruction}} The students are not usually in a group long enough to develop good group cohesion and establish effective ways to resolve conflict. The problem is that most students have had a negative experience in groups and consequently are apprehensive to get into such a situation again.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Keyton Harmon Frey\\|date\\=1996\\|title\\=Grouphate: Implications for Teaching Group Communication \\|journal\\=Instructional Development}} \"One answer to this dilemma is to demonstrate how groups trump individuals in terms of problem solving\". If instructors are able to effectively accomplish this it is a positive step towards eliminating group hate.",
"Group hate exists in almost all student group, due to factors such as past bad experiences, concerns about how the project will play out, worries about others loafing, or not knowing how to effectively manage conflict that may arise within the group. However, group based learning is an important aspect of higher education and should continue to be used. More companies are turning towards team based models in order to become more efficient in the work place. Limiting student feelings of group hate leads to students having better group experiences and learning how to work better in groups.",
"Cooperative learning is becoming more and more popular within the American education system.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Caruso Wooley\\|date\\=2008\\|title\\=Harnessing the power of emergent interdependence to promote diverse team collaboration \\|journal\\=Diversity and Groups\\|series\\=Research on Managing Groups and Teams\\|volume\\=11\\|pages\\=245–266\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S1534\\-0856(08\\)11011\\-8\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84855\\-052\\-0}} It is almost uncommon not to have some cooperative learning elements within a college class. However, it is not uncommon to hear students expressing negative opinions regarding cooperative learning.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Myers\\|date\\=2012\\|title\\=Students' perceptions of classroom group work as a function of group member selection\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Communication Teacher]]\\|volume\\=26\\|pages\\=50–64\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/17404622\\.2011\\.625368\\|s2cid\\=144926877}} Feichtner and Davis stated that this is because \"entirely too many students are leaving the classroom experiencing only the frustrations of cooperative learning and not the numerous benefits possible through team based effort\".{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Feichtner \\& Davis\\|date\\=1984\\|title\\=Why some groups fail: A survey of students' experiences with learning groups \\|journal\\=Organizational Behavior Teaching Review\\|volume\\=9\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=58–73\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/105256298400900409\\|hdl\\=11244/25221\\|s2cid\\=144047578\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} One of the main flaws with previous research is that the research is almost always done from the perspective of the instructor, giving a flawed view as the instructors are not the ones who are participating in the cooperative learning.",
"{{blockquote\\|From the (often blind) viewpoint of instructors, we had always viewed cooperative learning as an added advantage for the students – an opportunity to receive additional support while working closely with their peers. We had never really considered what a disastrous experience some frustrated students must endure, or why some students reported only positive experiences from classes utilizing group learning techniques.}}",
""
] |
Personal life
-------------
McEvoy was born in [St Kilda](/wiki/St_Kilda%2C_Victoria "St Kilda, Victoria"), Victoria, Australia, on 12 February 1907, the son of [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand")\-born Violet Healy and [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") native Frederick Aloysius McEvoy.{{cite web\| title\= Frederick James Mc Evoy and Irene Margaret Wrightsman\| date\= 11 February 1943\| work\=California, County Marriages, 1850–1952 \| publisher\= \[\[FamilySearch]] \|url\= https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9\.1\.1/K82P\-G6W \| access\-date\= 23 June 2013}} After the death of his father the family moved to England early in his life. McEvoy was given the nickname of "Suicide Freddie" because of his love of danger both in life and in sport.Gordon, Harry. [*The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994–2002*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EMGFs3Vmk9cC&dq=%22suicide+freddie%22+mcevoy&pg=PA271). University of Queensland Press. 2003\. p.271\. Accessed 26 October 2011\.["Freddie Mcevoy – No Era Un Símbolo"](http://www.pilotos-muertos.com/2011/McEvoy%20Freddie.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723071800/http://www.pilotos\-muertos.com/2011/McEvoy%20Freddie.html \|date\=23 July 2011 }}. \[Freddie McEvoy – was not a symbol]. {{in lang\|es}} www.pilotos\-muertos.com. Accessed 26 October 2011\. He was a rival of fellow racing driver and [playboy](/wiki/Playboy_%28lifestyle%29 "Playboy (lifestyle)") [Porfirio Rubirosa](/wiki/Porfirio_Rubirosa "Porfirio Rubirosa").
### Marriage and relationships
McEvoy was described by newspapers as an "internationally known Australian playboy" and a "popular, handsome, heiress hunter".[Freddy McEvoy was playboy](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article26595076/1766866?zoomLevel=3). *[The Argus](/wiki/The_Argus_%28Australia%29 "The Argus (Australia)")*. 7 March 1954\. Accessed 26 October 2011\.[Woolworth Heiress May Marry Austn.](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article50284868?searchTerm=fred%20mcevoy&searchLimits=). *[The Courier\-Mail](/wiki/The_Courier-Mail "The Courier-Mail")*. 13 April 1946\. Accessed 26 October 2011\. McEvoy considered himself, along with Rubirosa, the "Playboy of the Western World" and was rumoured to be very well endowed which may have been part of the allure to his female conquests.{{cite web\| url\= https://www.scribd.com/doc/86738770/J\-Edgar\-Hoover\-and\-Clyde\-Tolson\-Darwin\-Porter\| title\= J. Edgar Hoover \& Clyde Tolson: Investigating the Sexual Secrets of America's Most Famous Men and Women\| publisher\= scribd.com\| access\-date\= 2 September 2012}}{{Dead link\|date\=October 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
McEvoy was married several times, taking his first wife in 1940\. Beatrice Cartwright, a member of the [Pratt family](/wiki/Charles_Pratt "Charles Pratt") and heir to a fortune from [Standard Oil](/wiki/Standard_Oil "Standard Oil"), was twice his age and had lived with McEvoy for several years before their marriage. The union did not last, and in 1942 Cartwright accused McEvoy of being unfaithful with "three well\-known society women".[Flynn's Host Sued For Divorce](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48888810?searchTerm=fred%20mcevoy&searchLimits=). *[The Advertiser](/wiki/The_Advertiser_%28Adelaide%29 "The Advertiser (Adelaide)")*. 28 October 1942\. Accessed 26 October 2011\. The divorce was granted on the grounds of misconduct. McEvoy was not present for the decision as he was embroiled in a [statutory rape](/wiki/Statutory_rape "Statutory rape") case that had been opened against close friend Errol Flynn.[Oil Heiress Granted Divorce](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56132052?searchTerm=fred%20mcevoy&searchLimits=). *[The Morning Bulletin](/wiki/The_Morning_Bulletin "The Morning Bulletin")*. 30 October 1942\. Accessed 26 October 2011\. 17\-year\-old Betty Hansen had accused Flynn of committing the offence during a party at McEvoy's [Bel Air](/wiki/Bel_Air%2C_Los_Angeles "Bel Air, Los Angeles") home, but McEvoy continued to publicly defend Flynn.
In February 1943, McEvoy married Irene Margaret Wrightsman, the daughter of [Charles B. Wrightsman](/wiki/Charles_Bierer_Wrightsman "Charles Bierer Wrightsman"), the president of [Standard Oil](/wiki/Standard_Oil "Standard Oil") of Kansas. Wrightsman was 18 at the time of their wedding, nearly half his age. Wrightsman was disinherited by her father after she eloped and the marriage lasted just two years.
In 1945 he met [Barbara Hutton](/wiki/Barbara_Hutton "Barbara Hutton"), another wealthy heiress who had just divorced third husband [Cary Grant](/wiki/Cary_Grant "Cary Grant"). Hutton was warned to stay away from McEvoy by friends and relatives and they assumed that the pair would marry as soon as he "legally divorces penniless Irene". The couple were never wed, though Hutton bought a chalet at a ski resort in [Franconia, New Hampshire](/wiki/Franconia%2C_New_Hampshire "Franconia, New Hampshire"), and they lived together for a time. Hutton married again in 1947 and she remained friends with McEvoy who went on to marry Claude Stephanie Filatre, a French fashion model, in 1949\.
Errol Flynn married [Patrice Wymore](/wiki/Patrice_Wymore "Patrice Wymore") at a ceremony in [Monte Carlo](/wiki/Monte_Carlo "Monte Carlo") in 1950 with McEvoy as his best man and Filatre as the matron of honour.[Flynn Weds Starlet In Monte Carlo](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18173687?searchTerm=fred%20mcevoy&searchLimits=). *[The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald "The Sydney Morning Herald")*. 24 October 1950\. Accessed 26 October 2011\. At the time McEvoy was said to have been living in [Cannes](/wiki/Cannes "Cannes") aboard his [schooner](/wiki/Schooner "Schooner") *Black Joke*.["Sydney Man To Be Best Man For Errol Flynn"](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18177643?searchTerm=fred%20mcevoy&searchLimits=). *[The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald "The Sydney Morning Herald")*. 20 October 1950\. Accessed 26 October 2011\.
|
[
"Personal life\n-------------",
"McEvoy was born in [St Kilda](/wiki/St_Kilda%2C_Victoria \"St Kilda, Victoria\"), Victoria, Australia, on 12 February 1907, the son of [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\")\\-born Violet Healy and [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") native Frederick Aloysius McEvoy.{{cite web\\| title\\= Frederick James Mc Evoy and Irene Margaret Wrightsman\\| date\\= 11 February 1943\\| work\\=California, County Marriages, 1850–1952 \\| publisher\\= \\[\\[FamilySearch]] \\|url\\= https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9\\.1\\.1/K82P\\-G6W \\| access\\-date\\= 23 June 2013}} After the death of his father the family moved to England early in his life. McEvoy was given the nickname of \"Suicide Freddie\" because of his love of danger both in life and in sport.Gordon, Harry. [*The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994–2002*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EMGFs3Vmk9cC&dq=%22suicide+freddie%22+mcevoy&pg=PA271). University of Queensland Press. 2003\\. p.271\\. Accessed 26 October 2011\\.[\"Freddie Mcevoy – No Era Un Símbolo\"](http://www.pilotos-muertos.com/2011/McEvoy%20Freddie.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723071800/http://www.pilotos\\-muertos.com/2011/McEvoy%20Freddie.html \\|date\\=23 July 2011 }}. \\[Freddie McEvoy – was not a symbol]. {{in lang\\|es}} www.pilotos\\-muertos.com. Accessed 26 October 2011\\. He was a rival of fellow racing driver and [playboy](/wiki/Playboy_%28lifestyle%29 \"Playboy (lifestyle)\") [Porfirio Rubirosa](/wiki/Porfirio_Rubirosa \"Porfirio Rubirosa\").",
"### Marriage and relationships",
"McEvoy was described by newspapers as an \"internationally known Australian playboy\" and a \"popular, handsome, heiress hunter\".[Freddy McEvoy was playboy](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article26595076/1766866?zoomLevel=3). *[The Argus](/wiki/The_Argus_%28Australia%29 \"The Argus (Australia)\")*. 7 March 1954\\. Accessed 26 October 2011\\.[Woolworth Heiress May Marry Austn.](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article50284868?searchTerm=fred%20mcevoy&searchLimits=). *[The Courier\\-Mail](/wiki/The_Courier-Mail \"The Courier-Mail\")*. 13 April 1946\\. Accessed 26 October 2011\\. McEvoy considered himself, along with Rubirosa, the \"Playboy of the Western World\" and was rumoured to be very well endowed which may have been part of the allure to his female conquests.{{cite web\\| url\\= https://www.scribd.com/doc/86738770/J\\-Edgar\\-Hoover\\-and\\-Clyde\\-Tolson\\-Darwin\\-Porter\\| title\\= J. Edgar Hoover \\& Clyde Tolson: Investigating the Sexual Secrets of America's Most Famous Men and Women\\| publisher\\= scribd.com\\| access\\-date\\= 2 September 2012}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=October 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"McEvoy was married several times, taking his first wife in 1940\\. Beatrice Cartwright, a member of the [Pratt family](/wiki/Charles_Pratt \"Charles Pratt\") and heir to a fortune from [Standard Oil](/wiki/Standard_Oil \"Standard Oil\"), was twice his age and had lived with McEvoy for several years before their marriage. The union did not last, and in 1942 Cartwright accused McEvoy of being unfaithful with \"three well\\-known society women\".[Flynn's Host Sued For Divorce](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48888810?searchTerm=fred%20mcevoy&searchLimits=). *[The Advertiser](/wiki/The_Advertiser_%28Adelaide%29 \"The Advertiser (Adelaide)\")*. 28 October 1942\\. Accessed 26 October 2011\\. The divorce was granted on the grounds of misconduct. McEvoy was not present for the decision as he was embroiled in a [statutory rape](/wiki/Statutory_rape \"Statutory rape\") case that had been opened against close friend Errol Flynn.[Oil Heiress Granted Divorce](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56132052?searchTerm=fred%20mcevoy&searchLimits=). *[The Morning Bulletin](/wiki/The_Morning_Bulletin \"The Morning Bulletin\")*. 30 October 1942\\. Accessed 26 October 2011\\. 17\\-year\\-old Betty Hansen had accused Flynn of committing the offence during a party at McEvoy's [Bel Air](/wiki/Bel_Air%2C_Los_Angeles \"Bel Air, Los Angeles\") home, but McEvoy continued to publicly defend Flynn.",
"In February 1943, McEvoy married Irene Margaret Wrightsman, the daughter of [Charles B. Wrightsman](/wiki/Charles_Bierer_Wrightsman \"Charles Bierer Wrightsman\"), the president of [Standard Oil](/wiki/Standard_Oil \"Standard Oil\") of Kansas. Wrightsman was 18 at the time of their wedding, nearly half his age. Wrightsman was disinherited by her father after she eloped and the marriage lasted just two years.",
"In 1945 he met [Barbara Hutton](/wiki/Barbara_Hutton \"Barbara Hutton\"), another wealthy heiress who had just divorced third husband [Cary Grant](/wiki/Cary_Grant \"Cary Grant\"). Hutton was warned to stay away from McEvoy by friends and relatives and they assumed that the pair would marry as soon as he \"legally divorces penniless Irene\". The couple were never wed, though Hutton bought a chalet at a ski resort in [Franconia, New Hampshire](/wiki/Franconia%2C_New_Hampshire \"Franconia, New Hampshire\"), and they lived together for a time. Hutton married again in 1947 and she remained friends with McEvoy who went on to marry Claude Stephanie Filatre, a French fashion model, in 1949\\.",
"Errol Flynn married [Patrice Wymore](/wiki/Patrice_Wymore \"Patrice Wymore\") at a ceremony in [Monte Carlo](/wiki/Monte_Carlo \"Monte Carlo\") in 1950 with McEvoy as his best man and Filatre as the matron of honour.[Flynn Weds Starlet In Monte Carlo](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18173687?searchTerm=fred%20mcevoy&searchLimits=). *[The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald \"The Sydney Morning Herald\")*. 24 October 1950\\. Accessed 26 October 2011\\. At the time McEvoy was said to have been living in [Cannes](/wiki/Cannes \"Cannes\") aboard his [schooner](/wiki/Schooner \"Schooner\") *Black Joke*.[\"Sydney Man To Be Best Man For Errol Flynn\"](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18177643?searchTerm=fred%20mcevoy&searchLimits=). *[The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald \"The Sydney Morning Herald\")*. 20 October 1950\\. Accessed 26 October 2011\\.",
""
] |
Baseball career
---------------
### Minor leagues
Jansen was signed as an undrafted free agent catcher by the Dodgers organization on November 17, 2004, and was assigned to the Rookie Class [Gulf Coast Dodgers](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Dodgers "Gulf Coast Dodgers"), where he played in 37 games and hit .304 before being promoted to the [Ogden Raptors](/wiki/Ogden_Raptors "Ogden Raptors") of the [Pioneer League](/wiki/Pioneer_League_%28baseball%29 "Pioneer League (baseball)") on August 26\.{{cite web\|url\=http://m.mlb.com/player/445276/kenley\-jansen\|title\=Kenley Jansen bio\|work\=MLB.com}} He had two hits in 11 at\-bats in three games for Ogden. He was back with the Gulf Coast team the following season, hitting .245 in 35 games. After the season he played for the [North Shore Honu](/wiki/North_Shore_Honu "North Shore Honu") in the [Hawaii Winter Baseball](/wiki/Hawaii_Winter_Baseball "Hawaii Winter Baseball") League, where he hit .121 in nine games.
[thumb\|right\|upright\=0\.8\|Jansen batting for the [Great Lakes Loons](/wiki/Great_Lakes_Loons "Great Lakes Loons") in 2008](/wiki/File:Kenley_Jansen_2008.jpg "Kenley Jansen 2008.jpg")
Jansen split 2007 between the Raptors and the Class\-A [Great Lakes Loons](/wiki/Great_Lakes_Loons "Great Lakes Loons") of the [Midwest League](/wiki/Midwest_League "Midwest League"), hitting .207 in 73 games. After the season, he again played in Hawaii Winter Baseball, this time for the [West Oahu CaneFires](/wiki/West_Oahu_CaneFires "West Oahu CaneFires"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20070927\&content\_id\=305555\&fext\=.jsp\&vkey\=news\_t420\|title\=Gabella Led Canefires Open Saturday\|work\=milb.com\|first\=Randy\|last\=Wehofer\|date\=September 27, 2007\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} In 2008 with the Loons, he hit .227 and 9 home runs in 79 games. He was selected to the mid\-season Midwest League All\-Star game.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mlive.com/loons/index.ssf/2008/06/rosters\_and\_bios\_for\_the\_44th.html\|title\=Rosters and bios for the 44th Midwest League All\-Star Game at Dow Diamond in Midland\|work\=mlive.com\|first\=Jodi\|last\=McFarland\|date\=June 17, 2008\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}}
In 2009, he was the starting catcher for the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands_national_baseball_team "Netherlands national baseball team") team in the [World Baseball Classic](/wiki/2009_World_Baseball_Classic "2009 World Baseball Classic"). In the Netherlands' upset of the favored [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic_national_baseball_team "Dominican Republic national baseball team") team, Jansen threw out [Willy Taveras](/wiki/Willy_Taveras "Willy Taveras") on an attempted steal of third base in the ninth inning, a key play in the game.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mlive.com/loons/index.ssf/2009/03/kenley\_jansen\_plays\_a\_big\_role.html \|first\=Jodi\|last\=McFarland\|title\=Kenley Jansen plays a big role in the Netherlands' upset of the Dominican Republic \|publisher\=Mlive.com \|date\=March 7, 2009 \|access\-date\=August 27, 2013}} He began 2009 with the [Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino](/wiki/Inland_Empire_66ers_of_San_Bernardino "Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino"), but hit just .202 in 38 games. Despite that, he appeared in eight games for the [Triple\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 "Triple-A (baseball)") [Albuquerque Isotopes](/wiki/Albuquerque_Isotopes "Albuquerque Isotopes") but had just five hits in 27 at\-bats.
The Dodgers convinced Jansen that he had no future at catcher because of his poor offensive numbers and that he should switch to pitching. Under the tutelage of former major leaguer [Charlie Hough](/wiki/Charlie_Hough "Charlie Hough"), he made the conversion in the second half of the 2009 season at Inland Empire.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/19/sports/baseball/kenley\-jansen\-los\-angeles\-dodgers\-nlcs.html\|title\=How Kenley Jansen went from Minor League Catcher to Major League Closer\|work\=New York Times\|first\=Tyler\|last\=Kepner\|date\=October 18, 2016\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} He pitched {{fraction\|11\|2\|3}} innings for the 66ers, allowing six earned runs. He continued the conversion in the [Arizona Fall League](/wiki/Arizona_Fall_League "Arizona Fall League") for the [Peoria Javelinas](/wiki/Peoria_Javelinas "Peoria Javelinas").
Jansen was added to the Dodgers 40\-man roster on November 19, 2009\.{{cite news\|last1\=Haft\|first1\=Chris\|title\=Dodgers add three to 40\-man roster\|url\=http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/7691886\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=November 19, 2009\|archive\-date\=October 29, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029112610/http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/7691886\|url\-status\=dead}} He started with Inland Empire again and allowed only five runs in 18 innings while striking out 28 batters. On May 15, 2010, he was promoted to the Double\-A [Chattanooga Lookouts](/wiki/Chattanooga_Lookouts "Chattanooga Lookouts"), where he was selected to the mid\-season [Southern League All\-Star Game](/wiki/Southern_League_All-Star_Game "Southern League All-Star Game").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20100630\&content\_id\=11761350\&fext\=.jsp\&vkey\=news\_milb\|title\=Southern League reveals 2010 All\-Stars\|work\=milb.com\|first\=Griffin\|last\=Zucosky\|date\=June 30, 2010\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} He pitched 27 innings in 22 games for the Lookouts, with a 1\.67 ERA.
### Los Angeles Dodgers (2010–2021\)
#### 2010
On July 23, 2010, Jansen was promoted to the Dodgers.{{cite web\|url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dodgers/2010/07/dodgers\-call\-up\-kenley\-jansen\-designate\-justin\-miller\-for\-assignment.html \|title\=Dodgers call up Kenley Jansen; designate Justin Miller for assignment\|work\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=July 23, 2010 \|first\=Dylan\|last\=Hernandez\|access\-date\=August 27, 2013}} He made his Major League debut in relief on July 24 against the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets "New York Mets"), where he pitched a scoreless inning, retiring all three batters he faced and striking out two.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201007240\.shtml\|title\=July 24, 2010 New York Mets at Los Angeles Dodgers play\-by\-play and box score\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} On July 25, Jansen recorded his first Major League save, when he pitched a 1\-2\-3 inning against the Mets.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201007250\.shtml\|title\=July 25, 2010 New York Mets at Los Angeles Dodgers play\-by\-play and box score\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}}
On August 26, Jansen walked and scored a run in his first Major League plate appearance, at [Miller Park](/wiki/Miller_Park_%28Milwaukee%29 "Miller Park (Milwaukee)") in [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee "Milwaukee") against [Yovani Gallardo](/wiki/Yovani_Gallardo "Yovani Gallardo") of the [Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers "Milwaukee Brewers"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/MIL/MIL201008260\.shtml\|title\=August 26, 2010 Los Angeles Dodgers at Milwaukee Brewers play\-by\-play and box score\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} and collected his first major league hit on August 31, at [Dodger Stadium](/wiki/Dodger_Stadium "Dodger Stadium"). The hit was a single up the middle against [Kyle Kendrick](/wiki/Kyle_Kendrick "Kyle Kendrick") of the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies "Philadelphia Phillies").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201008310\.shtml\|title\=August 31, 2010 Philadelphia Phillis at Los Angeles Dodgers play\-by\-play and box score\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} Jansen recorded his first win against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros") on September 11 in [Minute Maid Park](/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park "Minute Maid Park").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU201009110\.shtml\|title\=September 11, 2010 Los Angeles Dodgers at Houston Astros\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} He appeared in 25 games with the Dodgers in 2010, working 27 innings with a 1–0 record and a 0\.67 ERA. He also saved four games in 2010\.
#### 2011
In 2011, Jansen became a key member of the Dodgers' bullpen. He was 2–1 with a 2\.85 ERA in {{fraction\|53\|2\|3}} innings and saved five games. Jansen also struck out 96 batters, setting a new Major League season record with {{fraction\|16\|1\|3}} strikeouts per nine innings.{{cite web \|url\=http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20111003\&content\_id\=25463782\&c\_id\=la \|title\=Jansen struck out hitters at record pace in '11 \|publisher\=Losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com \|access\-date\=August 27, 2013 }}{{dead link\|date\=October 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}
#### 2012
In May 2012, Jansen became the Dodgers' [closer](/wiki/Closer_%28baseball%29 "Closer (baseball)") after [Javy Guerra](/wiki/Javy_Guerra_%28baseball%2C_born_1985%29 "Javy Guerra (baseball, born 1985)") struggled in the role.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\-xpm\-2012\-may\-07\-la\-sp\-dn\-kenley\-jansen\-replacing\-javy\-guerra\-20120507\-story.html\|title\=Kenley Jansen replacing Javy Guerra as Dodgers closer\|last\=Hernandez\|first\=Dylan\|date\=May 7, 2012\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|access\-date\=November 28, 2012}} At the end of the season, after missing some time due to [heart problems](/wiki/%23Health_issues "#Health issues"), Jansen was replaced as closer by [Brandon League](/wiki/Brandon_League "Brandon League").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\-xpm\-2012\-sep\-30\-la\-sp\-dn\-dodgers\-league\-closer\-20120930\-story.html\|title\=Brandon League, the Dodgers' unexpected closer\|last\=Dilbeck\|first\=Steve\|date\=September 30, 2012\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|access\-date\=November 28, 2012}} He appeared in 65 games, compiling a 5–3 record, 2\.35 ERA, 99 strikeouts and 25 saves.
#### 2013
[left\|thumb\|upright\=0\.75\|Jansen with the [2013 Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/2013_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "2013 Los Angeles Dodgers season")](/wiki/File:Kenley_Jansen_on_April_19%2C_2013.jpg "Kenley Jansen on April 19, 2013.jpg")
Jansen began 2013 as the setup man in the bullpen but resumed the role as closer when League struggled.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\-xpm\-2013\-jun\-11\-la\-sp\-dn\-dodgers\-kenley\-jansen\-closer\-20130611\-story.html\|title\=Kenley Jansen replaces Brandon League as Dodgers closer\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|first\=Steve\|last\=Dilbeck\|date\=June 11, 2013\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} He was in 75 games with a 4–3 record, 1\.88 ERA and 28 saves. He did not allow any runs, in three appearances in the [2013 National League Division Series](/wiki/2013_National_League_Division_Series "2013 National League Division Series") (NLDS) against the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves "Atlanta Braves"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2013\_NLDS2\.shtml\|title\=2013 NL Division Series (3\-1\): Los Angeles Dodgers (92\-70\) over Atlanta Braves (96\-66\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} but was less effective in the [Championship Series](/wiki/2013_National_League_Championship_Series "2013 National League Championship Series") (NLCS) against the [Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals"), allowing two runs in two innings.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2013\_NLCS.shtml\|title\=2013 NLCS (4\-2\): St. Louis Cardinals (97\-65\) over Los Angeles Dodgers (92\-70\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}}
#### 2014
On February 11, 2014, Jansen avoided his first arbitration hearing by signing a $4\.3 million contract with the Dodgers.{{cite news\|last1\=Gurnick\|first1\=Ken\|title\=Jansen, Dodgers reach $4\.3 million deal\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article/mlb/kenley\-jansen\-los\-angeles\-dodgers\-agree\-to\-43\-million\-contract?ymd\=20140211\&content\_id\=67657700\&vkey\=news\_mlb\|access\-date\=July 6, 2014\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=February 11, 2014}} Fully established as the Dodgers' closer in 2014, Jansen worked in 68 games with a 2\.76 ERA, 101 strikeouts and 44 saves. He became just the fourth Dodger pitcher in history with 40\+ saves in a season, joining [Éric Gagné](/wiki/%C3%89ric_Gagn%C3%A9 "Éric Gagné") (who did it three times), [Todd Worrell](/wiki/Todd_Worrell "Todd Worrell") and [Jeff Shaw](/wiki/Jeff_Shaw "Jeff Shaw").{{cite news\|last1\=Dilbeck\|first1\=Steve\|title\=Dodgers' Kenley Jansen has emerged as one of baseball's best closers\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/dodgersnow/la\-sp\-dn\-dodgers\-kenley\-jansen\-20140905\-story.html\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=September 6, 2014}} Jansen only pitched one inning in the [NLDS](/wiki/2014_National_League_Division_Series "2014 National League Division Series") against the Cardinals.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2014\_NLDS2\.shtml\|title\=2014 NL Division Series (3\-1\): St. Louis Cardinals (90\-72\) over Los Angeles Dodgers (94\-68\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}}
#### 2015
On January 16, 2015, he again avoided arbitration by signing a one\-year $7\.425 million contract with the Dodgers.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/1/16/7519199/kenley\-jansen\-contract\-dodgers\-salary\-arbitration\|title\=Kenley Jansen, Dodgers avoid arbitration with $7\.425 contract\|work\=truebluela.com\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=January 16, 2015\|access\-date\=January 16, 2015}} However, on February 17, he underwent surgery to remove a growth from a bone in his left foot. The recovery time kept him out of action until May.{{cite web\|url\=http://dodgers.mlblogs.com/2015/02/17/kenley\-jansen\-expected\-to\-miss\-8\-12\-weeks\-after\-foot\-surgery/\|title\=Kenley Jansen expected to miss 8\-12 weeks after foot surgery\|first\=Jon\|last\=Weisman\|date\=February 17, 2015\|access\-date\=February 17, 2015}} Jansen was eventually activated off the disabled list on May 15 and rejoined the Dodgers roster.{{cite news\|last1\=Hernandez\|first1\=Dylan\|title\=Dodgers reinstate Kenley Jansen from disabled list\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/dodgersnow/la\-sp\-dn\-dodgers\-reinstate\-kenley\-jansen\-from\-disabled\-list\-20150515\-story.html\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=May 15, 2015}} Jansen struck out 23 batters in his first 14 games of the season, without giving up a single walk. This broke [Jay Howell](/wiki/Jay_Howell "Jay Howell")'s team records (set in the [1991 season](/wiki/1991_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "1991 Los Angeles Dodgers season")) of 13 games without a walk to start a season and 20 strikeouts without a walk to start a season.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/6/25/8843971/kenley\-jansen\-no\-walks\-dodgers\-cubs\-preview\|title\=Stingy Kenley Jansen off to great start\|work\=SB Nation\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=June 25, 2015\|access\-date\=June 25, 2015}} He wound up striking out 27 before he finally walked a batter on June 30, eight shy of the major league record.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/6/30/8874745/howie\-kendrick\-yasmani\-grandal\-dodgers\-diamondbacks\-recap\|title\=Howie Kendrick, Yasmani Grandal do extra in Dodgers win\|work\=SB Nation\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=June 30, 2015\|access\-date\=July 1, 2015}} He made 54 appearances for the team in 2015 with a 2\.41 ERA and 36 saves. He also struck out 80 batters, while only walking 8 all season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/LAD/2015\.shtml\|title\=2015 Los Angeles Dodgers Batting, Pitching, \& Fielding Statistic\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 5, 2015}} He became the first Dodgers pitcher with five seasons of 80 or more strikeouts in relief.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/10/3/9448257/yasiel\-puig\-zack\-greinke\-kenley\-jansen\-dodgers\-notes\|title\=Dodgers postgame notes: Zack Greinke, Kenley Jansen, Yasiel Puig, home field advantage\|work\=SB Nation\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=October 3, 2015\|access\-date\=October 5, 2015}} He appeared in three games, with two saves in the [2015 NLDS](/wiki/2015_NLDS "2015 NLDS") and did not allow a run in {{fraction\|3\|2\|3}} innings. In his final year of arbitration, Jansen signed a one\-year, $10\.65 million, contract with the Dodgers on January 15, 2016\.{{cite news\|last1\=Hernandez\|first1\=Dylan\|title\=Dodgers avoid salary arbitration with Kenley Jansen\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/dodgersnow/la\-sp\-dn\-dodgers\-kenley\-jansen\-salary\-arbitration\-20160115\-story.html\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=January 15, 2016}}
#### 2016
On June 20, 2016, Jansen picked up his 162nd career save against the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals "Washington Nationals"), breaking the all\-time franchise record held by [Éric Gagné](/wiki/%C3%89ric_Gagn%C3%A9 "Éric Gagné").{{cite news\|last1\=McCullough\|first1\=Andy\|title\=Kenley Jansen sets Dodgers' saves record in 4\-1 win\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\-sp\-dodgers\-nationals\-20160620\-snap\-story.html\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=June 20, 2016}} He was also selected to the National League team for the [2016 Major League Baseball All\-Star Game](/wiki/2016_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game"), his first all\-star selection.{{cite web\|url\=http://dodgers.mlblogs.com/2016/07/05/jansen\-kershaw\-seager\-named\-to\-nl\-all\-star\-team/ \|title\=Jansen, Kershaw, Seager named to NL All\-Star team \|work\=Dodgers.com \|first\=Jon \|last\=Weisman \|date\=July 5, 2016 \|access\-date\=July 5, 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708082925/http://dodgers.mlblogs.com/2016/07/05/jansen\-kershaw\-seager\-named\-to\-nl\-all\-star\-team/ \|archive\-date\=July 8, 2016 }} On August 24, 2016, Jansen tied [Jim Brewer](/wiki/Jim_Brewer_%28baseball%29 "Jim Brewer (baseball)")'s franchise record for strikeouts by a reliever with the 604th of his career.{{cite web\|url\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/20160825197486352/rich\-hill\-outduels\-johnny\-cueto\-in\-dodgers\-win/?game\_pk\=448759\|title\=Hill outduels Cueto in Dodgers debut\|first\=Jack and Chris Haft\|last\=Baer\|work\=mlb.com\|date\=August 25, 2016\|access\-date\=August 25, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 28, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828121724/http://m.mlb.com/news/article/20160825197486352/rich\-hill\-outduels\-johnny\-cueto\-in\-dodgers\-win/?game\_pk\=448759\|url\-status\=dead}} In 71 games, he was 3–2 with a 1\.83 ERA and 47 saves, earning him the [Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year Award](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Reliever_of_the_Year_Award "Major League Baseball Reliever of the Year Award").{{cite news\|last1\=Plunkett\|first1\=Bill\|title\=Dodgers' Kenley Jansen wins award as NL's top reliever\|url\=http://www.ocregister.com/2016/10/29/dodgers\-kenley\-jansen\-wins\-award\-as\-nls\-top\-reliever/\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=Orange County Register\|date\=October 29, 2016}} Of all MLB pitchers, he held right\-handed batters to the lowest batting average, .107 (in 30 or more innings).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders/splits\-leaderboards\|title\=Splits Leaderboards \| FanGraphs\|website\=www.fangraphs.com}} In the [2016 NLDS](/wiki/2016_NLDS "2016 NLDS") against the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals "Washington Nationals"), Jansen pitched in four games and worked {{fraction\|5\|1\|3}} innings, allowing four runs and saving two games.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2016\_NLDS2\.shtml\|title\=2016 NL Division Series Los Angeles Dodgers over Washington Nationals (3\-2\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 29, 2020}} In the [2016 NLCS](/wiki/2016_NLCS "2016 NLCS") against the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") he pitched {{fraction\|6\|1\|3}} innings over three games, with one save, and struck out 10 while only allowing one hit.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2016\_NLCS.shtml\|title\=2016 NLCS Chicago Cubs over Los Angeles Dodgers (4\-2\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 29, 2020}}
#### 2017
[thumb\|upright\=0\.75\|Jansen pitching for [the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2017](/wiki/2017_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season")](/wiki/File:20170718_Dodgers-WhiteSox_Kenley_Jansen_with_the_ball.jpg "20170718 Dodgers-WhiteSox Kenley Jansen with the ball.jpg")
On January 10, 2017, the Dodgers announced the re\-signing of Jansen to a five\-year, $80 million contract.{{Cite news\|url\=http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/213241040/kenley\-jansen\-contract\-with\-dodgers\-announced/\|title\=Jansen officially returns to Dodgers on 5\-year pact\|newspaper\=MLB.com\|first\=Ken\|last\=Gurnick\|access\-date\=January 10, 2017\|archive\-date\=July 30, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730020226/http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/213241040/kenley\-jansen\-contract\-with\-dodgers\-announced/\|url\-status\=dead}} On June 11, he recorded his 200th career save against the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds "Cincinnati Reds").{{cite news\|last1\=Shaikin\|first1\=Bill\|title\=Corey Seager hits first career grand slam in Dodgers' 9\-7 win over Reds\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la\-sp\-dodgers\-reds\-20170611\-story.html\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=June 11, 2017}}
On June 2, 2017, Jansen recorded his 36th strikeout of the season, setting an MLB season record for most strikeouts without giving up a walk.{{cite web\|last1\=McCalvy\|first1\=Adam\|last2\=Gurnick\|first2\=Ken\|title\=Wonder whiff\-men: Dodgers, Crew fan 42\|url\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/234091376/dodgers\-brewers\-set\-nl\-strikeouts\-record/\|website\=MLB.com\|access\-date\=June 17, 2017\|archive\-date\=June 21, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621121850/http://m.mlb.com/news/article/234091376/dodgers\-brewers\-set\-nl\-strikeouts\-record/\|url\-status\=dead}} The previous record was held by [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals") starting pitcher [Adam Wainwright](/wiki/Adam_Wainwright "Adam Wainwright"), who struck out 35 batters before giving up a walk in the 2013 season.{{cite news\|last1\=Plunkett\|first1\=Bill\|title\=Dodgers and Kenley Jansen embracing broad interpretation of closer role\|url\=http://www.ocregister.com/2017/06/08/dodgers\-and\-kenley\-jansen\-embracing\-broad\-interpretation\-of\-closer\-role/\|access\-date\=June 17, 2017\|work\=The Orange County Register\|date\=June 8, 2017}} The streak eventually reached 51 strikeouts before he recorded his first walk of the season on June 25 against the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies "Colorado Rockies").{{cite news\|last1\=Axisa\|first1\=Mike\|title\=After 112 batters and 51 strikeouts, Dodgers' Jansen issues first walk of 2017\|url\=http://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/112\-batters\-and\-51\-strikeouts\-later\-dodgers\-jansen\-finally\-issues\-first\-walk\-of\-2017/\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=CBS Sports\|date\=June 25, 2017}} He was named to his second straight [All\-Star Game](/wiki/2017_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.truebluela.com/all\-star\-game/2017/7/2/15908678/all\-star\-game\-rosters\-2017\-dodgers\-clayton\-kershaw\-corey\-seager\-cody\-bellinger\-kenley\-jansen\|title\=All\-Star Game rosters 2017: Dodgers send 4 players to Miami\|work\=SB Nation\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=July 2, 2017\|access\-date\=July 2, 2017}} Jansen pitched in 65 games for the Dodgers in 2017, with five wins, a 1\.32 ERA, 109 strikeouts (with only seven walks) and 41 saves. For the second straight year, he was awarded the [Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year](/wiki/Trevor_Hoffman_National_League_Reliever_of_the_Year "Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year") Award.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.truebluela.com/2017/10/28/16564434/kenley\-jansen\-trevor\-hoffman\-award\-national\-league\-reliever\-of\-the\-year\-dodgers\|title\=Kenley Jansen wins Trevor Hoffman Award as NL reliever of the year\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=October 28, 2017\|access\-date\=October 28, 2017}}
Jansen started the playoffs by finishing all three games of the Dodgers [2017 NLDS](/wiki/2017_NLDS "2017 NLDS") sweep of the [Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks "Arizona Diamondbacks"). He saved two of the games and did not allow an earned run in {{fraction\|3\|2\|3}} innings. He pitched {{fraction\|4\|1\|3}} innings over four games in the [2017 NLCS](/wiki/2017_NLCS "2017 NLCS") against the [Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") and did not allow a batter to reach base while striking out eight. Jansen allowed two runs to score, including a solo homer by [Marwin González](/wiki/Marwin_Gonz%C3%A1lez "Marwin González") in Game Two of the [2017 World Series](/wiki/2017_World_Series "2017 World Series") against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros"). It was his first blown save in the postseason and snapped his MLB record of converting his first 12 post\-season save opportunities.{{cite web\|url\=http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/259718032/dodgers\-move\-on\-from\-world\-series\-game\-2\-loss/\|title\=Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them\|first\=Ken\|last\=Gurnick\|date\=October 26, 2017\|work\=mlb.com\|access\-date\=November 17, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 26, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213852/http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/259718032/dodgers\-move\-on\-from\-world\-series\-game\-2\-loss/\|url\-status\=dead}} In Game Five of the series, he picked up the loss in the Dodgers 10 inning defeat. In his second inning of work, he hit [Brian McCann](/wiki/Brian_McCann_%28baseball%29 "Brian McCann (baseball)") with two outs and then after a walk, he gave up a walk\-off single to [Alex Bregman](/wiki/Alex_Bregman "Alex Bregman").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU201710290\.shtml\|title\=2017 World Series Game 5, Dodgers at Astros, October 29\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=November 17, 2017}} Overall, he pitched {{fraction\|8\|2\|3}} innings over six games, with two saves and three runs allowed as the Dodgers lost the series in seven games.
#### 2018
Jansen was bothered by an injury during spring training and was slow\-played after his 2017 workload, resulting in two blown saves during a shaky April. He turned it around in May, June, and July and was chosen for his third straight [all\-star game](/wiki/2018_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game") in 2018\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ocregister.com/2018/07/08/2018\-mlb\-all\-star\-game\-rosters\-dodgers\-matt\-kemp\-nationals\-bryce\-harper\-named/\|title\=2018 MLB All\-Star Game Rosters: Dodgers' Matt Kemp, Angel's Mike Trout named\|first\=James H.\|last\=Williams\|work\=OC Register\|date\=July 8, 2018\|access\-date\=July 8, 2018}}
Jansen's heart problems resurfaced during a four\-game set in Colorado, and Jansen was placed on the 10\-day disabled list with an irregular heartbeat.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.denverpost.com/2018/08/21/dodgers\-kenley\-jansen\-fatalistic\-view\-of\-heart\-troubles/\|title\=odgers' Kenley Jansen takes fatalistic view of heart troubles upon his return\|work\=Denver Post\|date\=August 21, 2018\|access\-date\=October 7, 2018\|first\=Matt\|last\=Bonesteel}} He struggled upon returning, losing his first two games back and blowing a save in his third. He struggled for the rest of the season. He finished the season with a 1–5 record, 3\.01 ERA and 38 saves.
He was effective against [Atlanta](/wiki/2018_Atlanta_Braves_season "2018 Atlanta Braves season") and [Milwaukee](/wiki/2018_Milwaukee_Brewers_season "2018 Milwaukee Brewers season") in the postseason, not allowing a run, but again struggled in the [2018 World Series](/wiki/2018_World_Series "2018 World Series"), blowing two save opportunities as he allowed game\-tying home runs to [Jackie Bradley Jr.](/wiki/Jackie_Bradley_Jr. "Jackie Bradley Jr.") in Game 3 (which went 18 innings){{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201810260\.shtml\|title\=2018 World Series Game 3, Red Sox at Dodgers, October 26\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}} and [Steve Pearce](/wiki/Steve_Pearce_%28baseball%29 "Steve Pearce (baseball)") in Game 4{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201810270\.shtml\|title\=2018 World Series Game 4, Red Sox at Dodgers, October 27\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}} as the Dodgers lost the series to the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/2020_Boston_Red_Sox_season "2020 Boston Red Sox season") in five games.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2018\_WS.shtml\|title\=2018 World Series Boston Red Sox over Los Angeles Dodgers (4\-1\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}}
#### 2019
On April 7, 2019, Jansen recorded a four\-out save against the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies "Colorado Rockies") at [Coors Field](/wiki/Coors_Field "Coors Field") in [Denver](/wiki/Denver "Denver").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley\-jansen\-closes\-at\-colorado\|title\=Kenley Jansen closes at Colorado\|website\=MLB.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=April 8, 2019}} On May 3 and 4, Jansen converted saves against the San Diego Padres.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id\=janseke01\&t\=p\&year\=2019\|title\=Kenley Jansen 2019 Pitching Gamelogs\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}} But on May 5, pitching for the third day in a row, Jansen walked a batter and allowed two bunt singles to load the bases with no outs. He retired the next two hitters before he gave up a walk\-off grand slam to [Hunter Renfroe](/wiki/Hunter_Renfroe "Hunter Renfroe"), as the Dodgers lost 8–5\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN201905050\.shtml\|title\=Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Box Score, May 5, 2019\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}}
Jansen recorded two extended saves in a series against the Mets, with a 5\-out save in the first game of the series and a 4\-out save in the fourth game. This was his first five\-out save since June 2018 in Pittsburgh. He debuted the intentional [balk](/wiki/Balk "Balk") in the top of the ninth against the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") on June 15, 2019\. The intentional balk was an idea he came up with bench coach [Bob Geren](/wiki/Bob_Geren "Bob Geren"), in which he has a runner on second and two outs and balks the runner to third to prevent the runner from [stealing signs](/wiki/Stealing_signs "Stealing signs").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley\-jansen\-executes\-intentional\-balk\|title\=Ever seen an intentional balk? You have now\|work\=mlb.com\|first\=Ken\|last\=Gurnick\|date\=June 15, 2019\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}} On September 25, in a game against the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres "San Diego Padres"), Jansen picked up his [300th career save](/wiki/300_save_club "300 save club"), becoming the 30th pitcher all time and the first in Dodgers history.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/joc\-pederson\-edwin\-rios\-home\-runs?game\_pk\=566354\|title\=After talk with mentor, Jansen gets 300th save\|work\=mlb.com\|first\=Ken\|last\=Gurnick\|date\=September 26, 2019\|access\-date\=September 26, 2019}} He pitched in 62 games, with a 5–3 record and 33 saves, but a career\-high ERA of 3\.71\.
In the [2019 NLDS](/wiki/2019_NLDS "2019 NLDS"), Jansen pitched to five batters and did not allow any of them to reach base.
#### 2020
Jansen was late reporting to camp after the [pandemic\-imposed shutdown](/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports%23Baseball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports#Baseball"), suffering with a [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") infection, which affected his conditioning during the shutdown.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.truebluela.com/2020/8/6/21356485/dodgers\-news\-kenley\-jansen\-coronavirus\|title\=Kenley Jansen still feeling lingering effects of coronavirus\|work\=SB Nation\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=August 6, 2020\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}} He appeared in 24\.1 innings over 27 games during the season, with a 3–1 record and a 3\.33 ERA with 11 saves (3rd in the NL), while leading the National League with 24 games finished. Jansen pitched one scoreless inning in the first game of the [Wild Card Series](/wiki/2020_National_League_Wild_Card_Series "2020 National League Wild Card Series") to pick up the save{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN202009300\.shtml\|title\=2020 National League Wild Card Series (NLWC) Game 1, Brewers at Dodgers, September 30\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 25, 2020}} and in the [NLDS](/wiki/2020_National_League_Division_Series "2020 National League Division Series") he allowed two runs to score in {{fraction\|1\|1\|3}} innings.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2020\_NLDS1\.shtml\|title\=2020 NL Division Series Los Angeles Dodgers over San Diego Padres (3\-0\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 25, 2020}} He picked up a save and pitched three perfect innings over three games in the [NLCS](/wiki/2020_National_League_Championship_Series "2020 National League Championship Series").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2020\_NLCS.shtml\|title\=2020 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers over Atlanta Braves (4\-3\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 25, 2020}} In Game 4 of the [2020 World Series](/wiki/2020_World_Series "2020 World Series") against the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays "Tampa Bay Rays"), Jansen blew his fourth career World Series save, setting a new World Series record.{{cite tweet\|number\=1320221919669604355\|user\=baseball\_ref\|title\=That's Kenley Jansen's fourth...\|date\=October 25, 2020}}
[thumb\|right\|Jansen shaking hands with [United States Vice President](/wiki/United_States_Vice_President "United States Vice President") [Kamala Harris](/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris") at the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") in 2021](/wiki/File:Kenley_Jansen_and_Kamala_Harris_%2851362325534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Kenley Jansen and Kamala Harris (51362325534) (cropped).jpg")
#### 2021
On August 25, Jansen became the twelfth reliever in MLB history to record 1,000 strikeouts by striking out [Austin Nola](/wiki/Austin_Nola "Austin Nola") of the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres "San Diego Padres").{{cite web\|url\=https://dodgerblue.com/dodgers\-news\-kenley\-jansen\-career\-strikeouts/2021/08/26/\|title\=Dodgers News: Kenley Jansen Reaches 1,000 Career Strikeouts\|first\=Matt\|last\=Borelli\|website\=Dodger Blue\|date\=August 26, 2021\|accessdate\=October 7, 2021}} Jansen finished the 2021 season with 38 saves, a 2\.22 ERA and 86 strikeouts in 69 innings. In the [National League Wild Card Game](/wiki/2021_National_League_Wild_Card_Game "2021 National League Wild Card Game") against the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals"), he struck out three batters in a scoreless ninth inning to record the win{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN202110060\.shtml\|title\=2021 National League Wild Card (NLWC) Game 1, Cardinals at Dodgers, October 6\|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]]\|accessdate\=October 7, 2021}} and in the [2021 NLDS](/wiki/2021_NLDS "2021 NLDS"), he struck out five of the six batters he faced in his two innings of work. In the [2021 NLCS](/wiki/2021_NLCS "2021 NLCS"), played against the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves "Atlanta Braves"), Jansen, pitched in five of the six games, allowing two hits and one walk while striking out six and recording the save in Game 3\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2021\_NLCS.shtml\|title\=2021 NLCS Atlanta Braves over Los Angeles Dodgers (4\-2\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|accessdate\=October 24, 2021}}
### Atlanta Braves (2022\)
Jansen signed a one\-year contract worth $16 million with the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves "Atlanta Braves") on March 18, 2022\.{{cite news \|last1\=Bowman \|first1\=Mark \|title\=Braves sign Jansen to 1\-year, $16 million deal \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/braves\-kenley\-jansen\-contract \|access\-date\=March 19, 2022 \|work\=MLB.com \|date\=March 18, 2022}}{{cite news \|title\=Atlanta Braves sign closer Kenley Jansen to 1\-year, $16 million deal \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/33542060/atlanta\-braves\-sign\-closer\-kenley\-jansen\-1\-year\-16\-million\-deal \|access\-date\=March 19, 2022 \|work\=ESPN.com \|date\=March 18, 2022}} He made his Braves debut on April 8, surrendering 3 earned runs in the 9th inning against the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/2022_Cincinnati_Reds_season "2022 Cincinnati Reds season") in a non\-save situation.{{cite web \|title\=Reds at Braves Box Score \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/ATL/ATL202204080\.shtml \|website\=Baseball Reference \|access\-date\=April 20, 2022 \|date\=April 8, 2022}} On April 19, Jansen returned to [Dodger Stadium](/wiki/Dodger_Stadium "Dodger Stadium") and was met with a mixture of cheers and boos from Dodger fans as he entered the game. He collected the save against his former team, retiring former Brave [Freddie Freeman](/wiki/Freddie_Freeman "Freddie Freeman") for the final out of the game.{{cite news \|last1\=Harris \|first1\=Jack \|title\=Dodgers' struggle against Braves' pitching in 3\-1 loss \|url\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/story/2022\-04\-19/dodgers\-struggle\-against\-braves\-pitching\-in\-3\-1\-loss \|access\-date\=April 20, 2022 \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=April 19, 2022}}
### Boston Red Sox (2023–present)
On December 13, 2022, Jansen signed a two\-year contract with the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox "Boston Red Sox").{{cite web\|title\=Red Sox agree to two\-year contract with right\-handed pitcher Kenley Jansen\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/redsox/press\-release/press\-release\-red\-sox\-agree\-to\-two\-year\-contract\-with\-rhp\-kenley\-jansen?t\=red\-sox\-press\-releases\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=December 13, 2022\|accessdate\=December 13, 2022}} On May 10, 2023, Jansen became the seventh pitcher in MLB history to record 400 saves. He was named to his fourth [All\-Star Game](/wiki/2023_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "2023 Major League Baseball All-Star Game") on July 2, as the lone Red Sox representative.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/07/02/sports/kenley\-jansen\-is\-headed\-his\-fourth\-all\-star\-game\-lone\-red\-sox\-representative/ \|title\=Kenley Jansen is headed to his fourth All\-Star game as the lone Red Sox representative \|first\=Peter \|last\=Abraham \|website\=\[\[The Boston Globe]] \|url\-access\=limited \|date\=June 2, 2023 \|accessdate\=June 2, 2023}} Jansen abruptly left a home game against the Yankees on September 12;{{cite news \|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/red\-soxs\-kenley\-jansen\-exits\-with\-trainer/ \|title\=Red Sox's Kenley Jansen: Exits with trainer \|website\=\[\[CBS Sports]] \|date\=September 12, 2023 \|accessdate\=September 13, 2023}} the next day, he was placed on the COVID\-related injured list;{{cite news \|url\=https://www.boston.com/sports/boston\-red\-sox/2023/09/13/kenley\-jansen\-covid\-19\-injured\-list\-mlb\-baseball\-alex\-cora/ \|title\=Red Sox place Kenley Jansen on COVID\-19 injured list after leaving Tuesday’s game early \|first\=Conor \|last\=Ryan \|website\=\[\[Boston.com]] \|date\=September 13, 2023 \|accessdate\=September 13, 2023}} he was reactivated on September 23\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2023/09 \|title\=Red Sox Roster \& Staff – Transactions \|website\=MLB.com \|publisher\=Boston Red Sox \|date\=September 2023 \|accessdate\=September 24, 2023}} For the 2023 season, Jansen notched 29 saves with a 3\.63 ERA while striking out 52 batters in {{frac\|44\|2\|3}} innings.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/j/janseke01\.shtml \|title\=Kenley Jansen Stats \|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]] \|accessdate\=April 20, 2024}}
Jansen began the 2024 season as Boston's closer. On April 20, he earned the 425th save of his career, passing [John Franco](/wiki/John_Franco "John Franco") for sole possession of fifth place on the major\-league all\-time list.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=H6kq2G6w5eA \|title\=He's just Ken(ley)! Kenley Jensen MAKES HISTORY with his 425th career save! \|publisher\=MLB \|date\=April 20, 2024 \|accessdate\=April 20, 2024 \|via\=\[\[YouTube]]}}
|
[
"Baseball career\n---------------",
"### Minor leagues",
"Jansen was signed as an undrafted free agent catcher by the Dodgers organization on November 17, 2004, and was assigned to the Rookie Class [Gulf Coast Dodgers](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Dodgers \"Gulf Coast Dodgers\"), where he played in 37 games and hit .304 before being promoted to the [Ogden Raptors](/wiki/Ogden_Raptors \"Ogden Raptors\") of the [Pioneer League](/wiki/Pioneer_League_%28baseball%29 \"Pioneer League (baseball)\") on August 26\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://m.mlb.com/player/445276/kenley\\-jansen\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen bio\\|work\\=MLB.com}} He had two hits in 11 at\\-bats in three games for Ogden. He was back with the Gulf Coast team the following season, hitting .245 in 35 games. After the season he played for the [North Shore Honu](/wiki/North_Shore_Honu \"North Shore Honu\") in the [Hawaii Winter Baseball](/wiki/Hawaii_Winter_Baseball \"Hawaii Winter Baseball\") League, where he hit .121 in nine games.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=0\\.8\\|Jansen batting for the [Great Lakes Loons](/wiki/Great_Lakes_Loons \"Great Lakes Loons\") in 2008](/wiki/File:Kenley_Jansen_2008.jpg \"Kenley Jansen 2008.jpg\")\nJansen split 2007 between the Raptors and the Class\\-A [Great Lakes Loons](/wiki/Great_Lakes_Loons \"Great Lakes Loons\") of the [Midwest League](/wiki/Midwest_League \"Midwest League\"), hitting .207 in 73 games. After the season, he again played in Hawaii Winter Baseball, this time for the [West Oahu CaneFires](/wiki/West_Oahu_CaneFires \"West Oahu CaneFires\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20070927\\&content\\_id\\=305555\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&vkey\\=news\\_t420\\|title\\=Gabella Led Canefires Open Saturday\\|work\\=milb.com\\|first\\=Randy\\|last\\=Wehofer\\|date\\=September 27, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} In 2008 with the Loons, he hit .227 and 9 home runs in 79 games. He was selected to the mid\\-season Midwest League All\\-Star game.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mlive.com/loons/index.ssf/2008/06/rosters\\_and\\_bios\\_for\\_the\\_44th.html\\|title\\=Rosters and bios for the 44th Midwest League All\\-Star Game at Dow Diamond in Midland\\|work\\=mlive.com\\|first\\=Jodi\\|last\\=McFarland\\|date\\=June 17, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}}",
"In 2009, he was the starting catcher for the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands_national_baseball_team \"Netherlands national baseball team\") team in the [World Baseball Classic](/wiki/2009_World_Baseball_Classic \"2009 World Baseball Classic\"). In the Netherlands' upset of the favored [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic_national_baseball_team \"Dominican Republic national baseball team\") team, Jansen threw out [Willy Taveras](/wiki/Willy_Taveras \"Willy Taveras\") on an attempted steal of third base in the ninth inning, a key play in the game.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mlive.com/loons/index.ssf/2009/03/kenley\\_jansen\\_plays\\_a\\_big\\_role.html \\|first\\=Jodi\\|last\\=McFarland\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen plays a big role in the Netherlands' upset of the Dominican Republic \\|publisher\\=Mlive.com \\|date\\=March 7, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=August 27, 2013}} He began 2009 with the [Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino](/wiki/Inland_Empire_66ers_of_San_Bernardino \"Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino\"), but hit just .202 in 38 games. Despite that, he appeared in eight games for the [Triple\\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 \"Triple-A (baseball)\") [Albuquerque Isotopes](/wiki/Albuquerque_Isotopes \"Albuquerque Isotopes\") but had just five hits in 27 at\\-bats.",
"The Dodgers convinced Jansen that he had no future at catcher because of his poor offensive numbers and that he should switch to pitching. Under the tutelage of former major leaguer [Charlie Hough](/wiki/Charlie_Hough \"Charlie Hough\"), he made the conversion in the second half of the 2009 season at Inland Empire.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/19/sports/baseball/kenley\\-jansen\\-los\\-angeles\\-dodgers\\-nlcs.html\\|title\\=How Kenley Jansen went from Minor League Catcher to Major League Closer\\|work\\=New York Times\\|first\\=Tyler\\|last\\=Kepner\\|date\\=October 18, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} He pitched {{fraction\\|11\\|2\\|3}} innings for the 66ers, allowing six earned runs. He continued the conversion in the [Arizona Fall League](/wiki/Arizona_Fall_League \"Arizona Fall League\") for the [Peoria Javelinas](/wiki/Peoria_Javelinas \"Peoria Javelinas\").",
"Jansen was added to the Dodgers 40\\-man roster on November 19, 2009\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Haft\\|first1\\=Chris\\|title\\=Dodgers add three to 40\\-man roster\\|url\\=http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/7691886\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=November 19, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029112610/http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/7691886\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He started with Inland Empire again and allowed only five runs in 18 innings while striking out 28 batters. On May 15, 2010, he was promoted to the Double\\-A [Chattanooga Lookouts](/wiki/Chattanooga_Lookouts \"Chattanooga Lookouts\"), where he was selected to the mid\\-season [Southern League All\\-Star Game](/wiki/Southern_League_All-Star_Game \"Southern League All-Star Game\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20100630\\&content\\_id\\=11761350\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&vkey\\=news\\_milb\\|title\\=Southern League reveals 2010 All\\-Stars\\|work\\=milb.com\\|first\\=Griffin\\|last\\=Zucosky\\|date\\=June 30, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} He pitched 27 innings in 22 games for the Lookouts, with a 1\\.67 ERA.",
"### Los Angeles Dodgers (2010–2021\\)",
"#### 2010",
"On July 23, 2010, Jansen was promoted to the Dodgers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dodgers/2010/07/dodgers\\-call\\-up\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-designate\\-justin\\-miller\\-for\\-assignment.html \\|title\\=Dodgers call up Kenley Jansen; designate Justin Miller for assignment\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=July 23, 2010 \\|first\\=Dylan\\|last\\=Hernandez\\|access\\-date\\=August 27, 2013}} He made his Major League debut in relief on July 24 against the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets \"New York Mets\"), where he pitched a scoreless inning, retiring all three batters he faced and striking out two.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201007240\\.shtml\\|title\\=July 24, 2010 New York Mets at Los Angeles Dodgers play\\-by\\-play and box score\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} On July 25, Jansen recorded his first Major League save, when he pitched a 1\\-2\\-3 inning against the Mets.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201007250\\.shtml\\|title\\=July 25, 2010 New York Mets at Los Angeles Dodgers play\\-by\\-play and box score\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}}",
"On August 26, Jansen walked and scored a run in his first Major League plate appearance, at [Miller Park](/wiki/Miller_Park_%28Milwaukee%29 \"Miller Park (Milwaukee)\") in [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee \"Milwaukee\") against [Yovani Gallardo](/wiki/Yovani_Gallardo \"Yovani Gallardo\") of the [Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers \"Milwaukee Brewers\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/MIL/MIL201008260\\.shtml\\|title\\=August 26, 2010 Los Angeles Dodgers at Milwaukee Brewers play\\-by\\-play and box score\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} and collected his first major league hit on August 31, at [Dodger Stadium](/wiki/Dodger_Stadium \"Dodger Stadium\"). The hit was a single up the middle against [Kyle Kendrick](/wiki/Kyle_Kendrick \"Kyle Kendrick\") of the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201008310\\.shtml\\|title\\=August 31, 2010 Philadelphia Phillis at Los Angeles Dodgers play\\-by\\-play and box score\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} Jansen recorded his first win against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\") on September 11 in [Minute Maid Park](/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park \"Minute Maid Park\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU201009110\\.shtml\\|title\\=September 11, 2010 Los Angeles Dodgers at Houston Astros\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} He appeared in 25 games with the Dodgers in 2010, working 27 innings with a 1–0 record and a 0\\.67 ERA. He also saved four games in 2010\\.",
"#### 2011",
"In 2011, Jansen became a key member of the Dodgers' bullpen. He was 2–1 with a 2\\.85 ERA in {{fraction\\|53\\|2\\|3}} innings and saved five games. Jansen also struck out 96 batters, setting a new Major League season record with {{fraction\\|16\\|1\\|3}} strikeouts per nine innings.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20111003\\&content\\_id\\=25463782\\&c\\_id\\=la \\|title\\=Jansen struck out hitters at record pace in '11 \\|publisher\\=Losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com \\|access\\-date\\=August 27, 2013 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=October 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}",
"#### 2012",
"In May 2012, Jansen became the Dodgers' [closer](/wiki/Closer_%28baseball%29 \"Closer (baseball)\") after [Javy Guerra](/wiki/Javy_Guerra_%28baseball%2C_born_1985%29 \"Javy Guerra (baseball, born 1985)\") struggled in the role.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\\-xpm\\-2012\\-may\\-07\\-la\\-sp\\-dn\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-replacing\\-javy\\-guerra\\-20120507\\-story.html\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen replacing Javy Guerra as Dodgers closer\\|last\\=Hernandez\\|first\\=Dylan\\|date\\=May 7, 2012\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|access\\-date\\=November 28, 2012}} At the end of the season, after missing some time due to [heart problems](/wiki/%23Health_issues \"#Health issues\"), Jansen was replaced as closer by [Brandon League](/wiki/Brandon_League \"Brandon League\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\\-xpm\\-2012\\-sep\\-30\\-la\\-sp\\-dn\\-dodgers\\-league\\-closer\\-20120930\\-story.html\\|title\\=Brandon League, the Dodgers' unexpected closer\\|last\\=Dilbeck\\|first\\=Steve\\|date\\=September 30, 2012\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|access\\-date\\=November 28, 2012}} He appeared in 65 games, compiling a 5–3 record, 2\\.35 ERA, 99 strikeouts and 25 saves.",
"#### 2013",
"[left\\|thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.75\\|Jansen with the [2013 Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/2013_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"2013 Los Angeles Dodgers season\")](/wiki/File:Kenley_Jansen_on_April_19%2C_2013.jpg \"Kenley Jansen on April 19, 2013.jpg\")",
"Jansen began 2013 as the setup man in the bullpen but resumed the role as closer when League struggled.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\\-xpm\\-2013\\-jun\\-11\\-la\\-sp\\-dn\\-dodgers\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-closer\\-20130611\\-story.html\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen replaces Brandon League as Dodgers closer\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|first\\=Steve\\|last\\=Dilbeck\\|date\\=June 11, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} He was in 75 games with a 4–3 record, 1\\.88 ERA and 28 saves. He did not allow any runs, in three appearances in the [2013 National League Division Series](/wiki/2013_National_League_Division_Series \"2013 National League Division Series\") (NLDS) against the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2013\\_NLDS2\\.shtml\\|title\\=2013 NL Division Series (3\\-1\\): Los Angeles Dodgers (92\\-70\\) over Atlanta Braves (96\\-66\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} but was less effective in the [Championship Series](/wiki/2013_National_League_Championship_Series \"2013 National League Championship Series\") (NLCS) against the [Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\"), allowing two runs in two innings.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2013\\_NLCS.shtml\\|title\\=2013 NLCS (4\\-2\\): St. Louis Cardinals (97\\-65\\) over Los Angeles Dodgers (92\\-70\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}}",
"#### 2014",
"On February 11, 2014, Jansen avoided his first arbitration hearing by signing a $4\\.3 million contract with the Dodgers.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Gurnick\\|first1\\=Ken\\|title\\=Jansen, Dodgers reach $4\\.3 million deal\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article/mlb/kenley\\-jansen\\-los\\-angeles\\-dodgers\\-agree\\-to\\-43\\-million\\-contract?ymd\\=20140211\\&content\\_id\\=67657700\\&vkey\\=news\\_mlb\\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2014\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=February 11, 2014}} Fully established as the Dodgers' closer in 2014, Jansen worked in 68 games with a 2\\.76 ERA, 101 strikeouts and 44 saves. He became just the fourth Dodger pitcher in history with 40\\+ saves in a season, joining [Éric Gagné](/wiki/%C3%89ric_Gagn%C3%A9 \"Éric Gagné\") (who did it three times), [Todd Worrell](/wiki/Todd_Worrell \"Todd Worrell\") and [Jeff Shaw](/wiki/Jeff_Shaw \"Jeff Shaw\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Dilbeck\\|first1\\=Steve\\|title\\=Dodgers' Kenley Jansen has emerged as one of baseball's best closers\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/dodgersnow/la\\-sp\\-dn\\-dodgers\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-20140905\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=September 6, 2014}} Jansen only pitched one inning in the [NLDS](/wiki/2014_National_League_Division_Series \"2014 National League Division Series\") against the Cardinals.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2014\\_NLDS2\\.shtml\\|title\\=2014 NL Division Series (3\\-1\\): St. Louis Cardinals (90\\-72\\) over Los Angeles Dodgers (94\\-68\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}}",
"#### 2015",
"On January 16, 2015, he again avoided arbitration by signing a one\\-year $7\\.425 million contract with the Dodgers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/1/16/7519199/kenley\\-jansen\\-contract\\-dodgers\\-salary\\-arbitration\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen, Dodgers avoid arbitration with $7\\.425 contract\\|work\\=truebluela.com\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=January 16, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2015}} However, on February 17, he underwent surgery to remove a growth from a bone in his left foot. The recovery time kept him out of action until May.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://dodgers.mlblogs.com/2015/02/17/kenley\\-jansen\\-expected\\-to\\-miss\\-8\\-12\\-weeks\\-after\\-foot\\-surgery/\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen expected to miss 8\\-12 weeks after foot surgery\\|first\\=Jon\\|last\\=Weisman\\|date\\=February 17, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2015}} Jansen was eventually activated off the disabled list on May 15 and rejoined the Dodgers roster.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Hernandez\\|first1\\=Dylan\\|title\\=Dodgers reinstate Kenley Jansen from disabled list\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/dodgersnow/la\\-sp\\-dn\\-dodgers\\-reinstate\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-from\\-disabled\\-list\\-20150515\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=May 15, 2015}} Jansen struck out 23 batters in his first 14 games of the season, without giving up a single walk. This broke [Jay Howell](/wiki/Jay_Howell \"Jay Howell\")'s team records (set in the [1991 season](/wiki/1991_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"1991 Los Angeles Dodgers season\")) of 13 games without a walk to start a season and 20 strikeouts without a walk to start a season.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/6/25/8843971/kenley\\-jansen\\-no\\-walks\\-dodgers\\-cubs\\-preview\\|title\\=Stingy Kenley Jansen off to great start\\|work\\=SB Nation\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=June 25, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2015}} He wound up striking out 27 before he finally walked a batter on June 30, eight shy of the major league record.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/6/30/8874745/howie\\-kendrick\\-yasmani\\-grandal\\-dodgers\\-diamondbacks\\-recap\\|title\\=Howie Kendrick, Yasmani Grandal do extra in Dodgers win\\|work\\=SB Nation\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=June 30, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2015}} He made 54 appearances for the team in 2015 with a 2\\.41 ERA and 36 saves. He also struck out 80 batters, while only walking 8 all season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/LAD/2015\\.shtml\\|title\\=2015 Los Angeles Dodgers Batting, Pitching, \\& Fielding Statistic\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 5, 2015}} He became the first Dodgers pitcher with five seasons of 80 or more strikeouts in relief.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/10/3/9448257/yasiel\\-puig\\-zack\\-greinke\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-dodgers\\-notes\\|title\\=Dodgers postgame notes: Zack Greinke, Kenley Jansen, Yasiel Puig, home field advantage\\|work\\=SB Nation\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=October 3, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=October 5, 2015}} He appeared in three games, with two saves in the [2015 NLDS](/wiki/2015_NLDS \"2015 NLDS\") and did not allow a run in {{fraction\\|3\\|2\\|3}} innings. In his final year of arbitration, Jansen signed a one\\-year, $10\\.65 million, contract with the Dodgers on January 15, 2016\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Hernandez\\|first1\\=Dylan\\|title\\=Dodgers avoid salary arbitration with Kenley Jansen\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/dodgersnow/la\\-sp\\-dn\\-dodgers\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-salary\\-arbitration\\-20160115\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=January 15, 2016}}",
"#### 2016",
"On June 20, 2016, Jansen picked up his 162nd career save against the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals \"Washington Nationals\"), breaking the all\\-time franchise record held by [Éric Gagné](/wiki/%C3%89ric_Gagn%C3%A9 \"Éric Gagné\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=McCullough\\|first1\\=Andy\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen sets Dodgers' saves record in 4\\-1 win\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\\-sp\\-dodgers\\-nationals\\-20160620\\-snap\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=June 20, 2016}} He was also selected to the National League team for the [2016 Major League Baseball All\\-Star Game](/wiki/2016_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\"), his first all\\-star selection.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://dodgers.mlblogs.com/2016/07/05/jansen\\-kershaw\\-seager\\-named\\-to\\-nl\\-all\\-star\\-team/ \\|title\\=Jansen, Kershaw, Seager named to NL All\\-Star team \\|work\\=Dodgers.com \\|first\\=Jon \\|last\\=Weisman \\|date\\=July 5, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708082925/http://dodgers.mlblogs.com/2016/07/05/jansen\\-kershaw\\-seager\\-named\\-to\\-nl\\-all\\-star\\-team/ \\|archive\\-date\\=July 8, 2016 }} On August 24, 2016, Jansen tied [Jim Brewer](/wiki/Jim_Brewer_%28baseball%29 \"Jim Brewer (baseball)\")'s franchise record for strikeouts by a reliever with the 604th of his career.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/20160825197486352/rich\\-hill\\-outduels\\-johnny\\-cueto\\-in\\-dodgers\\-win/?game\\_pk\\=448759\\|title\\=Hill outduels Cueto in Dodgers debut\\|first\\=Jack and Chris Haft\\|last\\=Baer\\|work\\=mlb.com\\|date\\=August 25, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 28, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828121724/http://m.mlb.com/news/article/20160825197486352/rich\\-hill\\-outduels\\-johnny\\-cueto\\-in\\-dodgers\\-win/?game\\_pk\\=448759\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 71 games, he was 3–2 with a 1\\.83 ERA and 47 saves, earning him the [Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year Award](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Reliever_of_the_Year_Award \"Major League Baseball Reliever of the Year Award\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Plunkett\\|first1\\=Bill\\|title\\=Dodgers' Kenley Jansen wins award as NL's top reliever\\|url\\=http://www.ocregister.com/2016/10/29/dodgers\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-wins\\-award\\-as\\-nls\\-top\\-reliever/\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=Orange County Register\\|date\\=October 29, 2016}} Of all MLB pitchers, he held right\\-handed batters to the lowest batting average, .107 (in 30 or more innings).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders/splits\\-leaderboards\\|title\\=Splits Leaderboards \\| FanGraphs\\|website\\=www.fangraphs.com}} In the [2016 NLDS](/wiki/2016_NLDS \"2016 NLDS\") against the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals \"Washington Nationals\"), Jansen pitched in four games and worked {{fraction\\|5\\|1\\|3}} innings, allowing four runs and saving two games.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2016\\_NLDS2\\.shtml\\|title\\=2016 NL Division Series Los Angeles Dodgers over Washington Nationals (3\\-2\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2020}} In the [2016 NLCS](/wiki/2016_NLCS \"2016 NLCS\") against the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") he pitched {{fraction\\|6\\|1\\|3}} innings over three games, with one save, and struck out 10 while only allowing one hit.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2016\\_NLCS.shtml\\|title\\=2016 NLCS Chicago Cubs over Los Angeles Dodgers (4\\-2\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2020}}",
"#### 2017",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.75\\|Jansen pitching for [the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2017](/wiki/2017_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season\")](/wiki/File:20170718_Dodgers-WhiteSox_Kenley_Jansen_with_the_ball.jpg \"20170718 Dodgers-WhiteSox Kenley Jansen with the ball.jpg\")\nOn January 10, 2017, the Dodgers announced the re\\-signing of Jansen to a five\\-year, $80 million contract.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/213241040/kenley\\-jansen\\-contract\\-with\\-dodgers\\-announced/\\|title\\=Jansen officially returns to Dodgers on 5\\-year pact\\|newspaper\\=MLB.com\\|first\\=Ken\\|last\\=Gurnick\\|access\\-date\\=January 10, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=July 30, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730020226/http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/213241040/kenley\\-jansen\\-contract\\-with\\-dodgers\\-announced/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On June 11, he recorded his 200th career save against the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Shaikin\\|first1\\=Bill\\|title\\=Corey Seager hits first career grand slam in Dodgers' 9\\-7 win over Reds\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la\\-sp\\-dodgers\\-reds\\-20170611\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=June 11, 2017}}",
"On June 2, 2017, Jansen recorded his 36th strikeout of the season, setting an MLB season record for most strikeouts without giving up a walk.{{cite web\\|last1\\=McCalvy\\|first1\\=Adam\\|last2\\=Gurnick\\|first2\\=Ken\\|title\\=Wonder whiff\\-men: Dodgers, Crew fan 42\\|url\\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/234091376/dodgers\\-brewers\\-set\\-nl\\-strikeouts\\-record/\\|website\\=MLB.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=June 21, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621121850/http://m.mlb.com/news/article/234091376/dodgers\\-brewers\\-set\\-nl\\-strikeouts\\-record/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The previous record was held by [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\") starting pitcher [Adam Wainwright](/wiki/Adam_Wainwright \"Adam Wainwright\"), who struck out 35 batters before giving up a walk in the 2013 season.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Plunkett\\|first1\\=Bill\\|title\\=Dodgers and Kenley Jansen embracing broad interpretation of closer role\\|url\\=http://www.ocregister.com/2017/06/08/dodgers\\-and\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-embracing\\-broad\\-interpretation\\-of\\-closer\\-role/\\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2017\\|work\\=The Orange County Register\\|date\\=June 8, 2017}} The streak eventually reached 51 strikeouts before he recorded his first walk of the season on June 25 against the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies \"Colorado Rockies\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Axisa\\|first1\\=Mike\\|title\\=After 112 batters and 51 strikeouts, Dodgers' Jansen issues first walk of 2017\\|url\\=http://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/112\\-batters\\-and\\-51\\-strikeouts\\-later\\-dodgers\\-jansen\\-finally\\-issues\\-first\\-walk\\-of\\-2017/\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=CBS Sports\\|date\\=June 25, 2017}} He was named to his second straight [All\\-Star Game](/wiki/2017_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.truebluela.com/all\\-star\\-game/2017/7/2/15908678/all\\-star\\-game\\-rosters\\-2017\\-dodgers\\-clayton\\-kershaw\\-corey\\-seager\\-cody\\-bellinger\\-kenley\\-jansen\\|title\\=All\\-Star Game rosters 2017: Dodgers send 4 players to Miami\\|work\\=SB Nation\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=July 2, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2017}} Jansen pitched in 65 games for the Dodgers in 2017, with five wins, a 1\\.32 ERA, 109 strikeouts (with only seven walks) and 41 saves. For the second straight year, he was awarded the [Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year](/wiki/Trevor_Hoffman_National_League_Reliever_of_the_Year \"Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year\") Award.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.truebluela.com/2017/10/28/16564434/kenley\\-jansen\\-trevor\\-hoffman\\-award\\-national\\-league\\-reliever\\-of\\-the\\-year\\-dodgers\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen wins Trevor Hoffman Award as NL reliever of the year\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=October 28, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2017}}",
"Jansen started the playoffs by finishing all three games of the Dodgers [2017 NLDS](/wiki/2017_NLDS \"2017 NLDS\") sweep of the [Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks \"Arizona Diamondbacks\"). He saved two of the games and did not allow an earned run in {{fraction\\|3\\|2\\|3}} innings. He pitched {{fraction\\|4\\|1\\|3}} innings over four games in the [2017 NLCS](/wiki/2017_NLCS \"2017 NLCS\") against the [Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") and did not allow a batter to reach base while striking out eight. Jansen allowed two runs to score, including a solo homer by [Marwin González](/wiki/Marwin_Gonz%C3%A1lez \"Marwin González\") in Game Two of the [2017 World Series](/wiki/2017_World_Series \"2017 World Series\") against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\"). It was his first blown save in the postseason and snapped his MLB record of converting his first 12 post\\-season save opportunities.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/259718032/dodgers\\-move\\-on\\-from\\-world\\-series\\-game\\-2\\-loss/\\|title\\=Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them\\|first\\=Ken\\|last\\=Gurnick\\|date\\=October 26, 2017\\|work\\=mlb.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 17, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 26, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213852/http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/259718032/dodgers\\-move\\-on\\-from\\-world\\-series\\-game\\-2\\-loss/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In Game Five of the series, he picked up the loss in the Dodgers 10 inning defeat. In his second inning of work, he hit [Brian McCann](/wiki/Brian_McCann_%28baseball%29 \"Brian McCann (baseball)\") with two outs and then after a walk, he gave up a walk\\-off single to [Alex Bregman](/wiki/Alex_Bregman \"Alex Bregman\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU201710290\\.shtml\\|title\\=2017 World Series Game 5, Dodgers at Astros, October 29\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=November 17, 2017}} Overall, he pitched {{fraction\\|8\\|2\\|3}} innings over six games, with two saves and three runs allowed as the Dodgers lost the series in seven games.",
"#### 2018",
"Jansen was bothered by an injury during spring training and was slow\\-played after his 2017 workload, resulting in two blown saves during a shaky April. He turned it around in May, June, and July and was chosen for his third straight [all\\-star game](/wiki/2018_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\") in 2018\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ocregister.com/2018/07/08/2018\\-mlb\\-all\\-star\\-game\\-rosters\\-dodgers\\-matt\\-kemp\\-nationals\\-bryce\\-harper\\-named/\\|title\\=2018 MLB All\\-Star Game Rosters: Dodgers' Matt Kemp, Angel's Mike Trout named\\|first\\=James H.\\|last\\=Williams\\|work\\=OC Register\\|date\\=July 8, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2018}}",
"Jansen's heart problems resurfaced during a four\\-game set in Colorado, and Jansen was placed on the 10\\-day disabled list with an irregular heartbeat.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.denverpost.com/2018/08/21/dodgers\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-fatalistic\\-view\\-of\\-heart\\-troubles/\\|title\\=odgers' Kenley Jansen takes fatalistic view of heart troubles upon his return\\|work\\=Denver Post\\|date\\=August 21, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2018\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Bonesteel}} He struggled upon returning, losing his first two games back and blowing a save in his third. He struggled for the rest of the season. He finished the season with a 1–5 record, 3\\.01 ERA and 38 saves.",
"He was effective against [Atlanta](/wiki/2018_Atlanta_Braves_season \"2018 Atlanta Braves season\") and [Milwaukee](/wiki/2018_Milwaukee_Brewers_season \"2018 Milwaukee Brewers season\") in the postseason, not allowing a run, but again struggled in the [2018 World Series](/wiki/2018_World_Series \"2018 World Series\"), blowing two save opportunities as he allowed game\\-tying home runs to [Jackie Bradley Jr.](/wiki/Jackie_Bradley_Jr. \"Jackie Bradley Jr.\") in Game 3 (which went 18 innings){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201810260\\.shtml\\|title\\=2018 World Series Game 3, Red Sox at Dodgers, October 26\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}} and [Steve Pearce](/wiki/Steve_Pearce_%28baseball%29 \"Steve Pearce (baseball)\") in Game 4{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201810270\\.shtml\\|title\\=2018 World Series Game 4, Red Sox at Dodgers, October 27\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}} as the Dodgers lost the series to the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/2020_Boston_Red_Sox_season \"2020 Boston Red Sox season\") in five games.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2018\\_WS.shtml\\|title\\=2018 World Series Boston Red Sox over Los Angeles Dodgers (4\\-1\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}}",
"#### 2019",
"On April 7, 2019, Jansen recorded a four\\-out save against the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies \"Colorado Rockies\") at [Coors Field](/wiki/Coors_Field \"Coors Field\") in [Denver](/wiki/Denver \"Denver\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley\\-jansen\\-closes\\-at\\-colorado\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen closes at Colorado\\|website\\=MLB.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=April 8, 2019}} On May 3 and 4, Jansen converted saves against the San Diego Padres.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id\\=janseke01\\&t\\=p\\&year\\=2019\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen 2019 Pitching Gamelogs\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}} But on May 5, pitching for the third day in a row, Jansen walked a batter and allowed two bunt singles to load the bases with no outs. He retired the next two hitters before he gave up a walk\\-off grand slam to [Hunter Renfroe](/wiki/Hunter_Renfroe \"Hunter Renfroe\"), as the Dodgers lost 8–5\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN201905050\\.shtml\\|title\\=Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Box Score, May 5, 2019\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}}",
"Jansen recorded two extended saves in a series against the Mets, with a 5\\-out save in the first game of the series and a 4\\-out save in the fourth game. This was his first five\\-out save since June 2018 in Pittsburgh. He debuted the intentional [balk](/wiki/Balk \"Balk\") in the top of the ninth against the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") on June 15, 2019\\. The intentional balk was an idea he came up with bench coach [Bob Geren](/wiki/Bob_Geren \"Bob Geren\"), in which he has a runner on second and two outs and balks the runner to third to prevent the runner from [stealing signs](/wiki/Stealing_signs \"Stealing signs\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley\\-jansen\\-executes\\-intentional\\-balk\\|title\\=Ever seen an intentional balk? You have now\\|work\\=mlb.com\\|first\\=Ken\\|last\\=Gurnick\\|date\\=June 15, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}} On September 25, in a game against the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\"), Jansen picked up his [300th career save](/wiki/300_save_club \"300 save club\"), becoming the 30th pitcher all time and the first in Dodgers history.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/joc\\-pederson\\-edwin\\-rios\\-home\\-runs?game\\_pk\\=566354\\|title\\=After talk with mentor, Jansen gets 300th save\\|work\\=mlb.com\\|first\\=Ken\\|last\\=Gurnick\\|date\\=September 26, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2019}} He pitched in 62 games, with a 5–3 record and 33 saves, but a career\\-high ERA of 3\\.71\\.",
"In the [2019 NLDS](/wiki/2019_NLDS \"2019 NLDS\"), Jansen pitched to five batters and did not allow any of them to reach base.",
"#### 2020",
"Jansen was late reporting to camp after the [pandemic\\-imposed shutdown](/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports%23Baseball \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports#Baseball\"), suffering with a [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") infection, which affected his conditioning during the shutdown.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.truebluela.com/2020/8/6/21356485/dodgers\\-news\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-coronavirus\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen still feeling lingering effects of coronavirus\\|work\\=SB Nation\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=August 6, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}} He appeared in 24\\.1 innings over 27 games during the season, with a 3–1 record and a 3\\.33 ERA with 11 saves (3rd in the NL), while leading the National League with 24 games finished. Jansen pitched one scoreless inning in the first game of the [Wild Card Series](/wiki/2020_National_League_Wild_Card_Series \"2020 National League Wild Card Series\") to pick up the save{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN202009300\\.shtml\\|title\\=2020 National League Wild Card Series (NLWC) Game 1, Brewers at Dodgers, September 30\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 25, 2020}} and in the [NLDS](/wiki/2020_National_League_Division_Series \"2020 National League Division Series\") he allowed two runs to score in {{fraction\\|1\\|1\\|3}} innings.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2020\\_NLDS1\\.shtml\\|title\\=2020 NL Division Series Los Angeles Dodgers over San Diego Padres (3\\-0\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 25, 2020}} He picked up a save and pitched three perfect innings over three games in the [NLCS](/wiki/2020_National_League_Championship_Series \"2020 National League Championship Series\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2020\\_NLCS.shtml\\|title\\=2020 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers over Atlanta Braves (4\\-3\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 25, 2020}} In Game 4 of the [2020 World Series](/wiki/2020_World_Series \"2020 World Series\") against the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays \"Tampa Bay Rays\"), Jansen blew his fourth career World Series save, setting a new World Series record.{{cite tweet\\|number\\=1320221919669604355\\|user\\=baseball\\_ref\\|title\\=That's Kenley Jansen's fourth...\\|date\\=October 25, 2020}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Jansen shaking hands with [United States Vice President](/wiki/United_States_Vice_President \"United States Vice President\") [Kamala Harris](/wiki/Kamala_Harris \"Kamala Harris\") at the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") in 2021](/wiki/File:Kenley_Jansen_and_Kamala_Harris_%2851362325534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Kenley Jansen and Kamala Harris (51362325534) (cropped).jpg\")\n#### 2021",
"On August 25, Jansen became the twelfth reliever in MLB history to record 1,000 strikeouts by striking out [Austin Nola](/wiki/Austin_Nola \"Austin Nola\") of the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://dodgerblue.com/dodgers\\-news\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-career\\-strikeouts/2021/08/26/\\|title\\=Dodgers News: Kenley Jansen Reaches 1,000 Career Strikeouts\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Borelli\\|website\\=Dodger Blue\\|date\\=August 26, 2021\\|accessdate\\=October 7, 2021}} Jansen finished the 2021 season with 38 saves, a 2\\.22 ERA and 86 strikeouts in 69 innings. In the [National League Wild Card Game](/wiki/2021_National_League_Wild_Card_Game \"2021 National League Wild Card Game\") against the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\"), he struck out three batters in a scoreless ninth inning to record the win{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN202110060\\.shtml\\|title\\=2021 National League Wild Card (NLWC) Game 1, Cardinals at Dodgers, October 6\\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]]\\|accessdate\\=October 7, 2021}} and in the [2021 NLDS](/wiki/2021_NLDS \"2021 NLDS\"), he struck out five of the six batters he faced in his two innings of work. In the [2021 NLCS](/wiki/2021_NLCS \"2021 NLCS\"), played against the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\"), Jansen, pitched in five of the six games, allowing two hits and one walk while striking out six and recording the save in Game 3\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2021\\_NLCS.shtml\\|title\\=2021 NLCS Atlanta Braves over Los Angeles Dodgers (4\\-2\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|accessdate\\=October 24, 2021}}",
"### Atlanta Braves (2022\\)",
"Jansen signed a one\\-year contract worth $16 million with the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\") on March 18, 2022\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Bowman \\|first1\\=Mark \\|title\\=Braves sign Jansen to 1\\-year, $16 million deal \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/braves\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-contract \\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2022 \\|work\\=MLB.com \\|date\\=March 18, 2022}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Atlanta Braves sign closer Kenley Jansen to 1\\-year, $16 million deal \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/33542060/atlanta\\-braves\\-sign\\-closer\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-1\\-year\\-16\\-million\\-deal \\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2022 \\|work\\=ESPN.com \\|date\\=March 18, 2022}} He made his Braves debut on April 8, surrendering 3 earned runs in the 9th inning against the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/2022_Cincinnati_Reds_season \"2022 Cincinnati Reds season\") in a non\\-save situation.{{cite web \\|title\\=Reds at Braves Box Score \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/ATL/ATL202204080\\.shtml \\|website\\=Baseball Reference \\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2022 \\|date\\=April 8, 2022}} On April 19, Jansen returned to [Dodger Stadium](/wiki/Dodger_Stadium \"Dodger Stadium\") and was met with a mixture of cheers and boos from Dodger fans as he entered the game. He collected the save against his former team, retiring former Brave [Freddie Freeman](/wiki/Freddie_Freeman \"Freddie Freeman\") for the final out of the game.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Harris \\|first1\\=Jack \\|title\\=Dodgers' struggle against Braves' pitching in 3\\-1 loss \\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/story/2022\\-04\\-19/dodgers\\-struggle\\-against\\-braves\\-pitching\\-in\\-3\\-1\\-loss \\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2022 \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=April 19, 2022}}",
"### Boston Red Sox (2023–present)",
"On December 13, 2022, Jansen signed a two\\-year contract with the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Red Sox agree to two\\-year contract with right\\-handed pitcher Kenley Jansen\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/redsox/press\\-release/press\\-release\\-red\\-sox\\-agree\\-to\\-two\\-year\\-contract\\-with\\-rhp\\-kenley\\-jansen?t\\=red\\-sox\\-press\\-releases\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=December 13, 2022\\|accessdate\\=December 13, 2022}} On May 10, 2023, Jansen became the seventh pitcher in MLB history to record 400 saves. He was named to his fourth [All\\-Star Game](/wiki/2023_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"2023 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\") on July 2, as the lone Red Sox representative.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/07/02/sports/kenley\\-jansen\\-is\\-headed\\-his\\-fourth\\-all\\-star\\-game\\-lone\\-red\\-sox\\-representative/ \\|title\\=Kenley Jansen is headed to his fourth All\\-Star game as the lone Red Sox representative \\|first\\=Peter \\|last\\=Abraham \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Boston Globe]] \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|date\\=June 2, 2023 \\|accessdate\\=June 2, 2023}} Jansen abruptly left a home game against the Yankees on September 12;{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/red\\-soxs\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-exits\\-with\\-trainer/ \\|title\\=Red Sox's Kenley Jansen: Exits with trainer \\|website\\=\\[\\[CBS Sports]] \\|date\\=September 12, 2023 \\|accessdate\\=September 13, 2023}} the next day, he was placed on the COVID\\-related injured list;{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.boston.com/sports/boston\\-red\\-sox/2023/09/13/kenley\\-jansen\\-covid\\-19\\-injured\\-list\\-mlb\\-baseball\\-alex\\-cora/ \\|title\\=Red Sox place Kenley Jansen on COVID\\-19 injured list after leaving Tuesday’s game early \\|first\\=Conor \\|last\\=Ryan \\|website\\=\\[\\[Boston.com]] \\|date\\=September 13, 2023 \\|accessdate\\=September 13, 2023}} he was reactivated on September 23\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2023/09 \\|title\\=Red Sox Roster \\& Staff – Transactions \\|website\\=MLB.com \\|publisher\\=Boston Red Sox \\|date\\=September 2023 \\|accessdate\\=September 24, 2023}} For the 2023 season, Jansen notched 29 saves with a 3\\.63 ERA while striking out 52 batters in {{frac\\|44\\|2\\|3}} innings.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/j/janseke01\\.shtml \\|title\\=Kenley Jansen Stats \\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]] \\|accessdate\\=April 20, 2024}}",
"Jansen began the 2024 season as Boston's closer. On April 20, he earned the 425th save of his career, passing [John Franco](/wiki/John_Franco \"John Franco\") for sole possession of fifth place on the major\\-league all\\-time list.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=H6kq2G6w5eA \\|title\\=He's just Ken(ley)! Kenley Jensen MAKES HISTORY with his 425th career save! \\|publisher\\=MLB \\|date\\=April 20, 2024 \\|accessdate\\=April 20, 2024 \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]}}",
""
] |
### Los Angeles Dodgers (2010–2021\)
#### 2010
On July 23, 2010, Jansen was promoted to the Dodgers.{{cite web\|url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dodgers/2010/07/dodgers\-call\-up\-kenley\-jansen\-designate\-justin\-miller\-for\-assignment.html \|title\=Dodgers call up Kenley Jansen; designate Justin Miller for assignment\|work\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=July 23, 2010 \|first\=Dylan\|last\=Hernandez\|access\-date\=August 27, 2013}} He made his Major League debut in relief on July 24 against the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets "New York Mets"), where he pitched a scoreless inning, retiring all three batters he faced and striking out two.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201007240\.shtml\|title\=July 24, 2010 New York Mets at Los Angeles Dodgers play\-by\-play and box score\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} On July 25, Jansen recorded his first Major League save, when he pitched a 1\-2\-3 inning against the Mets.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201007250\.shtml\|title\=July 25, 2010 New York Mets at Los Angeles Dodgers play\-by\-play and box score\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}}
On August 26, Jansen walked and scored a run in his first Major League plate appearance, at [Miller Park](/wiki/Miller_Park_%28Milwaukee%29 "Miller Park (Milwaukee)") in [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee "Milwaukee") against [Yovani Gallardo](/wiki/Yovani_Gallardo "Yovani Gallardo") of the [Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers "Milwaukee Brewers"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/MIL/MIL201008260\.shtml\|title\=August 26, 2010 Los Angeles Dodgers at Milwaukee Brewers play\-by\-play and box score\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} and collected his first major league hit on August 31, at [Dodger Stadium](/wiki/Dodger_Stadium "Dodger Stadium"). The hit was a single up the middle against [Kyle Kendrick](/wiki/Kyle_Kendrick "Kyle Kendrick") of the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies "Philadelphia Phillies").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201008310\.shtml\|title\=August 31, 2010 Philadelphia Phillis at Los Angeles Dodgers play\-by\-play and box score\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} Jansen recorded his first win against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros") on September 11 in [Minute Maid Park](/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park "Minute Maid Park").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU201009110\.shtml\|title\=September 11, 2010 Los Angeles Dodgers at Houston Astros\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} He appeared in 25 games with the Dodgers in 2010, working 27 innings with a 1–0 record and a 0\.67 ERA. He also saved four games in 2010\.
#### 2011
In 2011, Jansen became a key member of the Dodgers' bullpen. He was 2–1 with a 2\.85 ERA in {{fraction\|53\|2\|3}} innings and saved five games. Jansen also struck out 96 batters, setting a new Major League season record with {{fraction\|16\|1\|3}} strikeouts per nine innings.{{cite web \|url\=http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20111003\&content\_id\=25463782\&c\_id\=la \|title\=Jansen struck out hitters at record pace in '11 \|publisher\=Losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com \|access\-date\=August 27, 2013 }}{{dead link\|date\=October 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}
#### 2012
In May 2012, Jansen became the Dodgers' [closer](/wiki/Closer_%28baseball%29 "Closer (baseball)") after [Javy Guerra](/wiki/Javy_Guerra_%28baseball%2C_born_1985%29 "Javy Guerra (baseball, born 1985)") struggled in the role.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\-xpm\-2012\-may\-07\-la\-sp\-dn\-kenley\-jansen\-replacing\-javy\-guerra\-20120507\-story.html\|title\=Kenley Jansen replacing Javy Guerra as Dodgers closer\|last\=Hernandez\|first\=Dylan\|date\=May 7, 2012\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|access\-date\=November 28, 2012}} At the end of the season, after missing some time due to [heart problems](/wiki/%23Health_issues "#Health issues"), Jansen was replaced as closer by [Brandon League](/wiki/Brandon_League "Brandon League").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\-xpm\-2012\-sep\-30\-la\-sp\-dn\-dodgers\-league\-closer\-20120930\-story.html\|title\=Brandon League, the Dodgers' unexpected closer\|last\=Dilbeck\|first\=Steve\|date\=September 30, 2012\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|access\-date\=November 28, 2012}} He appeared in 65 games, compiling a 5–3 record, 2\.35 ERA, 99 strikeouts and 25 saves.
#### 2013
[left\|thumb\|upright\=0\.75\|Jansen with the [2013 Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/2013_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "2013 Los Angeles Dodgers season")](/wiki/File:Kenley_Jansen_on_April_19%2C_2013.jpg "Kenley Jansen on April 19, 2013.jpg")
Jansen began 2013 as the setup man in the bullpen but resumed the role as closer when League struggled.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\-xpm\-2013\-jun\-11\-la\-sp\-dn\-dodgers\-kenley\-jansen\-closer\-20130611\-story.html\|title\=Kenley Jansen replaces Brandon League as Dodgers closer\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|first\=Steve\|last\=Dilbeck\|date\=June 11, 2013\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} He was in 75 games with a 4–3 record, 1\.88 ERA and 28 saves. He did not allow any runs, in three appearances in the [2013 National League Division Series](/wiki/2013_National_League_Division_Series "2013 National League Division Series") (NLDS) against the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves "Atlanta Braves"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2013\_NLDS2\.shtml\|title\=2013 NL Division Series (3\-1\): Los Angeles Dodgers (92\-70\) over Atlanta Braves (96\-66\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}} but was less effective in the [Championship Series](/wiki/2013_National_League_Championship_Series "2013 National League Championship Series") (NLCS) against the [Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals"), allowing two runs in two innings.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2013\_NLCS.shtml\|title\=2013 NLCS (4\-2\): St. Louis Cardinals (97\-65\) over Los Angeles Dodgers (92\-70\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}}
#### 2014
On February 11, 2014, Jansen avoided his first arbitration hearing by signing a $4\.3 million contract with the Dodgers.{{cite news\|last1\=Gurnick\|first1\=Ken\|title\=Jansen, Dodgers reach $4\.3 million deal\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article/mlb/kenley\-jansen\-los\-angeles\-dodgers\-agree\-to\-43\-million\-contract?ymd\=20140211\&content\_id\=67657700\&vkey\=news\_mlb\|access\-date\=July 6, 2014\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=February 11, 2014}} Fully established as the Dodgers' closer in 2014, Jansen worked in 68 games with a 2\.76 ERA, 101 strikeouts and 44 saves. He became just the fourth Dodger pitcher in history with 40\+ saves in a season, joining [Éric Gagné](/wiki/%C3%89ric_Gagn%C3%A9 "Éric Gagné") (who did it three times), [Todd Worrell](/wiki/Todd_Worrell "Todd Worrell") and [Jeff Shaw](/wiki/Jeff_Shaw "Jeff Shaw").{{cite news\|last1\=Dilbeck\|first1\=Steve\|title\=Dodgers' Kenley Jansen has emerged as one of baseball's best closers\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/dodgersnow/la\-sp\-dn\-dodgers\-kenley\-jansen\-20140905\-story.html\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=September 6, 2014}} Jansen only pitched one inning in the [NLDS](/wiki/2014_National_League_Division_Series "2014 National League Division Series") against the Cardinals.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2014\_NLDS2\.shtml\|title\=2014 NL Division Series (3\-1\): St. Louis Cardinals (90\-72\) over Los Angeles Dodgers (94\-68\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=February 19, 2017}}
#### 2015
On January 16, 2015, he again avoided arbitration by signing a one\-year $7\.425 million contract with the Dodgers.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/1/16/7519199/kenley\-jansen\-contract\-dodgers\-salary\-arbitration\|title\=Kenley Jansen, Dodgers avoid arbitration with $7\.425 contract\|work\=truebluela.com\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=January 16, 2015\|access\-date\=January 16, 2015}} However, on February 17, he underwent surgery to remove a growth from a bone in his left foot. The recovery time kept him out of action until May.{{cite web\|url\=http://dodgers.mlblogs.com/2015/02/17/kenley\-jansen\-expected\-to\-miss\-8\-12\-weeks\-after\-foot\-surgery/\|title\=Kenley Jansen expected to miss 8\-12 weeks after foot surgery\|first\=Jon\|last\=Weisman\|date\=February 17, 2015\|access\-date\=February 17, 2015}} Jansen was eventually activated off the disabled list on May 15 and rejoined the Dodgers roster.{{cite news\|last1\=Hernandez\|first1\=Dylan\|title\=Dodgers reinstate Kenley Jansen from disabled list\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/dodgersnow/la\-sp\-dn\-dodgers\-reinstate\-kenley\-jansen\-from\-disabled\-list\-20150515\-story.html\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=May 15, 2015}} Jansen struck out 23 batters in his first 14 games of the season, without giving up a single walk. This broke [Jay Howell](/wiki/Jay_Howell "Jay Howell")'s team records (set in the [1991 season](/wiki/1991_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "1991 Los Angeles Dodgers season")) of 13 games without a walk to start a season and 20 strikeouts without a walk to start a season.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/6/25/8843971/kenley\-jansen\-no\-walks\-dodgers\-cubs\-preview\|title\=Stingy Kenley Jansen off to great start\|work\=SB Nation\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=June 25, 2015\|access\-date\=June 25, 2015}} He wound up striking out 27 before he finally walked a batter on June 30, eight shy of the major league record.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/6/30/8874745/howie\-kendrick\-yasmani\-grandal\-dodgers\-diamondbacks\-recap\|title\=Howie Kendrick, Yasmani Grandal do extra in Dodgers win\|work\=SB Nation\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=June 30, 2015\|access\-date\=July 1, 2015}} He made 54 appearances for the team in 2015 with a 2\.41 ERA and 36 saves. He also struck out 80 batters, while only walking 8 all season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/LAD/2015\.shtml\|title\=2015 Los Angeles Dodgers Batting, Pitching, \& Fielding Statistic\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 5, 2015}} He became the first Dodgers pitcher with five seasons of 80 or more strikeouts in relief.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/10/3/9448257/yasiel\-puig\-zack\-greinke\-kenley\-jansen\-dodgers\-notes\|title\=Dodgers postgame notes: Zack Greinke, Kenley Jansen, Yasiel Puig, home field advantage\|work\=SB Nation\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=October 3, 2015\|access\-date\=October 5, 2015}} He appeared in three games, with two saves in the [2015 NLDS](/wiki/2015_NLDS "2015 NLDS") and did not allow a run in {{fraction\|3\|2\|3}} innings. In his final year of arbitration, Jansen signed a one\-year, $10\.65 million, contract with the Dodgers on January 15, 2016\.{{cite news\|last1\=Hernandez\|first1\=Dylan\|title\=Dodgers avoid salary arbitration with Kenley Jansen\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/dodgersnow/la\-sp\-dn\-dodgers\-kenley\-jansen\-salary\-arbitration\-20160115\-story.html\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=January 15, 2016}}
#### 2016
On June 20, 2016, Jansen picked up his 162nd career save against the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals "Washington Nationals"), breaking the all\-time franchise record held by [Éric Gagné](/wiki/%C3%89ric_Gagn%C3%A9 "Éric Gagné").{{cite news\|last1\=McCullough\|first1\=Andy\|title\=Kenley Jansen sets Dodgers' saves record in 4\-1 win\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\-sp\-dodgers\-nationals\-20160620\-snap\-story.html\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=June 20, 2016}} He was also selected to the National League team for the [2016 Major League Baseball All\-Star Game](/wiki/2016_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game"), his first all\-star selection.{{cite web\|url\=http://dodgers.mlblogs.com/2016/07/05/jansen\-kershaw\-seager\-named\-to\-nl\-all\-star\-team/ \|title\=Jansen, Kershaw, Seager named to NL All\-Star team \|work\=Dodgers.com \|first\=Jon \|last\=Weisman \|date\=July 5, 2016 \|access\-date\=July 5, 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708082925/http://dodgers.mlblogs.com/2016/07/05/jansen\-kershaw\-seager\-named\-to\-nl\-all\-star\-team/ \|archive\-date\=July 8, 2016 }} On August 24, 2016, Jansen tied [Jim Brewer](/wiki/Jim_Brewer_%28baseball%29 "Jim Brewer (baseball)")'s franchise record for strikeouts by a reliever with the 604th of his career.{{cite web\|url\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/20160825197486352/rich\-hill\-outduels\-johnny\-cueto\-in\-dodgers\-win/?game\_pk\=448759\|title\=Hill outduels Cueto in Dodgers debut\|first\=Jack and Chris Haft\|last\=Baer\|work\=mlb.com\|date\=August 25, 2016\|access\-date\=August 25, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 28, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828121724/http://m.mlb.com/news/article/20160825197486352/rich\-hill\-outduels\-johnny\-cueto\-in\-dodgers\-win/?game\_pk\=448759\|url\-status\=dead}} In 71 games, he was 3–2 with a 1\.83 ERA and 47 saves, earning him the [Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year Award](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Reliever_of_the_Year_Award "Major League Baseball Reliever of the Year Award").{{cite news\|last1\=Plunkett\|first1\=Bill\|title\=Dodgers' Kenley Jansen wins award as NL's top reliever\|url\=http://www.ocregister.com/2016/10/29/dodgers\-kenley\-jansen\-wins\-award\-as\-nls\-top\-reliever/\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=Orange County Register\|date\=October 29, 2016}} Of all MLB pitchers, he held right\-handed batters to the lowest batting average, .107 (in 30 or more innings).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders/splits\-leaderboards\|title\=Splits Leaderboards \| FanGraphs\|website\=www.fangraphs.com}} In the [2016 NLDS](/wiki/2016_NLDS "2016 NLDS") against the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals "Washington Nationals"), Jansen pitched in four games and worked {{fraction\|5\|1\|3}} innings, allowing four runs and saving two games.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2016\_NLDS2\.shtml\|title\=2016 NL Division Series Los Angeles Dodgers over Washington Nationals (3\-2\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 29, 2020}} In the [2016 NLCS](/wiki/2016_NLCS "2016 NLCS") against the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") he pitched {{fraction\|6\|1\|3}} innings over three games, with one save, and struck out 10 while only allowing one hit.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2016\_NLCS.shtml\|title\=2016 NLCS Chicago Cubs over Los Angeles Dodgers (4\-2\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 29, 2020}}
#### 2017
[thumb\|upright\=0\.75\|Jansen pitching for [the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2017](/wiki/2017_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season")](/wiki/File:20170718_Dodgers-WhiteSox_Kenley_Jansen_with_the_ball.jpg "20170718 Dodgers-WhiteSox Kenley Jansen with the ball.jpg")
On January 10, 2017, the Dodgers announced the re\-signing of Jansen to a five\-year, $80 million contract.{{Cite news\|url\=http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/213241040/kenley\-jansen\-contract\-with\-dodgers\-announced/\|title\=Jansen officially returns to Dodgers on 5\-year pact\|newspaper\=MLB.com\|first\=Ken\|last\=Gurnick\|access\-date\=January 10, 2017\|archive\-date\=July 30, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730020226/http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/213241040/kenley\-jansen\-contract\-with\-dodgers\-announced/\|url\-status\=dead}} On June 11, he recorded his 200th career save against the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds "Cincinnati Reds").{{cite news\|last1\=Shaikin\|first1\=Bill\|title\=Corey Seager hits first career grand slam in Dodgers' 9\-7 win over Reds\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la\-sp\-dodgers\-reds\-20170611\-story.html\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=June 11, 2017}}
On June 2, 2017, Jansen recorded his 36th strikeout of the season, setting an MLB season record for most strikeouts without giving up a walk.{{cite web\|last1\=McCalvy\|first1\=Adam\|last2\=Gurnick\|first2\=Ken\|title\=Wonder whiff\-men: Dodgers, Crew fan 42\|url\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/234091376/dodgers\-brewers\-set\-nl\-strikeouts\-record/\|website\=MLB.com\|access\-date\=June 17, 2017\|archive\-date\=June 21, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621121850/http://m.mlb.com/news/article/234091376/dodgers\-brewers\-set\-nl\-strikeouts\-record/\|url\-status\=dead}} The previous record was held by [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals") starting pitcher [Adam Wainwright](/wiki/Adam_Wainwright "Adam Wainwright"), who struck out 35 batters before giving up a walk in the 2013 season.{{cite news\|last1\=Plunkett\|first1\=Bill\|title\=Dodgers and Kenley Jansen embracing broad interpretation of closer role\|url\=http://www.ocregister.com/2017/06/08/dodgers\-and\-kenley\-jansen\-embracing\-broad\-interpretation\-of\-closer\-role/\|access\-date\=June 17, 2017\|work\=The Orange County Register\|date\=June 8, 2017}} The streak eventually reached 51 strikeouts before he recorded his first walk of the season on June 25 against the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies "Colorado Rockies").{{cite news\|last1\=Axisa\|first1\=Mike\|title\=After 112 batters and 51 strikeouts, Dodgers' Jansen issues first walk of 2017\|url\=http://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/112\-batters\-and\-51\-strikeouts\-later\-dodgers\-jansen\-finally\-issues\-first\-walk\-of\-2017/\|access\-date\=June 26, 2017\|work\=CBS Sports\|date\=June 25, 2017}} He was named to his second straight [All\-Star Game](/wiki/2017_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.truebluela.com/all\-star\-game/2017/7/2/15908678/all\-star\-game\-rosters\-2017\-dodgers\-clayton\-kershaw\-corey\-seager\-cody\-bellinger\-kenley\-jansen\|title\=All\-Star Game rosters 2017: Dodgers send 4 players to Miami\|work\=SB Nation\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=July 2, 2017\|access\-date\=July 2, 2017}} Jansen pitched in 65 games for the Dodgers in 2017, with five wins, a 1\.32 ERA, 109 strikeouts (with only seven walks) and 41 saves. For the second straight year, he was awarded the [Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year](/wiki/Trevor_Hoffman_National_League_Reliever_of_the_Year "Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year") Award.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.truebluela.com/2017/10/28/16564434/kenley\-jansen\-trevor\-hoffman\-award\-national\-league\-reliever\-of\-the\-year\-dodgers\|title\=Kenley Jansen wins Trevor Hoffman Award as NL reliever of the year\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=October 28, 2017\|access\-date\=October 28, 2017}}
Jansen started the playoffs by finishing all three games of the Dodgers [2017 NLDS](/wiki/2017_NLDS "2017 NLDS") sweep of the [Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks "Arizona Diamondbacks"). He saved two of the games and did not allow an earned run in {{fraction\|3\|2\|3}} innings. He pitched {{fraction\|4\|1\|3}} innings over four games in the [2017 NLCS](/wiki/2017_NLCS "2017 NLCS") against the [Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") and did not allow a batter to reach base while striking out eight. Jansen allowed two runs to score, including a solo homer by [Marwin González](/wiki/Marwin_Gonz%C3%A1lez "Marwin González") in Game Two of the [2017 World Series](/wiki/2017_World_Series "2017 World Series") against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros"). It was his first blown save in the postseason and snapped his MLB record of converting his first 12 post\-season save opportunities.{{cite web\|url\=http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/259718032/dodgers\-move\-on\-from\-world\-series\-game\-2\-loss/\|title\=Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them\|first\=Ken\|last\=Gurnick\|date\=October 26, 2017\|work\=mlb.com\|access\-date\=November 17, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 26, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213852/http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/259718032/dodgers\-move\-on\-from\-world\-series\-game\-2\-loss/\|url\-status\=dead}} In Game Five of the series, he picked up the loss in the Dodgers 10 inning defeat. In his second inning of work, he hit [Brian McCann](/wiki/Brian_McCann_%28baseball%29 "Brian McCann (baseball)") with two outs and then after a walk, he gave up a walk\-off single to [Alex Bregman](/wiki/Alex_Bregman "Alex Bregman").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU201710290\.shtml\|title\=2017 World Series Game 5, Dodgers at Astros, October 29\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=November 17, 2017}} Overall, he pitched {{fraction\|8\|2\|3}} innings over six games, with two saves and three runs allowed as the Dodgers lost the series in seven games.
#### 2018
Jansen was bothered by an injury during spring training and was slow\-played after his 2017 workload, resulting in two blown saves during a shaky April. He turned it around in May, June, and July and was chosen for his third straight [all\-star game](/wiki/2018_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game") in 2018\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ocregister.com/2018/07/08/2018\-mlb\-all\-star\-game\-rosters\-dodgers\-matt\-kemp\-nationals\-bryce\-harper\-named/\|title\=2018 MLB All\-Star Game Rosters: Dodgers' Matt Kemp, Angel's Mike Trout named\|first\=James H.\|last\=Williams\|work\=OC Register\|date\=July 8, 2018\|access\-date\=July 8, 2018}}
Jansen's heart problems resurfaced during a four\-game set in Colorado, and Jansen was placed on the 10\-day disabled list with an irregular heartbeat.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.denverpost.com/2018/08/21/dodgers\-kenley\-jansen\-fatalistic\-view\-of\-heart\-troubles/\|title\=odgers' Kenley Jansen takes fatalistic view of heart troubles upon his return\|work\=Denver Post\|date\=August 21, 2018\|access\-date\=October 7, 2018\|first\=Matt\|last\=Bonesteel}} He struggled upon returning, losing his first two games back and blowing a save in his third. He struggled for the rest of the season. He finished the season with a 1–5 record, 3\.01 ERA and 38 saves.
He was effective against [Atlanta](/wiki/2018_Atlanta_Braves_season "2018 Atlanta Braves season") and [Milwaukee](/wiki/2018_Milwaukee_Brewers_season "2018 Milwaukee Brewers season") in the postseason, not allowing a run, but again struggled in the [2018 World Series](/wiki/2018_World_Series "2018 World Series"), blowing two save opportunities as he allowed game\-tying home runs to [Jackie Bradley Jr.](/wiki/Jackie_Bradley_Jr. "Jackie Bradley Jr.") in Game 3 (which went 18 innings){{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201810260\.shtml\|title\=2018 World Series Game 3, Red Sox at Dodgers, October 26\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}} and [Steve Pearce](/wiki/Steve_Pearce_%28baseball%29 "Steve Pearce (baseball)") in Game 4{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201810270\.shtml\|title\=2018 World Series Game 4, Red Sox at Dodgers, October 27\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}} as the Dodgers lost the series to the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/2020_Boston_Red_Sox_season "2020 Boston Red Sox season") in five games.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2018\_WS.shtml\|title\=2018 World Series Boston Red Sox over Los Angeles Dodgers (4\-1\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}}
#### 2019
On April 7, 2019, Jansen recorded a four\-out save against the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies "Colorado Rockies") at [Coors Field](/wiki/Coors_Field "Coors Field") in [Denver](/wiki/Denver "Denver").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley\-jansen\-closes\-at\-colorado\|title\=Kenley Jansen closes at Colorado\|website\=MLB.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=April 8, 2019}} On May 3 and 4, Jansen converted saves against the San Diego Padres.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id\=janseke01\&t\=p\&year\=2019\|title\=Kenley Jansen 2019 Pitching Gamelogs\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}} But on May 5, pitching for the third day in a row, Jansen walked a batter and allowed two bunt singles to load the bases with no outs. He retired the next two hitters before he gave up a walk\-off grand slam to [Hunter Renfroe](/wiki/Hunter_Renfroe "Hunter Renfroe"), as the Dodgers lost 8–5\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN201905050\.shtml\|title\=Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Box Score, May 5, 2019\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}}
Jansen recorded two extended saves in a series against the Mets, with a 5\-out save in the first game of the series and a 4\-out save in the fourth game. This was his first five\-out save since June 2018 in Pittsburgh. He debuted the intentional [balk](/wiki/Balk "Balk") in the top of the ninth against the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") on June 15, 2019\. The intentional balk was an idea he came up with bench coach [Bob Geren](/wiki/Bob_Geren "Bob Geren"), in which he has a runner on second and two outs and balks the runner to third to prevent the runner from [stealing signs](/wiki/Stealing_signs "Stealing signs").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley\-jansen\-executes\-intentional\-balk\|title\=Ever seen an intentional balk? You have now\|work\=mlb.com\|first\=Ken\|last\=Gurnick\|date\=June 15, 2019\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}} On September 25, in a game against the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres "San Diego Padres"), Jansen picked up his [300th career save](/wiki/300_save_club "300 save club"), becoming the 30th pitcher all time and the first in Dodgers history.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/joc\-pederson\-edwin\-rios\-home\-runs?game\_pk\=566354\|title\=After talk with mentor, Jansen gets 300th save\|work\=mlb.com\|first\=Ken\|last\=Gurnick\|date\=September 26, 2019\|access\-date\=September 26, 2019}} He pitched in 62 games, with a 5–3 record and 33 saves, but a career\-high ERA of 3\.71\.
In the [2019 NLDS](/wiki/2019_NLDS "2019 NLDS"), Jansen pitched to five batters and did not allow any of them to reach base.
#### 2020
Jansen was late reporting to camp after the [pandemic\-imposed shutdown](/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports%23Baseball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports#Baseball"), suffering with a [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") infection, which affected his conditioning during the shutdown.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.truebluela.com/2020/8/6/21356485/dodgers\-news\-kenley\-jansen\-coronavirus\|title\=Kenley Jansen still feeling lingering effects of coronavirus\|work\=SB Nation\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=August 6, 2020\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}} He appeared in 24\.1 innings over 27 games during the season, with a 3–1 record and a 3\.33 ERA with 11 saves (3rd in the NL), while leading the National League with 24 games finished. Jansen pitched one scoreless inning in the first game of the [Wild Card Series](/wiki/2020_National_League_Wild_Card_Series "2020 National League Wild Card Series") to pick up the save{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN202009300\.shtml\|title\=2020 National League Wild Card Series (NLWC) Game 1, Brewers at Dodgers, September 30\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 25, 2020}} and in the [NLDS](/wiki/2020_National_League_Division_Series "2020 National League Division Series") he allowed two runs to score in {{fraction\|1\|1\|3}} innings.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2020\_NLDS1\.shtml\|title\=2020 NL Division Series Los Angeles Dodgers over San Diego Padres (3\-0\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 25, 2020}} He picked up a save and pitched three perfect innings over three games in the [NLCS](/wiki/2020_National_League_Championship_Series "2020 National League Championship Series").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2020\_NLCS.shtml\|title\=2020 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers over Atlanta Braves (4\-3\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=October 25, 2020}} In Game 4 of the [2020 World Series](/wiki/2020_World_Series "2020 World Series") against the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays "Tampa Bay Rays"), Jansen blew his fourth career World Series save, setting a new World Series record.{{cite tweet\|number\=1320221919669604355\|user\=baseball\_ref\|title\=That's Kenley Jansen's fourth...\|date\=October 25, 2020}}
[thumb\|right\|Jansen shaking hands with [United States Vice President](/wiki/United_States_Vice_President "United States Vice President") [Kamala Harris](/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris") at the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") in 2021](/wiki/File:Kenley_Jansen_and_Kamala_Harris_%2851362325534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Kenley Jansen and Kamala Harris (51362325534) (cropped).jpg")
#### 2021
On August 25, Jansen became the twelfth reliever in MLB history to record 1,000 strikeouts by striking out [Austin Nola](/wiki/Austin_Nola "Austin Nola") of the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres "San Diego Padres").{{cite web\|url\=https://dodgerblue.com/dodgers\-news\-kenley\-jansen\-career\-strikeouts/2021/08/26/\|title\=Dodgers News: Kenley Jansen Reaches 1,000 Career Strikeouts\|first\=Matt\|last\=Borelli\|website\=Dodger Blue\|date\=August 26, 2021\|accessdate\=October 7, 2021}} Jansen finished the 2021 season with 38 saves, a 2\.22 ERA and 86 strikeouts in 69 innings. In the [National League Wild Card Game](/wiki/2021_National_League_Wild_Card_Game "2021 National League Wild Card Game") against the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals"), he struck out three batters in a scoreless ninth inning to record the win{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN202110060\.shtml\|title\=2021 National League Wild Card (NLWC) Game 1, Cardinals at Dodgers, October 6\|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]]\|accessdate\=October 7, 2021}} and in the [2021 NLDS](/wiki/2021_NLDS "2021 NLDS"), he struck out five of the six batters he faced in his two innings of work. In the [2021 NLCS](/wiki/2021_NLCS "2021 NLCS"), played against the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves "Atlanta Braves"), Jansen, pitched in five of the six games, allowing two hits and one walk while striking out six and recording the save in Game 3\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2021\_NLCS.shtml\|title\=2021 NLCS Atlanta Braves over Los Angeles Dodgers (4\-2\)\|work\=Baseball Reference\|accessdate\=October 24, 2021}}
|
[
"### Los Angeles Dodgers (2010–2021\\)",
"#### 2010",
"On July 23, 2010, Jansen was promoted to the Dodgers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dodgers/2010/07/dodgers\\-call\\-up\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-designate\\-justin\\-miller\\-for\\-assignment.html \\|title\\=Dodgers call up Kenley Jansen; designate Justin Miller for assignment\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=July 23, 2010 \\|first\\=Dylan\\|last\\=Hernandez\\|access\\-date\\=August 27, 2013}} He made his Major League debut in relief on July 24 against the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets \"New York Mets\"), where he pitched a scoreless inning, retiring all three batters he faced and striking out two.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201007240\\.shtml\\|title\\=July 24, 2010 New York Mets at Los Angeles Dodgers play\\-by\\-play and box score\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} On July 25, Jansen recorded his first Major League save, when he pitched a 1\\-2\\-3 inning against the Mets.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201007250\\.shtml\\|title\\=July 25, 2010 New York Mets at Los Angeles Dodgers play\\-by\\-play and box score\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}}",
"On August 26, Jansen walked and scored a run in his first Major League plate appearance, at [Miller Park](/wiki/Miller_Park_%28Milwaukee%29 \"Miller Park (Milwaukee)\") in [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee \"Milwaukee\") against [Yovani Gallardo](/wiki/Yovani_Gallardo \"Yovani Gallardo\") of the [Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers \"Milwaukee Brewers\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/MIL/MIL201008260\\.shtml\\|title\\=August 26, 2010 Los Angeles Dodgers at Milwaukee Brewers play\\-by\\-play and box score\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} and collected his first major league hit on August 31, at [Dodger Stadium](/wiki/Dodger_Stadium \"Dodger Stadium\"). The hit was a single up the middle against [Kyle Kendrick](/wiki/Kyle_Kendrick \"Kyle Kendrick\") of the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201008310\\.shtml\\|title\\=August 31, 2010 Philadelphia Phillis at Los Angeles Dodgers play\\-by\\-play and box score\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} Jansen recorded his first win against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\") on September 11 in [Minute Maid Park](/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park \"Minute Maid Park\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU201009110\\.shtml\\|title\\=September 11, 2010 Los Angeles Dodgers at Houston Astros\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} He appeared in 25 games with the Dodgers in 2010, working 27 innings with a 1–0 record and a 0\\.67 ERA. He also saved four games in 2010\\.",
"#### 2011",
"In 2011, Jansen became a key member of the Dodgers' bullpen. He was 2–1 with a 2\\.85 ERA in {{fraction\\|53\\|2\\|3}} innings and saved five games. Jansen also struck out 96 batters, setting a new Major League season record with {{fraction\\|16\\|1\\|3}} strikeouts per nine innings.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20111003\\&content\\_id\\=25463782\\&c\\_id\\=la \\|title\\=Jansen struck out hitters at record pace in '11 \\|publisher\\=Losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com \\|access\\-date\\=August 27, 2013 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=October 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}",
"#### 2012",
"In May 2012, Jansen became the Dodgers' [closer](/wiki/Closer_%28baseball%29 \"Closer (baseball)\") after [Javy Guerra](/wiki/Javy_Guerra_%28baseball%2C_born_1985%29 \"Javy Guerra (baseball, born 1985)\") struggled in the role.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\\-xpm\\-2012\\-may\\-07\\-la\\-sp\\-dn\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-replacing\\-javy\\-guerra\\-20120507\\-story.html\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen replacing Javy Guerra as Dodgers closer\\|last\\=Hernandez\\|first\\=Dylan\\|date\\=May 7, 2012\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|access\\-date\\=November 28, 2012}} At the end of the season, after missing some time due to [heart problems](/wiki/%23Health_issues \"#Health issues\"), Jansen was replaced as closer by [Brandon League](/wiki/Brandon_League \"Brandon League\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\\-xpm\\-2012\\-sep\\-30\\-la\\-sp\\-dn\\-dodgers\\-league\\-closer\\-20120930\\-story.html\\|title\\=Brandon League, the Dodgers' unexpected closer\\|last\\=Dilbeck\\|first\\=Steve\\|date\\=September 30, 2012\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|access\\-date\\=November 28, 2012}} He appeared in 65 games, compiling a 5–3 record, 2\\.35 ERA, 99 strikeouts and 25 saves.",
"#### 2013",
"[left\\|thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.75\\|Jansen with the [2013 Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/2013_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"2013 Los Angeles Dodgers season\")](/wiki/File:Kenley_Jansen_on_April_19%2C_2013.jpg \"Kenley Jansen on April 19, 2013.jpg\")",
"Jansen began 2013 as the setup man in the bullpen but resumed the role as closer when League struggled.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\\-xpm\\-2013\\-jun\\-11\\-la\\-sp\\-dn\\-dodgers\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-closer\\-20130611\\-story.html\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen replaces Brandon League as Dodgers closer\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|first\\=Steve\\|last\\=Dilbeck\\|date\\=June 11, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} He was in 75 games with a 4–3 record, 1\\.88 ERA and 28 saves. He did not allow any runs, in three appearances in the [2013 National League Division Series](/wiki/2013_National_League_Division_Series \"2013 National League Division Series\") (NLDS) against the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2013\\_NLDS2\\.shtml\\|title\\=2013 NL Division Series (3\\-1\\): Los Angeles Dodgers (92\\-70\\) over Atlanta Braves (96\\-66\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}} but was less effective in the [Championship Series](/wiki/2013_National_League_Championship_Series \"2013 National League Championship Series\") (NLCS) against the [Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\"), allowing two runs in two innings.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2013\\_NLCS.shtml\\|title\\=2013 NLCS (4\\-2\\): St. Louis Cardinals (97\\-65\\) over Los Angeles Dodgers (92\\-70\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}}",
"#### 2014",
"On February 11, 2014, Jansen avoided his first arbitration hearing by signing a $4\\.3 million contract with the Dodgers.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Gurnick\\|first1\\=Ken\\|title\\=Jansen, Dodgers reach $4\\.3 million deal\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article/mlb/kenley\\-jansen\\-los\\-angeles\\-dodgers\\-agree\\-to\\-43\\-million\\-contract?ymd\\=20140211\\&content\\_id\\=67657700\\&vkey\\=news\\_mlb\\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2014\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=February 11, 2014}} Fully established as the Dodgers' closer in 2014, Jansen worked in 68 games with a 2\\.76 ERA, 101 strikeouts and 44 saves. He became just the fourth Dodger pitcher in history with 40\\+ saves in a season, joining [Éric Gagné](/wiki/%C3%89ric_Gagn%C3%A9 \"Éric Gagné\") (who did it three times), [Todd Worrell](/wiki/Todd_Worrell \"Todd Worrell\") and [Jeff Shaw](/wiki/Jeff_Shaw \"Jeff Shaw\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Dilbeck\\|first1\\=Steve\\|title\\=Dodgers' Kenley Jansen has emerged as one of baseball's best closers\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/dodgersnow/la\\-sp\\-dn\\-dodgers\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-20140905\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=September 6, 2014}} Jansen only pitched one inning in the [NLDS](/wiki/2014_National_League_Division_Series \"2014 National League Division Series\") against the Cardinals.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2014\\_NLDS2\\.shtml\\|title\\=2014 NL Division Series (3\\-1\\): St. Louis Cardinals (90\\-72\\) over Los Angeles Dodgers (94\\-68\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2017}}",
"#### 2015",
"On January 16, 2015, he again avoided arbitration by signing a one\\-year $7\\.425 million contract with the Dodgers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/1/16/7519199/kenley\\-jansen\\-contract\\-dodgers\\-salary\\-arbitration\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen, Dodgers avoid arbitration with $7\\.425 contract\\|work\\=truebluela.com\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=January 16, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2015}} However, on February 17, he underwent surgery to remove a growth from a bone in his left foot. The recovery time kept him out of action until May.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://dodgers.mlblogs.com/2015/02/17/kenley\\-jansen\\-expected\\-to\\-miss\\-8\\-12\\-weeks\\-after\\-foot\\-surgery/\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen expected to miss 8\\-12 weeks after foot surgery\\|first\\=Jon\\|last\\=Weisman\\|date\\=February 17, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2015}} Jansen was eventually activated off the disabled list on May 15 and rejoined the Dodgers roster.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Hernandez\\|first1\\=Dylan\\|title\\=Dodgers reinstate Kenley Jansen from disabled list\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/dodgersnow/la\\-sp\\-dn\\-dodgers\\-reinstate\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-from\\-disabled\\-list\\-20150515\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=May 15, 2015}} Jansen struck out 23 batters in his first 14 games of the season, without giving up a single walk. This broke [Jay Howell](/wiki/Jay_Howell \"Jay Howell\")'s team records (set in the [1991 season](/wiki/1991_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"1991 Los Angeles Dodgers season\")) of 13 games without a walk to start a season and 20 strikeouts without a walk to start a season.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/6/25/8843971/kenley\\-jansen\\-no\\-walks\\-dodgers\\-cubs\\-preview\\|title\\=Stingy Kenley Jansen off to great start\\|work\\=SB Nation\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=June 25, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2015}} He wound up striking out 27 before he finally walked a batter on June 30, eight shy of the major league record.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/6/30/8874745/howie\\-kendrick\\-yasmani\\-grandal\\-dodgers\\-diamondbacks\\-recap\\|title\\=Howie Kendrick, Yasmani Grandal do extra in Dodgers win\\|work\\=SB Nation\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=June 30, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2015}} He made 54 appearances for the team in 2015 with a 2\\.41 ERA and 36 saves. He also struck out 80 batters, while only walking 8 all season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/LAD/2015\\.shtml\\|title\\=2015 Los Angeles Dodgers Batting, Pitching, \\& Fielding Statistic\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 5, 2015}} He became the first Dodgers pitcher with five seasons of 80 or more strikeouts in relief.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.truebluela.com/2015/10/3/9448257/yasiel\\-puig\\-zack\\-greinke\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-dodgers\\-notes\\|title\\=Dodgers postgame notes: Zack Greinke, Kenley Jansen, Yasiel Puig, home field advantage\\|work\\=SB Nation\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=October 3, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=October 5, 2015}} He appeared in three games, with two saves in the [2015 NLDS](/wiki/2015_NLDS \"2015 NLDS\") and did not allow a run in {{fraction\\|3\\|2\\|3}} innings. In his final year of arbitration, Jansen signed a one\\-year, $10\\.65 million, contract with the Dodgers on January 15, 2016\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Hernandez\\|first1\\=Dylan\\|title\\=Dodgers avoid salary arbitration with Kenley Jansen\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/dodgersnow/la\\-sp\\-dn\\-dodgers\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-salary\\-arbitration\\-20160115\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=January 15, 2016}}",
"#### 2016",
"On June 20, 2016, Jansen picked up his 162nd career save against the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals \"Washington Nationals\"), breaking the all\\-time franchise record held by [Éric Gagné](/wiki/%C3%89ric_Gagn%C3%A9 \"Éric Gagné\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=McCullough\\|first1\\=Andy\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen sets Dodgers' saves record in 4\\-1 win\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\\-sp\\-dodgers\\-nationals\\-20160620\\-snap\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=June 20, 2016}} He was also selected to the National League team for the [2016 Major League Baseball All\\-Star Game](/wiki/2016_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\"), his first all\\-star selection.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://dodgers.mlblogs.com/2016/07/05/jansen\\-kershaw\\-seager\\-named\\-to\\-nl\\-all\\-star\\-team/ \\|title\\=Jansen, Kershaw, Seager named to NL All\\-Star team \\|work\\=Dodgers.com \\|first\\=Jon \\|last\\=Weisman \\|date\\=July 5, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708082925/http://dodgers.mlblogs.com/2016/07/05/jansen\\-kershaw\\-seager\\-named\\-to\\-nl\\-all\\-star\\-team/ \\|archive\\-date\\=July 8, 2016 }} On August 24, 2016, Jansen tied [Jim Brewer](/wiki/Jim_Brewer_%28baseball%29 \"Jim Brewer (baseball)\")'s franchise record for strikeouts by a reliever with the 604th of his career.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/20160825197486352/rich\\-hill\\-outduels\\-johnny\\-cueto\\-in\\-dodgers\\-win/?game\\_pk\\=448759\\|title\\=Hill outduels Cueto in Dodgers debut\\|first\\=Jack and Chris Haft\\|last\\=Baer\\|work\\=mlb.com\\|date\\=August 25, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 28, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828121724/http://m.mlb.com/news/article/20160825197486352/rich\\-hill\\-outduels\\-johnny\\-cueto\\-in\\-dodgers\\-win/?game\\_pk\\=448759\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 71 games, he was 3–2 with a 1\\.83 ERA and 47 saves, earning him the [Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year Award](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Reliever_of_the_Year_Award \"Major League Baseball Reliever of the Year Award\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Plunkett\\|first1\\=Bill\\|title\\=Dodgers' Kenley Jansen wins award as NL's top reliever\\|url\\=http://www.ocregister.com/2016/10/29/dodgers\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-wins\\-award\\-as\\-nls\\-top\\-reliever/\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=Orange County Register\\|date\\=October 29, 2016}} Of all MLB pitchers, he held right\\-handed batters to the lowest batting average, .107 (in 30 or more innings).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders/splits\\-leaderboards\\|title\\=Splits Leaderboards \\| FanGraphs\\|website\\=www.fangraphs.com}} In the [2016 NLDS](/wiki/2016_NLDS \"2016 NLDS\") against the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals \"Washington Nationals\"), Jansen pitched in four games and worked {{fraction\\|5\\|1\\|3}} innings, allowing four runs and saving two games.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2016\\_NLDS2\\.shtml\\|title\\=2016 NL Division Series Los Angeles Dodgers over Washington Nationals (3\\-2\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2020}} In the [2016 NLCS](/wiki/2016_NLCS \"2016 NLCS\") against the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") he pitched {{fraction\\|6\\|1\\|3}} innings over three games, with one save, and struck out 10 while only allowing one hit.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2016\\_NLCS.shtml\\|title\\=2016 NLCS Chicago Cubs over Los Angeles Dodgers (4\\-2\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2020}}",
"#### 2017",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.75\\|Jansen pitching for [the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2017](/wiki/2017_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season\")](/wiki/File:20170718_Dodgers-WhiteSox_Kenley_Jansen_with_the_ball.jpg \"20170718 Dodgers-WhiteSox Kenley Jansen with the ball.jpg\")\nOn January 10, 2017, the Dodgers announced the re\\-signing of Jansen to a five\\-year, $80 million contract.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/213241040/kenley\\-jansen\\-contract\\-with\\-dodgers\\-announced/\\|title\\=Jansen officially returns to Dodgers on 5\\-year pact\\|newspaper\\=MLB.com\\|first\\=Ken\\|last\\=Gurnick\\|access\\-date\\=January 10, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=July 30, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730020226/http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/213241040/kenley\\-jansen\\-contract\\-with\\-dodgers\\-announced/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On June 11, he recorded his 200th career save against the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Shaikin\\|first1\\=Bill\\|title\\=Corey Seager hits first career grand slam in Dodgers' 9\\-7 win over Reds\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la\\-sp\\-dodgers\\-reds\\-20170611\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=June 11, 2017}}",
"On June 2, 2017, Jansen recorded his 36th strikeout of the season, setting an MLB season record for most strikeouts without giving up a walk.{{cite web\\|last1\\=McCalvy\\|first1\\=Adam\\|last2\\=Gurnick\\|first2\\=Ken\\|title\\=Wonder whiff\\-men: Dodgers, Crew fan 42\\|url\\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/234091376/dodgers\\-brewers\\-set\\-nl\\-strikeouts\\-record/\\|website\\=MLB.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=June 21, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621121850/http://m.mlb.com/news/article/234091376/dodgers\\-brewers\\-set\\-nl\\-strikeouts\\-record/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The previous record was held by [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\") starting pitcher [Adam Wainwright](/wiki/Adam_Wainwright \"Adam Wainwright\"), who struck out 35 batters before giving up a walk in the 2013 season.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Plunkett\\|first1\\=Bill\\|title\\=Dodgers and Kenley Jansen embracing broad interpretation of closer role\\|url\\=http://www.ocregister.com/2017/06/08/dodgers\\-and\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-embracing\\-broad\\-interpretation\\-of\\-closer\\-role/\\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2017\\|work\\=The Orange County Register\\|date\\=June 8, 2017}} The streak eventually reached 51 strikeouts before he recorded his first walk of the season on June 25 against the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies \"Colorado Rockies\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Axisa\\|first1\\=Mike\\|title\\=After 112 batters and 51 strikeouts, Dodgers' Jansen issues first walk of 2017\\|url\\=http://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/112\\-batters\\-and\\-51\\-strikeouts\\-later\\-dodgers\\-jansen\\-finally\\-issues\\-first\\-walk\\-of\\-2017/\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2017\\|work\\=CBS Sports\\|date\\=June 25, 2017}} He was named to his second straight [All\\-Star Game](/wiki/2017_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.truebluela.com/all\\-star\\-game/2017/7/2/15908678/all\\-star\\-game\\-rosters\\-2017\\-dodgers\\-clayton\\-kershaw\\-corey\\-seager\\-cody\\-bellinger\\-kenley\\-jansen\\|title\\=All\\-Star Game rosters 2017: Dodgers send 4 players to Miami\\|work\\=SB Nation\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=July 2, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2017}} Jansen pitched in 65 games for the Dodgers in 2017, with five wins, a 1\\.32 ERA, 109 strikeouts (with only seven walks) and 41 saves. For the second straight year, he was awarded the [Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year](/wiki/Trevor_Hoffman_National_League_Reliever_of_the_Year \"Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year\") Award.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.truebluela.com/2017/10/28/16564434/kenley\\-jansen\\-trevor\\-hoffman\\-award\\-national\\-league\\-reliever\\-of\\-the\\-year\\-dodgers\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen wins Trevor Hoffman Award as NL reliever of the year\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=October 28, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2017}}",
"Jansen started the playoffs by finishing all three games of the Dodgers [2017 NLDS](/wiki/2017_NLDS \"2017 NLDS\") sweep of the [Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks \"Arizona Diamondbacks\"). He saved two of the games and did not allow an earned run in {{fraction\\|3\\|2\\|3}} innings. He pitched {{fraction\\|4\\|1\\|3}} innings over four games in the [2017 NLCS](/wiki/2017_NLCS \"2017 NLCS\") against the [Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") and did not allow a batter to reach base while striking out eight. Jansen allowed two runs to score, including a solo homer by [Marwin González](/wiki/Marwin_Gonz%C3%A1lez \"Marwin González\") in Game Two of the [2017 World Series](/wiki/2017_World_Series \"2017 World Series\") against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\"). It was his first blown save in the postseason and snapped his MLB record of converting his first 12 post\\-season save opportunities.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/259718032/dodgers\\-move\\-on\\-from\\-world\\-series\\-game\\-2\\-loss/\\|title\\=Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them\\|first\\=Ken\\|last\\=Gurnick\\|date\\=October 26, 2017\\|work\\=mlb.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 17, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 26, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213852/http://m.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article/259718032/dodgers\\-move\\-on\\-from\\-world\\-series\\-game\\-2\\-loss/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In Game Five of the series, he picked up the loss in the Dodgers 10 inning defeat. In his second inning of work, he hit [Brian McCann](/wiki/Brian_McCann_%28baseball%29 \"Brian McCann (baseball)\") with two outs and then after a walk, he gave up a walk\\-off single to [Alex Bregman](/wiki/Alex_Bregman \"Alex Bregman\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU201710290\\.shtml\\|title\\=2017 World Series Game 5, Dodgers at Astros, October 29\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=November 17, 2017}} Overall, he pitched {{fraction\\|8\\|2\\|3}} innings over six games, with two saves and three runs allowed as the Dodgers lost the series in seven games.",
"#### 2018",
"Jansen was bothered by an injury during spring training and was slow\\-played after his 2017 workload, resulting in two blown saves during a shaky April. He turned it around in May, June, and July and was chosen for his third straight [all\\-star game](/wiki/2018_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\") in 2018\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ocregister.com/2018/07/08/2018\\-mlb\\-all\\-star\\-game\\-rosters\\-dodgers\\-matt\\-kemp\\-nationals\\-bryce\\-harper\\-named/\\|title\\=2018 MLB All\\-Star Game Rosters: Dodgers' Matt Kemp, Angel's Mike Trout named\\|first\\=James H.\\|last\\=Williams\\|work\\=OC Register\\|date\\=July 8, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2018}}",
"Jansen's heart problems resurfaced during a four\\-game set in Colorado, and Jansen was placed on the 10\\-day disabled list with an irregular heartbeat.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.denverpost.com/2018/08/21/dodgers\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-fatalistic\\-view\\-of\\-heart\\-troubles/\\|title\\=odgers' Kenley Jansen takes fatalistic view of heart troubles upon his return\\|work\\=Denver Post\\|date\\=August 21, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2018\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Bonesteel}} He struggled upon returning, losing his first two games back and blowing a save in his third. He struggled for the rest of the season. He finished the season with a 1–5 record, 3\\.01 ERA and 38 saves.",
"He was effective against [Atlanta](/wiki/2018_Atlanta_Braves_season \"2018 Atlanta Braves season\") and [Milwaukee](/wiki/2018_Milwaukee_Brewers_season \"2018 Milwaukee Brewers season\") in the postseason, not allowing a run, but again struggled in the [2018 World Series](/wiki/2018_World_Series \"2018 World Series\"), blowing two save opportunities as he allowed game\\-tying home runs to [Jackie Bradley Jr.](/wiki/Jackie_Bradley_Jr. \"Jackie Bradley Jr.\") in Game 3 (which went 18 innings){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201810260\\.shtml\\|title\\=2018 World Series Game 3, Red Sox at Dodgers, October 26\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}} and [Steve Pearce](/wiki/Steve_Pearce_%28baseball%29 \"Steve Pearce (baseball)\") in Game 4{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201810270\\.shtml\\|title\\=2018 World Series Game 4, Red Sox at Dodgers, October 27\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}} as the Dodgers lost the series to the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/2020_Boston_Red_Sox_season \"2020 Boston Red Sox season\") in five games.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2018\\_WS.shtml\\|title\\=2018 World Series Boston Red Sox over Los Angeles Dodgers (4\\-1\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}}",
"#### 2019",
"On April 7, 2019, Jansen recorded a four\\-out save against the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies \"Colorado Rockies\") at [Coors Field](/wiki/Coors_Field \"Coors Field\") in [Denver](/wiki/Denver \"Denver\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley\\-jansen\\-closes\\-at\\-colorado\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen closes at Colorado\\|website\\=MLB.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=April 8, 2019}} On May 3 and 4, Jansen converted saves against the San Diego Padres.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id\\=janseke01\\&t\\=p\\&year\\=2019\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen 2019 Pitching Gamelogs\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}} But on May 5, pitching for the third day in a row, Jansen walked a batter and allowed two bunt singles to load the bases with no outs. He retired the next two hitters before he gave up a walk\\-off grand slam to [Hunter Renfroe](/wiki/Hunter_Renfroe \"Hunter Renfroe\"), as the Dodgers lost 8–5\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN201905050\\.shtml\\|title\\=Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Box Score, May 5, 2019\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}}",
"Jansen recorded two extended saves in a series against the Mets, with a 5\\-out save in the first game of the series and a 4\\-out save in the fourth game. This was his first five\\-out save since June 2018 in Pittsburgh. He debuted the intentional [balk](/wiki/Balk \"Balk\") in the top of the ninth against the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") on June 15, 2019\\. The intentional balk was an idea he came up with bench coach [Bob Geren](/wiki/Bob_Geren \"Bob Geren\"), in which he has a runner on second and two outs and balks the runner to third to prevent the runner from [stealing signs](/wiki/Stealing_signs \"Stealing signs\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley\\-jansen\\-executes\\-intentional\\-balk\\|title\\=Ever seen an intentional balk? You have now\\|work\\=mlb.com\\|first\\=Ken\\|last\\=Gurnick\\|date\\=June 15, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}} On September 25, in a game against the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\"), Jansen picked up his [300th career save](/wiki/300_save_club \"300 save club\"), becoming the 30th pitcher all time and the first in Dodgers history.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/joc\\-pederson\\-edwin\\-rios\\-home\\-runs?game\\_pk\\=566354\\|title\\=After talk with mentor, Jansen gets 300th save\\|work\\=mlb.com\\|first\\=Ken\\|last\\=Gurnick\\|date\\=September 26, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2019}} He pitched in 62 games, with a 5–3 record and 33 saves, but a career\\-high ERA of 3\\.71\\.",
"In the [2019 NLDS](/wiki/2019_NLDS \"2019 NLDS\"), Jansen pitched to five batters and did not allow any of them to reach base.",
"#### 2020",
"Jansen was late reporting to camp after the [pandemic\\-imposed shutdown](/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports%23Baseball \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports#Baseball\"), suffering with a [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") infection, which affected his conditioning during the shutdown.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.truebluela.com/2020/8/6/21356485/dodgers\\-news\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-coronavirus\\|title\\=Kenley Jansen still feeling lingering effects of coronavirus\\|work\\=SB Nation\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=August 6, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}} He appeared in 24\\.1 innings over 27 games during the season, with a 3–1 record and a 3\\.33 ERA with 11 saves (3rd in the NL), while leading the National League with 24 games finished. Jansen pitched one scoreless inning in the first game of the [Wild Card Series](/wiki/2020_National_League_Wild_Card_Series \"2020 National League Wild Card Series\") to pick up the save{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN202009300\\.shtml\\|title\\=2020 National League Wild Card Series (NLWC) Game 1, Brewers at Dodgers, September 30\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 25, 2020}} and in the [NLDS](/wiki/2020_National_League_Division_Series \"2020 National League Division Series\") he allowed two runs to score in {{fraction\\|1\\|1\\|3}} innings.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2020\\_NLDS1\\.shtml\\|title\\=2020 NL Division Series Los Angeles Dodgers over San Diego Padres (3\\-0\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 25, 2020}} He picked up a save and pitched three perfect innings over three games in the [NLCS](/wiki/2020_National_League_Championship_Series \"2020 National League Championship Series\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2020\\_NLCS.shtml\\|title\\=2020 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers over Atlanta Braves (4\\-3\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=October 25, 2020}} In Game 4 of the [2020 World Series](/wiki/2020_World_Series \"2020 World Series\") against the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays \"Tampa Bay Rays\"), Jansen blew his fourth career World Series save, setting a new World Series record.{{cite tweet\\|number\\=1320221919669604355\\|user\\=baseball\\_ref\\|title\\=That's Kenley Jansen's fourth...\\|date\\=October 25, 2020}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Jansen shaking hands with [United States Vice President](/wiki/United_States_Vice_President \"United States Vice President\") [Kamala Harris](/wiki/Kamala_Harris \"Kamala Harris\") at the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") in 2021](/wiki/File:Kenley_Jansen_and_Kamala_Harris_%2851362325534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Kenley Jansen and Kamala Harris (51362325534) (cropped).jpg\")\n#### 2021",
"On August 25, Jansen became the twelfth reliever in MLB history to record 1,000 strikeouts by striking out [Austin Nola](/wiki/Austin_Nola \"Austin Nola\") of the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://dodgerblue.com/dodgers\\-news\\-kenley\\-jansen\\-career\\-strikeouts/2021/08/26/\\|title\\=Dodgers News: Kenley Jansen Reaches 1,000 Career Strikeouts\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Borelli\\|website\\=Dodger Blue\\|date\\=August 26, 2021\\|accessdate\\=October 7, 2021}} Jansen finished the 2021 season with 38 saves, a 2\\.22 ERA and 86 strikeouts in 69 innings. In the [National League Wild Card Game](/wiki/2021_National_League_Wild_Card_Game \"2021 National League Wild Card Game\") against the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\"), he struck out three batters in a scoreless ninth inning to record the win{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN202110060\\.shtml\\|title\\=2021 National League Wild Card (NLWC) Game 1, Cardinals at Dodgers, October 6\\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]]\\|accessdate\\=October 7, 2021}} and in the [2021 NLDS](/wiki/2021_NLDS \"2021 NLDS\"), he struck out five of the six batters he faced in his two innings of work. In the [2021 NLCS](/wiki/2021_NLCS \"2021 NLCS\"), played against the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\"), Jansen, pitched in five of the six games, allowing two hits and one walk while striking out six and recording the save in Game 3\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2021\\_NLCS.shtml\\|title\\=2021 NLCS Atlanta Braves over Los Angeles Dodgers (4\\-2\\)\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|accessdate\\=October 24, 2021}}",
""
] |
Club career
-----------
### Swansea City
After progressing through [Swansea City's Academy](/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C._Reserves "Swansea City A.F.C. Reserves"), Cornell was included in Swansea's senior squad for their 2008 pre\-season tour of Spain. However the 17\-year old's progress was halted when he suffered a serious wrist injury on tour.{{cite news\| title \= Young keeper earns Martinez vote\| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/swansea\_city/7886455\.stm\| publisher \= BBC Sport\| date \= 12 February 2009\| access\-date \= 13 February 2009}} Later that season, Cornell was called up to the first team bench for Swansea's fifth round [FA Cup](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_FA_Cup "2008–09 FA Cup") match against [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C.") after loan signing [Dimitrios Konstantopoulos](/wiki/Dimitrios_Konstantopoulos "Dimitrios Konstantopoulos") was unable to extend his stay at the club.{{cite news\| title \= Swansea 1–1 Fulham\| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa\_cup/7872179\.stm\| website \= BBC News\| date \= 14 February 2009\| access\-date \= 14 February 2009}} Ten days later, Cornell was included again on Swansea's bench for the\# [FA Cup](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_FA_Cup "2008–09 FA Cup") fifth round replay against Fulham.{{cite news\| title \= Fulham 2–1 Swansea\| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa\_cup/7899650\.stm\| website \= BBC News\| date \= 24 February 2009\| access\-date \= 24 February 2009}} After impressing manager [Roberto Martínez](/wiki/Roberto_Mart%C3%ADnez "Roberto Martínez"), Cornell was installed as [Dorus de Vries](/wiki/Dorus_de_Vries "Dorus de Vries")' understudy for the rest of the 2008–09 season but made no further appearances in Swansea's remaining matchday squads.
Cornell made his professional debut for Swansea on 25 August 2009 when he was named in the starting line\-up for the [League Cup](/wiki/Football_League_Cup "Football League Cup") match against [Scunthorpe United](/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C. "Scunthorpe United F.C.").{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\_cup/8205360\.stm\|title\=Swansea 1–2 Scunthorpe\|work\=BBC News\|access\-date\=26 August 2009}} In February 2010, Cornell signed a new three\-and\-a\-half\-year contract with Swansea to keep him at the club until July 2013\.{{cite news\| title \= Goalkeeper David Cornell pens new Swansea contract\| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/swansea\_city/8494955\.stm\| website\= BBC News\| date \= 3 February 2010\| access\-date \= 3 February 2010}} In the 2009–10 season, Cornell was included on the bench for 45 of Swansea's 46 [Football League Championship](/wiki/Football_League_Championship "Football League Championship") games.
Following loan spells at [Port Talbot Town](/wiki/Port_Talbot_Town_F.C. "Port Talbot Town F.C.") and [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. "Hereford United F.C."), Cornell returned to Swansea for the 2012–13 season as third choice goalkeeper. In September 2012, Cornell signed a new three\-year deal, keeping him at the club until July 2015\.{{cite news\| title \= Cornell signs new Swans deal\| url \= http://www1\.skysports.com/football/news/11661/8090245/\| publisher \= Sky Sports\| date \= 18 September 2012\| access\-date \= 18 September 2012}} Due to injuries to [Michel Vorm](/wiki/Michel_Vorm "Michel Vorm") and [Gerhard Tremmel](/wiki/Gerhard_Tremmel "Gerhard Tremmel"), Cornell was included on the bench on 14 occasions for Swansea during the season.
On 28 May 2015, [Swansea City](/wiki/Swansea_City_F.C. "Swansea City F.C.") confirmed that Cornell had been released from the club.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2016}}
#### Port Talbot Town (loan)
In the 2010–11 season, Cornell fell down the pecking order at Swansea following the signing of [Yves Ma\-Kalambay](/wiki/Yves_Ma-Kalambay "Yves Ma-Kalambay") as cover for [Dorus de Vries](/wiki/Dorus_de_Vries "Dorus de Vries") and was loaned out to [Welsh Premier League](/wiki/Welsh_Premier_League "Welsh Premier League") side [Port Talbot Town](/wiki/Port_Talbot_Town_F.C. "Port Talbot Town F.C.") during the second half of the season to gain first team experience.{{cite news\| title \= Cornell to follow an established Welsh Premier path\| url \= http://blogs.walesonline.co.uk/sport/2011/01/cornell\-to\-follow\-an\-establish.html\| website \= Wales Online\| date \= 6 January 2011\| access\-date \= 6 January 2011\| archive\-date \= 17 January 2011\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110117142343/http://blogs.walesonline.co.uk/sport/2011/01/cornell\-to\-follow\-an\-establish.html\| url\-status \= dead}} Cornell made 14 appearances for Port Talbot, keeping 5 clean sheets.
#### Hereford United (loan)
After Swansea's promotion to the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League"), Cornell's opportunities were further limited. In August 2011 [Football League Two](/wiki/Football_League_Two "Football League Two") side [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. "Hereford United F.C.") signed Cornell on an initial one\-month loan deal as cover for [Adam Bartlett](/wiki/Adam_Bartlett "Adam Bartlett").{{cite news\| title \= Hereford sign Swansea keeper David Cornell on loan\| url \= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/14596214\| website \= BBC News\| date \= 19 August 2011\| access\-date \= 19 August 2011}} After some impressive performances, Cornell's loan was extended by Hereford until the end of the 2011–12 season.{{cite news\| title \= Hereford United extend loan of Swansea's David Cornell\| url \= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/14738884\| website \= BBC News\| date \= 31 August 2011\| access\-date \= 31 August 2011}} Cornell made 27 appearances in all competitions for Hereford.
#### St Mirren (loan)
On 1 July 2013, Cornell joined [St Mirren](/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C. "St Mirren F.C.") on a season\-long loan.{{cite news\| title \= St Mirren: Keepers David Cornell \& Christopher Dilo sign deals\| url \= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23139550\| website \= BBC News\| date \= 1 July 2013\| access\-date \= 1 July 2013}} Cornell made 6 appearances in all competitions for St Mirren before his loan was cancelled in December 2013\.{{cite news\| title \= St Mirren: Marian Kello stays on as three leave Paisley\| url \= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25559336\| website \= BBC News\| date \= 31 December 2013\| access\-date \= 31 December 2013}}
#### Portsmouth (loan)
On 17 March 2015, Cornell joined [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. "Portsmouth F.C.") on a one\-month loan deal.{{cite news\| title \= Portsmouth: Blues loan Swansea Stopper\| url \= http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/portsmouth\-sign\-swansea\-city\-goalkeeper\-david\-cornell\-on\-loan\-2338603\.aspx\| publisher \= Portsmouth FC\| date \= 17 March 2015\| access\-date \= 17 March 2015}} He did not make an appearance for the club before returning to Swansea in April.
### Oldham Athletic
Following his release from [Swansea City](/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C. "Swansea City A.F.C."), Cornell joined [League One](/wiki/Football_League_One "Football League One") team [Oldham Athletic](/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C. "Oldham Athletic A.F.C.") in July 2015 on a one\-year contract with the option of an additional year extension.{{cite news\| title \= Oldham sign ex\-Swansea goalkeeper\| url \= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33488897\| website \= BBC News\| date \= 10 July 2015\| access\-date \= 11 July 2015}} He made his debut against [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. "Middlesbrough F.C.") in the [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup "EFL Cup") on 12 August 2015\. Cornell made 17 appearances for Oldham during the 2015–16 season.
### Northampton Town
In June 2016, Cornell joined Northampton Town on a two\-year contract.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36585887 \|title\=Cornell joins Northamptiom\|website\=BBC News}} He made his debut for Northampton on 30 August 2016 against [Wycombe Wanderers](/wiki/Wycombe_Wanderers_F.C. "Wycombe Wanderers F.C.") in the [EFL Trophy](/wiki/EFL_Trophy "EFL Trophy"). He featured as the second choice keeper during his first season at the club, behind first choice goalkeeper [Adam Smith](/wiki/Adam_Smith_%28footballer%2C_born_1992%29 "Adam Smith (footballer, born 1992)"), making 10 appearances in all competitions with 6 of those being in the league.
He continued as second choice keeper for Northampton during the following season, making 12 appearances during the season as Northampton suffered relegation from League One. He was offered a new contract by Northampton at the end of the 2017–18 season, following their relegation.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44046419\|title\=Northampton Town: Goalkeeper David Cornell signs new deal as three leave\|date\=8 May 2018\|access\-date\=9 May 2018\|website\=BBC News}}
Cornell became the first choice keeper at Northampton during the 2018–19 season. He started every league game for Northampton, making 48 appearances in total in all competitions.
He kept his place as the starting goalkeeper in the first\-team the following season. He made 33 starts and 1 substitute appearance in the league, helping Northampton to a 7th\-placed finish in League Two and qualification for the League Two play\-offs as a result. Northampton won promotion to League One after defeating [Exeter City](/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C. "Exeter City F.C.") 4–0 in the [2020 EFL League One play\-off final](/wiki/2020_EFL_League_One_play-off_final "2020 EFL League One play-off final") at [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium "Wembley Stadium"). He was an unused substitute during the final. He made 38 appearances in total during the 2019–20 season. Cornell was released at the end of the 2019–2020 season after not receiving a new contract offer from the club.{{cite web \|last\=Slack\|first\=Joshua\|date\=4 July 2020\|title\=David Cornell: Former Wales under\-21 goalkeeper to leave Northampton Town\|url\=https://clwbpeldroed.org/2020/07/04/wales\-goalkeeper\-david\-cornell\-leave\-northampton/\|website\=Y Clwb Pêl\-Droed – The Football Club}}
### Ipswich Town
On 17 August 2020, Cornell joined [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. "Ipswich Town F.C.") on a free transfer, signing a two\-year contract with the option of an additional year extension.{{cite web \|title\=Town Land Trio \|url\=https://www.itfc.co.uk/news/2020/august/ipswich\-sign\-ward\-hawkins\-and\-cornell/ \|publisher\=\[\[Ipswich Town F.C.]] \|date\=17 August 2020 \|access\-date\=17 August 2020}} He started his Ipswich career as second\-choice keeper behind [Tomáš Holý](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hol%C3%BD "Tomáš Holý"), appearing in cup competitions during the early months of the 2020–21 season, he played in all of Ipswich's [EFL Trophy](/wiki/EFL_Trophy "EFL Trophy") group stage matches, as well as in the [EFL Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup "EFL Cup") and [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup"). He made his first league appearance on 28 November, in a 0–2 loss to [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. "Charlton Athletic F.C."), before going on to make six consecutive league starts, his longest run in the team to date. He made a return to the first\-team after over three months out in a 0–0 draw with [AFC Wimbledon](/wiki/AFC_Wimbledon "AFC Wimbledon") on 24 April, saving a penalty to keep a clean sheet.{{cite web \|title\=Ipswich Town 0–0 AFC Wimbledon \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56781956 \|website\=BBC Sport \|date\=24 April 2021 \|access\-date\=25 April 2021}}
On 11 June 2021, the club announced that Cornell had left the club by mutual consent with a year remaining on his contract, after being informed that he was no longer in the club's plans for next season. He departed having made 15 appearances for the Blues in all competitions, keeping four clean sheets.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.itfc.co.uk/news/2021/june/ipswich\-town\-and\-david\-cornell\-agree\-mutual\-termination\-of\-contract/\|publisher\=Ipswich Town F.C.\|title\=
CORNELL CONTRACT MUTUALLY TERMINATED\|date\=11 June 2021\|author\=Jacob Henderson}}
### Peterborough United
On 29 June 2021, Cornell joined [Peterborough United](/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C. "Peterborough United F.C.") on a free transfer, signing a two\-year contract.{{cite web \|title\=Town Land Trio \|url\=https://www.theposh.com/player/16 \|publisher\=\[\[Peterborough United F.C.]] \|date\=29 June 2021 \|access\-date\=2 January 2022}} He started his career in Peterborough as a reserve keeper behind [Christy Pym](/wiki/Christy_Pym "Christy Pym"). He made his Peterborough debut in the EFL Cup on 10 August 2021, in a 4–0 loss. After Christy Pym bust\-up with the Peterborough United boss [Darren Ferguson](/wiki/Darren_Ferguson "Darren Ferguson") in a 3–1 loss to Reading on 14 September 2021, Pym has been excluded from the first\-team picture. This allowed Cornell to take his place for this season. He made his Championship debut in a 3–0 win against [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. "Birmingham City F.C.").
### Preston North End
On 27 June 2022, Cornell signed on a two\-year deal for [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship "EFL Championship") team [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. "Preston North End F.C.") on a free transfer, after the expiration of his contract with [Peterborough United](/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C. "Peterborough United F.C.").
|
[
"Club career\n-----------",
"### Swansea City",
"After progressing through [Swansea City's Academy](/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C._Reserves \"Swansea City A.F.C. Reserves\"), Cornell was included in Swansea's senior squad for their 2008 pre\\-season tour of Spain. However the 17\\-year old's progress was halted when he suffered a serious wrist injury on tour.{{cite news\\| title \\= Young keeper earns Martinez vote\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/swansea\\_city/7886455\\.stm\\| publisher \\= BBC Sport\\| date \\= 12 February 2009\\| access\\-date \\= 13 February 2009}} Later that season, Cornell was called up to the first team bench for Swansea's fifth round [FA Cup](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_FA_Cup \"2008–09 FA Cup\") match against [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\") after loan signing [Dimitrios Konstantopoulos](/wiki/Dimitrios_Konstantopoulos \"Dimitrios Konstantopoulos\") was unable to extend his stay at the club.{{cite news\\| title \\= Swansea 1–1 Fulham\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa\\_cup/7872179\\.stm\\| website \\= BBC News\\| date \\= 14 February 2009\\| access\\-date \\= 14 February 2009}} Ten days later, Cornell was included again on Swansea's bench for the\\# [FA Cup](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_FA_Cup \"2008–09 FA Cup\") fifth round replay against Fulham.{{cite news\\| title \\= Fulham 2–1 Swansea\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa\\_cup/7899650\\.stm\\| website \\= BBC News\\| date \\= 24 February 2009\\| access\\-date \\= 24 February 2009}} After impressing manager [Roberto Martínez](/wiki/Roberto_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Roberto Martínez\"), Cornell was installed as [Dorus de Vries](/wiki/Dorus_de_Vries \"Dorus de Vries\")' understudy for the rest of the 2008–09 season but made no further appearances in Swansea's remaining matchday squads.",
"Cornell made his professional debut for Swansea on 25 August 2009 when he was named in the starting line\\-up for the [League Cup](/wiki/Football_League_Cup \"Football League Cup\") match against [Scunthorpe United](/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C. \"Scunthorpe United F.C.\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\\_cup/8205360\\.stm\\|title\\=Swansea 1–2 Scunthorpe\\|work\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2009}} In February 2010, Cornell signed a new three\\-and\\-a\\-half\\-year contract with Swansea to keep him at the club until July 2013\\.{{cite news\\| title \\= Goalkeeper David Cornell pens new Swansea contract\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/swansea\\_city/8494955\\.stm\\| website\\= BBC News\\| date \\= 3 February 2010\\| access\\-date \\= 3 February 2010}} In the 2009–10 season, Cornell was included on the bench for 45 of Swansea's 46 [Football League Championship](/wiki/Football_League_Championship \"Football League Championship\") games.",
"Following loan spells at [Port Talbot Town](/wiki/Port_Talbot_Town_F.C. \"Port Talbot Town F.C.\") and [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. \"Hereford United F.C.\"), Cornell returned to Swansea for the 2012–13 season as third choice goalkeeper. In September 2012, Cornell signed a new three\\-year deal, keeping him at the club until July 2015\\.{{cite news\\| title \\= Cornell signs new Swans deal\\| url \\= http://www1\\.skysports.com/football/news/11661/8090245/\\| publisher \\= Sky Sports\\| date \\= 18 September 2012\\| access\\-date \\= 18 September 2012}} Due to injuries to [Michel Vorm](/wiki/Michel_Vorm \"Michel Vorm\") and [Gerhard Tremmel](/wiki/Gerhard_Tremmel \"Gerhard Tremmel\"), Cornell was included on the bench on 14 occasions for Swansea during the season.",
"On 28 May 2015, [Swansea City](/wiki/Swansea_City_F.C. \"Swansea City F.C.\") confirmed that Cornell had been released from the club.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2016}}",
"#### Port Talbot Town (loan)",
"In the 2010–11 season, Cornell fell down the pecking order at Swansea following the signing of [Yves Ma\\-Kalambay](/wiki/Yves_Ma-Kalambay \"Yves Ma-Kalambay\") as cover for [Dorus de Vries](/wiki/Dorus_de_Vries \"Dorus de Vries\") and was loaned out to [Welsh Premier League](/wiki/Welsh_Premier_League \"Welsh Premier League\") side [Port Talbot Town](/wiki/Port_Talbot_Town_F.C. \"Port Talbot Town F.C.\") during the second half of the season to gain first team experience.{{cite news\\| title \\= Cornell to follow an established Welsh Premier path\\| url \\= http://blogs.walesonline.co.uk/sport/2011/01/cornell\\-to\\-follow\\-an\\-establish.html\\| website \\= Wales Online\\| date \\= 6 January 2011\\| access\\-date \\= 6 January 2011\\| archive\\-date \\= 17 January 2011\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110117142343/http://blogs.walesonline.co.uk/sport/2011/01/cornell\\-to\\-follow\\-an\\-establish.html\\| url\\-status \\= dead}} Cornell made 14 appearances for Port Talbot, keeping 5 clean sheets.",
"#### Hereford United (loan)",
"After Swansea's promotion to the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\"), Cornell's opportunities were further limited. In August 2011 [Football League Two](/wiki/Football_League_Two \"Football League Two\") side [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. \"Hereford United F.C.\") signed Cornell on an initial one\\-month loan deal as cover for [Adam Bartlett](/wiki/Adam_Bartlett \"Adam Bartlett\").{{cite news\\| title \\= Hereford sign Swansea keeper David Cornell on loan\\| url \\= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/14596214\\| website \\= BBC News\\| date \\= 19 August 2011\\| access\\-date \\= 19 August 2011}} After some impressive performances, Cornell's loan was extended by Hereford until the end of the 2011–12 season.{{cite news\\| title \\= Hereford United extend loan of Swansea's David Cornell\\| url \\= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/14738884\\| website \\= BBC News\\| date \\= 31 August 2011\\| access\\-date \\= 31 August 2011}} Cornell made 27 appearances in all competitions for Hereford.",
"#### St Mirren (loan)",
"On 1 July 2013, Cornell joined [St Mirren](/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C. \"St Mirren F.C.\") on a season\\-long loan.{{cite news\\| title \\= St Mirren: Keepers David Cornell \\& Christopher Dilo sign deals\\| url \\= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23139550\\| website \\= BBC News\\| date \\= 1 July 2013\\| access\\-date \\= 1 July 2013}} Cornell made 6 appearances in all competitions for St Mirren before his loan was cancelled in December 2013\\.{{cite news\\| title \\= St Mirren: Marian Kello stays on as three leave Paisley\\| url \\= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25559336\\| website \\= BBC News\\| date \\= 31 December 2013\\| access\\-date \\= 31 December 2013}}",
"#### Portsmouth (loan)",
"On 17 March 2015, Cornell joined [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. \"Portsmouth F.C.\") on a one\\-month loan deal.{{cite news\\| title \\= Portsmouth: Blues loan Swansea Stopper\\| url \\= http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/portsmouth\\-sign\\-swansea\\-city\\-goalkeeper\\-david\\-cornell\\-on\\-loan\\-2338603\\.aspx\\| publisher \\= Portsmouth FC\\| date \\= 17 March 2015\\| access\\-date \\= 17 March 2015}} He did not make an appearance for the club before returning to Swansea in April.",
"### Oldham Athletic",
"Following his release from [Swansea City](/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C. \"Swansea City A.F.C.\"), Cornell joined [League One](/wiki/Football_League_One \"Football League One\") team [Oldham Athletic](/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C. \"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.\") in July 2015 on a one\\-year contract with the option of an additional year extension.{{cite news\\| title \\= Oldham sign ex\\-Swansea goalkeeper\\| url \\= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33488897\\| website \\= BBC News\\| date \\= 10 July 2015\\| access\\-date \\= 11 July 2015}} He made his debut against [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. \"Middlesbrough F.C.\") in the [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup \"EFL Cup\") on 12 August 2015\\. Cornell made 17 appearances for Oldham during the 2015–16 season.",
"### Northampton Town",
"In June 2016, Cornell joined Northampton Town on a two\\-year contract.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36585887 \\|title\\=Cornell joins Northamptiom\\|website\\=BBC News}} He made his debut for Northampton on 30 August 2016 against [Wycombe Wanderers](/wiki/Wycombe_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wycombe Wanderers F.C.\") in the [EFL Trophy](/wiki/EFL_Trophy \"EFL Trophy\"). He featured as the second choice keeper during his first season at the club, behind first choice goalkeeper [Adam Smith](/wiki/Adam_Smith_%28footballer%2C_born_1992%29 \"Adam Smith (footballer, born 1992)\"), making 10 appearances in all competitions with 6 of those being in the league.",
"He continued as second choice keeper for Northampton during the following season, making 12 appearances during the season as Northampton suffered relegation from League One. He was offered a new contract by Northampton at the end of the 2017–18 season, following their relegation.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44046419\\|title\\=Northampton Town: Goalkeeper David Cornell signs new deal as three leave\\|date\\=8 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=9 May 2018\\|website\\=BBC News}}",
"Cornell became the first choice keeper at Northampton during the 2018–19 season. He started every league game for Northampton, making 48 appearances in total in all competitions.",
"He kept his place as the starting goalkeeper in the first\\-team the following season. He made 33 starts and 1 substitute appearance in the league, helping Northampton to a 7th\\-placed finish in League Two and qualification for the League Two play\\-offs as a result. Northampton won promotion to League One after defeating [Exeter City](/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C. \"Exeter City F.C.\") 4–0 in the [2020 EFL League One play\\-off final](/wiki/2020_EFL_League_One_play-off_final \"2020 EFL League One play-off final\") at [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium \"Wembley Stadium\"). He was an unused substitute during the final. He made 38 appearances in total during the 2019–20 season. Cornell was released at the end of the 2019–2020 season after not receiving a new contract offer from the club.{{cite web \\|last\\=Slack\\|first\\=Joshua\\|date\\=4 July 2020\\|title\\=David Cornell: Former Wales under\\-21 goalkeeper to leave Northampton Town\\|url\\=https://clwbpeldroed.org/2020/07/04/wales\\-goalkeeper\\-david\\-cornell\\-leave\\-northampton/\\|website\\=Y Clwb Pêl\\-Droed – The Football Club}}",
"### Ipswich Town",
"On 17 August 2020, Cornell joined [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. \"Ipswich Town F.C.\") on a free transfer, signing a two\\-year contract with the option of an additional year extension.{{cite web \\|title\\=Town Land Trio \\|url\\=https://www.itfc.co.uk/news/2020/august/ipswich\\-sign\\-ward\\-hawkins\\-and\\-cornell/ \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Ipswich Town F.C.]] \\|date\\=17 August 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=17 August 2020}} He started his Ipswich career as second\\-choice keeper behind [Tomáš Holý](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hol%C3%BD \"Tomáš Holý\"), appearing in cup competitions during the early months of the 2020–21 season, he played in all of Ipswich's [EFL Trophy](/wiki/EFL_Trophy \"EFL Trophy\") group stage matches, as well as in the [EFL Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup \"EFL Cup\") and [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\"). He made his first league appearance on 28 November, in a 0–2 loss to [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. \"Charlton Athletic F.C.\"), before going on to make six consecutive league starts, his longest run in the team to date. He made a return to the first\\-team after over three months out in a 0–0 draw with [AFC Wimbledon](/wiki/AFC_Wimbledon \"AFC Wimbledon\") on 24 April, saving a penalty to keep a clean sheet.{{cite web \\|title\\=Ipswich Town 0–0 AFC Wimbledon \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56781956 \\|website\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=24 April 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2021}}",
"On 11 June 2021, the club announced that Cornell had left the club by mutual consent with a year remaining on his contract, after being informed that he was no longer in the club's plans for next season. He departed having made 15 appearances for the Blues in all competitions, keeping four clean sheets.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.itfc.co.uk/news/2021/june/ipswich\\-town\\-and\\-david\\-cornell\\-agree\\-mutual\\-termination\\-of\\-contract/\\|publisher\\=Ipswich Town F.C.\\|title\\=\nCORNELL CONTRACT MUTUALLY TERMINATED\\|date\\=11 June 2021\\|author\\=Jacob Henderson}}",
"### Peterborough United",
"On 29 June 2021, Cornell joined [Peterborough United](/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C. \"Peterborough United F.C.\") on a free transfer, signing a two\\-year contract.{{cite web \\|title\\=Town Land Trio \\|url\\=https://www.theposh.com/player/16 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Peterborough United F.C.]] \\|date\\=29 June 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=2 January 2022}} He started his career in Peterborough as a reserve keeper behind [Christy Pym](/wiki/Christy_Pym \"Christy Pym\"). He made his Peterborough debut in the EFL Cup on 10 August 2021, in a 4–0 loss. After Christy Pym bust\\-up with the Peterborough United boss [Darren Ferguson](/wiki/Darren_Ferguson \"Darren Ferguson\") in a 3–1 loss to Reading on 14 September 2021, Pym has been excluded from the first\\-team picture. This allowed Cornell to take his place for this season. He made his Championship debut in a 3–0 win against [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. \"Birmingham City F.C.\").",
"### Preston North End",
"On 27 June 2022, Cornell signed on a two\\-year deal for [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship \"EFL Championship\") team [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. \"Preston North End F.C.\") on a free transfer, after the expiration of his contract with [Peterborough United](/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C. \"Peterborough United F.C.\").",
""
] |
### Swansea City
After progressing through [Swansea City's Academy](/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C._Reserves "Swansea City A.F.C. Reserves"), Cornell was included in Swansea's senior squad for their 2008 pre\-season tour of Spain. However the 17\-year old's progress was halted when he suffered a serious wrist injury on tour.{{cite news\| title \= Young keeper earns Martinez vote\| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/swansea\_city/7886455\.stm\| publisher \= BBC Sport\| date \= 12 February 2009\| access\-date \= 13 February 2009}} Later that season, Cornell was called up to the first team bench for Swansea's fifth round [FA Cup](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_FA_Cup "2008–09 FA Cup") match against [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C.") after loan signing [Dimitrios Konstantopoulos](/wiki/Dimitrios_Konstantopoulos "Dimitrios Konstantopoulos") was unable to extend his stay at the club.{{cite news\| title \= Swansea 1–1 Fulham\| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa\_cup/7872179\.stm\| website \= BBC News\| date \= 14 February 2009\| access\-date \= 14 February 2009}} Ten days later, Cornell was included again on Swansea's bench for the\# [FA Cup](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_FA_Cup "2008–09 FA Cup") fifth round replay against Fulham.{{cite news\| title \= Fulham 2–1 Swansea\| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa\_cup/7899650\.stm\| website \= BBC News\| date \= 24 February 2009\| access\-date \= 24 February 2009}} After impressing manager [Roberto Martínez](/wiki/Roberto_Mart%C3%ADnez "Roberto Martínez"), Cornell was installed as [Dorus de Vries](/wiki/Dorus_de_Vries "Dorus de Vries")' understudy for the rest of the 2008–09 season but made no further appearances in Swansea's remaining matchday squads.
Cornell made his professional debut for Swansea on 25 August 2009 when he was named in the starting line\-up for the [League Cup](/wiki/Football_League_Cup "Football League Cup") match against [Scunthorpe United](/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C. "Scunthorpe United F.C.").{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\_cup/8205360\.stm\|title\=Swansea 1–2 Scunthorpe\|work\=BBC News\|access\-date\=26 August 2009}} In February 2010, Cornell signed a new three\-and\-a\-half\-year contract with Swansea to keep him at the club until July 2013\.{{cite news\| title \= Goalkeeper David Cornell pens new Swansea contract\| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/swansea\_city/8494955\.stm\| website\= BBC News\| date \= 3 February 2010\| access\-date \= 3 February 2010}} In the 2009–10 season, Cornell was included on the bench for 45 of Swansea's 46 [Football League Championship](/wiki/Football_League_Championship "Football League Championship") games.
Following loan spells at [Port Talbot Town](/wiki/Port_Talbot_Town_F.C. "Port Talbot Town F.C.") and [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. "Hereford United F.C."), Cornell returned to Swansea for the 2012–13 season as third choice goalkeeper. In September 2012, Cornell signed a new three\-year deal, keeping him at the club until July 2015\.{{cite news\| title \= Cornell signs new Swans deal\| url \= http://www1\.skysports.com/football/news/11661/8090245/\| publisher \= Sky Sports\| date \= 18 September 2012\| access\-date \= 18 September 2012}} Due to injuries to [Michel Vorm](/wiki/Michel_Vorm "Michel Vorm") and [Gerhard Tremmel](/wiki/Gerhard_Tremmel "Gerhard Tremmel"), Cornell was included on the bench on 14 occasions for Swansea during the season.
On 28 May 2015, [Swansea City](/wiki/Swansea_City_F.C. "Swansea City F.C.") confirmed that Cornell had been released from the club.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2016}}
#### Port Talbot Town (loan)
In the 2010–11 season, Cornell fell down the pecking order at Swansea following the signing of [Yves Ma\-Kalambay](/wiki/Yves_Ma-Kalambay "Yves Ma-Kalambay") as cover for [Dorus de Vries](/wiki/Dorus_de_Vries "Dorus de Vries") and was loaned out to [Welsh Premier League](/wiki/Welsh_Premier_League "Welsh Premier League") side [Port Talbot Town](/wiki/Port_Talbot_Town_F.C. "Port Talbot Town F.C.") during the second half of the season to gain first team experience.{{cite news\| title \= Cornell to follow an established Welsh Premier path\| url \= http://blogs.walesonline.co.uk/sport/2011/01/cornell\-to\-follow\-an\-establish.html\| website \= Wales Online\| date \= 6 January 2011\| access\-date \= 6 January 2011\| archive\-date \= 17 January 2011\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110117142343/http://blogs.walesonline.co.uk/sport/2011/01/cornell\-to\-follow\-an\-establish.html\| url\-status \= dead}} Cornell made 14 appearances for Port Talbot, keeping 5 clean sheets.
#### Hereford United (loan)
After Swansea's promotion to the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League"), Cornell's opportunities were further limited. In August 2011 [Football League Two](/wiki/Football_League_Two "Football League Two") side [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. "Hereford United F.C.") signed Cornell on an initial one\-month loan deal as cover for [Adam Bartlett](/wiki/Adam_Bartlett "Adam Bartlett").{{cite news\| title \= Hereford sign Swansea keeper David Cornell on loan\| url \= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/14596214\| website \= BBC News\| date \= 19 August 2011\| access\-date \= 19 August 2011}} After some impressive performances, Cornell's loan was extended by Hereford until the end of the 2011–12 season.{{cite news\| title \= Hereford United extend loan of Swansea's David Cornell\| url \= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/14738884\| website \= BBC News\| date \= 31 August 2011\| access\-date \= 31 August 2011}} Cornell made 27 appearances in all competitions for Hereford.
#### St Mirren (loan)
On 1 July 2013, Cornell joined [St Mirren](/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C. "St Mirren F.C.") on a season\-long loan.{{cite news\| title \= St Mirren: Keepers David Cornell \& Christopher Dilo sign deals\| url \= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23139550\| website \= BBC News\| date \= 1 July 2013\| access\-date \= 1 July 2013}} Cornell made 6 appearances in all competitions for St Mirren before his loan was cancelled in December 2013\.{{cite news\| title \= St Mirren: Marian Kello stays on as three leave Paisley\| url \= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25559336\| website \= BBC News\| date \= 31 December 2013\| access\-date \= 31 December 2013}}
#### Portsmouth (loan)
On 17 March 2015, Cornell joined [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. "Portsmouth F.C.") on a one\-month loan deal.{{cite news\| title \= Portsmouth: Blues loan Swansea Stopper\| url \= http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/portsmouth\-sign\-swansea\-city\-goalkeeper\-david\-cornell\-on\-loan\-2338603\.aspx\| publisher \= Portsmouth FC\| date \= 17 March 2015\| access\-date \= 17 March 2015}} He did not make an appearance for the club before returning to Swansea in April.
|
[
"### Swansea City",
"After progressing through [Swansea City's Academy](/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C._Reserves \"Swansea City A.F.C. Reserves\"), Cornell was included in Swansea's senior squad for their 2008 pre\\-season tour of Spain. However the 17\\-year old's progress was halted when he suffered a serious wrist injury on tour.{{cite news\\| title \\= Young keeper earns Martinez vote\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/swansea\\_city/7886455\\.stm\\| publisher \\= BBC Sport\\| date \\= 12 February 2009\\| access\\-date \\= 13 February 2009}} Later that season, Cornell was called up to the first team bench for Swansea's fifth round [FA Cup](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_FA_Cup \"2008–09 FA Cup\") match against [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\") after loan signing [Dimitrios Konstantopoulos](/wiki/Dimitrios_Konstantopoulos \"Dimitrios Konstantopoulos\") was unable to extend his stay at the club.{{cite news\\| title \\= Swansea 1–1 Fulham\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa\\_cup/7872179\\.stm\\| website \\= BBC News\\| date \\= 14 February 2009\\| access\\-date \\= 14 February 2009}} Ten days later, Cornell was included again on Swansea's bench for the\\# [FA Cup](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_FA_Cup \"2008–09 FA Cup\") fifth round replay against Fulham.{{cite news\\| title \\= Fulham 2–1 Swansea\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa\\_cup/7899650\\.stm\\| website \\= BBC News\\| date \\= 24 February 2009\\| access\\-date \\= 24 February 2009}} After impressing manager [Roberto Martínez](/wiki/Roberto_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Roberto Martínez\"), Cornell was installed as [Dorus de Vries](/wiki/Dorus_de_Vries \"Dorus de Vries\")' understudy for the rest of the 2008–09 season but made no further appearances in Swansea's remaining matchday squads.",
"Cornell made his professional debut for Swansea on 25 August 2009 when he was named in the starting line\\-up for the [League Cup](/wiki/Football_League_Cup \"Football League Cup\") match against [Scunthorpe United](/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C. \"Scunthorpe United F.C.\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\\_cup/8205360\\.stm\\|title\\=Swansea 1–2 Scunthorpe\\|work\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2009}} In February 2010, Cornell signed a new three\\-and\\-a\\-half\\-year contract with Swansea to keep him at the club until July 2013\\.{{cite news\\| title \\= Goalkeeper David Cornell pens new Swansea contract\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/swansea\\_city/8494955\\.stm\\| website\\= BBC News\\| date \\= 3 February 2010\\| access\\-date \\= 3 February 2010}} In the 2009–10 season, Cornell was included on the bench for 45 of Swansea's 46 [Football League Championship](/wiki/Football_League_Championship \"Football League Championship\") games.",
"Following loan spells at [Port Talbot Town](/wiki/Port_Talbot_Town_F.C. \"Port Talbot Town F.C.\") and [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. \"Hereford United F.C.\"), Cornell returned to Swansea for the 2012–13 season as third choice goalkeeper. In September 2012, Cornell signed a new three\\-year deal, keeping him at the club until July 2015\\.{{cite news\\| title \\= Cornell signs new Swans deal\\| url \\= http://www1\\.skysports.com/football/news/11661/8090245/\\| publisher \\= Sky Sports\\| date \\= 18 September 2012\\| access\\-date \\= 18 September 2012}} Due to injuries to [Michel Vorm](/wiki/Michel_Vorm \"Michel Vorm\") and [Gerhard Tremmel](/wiki/Gerhard_Tremmel \"Gerhard Tremmel\"), Cornell was included on the bench on 14 occasions for Swansea during the season.",
"On 28 May 2015, [Swansea City](/wiki/Swansea_City_F.C. \"Swansea City F.C.\") confirmed that Cornell had been released from the club.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2016}}",
"#### Port Talbot Town (loan)",
"In the 2010–11 season, Cornell fell down the pecking order at Swansea following the signing of [Yves Ma\\-Kalambay](/wiki/Yves_Ma-Kalambay \"Yves Ma-Kalambay\") as cover for [Dorus de Vries](/wiki/Dorus_de_Vries \"Dorus de Vries\") and was loaned out to [Welsh Premier League](/wiki/Welsh_Premier_League \"Welsh Premier League\") side [Port Talbot Town](/wiki/Port_Talbot_Town_F.C. \"Port Talbot Town F.C.\") during the second half of the season to gain first team experience.{{cite news\\| title \\= Cornell to follow an established Welsh Premier path\\| url \\= http://blogs.walesonline.co.uk/sport/2011/01/cornell\\-to\\-follow\\-an\\-establish.html\\| website \\= Wales Online\\| date \\= 6 January 2011\\| access\\-date \\= 6 January 2011\\| archive\\-date \\= 17 January 2011\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110117142343/http://blogs.walesonline.co.uk/sport/2011/01/cornell\\-to\\-follow\\-an\\-establish.html\\| url\\-status \\= dead}} Cornell made 14 appearances for Port Talbot, keeping 5 clean sheets.",
"#### Hereford United (loan)",
"After Swansea's promotion to the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\"), Cornell's opportunities were further limited. In August 2011 [Football League Two](/wiki/Football_League_Two \"Football League Two\") side [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. \"Hereford United F.C.\") signed Cornell on an initial one\\-month loan deal as cover for [Adam Bartlett](/wiki/Adam_Bartlett \"Adam Bartlett\").{{cite news\\| title \\= Hereford sign Swansea keeper David Cornell on loan\\| url \\= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/14596214\\| website \\= BBC News\\| date \\= 19 August 2011\\| access\\-date \\= 19 August 2011}} After some impressive performances, Cornell's loan was extended by Hereford until the end of the 2011–12 season.{{cite news\\| title \\= Hereford United extend loan of Swansea's David Cornell\\| url \\= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/14738884\\| website \\= BBC News\\| date \\= 31 August 2011\\| access\\-date \\= 31 August 2011}} Cornell made 27 appearances in all competitions for Hereford.",
"#### St Mirren (loan)",
"On 1 July 2013, Cornell joined [St Mirren](/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C. \"St Mirren F.C.\") on a season\\-long loan.{{cite news\\| title \\= St Mirren: Keepers David Cornell \\& Christopher Dilo sign deals\\| url \\= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23139550\\| website \\= BBC News\\| date \\= 1 July 2013\\| access\\-date \\= 1 July 2013}} Cornell made 6 appearances in all competitions for St Mirren before his loan was cancelled in December 2013\\.{{cite news\\| title \\= St Mirren: Marian Kello stays on as three leave Paisley\\| url \\= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25559336\\| website \\= BBC News\\| date \\= 31 December 2013\\| access\\-date \\= 31 December 2013}}",
"#### Portsmouth (loan)",
"On 17 March 2015, Cornell joined [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. \"Portsmouth F.C.\") on a one\\-month loan deal.{{cite news\\| title \\= Portsmouth: Blues loan Swansea Stopper\\| url \\= http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/portsmouth\\-sign\\-swansea\\-city\\-goalkeeper\\-david\\-cornell\\-on\\-loan\\-2338603\\.aspx\\| publisher \\= Portsmouth FC\\| date \\= 17 March 2015\\| access\\-date \\= 17 March 2015}} He did not make an appearance for the club before returning to Swansea in April.",
""
] |
History
-------
### British India precursor
[Tibetans](/wiki/Tibetans "Tibetans") have been a part of the modern [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army") for as long as it has existed. During the time of the [Great Game](/wiki/Great_Game "Great Game"), the [British Indian Army](/wiki/British_Indian_Army "British Indian Army") began to employ Tibetans as spies, intelligence agents, and even covert militia in [North India](/wiki/North_India "North India") and [Tibet](/wiki/Tibet "Tibet") proper.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2021}}
### 1950s training with IB and CIA
At the time of [Indian independence](/wiki/Partition_of_India "Partition of India"), the northern mountain\-covered region of India remained the most isolated and strategically overlooked territory of the subcontinent. During the 1950s, the American [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") (CIA) and the Indian [Intelligence Bureau](/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_%28India%29 "Intelligence Bureau (India)") (IB) established Mustang Base in [Mustang](/wiki/Mustang_%28kingdom%29 "Mustang (kingdom)") in Nepal,{{cite web\|author\-last\=Arpi \|author\-first\=Claude \|author\-link\=Claude Arpi \|date\=8 January 2003 \|title\=The Phantoms of Chittagong \|url\=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08spec.htm \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210163934/http://rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08spec.htm \|archive\-date\=10 February 2003 \|publisher\=Rediff.com}} which trained Tibetans in [guerilla warfare](/wiki/Guerilla_warfare "Guerilla warfare"). The Mustang rebels brought the [14th Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama "14th Dalai Lama") to India during the [1959 Tibetan Rebellion](/wiki/1959_Tibetan_Rebellion "1959 Tibetan Rebellion"). Former CIA officer John Kennet Knaus who worked in Tibet credited IB Chief [Bhola Nath Mullik](/wiki/Bhola_Nath_Mullik "Bhola Nath Mullik") for SFF formation. According to A Tom Grunfeld, Professor of History at [State University of New York](/wiki/State_University_of_New_York "State University of New York"), 12,000 Tibetans were trained by [United States Army Special Forces](/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces "United States Army Special Forces") and partly funded by [Federal government of the United States](/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States "Federal government of the United States"). Although neither US nor [Central Tibetan Administration](/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration "Central Tibetan Administration") has any influence on SFF.
Most of the Tibetans recruited were also trained secretly in Okinawa in Kadena Air Base.{{Cite web\|url\=https://wedge.ismedia.jp/articles/\-/32889\|language\=Japanese\|title\=【重要】実はすごいインドの対外情報機関の力 欧米、中国、中東と世界各国に与える影響、日本人に与える教訓とは}}
### Formation
[thumb\|Chakrata, Uttarakhand, is where SFF personnel are trained in stealth combat and scouting techniques.](/wiki/File:Chakrata_small.JPG "Chakrata small.JPG")
The idea of raising a specialized force consisting of [Tibetan refugees](/wiki/Tibetan_refugees_in_India "Tibetan refugees in India") and [Tibetan resistance](/wiki/Tibetan_resistance "Tibetan resistance") fighters in India against the Chinese was first mooted by General [K S Thimayya](/wiki/Kodandera_Subayya_Thimayya "Kodandera Subayya Thimayya") when he was leading the Indian Army between May 1957 and May 1961\.{{Cite journal\|author\-last\=Thimayya \|author\-first\=K.S. \|date\=1 January 1963 \|title\=Chinese Aggression and After \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1177/002088176300500105 \|journal\=International Studies \|volume\=5 \|issue\=1–2 \|pages\=50–53 \|doi\=10\.1177/002088176300500105 \|s2cid\=155069361 \|issn\=0020\-8817}} During the [Sino\-Indian War](/wiki/Sino-Indian_War "Sino-Indian War") and towards the end of 1962, after hectic lobbying by the IB Chief [Bhola Nath Mullik](/wiki/Bhola_Nath_Mullik "Bhola Nath Mullik") and [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") veteran [Biju Patnaik](/wiki/Biju_Patnaik "Biju Patnaik"), the Jawaharlal Nehru government ordered the raising of an elite [commando](/wiki/Commando "Commando") unit and specialised mountain division.
The primary task of SFF is defence against the [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") (PLA) [Ground Force](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force "People's Liberation Army Ground Force") as well as conducting [clandestine](/wiki/Clandestine_operation "Clandestine operation") [intelligence](/wiki/Intelligence "Intelligence") gathering and commando operations along the Chinese border. [Chushi Gangdruk](/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk "Chushi Gangdruk") leaders were contacted for recruitment of [Khampas](/wiki/Kham "Kham") into this new unit. The initial strength was 5000 men, mostly Khampas who were recruited at its new Mountain Training Facility at [Chakrata](/wiki/Chakrata "Chakrata"), 100 km from the city of [Dehradun](/wiki/Dehradun "Dehradun").{{cite web\|author\-last\=Chauhan \|author\-first\=Bala \|date\=4 September 2020 \|title\=Establishment\-22 draws its strength from Karnataka \|url\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/sep/04/establishment\-22\-draws\-its\-strength\-from\-karnataka\-2192215\.html \|access\-date\=4 September 2020 \|website\=The New Indian Express}}
Initially known as **Establishment 22** within the military and intelligence community due to its first Inspector General, Maj. Gen. [Sujan Singh Uban](/wiki/Sujan_Singh_Uban "Sujan Singh Uban"), who commanded the 22nd Mountain Regiment of the [Royal Indian Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Indian_Artillery "Royal Indian Artillery") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").{{cite web\|author\-last\=Sanyal \|author\-first\=Amitava \|date\=14 November 2009 \|title\=The curious case of establishment 22 \|url\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the\-curious\-case\-of\-establishment\-22/story\-eiDenZvNioffJFupLzNGOI.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117121047/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News\-Feed/ColumnsOthers/The\-curious\-case\-of\-establishment\-22/Article1\-476533\.aspx \|archive\-date\=17 November 2009 \|access\-date\=29 May 2013 \|website\=\[\[Hindustan Times]]}}{{cite web\|author\-last\=Dubey \|author\-first\=Ravi \|date\=3 September 2020 \|title\=DNA Special: How India's Special Frontier Force is nightmare for China \|url\=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report\-dna\-special\-how\-india\-s\-special\-frontier\-force\-is\-nightmare\-for\-china\-2840936 \|access\-date\=4 September 2020 \|website\=Daily News and Analysis}} Uban also went on to command a [Long Range Desert Group](/wiki/Long_Range_Desert_Group "Long Range Desert Group") Squadron (LRDS) in North Africa during the war.{{cite web\|author\-last\=Uban \|author\-first\=Gurdip Singh \|date\=20 September 2020 \|title\=On The Roof of the World, The Shadow of the Celestial Snow Lion \|url\=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india\-news\-on\-the\-roof\-of\-the\-world\-the\-shadow\-of\-the\-celestial\-snow\-lion/360585 \|access\-date\=24 September 2020 \|magazine\=Outlook\|location\=New Delhi}} The SFF made its home base at Chakrata, a mountain town in the foothills of the [Himalayas](/wiki/Himalayas "Himalayas") home to a large Tibetan refugee population. Starting with a force of 5,000 men, the SFF commenced six months of training in rock climbing and [guerrilla warfare](/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare "Guerrilla warfare"). Initial training was conducted by the Intelligence Bureau [Special Operations](/wiki/Special_operations "Special operations") Unit. Both [R\&AW](/wiki/R%26AW "R&AW") and the CIA helped in raising the force.
During the same period, the Indian government also formed the [Ladakh Scouts](/wiki/Ladakh_Scouts "Ladakh Scouts") and the [Nubra Guards](/wiki/Nubra_Guards "Nubra Guards") paramilitary forces on similar lines. Many SFF members were also absorbed from the Gurkha Rifles. SFF was later incorporated into the [Special Services Bureau](/wiki/Special_Services_Bureau "Special Services Bureau"). By late 1963, inter\-service rivalry led to severe criticism by the Indian Army. To prove the SFF's worth, the Inspector General sent 120 men from the SFF on a field exercise, codenamed *Garuda*, with the Army. The exercise proved to be a dramatic success for the SFF and the Army was now less inclined to criticise the force.{{cite web\|author\-last\=Shulkla \|author\-first\=Ajai \|date\=9 September 2020 \|title\=Special Frontier Force: India's secret weapon against PLA \|url\=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/special\-frontier\-force\-indias\-weapon\-against\-pla/20200909\.htm \|access\-date\=24 September 2020 \|publisher\=Rediff.com}} However the force faced other problems such as mass desertions by Tibetans. The Tibetan recruits found that smuggling was a much easier way of making money than risking their lives along the border.
In 1964, the SFF, led by the Inspector General, began its airborne training at Agra. The SFF then began its own airborne training program at [Sarsawa Air Force Station](/wiki/Sarsawa_Air_Force_Station "Sarsawa Air Force Station"). In 1967, Establishment 22 was expanded and renamed into **Special Frontier Force**.{{Cite news \|last\=Krishnan \|first\=Ananth \|date\=2020\-09\-06 \|title\=Special Frontier Force {{!}} Blooded in battle and fighting in the shadows\|work\=The Hindu \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/special\-frontier\-force\-china\-line\-of\-actual\-control\-lac\-ladakh\-jawaharlal\-nehru/article32532182\.ece \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-14 \|issn\=0971\-751X}} In 1968 with the help of [Aviation Research Centre](/wiki/Aviation_Research_Centre "Aviation Research Centre") (ARC), SFF were provided with airlift facilities and became fully airborne\-qualified with a dedicated [mountain](/wiki/Mountain_warfare "Mountain warfare") and [jungle warfare](/wiki/Jungle_warfare "Jungle warfare") unit.
### CIA support and pull\-out
The SFF's weapons were all provided by the US and consisted mainly of M\-1, M\-2 and M\-3 sub\-machine guns. Heavy weapons were not provided.{{cite web\|title\=Land Forces Site – SFF \|url\=http://www.bharat\-rakshak.com/LAND\-FORCES/SFF.html \|access\-date\=12 August 2013 \|publisher\=Bharat Rakshak}} The US government pulled out the CIA from the training program as relations with India soured in the early 1970s during the period of [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War_%281962%E2%80%931979%29 "Cold War (1962–1979)"), with the [Sino\-Soviet split](/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split "Sino-Soviet split") and [Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China](/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_1972_visit_to_China "Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China") for improving the bilateral relationship.{{cite web\|title\=The Special Frontier Force: Tibetan refugees, once trained with US help \|url\=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/09/01/special\-frontier\-force\-tibetan\-refugees\-once\-trained\-with\-us\-help.html \|access\-date\=4 September 2020 \|website\=The Week}} The unit conducted limited cross\-border reconnaissance missions as well as highly classified joint operations with the CIA in 1965 on Mount [Nanda Devi](/wiki/Nanda_Devi "Nanda Devi") in the Himalayas.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### British India precursor",
"[Tibetans](/wiki/Tibetans \"Tibetans\") have been a part of the modern [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\") for as long as it has existed. During the time of the [Great Game](/wiki/Great_Game \"Great Game\"), the [British Indian Army](/wiki/British_Indian_Army \"British Indian Army\") began to employ Tibetans as spies, intelligence agents, and even covert militia in [North India](/wiki/North_India \"North India\") and [Tibet](/wiki/Tibet \"Tibet\") proper.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2021}}",
"### 1950s training with IB and CIA",
"At the time of [Indian independence](/wiki/Partition_of_India \"Partition of India\"), the northern mountain\\-covered region of India remained the most isolated and strategically overlooked territory of the subcontinent. During the 1950s, the American [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\") (CIA) and the Indian [Intelligence Bureau](/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_%28India%29 \"Intelligence Bureau (India)\") (IB) established Mustang Base in [Mustang](/wiki/Mustang_%28kingdom%29 \"Mustang (kingdom)\") in Nepal,{{cite web\\|author\\-last\\=Arpi \\|author\\-first\\=Claude \\|author\\-link\\=Claude Arpi \\|date\\=8 January 2003 \\|title\\=The Phantoms of Chittagong \\|url\\=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08spec.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210163934/http://rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08spec.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=10 February 2003 \\|publisher\\=Rediff.com}} which trained Tibetans in [guerilla warfare](/wiki/Guerilla_warfare \"Guerilla warfare\"). The Mustang rebels brought the [14th Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama \"14th Dalai Lama\") to India during the [1959 Tibetan Rebellion](/wiki/1959_Tibetan_Rebellion \"1959 Tibetan Rebellion\"). Former CIA officer John Kennet Knaus who worked in Tibet credited IB Chief [Bhola Nath Mullik](/wiki/Bhola_Nath_Mullik \"Bhola Nath Mullik\") for SFF formation. According to A Tom Grunfeld, Professor of History at [State University of New York](/wiki/State_University_of_New_York \"State University of New York\"), 12,000 Tibetans were trained by [United States Army Special Forces](/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces \"United States Army Special Forces\") and partly funded by [Federal government of the United States](/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States \"Federal government of the United States\"). Although neither US nor [Central Tibetan Administration](/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration \"Central Tibetan Administration\") has any influence on SFF.",
"Most of the Tibetans recruited were also trained secretly in Okinawa in Kadena Air Base.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://wedge.ismedia.jp/articles/\\-/32889\\|language\\=Japanese\\|title\\=【重要】実はすごいインドの対外情報機関の力 欧米、中国、中東と世界各国に与える影響、日本人に与える教訓とは}}",
"### Formation",
"[thumb\\|Chakrata, Uttarakhand, is where SFF personnel are trained in stealth combat and scouting techniques.](/wiki/File:Chakrata_small.JPG \"Chakrata small.JPG\")",
"The idea of raising a specialized force consisting of [Tibetan refugees](/wiki/Tibetan_refugees_in_India \"Tibetan refugees in India\") and [Tibetan resistance](/wiki/Tibetan_resistance \"Tibetan resistance\") fighters in India against the Chinese was first mooted by General [K S Thimayya](/wiki/Kodandera_Subayya_Thimayya \"Kodandera Subayya Thimayya\") when he was leading the Indian Army between May 1957 and May 1961\\.{{Cite journal\\|author\\-last\\=Thimayya \\|author\\-first\\=K.S. \\|date\\=1 January 1963 \\|title\\=Chinese Aggression and After \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1177/002088176300500105 \\|journal\\=International Studies \\|volume\\=5 \\|issue\\=1–2 \\|pages\\=50–53 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/002088176300500105 \\|s2cid\\=155069361 \\|issn\\=0020\\-8817}} During the [Sino\\-Indian War](/wiki/Sino-Indian_War \"Sino-Indian War\") and towards the end of 1962, after hectic lobbying by the IB Chief [Bhola Nath Mullik](/wiki/Bhola_Nath_Mullik \"Bhola Nath Mullik\") and [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") veteran [Biju Patnaik](/wiki/Biju_Patnaik \"Biju Patnaik\"), the Jawaharlal Nehru government ordered the raising of an elite [commando](/wiki/Commando \"Commando\") unit and specialised mountain division.",
"The primary task of SFF is defence against the [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army \"People's Liberation Army\") (PLA) [Ground Force](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force \"People's Liberation Army Ground Force\") as well as conducting [clandestine](/wiki/Clandestine_operation \"Clandestine operation\") [intelligence](/wiki/Intelligence \"Intelligence\") gathering and commando operations along the Chinese border. [Chushi Gangdruk](/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk \"Chushi Gangdruk\") leaders were contacted for recruitment of [Khampas](/wiki/Kham \"Kham\") into this new unit. The initial strength was 5000 men, mostly Khampas who were recruited at its new Mountain Training Facility at [Chakrata](/wiki/Chakrata \"Chakrata\"), 100 km from the city of [Dehradun](/wiki/Dehradun \"Dehradun\").{{cite web\\|author\\-last\\=Chauhan \\|author\\-first\\=Bala \\|date\\=4 September 2020 \\|title\\=Establishment\\-22 draws its strength from Karnataka \\|url\\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/sep/04/establishment\\-22\\-draws\\-its\\-strength\\-from\\-karnataka\\-2192215\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2020 \\|website\\=The New Indian Express}}",
"Initially known as **Establishment 22** within the military and intelligence community due to its first Inspector General, Maj. Gen. [Sujan Singh Uban](/wiki/Sujan_Singh_Uban \"Sujan Singh Uban\"), who commanded the 22nd Mountain Regiment of the [Royal Indian Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Indian_Artillery \"Royal Indian Artillery\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").{{cite web\\|author\\-last\\=Sanyal \\|author\\-first\\=Amitava \\|date\\=14 November 2009 \\|title\\=The curious case of establishment 22 \\|url\\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the\\-curious\\-case\\-of\\-establishment\\-22/story\\-eiDenZvNioffJFupLzNGOI.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117121047/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News\\-Feed/ColumnsOthers/The\\-curious\\-case\\-of\\-establishment\\-22/Article1\\-476533\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=17 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2013 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Hindustan Times]]}}{{cite web\\|author\\-last\\=Dubey \\|author\\-first\\=Ravi \\|date\\=3 September 2020 \\|title\\=DNA Special: How India's Special Frontier Force is nightmare for China \\|url\\=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report\\-dna\\-special\\-how\\-india\\-s\\-special\\-frontier\\-force\\-is\\-nightmare\\-for\\-china\\-2840936 \\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2020 \\|website\\=Daily News and Analysis}} Uban also went on to command a [Long Range Desert Group](/wiki/Long_Range_Desert_Group \"Long Range Desert Group\") Squadron (LRDS) in North Africa during the war.{{cite web\\|author\\-last\\=Uban \\|author\\-first\\=Gurdip Singh \\|date\\=20 September 2020 \\|title\\=On The Roof of the World, The Shadow of the Celestial Snow Lion \\|url\\=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india\\-news\\-on\\-the\\-roof\\-of\\-the\\-world\\-the\\-shadow\\-of\\-the\\-celestial\\-snow\\-lion/360585 \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2020 \\|magazine\\=Outlook\\|location\\=New Delhi}} The SFF made its home base at Chakrata, a mountain town in the foothills of the [Himalayas](/wiki/Himalayas \"Himalayas\") home to a large Tibetan refugee population. Starting with a force of 5,000 men, the SFF commenced six months of training in rock climbing and [guerrilla warfare](/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare \"Guerrilla warfare\"). Initial training was conducted by the Intelligence Bureau [Special Operations](/wiki/Special_operations \"Special operations\") Unit. Both [R\\&AW](/wiki/R%26AW \"R&AW\") and the CIA helped in raising the force.",
"During the same period, the Indian government also formed the [Ladakh Scouts](/wiki/Ladakh_Scouts \"Ladakh Scouts\") and the [Nubra Guards](/wiki/Nubra_Guards \"Nubra Guards\") paramilitary forces on similar lines. Many SFF members were also absorbed from the Gurkha Rifles. SFF was later incorporated into the [Special Services Bureau](/wiki/Special_Services_Bureau \"Special Services Bureau\"). By late 1963, inter\\-service rivalry led to severe criticism by the Indian Army. To prove the SFF's worth, the Inspector General sent 120 men from the SFF on a field exercise, codenamed *Garuda*, with the Army. The exercise proved to be a dramatic success for the SFF and the Army was now less inclined to criticise the force.{{cite web\\|author\\-last\\=Shulkla \\|author\\-first\\=Ajai \\|date\\=9 September 2020 \\|title\\=Special Frontier Force: India's secret weapon against PLA \\|url\\=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/special\\-frontier\\-force\\-indias\\-weapon\\-against\\-pla/20200909\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2020 \\|publisher\\=Rediff.com}} However the force faced other problems such as mass desertions by Tibetans. The Tibetan recruits found that smuggling was a much easier way of making money than risking their lives along the border.",
"In 1964, the SFF, led by the Inspector General, began its airborne training at Agra. The SFF then began its own airborne training program at [Sarsawa Air Force Station](/wiki/Sarsawa_Air_Force_Station \"Sarsawa Air Force Station\"). In 1967, Establishment 22 was expanded and renamed into **Special Frontier Force**.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Krishnan \\|first\\=Ananth \\|date\\=2020\\-09\\-06 \\|title\\=Special Frontier Force {{!}} Blooded in battle and fighting in the shadows\\|work\\=The Hindu \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/special\\-frontier\\-force\\-china\\-line\\-of\\-actual\\-control\\-lac\\-ladakh\\-jawaharlal\\-nehru/article32532182\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-14 \\|issn\\=0971\\-751X}} In 1968 with the help of [Aviation Research Centre](/wiki/Aviation_Research_Centre \"Aviation Research Centre\") (ARC), SFF were provided with airlift facilities and became fully airborne\\-qualified with a dedicated [mountain](/wiki/Mountain_warfare \"Mountain warfare\") and [jungle warfare](/wiki/Jungle_warfare \"Jungle warfare\") unit.",
"### CIA support and pull\\-out",
"The SFF's weapons were all provided by the US and consisted mainly of M\\-1, M\\-2 and M\\-3 sub\\-machine guns. Heavy weapons were not provided.{{cite web\\|title\\=Land Forces Site – SFF \\|url\\=http://www.bharat\\-rakshak.com/LAND\\-FORCES/SFF.html \\|access\\-date\\=12 August 2013 \\|publisher\\=Bharat Rakshak}} The US government pulled out the CIA from the training program as relations with India soured in the early 1970s during the period of [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War_%281962%E2%80%931979%29 \"Cold War (1962–1979)\"), with the [Sino\\-Soviet split](/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split \"Sino-Soviet split\") and [Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China](/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_1972_visit_to_China \"Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China\") for improving the bilateral relationship.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Special Frontier Force: Tibetan refugees, once trained with US help \\|url\\=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/09/01/special\\-frontier\\-force\\-tibetan\\-refugees\\-once\\-trained\\-with\\-us\\-help.html \\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2020 \\|website\\=The Week}} The unit conducted limited cross\\-border reconnaissance missions as well as highly classified joint operations with the CIA in 1965 on Mount [Nanda Devi](/wiki/Nanda_Devi \"Nanda Devi\") in the Himalayas.",
""
] |
Disneyland Paris
----------------
### The Labyrinth
The hedge maze is [themed](/wiki/Theming "Theming") around scenes and characters from the Disney 1951 feature *[Alice in Wonderland](/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_%281951_film%29 "Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)")*. It comprises two sections: the first one with some of Alice's adventures prior to meeting the [Queen of Hearts](/wiki/Queen_of_Hearts_%28Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland%29 "Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)"), and the second based on Alice's encounter with the Queen, who had a similar labyrinth in the film.
The goal of the maze is to reach the Queen of Hearts's Castle, where one can obtain an aerial view of the [Fantasyland](/wiki/Fantasyland "Fantasyland") section of the park. One can exit the maze prior to entering the second area, and the maze's route is similar in shape to the body of the [Cheshire Cat](/wiki/Cheshire_Cat "Cheshire Cat"), with a semi\-floral recreation of the character's face adjacent to the attraction.
### Tulgey Wood
The first and easiest part of the Labyrinth focuses on Alice's journey through Wonderland. It starts with guests entering the White Rabbit's Hole, and arriving in a wood featuring strange animals, doors of various sizes (for instance some can only be opened by children), and several signs with conflicting directions. Guests then walk under fountains which spray streams of water over the guest's heads.
Then they discover the Caterpillar's Mushroom Lair, and see the Caterpillar smoking his hookah while it says quotes from the movie. Finally, guests enter the Caucus\-Race, led by the Dodo Bird, as they circle him with animals (as the movie presents that scene).
The first part of the Labyrinth ends up here with a small "[Cheshire Cat](/wiki/Cheshire_Cat "Cheshire Cat") Walk" Maze and the scene of card soldiers painting the white roses red.
### Queen of Hearts's Maze
[thumb\|View of the hedge maze](/wiki/File:Disney_Land_Paris_-_2017_%281%29.JPG "Disney Land Paris - 2017 (1).JPG")
This is the second and tougher part of the Labyrinth. It represents the Queen's Maze as long as Alice's encounter with her. As guests wander through it, the Queen or her card soldiers pop up from time to time, while she screams her famous *"Off with their heads!"*
The Queen's Castle stands in the center of the maze. Guests reach it in the end, and can therefore go on top of it, where they are given a sight of Fantasyland. A slide used to be featured on the side of the Castle, for children to go down without the stairs, but it was removed due to safety reasons during the park's opening year.
{{\-}}
|
[
"Disneyland Paris\n----------------",
"### The Labyrinth",
"The hedge maze is [themed](/wiki/Theming \"Theming\") around scenes and characters from the Disney 1951 feature *[Alice in Wonderland](/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_%281951_film%29 \"Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)\")*. It comprises two sections: the first one with some of Alice's adventures prior to meeting the [Queen of Hearts](/wiki/Queen_of_Hearts_%28Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland%29 \"Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)\"), and the second based on Alice's encounter with the Queen, who had a similar labyrinth in the film.",
"The goal of the maze is to reach the Queen of Hearts's Castle, where one can obtain an aerial view of the [Fantasyland](/wiki/Fantasyland \"Fantasyland\") section of the park. One can exit the maze prior to entering the second area, and the maze's route is similar in shape to the body of the [Cheshire Cat](/wiki/Cheshire_Cat \"Cheshire Cat\"), with a semi\\-floral recreation of the character's face adjacent to the attraction.",
"### Tulgey Wood",
"The first and easiest part of the Labyrinth focuses on Alice's journey through Wonderland. It starts with guests entering the White Rabbit's Hole, and arriving in a wood featuring strange animals, doors of various sizes (for instance some can only be opened by children), and several signs with conflicting directions. Guests then walk under fountains which spray streams of water over the guest's heads.",
"Then they discover the Caterpillar's Mushroom Lair, and see the Caterpillar smoking his hookah while it says quotes from the movie. Finally, guests enter the Caucus\\-Race, led by the Dodo Bird, as they circle him with animals (as the movie presents that scene).\nThe first part of the Labyrinth ends up here with a small \"[Cheshire Cat](/wiki/Cheshire_Cat \"Cheshire Cat\") Walk\" Maze and the scene of card soldiers painting the white roses red.",
"### Queen of Hearts's Maze",
"[thumb\\|View of the hedge maze](/wiki/File:Disney_Land_Paris_-_2017_%281%29.JPG \"Disney Land Paris - 2017 (1).JPG\")\nThis is the second and tougher part of the Labyrinth. It represents the Queen's Maze as long as Alice's encounter with her. As guests wander through it, the Queen or her card soldiers pop up from time to time, while she screams her famous *\"Off with their heads!\"*",
"The Queen's Castle stands in the center of the maze. Guests reach it in the end, and can therefore go on top of it, where they are given a sight of Fantasyland. A slide used to be featured on the side of the Castle, for children to go down without the stairs, but it was removed due to safety reasons during the park's opening year.",
"{{\\-}}",
""
] |
Concept and motivation
----------------------
Pipelining is a commonly used concept in everyday life. For example, in the [assembly line](/wiki/Assembly_line "Assembly line") of a car factory, each specific task—such as installing the engine, installing the hood, and installing the wheels—is often done by a separate work station. The stations carry out their tasks in parallel, each on a different car. Once a car has had one task performed, it moves to the next station. Variations in the time needed to complete the tasks can be accommodated by "buffering" (holding one or more cars in a space between the stations) and/or by "stalling" (temporarily halting the upstream stations), until the next station becomes available.
Suppose that assembling one car requires three tasks that take 20, 10, and 15 minutes, respectively. Then, if all three tasks were performed by a single station, the factory would output one car every 45 minutes. By using a pipeline of three stations, the factory would output the first car in 45 minutes, and then a new one every 20 minutes.
As this example shows, pipelining does not decrease the [latency](/wiki/Latency_%28engineering%29 "Latency (engineering)"), that is, the total time for one item to go through the whole system. It does however increase the system's [throughput](/wiki/Throughput "Throughput"), that is, the rate at which new items are processed after the first one.
### In computing
In [computing](/wiki/Computing "Computing"), a pipeline or data pipeline[Data Pipeline Development](https://www.dativa.com/data-pipelines/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151334/https://www.dativa.com/data\-pipelines/\|date\=2018\-05\-24}} Published by Dativa, retrieved 24 May, 2018 is a set of [data](/wiki/Data "Data") processing elements connected in series, where the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time\-sliced fashion. Some amount of [buffer storage](/wiki/Buffer_%28computer_science%29 "Buffer (computer science)") is often inserted between elements.
Computer\-related pipelines include:
* [Instruction pipelines](/wiki/Instruction_pipeline "Instruction pipeline"), such as the [classic RISC pipeline](/wiki/Classic_RISC_pipeline "Classic RISC pipeline"), which are used in [central processing units](/wiki/Central_processing_unit "Central processing unit") (CPUs) and other [microprocessors](/wiki/Microprocessor "Microprocessor") to allow overlapping execution of multiple instructions with the same [circuitry](/wiki/Digital_electronics "Digital electronics"). The circuitry is usually divided up into stages and each stage processes a specific part of one instruction at a time, passing the partial results to the next stage. Examples of stages are instruction decode, arithmetic/logic and register fetch. They are related to the technologies of [superscalar execution](/wiki/Superscalar_execution "Superscalar execution"), [operand forwarding](/wiki/Operand_forwarding "Operand forwarding"), [speculative execution](/wiki/Speculative_execution "Speculative execution") and [out\-of\-order execution](/wiki/Out-of-order_execution "Out-of-order execution").
* [Graphics pipelines](/wiki/Graphics_pipeline "Graphics pipeline"), found in most [graphics processing units](/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit "Graphics processing unit") (GPUs), which consist of multiple [arithmetic units](/wiki/Arithmetic_and_logical_unit "Arithmetic and logical unit"), or complete [CPUs](/wiki/Central_processing_unit "Central processing unit"), that implement the various stages of common rendering operations ([perspective projection](/wiki/Perspective_projection "Perspective projection"), window [clipping](/wiki/Clipping_%28computer_graphics%29 "Clipping (computer graphics)"), [color](/wiki/Color "Color") and [light](/wiki/Light "Light") calculation, rendering, etc.).
* [Software pipelines](/wiki/Pipeline_%28software%29 "Pipeline (software)"), which consist of a sequence of computing [processes](/wiki/Process_%28computing%29 "Process (computing)") (commands, program runs, tasks, threads, procedures, etc.), conceptually executed in parallel, with the output stream of one process being automatically fed as the input stream of the next one. The [Unix](/wiki/Unix "Unix") system call [pipe](/wiki/Pipeline_%28Unix%29 "Pipeline (Unix)") is a classic example of this concept.
* [HTTP pipelining](/wiki/HTTP_pipelining "HTTP pipelining"), the technique of issuing multiple [HTTP](/wiki/HTTP "HTTP") requests through the same [TCP connection](/wiki/TCP_connection "TCP connection"), without waiting for the previous one to finish before issuing a new one.
|
[
"Concept and motivation\n----------------------",
"Pipelining is a commonly used concept in everyday life. For example, in the [assembly line](/wiki/Assembly_line \"Assembly line\") of a car factory, each specific task—such as installing the engine, installing the hood, and installing the wheels—is often done by a separate work station. The stations carry out their tasks in parallel, each on a different car. Once a car has had one task performed, it moves to the next station. Variations in the time needed to complete the tasks can be accommodated by \"buffering\" (holding one or more cars in a space between the stations) and/or by \"stalling\" (temporarily halting the upstream stations), until the next station becomes available.",
"Suppose that assembling one car requires three tasks that take 20, 10, and 15 minutes, respectively. Then, if all three tasks were performed by a single station, the factory would output one car every 45 minutes. By using a pipeline of three stations, the factory would output the first car in 45 minutes, and then a new one every 20 minutes.",
"As this example shows, pipelining does not decrease the [latency](/wiki/Latency_%28engineering%29 \"Latency (engineering)\"), that is, the total time for one item to go through the whole system. It does however increase the system's [throughput](/wiki/Throughput \"Throughput\"), that is, the rate at which new items are processed after the first one.",
"### In computing",
"In [computing](/wiki/Computing \"Computing\"), a pipeline or data pipeline[Data Pipeline Development](https://www.dativa.com/data-pipelines/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151334/https://www.dativa.com/data\\-pipelines/\\|date\\=2018\\-05\\-24}} Published by Dativa, retrieved 24 May, 2018 is a set of [data](/wiki/Data \"Data\") processing elements connected in series, where the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time\\-sliced fashion. Some amount of [buffer storage](/wiki/Buffer_%28computer_science%29 \"Buffer (computer science)\") is often inserted between elements.",
"Computer\\-related pipelines include:\n* [Instruction pipelines](/wiki/Instruction_pipeline \"Instruction pipeline\"), such as the [classic RISC pipeline](/wiki/Classic_RISC_pipeline \"Classic RISC pipeline\"), which are used in [central processing units](/wiki/Central_processing_unit \"Central processing unit\") (CPUs) and other [microprocessors](/wiki/Microprocessor \"Microprocessor\") to allow overlapping execution of multiple instructions with the same [circuitry](/wiki/Digital_electronics \"Digital electronics\"). The circuitry is usually divided up into stages and each stage processes a specific part of one instruction at a time, passing the partial results to the next stage. Examples of stages are instruction decode, arithmetic/logic and register fetch. They are related to the technologies of [superscalar execution](/wiki/Superscalar_execution \"Superscalar execution\"), [operand forwarding](/wiki/Operand_forwarding \"Operand forwarding\"), [speculative execution](/wiki/Speculative_execution \"Speculative execution\") and [out\\-of\\-order execution](/wiki/Out-of-order_execution \"Out-of-order execution\").\n* [Graphics pipelines](/wiki/Graphics_pipeline \"Graphics pipeline\"), found in most [graphics processing units](/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit \"Graphics processing unit\") (GPUs), which consist of multiple [arithmetic units](/wiki/Arithmetic_and_logical_unit \"Arithmetic and logical unit\"), or complete [CPUs](/wiki/Central_processing_unit \"Central processing unit\"), that implement the various stages of common rendering operations ([perspective projection](/wiki/Perspective_projection \"Perspective projection\"), window [clipping](/wiki/Clipping_%28computer_graphics%29 \"Clipping (computer graphics)\"), [color](/wiki/Color \"Color\") and [light](/wiki/Light \"Light\") calculation, rendering, etc.).\n* [Software pipelines](/wiki/Pipeline_%28software%29 \"Pipeline (software)\"), which consist of a sequence of computing [processes](/wiki/Process_%28computing%29 \"Process (computing)\") (commands, program runs, tasks, threads, procedures, etc.), conceptually executed in parallel, with the output stream of one process being automatically fed as the input stream of the next one. The [Unix](/wiki/Unix \"Unix\") system call [pipe](/wiki/Pipeline_%28Unix%29 \"Pipeline (Unix)\") is a classic example of this concept.\n* [HTTP pipelining](/wiki/HTTP_pipelining \"HTTP pipelining\"), the technique of issuing multiple [HTTP](/wiki/HTTP \"HTTP\") requests through the same [TCP connection](/wiki/TCP_connection \"TCP connection\"), without waiting for the previous one to finish before issuing a new one.",
""
] |
Design considerations
---------------------
### Balancing the stages
Since the throughput of a pipeline cannot be better than that of its slowest element, the designer should try to divide the work and resources among the stages so that they all take the same time to complete their tasks. In the car assembly example above, if the three tasks took 15 minutes each, instead of 20, 10, and 15 minutes, the latency would still be 45 minutes, but a new car would then be finished every 15 minutes, instead of 20\.
### Buffering
Under ideal circumstances, if all processing elements are synchronized and take the same amount of time to process, then each item can be received by each element just as it is released by the previous one, in a single [clock](/wiki/Clock_%28computing%29 "Clock (computing)") cycle. That way, the items will flow through the pipeline at a constant speed, like waves in a water channel. In such "wave pipelines",{{cite book \|author1\=O. Hauck \|author2\=Sorin A. Huss \|author3\=M. Garg \|title\=Proceedings. Fifth International Symposium on Advanced Research in Asynchronous Circuits and Systems \|chapter\=Two\-phase asynchronous wave\-pipelines and their application to a 2D\-DCT \|year\=1999 \|pages\=219–228 \|doi\=10\.1109/ASYNC.1999\.761536 \|isbn\=0\-7695\-0031\-5 \|s2cid\=206515615 }} no synchronization or buffering is needed between the stages, besides the storage needed for the data items.
More generally, buffering between the pipeline stages is necessary when the processing times are irregular, or when items may be created or destroyed along the pipeline. For example, in a graphics pipeline that processes triangles to be rendered on the screen, an element that checks the visibility of each triangle may discard the triangle if it is invisible, or may output two or more triangular pieces of the element if they are partly hidden. Buffering is also needed to accommodate irregularities in the rates at which the application feeds items to the first stage and consumes the output of the last one.
The buffer between two stages may be simply a [hardware register](/wiki/Hardware_register "Hardware register") with suitable synchronization and signalling logic between the two stages. When a stage A stores a data item in the register, it sends a "data available" signal to the next stage B. Once B has used that data, it responds with a "data received" signal to A. Stage A halts, waiting for this signal, before storing the next data item into the register. Stage B halts, waiting for the "data available" signal, if it is ready to process the next item but stage A has not provided it yet.
If the processing times of an element are variable, the whole pipeline may often have to stop, waiting for that element and all the previous ones to consume the items in their input buffers. The frequency of such [pipeline stalls](/wiki/Pipeline_stall "Pipeline stall") can be reduced by providing space for more than one item in the input buffer of that stage. Such a multiple\-item buffer is usually implemented as a [first\-in, first\-out queue](/wiki/FIFO_%28computing_and_electronics%29 "FIFO (computing and electronics)"). The upstream stage may still have to be halted when the queue gets full, but the frequency of those events will decrease as more buffer slots are provided. [Queueing theory](/wiki/Queueing_theory "Queueing theory") can tell the number of buffer slots needed, depending on the variability of the processing times and on the desired performance.
### Nonlinear pipelines
If some stage takes (or may take) much longer than the others, and cannot be sped up, the designer can provide two or more processing elements to carry out that task in parallel, with a single input buffer and a single output buffer. As each element finishes processing its current data item, it delivers it to the common output buffer, and takes the next data item from the common input buffer. This concept of "non\-linear" or "dynamic" pipeline is exemplified by shops or banks that have two or more cashiers serving clients from a single waiting queue.
### Dependencies between items
In some applications, the processing of an item Y by a stage A may depend on the results or effect of processing a previous item X by some later stage B of the pipeline. In that case, stage A cannot correctly process item Y until item X has cleared stage B.
This situation occurs very often in instruction pipelines. For example, suppose that Y is an arithmetic instruction that reads the contents of a register that was supposed to have been modified by an earlier instruction X. Let A be the stage that fetches the instruction [operands](/wiki/Operand "Operand"), and B be the stage that writes the result to the specified register. If stage A tries to process instruction Y before instruction X reaches stage B, the register may still contain the old value, and the effect of Y would be incorrect.
In order to handle such conflicts correctly, the pipeline must be provided with extra circuitry or logic that detects them and takes the appropriate action. Strategies for doing so include:
* **Stalling:** Every affected stage, such as A, is halted until the dependency is resolved—that is, until the required information is available and/or the required state has been achieved.
* **Reordering items:** Instead of stalling, stage A may put item Y aside and look for any subsequent item Z in its input stream that does not have any dependencies pending with any earlier item. In instruction pipelines, this technique is called [out\-of\-order execution](/wiki/Out-of-order_execution "Out-of-order execution").
* **Guess and backtrack:** One important example of item\-to\-item dependency is the handling of a [conditional branch](/wiki/Conditional_branch "Conditional branch") instruction X by an instruction pipeline. The first stage A of the pipeline, that fetches the next instruction Y to be executed, cannot perform its task until X has fetched its operand and determined whether the branch is to be taken or not. That may take many clock cycles, since the operand of X may in turn depend on previous instructions that fetch data from main memory.
Rather than halt while waiting for X to be finished, stage A may guess whether the branch will be taken or not, and fetch the next instruction Y based on that guess. If the guess later turns out to be incorrect (hopefully rarely), the system would have to backtrack and resume with the correct choice. Namely, all the changes that were made to the machine's state by stage A and subsequent stages based on that guess would have to be undone, the instructions following X already in the pipeline would have to be flushed, and stage A would have to restart with the correct [instruction pointer](/wiki/Instruction_pointer "Instruction pointer"). This [branch prediction](/wiki/Branch_prediction "Branch prediction") strategy is a special case of [speculative execution](/wiki/Speculative_execution "Speculative execution").
|
[
"Design considerations\n---------------------",
"### Balancing the stages",
"Since the throughput of a pipeline cannot be better than that of its slowest element, the designer should try to divide the work and resources among the stages so that they all take the same time to complete their tasks. In the car assembly example above, if the three tasks took 15 minutes each, instead of 20, 10, and 15 minutes, the latency would still be 45 minutes, but a new car would then be finished every 15 minutes, instead of 20\\.",
"### Buffering",
"Under ideal circumstances, if all processing elements are synchronized and take the same amount of time to process, then each item can be received by each element just as it is released by the previous one, in a single [clock](/wiki/Clock_%28computing%29 \"Clock (computing)\") cycle. That way, the items will flow through the pipeline at a constant speed, like waves in a water channel. In such \"wave pipelines\",{{cite book \\|author1\\=O. Hauck \\|author2\\=Sorin A. Huss \\|author3\\=M. Garg \\|title\\=Proceedings. Fifth International Symposium on Advanced Research in Asynchronous Circuits and Systems \\|chapter\\=Two\\-phase asynchronous wave\\-pipelines and their application to a 2D\\-DCT \\|year\\=1999 \\|pages\\=219–228 \\|doi\\=10\\.1109/ASYNC.1999\\.761536 \\|isbn\\=0\\-7695\\-0031\\-5 \\|s2cid\\=206515615 }} no synchronization or buffering is needed between the stages, besides the storage needed for the data items.",
"More generally, buffering between the pipeline stages is necessary when the processing times are irregular, or when items may be created or destroyed along the pipeline. For example, in a graphics pipeline that processes triangles to be rendered on the screen, an element that checks the visibility of each triangle may discard the triangle if it is invisible, or may output two or more triangular pieces of the element if they are partly hidden. Buffering is also needed to accommodate irregularities in the rates at which the application feeds items to the first stage and consumes the output of the last one.",
"The buffer between two stages may be simply a [hardware register](/wiki/Hardware_register \"Hardware register\") with suitable synchronization and signalling logic between the two stages. When a stage A stores a data item in the register, it sends a \"data available\" signal to the next stage B. Once B has used that data, it responds with a \"data received\" signal to A. Stage A halts, waiting for this signal, before storing the next data item into the register. Stage B halts, waiting for the \"data available\" signal, if it is ready to process the next item but stage A has not provided it yet.",
"If the processing times of an element are variable, the whole pipeline may often have to stop, waiting for that element and all the previous ones to consume the items in their input buffers. The frequency of such [pipeline stalls](/wiki/Pipeline_stall \"Pipeline stall\") can be reduced by providing space for more than one item in the input buffer of that stage. Such a multiple\\-item buffer is usually implemented as a [first\\-in, first\\-out queue](/wiki/FIFO_%28computing_and_electronics%29 \"FIFO (computing and electronics)\"). The upstream stage may still have to be halted when the queue gets full, but the frequency of those events will decrease as more buffer slots are provided. [Queueing theory](/wiki/Queueing_theory \"Queueing theory\") can tell the number of buffer slots needed, depending on the variability of the processing times and on the desired performance.",
"### Nonlinear pipelines",
"If some stage takes (or may take) much longer than the others, and cannot be sped up, the designer can provide two or more processing elements to carry out that task in parallel, with a single input buffer and a single output buffer. As each element finishes processing its current data item, it delivers it to the common output buffer, and takes the next data item from the common input buffer. This concept of \"non\\-linear\" or \"dynamic\" pipeline is exemplified by shops or banks that have two or more cashiers serving clients from a single waiting queue.",
"### Dependencies between items",
"In some applications, the processing of an item Y by a stage A may depend on the results or effect of processing a previous item X by some later stage B of the pipeline. In that case, stage A cannot correctly process item Y until item X has cleared stage B.",
"This situation occurs very often in instruction pipelines. For example, suppose that Y is an arithmetic instruction that reads the contents of a register that was supposed to have been modified by an earlier instruction X. Let A be the stage that fetches the instruction [operands](/wiki/Operand \"Operand\"), and B be the stage that writes the result to the specified register. If stage A tries to process instruction Y before instruction X reaches stage B, the register may still contain the old value, and the effect of Y would be incorrect.",
"In order to handle such conflicts correctly, the pipeline must be provided with extra circuitry or logic that detects them and takes the appropriate action. Strategies for doing so include:\n* **Stalling:** Every affected stage, such as A, is halted until the dependency is resolved—that is, until the required information is available and/or the required state has been achieved.\n* **Reordering items:** Instead of stalling, stage A may put item Y aside and look for any subsequent item Z in its input stream that does not have any dependencies pending with any earlier item. In instruction pipelines, this technique is called [out\\-of\\-order execution](/wiki/Out-of-order_execution \"Out-of-order execution\").\n* **Guess and backtrack:** One important example of item\\-to\\-item dependency is the handling of a [conditional branch](/wiki/Conditional_branch \"Conditional branch\") instruction X by an instruction pipeline. The first stage A of the pipeline, that fetches the next instruction Y to be executed, cannot perform its task until X has fetched its operand and determined whether the branch is to be taken or not. That may take many clock cycles, since the operand of X may in turn depend on previous instructions that fetch data from main memory.",
"Rather than halt while waiting for X to be finished, stage A may guess whether the branch will be taken or not, and fetch the next instruction Y based on that guess. If the guess later turns out to be incorrect (hopefully rarely), the system would have to backtrack and resume with the correct choice. Namely, all the changes that were made to the machine's state by stage A and subsequent stages based on that guess would have to be undone, the instructions following X already in the pipeline would have to be flushed, and stage A would have to restart with the correct [instruction pointer](/wiki/Instruction_pointer \"Instruction pointer\"). This [branch prediction](/wiki/Branch_prediction \"Branch prediction\") strategy is a special case of [speculative execution](/wiki/Speculative_execution \"Speculative execution\").",
""
] |
History
-------
When Andhra State was formed in October 1953, the Government of Andhra decided to start a medical college in the [Rayalaseema](/wiki/Rayalaseema "Rayalaseema") region of the state. In Government Order Ms. No. 1835, Health, dated 29 November 1955, the government of Andhra passed orders to establish a medical college, the third one in the state at [Kurnool](/wiki/Kurnool "Kurnool"). As the building was not ready for the college the government decided to admit 50 students intended for Kurnool Medical College at [Kurnool City](/wiki/Kurnool_City "Kurnool City") in July 1956\. When Andhra Pradesh was formed and the capital was shifted to [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad%2C_Andhra_Pradesh "Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh") from Kurnool the erstwhile secretariat building was handed over to the college.
The college was opened on 21 July 1956 by Sri T.T. Krishnamachari, the then Finance Minister of India. Fifty students were admitted to the [M.B.B.S.](/wiki/M.B.B.S. "M.B.B.S.") course. Dr. C. Venkata Ramaiah was appointed as First Principal and Special Officer of Kurnool Medical College.
Laboratories for subjects of the non\-clinical course were established in due course. The construction of a "clinical lecture hall\-cum\-clinical [pathology](/wiki/Pathology "Pathology") laboratory" in the hospital and the construction of an air\-conditioned [mortuary](/wiki/Mortuary "Mortuary") for 24 dead bodies were undertaken latter and these buildings were ready by the summer of 1958\.
New [out\-patient](/wiki/Clinic "Clinic") block of the Government General Hospital, Kurnool which is the associated teaching hospital was constructed at a cost of [Rs](/wiki/Indian_rupee "Indian rupee")900,000 and the inauguration of this and the clinical courses was performed on 28 January 1958 by Sri. D. K. Karmankar, the Health Minister of India. The first batch of second M.B.B.S. students from the batch of 50 students originally admitted to Guntur Medical college in July 1956 now joined this college for their clinical course. The first units in the major subjects of [Medicine](/wiki/Medicine "Medicine"), [Surgery](/wiki/Surgery "Surgery") and [Midwifery](/wiki/Midwifery "Midwifery") were created in July 1957\.
The Kurnool Medical College was first affiliated to [Sri Venkateswara University](/wiki/Sri_Venkateswara_University "Sri Venkateswara University"), from January 1957 and permanently affiliated from January 1959\.
The NCC unit attached to the college was started in January, 1958\. Laboratory technician's courses and laboratory attender's courses were started in October 1959\. In the same year, the Government also established at this college, a Regional Laboratory to serve the needs of Raayalaseema districts.
A well\-planned Animal House with separate units for different laboratory animals was built and commissioned for use in 1961\. A Central Work Shop started functioning from 1964\.
The legislators' hostel, which was very close to, the college was given for locating the men's hostel during 1958 and it accommodated 175 students. Further expansion of this hostel was made to accommodate 350 students in all.
The then state guesthouse was also handed over by the government during 1958, and it is used as women's hostel. Additional accommodation is shown in the hospital premises in improved sheds as sub hostel for women. A new extension at a cost of 2 crores is nearly completed which will provide accommodation to 150 more women students and 56 women postgraduate students. So that it will be possible to accommodate women students at a single place. After the sub hostel for women students was vacated, it was proposed to give it to P.G. students. Afterwards new P.G. quarters were constructed with 75 single rooms.
The government of Andhra Pradesh passed orders sanctioning the transfer of government site adjoining the college compound to the Medical college to be used as a playground.
An Assembly\-cum\-library hall was constructed at a cost of Rs.1,500,000 in the year 1959\. Expansion of the [Anatomy](/wiki/Anatomy "Anatomy") Department was taken up and completed. A clinical research block at a cost of Rs.600,000 was taken up and completed and commissioned for use. Rural health center for the teaching of social and preventive medicine was opened at Parla village in 1960\.
The college provides facilities for the following postgraduate degree/diploma courses. MS (Anatomy), MD (Physiology), MD (Biochemistry), MD (Pharmacology), MD (Microbiology), MD (Pathology), DCP, MD (Forensic Medicine), MD (SPM/Community Medicine), DPH, MS (ENT, DLO, MS (Ophthalmology), DO., MD (General Medicine), MS (General Surgery), DGO, MD (Gynecology), MD (TBCD), MD (STD), MD (Pediatrics), DCH, MD (Anesthesia), MD (Radiology), DMRD, MS (Orthopedics), and recently the Medical Council of India, New Delhi has inspected this college for recognition and starting of some superspeciality course i.e. DM (Neurology), DM (Gastroenterology), DM (Nephrology), M.Ch (Pediatrics Surgery), M.Ch (Neuro surgery), M.Ch (Plastic surgery), M.Ch (Cardio thoracic surgery), DM (Cardiology), M.Ch (Urology) etc. in this college. During the year 2003, Acute Medical Care (AMC) unit and ICCU unit are started in the Government General Hospital, Kurnool.
During the year 2001\-02 and 2002\-03 an examination hall of capacity 400 and an examination hall/lecture gallery of capacity 400 members was also constructed in the college for the increased seats. Renovation of the Physiology and Anatomy departments was done. Extra accommodation is also provided to the students in the hostels both for men and women. Construction work for the new mortuary building is also in progress and a new pathology laboratory is also provided.
During December 2006 and January 2007 students and faculty of this college were celebrating their Golden jubilee function. It marked the completion of 50 successful years after establishment. They invited Dr. [Abdul Kalam](/wiki/Abdul_Kalam "Abdul Kalam"), [President of India](/wiki/President_of_India "President of India") to this program.
Kurnool medical college celebrated the golden jubilee celebrations in a Grand way.
Recently on 29 July 2016, Diamond jubilee celebrations were started in a magnificent way.
In the year 2020 Andhra Government has allocated Rs 720 Crores for the modernisation of Kurnool Government General Hospital under Naadu\-Nedu programme.{{cite news \|title\=Kurnool: 720 crore allocated to develop KGGH, KMC \|url\=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra\-pradesh/kurnool\-720\-crore\-allocated\-to\-develop\-kggh\-kmc\-629934 \|access\-date\=28 February 2021 \|publisher\=www.thehansindia.com \|date\=25 June 2020 \|language\=en}} Officials concerned have also prepared designs and plans for new constructions to fast pace the work. Currently on an average the hospital draws around 3000 out\-patients on daily basis. These patients belongs to Kurnool and nearby districts and from neighbouring states of [Telangana](/wiki/Telangana "Telangana") and [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnatka "Karnatka"). The 36 unit hospital currently has only 300 doctors for a 1,150 bed strength. With several current buildings being in bad shape and repair works pending for others there is a urgent need for construction of new buildings with modern technology. Additionally,recently a state level cancer institute has also been constructed in collaboration with Tata foundation in the premises. Once the modernisation work gets completed Kurnool Government General Hospital will become the largest health care centre in [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh "Andhra Pradesh").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"When Andhra State was formed in October 1953, the Government of Andhra decided to start a medical college in the [Rayalaseema](/wiki/Rayalaseema \"Rayalaseema\") region of the state. In Government Order Ms. No. 1835, Health, dated 29 November 1955, the government of Andhra passed orders to establish a medical college, the third one in the state at [Kurnool](/wiki/Kurnool \"Kurnool\"). As the building was not ready for the college the government decided to admit 50 students intended for Kurnool Medical College at [Kurnool City](/wiki/Kurnool_City \"Kurnool City\") in July 1956\\. When Andhra Pradesh was formed and the capital was shifted to [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad%2C_Andhra_Pradesh \"Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh\") from Kurnool the erstwhile secretariat building was handed over to the college.",
"The college was opened on 21 July 1956 by Sri T.T. Krishnamachari, the then Finance Minister of India. Fifty students were admitted to the [M.B.B.S.](/wiki/M.B.B.S. \"M.B.B.S.\") course. Dr. C. Venkata Ramaiah was appointed as First Principal and Special Officer of Kurnool Medical College.",
"Laboratories for subjects of the non\\-clinical course were established in due course. The construction of a \"clinical lecture hall\\-cum\\-clinical [pathology](/wiki/Pathology \"Pathology\") laboratory\" in the hospital and the construction of an air\\-conditioned [mortuary](/wiki/Mortuary \"Mortuary\") for 24 dead bodies were undertaken latter and these buildings were ready by the summer of 1958\\.",
"New [out\\-patient](/wiki/Clinic \"Clinic\") block of the Government General Hospital, Kurnool which is the associated teaching hospital was constructed at a cost of [Rs](/wiki/Indian_rupee \"Indian rupee\")900,000 and the inauguration of this and the clinical courses was performed on 28 January 1958 by Sri. D. K. Karmankar, the Health Minister of India. The first batch of second M.B.B.S. students from the batch of 50 students originally admitted to Guntur Medical college in July 1956 now joined this college for their clinical course. The first units in the major subjects of [Medicine](/wiki/Medicine \"Medicine\"), [Surgery](/wiki/Surgery \"Surgery\") and [Midwifery](/wiki/Midwifery \"Midwifery\") were created in July 1957\\.",
"The Kurnool Medical College was first affiliated to [Sri Venkateswara University](/wiki/Sri_Venkateswara_University \"Sri Venkateswara University\"), from January 1957 and permanently affiliated from January 1959\\.",
"The NCC unit attached to the college was started in January, 1958\\. Laboratory technician's courses and laboratory attender's courses were started in October 1959\\. In the same year, the Government also established at this college, a Regional Laboratory to serve the needs of Raayalaseema districts.",
"A well\\-planned Animal House with separate units for different laboratory animals was built and commissioned for use in 1961\\. A Central Work Shop started functioning from 1964\\.",
"The legislators' hostel, which was very close to, the college was given for locating the men's hostel during 1958 and it accommodated 175 students. Further expansion of this hostel was made to accommodate 350 students in all.",
"The then state guesthouse was also handed over by the government during 1958, and it is used as women's hostel. Additional accommodation is shown in the hospital premises in improved sheds as sub hostel for women. A new extension at a cost of 2 crores is nearly completed which will provide accommodation to 150 more women students and 56 women postgraduate students. So that it will be possible to accommodate women students at a single place. After the sub hostel for women students was vacated, it was proposed to give it to P.G. students. Afterwards new P.G. quarters were constructed with 75 single rooms.",
"The government of Andhra Pradesh passed orders sanctioning the transfer of government site adjoining the college compound to the Medical college to be used as a playground.",
"An Assembly\\-cum\\-library hall was constructed at a cost of Rs.1,500,000 in the year 1959\\. Expansion of the [Anatomy](/wiki/Anatomy \"Anatomy\") Department was taken up and completed. A clinical research block at a cost of Rs.600,000 was taken up and completed and commissioned for use. Rural health center for the teaching of social and preventive medicine was opened at Parla village in 1960\\.",
"The college provides facilities for the following postgraduate degree/diploma courses. MS (Anatomy), MD (Physiology), MD (Biochemistry), MD (Pharmacology), MD (Microbiology), MD (Pathology), DCP, MD (Forensic Medicine), MD (SPM/Community Medicine), DPH, MS (ENT, DLO, MS (Ophthalmology), DO., MD (General Medicine), MS (General Surgery), DGO, MD (Gynecology), MD (TBCD), MD (STD), MD (Pediatrics), DCH, MD (Anesthesia), MD (Radiology), DMRD, MS (Orthopedics), and recently the Medical Council of India, New Delhi has inspected this college for recognition and starting of some superspeciality course i.e. DM (Neurology), DM (Gastroenterology), DM (Nephrology), M.Ch (Pediatrics Surgery), M.Ch (Neuro surgery), M.Ch (Plastic surgery), M.Ch (Cardio thoracic surgery), DM (Cardiology), M.Ch (Urology) etc. in this college. During the year 2003, Acute Medical Care (AMC) unit and ICCU unit are started in the Government General Hospital, Kurnool.",
"During the year 2001\\-02 and 2002\\-03 an examination hall of capacity 400 and an examination hall/lecture gallery of capacity 400 members was also constructed in the college for the increased seats. Renovation of the Physiology and Anatomy departments was done. Extra accommodation is also provided to the students in the hostels both for men and women. Construction work for the new mortuary building is also in progress and a new pathology laboratory is also provided.",
"During December 2006 and January 2007 students and faculty of this college were celebrating their Golden jubilee function. It marked the completion of 50 successful years after establishment. They invited Dr. [Abdul Kalam](/wiki/Abdul_Kalam \"Abdul Kalam\"), [President of India](/wiki/President_of_India \"President of India\") to this program.",
"Kurnool medical college celebrated the golden jubilee celebrations in a Grand way.\nRecently on 29 July 2016, Diamond jubilee celebrations were started in a magnificent way.",
"In the year 2020 Andhra Government has allocated Rs 720 Crores for the modernisation of Kurnool Government General Hospital under Naadu\\-Nedu programme.{{cite news \\|title\\=Kurnool: 720 crore allocated to develop KGGH, KMC \\|url\\=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra\\-pradesh/kurnool\\-720\\-crore\\-allocated\\-to\\-develop\\-kggh\\-kmc\\-629934 \\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2021 \\|publisher\\=www.thehansindia.com \\|date\\=25 June 2020 \\|language\\=en}} Officials concerned have also prepared designs and plans for new constructions to fast pace the work. Currently on an average the hospital draws around 3000 out\\-patients on daily basis. These patients belongs to Kurnool and nearby districts and from neighbouring states of [Telangana](/wiki/Telangana \"Telangana\") and [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnatka \"Karnatka\"). The 36 unit hospital currently has only 300 doctors for a 1,150 bed strength. With several current buildings being in bad shape and repair works pending for others there is a urgent need for construction of new buildings with modern technology. Additionally,recently a state level cancer institute has also been constructed in collaboration with Tata foundation in the premises. Once the modernisation work gets completed Kurnool Government General Hospital will become the largest health care centre in [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh \"Andhra Pradesh\").",
""
] |
Career
------
While at University of Maryland, Plank launched Cupid's Valentine, a seasonal business selling [roses](/wiki/Roses "Roses") on [Valentine's Day](/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day "Valentine's Day"). Cupid's Valentine earned $3,000, which Plank used as seed money for Under Armour. He continued to use the "Cupid" name when he later launched his Cupid's Cup competition.{{cite news \|title\=Five finalists chosen for Kevin Plank's Cupid's Cup competition \|last1\=Eichensehr \|first1\=Morgan \|url\=https://www.bizjournals.com/baltimore/news/2017/02/22/five\-finalists\-chosen\-for\-kevin\-planks\-cupids\-cup.html \|newspaper\=\[\[American City Business Journals\|Baltimore Business Journal]] \|date\=February 22, 2017 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}}
### Under Armour
The idea that led to Under Armour was sparked while playing for the [Maryland Terrapins](/wiki/Maryland_Terrapins "Maryland Terrapins"); Plank said he was the "sweatiest guy on the football field". Frustrated by his cotton T\-shirts' inability to keep him dry and comfortable, he searched for a material that would wick the sweat from his body.{{cite news \|last\=Heath \|first\=Thomas \|title\=Taking on the giants: How Under Armour founder Kevin Plank is going head\-to\-head with the industry's biggest players \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2010/01/15/AR2010011503033\.html \|access\-date\=November 25, 2011 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|date\=January 24, 2010}} After graduating from Maryland, Plank searched for synthetic materials that would keep athletes dry. Using a mix of his own cash, credit cards, and a [Small Business Administration](/wiki/Small_Business_Administration "Small Business Administration") loan, he launched the business. Plank tried several prototypes before deciding on the one he wanted to use.
Plank originally sought to call his new [sportswear](/wiki/Sportswear_%28activewear%29 "Sportswear (activewear)") company Heart, but he could not trademark it.{{cite news \|title\=15 surprising facts about Under Armour \|last1\=O'Reilly \|first1\=Lara \|url\=http://www.businessinsider.com/15\-facts\-about\-under\-armour\-history\-name\-2015\-11/\#1\-under\-armours\-billionaire\-founder\-kevin\-plank\-didnt\-get\-off\-to\-the\-best\-of\-starts\-he\-was\-thrown\-out\-of\-private\-high\-school\-after\-failing\-two\-classes\-and\-for\-his\-part\-in\-what\-forbes\-described\-as\-a\-drunken\-brawl\-with\-some\-georgetown\-university\-football\-players\-1 \|newspaper\=\[\[Business Insider]] \|date\=November 19, 2015 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}} He also attempted to name his company Body Armor, but efforts to trademark that name were also unsuccessful. One day, his brother asked him, "How's that company you're working on … Under Armor?" The name stuck. Plank said he chose the British spelling "armour" because he "thought the phone number 888\-4ARMOUR was much more compelling than 888\-44ARMOR".
Plank initially ran the business from his grandmother's townhouse in [Georgetown](/wiki/Georgetown_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29 "Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)"). Under Armour's first shirt was the \#0037, which Plank sold from his car.{{cite news \|title\=Under Armour's real estate MVP \|last1\=Palafox \|first1\=Christopher James \|url\=http://americanbuildersquarterly.com/2014/under\-armour/ \|newspaper\=American Builders Quarterly \|date\=2014 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}} He also asked his former teammates to try on the shirts, claiming that his alternative to a cotton T\-shirt would enhance their performance on the field. As his friends moved on to play professionally, he would send them T\-shirts, requesting that they pass them out to other players in their locker rooms. His first big team sale was to [Georgia Tech](/wiki/Georgia_Tech "Georgia Tech").{{cite news \|title\=Kevin Plank is betting almost $1 billion that Under Armour can beat Nike \|last1\=Foster \|first1\=Time \|url\=https://www.inc.com/magazine/201602/tom\-foster/kevin\-plank\-under\-armour\-spending\-1\-billion\-to\-beat\-nike.html \|newspaper\=\[\[Inc. (magazine)\|Inc.]] \|date\=February 2016 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}} In 1996, Plank finished his first year selling shirts with $17,000 in sales.
A turning point for him came late in 1999, when Plank used nearly all of Under Armour's money, and employees agreed to go without pay for a few weeks, so the company could take out a [$](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")25,000 advertisement in *[ESPN The Magazine](/wiki/ESPN_The_Magazine "ESPN The Magazine")*.{{cite news \|title\=20 things you didn't know about Under Armour \|last1\=Allaire16 \|first1\=Christian \|url\=http://footwearnews.com/2016/focus/athletic\-outdoor/20\-things\-you\-didnt\-know\-about\-under\-armour\-shoes\-217410/ \|newspaper\=Footwear News \|date\=May 2, 2016 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}} The ad resulted in $1 million in direct sales for the following year, and athletes and teams began buying the product. Plank's company reached $1 billion annual revenue for the first time in 2010, and Plank became a billionaire in 2011, when his net worth was estimated at $1\.05 billion.{{cite news \|title\=Under Armour founder breaks into billionaires club \|last1\=Durgy \|first1\=Edwin \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/edwindurgy/2011/12/02/under\-armour\-founder\-breaks\-into\-billionaires\-club/\#6bad365c304c \|newspaper\=\[\[Forbes]] \|date\=December 2, 2011 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}}
Between 2014 and 2016, Under Armour spent close to $1 billion to acquire makers of activity\- and diet\-tracking mobile apps.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theverge.com/2015/2/4/7980793/under\-armour\-acquires\-myfitnesspal\-475\-million\|title\=Under Armour acquires weight loss app, MyFitnessPal, for $475 million dollars\|work\=The Verge\|access\-date\=March 1, 2018}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015\-02\-04/under\-armour\-acquires\-apps\-in\-bid\-to\-become\-top\-fitness\-tracker \|title\=Under Armour Buys Apps in Bid to Become Top Fitness Tracker\|date\=February 4, 2015\|work\=Bloomberg.com\|access\-date\=March 1, 2018\|language\=en}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.inc.com/magazine/201602/tom\-foster/kevin\-plank\-under\-armour\-spending\-1\-billion\-to\-beat\-nike.html \|title\=Kevin Plank Is Betting Almost $1 Billion That Under Armour Can Beat Nike\|date\=January 6, 2016\|work\=Inc.com\|access\-date\=March 1, 2018\|language\=en}} Many long\-term employees questioned Plank's strategy and whether the company would produce a return on their investment. Plank spent hours in one\-on\-one conversations to try to persuade those employees. "It was important", Plank said, "that this not just be my decision.” The strategy was a success, earning the company the world's largest digital health\-and\-fitness community, with 150 million users. A few years later, some of these acquisitions would be divested by the next CEO.{{Cite web\|title\=Under Armour exits yet another school sponsorship deal as part of big shrink\|url\=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/under\-armour\-exits\-yet\-another\-school\-sponsorship\-deal\-as\-part\-of\-big\-shrink\-193535874\.html\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-02\|website\=finance.yahoo.com\|date\=19 November 2020 \|language\=en\-US}}
As CEO, Plank oversaw a company that generated {{USD\|5 billion}} in annual revenue and employed about 15,800 people as of December 31, 2017\.{{cite web \|url\=http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/UARM/5864840884x0x975316/629B335B\-1D9C\-4AB2\-918C\-999D4C9A5555/2017\_UA\_Annual\_Report.pdf \|title\=2017 Annual Report \|date\=2018 \|publisher\=Under Armour \|page\=4 \|access\-date\=April 12, 2018}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1336917/000133691718000009/ua\-20171231x10k.htm \|title\=Form 10\-K \|date\=2017 \|publisher\=Under Armour \|page\=9 \|access\-date\=April 12, 2018}}
Plank announced his departure as CEO in October 2019, and was succeeded on January 1, 2020, by Under Armour [COO](/wiki/Chief_operating_officer "Chief operating officer") [Patrik Frisk](/wiki/Patrik_Frisk "Patrik Frisk").["Under Armour CEO and founder Kevin Plank stepping down, replaced by COO Patrik Frisk"; Courtney Regan; *CNBC*; Oct. 22, 2019\.](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/22/under-armour-ceo-kevin-plank-resigns-taps-coo-patrik-frisk-for-top-job.html){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/22/business/under\-armour\-kevin\-plank\-ceo/index.html\|title\=Under Armour founder Kevin Plank is stepping down as CEO\|author\=Jordan Valinsky\|website\=CNN\|date\=22 October 2019 \|access\-date\=2020\-02\-25}}
Plank is a member of the board of trustees for the National Football Foundation.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company\-officers/UA \|title\=Under Armour Inc \|publisher\=\[\[Reuters]] \|access\-date\=September 28, 2017}}
Plank and [Stephanie Ruhle](/wiki/Stephanie_Ruhle "Stephanie Ruhle"), a [Bloomberg News](/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News") journalist now with [MSNBC](/wiki/MSNBC "MSNBC"), were questioned by lawyers in early 2023 regarding a 2017 lawsuit by shareholders of Under Armour that alleges the company artificially inflated its share price, resulting in losses for them. According to *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*, court documents showed that Plank gave Ruhle a phone with a special email address to communicate with him privately and at all hours, sent her confidential financial information about the company and enlisted her help to refute concerns about slumping sales. During his deposition, according to the Journal, Plank described Ruhle’s role by saying: “She’s a confidant. I would give her counsel on her career and she would give me counsel on things I was dealing with that were either banking or media or human nature in relation.” In her deposition, the paper reported, Ruhle said she took free trips with Plank on his private plane. When asked if she were acting as a friend or journalist on those trips, she said in her deposition: “I was flying on his plane as myself, Stephanie Ruhle. I’m not really in a category one or the other.”{{Cite news \|last\=Safdar \|first\=Khadeeja \|title\=A Private Phone. Secret Recordings. Inside One CEO's Relationship With a TV Anchor. \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/business/media/under\-armour\-kevin\-plank\-stephanie\-ruhle\-66cb65b5 \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-30 \|website\=WSJ \|language\=en\-US}} The same reporter, Khadeeja Safdar, had previously reported on the relationship between the billionaire and Ruhle in February 2019\.{{Cite news \|last\=Safdar \|first\=Khadeeja \|date\=2019\-02\-21 \|title\=Meet Under Armour CEO's Unusual Adviser: An MSNBC Anchor \|language\=en\-US \|work\=Wall Street Journal \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/meet\-under\-armour\-ceos\-unusual\-adviser\-an\-msnbc\-anchor\-11550763306 \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-30 \|issn\=0099\-9660}}
### Sagamore Farm
Plank bought the 630\-acre historic [Sagamore Farm](/wiki/Sagamore_Farm "Sagamore Farm") in [Baltimore County, Maryland](/wiki/Baltimore_County%2C_Maryland "Baltimore County, Maryland"), in 2007\.{{cite news \|title\=Under Armour CEO Kevin Plank embarks on megamansion in Baltimore County \|last1\=Sherman \|first1\=Natalie \|url\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/under\-armour\-blog/bs\-bz\-plank\-mansion\-20151223\-story.html \|newspaper\=\[\[The Baltimore Sun]] \|date\=December 23, 2015 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}} The property was once owned by [Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt](/wiki/Alfred_Gwynne_Vanderbilt "Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt").{{cite news \|title\=Sagamore Farm history comes alive with visit from a Vanderbilt \|last1\=McKee \|first1\=Sandra \|url\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/bal\-preakness\-insider\-sagamore\-farm\-history\-comes\-alive\-with\-visit\-from\-a\-vanderbilt\-20120427\-story.html \|newspaper\=\[\[The Baltimore Sun]] \|date\=April 27, 2012 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}} The farm was the home to stallion [Native Dancer](/wiki/Native_Dancer "Native Dancer"), who went 21 for 22 during his racing career from 1952 to 1954\.{{cite news \|title\=Ponying up \|last1\=Unger \|first1\=Mike \|url\=https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/2011/5/3/kevin\-plank\-eyes\-the\-triple\-crown \|newspaper\=\[\[Baltimore (magazine)\|Baltimore]] \|date\=May 2011 \|access\-date\=May 25, 2018}} Plank has said he seeks to restore the farm and rejuvenate Maryland's horse racing tradition by raising a [Triple Crown](/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing_%28United_States%29 "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States)") winning horse.{{cite news \|title\=Kevin Plank, founder of Under Armour, enters horse in Preakness \|url\=https://www.si.com/more\-sports/2012/05/14/kevin\-plank\-horse\-racing \|newspaper\=\[\[Sports Illustrated]] \|date\=May 14, 2012 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}} On November 5, 2010, Sagamore Farms' Shared Account won the $2 million [Breeders' Cup Filly \& Mare Turf](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Filly_%26_Mare_Turf "Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf") (GI).{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\-racing/articles/133065/bc\-winner\-shared\-account\-retired \|title\=BC Winner Shared Account retired \|date\=November 17, 2011 \|publisher\=Bloodhorse.com \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}} There are about 100 horses on Sagamore farm, with about 40 actively training as of July 2017\.{{cite news \|title\=50 things to do or see in Maryland sports: Visit Native Dancer's grave at Sagamore Farm \|last1\=Walker \|first1\=Childs \|url\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bal\-50\-things\-to\-do\-or\-see\-in\-maryland\-sports\-visit\-native\-dancer\-s\-grave\-at\-sagamore\-farm\-20170709\-story.html \|newspaper\=\[\[The Baltimore Sun]] \|date\=July 12, 2017 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}}
### Plank Industries
Beginning in 2013,{{cite news \|title\=In Baltimore, Under Armour's owner invests in a $5\.5 billion bet on his city \|author\=Patrick Sisson \|url\=https://www.curbed.com/2017/4/11/15258408/baltimore\-under\-armour\-port\-covington\-innovation\-village \|work\=Curbed \|date\=April 11, 2017 \|access\-date\=April 12, 2018}} Plank's real estate firm, Sagamore Development, was leading a $5\.5\-billion [mixed\-use development](/wiki/Mixed-use_development "Mixed-use development") project in Baltimore's [Port Covington](/wiki/Port_Covington "Port Covington") area.{{cite news \|title\=Remaking Baltimore's waterfront, with a splash of whiskey \|last1\=Hoppert \|first1\=Melissa \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/16/realestate/under\-armour\-preakness\-kevin\-plank\-sagamore\-port\-covington.html?\_r\=1 \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=May 16, 2017 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}} The company had acquired approximately 235 acres in the area and planned to build a mix of offices, residential areas, retail space, parks, boat launches and more.{{Cite news \|url\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bs\-ed\-moy\-kevin\-plank\-20161229\-story.html \|title\=Marylander of the Year: Kevin Plank \|last\=Sun \|first\=Baltimore \|newspaper\=baltimoresun.com \|access\-date\=January 10, 2017}}{{Cite news \|url\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/real\-estate/wonk/bs\-bz\-covington\-under\-armour\-20150605\-story.html \|title\=Plank's Sagamore Development plans start\-up hub in Port Covington \|last\=Sherman \|first\=Natalie \|newspaper\=baltimoresun.com \|access\-date\=January 10, 2017}}
Plank also founded the [whiskey](/wiki/Whiskey "Whiskey") [distillery](/wiki/Distillery "Distillery") Sagamore Spirit in 2013\.{{cite news \|title\=Sagamore Spirit debuts its distillery in Port Covington \|last1\=Gantz \|first1\=Sarah \|url\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bs\-bz\-sagamore\-spirit\-distillery\-20170420\-story.html \|newspaper\=\[\[The Baltimore Sun]] \|date\=April 20, 2017 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}} He was initially approached about creating a [vineyard](/wiki/Vineyard "Vineyard"), but being a whiskey enthusiast he asked his business partner to research whiskey.{{cite news \|title\=Under Armour's Kevin Plank enters the whiskey wars \|last1\=Foster \|first1\=Tom \|url\=https://www.inc.com/tom\-foster/under\-armour\-kevin\-plank\-enters\-the\-whiskey\-wars.html \|newspaper\=\[\[Inc. (magazine)\|Inc.]] \|date\=May 11, 2016 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}} The [limestone](/wiki/Limestone "Limestone") [aquifer](/wiki/Aquifer "Aquifer") on Plank's farm produced water fit to distill whiskey, so Plank and business partner Bill McDermond founded Sagamore Spirit to restore Maryland's whiskey distilling tradition. Its first bottles were sold at stores in 2016\.
Plank renovated the former [Recreation Pier](/wiki/Sagamore_Pendry_Baltimore "Sagamore Pendry Baltimore") building in [Fells Point, Baltimore](/wiki/Fells_Point%2C_Baltimore "Fells Point, Baltimore"). The building was originally built in 1914 to store port cargo and later served as a community center and studio for the television series *[Homicide: Life on the Street](/wiki/Homicide:Life_on_the_Street "Life on the Street")*; it closed in 1999\.{{cite news \|title\=Historic Recreation Pier reopens as Sagamore Pendry Hotel \|last1\=Sherman \|first1\=Natalie \|url\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bs\-bz\-sagamore\-hotel\-ribbon\-cutting\-20170321\-story.html \|newspaper\=\[\[The Baltimore Sun]] \|date\=March 21, 2017 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}} Following Plank's renovation, the building reopened as the Sagamore Pendry Hotel.
Plank Industries also bought and revamped the water taxi in [Inner Harbor](/wiki/Inner_Harbor "Inner Harbor").{{cite news \|title\=Sagamore unveils first new Baltimore water taxi, a historic Chesapeake throwback \|last1\=Campbell \|first1\=Colin \|url\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore\-city/bs\-md\-ci\-water\-taxi\-20161107\-story.html \|newspaper\=\[\[The Baltimore Sun]] \|date\=November 7, 2016 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"While at University of Maryland, Plank launched Cupid's Valentine, a seasonal business selling [roses](/wiki/Roses \"Roses\") on [Valentine's Day](/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day \"Valentine's Day\"). Cupid's Valentine earned $3,000, which Plank used as seed money for Under Armour. He continued to use the \"Cupid\" name when he later launched his Cupid's Cup competition.{{cite news \\|title\\=Five finalists chosen for Kevin Plank's Cupid's Cup competition \\|last1\\=Eichensehr \\|first1\\=Morgan \\|url\\=https://www.bizjournals.com/baltimore/news/2017/02/22/five\\-finalists\\-chosen\\-for\\-kevin\\-planks\\-cupids\\-cup.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[American City Business Journals\\|Baltimore Business Journal]] \\|date\\=February 22, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}}",
"### Under Armour",
"The idea that led to Under Armour was sparked while playing for the [Maryland Terrapins](/wiki/Maryland_Terrapins \"Maryland Terrapins\"); Plank said he was the \"sweatiest guy on the football field\". Frustrated by his cotton T\\-shirts' inability to keep him dry and comfortable, he searched for a material that would wick the sweat from his body.{{cite news \\|last\\=Heath \\|first\\=Thomas \\|title\\=Taking on the giants: How Under Armour founder Kevin Plank is going head\\-to\\-head with the industry's biggest players \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2010/01/15/AR2010011503033\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2011 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|date\\=January 24, 2010}} After graduating from Maryland, Plank searched for synthetic materials that would keep athletes dry. Using a mix of his own cash, credit cards, and a [Small Business Administration](/wiki/Small_Business_Administration \"Small Business Administration\") loan, he launched the business. Plank tried several prototypes before deciding on the one he wanted to use.",
"Plank originally sought to call his new [sportswear](/wiki/Sportswear_%28activewear%29 \"Sportswear (activewear)\") company Heart, but he could not trademark it.{{cite news \\|title\\=15 surprising facts about Under Armour \\|last1\\=O'Reilly \\|first1\\=Lara \\|url\\=http://www.businessinsider.com/15\\-facts\\-about\\-under\\-armour\\-history\\-name\\-2015\\-11/\\#1\\-under\\-armours\\-billionaire\\-founder\\-kevin\\-plank\\-didnt\\-get\\-off\\-to\\-the\\-best\\-of\\-starts\\-he\\-was\\-thrown\\-out\\-of\\-private\\-high\\-school\\-after\\-failing\\-two\\-classes\\-and\\-for\\-his\\-part\\-in\\-what\\-forbes\\-described\\-as\\-a\\-drunken\\-brawl\\-with\\-some\\-georgetown\\-university\\-football\\-players\\-1 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Business Insider]] \\|date\\=November 19, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}} He also attempted to name his company Body Armor, but efforts to trademark that name were also unsuccessful. One day, his brother asked him, \"How's that company you're working on … Under Armor?\" The name stuck. Plank said he chose the British spelling \"armour\" because he \"thought the phone number 888\\-4ARMOUR was much more compelling than 888\\-44ARMOR\".",
"Plank initially ran the business from his grandmother's townhouse in [Georgetown](/wiki/Georgetown_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29 \"Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)\"). Under Armour's first shirt was the \\#0037, which Plank sold from his car.{{cite news \\|title\\=Under Armour's real estate MVP \\|last1\\=Palafox \\|first1\\=Christopher James \\|url\\=http://americanbuildersquarterly.com/2014/under\\-armour/ \\|newspaper\\=American Builders Quarterly \\|date\\=2014 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}} He also asked his former teammates to try on the shirts, claiming that his alternative to a cotton T\\-shirt would enhance their performance on the field. As his friends moved on to play professionally, he would send them T\\-shirts, requesting that they pass them out to other players in their locker rooms. His first big team sale was to [Georgia Tech](/wiki/Georgia_Tech \"Georgia Tech\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Kevin Plank is betting almost $1 billion that Under Armour can beat Nike \\|last1\\=Foster \\|first1\\=Time \\|url\\=https://www.inc.com/magazine/201602/tom\\-foster/kevin\\-plank\\-under\\-armour\\-spending\\-1\\-billion\\-to\\-beat\\-nike.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Inc. (magazine)\\|Inc.]] \\|date\\=February 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}} In 1996, Plank finished his first year selling shirts with $17,000 in sales.",
"A turning point for him came late in 1999, when Plank used nearly all of Under Armour's money, and employees agreed to go without pay for a few weeks, so the company could take out a [$](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\")25,000 advertisement in *[ESPN The Magazine](/wiki/ESPN_The_Magazine \"ESPN The Magazine\")*.{{cite news \\|title\\=20 things you didn't know about Under Armour \\|last1\\=Allaire16 \\|first1\\=Christian \\|url\\=http://footwearnews.com/2016/focus/athletic\\-outdoor/20\\-things\\-you\\-didnt\\-know\\-about\\-under\\-armour\\-shoes\\-217410/ \\|newspaper\\=Footwear News \\|date\\=May 2, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}} The ad resulted in $1 million in direct sales for the following year, and athletes and teams began buying the product. Plank's company reached $1 billion annual revenue for the first time in 2010, and Plank became a billionaire in 2011, when his net worth was estimated at $1\\.05 billion.{{cite news \\|title\\=Under Armour founder breaks into billionaires club \\|last1\\=Durgy \\|first1\\=Edwin \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/edwindurgy/2011/12/02/under\\-armour\\-founder\\-breaks\\-into\\-billionaires\\-club/\\#6bad365c304c \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Forbes]] \\|date\\=December 2, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}}",
"Between 2014 and 2016, Under Armour spent close to $1 billion to acquire makers of activity\\- and diet\\-tracking mobile apps.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theverge.com/2015/2/4/7980793/under\\-armour\\-acquires\\-myfitnesspal\\-475\\-million\\|title\\=Under Armour acquires weight loss app, MyFitnessPal, for $475 million dollars\\|work\\=The Verge\\|access\\-date\\=March 1, 2018}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015\\-02\\-04/under\\-armour\\-acquires\\-apps\\-in\\-bid\\-to\\-become\\-top\\-fitness\\-tracker \\|title\\=Under Armour Buys Apps in Bid to Become Top Fitness Tracker\\|date\\=February 4, 2015\\|work\\=Bloomberg.com\\|access\\-date\\=March 1, 2018\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.inc.com/magazine/201602/tom\\-foster/kevin\\-plank\\-under\\-armour\\-spending\\-1\\-billion\\-to\\-beat\\-nike.html \\|title\\=Kevin Plank Is Betting Almost $1 Billion That Under Armour Can Beat Nike\\|date\\=January 6, 2016\\|work\\=Inc.com\\|access\\-date\\=March 1, 2018\\|language\\=en}} Many long\\-term employees questioned Plank's strategy and whether the company would produce a return on their investment. Plank spent hours in one\\-on\\-one conversations to try to persuade those employees. \"It was important\", Plank said, \"that this not just be my decision.” The strategy was a success, earning the company the world's largest digital health\\-and\\-fitness community, with 150 million users. A few years later, some of these acquisitions would be divested by the next CEO.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Under Armour exits yet another school sponsorship deal as part of big shrink\\|url\\=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/under\\-armour\\-exits\\-yet\\-another\\-school\\-sponsorship\\-deal\\-as\\-part\\-of\\-big\\-shrink\\-193535874\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-02\\|website\\=finance.yahoo.com\\|date\\=19 November 2020 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"As CEO, Plank oversaw a company that generated {{USD\\|5 billion}} in annual revenue and employed about 15,800 people as of December 31, 2017\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/UARM/5864840884x0x975316/629B335B\\-1D9C\\-4AB2\\-918C\\-999D4C9A5555/2017\\_UA\\_Annual\\_Report.pdf \\|title\\=2017 Annual Report \\|date\\=2018 \\|publisher\\=Under Armour \\|page\\=4 \\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2018}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1336917/000133691718000009/ua\\-20171231x10k.htm \\|title\\=Form 10\\-K \\|date\\=2017 \\|publisher\\=Under Armour \\|page\\=9 \\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2018}}",
"Plank announced his departure as CEO in October 2019, and was succeeded on January 1, 2020, by Under Armour [COO](/wiki/Chief_operating_officer \"Chief operating officer\") [Patrik Frisk](/wiki/Patrik_Frisk \"Patrik Frisk\").[\"Under Armour CEO and founder Kevin Plank stepping down, replaced by COO Patrik Frisk\"; Courtney Regan; *CNBC*; Oct. 22, 2019\\.](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/22/under-armour-ceo-kevin-plank-resigns-taps-coo-patrik-frisk-for-top-job.html){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/22/business/under\\-armour\\-kevin\\-plank\\-ceo/index.html\\|title\\=Under Armour founder Kevin Plank is stepping down as CEO\\|author\\=Jordan Valinsky\\|website\\=CNN\\|date\\=22 October 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-25}}",
"Plank is a member of the board of trustees for the National Football Foundation.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company\\-officers/UA \\|title\\=Under Armour Inc \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2017}}",
"Plank and [Stephanie Ruhle](/wiki/Stephanie_Ruhle \"Stephanie Ruhle\"), a [Bloomberg News](/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\") journalist now with [MSNBC](/wiki/MSNBC \"MSNBC\"), were questioned by lawyers in early 2023 regarding a 2017 lawsuit by shareholders of Under Armour that alleges the company artificially inflated its share price, resulting in losses for them. According to *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")*, court documents showed that Plank gave Ruhle a phone with a special email address to communicate with him privately and at all hours, sent her confidential financial information about the company and enlisted her help to refute concerns about slumping sales. During his deposition, according to the Journal, Plank described Ruhle’s role by saying: “She’s a confidant. I would give her counsel on her career and she would give me counsel on things I was dealing with that were either banking or media or human nature in relation.” In her deposition, the paper reported, Ruhle said she took free trips with Plank on his private plane. When asked if she were acting as a friend or journalist on those trips, she said in her deposition: “I was flying on his plane as myself, Stephanie Ruhle. I’m not really in a category one or the other.”{{Cite news \\|last\\=Safdar \\|first\\=Khadeeja \\|title\\=A Private Phone. Secret Recordings. Inside One CEO's Relationship With a TV Anchor. \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/business/media/under\\-armour\\-kevin\\-plank\\-stephanie\\-ruhle\\-66cb65b5 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-30 \\|website\\=WSJ \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The same reporter, Khadeeja Safdar, had previously reported on the relationship between the billionaire and Ruhle in February 2019\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Safdar \\|first\\=Khadeeja \\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-21 \\|title\\=Meet Under Armour CEO's Unusual Adviser: An MSNBC Anchor \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=Wall Street Journal \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/meet\\-under\\-armour\\-ceos\\-unusual\\-adviser\\-an\\-msnbc\\-anchor\\-11550763306 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-30 \\|issn\\=0099\\-9660}}",
"### Sagamore Farm",
"Plank bought the 630\\-acre historic [Sagamore Farm](/wiki/Sagamore_Farm \"Sagamore Farm\") in [Baltimore County, Maryland](/wiki/Baltimore_County%2C_Maryland \"Baltimore County, Maryland\"), in 2007\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Under Armour CEO Kevin Plank embarks on megamansion in Baltimore County \\|last1\\=Sherman \\|first1\\=Natalie \\|url\\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/under\\-armour\\-blog/bs\\-bz\\-plank\\-mansion\\-20151223\\-story.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Baltimore Sun]] \\|date\\=December 23, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}} The property was once owned by [Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt](/wiki/Alfred_Gwynne_Vanderbilt \"Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Sagamore Farm history comes alive with visit from a Vanderbilt \\|last1\\=McKee \\|first1\\=Sandra \\|url\\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/bal\\-preakness\\-insider\\-sagamore\\-farm\\-history\\-comes\\-alive\\-with\\-visit\\-from\\-a\\-vanderbilt\\-20120427\\-story.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Baltimore Sun]] \\|date\\=April 27, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}} The farm was the home to stallion [Native Dancer](/wiki/Native_Dancer \"Native Dancer\"), who went 21 for 22 during his racing career from 1952 to 1954\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Ponying up \\|last1\\=Unger \\|first1\\=Mike \\|url\\=https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/2011/5/3/kevin\\-plank\\-eyes\\-the\\-triple\\-crown \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Baltimore (magazine)\\|Baltimore]] \\|date\\=May 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=May 25, 2018}} Plank has said he seeks to restore the farm and rejuvenate Maryland's horse racing tradition by raising a [Triple Crown](/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing_%28United_States%29 \"Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States)\") winning horse.{{cite news \\|title\\=Kevin Plank, founder of Under Armour, enters horse in Preakness \\|url\\=https://www.si.com/more\\-sports/2012/05/14/kevin\\-plank\\-horse\\-racing \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Sports Illustrated]] \\|date\\=May 14, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}} On November 5, 2010, Sagamore Farms' Shared Account won the $2 million [Breeders' Cup Filly \\& Mare Turf](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Filly_%26_Mare_Turf \"Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf\") (GI).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\\-racing/articles/133065/bc\\-winner\\-shared\\-account\\-retired \\|title\\=BC Winner Shared Account retired \\|date\\=November 17, 2011 \\|publisher\\=Bloodhorse.com \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}} There are about 100 horses on Sagamore farm, with about 40 actively training as of July 2017\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=50 things to do or see in Maryland sports: Visit Native Dancer's grave at Sagamore Farm \\|last1\\=Walker \\|first1\\=Childs \\|url\\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bal\\-50\\-things\\-to\\-do\\-or\\-see\\-in\\-maryland\\-sports\\-visit\\-native\\-dancer\\-s\\-grave\\-at\\-sagamore\\-farm\\-20170709\\-story.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Baltimore Sun]] \\|date\\=July 12, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}}",
"### Plank Industries",
"Beginning in 2013,{{cite news \\|title\\=In Baltimore, Under Armour's owner invests in a $5\\.5 billion bet on his city \\|author\\=Patrick Sisson \\|url\\=https://www.curbed.com/2017/4/11/15258408/baltimore\\-under\\-armour\\-port\\-covington\\-innovation\\-village \\|work\\=Curbed \\|date\\=April 11, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2018}} Plank's real estate firm, Sagamore Development, was leading a $5\\.5\\-billion [mixed\\-use development](/wiki/Mixed-use_development \"Mixed-use development\") project in Baltimore's [Port Covington](/wiki/Port_Covington \"Port Covington\") area.{{cite news \\|title\\=Remaking Baltimore's waterfront, with a splash of whiskey \\|last1\\=Hoppert \\|first1\\=Melissa \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/16/realestate/under\\-armour\\-preakness\\-kevin\\-plank\\-sagamore\\-port\\-covington.html?\\_r\\=1 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=May 16, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}} The company had acquired approximately 235 acres in the area and planned to build a mix of offices, residential areas, retail space, parks, boat launches and more.{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bs\\-ed\\-moy\\-kevin\\-plank\\-20161229\\-story.html \\|title\\=Marylander of the Year: Kevin Plank \\|last\\=Sun \\|first\\=Baltimore \\|newspaper\\=baltimoresun.com \\|access\\-date\\=January 10, 2017}}{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/real\\-estate/wonk/bs\\-bz\\-covington\\-under\\-armour\\-20150605\\-story.html \\|title\\=Plank's Sagamore Development plans start\\-up hub in Port Covington \\|last\\=Sherman \\|first\\=Natalie \\|newspaper\\=baltimoresun.com \\|access\\-date\\=January 10, 2017}}",
"Plank also founded the [whiskey](/wiki/Whiskey \"Whiskey\") [distillery](/wiki/Distillery \"Distillery\") Sagamore Spirit in 2013\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Sagamore Spirit debuts its distillery in Port Covington \\|last1\\=Gantz \\|first1\\=Sarah \\|url\\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bs\\-bz\\-sagamore\\-spirit\\-distillery\\-20170420\\-story.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Baltimore Sun]] \\|date\\=April 20, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}} He was initially approached about creating a [vineyard](/wiki/Vineyard \"Vineyard\"), but being a whiskey enthusiast he asked his business partner to research whiskey.{{cite news \\|title\\=Under Armour's Kevin Plank enters the whiskey wars \\|last1\\=Foster \\|first1\\=Tom \\|url\\=https://www.inc.com/tom\\-foster/under\\-armour\\-kevin\\-plank\\-enters\\-the\\-whiskey\\-wars.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Inc. (magazine)\\|Inc.]] \\|date\\=May 11, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}} The [limestone](/wiki/Limestone \"Limestone\") [aquifer](/wiki/Aquifer \"Aquifer\") on Plank's farm produced water fit to distill whiskey, so Plank and business partner Bill McDermond founded Sagamore Spirit to restore Maryland's whiskey distilling tradition. Its first bottles were sold at stores in 2016\\.",
"Plank renovated the former [Recreation Pier](/wiki/Sagamore_Pendry_Baltimore \"Sagamore Pendry Baltimore\") building in [Fells Point, Baltimore](/wiki/Fells_Point%2C_Baltimore \"Fells Point, Baltimore\"). The building was originally built in 1914 to store port cargo and later served as a community center and studio for the television series *[Homicide: Life on the Street](/wiki/Homicide:Life_on_the_Street \"Life on the Street\")*; it closed in 1999\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Historic Recreation Pier reopens as Sagamore Pendry Hotel \\|last1\\=Sherman \\|first1\\=Natalie \\|url\\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bs\\-bz\\-sagamore\\-hotel\\-ribbon\\-cutting\\-20170321\\-story.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Baltimore Sun]] \\|date\\=March 21, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}} Following Plank's renovation, the building reopened as the Sagamore Pendry Hotel.",
"Plank Industries also bought and revamped the water taxi in [Inner Harbor](/wiki/Inner_Harbor \"Inner Harbor\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Sagamore unveils first new Baltimore water taxi, a historic Chesapeake throwback \\|last1\\=Campbell \\|first1\\=Colin \\|url\\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore\\-city/bs\\-md\\-ci\\-water\\-taxi\\-20161107\\-story.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Baltimore Sun]] \\|date\\=November 7, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}}",
""
] |
List of attacks
---------------
### Andhra Pradesh
#### 2000 Church bombings of South India
{{Main\|2000 Church bombings of South India}}
The 2000 Church bombings refers to the serial bombings of churches in the southern [Indian](/wiki/India "India") states of [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka "Karnataka"), [Goa](/wiki/Goa "Goa") and [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh "Andhra Pradesh") by the [Islamist extremist](/wiki/Islamic_extremism "Islamic extremism") group [Deendar Anjuman](/wiki/Deendar_Anjuman "Deendar Anjuman") in the year 2000\. On 21 May 2000, a Christian congregation at [Machilipatnam](/wiki/Machilipatnam "Machilipatnam"), Andhra Pradesh was bombed. On 8 July 2000, two churches were bombed in [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh "Andhra Pradesh"), Gewett Memorial Baptist Church in [Ongole](/wiki/Ongole "Ongole") and the Mother Vannini Catholic Church in [Tadepalligudem](/wiki/Tadepalligudem "Tadepalligudem") town. The blast in the Ongole church injured three persons.
#### Kurnool train crash
{{Main\|Kurnool train crash}}
The Kurnool train crash was the derailment and crash of a passenger train in [Kurnool](/wiki/Kurnool "Kurnool") district in [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh "Andhra Pradesh"), [India](/wiki/India "India"), on 21 December 2002\. During the hasty repairs to the rails, it was discovered that one of the railway tracks had been recently and deliberately severed, which caused the derailment. Later reports agreed that the crash was caused by sabotage. Thirteen months after the attack, police in Hyderabad arrested a man named Syed Abdul Nayeem, a [Lashkar\-e\-Taiba](/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba "Lashkar-e-Taiba") activist, who failed a 'brainwave fingerprinting test' after being questioned by Indian police. He was charged with being involved in both this rail sabotage and a bombing which killed two people in the Sai Baba Temple.
### Assam
After [Nagaland](/wiki/Nagaland "Nagaland"), Assam is the most volatile state in the region. Beginning in 1979, the indigenous people of Assam demanded that the illegal immigrants who had emigrated from [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh") to [Assam](/wiki/Assam "Assam") be detected and deported. The movement led by the [All Assam Students Union](/wiki/All_Assam_Students_Union "All Assam Students Union") began non\-violently with [satyagraha](/wiki/Satyagraha "Satyagraha"), boycotts, picketing, and courting arrests.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2014}}
Those protesting frequently came under police action. In 1983 an election was conducted, which was opposed by the movement leaders. The election led to widespread violence. The movement finally ended after the movement leaders signed an agreement (called the [Assam Accord](/wiki/Assam_Accord "Assam Accord")) with the central government on 15 August 1985\.
Under the provisions of this accord, anyone who entered the state illegally between January 1966 and March 1971 was allowed to remain but was disenfranchised for ten years, while those who entered after 1971 faced expulsion. A November 1985 amendment to the Indian citizenship law allows non\-citizens who entered Assam between 1961 and 1971 to have all the rights of citizenship except the [right to vote](/wiki/Right_to_vote "Right to vote") for ten years.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2014}}
New Delhi also gave special administration autonomy to the [Bodos](/wiki/Bodo_people "Bodo people") in the state. However, the Bodos demanded a separate Bodoland, which led to a clash between the Bengalis, the Bodos, and the [Indian military](/wiki/Military_of_India "Military of India") resulting in hundreds of deaths.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2014}}
Several organisations advocate the independence of [Assam](/wiki/Assam "Assam"). The most prominent of these is the [United Liberation Front of Asom](/wiki/United_Liberation_Front_of_Asom "United Liberation Front of Asom") (ULFA). Formed in 1979, the ULFA has two main goals: the independence of [Assam](/wiki/Assam "Assam") and the establishment of a socialist government.
The ULFA has carried out several terrorist attacks in the region targeting the Indian Military and non\-combatants. The group assassinates political opponents, attacks police and other security forces, blasts railroad tracks, and attacks other infrastructure facilities. The ULFA is believed to have strong links with the *Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN)*, [Maoists](/wiki/Maoists "Maoists"), and the [Naxalites](/wiki/Naxalites "Naxalites").
It is also believed that they carry out most of their operations from the Kingdom of [Bhutan](/wiki/Bhutan "Bhutan"). Because of ULFA's increased visibility, the Indian government outlawed the group in 1986 and declared [Assam](/wiki/Assam "Assam") a troubled area. Under pressure from New Delhi, Bhutan carried out a massive operation to drive out the ULFA militants from its territory.
Backed by the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army"), [Thimphu](/wiki/Thimphu "Thimphu") was successful in killing more than a thousand terrorists and [extraditing](/wiki/Extradition "Extradition") many more to India while sustaining only 120 casualties. The Indian military undertook several successful operations aimed at countering future ULFA terrorist attacks, but the ULFA continues to be active in the region. In 2004, the ULFA targeted a public school in [Assam](/wiki/Assam "Assam"), killing 19 children and 5 adults.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2014}}
[Assam](/wiki/Assam "Assam") remains the only state in the northeast where terrorism is still a major issue. On 18 September 2005, a soldier was killed in Jiribam, Manipur, near the Manipur\-Assam border, by members of the ULFA. On 14 March 2011, Bodo militants of the Ranjan Daimary\-led faction ambushed patrolling troops of [BSF](/wiki/Border_Security_Force "Border Security Force") when on their way from Bangladoba in the Chirang district of Assam to Ultapani in Kokrajhar killing 8 jawans.{{cite web\|title\=8 BSF jawans killed by Bodo militants in Assam\|url\=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/8\-bsf\-jawans\-killed\-by\-bodo\-militants\-in\-assam/145952\-3\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316051154/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/8\-bsf\-jawans\-killed\-by\-bodo\-militants\-in\-assam/145952\-3\.html\|archive\-date\=16 March 2011\|access\-date\=15 March 2011\|publisher\=CNN\-IBN}}
On 5 August 2016, a terrorist attack was reported in the market area of Balajan Tinali of the city of [Kokrajhar](/wiki/Kokrajhar "Kokrajhar") that resulted in the death of 14 civilians and injuries to 15 others. Three terrorists, suspected to be Bodo militants, were reported to have attacked using [AK\-47](/wiki/AK-47 "AK-47") and a grenade.{{cite web\|author1\=Prabin Kalita\|author2\=Neeraj Chauhan\|date\=5 August 2016\|title\=14 killed, 15 injured in Assam's Kokrajhar after terrorists open fire in market\|url\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/14\-killed\-15\-injured\-in\-Assams\-Kokrajhar\-after\-terrorists\-open\-fire\-in\-market/articleshow/53556034\.cms\|access\-date\=5 August 2016\|work\=The Times of India}} OP Singh. Director General of Police said in a press conference the terrorist from the Hizbul Mujahideen group arrested in the city of Kanpur was Qamar\-uz\-Zama. He is 37 years old and is a resident of Assam.{{cite web\|title\=UP Anti\-Terrorism Squad arrests Hizbul terrorist in Kanpur for planning attack on Ganesh Chaturthi\|url\=https://www.firstpost.com/india/up\-anti\-terrorism\-squad\-arrests\-hizbul\-terrorist\-in\-kanpur\-for\-planning\-attack\-on\-ganesh\-chaturthi\-5178971\.html\|website\=Firstpost\|date\=13 September 2018}}
#### Brahmaputra Express Train bombing
{{Main\|Brahmaputra Mail train bombing}}
The Brahmaputra Express Train bombing was a terrorist attack on a train travelling in [Western Assam](/wiki/Western_Assam "Western Assam") in Eastern [India](/wiki/India "India") on 30 December 1996\. Most of the passengers were believed to be vacationers heading for Delhi to celebrate the New Year.{{Cite web\|title\= At least 26 dead in India train bombing – Dec. 30, 1996\|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9612/30/india.bomb/\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-05\|publisher\=CNN}} The train was carrying an estimated 1,200 passengers. Police in Kokrajhar said a bomb planted on the rails went off shortly after the New Delhi\-bound Brahmaputra Express left Kokrajhar in the jungle terrain of Assam state. "The blast took place at 7:15 p.m., a few minutes after the train left the Kokrajhar station for New Delhi." police said. The train's engine and its first coach car were derailed by the blast, and the next three rail cars were severely damaged, an official said. The bomb totally wrecked three carriages of the train and derailed six more, killing at least 33 people. No one has claimed responsibility, though the separatist Bodo rebel faction was believed to be involved.
#### 2004 Dhemaji school bombing
{{Main\|2004 Dhemaji school bombing}}
On the occasion of Independence Day, 15 August 2004, people, mostly were school children and their mothers, gathered at [Dhemaji College](/wiki/Dhemaji_College "Dhemaji College") ground for an Independence Day parade. At around 09:30 a bomb went off killing at least 18 and injuring many more. According to police, the bomb was planted near the college gate and triggered by a remote\-controlled device. It exploded when the students and teachers of various schools were passing through the gate. Police blamed [ULFA](/wiki/ULFA "ULFA"), a banned Assamese militant group, which had initially called for a boycott of the event. But on 13 December 2009, [Paresh Barua](/wiki/Paresh_Barua "Paresh Barua"), the C\-in\-C of the group, sought public apology and forgiveness for the blast. He stated in an e\-mail that the ULFA leadership was misled by some of their cadres and junior leaders about the blast, which is why the leadership had to deny its involvement.
#### 2008 Assam bombings
{{Main\|2008 Assam bombings}}
#### 2009 Assam bombings
{{Main\|2009 Assam bombings}}
#### 2009 Guwahati bombings
{{Main\|2009 Guwahati bombings}}
#### May 2014 Assam violence
{{Main\|May 2014 Assam violence}}
#### December 2014 Assam violence
{{Main\|December 2014 Assam violence}}
### Bihar
#### 2002 Rafiganj train wreck
{{Main\|Rafiganj train wreck}}
#### 2013 Bodh Gaya bombings
{{Main\|Bodh Gaya bombings}}
#### 2013 Patna bombings
{{Main\|2013 Patna bombings}}
### Chhattisgarh
#### April 2010 Dantewada attack
{{Main\|2010 Dantewada attack}}
#### May 2010 Dantewada bombing
{{Main\|2010 Dantewada bombing}}
#### 2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley
{{Main\|2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley}}
#### July 2013 Maoist attack in Dumka
{{Main\|July 2013 Maoist attack in Dumka}}
#### 2014 Chhattisgarh attack
{{Main\|2014 Chhattisgarh attack}}
#### 2018 Sukma attack
{{Main\|2018 Sukma attack}}
#### 2019 Dantewada attack
#### 2021 Sukma\-Bijapur attack
{{Main\|2021 Sukma\-Bijapur attack}}
### Delhi
#### 1996 Lajpat Nagar Blast
{{Main\|1996 Lajpat Nagar blast}}
A bomb blast occurred in [Lajpat Nagar market](/wiki/Lajpat_Nagar "Lajpat Nagar") in Delhi on 21 May 1996, killing 13 civilians and injuring 39 others. The blast was followed a day later by the [1996 Dausa blast](/wiki/1996_Dausa_blast "1996 Dausa blast"). Six members of the militant organisation [Jammu Kashmir Islamic Front](/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Islamic_Front "Jammu Kashmir Islamic Front") were convicted for the blasts. A police investigation discovered that the bombers were in close contact with the Pakistani [Inter\-Services Intelligence](/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence "Inter-Services Intelligence"). In April 2012, the court awarded a death sentence to Mohammed Naushad, Mohammed Ali Bhatt and Mirza Nissar Hussain. Javed Ahmed Khan was sentenced to life imprisonment, while Farooq Ahmed Khan and Farida Dar were released by the court, adding that their imprisonment served during the trial was their punishment. In November 2012, the Delhi High Court acquitted Mohammed Ali Bhatt and Mirza Nissar Hussain and commuted the death penalty of Mirza Nissar Hussain to life imprisonment.
#### 2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort
{{Main\|2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort}}
#### 2001 Attack on Indian parliament
{{Main\|2001 Indian Parliament attack}}
Terrorists on 13 December 2001 attacked the [Parliament of India](/wiki/Parliament_of_India "Parliament of India"), resulting in a 45\-minute gun battle in which 9 policemen and parliament staff were killed. All five terrorists were also killed by the security forces and were identified as Pakistani nationals. The attack occurred around 11:40 am (IST), minutes after both Houses of Parliament had adjourned for the day. The suspected terrorists dressed in commando fatigues entered Parliament in a car through the VIP gate of the building. Displaying Parliament and Home Ministry security stickers, the vehicle entered the Parliament premises. The terrorists set off massive blasts and used AK\-47 rifles, explosives, and grenades for the attack. Senior Ministers and over 200 members of parliament were inside the Central Hall of Parliament when the attack took place. Security personnel sealed the entire premises, which saved many lives.
#### 2005 Delhi bombings
{{Main\|29 October 2005 Delhi bombings}}
Three explosions went off in the [Indian](/wiki/India "India") capital of New Delhi on 29 October 2005, which killed more than 60 people and injured at least 200 others. The high number of casualties made the bombings the deadliest attack in [India in 2005](/wiki/2005_in_India "2005 in India"). It was followed by 5 bomb blasts on 13 September 2008\.
#### 2008 Delhi bombings
{{Main\|2008 Delhi bombings}}
#### 2008 Delhi bombing
{{Main\|2008 Delhi bombing}}
#### 2011 High court bombing
{{Main\|2011 Delhi bombing}}
The 2011 Delhi bombing took place in the [Indian](/wiki/India "India") capital [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi "Delhi") on Wednesday, 7 September 2011 at 10:14 local time outside Gate No. 5 of the [Delhi High Court](/wiki/Delhi_High_Court "Delhi High Court"), where a suspected briefcase bomb was planted.{{cite news\|date\=7 September 2011\|title\=Terror strikes Delhi again, 11 dead in HC blast\|publisher\=\[\[CNN\-IBN]]\|url\=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/terror\-strikes\-delhi\-again\-11\-dead\-in\-hc\-blast/182165\-3\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|access\-date\=7 September 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017164828/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/terror\-strikes\-delhi\-again\-11\-dead\-in\-hc\-blast/182165\-3\.html\|archive\-date\=17 October 2012}} The blast killed 12 people and injured 76\.
#### 2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats
{{Main\|2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats}}
### Gujarat
#### 2002 Akshardham Temple attack
{{Main\|Akshardham Temple attack}}
#### 2008 Ahmedabad bombings
{{Main\|2008 Ahmedabad bombings}}
### Haryana
#### 1987 Lalru Bus Massacre
{{Main\|1987 Lalru bus massacre}}
1987 Lalru bus massacre was a massacre of 38 [Hindus](/wiki/Hindus "Hindus") by [Khalistani](/wiki/Khalistan "Khalistan") [Sikh](/wiki/Sikh "Sikh") [terrorists](/wiki/Terrorist "Terrorist").{{Cite web\|first1\=Tavleen\|last1\=Singh \|first2\=Sreekant\|last2\=Khandekar\|date\=31 July 1987\|title\=Terrorists kill bus passengers in Punjab and Haryana mercilessly\|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover\-story/story/19870731\-terrorists\-kill\-bus\-passengers\-in\-punjab\-and\-haryana\-mercilessly\-799092\-1987\-07\-31\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-05\|website\=India Today}} It occurred on 6 July 1987 at [Lalru](/wiki/Lalru "Lalru"), presently in [Mohali District](/wiki/Mohali_District "Mohali District"), when a bus going from [Dhilwan](/wiki/Dhilwan "Dhilwan") in [Kapurthala district](/wiki/Kapurthala_district "Kapurthala district") to [Jalandhar](/wiki/Jalandhar "Jalandhar") was attacked by [Sikh militants](/wiki/Punjab_insurgency "Punjab insurgency") in which thirty eight [Hindu](/wiki/Hindu "Hindu") passengers were dragged out of the bus by the militants and then shot dead in Lalru in the northern state of [Punjab, India](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India "Punjab, India"). The goal of the terrorists behind the massacre was to [drive out the 7 million Hindus](/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus "Persecution of Hindus") living in the state of Punjab and force the Sikhs living outside of the Punjab state to move in. This would have enabled the Sikh separatists to claim the Punjab state as a sovereign country of Khalistan.
#### 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings
{{Main\|2007 Samjhauta Express bombings}}
### Himachal Pradesh
#### Chamba massacre of 1998
The 1998 Chamba massacre was the killing of thirty\-five Hindus by [Hizbul Mujahideen](/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen "Hizbul Mujahideen"), in the [Chamba district](/wiki/Chamba_district "Chamba district") of [Himachal Pradesh](/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh "Himachal Pradesh") in [India](/wiki/India "India") on 3 August 1998\.
### Jammu \& Kashmir and Ladakh
#### 2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre
August 2000, Kashmir massacre on 1 and 2 August was the [massacre](/wiki/Massacre "Massacre") of at least 89 Hindu pilgrims (official count) to 105 (as reported by [PTI](/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India "Press Trust of India")) and injury to at least 62 people, in at least five different coordinated attacks by Kashmiri separatist militants in [Anantnag district](/wiki/Anantnag_district "Anantnag district") and [Doda district](/wiki/Doda_district "Doda district") of [Kashmir Valley](/wiki/Kashmir_Valley "Kashmir Valley") in India.
### Karnataka
#### 2008 Bangalore Serial Blasts
[2008 Bangalore serial blasts](/wiki/2008_Bangalore_serial_blasts "2008 Bangalore serial blasts") occurred on 25 July 2008 in Bangalore, India. A series of nine bombs exploded in which two people were killed and 20 injured. According to the Bangalore City Police, the blasts were caused by low\-intensity crude bombs triggered by timers.
#### 2010 Bangalore Stadium Bombing
[2010 Bangalore stadium bombing](/wiki/2010_Bangalore_stadium_bombing "2010 Bangalore stadium bombing") occurred on 17 April 2010 in M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India. Two bombs exploded in a heavily packed Cricket stadium in which fifteen people were injured. A third bomb was found and defused outside the stadium.
### Kerala
{{POV section\|date\=September 2022}}
#### 1993 Chekannur Maulavi Murder
{{Main\|Chekannur Maulavi}}
#### 1994 Formation of National Development Front
{{Main\|National Development Front}}
#### 2005 Kalamassery bus burning case
The NIA court sentences two people to 7 years in jail. The people had assembled on 8 September 2005 at Aluva Masjid and chalked out their plan, at the instance and instigation of accused Majid Parambai and Sufia, to set fire to a Tamil Nadu government owned bus.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/kalamassery\-bus\-burning\-case\-nia\-court\-sentences\-two\-persons\-to\-7\-years\-of\-jail \| title\=Kalamassery bus burning case: NIA court sentences two persons to 7 years of jail }}
#### 2006 Kozhikode twin blast case
The explosions occurred at the two bus stations on Mavoor Road within a gap of 10 minutes in the afternoon of 3 March. Explosions were triggered by timer devices. Two persons, including a police officer, were injured in the blasts. Initially, it was investigated by a special police team and the Crime Branch. NIA took over the case in 2009\. Nazeer was arrested in 2009 from the India\-Bangladesh border in Meghalaya.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hc\-acquits\-self\-styled\-lashkar\-e\-taiba\-leader\-in\-the\-kozhikode\-blast\-case/article38333230\.ece \| title\=HC acquits self\-styled Lashkar\-e\-Taiba leader in the Kozhikode blast case \| newspaper\=The Hindu \| date\=27 January 2022 \| last1\=Gopakumar \| first1\=K. c. }}
#### 2010 [Assault on T. J. Joseph](/wiki/Assault_on_T._J._Joseph "Assault on T. J. Joseph")
{{Main\|Assault on T. J. Joseph}}
The **assault of T. J. Joseph** occurred on 4 July 2010 at [Muvattupuzha](/wiki/Muvattupuzha "Muvattupuzha") near [Nirmala College](/wiki/Nirmala_College%2C_Muvattupuzha "Nirmala College, Muvattupuzha") in the [Ernakulam](/wiki/Ernakulam "Ernakulam") district of [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala "Kerala"), India.{{cite web\|url\=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article164133\.ece \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106084316/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article164133\.ece \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=6 November 2013 \|title\=Controversial lecturer's palm chopped off \|work\=The New Indian Express \|date\=5 July 2010 \|accessdate\=12 May 2011}} T. J. Joseph, a professor of [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam "Malayalam") at [Newman College, Thodupuzha](/wiki/Newman_College%2C_Thodupuzha "Newman College, Thodupuzha"), a Christian minority institution affiliated with [Mahatma Gandhi University](/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_University%2C_Kerala "Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala"){{cite news\|url\=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/06/stories/2010070657111100\.htm \|title\=Two held for chopping off Ernakulam professor's palm \|date\=6 July 2010 \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|location\=Chennai, India \|accessdate\=12 July 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708171158/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/06/stories/2010070657111100\.htm \|archive\-date\=8 July 2010 \|url\-status\=dead}} had his hand cut off at the wrist on allegation of [blasphemy](/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy "Islam and blasphemy") according to Quran verses, by members of [Popular Front of India](/wiki/Popular_Front_of_India "Popular Front of India"), an Islamist organisation in India.\*{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rediff.com/news/2010/aug/02kerala\-one\-more\-arrested\-in\-lecturer\-attack\-case.htm \|title\=Kerala: One more arrested in lecturer attack case \|work\=Rediff.com \|date\=2 August 2010 \|accessdate\=12 May 2011}}
{{cite news\| url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Explosives\-weapons\-seized\-near\-Kerala\-mosque/articleshow/6160395\.cms \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811094756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010\-07\-13/india/28296095\_1\_pfi\-anti\-terror\-explosives \| url\-status\=live \| archive\-date\=11 August 2011 \| title\=Explosives, weapons seized near Kerala mosque \| date\=13 July 2010\| work\=\[\[The Times of India]] \| access\-date\= 7 September 2010 }}
{{cite news\| url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6316966/Handsome\-Muslim\-men\-accused\-of\-waging\-love\-jihad\-in\-India.html \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016080948/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6316966/Handsome\-Muslim\-men\-accused\-of\-waging\-love\-jihad\-in\-India.html \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-date\=16 October 2009 \| location\=London \| work\=The Daily Telegraph \| first\=Dean \| last\=Nelson \| title\=Handsome Muslim men accused of waging 'love jihad' in India \| date\=13 October 2009\| accessdate\= 7 September 2010 }}
{{cite news\|url\=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/22/stories/2010072253230700\.htm \|location\=Chennai, India \|title\=Probe source of extremist funding: CPI \|date\=22 July 2010 \|accessdate\=7 September 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725165611/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/22/stories/2010072253230700\.htm \|archive\-date\=25 July 2010 \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\-status\=dead}}
{{cite web\|author\=M.G. Radhakrishnan \|url\=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/104821/hatreds\-new\-haven.html?complete\=1 \|title\=Hatred's New Haven: STATES: India Today \|work\=India Today \|date\=10 July 2010 \|accessdate\=12 May 2011}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Defending\-the\-front/652613 \|title\=Defending the front \|work\=The Indian Express \|date\=28 July 2010 \|accessdate\=12 May 2011}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/07/islamic\-court\-ordered\-chopping\-of\-profs\-palm.htm \|title\=Islamic court ordered chopping of prof's palm – Rediff.com India News \|work\=Rediff.com \|date\=7 July 2010 \|accessdate\=12 May 2011}}
{{cite news\| url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday\-toi/special\-report/Taliban\-style\-courts\-in\-Gods\-Own\-Country/articleshow/6182633\.cms \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103115849/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010\-07\-18/special\-report/28320578\_1\_pfi\-taliban\-style\-thrissur \| url\-status\=live \| archive\-date\=3 November 2012 \| title\=Taliban\-style courts in God's Own Country \| date\=18 July 2010\| work\=\[\[The Times of India]] \| access\-date\= 3 August 2010 }}
* + - * + - * The then [Minister of Home Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs "Minister of Home Affairs") of Kerala, [Kodiyeri Balakrishnan](/wiki/Kodiyeri_Balakrishnan "Kodiyeri Balakrishnan"), made a statement that while government is aware that there is a local *[Dar\-ul Khada](/wiki/Dar-ul_Khada "Dar-ul Khada")* set up by the Popular Front of India under the supervision of the [All India Muslim Personal Law Board](/wiki/All_India_Muslim_Personal_Law_Board "All India Muslim Personal Law Board"), functioning to resolve civil disputes, there were no complaints received that it was passing "Taliban\-model" orders.{{cite news\|url\=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From\=Archive\&Source\=Page\&Skin\=TOINEW\&BaseHref\=TOIBG%2F2010%2F07%2F28\&GZ\=T\&ViewMode\=HTML\&EntityId\=Ar01302\&AppName\=1\|title\=TALIBAN IN KERALA? Kangaroo courts under lens\|work\=The Times of India\|accessdate\=2013\-04\-20\|location\=Trivandrum\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312225127/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From\=Archive\&Source\=Page\&Skin\=TOINEW\&BaseHref\=TOIBG%2F2010%2F07%2F28\&GZ\=T\&ViewMode\=HTML\&EntityId\=Ar01302\&AppName\=1\|archive\-date\=12 March 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article536784\.ece \|location\=Chennai, India \|work\=The Hindu \|title\=No report yet on 'Taliban\-model' courts: Kodiyeri \|date\=28 July 2010 \|accessdate\=1 August 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729160924/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article536784\.ece \|archive\-date\=29 July 2010 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article187796\.ece \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131111740/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article187796\.ece \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=31 January 2016 \|title\=Religious courts exist in Kerala: Kodiyeri \|work\=The New Indian Express \|date\=28 July 2010 \|accessdate\=12 May 2011}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.kaumudi.com/news/072810/kerala.stm\#5 \|title\=Kaumudi Online – English Edition \|publisher\=Kaumudi.com \|accessdate\=12 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713140842/http://www.kaumudi.com/news/072810/kerala.stm\#5 \|archive\-date\=13 July 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }}
#### 2015 ISIS recruitment
In 2015, Nimisha alias Fathima, a resident of [Thiruvananthapuram](/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram "Thiruvananthapuram"), along with her husband Isa Bexin Vincent, left India from Kerala with a group of 21 from Kerala and joined ISIS. Nimisha, a Hindu converted to Islam with her husband. They both worked for ISIS in Afghanistan and in Syria, and her husband died while working with the Islamist terrorist organization ISIS in Afghanistan.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/police\-vetting\-video\-of\-keralite\-is\-woman\-who\-wants\-to\-return\-home/article31081398\.ece \| title\=Police vetting video of Keralite IS woman who wants to return home \| newspaper\=The Hindu \| date\=16 March 2020 }}{{cite web \| url\=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala\-woman\-asks\-court\-allow\-her\-daughter\-who\-had\-joined\-isis\-return\-india\-152960 \| title\=Kerala woman asks court to allow her daughter who had joined ISIS to return to India \| date\=26 July 2021 }}
#### 2021 ISIS module case
NIA filed chargesheet against 8 alleged ISIS terrorists for radicalising, recruiting, organizing funds and grooming gullible Muslim youths from Kerala through different secured social media platforms to join global Islamist terrorist organizations. Deepthi Marla, Muhammad Waqar Lone, Mizha Sidheeque, Shifa Haris, Obaid Hamid Matta, Madesh Shankar, Ammar Abdul Rahiman and Muzamil Hassan Bhat were named in the charge sheet.{{cite news \| url\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/nia\-files\-chargesheet\-against\-8\-terrorists\-in\-isis\-kerala\-module\-case/articleshow/89185620\.cms \| title\=NIA files chargesheet against 8 terrorists in ISIS\-Kerala module case \| newspaper\=The Economic Times }}
#### 2021 Kerala Government Report on people joined in ISIS
Chief Minister of Kerala [Pinarayi Vijayan](/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan "Pinarayi Vijayan") revealed that around 100 people from Kerala had joined ISIS till 2019\. 94 out of 100 are Muslims and the rest 6 are converted to Islam from Hindu and Christian religions in Kerala.{{cite web \| url\=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id\=646343\&u\=100\-malayalis\-joined\-isis\-all\-except\-six\-born\-into\-muslim\-community\-says\-cm\-vijayan\-646343 \| title\=100 Malayalis joined ISIS, all except six born into Muslim community, says CM Vijayan }}
#### 2022 Islamist ISIS terrorist killed in Afghanistan
Najeeb Ali, a 23 year old engineering student who came from Kerala was killed in a suicide attack in Afghanistan.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.oneindia.com/india/kerala\-isis\-terrorist\-killed\-in\-afghanistan\-why\-india\-s\-no\-return\-policy\-is\-a\-good\-idea\-3381891\.html \| title\=Kerala ISIS terrorist killed in Afghanistan: Why India's no\-return policy is a good idea \| date\=11 March 2022 }}
#### 2022 IS Islamist terrorist killed in Libya
Voice of Khorasan, the Mouthpiece of IS in Afghanistan and the surrounding area, earlier introduced a story about Abu Bakr Al Hindi, "who was born in Kerala in a Christian family, converted to Islam by his Kerala Muslim friends when he was working at Middle east". He was killed while fighting for the Islamic State (IS) in [Libya](/wiki/Libya "Libya"). He was an engineer by profession and joined IS when working at Gulf.{{cite web \| url\=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/world/islamic\-state\-s\-mouthpiece\-voice\-of\-khorasan\-glorifies\-operative\-from\-kerala\-who\-died\-fighting\-in\-libya\-snt\-rgyr9m \| title\=Islamic State's mouthpiece 'Voice of Khorasan' glorifies operative from Kerala who died fighting in Libya }}
### Maharashtra
#### Mumbai
[thumb\|230px\|[Nariman House](/wiki/Nariman_House "Nariman House"), a Jewish center in Mumbai, after 26/11 terror attack in 2008\. Six Jews were killed there, along with 158 people of other faiths elsewhere in Mumbai by terrorists.Warren Kozak, [Remembering the Terror in Mumbai](https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204630904577055863900368528) The Wall Street Journal (26 November 2011\)](/wiki/File:2008_Mumbai_terror_attacks_Nariman_House_street.jpg "2008 Mumbai terror attacks Nariman House street.jpg")
Mumbai has been a common target for [terrorist organisations](/wiki/List_of_terrorist_organisations "List of terrorist organisations"), many operating with a base from Pakistan.[Terrorism\-related Incidents in Maharashtra since 2006](http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/maharashtra_Incidents.htm) South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP) (2014\) Over the past few years there have been a series of attacks, including explosions in [Mumbai Suburban trains](/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_Railway "Mumbai Suburban Railway") in July 2006, and the attacks of 26 November 2008, when two of the prime hotels, a landmark train station, and a Jewish [Chabad](/wiki/Chabad "Chabad") house, in [South Mumbai](/wiki/South_Mumbai "South Mumbai"), were attacked and sieged.[Jewish Center Is Stormed, and 6 Hostages Die](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/29/nyregion/29chabad.html?_r=0) The New York Times (28 November 2008\)
[Terrorist attacks](/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents "List of terrorist incidents") in Mumbai include:
* 12 March 1993 – [13 bombs killed 257](/wiki/1993_Bombay_bombings "1993 Bombay bombings")
* 6 December 2002 – [A Bus bomb in Ghatkopar, killed 2](/wiki/6_December_2002_Mumbai_bus_bombing "6 December 2002 Mumbai bus bombing")
* 27 January 2003 – [Bicycle bomb in Vile Parle, killed 1](/wiki/27_January_2003_Mumbai_bombing "27 January 2003 Mumbai bombing")
* 13 March 2003 – [A Train bomb in Mulund, killed 10](/wiki/13_March_2003_Mumbai_train_bombing "13 March 2003 Mumbai train bombing")
* 28 July 2003 – [A Bus bomb in Ghatkopar, killed 4](/wiki/28_July_2003_Mumbai_bus_bombing "28 July 2003 Mumbai bus bombing")
* 25 August 2003 – [Two Bombs near the Gateway of India and Zaveri Bazaar, killed 50](/wiki/25_August_2003_Mumbai_bombings "25 August 2003 Mumbai bombings")
* 11 July 2006 – [Seven train bombs killed 209](/wiki/11_July_2006_Mumbai_train_bombings "11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings")
* 26 November 2008 to 29 November 2008 – [Coordinated series of attacks, killed 172](/wiki/November_2008_Mumbai_attacks "November 2008 Mumbai attacks").
* 13 July 2011 – [Bomb explosions at three locations, killed 26](/wiki/2011_Mumbai_bombings "2011 Mumbai bombings")
#### Pune
* 13 February 2010 – a [bomb explosion](/wiki/2010_Pune_bombing "2010 Pune bombing") at the German Bakery in [Pune](/wiki/Pune "Pune") killed fourteen people, and injured at least 60 more
* 1 August 2012 – four [bomb explosion](/wiki/2012_Pune_bombings "2012 Pune bombings") at various locations on JM Road, [Pune](/wiki/Pune "Pune") injured 1 person
#### 1991 Kalyan Train Bomb Blast
{{Main\|Kalyan Junction railway station}}
On 8 November 1991, a bomb exploded on a train when it reached Kalyan railway station. Twelve people were killed and 65 injured in the explosion. Ravinder Singh alias Bittu who was linked to the [Babbar Khalsa](/wiki/Babbar_Khalsa "Babbar Khalsa"), a [Sikh](/wiki/Sikhs "Sikhs") [militant](/wiki/Khalistan_movement "Khalistan movement") organization was convicted in the case.
#### 1993 Bombay bombings
{{Main\|1993 Bombay bombings}}
The **1993 Bombay bombings** were a series of 12 terrorist bombings that took place in Mumbai, then known as [Bombay](/wiki/Bombay "Bombay"), [India](/wiki/India "India"), on 12 March 1993\. The single\-day attacks resulted in 257 fatalities and 1,400 injuries.
At 13:30 hours on 12 March 1993, a powerful [car bomb](/wiki/Car_bomb "Car bomb") exploded in the basement of the [Bombay Stock Exchange](/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange "Bombay Stock Exchange") building. The 28\-story office building was severely damaged and many nearby office buildings also suffered damage. Reports indicate that 50 were killed by this explosion. About 30 minutes later, another car bomb exploded in front of the Mandvi branch of Corporation Bank near Masjid. From 13:30 hours to 15:40 hours a total of 12 bombs exploded throughout Mumbai. Most of the bombs were car bombs but some were in scooters. Three hotels – the Hotel Sea Rock, Hotel Juhu Centaur, and Hotel Airport Centaur – were targeted by suitcase bombs left in rooms booked by the perpetrators. Banks, the regional passport office, the [Air India Building](/wiki/Air_India_Building "Air India Building"), and a major shopping complex were also hit. Bombs exploded at Zaveri Bazaar and opposite it a jeep\-bomb exploded at the Century Bazaar. [Grenades](/wiki/Grenade "Grenade") were thrown at [Sahar International Airport](/wiki/Sahar_International_Airport "Sahar International Airport") and at Fishermen's Colony, apparently targeting certain citizens at the latter. A double\-decker bus was very badly damaged in the deadliest explosion, with as many as 90 people killed.
On 10 July 2006, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, [Sharad Pawar](/wiki/Sharad_Pawar "Sharad Pawar"), admitted that he had "deliberately misled" people following the 1993 Mumbai bombings by saying there were "13 and not 12" explosions and had added the name of a Muslim\-dominated locality to show that people from both communities had been affected. He attempted to justify this deception by claiming that it was a move to prevent communal riots by falsely portraying that both Hindu and Muslim communities in the city had been affected adversely. He also admitted to lying about evidence recovered and misleading people into believing that it pointed to the [Tamil Tigers](/wiki/Tamil_Tigers "Tamil Tigers") as possible suspects.
### Manipur
Like its sister states in Northeast, Manipur has experienced years of insurgency and inter\-ethnic violence while it was part of Assam and sought more rights.[The mayhem in Manipur](http://www.economist.com/node/8786297) The Economist (1 March 2007\)[Manipur, India – A safe house for dangerous men](http://www.economist.com/node/8797972) The Economist (9 March 2007\) The state joined India on 21 September 1949, when [Maharaja Budhachandra](/wiki/Maharaja_Budhachandra "Maharaja Budhachandra") signed a Treaty of Accession merging the kingdom into India; this merger was disputed by various groups in Manipur as having been completed without consensus and under duress. Manipur was part of Assam after 1949, became a Union Territory in 1956\.{{cite web\|title\=The Constitution (Amendment)\|url\=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7\.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7\.htm\|archive\-date\=1 May 2017\|access\-date\=2011\-11\-19}} The first armed opposition group in Manipur, the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), was founded in 1964, which declared that it wanted to gain more rights or outright independence from India. After several rounds of negotiations, Manipur became a full state in 1972 along with several other sister states of the Northeast.{{Cite web \|date\=21 December 2012 \|title\=The North\-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Amendment Act, 2012 \|url\=http://indiacode.nic.in/acts\-in\-pdf/392012\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630033602/http://indiacode.nic.in/acts\-in\-pdf/392012\.pdf \|archive\-date\=30 June 2017 \|website\=India Code}} Post statehood, more groups continued to form in Manipur, each with different goals, and deriving support from diverse ethnic groups in Manipur. For example, in 1977 the People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) was formed, the [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Manipur "People's Liberation Army of Manipur") (PLA) was formed in 1978\. In 1980, the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) was formed. These groups began a spree of bank robberies and attacks on police officers and government buildings. The state government appealed to the central government in New Delhi for support in combating this violence.[Background: Conflict in Manipur](https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/india0908/2.htm) Human Rights Watch (2008\) In 1980, the central government brought the entire state of Manipur under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) because its state government claimed that the use of the Armed Forces in aid of the state and local police is necessary to prevent violent deaths and to maintain law and order.
The violence in Manipur includes significant inter\-ethnic tribal rivalry. There is violence between the Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis and other tribal groups. They have formed splinter groups who disagree with each other. Other than UNLF, PLA and PREPAK mentioned above, other Manipuri insurgent groups include Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF), Manipur Liberation Front Army (MLFA), Kanglei Yawol Khnna Lup (KYKL), Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC), Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), Kuki National Front (KNF), Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki Defence Force (KDF), Kuki Democratic Movement (KDM), Kuki National Organisation (KNO), Kuki Security Force (KSF), Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF), Kom Rem Peoples Convention (KRPC), Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers (ZRV), Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Zomi Reunification Organisation (ZRO), and Hmar Peoples Convention (HPC).
According to SATP (the South Asia Terrorism Portal),{{cite web\|author\=South Asia Terrorism Portal – Terrorism Analysis in South Asia\|title\=Terrorism – South Asia Terrorism Portal\|url\=http://www.satp.org/\|access\-date\=28 December 2014}} there has been a large decline in fatalities in Manipur in recent decades.[State wise Indian fatalities, 1994–2013](http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/indiafatalities.htm) Militancy and Terrorism Database, SATP, New Delhi Since 2010, about 25 civilians have died in militant\-related violence (about 1 per 100,000 people), dropping further to 21 civilian deaths in 2013 (or 0\.8 per 100,000 people). Most of these deaths have been from inter\-factional violence. Elections have been held regularly over recent decades. The last state assembly elections were held in 2012, with 79\.2% voter turnout and the incumbent re\-elected to power.[STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2012 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MANIPUR](http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_report_2012_MR.pdf) Election Commission of India (2012\)
### Meghalaya
### Mizoram
In 1947, Mizoram was part of Assam, and its districts were controlled by hereditary tribal chiefs. The educated elites among the Mizos campaigned against the tribal [chiefdom](/wiki/Chiefdom "Chiefdom") under the banner of [Mizo Union](/wiki/Mizo_Union "Mizo Union"). As a result of their campaign, the hereditary rights of the 259 chiefs were abolished under the Assam\-Lushai District (Acquisition of Chief's Rights) Act, 1954\.{{cite book\|last\=Chatterjee\|first\=Suhas\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=GI\-1rMckfpEC\&pg\=PA1\|title\=Making of Mizoram: Role of Laldenga\|publisher\=M.D. Publications\|year\=1994\|isbn\=978\-81\-85880\-38\-9\|page\=1\|access\-date\=28 August 2013}}Michael Sailo (2006\), Administration of Justice in Mizoram, {{ISBN\|978\-8183240598}}, Chapter 2 Village courts, which were disbanded by the colonial authorities during their re\-structuring of Assam, were re\-implemented in Mizo region. All of these regions were frustrated by these arrangements and centralized Assam governance. The Mizos were particularly dissatisfied with the government's inadequate response to the 1959–60 [mautam](/wiki/Mautam "Mautam") famine. The Mizo National Famine Front, a body formed for famine relief in 1959, later developed into a new political organisation, the [Mizo National Front](/wiki/Mizo_National_Front "Mizo National Front") (MNF) in 1961\.{{cite book\|last\=Kumāra\|first\=Braja Bihārī\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=nKqF\_AgDd4gC\&pg\=PA75\|title\=Small States Syndrome in India\|date\=1 January 1998\|publisher\=Concept\|isbn\=978\-81\-7022\-691\-8\|page\=75\|access\-date\=28 August 2013}} A period of protests and armed insurgency followed in the 1960s, with MNF seeking independence from India.Dommen, A. J. (1967\), Separatist Tendencies in Eastern India, Asian Survey, Vol. 7, No. 10 (Oct. 1967\), 726\-739
In 1971, the government agreed to convert the Mizo Hills into a Union Territory, which came into being as Mizoram in 1972\. Following the [Mizoram Peace Accord](/wiki/Mizoram_Peace_Accord "Mizoram Peace Accord") (1986\) between the Government and the MNF, Mizoram was declared a full\-fledged state of India in 1987\.{{cite book\|last1\=Stepan\|first1\=Alfred\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=kGUuOdeCiXQC\&pg\=PA105\|title\=Crafting State\-Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies\|last2\=Linz\|first2\=Juan J\|last3\=Yadav\|first3\=Yogendra\|date\=20 January 2011\|publisher\=JHU Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-8018\-9723\-8\|pages\=105–\|access\-date\=28 August 2013}} Mizoram got two seats in the [Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_India "Parliament of India"), one each in the [Lok Sabha](/wiki/Lok_Sabha "Lok Sabha") and in the [Rajya Sabha](/wiki/Rajya_Sabha "Rajya Sabha").{{cite book\|last\=Baruah\|first\=Sanjib\|title\=Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|year\=2007}} Per the accord, insurgents surrendered their arms. The first election of Mizoram Legislative Assembly was held on 16 February 1987\. Elections have been held at 5 year intervals since then. The most recent [Mizoram elections](/wiki/2013_Mizoram_Legislative_Assembly_election "2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election") were held for 40 seats of the legislative assembly on 25 November 2013\. The voter turnout was 81%. The Indian National Congress led by [Lal Thanhawla](/wiki/Lal_Thanhawla "Lal Thanhawla") was re\-elected to power.{{cite web\|title\=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results\|url\=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/\|archive\-date\=15 December 2013\|work\=ECI\|publisher\=Election Commission of India}} The region has been peaceful in recent decades. Between 2006 and 2013, between 0 and 2 civilians died each year from any protest\-related violence (or less than 0\.2 people per 100,000\).[Mizoram Violence Statistics, India Fatalities 1994–2014](http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/index.html) SATP (2014\)
### Nagaland
After the [independence of India](/wiki/Indian_independence_movement "Indian independence movement") in 1947, the area remained a part of the province of Assam. Nationalist activities arose amongst a section of the Nagas. [Phizo](/wiki/Angami_Zapu_Phizo "Angami Zapu Phizo")\-led [Naga National Council](/wiki/Naga_National_Council "Naga National Council") and demanded a political union of their ancestral and native groups. The movement led to a series of violent incidents, that damaged government and civil infrastructure, attacked government officials and civilians. The Union government sent the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army") in 1955, to restore order. In 1957, an agreement was reached between Naga leaders and the Indian government, creating a single separate region of the Naga Hills. The Tuensang frontier was united with this single political region, Naga Hills Tuensang Area (NHTA),{{cite news\|title\=Naga Hills Tuensang Area Act, 1957\|url\=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/727141/}} and it became a [Union territory](/wiki/Union_territory "Union territory") directly administered by the Central government with a large degree of autonomy. This was not satisfactory to the tribes, however, and agitation with violence increased across the state – including attacks on army and government institutions, and banks, as well as non\-payment of taxes. In July 1960, following a discussion between the then [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India "Prime Minister of India") Nehru and the leaders of the Naga People Convention (NPC), a 16\-point agreement was arrived at whereby the Government of India recognised the formation of Nagaland as a full\-fledged state within the Union of India.{{cite web\|title\=The 16\-point Agreement between the GOI \& Naga People's Convention\|url\=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/documents/papers/nagaland\_16point.htm\|access\-date\=28 December 2014}}
Nagaland became the 16th state of the Indian Union on 1 December 1963\.{{cite book\|author\=Suresh K. Sharma\|title\=Documents on North\-East India: Nagaland\|publisher\=Mittal Publications\|year\=2006\|isbn\=9788183240956\|pages\=225–228}}{{cite web\|title\=The State Of Nagaland Act, 1962\|url\=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1490539/\|access\-date\=28 December 2014}} After elections in January 1964, the first democratically elected [Nagaland Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Nagaland_Legislative_Assembly "Nagaland Legislative Assembly") was constituted on 11 February 1964\.{{cite web\|last\=Ovung\|first\=Albert\|title\=The Birth of Ceasefire in Nagaland\|url\=http://nagaland.net/spotlight\_detail.php?id\=1\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728150315/http://nagaland.net/spotlight\_detail.php?id\=1\|archive\-date\=28 July 2013\|access\-date\=25 June 2014}} The rebel activity continued, in the form of banditry and attacks, motivated more by inter\-factional tribal rivalry and personal vendetta than by political aspiration. In November 1975, the leaders of largest rebellion groups agreed to lay down their arms and accept the Indian constitution, a small group did not agree and continued their insurgent activity.Nagaland, *Encyclopædia Britannica* (2011\)[Nagaland – State Human Development Report](http://cq-publish.dev.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/state_human_develop_report_nagaland_full_report_2008.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821073819/http://cq\-publish.dev.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/state\_human\_develop\_report\_nagaland\_full\_report\_2008\.pdf\|date\=21 August 2014}} United Nations Development Programme (2005\)
#### 1996 Dimapur car bombing
{{main\|1996 Dimapur car bombing}}
On Christmas Day, 25 December 1996, the [NSCN\-IM](/wiki/Nationalist_Socialist_Council_of_Nagaland "Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland") detonated a powerful [car bomb](/wiki/Car_bomb "Car bomb") triggered by remote control in the Ara Mile neighbourhood of [Dimapur](/wiki/Dimapur "Dimapur"), Nagaland in an attempted assassination on [Kihoto Hollohon](/wiki/Kihoto_Hollohon "Kihoto Hollohon"), the then Minister of Industries \& Commerce of Nagaland. Hollohon escaped as he was not in the vehicle. The blast killed his wife, daughter, granddaughter, grandson and one other on the spot.
#### 2004 Dimapur bombings
{{main\|2004 Dimapur bombings}}
On 2 October 2004, two powerful bombs were set off—one at the [Dimapur Railway Station](/wiki/Dimapur_railway_station "Dimapur railway station") and the other at the Hong Kong Market killing 30 and injuring over 100 others.{{cite web\|last\=Vinayak\|first\=G\|url\=https://m.rediff.com/news/2004/oct/02naga.htm\|title\=At least 30 killed in Nagaland blast\|website\=\[\[Rediff.com]]\|date\=2 October 2004\|access\-date\=23 August 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/10/3/india\-reels\-after\-deadly\-blasts\|title\=India reels after deadly blasts\|website\=\[\[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]]\|date\=3 October 2004\|access\-date\=23 August 2022}}
Over the 5 year of 2009 to 2013, between 0 and 11 civilians died per year in Nagaland from rebellion related activity (or less than 1 death per year per 100,000 people), and between 3 and 55 militant deaths per year in inter\-factional killings (or between 0 and 3 deaths per 100,000 people).[Nagaland Violence Statistics, India Fatalities 1994–2014](http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/index.html) SATP (2014\) The most recent Nagaland Legislative Assembly election took place on 23 February 2013 to elect the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from each of the 60 Assembly Constituencies in the state. The voter turnout was 83% and Nagaland People's Front was elected to power with 37 seats.[Nagaland elections 2013](http://ceonagaland.nic.in/ae2013/StatisticalReport_2013.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808181708/http://ceonagaland.nic.in/ae2013/StatisticalReport\_2013\.pdf\|date\=8 August 2013}} Elections Commission of India, Government of India
### Odisha
### Punjab
In the 1980s, an insurgent movement turned to violence, seeking a separate state called [Khalistan](/wiki/Khalistan "Khalistan"), independent of India. They were led by Jarnail Singh [Bhindranwale](/wiki/Bhindranwale "Bhindranwale") who was neutral on the establishment of a new state.Oberoi, H. S. (1987\), From Punjab to" Khalistan": Territoriality and Metacommentary, Pacific Affairs, 26\-41
In 1984, [Operation Blue Star](/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star "Operation Blue Star") was conducted by the Indian government to confront the movement. It involved an assault on the Golden Temple complex, which Sant Bhindranwale had fortified in preparation of an army assault. [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi "Indira Gandhi"), [India](/wiki/India "India")'s then prime minister, ordered the military to storm the temple, who eventually had to use tanks. After a 74\-hour firefight, the army successfully took control of the temple. In doing so, it damaged some portions of the [Akal Takht](/wiki/Akal_Takht "Akal Takht"), the [Sikh Reference Library](/wiki/Sikh_Reference_Library "Sikh Reference Library"), and the [Golden Temple](/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib "Harmandir Sahib") itself. According to Indian government sources, 83 army personnel were killed and 249 were injured. Militant casualties were 493 killed and 86 injured.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2014}}
During the same year, the assassination of [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi "Indira Gandhi") by two Sikh [bodyguards](/wiki/Bodyguard "Bodyguard"), believed to be driven by the Golden Temple affair, resulted in widespread anti\-Sikh riots, especially in New Delhi. Following [Operation Black Thunder](/wiki/Operation_Black_Thunder "Operation Black Thunder") in 1988, [Punjab Police](/wiki/Punjab_Police_%28India%29 "Punjab Police (India)"), first under Julio Ribeiro and then under [KPS Gill](/wiki/Kanwar_Pal_Singh_Gill "Kanwar Pal Singh Gill"), together with the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army"), eventually succeeded in pushing the movement underground.
In 1985, Sikh terrorists bombed an [Air India](/wiki/Air_India "Air India") flight from Canada to India, killing all 329 people on board [Air India Flight 182](/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182 "Air India Flight 182"). It was one of the worst terrorist act in Canada's history.
The ending of Sikh militancy and the desire for a Khalistan catalysed when the then\-Prime Minister of [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"), [Benazir Bhutto](/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto "Benazir Bhutto"), handed all intelligence material concerning Punjab militancy to the Indian government, as a goodwill gesture. The Indian government used that intelligence to arrest those who were behind attacks in India and militancy.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2014}}
The ending of overt Sikh militancy in 1993 led to a period of relative calm, punctuated by militant acts (for example, the assassination of Punjab CM, Beant Singh, in 1995\) attributed to half a dozen or so operating Sikh militant organisations. These organisations include [Babbar Khalsa International](/wiki/Babbar_Khalsa_International "Babbar Khalsa International"), [Khalistan Commando Force](/wiki/Khalistan_Commando_Force "Khalistan Commando Force"), [Khalistan Liberation Force](/wiki/Khalistan_Liberation_Force "Khalistan Liberation Force"), and [Khalistan Zindabad Force](/wiki/Khalistan_Zindabad_Force "Khalistan Zindabad Force").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/khalistan\-zindabad\-force\-klf\|title \= Khalistan Zindabad Force (KLF)}}
#### 1991 Punjab killings
{{Main\|1991 Punjab killings}}
The **1991 Punjab killings** was a massacre of train passengers that occurred on 15 June 1991 in the [Ludhiana district](/wiki/Ludhiana_district "Ludhiana district") of the Indian State of [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab_%28India%29 "Punjab (India)"), where [Sikh](/wiki/Sikh "Sikh") Khalistani militants killed at least 80 to 126 passengers travelling in two trains. The militants stopped the two trains about a kilometre from Ludhiana station by pulling their [emergency cords, triggering emergency brakes](/wiki/Emergency_brake_%28train%29%23India "Emergency brake (train)#India"). They proceeded to open fire inside the trains at around 9:35 p.m. ([IST](/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time "Indian Standard Time")), killing at least 80 passengers. On the second train, the Dhuri\-Hisar passenger train, the militants fired indiscriminately. After the attackers fled, the train moved back to Badduwal station, where the rescue team arrived with doctors. Local villagers helped the survivors with food, water, medicine, and mental support. The attacks came less than five hours after polling closed in a national election already marred by violence and interrupted by the assassination of ex\-Prime Minister [Rajiv Gandhi](/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi "Rajiv Gandhi") around a month prior.
### Rajasthan
#### 1996 Dausa blast
{{Main\|1996 Dausa blast}}
A bomb blast occurred on a bus near Samleti village in [Dausa](/wiki/Dausa "Dausa"), [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan "Rajasthan") on 22 May 1996\. The blast, which took place a day after the [1996 Lajpat Nagar blast](/wiki/1996_Lajpat_Nagar_blast "1996 Lajpat Nagar blast"), killed 14 people and injured 37 others. The chargesheet filed about the incident stated that the individuals responsible were associated with the [Jammu and Kashmir Islamic Front](/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Islamic_Front "Jammu and Kashmir Islamic Front"), and that some of the accused had been involved in the Sawai Man Singh Stadium blast. The district and sessions court in [Bandikui](/wiki/Bandikui "Bandikui") sentenced Abdul Hamid, one of the accused, to death, and sentenced six others to life imprisonment, while acquitting the remaining individual charged with the incident for lack of evidence against him.
### Sikkim
### Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu had LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) militants operating in the Tamil Nadu state up until the assassination of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. LTTE had given many speeches in Tamil Nadu led by [Velupillai Prabhakaran](/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran "Velupillai Prabhakaran"), [Tamilselvan](/wiki/Tamilselvan "Tamilselvan"), and other Eelam members. The Tamil Tigers, now a banned organisation, had been receiving many donations and support from India in the past. The [Tamil Nadu Liberation Army](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Liberation_Army "Tamil Nadu Liberation Army") is a militant Tamil movement in India that has ties to LTTE.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2010}}
#### Meenambakkam bomb blast
{{Main\|Meenambakkam bomb blast}}
[Meenambakkam bomb blast](/wiki/Meenambakkam_bomb_blast "Meenambakkam bomb blast") was an explosion that occurred on 2 August 1984 at [Meenambakkam](/wiki/Meenambakkam "Meenambakkam") International Airport in [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai "Chennai"), [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu"). 33 persons were killed and 27 others were injured. The [Tamil Eelam Army](/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Army "Tamil Eelam Army") was suspected. Several members were convicted in 1998\.{{cite web\|title\=Indian Express Article\|url\=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19980208/03950624\.html}}
#### Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
{{Main\|Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi}}
The [Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi](/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi "Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi"), former [Prime Minister of India](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India "Prime Minister of India"), occurred as a result of a [suicide bombing](/wiki/Suicide_bombing "Suicide bombing") in [Sriperumbudur](/wiki/Sriperumbudur "Sriperumbudur"), [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai "Chennai"), in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu"), [India](/wiki/India "India") on 21 May 1991\.{{Cite news\|last\=Crossette\|first\=Barbara\|date\=1991\-05\-22\|title\=Assassination in INdia; Rajiv Gandhi Is Assassinated in Bombing at Campaign Stop; India Pus Off Rest of Voting\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/22/world/assassination\-india\-rajiv\-gandhi\-assassinated\-bombing\-campaign\-stop\-india\-puts.html\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-05\|issn\=0362\-4331}} At least 14 others, in addition to [Rajiv Gandhi](/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi "Rajiv Gandhi"), were killed.{{Cite news\|date\=1991\-05\-21\|title\=1991: Bomb kills India's former leader Rajiv Gandhi\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/21/newsid\_2504000/2504739\.stm\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-05}} It was carried out by Thenmozhi Rajaratnam (also known as Kalaivani Rajaratnam or Dhanu),{{Cite web\|date\=29 August 2005\|title\=Lady with the Poison Flowers\|url\=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/lady\-with\-the\-poison\-flowers/228400\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-05\|website\=\[\[Outlook (Indian magazine)\|Outlook]]}} a member of the [Sri Lankan Tamil](/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil "Sri Lankan Tamil") separatist organization [Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam](/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam "Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam") (LTTE).
#### 1993 bombing of RSS office in Chennai
{{Main\|1993 bombing of RSS office in Chennai}}
**1993 bombing of the RSS office in Chennai** refers to the bombing of the head office of the [Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh](/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh "Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh") in [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai "Chennai") in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu") on 8 August 1993 by [terrorists](/wiki/Terrorists "Terrorists"). The bombings left eleven people dead and seven others injured.
The special [CBI](/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation "Central Bureau of Investigation") court tried eighteen of the accused under the now\-defunct [Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act](/wiki/Terrorist_and_Disruptive_Activities_%28Prevention%29_Act "Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act"). They had been earlier given life imprisonment by a TADA court in Chennai for their involvement in the blast on 8 August 1993 at the RSS office in Chennai. The CBI has announced a reward of Rs. 10 lakh for providing credible information about Mushtaq Ahmed, one of the main accused in the blast.
#### 1998 Coimbatore bombings
{{Main\|1998 Coimbatore bombings}}
Tamil Nadu also faced terrorist attacks orchestrated by Muslim fundamentalists.
### Telangana
#### Hyderabad
August 2007 Hyderabad bombings
[25 August 2007 Hyderabad bombings](/wiki/25_August_2007_Hyderabad_bombings "25 August 2007 Hyderabad bombings"), two bombs exploded almost simultaneously on 25 August 2007 in Hyderabad, capital of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The first bomb exploded in Lumbini Amusement Park at 19:45 hrs IST. The second bomb exploded five minutes later at 19:50 in Gokul Chat Bhandar.
The [Mecca Masjid bombing](/wiki/Mecca_Masjid_bombing "Mecca Masjid bombing") occurred on 18 May 2007 inside the [Mecca Masjid](/wiki/Mecca_Masjid "Mecca Masjid"), (or "Makkah Masjid") a mosque the old city area in [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad%2C_Andhra_Pradesh "Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh"), capital of the [Indian](/wiki/India "India") [state](/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India "States and territories of India") of [Telangana](/wiki/Telangana "Telangana") (then undivided [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh "Andhra Pradesh"))[Article on BBC website](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6668695.stm) located very close to [Charminar](/wiki/Charminar "Charminar"). The blast was caused by a [cellphone](/wiki/Cellphone "Cellphone")\-triggered [pipe bomb](/wiki/Pipe_bomb "Pipe bomb").{{cite web\|title\=Homepage\|url\=http://deccan.com/home/homedetails.asp\#Killer\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040221023023/http://www.deccan.com/home/homedetails.asp\#Killer\|archive\-date\=21 February 2004\|access\-date\=28 December 2014\|work\=Deccan Chronicle}} Fourteen people were reported dead in the immediate aftermath, of whom five(official record:disputed) were killed by the police firing after the incident while trying to quell the mob.
The most recent [2013 Hyderabad blasts](/wiki/2013_Hyderabad_blasts "2013 Hyderabad blasts") occurred around 19:00 IST. The two blasts occurred in the Indian city of Hyderabad's Dilsukhnagar. The simultaneous blasts occurred near a bus stop and a cinema.
### Tripura
#### Mandai massacre
[Mandai massacre](/wiki/Mandai_massacre "Mandai massacre") refers to the general massacre of the [Bengalis](/wiki/Bengalis "Bengalis") of Mandai village near [Agartala](/wiki/Agartala "Agartala") in the Indian state of Tripura on 8 June 1980, by tribal insurgents. According to official figures 255 Bengalis were massacred in Mandwi, while foreign presses, independent sources and eyewitnesses put the figure anywhere between 350 and 400\. Many of the victims had their heads crushed and their limbs severed. The children were spiked through.{{Cite web\|title\=Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette – Google News Archive Search\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1129\&dat\=19800616\&id\=3E4NAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=zm0DAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3736,2460642\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-05\|website\=news.google.com}} Pregnant women had their stomachs slit open. The [Amrita Bazar Patrika](/wiki/Amrita_Bazar_Patrika "Amrita Bazar Patrika") described the Mandwi massacre as [My Lai massacre](/wiki/My_Lai_Massacre "My Lai Massacre") put into shade.{{Cite book\|last\=Ghosh\|first\=Kamalini\|title\=Tribal Insurrection in Tripura: A Study in Relative Deprivation\|year\=1984\|location\=Hyderabad\|pages\=98}} According to Major R. Rajamani, the commander of the [Indian army](/wiki/Indian_army "Indian army") contingent that arrived on 9 June, the My Lai massacre was not even half as gruesome as in Mandai.
### Uttar Pradesh
#### 2010 Varanasi blasts
{{Main\|2010 Varanasi bombing}}
On 7 December 2010, another [blast](/wiki/Bombing "Bombing") occurred in Varanasi, that killed immediately a [toddler](/wiki/Toddler "Toddler"), and set off a [stampede](/wiki/Stampede "Stampede") in which 20 people, including four foreigners, were injured.[Varanasi bomb blast kills toddler](https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/varanasi-bomb-blast-kills-toddler-1.934743) – CBC News, 7 December 2010 The responsibility for the attack was claimed by the [Islamist](/wiki/Islamist "Islamist") militant group [Indian Mujahideen](/wiki/Indian_Mujahideen "Indian Mujahideen").[Child killed, 20 injured in Varanasi blast: IM claims responsibility](http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=53415){{dead link\|date\=October 2015}}
#### 2006 Varanasi blasts
{{Main\|2006 Varanasi bombings}}
A series of blasts occurred across the [Hindu](/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism") holy city of [Varanasi](/wiki/Varanasi "Varanasi") on 7 March 2006\. Fifteen people are reported to have been killed and as many as 101 others were injured. On 5 April 2006 the Indian police arrested six Islamic militants, including a cleric who helped plan bomb blasts. The cleric is believed to be a commander of a banned [Bangladeshi](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh") Islamic militant group, Harkatul Jihad\-al Islami, and is linked to the [Inter\-Services Intelligence](/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence "Inter-Services Intelligence"), the [Pakistani](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") spy agency.{{cite news\|date\=5 April 2006\|title\=Indian Police Arrest Islamic Cleric for Blasts\|agency\=Reuters\|url\=http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section\=1\&id\=4412\|access\-date\=5 October 2009}}
#### 2005 Ayodhya attacks
{{Main\|2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack in Ayodhya}}
The long simmering Ayodhya crisis finally culminated in a terrorist attack on the site of the 16th century [Babri Masjid](/wiki/Babri_Mosque "Babri Mosque"). The ancient Masjid in [Ayodhya](/wiki/Ayodhya "Ayodhya") was demolished on 5 July 2005\. Following the two\-hour gunfight between [Lashkar\-e\-Toiba](/wiki/Lashkar-e-Toiba "Lashkar-e-Toiba") terrorists based in Pakistan and Indian police, in which six terrorists were killed, opposition parties called for a nationwide strike with the country's leaders condemning the attack, believed to have been masterminded by [Dawood Ibrahim](/wiki/Dawood_Ibrahim "Dawood Ibrahim").
#### 2022 Gorakhpur attack
In April 2022, a man armed with a dagger forcibly tried to enter the temple premises. Chanting religious slogans, the man identified as Ahmad Murtaza Abbasi approached the constables at the gate and attacked them as a result of which two constables were injured. As the police attempted to arrest him he evaded them for a while before being captured. Abbasi is an engineering graduate from [IIT Mumbai](/wiki/IIT_Bombay "IIT Bombay"). The temple had a sizeable crowd of devotees as it was a Sunday afternoon. However no civilians were harmed in the attack. The case is being investigated by the Uttar Pradesh Anti Terrorist Squad.{{Cite web \|last\=Ranjan \|first\=Abhinav \|date\=2022\-04\-04 \|title\=Gorakhnath temple attack: Yogi govt hands over probe to UP Anti\-Terrorism Squad \|url\=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/gorakhnath\-temple\-attack\-yogi\-adityanath\-government\-hands\-over\-probe\-to\-uttar\-pradesh\-ats\-anti\-terrorism\-squad\-2022\-04\-04\-767582 \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-05 \|website\=indiatvnews.com}}{{Cite web \|title\=IIT graduate attacks constables at Gorakhnath temple; ATS to probe \|url\=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/iit\-graduate\-attacks\-constables\-at\-gorakhnath\-temple\-ats\-to\-probe\-383647 \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-05 \|website\=Tribuneindia News Service}}
### Uttarakhand
#### 1991 Rudrapur bombings
{{Main\|1991 Rudrapur bombings}}
Two bombs were exploded on 17 October 1991\. The first bomb exploded when people were watching [Ramlila](/wiki/Ramlila "Ramlila") on the public ground. After 15 minutes the second bomb went off near the hospital where injured were being taken. The bombings killed more than 40 people and injured 140 people. Later BSTK and the [Khalistan](/wiki/Khalistan "Khalistan") National Army claimed the responsibility for the bombings.
### West Bengal
#### 1993 Bowbazar bombing
{{Main\|1993 Bowbazar bombing}}
The **Bowbazaar bomb blast** was an explosion which occurred in the central business district of [Bowbazar](/wiki/Bowbazar "Bowbazar"), [Calcutta](/wiki/Calcutta "Calcutta"), [India](/wiki/India "India") on the night of 16 March 1993\. In total, it claimed the lives of 69 people.
In 1993, Mohammed Rashid Khan ran gambling establishments in the Bowbazaar area and had a workshop above his office where he made small bombs. After the [demolition of the Babri Masjid](/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid "Demolition of the Babri Masjid") and the riots which followed, Khan and his accomplices made plans to bomb parts of the city in order to kill Hindu residents. He began stockpiling explosives. Preparations were made secretly until, on the night of 16 March, the entire stockpile blew up accidentally. If the blast had occurred in the daytime, the death toll would have been much higher. According to some witnesses, the sound of the blast could be heard 3 miles away.
Khan and five others were sentenced to life imprisonment in 2001 by the [Calcutta High Court](/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court "Calcutta High Court") under the [Terrorist And Disruptive (Prevention) Act (TADA)](/wiki/Terrorist_and_Disruptive_Activities_%28Prevention%29_Act "Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act").
|
[
"List of attacks\n---------------",
"### Andhra Pradesh",
"#### 2000 Church bombings of South India",
"{{Main\\|2000 Church bombings of South India}}\nThe 2000 Church bombings refers to the serial bombings of churches in the southern [Indian](/wiki/India \"India\") states of [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka \"Karnataka\"), [Goa](/wiki/Goa \"Goa\") and [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh \"Andhra Pradesh\") by the [Islamist extremist](/wiki/Islamic_extremism \"Islamic extremism\") group [Deendar Anjuman](/wiki/Deendar_Anjuman \"Deendar Anjuman\") in the year 2000\\. On 21 May 2000, a Christian congregation at [Machilipatnam](/wiki/Machilipatnam \"Machilipatnam\"), Andhra Pradesh was bombed. On 8 July 2000, two churches were bombed in [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh \"Andhra Pradesh\"), Gewett Memorial Baptist Church in [Ongole](/wiki/Ongole \"Ongole\") and the Mother Vannini Catholic Church in [Tadepalligudem](/wiki/Tadepalligudem \"Tadepalligudem\") town. The blast in the Ongole church injured three persons.",
"#### Kurnool train crash",
"{{Main\\|Kurnool train crash}}\nThe Kurnool train crash was the derailment and crash of a passenger train in [Kurnool](/wiki/Kurnool \"Kurnool\") district in [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh \"Andhra Pradesh\"), [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), on 21 December 2002\\. During the hasty repairs to the rails, it was discovered that one of the railway tracks had been recently and deliberately severed, which caused the derailment. Later reports agreed that the crash was caused by sabotage. Thirteen months after the attack, police in Hyderabad arrested a man named Syed Abdul Nayeem, a [Lashkar\\-e\\-Taiba](/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba \"Lashkar-e-Taiba\") activist, who failed a 'brainwave fingerprinting test' after being questioned by Indian police. He was charged with being involved in both this rail sabotage and a bombing which killed two people in the Sai Baba Temple.",
"### Assam",
"After [Nagaland](/wiki/Nagaland \"Nagaland\"), Assam is the most volatile state in the region. Beginning in 1979, the indigenous people of Assam demanded that the illegal immigrants who had emigrated from [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\") to [Assam](/wiki/Assam \"Assam\") be detected and deported. The movement led by the [All Assam Students Union](/wiki/All_Assam_Students_Union \"All Assam Students Union\") began non\\-violently with [satyagraha](/wiki/Satyagraha \"Satyagraha\"), boycotts, picketing, and courting arrests.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"Those protesting frequently came under police action. In 1983 an election was conducted, which was opposed by the movement leaders. The election led to widespread violence. The movement finally ended after the movement leaders signed an agreement (called the [Assam Accord](/wiki/Assam_Accord \"Assam Accord\")) with the central government on 15 August 1985\\.",
"Under the provisions of this accord, anyone who entered the state illegally between January 1966 and March 1971 was allowed to remain but was disenfranchised for ten years, while those who entered after 1971 faced expulsion. A November 1985 amendment to the Indian citizenship law allows non\\-citizens who entered Assam between 1961 and 1971 to have all the rights of citizenship except the [right to vote](/wiki/Right_to_vote \"Right to vote\") for ten years.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"New Delhi also gave special administration autonomy to the [Bodos](/wiki/Bodo_people \"Bodo people\") in the state. However, the Bodos demanded a separate Bodoland, which led to a clash between the Bengalis, the Bodos, and the [Indian military](/wiki/Military_of_India \"Military of India\") resulting in hundreds of deaths.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"Several organisations advocate the independence of [Assam](/wiki/Assam \"Assam\"). The most prominent of these is the [United Liberation Front of Asom](/wiki/United_Liberation_Front_of_Asom \"United Liberation Front of Asom\") (ULFA). Formed in 1979, the ULFA has two main goals: the independence of [Assam](/wiki/Assam \"Assam\") and the establishment of a socialist government.",
"The ULFA has carried out several terrorist attacks in the region targeting the Indian Military and non\\-combatants. The group assassinates political opponents, attacks police and other security forces, blasts railroad tracks, and attacks other infrastructure facilities. The ULFA is believed to have strong links with the *Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN)*, [Maoists](/wiki/Maoists \"Maoists\"), and the [Naxalites](/wiki/Naxalites \"Naxalites\").",
"It is also believed that they carry out most of their operations from the Kingdom of [Bhutan](/wiki/Bhutan \"Bhutan\"). Because of ULFA's increased visibility, the Indian government outlawed the group in 1986 and declared [Assam](/wiki/Assam \"Assam\") a troubled area. Under pressure from New Delhi, Bhutan carried out a massive operation to drive out the ULFA militants from its territory.",
"Backed by the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\"), [Thimphu](/wiki/Thimphu \"Thimphu\") was successful in killing more than a thousand terrorists and [extraditing](/wiki/Extradition \"Extradition\") many more to India while sustaining only 120 casualties. The Indian military undertook several successful operations aimed at countering future ULFA terrorist attacks, but the ULFA continues to be active in the region. In 2004, the ULFA targeted a public school in [Assam](/wiki/Assam \"Assam\"), killing 19 children and 5 adults.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"[Assam](/wiki/Assam \"Assam\") remains the only state in the northeast where terrorism is still a major issue. On 18 September 2005, a soldier was killed in Jiribam, Manipur, near the Manipur\\-Assam border, by members of the ULFA. On 14 March 2011, Bodo militants of the Ranjan Daimary\\-led faction ambushed patrolling troops of [BSF](/wiki/Border_Security_Force \"Border Security Force\") when on their way from Bangladoba in the Chirang district of Assam to Ultapani in Kokrajhar killing 8 jawans.{{cite web\\|title\\=8 BSF jawans killed by Bodo militants in Assam\\|url\\=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/8\\-bsf\\-jawans\\-killed\\-by\\-bodo\\-militants\\-in\\-assam/145952\\-3\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316051154/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/8\\-bsf\\-jawans\\-killed\\-by\\-bodo\\-militants\\-in\\-assam/145952\\-3\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=16 March 2011\\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2011\\|publisher\\=CNN\\-IBN}}",
"On 5 August 2016, a terrorist attack was reported in the market area of Balajan Tinali of the city of [Kokrajhar](/wiki/Kokrajhar \"Kokrajhar\") that resulted in the death of 14 civilians and injuries to 15 others. Three terrorists, suspected to be Bodo militants, were reported to have attacked using [AK\\-47](/wiki/AK-47 \"AK-47\") and a grenade.{{cite web\\|author1\\=Prabin Kalita\\|author2\\=Neeraj Chauhan\\|date\\=5 August 2016\\|title\\=14 killed, 15 injured in Assam's Kokrajhar after terrorists open fire in market\\|url\\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/14\\-killed\\-15\\-injured\\-in\\-Assams\\-Kokrajhar\\-after\\-terrorists\\-open\\-fire\\-in\\-market/articleshow/53556034\\.cms\\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2016\\|work\\=The Times of India}} OP Singh. Director General of Police said in a press conference the terrorist from the Hizbul Mujahideen group arrested in the city of Kanpur was Qamar\\-uz\\-Zama. He is 37 years old and is a resident of Assam.{{cite web\\|title\\=UP Anti\\-Terrorism Squad arrests Hizbul terrorist in Kanpur for planning attack on Ganesh Chaturthi\\|url\\=https://www.firstpost.com/india/up\\-anti\\-terrorism\\-squad\\-arrests\\-hizbul\\-terrorist\\-in\\-kanpur\\-for\\-planning\\-attack\\-on\\-ganesh\\-chaturthi\\-5178971\\.html\\|website\\=Firstpost\\|date\\=13 September 2018}}",
"#### Brahmaputra Express Train bombing",
"{{Main\\|Brahmaputra Mail train bombing}}\nThe Brahmaputra Express Train bombing was a terrorist attack on a train travelling in [Western Assam](/wiki/Western_Assam \"Western Assam\") in Eastern [India](/wiki/India \"India\") on 30 December 1996\\. Most of the passengers were believed to be vacationers heading for Delhi to celebrate the New Year.{{Cite web\\|title\\= At least 26 dead in India train bombing – Dec. 30, 1996\\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9612/30/india.bomb/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-05\\|publisher\\=CNN}} The train was carrying an estimated 1,200 passengers. Police in Kokrajhar said a bomb planted on the rails went off shortly after the New Delhi\\-bound Brahmaputra Express left Kokrajhar in the jungle terrain of Assam state. \"The blast took place at 7:15 p.m., a few minutes after the train left the Kokrajhar station for New Delhi.\" police said. The train's engine and its first coach car were derailed by the blast, and the next three rail cars were severely damaged, an official said. The bomb totally wrecked three carriages of the train and derailed six more, killing at least 33 people. No one has claimed responsibility, though the separatist Bodo rebel faction was believed to be involved.",
"#### 2004 Dhemaji school bombing",
"{{Main\\|2004 Dhemaji school bombing}}\nOn the occasion of Independence Day, 15 August 2004, people, mostly were school children and their mothers, gathered at [Dhemaji College](/wiki/Dhemaji_College \"Dhemaji College\") ground for an Independence Day parade. At around 09:30 a bomb went off killing at least 18 and injuring many more. According to police, the bomb was planted near the college gate and triggered by a remote\\-controlled device. It exploded when the students and teachers of various schools were passing through the gate. Police blamed [ULFA](/wiki/ULFA \"ULFA\"), a banned Assamese militant group, which had initially called for a boycott of the event. But on 13 December 2009, [Paresh Barua](/wiki/Paresh_Barua \"Paresh Barua\"), the C\\-in\\-C of the group, sought public apology and forgiveness for the blast. He stated in an e\\-mail that the ULFA leadership was misled by some of their cadres and junior leaders about the blast, which is why the leadership had to deny its involvement.",
"#### 2008 Assam bombings",
"{{Main\\|2008 Assam bombings}}",
"#### 2009 Assam bombings",
"{{Main\\|2009 Assam bombings}}",
"#### 2009 Guwahati bombings",
"{{Main\\|2009 Guwahati bombings}}",
"#### May 2014 Assam violence",
"{{Main\\|May 2014 Assam violence}}",
"#### December 2014 Assam violence",
"{{Main\\|December 2014 Assam violence}}",
"### Bihar",
"#### 2002 Rafiganj train wreck",
"{{Main\\|Rafiganj train wreck}}",
"#### 2013 Bodh Gaya bombings",
"{{Main\\|Bodh Gaya bombings}}",
"#### 2013 Patna bombings",
"{{Main\\|2013 Patna bombings}}",
"### Chhattisgarh",
"#### April 2010 Dantewada attack",
"{{Main\\|2010 Dantewada attack}}",
"#### May 2010 Dantewada bombing",
"{{Main\\|2010 Dantewada bombing}}",
"#### 2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley",
"{{Main\\|2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley}}",
"#### July 2013 Maoist attack in Dumka",
"{{Main\\|July 2013 Maoist attack in Dumka}}",
"#### 2014 Chhattisgarh attack",
"{{Main\\|2014 Chhattisgarh attack}}",
"#### 2018 Sukma attack",
"{{Main\\|2018 Sukma attack}}",
"#### 2019 Dantewada attack",
"#### 2021 Sukma\\-Bijapur attack",
"{{Main\\|2021 Sukma\\-Bijapur attack}}",
"### Delhi",
"#### 1996 Lajpat Nagar Blast",
"{{Main\\|1996 Lajpat Nagar blast}}",
"A bomb blast occurred in [Lajpat Nagar market](/wiki/Lajpat_Nagar \"Lajpat Nagar\") in Delhi on 21 May 1996, killing 13 civilians and injuring 39 others. The blast was followed a day later by the [1996 Dausa blast](/wiki/1996_Dausa_blast \"1996 Dausa blast\"). Six members of the militant organisation [Jammu Kashmir Islamic Front](/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Islamic_Front \"Jammu Kashmir Islamic Front\") were convicted for the blasts. A police investigation discovered that the bombers were in close contact with the Pakistani [Inter\\-Services Intelligence](/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence \"Inter-Services Intelligence\"). In April 2012, the court awarded a death sentence to Mohammed Naushad, Mohammed Ali Bhatt and Mirza Nissar Hussain. Javed Ahmed Khan was sentenced to life imprisonment, while Farooq Ahmed Khan and Farida Dar were released by the court, adding that their imprisonment served during the trial was their punishment. In November 2012, the Delhi High Court acquitted Mohammed Ali Bhatt and Mirza Nissar Hussain and commuted the death penalty of Mirza Nissar Hussain to life imprisonment.",
"#### 2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort",
"{{Main\\|2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort}}",
"#### 2001 Attack on Indian parliament",
"{{Main\\|2001 Indian Parliament attack}}",
"Terrorists on 13 December 2001 attacked the [Parliament of India](/wiki/Parliament_of_India \"Parliament of India\"), resulting in a 45\\-minute gun battle in which 9 policemen and parliament staff were killed. All five terrorists were also killed by the security forces and were identified as Pakistani nationals. The attack occurred around 11:40 am (IST), minutes after both Houses of Parliament had adjourned for the day. The suspected terrorists dressed in commando fatigues entered Parliament in a car through the VIP gate of the building. Displaying Parliament and Home Ministry security stickers, the vehicle entered the Parliament premises. The terrorists set off massive blasts and used AK\\-47 rifles, explosives, and grenades for the attack. Senior Ministers and over 200 members of parliament were inside the Central Hall of Parliament when the attack took place. Security personnel sealed the entire premises, which saved many lives.",
"#### 2005 Delhi bombings",
"{{Main\\|29 October 2005 Delhi bombings}}",
"Three explosions went off in the [Indian](/wiki/India \"India\") capital of New Delhi on 29 October 2005, which killed more than 60 people and injured at least 200 others. The high number of casualties made the bombings the deadliest attack in [India in 2005](/wiki/2005_in_India \"2005 in India\"). It was followed by 5 bomb blasts on 13 September 2008\\.",
"#### 2008 Delhi bombings",
"{{Main\\|2008 Delhi bombings}}",
"#### 2008 Delhi bombing",
"{{Main\\|2008 Delhi bombing}}",
"#### 2011 High court bombing",
"{{Main\\|2011 Delhi bombing}}",
"The 2011 Delhi bombing took place in the [Indian](/wiki/India \"India\") capital [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\") on Wednesday, 7 September 2011 at 10:14 local time outside Gate No. 5 of the [Delhi High Court](/wiki/Delhi_High_Court \"Delhi High Court\"), where a suspected briefcase bomb was planted.{{cite news\\|date\\=7 September 2011\\|title\\=Terror strikes Delhi again, 11 dead in HC blast\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNN\\-IBN]]\\|url\\=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/terror\\-strikes\\-delhi\\-again\\-11\\-dead\\-in\\-hc\\-blast/182165\\-3\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017164828/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/terror\\-strikes\\-delhi\\-again\\-11\\-dead\\-in\\-hc\\-blast/182165\\-3\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2012}} The blast killed 12 people and injured 76\\.",
"#### 2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats",
"{{Main\\|2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats}}",
"### Gujarat",
"#### 2002 Akshardham Temple attack",
"{{Main\\|Akshardham Temple attack}}",
"#### 2008 Ahmedabad bombings",
"{{Main\\|2008 Ahmedabad bombings}}",
"### Haryana",
"#### 1987 Lalru Bus Massacre",
"{{Main\\|1987 Lalru bus massacre}}",
"1987 Lalru bus massacre was a massacre of 38 [Hindus](/wiki/Hindus \"Hindus\") by [Khalistani](/wiki/Khalistan \"Khalistan\") [Sikh](/wiki/Sikh \"Sikh\") [terrorists](/wiki/Terrorist \"Terrorist\").{{Cite web\\|first1\\=Tavleen\\|last1\\=Singh \\|first2\\=Sreekant\\|last2\\=Khandekar\\|date\\=31 July 1987\\|title\\=Terrorists kill bus passengers in Punjab and Haryana mercilessly\\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover\\-story/story/19870731\\-terrorists\\-kill\\-bus\\-passengers\\-in\\-punjab\\-and\\-haryana\\-mercilessly\\-799092\\-1987\\-07\\-31\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-05\\|website\\=India Today}} It occurred on 6 July 1987 at [Lalru](/wiki/Lalru \"Lalru\"), presently in [Mohali District](/wiki/Mohali_District \"Mohali District\"), when a bus going from [Dhilwan](/wiki/Dhilwan \"Dhilwan\") in [Kapurthala district](/wiki/Kapurthala_district \"Kapurthala district\") to [Jalandhar](/wiki/Jalandhar \"Jalandhar\") was attacked by [Sikh militants](/wiki/Punjab_insurgency \"Punjab insurgency\") in which thirty eight [Hindu](/wiki/Hindu \"Hindu\") passengers were dragged out of the bus by the militants and then shot dead in Lalru in the northern state of [Punjab, India](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India \"Punjab, India\"). The goal of the terrorists behind the massacre was to [drive out the 7 million Hindus](/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus \"Persecution of Hindus\") living in the state of Punjab and force the Sikhs living outside of the Punjab state to move in. This would have enabled the Sikh separatists to claim the Punjab state as a sovereign country of Khalistan.",
"#### 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings",
"{{Main\\|2007 Samjhauta Express bombings}}",
"### Himachal Pradesh",
"#### Chamba massacre of 1998",
"The 1998 Chamba massacre was the killing of thirty\\-five Hindus by [Hizbul Mujahideen](/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen \"Hizbul Mujahideen\"), in the [Chamba district](/wiki/Chamba_district \"Chamba district\") of [Himachal Pradesh](/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh \"Himachal Pradesh\") in [India](/wiki/India \"India\") on 3 August 1998\\.",
"### Jammu \\& Kashmir and Ladakh",
"#### 2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre",
"August 2000, Kashmir massacre on 1 and 2 August was the [massacre](/wiki/Massacre \"Massacre\") of at least 89 Hindu pilgrims (official count) to 105 (as reported by [PTI](/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India \"Press Trust of India\")) and injury to at least 62 people, in at least five different coordinated attacks by Kashmiri separatist militants in [Anantnag district](/wiki/Anantnag_district \"Anantnag district\") and [Doda district](/wiki/Doda_district \"Doda district\") of [Kashmir Valley](/wiki/Kashmir_Valley \"Kashmir Valley\") in India.",
"### Karnataka",
"#### 2008 Bangalore Serial Blasts",
"[2008 Bangalore serial blasts](/wiki/2008_Bangalore_serial_blasts \"2008 Bangalore serial blasts\") occurred on 25 July 2008 in Bangalore, India. A series of nine bombs exploded in which two people were killed and 20 injured. According to the Bangalore City Police, the blasts were caused by low\\-intensity crude bombs triggered by timers.",
"#### 2010 Bangalore Stadium Bombing",
"[2010 Bangalore stadium bombing](/wiki/2010_Bangalore_stadium_bombing \"2010 Bangalore stadium bombing\") occurred on 17 April 2010 in M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India. Two bombs exploded in a heavily packed Cricket stadium in which fifteen people were injured. A third bomb was found and defused outside the stadium.",
"### Kerala",
"{{POV section\\|date\\=September 2022}}",
"#### 1993 Chekannur Maulavi Murder",
"{{Main\\|Chekannur Maulavi}}",
"#### 1994 Formation of National Development Front",
"{{Main\\|National Development Front}}",
"#### 2005 Kalamassery bus burning case",
"The NIA court sentences two people to 7 years in jail. The people had assembled on 8 September 2005 at Aluva Masjid and chalked out their plan, at the instance and instigation of accused Majid Parambai and Sufia, to set fire to a Tamil Nadu government owned bus.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/kalamassery\\-bus\\-burning\\-case\\-nia\\-court\\-sentences\\-two\\-persons\\-to\\-7\\-years\\-of\\-jail \\| title\\=Kalamassery bus burning case: NIA court sentences two persons to 7 years of jail }}",
"#### 2006 Kozhikode twin blast case",
"The explosions occurred at the two bus stations on Mavoor Road within a gap of 10 minutes in the afternoon of 3 March. Explosions were triggered by timer devices. Two persons, including a police officer, were injured in the blasts. Initially, it was investigated by a special police team and the Crime Branch. NIA took over the case in 2009\\. Nazeer was arrested in 2009 from the India\\-Bangladesh border in Meghalaya.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hc\\-acquits\\-self\\-styled\\-lashkar\\-e\\-taiba\\-leader\\-in\\-the\\-kozhikode\\-blast\\-case/article38333230\\.ece \\| title\\=HC acquits self\\-styled Lashkar\\-e\\-Taiba leader in the Kozhikode blast case \\| newspaper\\=The Hindu \\| date\\=27 January 2022 \\| last1\\=Gopakumar \\| first1\\=K. c. }}",
"#### 2010 [Assault on T. J. Joseph](/wiki/Assault_on_T._J._Joseph \"Assault on T. J. Joseph\")",
"{{Main\\|Assault on T. J. Joseph}}",
"The **assault of T. J. Joseph** occurred on 4 July 2010 at [Muvattupuzha](/wiki/Muvattupuzha \"Muvattupuzha\") near [Nirmala College](/wiki/Nirmala_College%2C_Muvattupuzha \"Nirmala College, Muvattupuzha\") in the [Ernakulam](/wiki/Ernakulam \"Ernakulam\") district of [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\"), India.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article164133\\.ece \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106084316/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article164133\\.ece \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2013 \\|title\\=Controversial lecturer's palm chopped off \\|work\\=The New Indian Express \\|date\\=5 July 2010 \\|accessdate\\=12 May 2011}} T. J. Joseph, a professor of [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam \"Malayalam\") at [Newman College, Thodupuzha](/wiki/Newman_College%2C_Thodupuzha \"Newman College, Thodupuzha\"), a Christian minority institution affiliated with [Mahatma Gandhi University](/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_University%2C_Kerala \"Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala\"){{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/06/stories/2010070657111100\\.htm \\|title\\=Two held for chopping off Ernakulam professor's palm \\|date\\=6 July 2010 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|location\\=Chennai, India \\|accessdate\\=12 July 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708171158/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/06/stories/2010070657111100\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} had his hand cut off at the wrist on allegation of [blasphemy](/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy \"Islam and blasphemy\") according to Quran verses, by members of [Popular Front of India](/wiki/Popular_Front_of_India \"Popular Front of India\"), an Islamist organisation in India.\\*{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rediff.com/news/2010/aug/02kerala\\-one\\-more\\-arrested\\-in\\-lecturer\\-attack\\-case.htm \\|title\\=Kerala: One more arrested in lecturer attack case \\|work\\=Rediff.com \\|date\\=2 August 2010 \\|accessdate\\=12 May 2011}}\n{{cite news\\| url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Explosives\\-weapons\\-seized\\-near\\-Kerala\\-mosque/articleshow/6160395\\.cms \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811094756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010\\-07\\-13/india/28296095\\_1\\_pfi\\-anti\\-terror\\-explosives \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| archive\\-date\\=11 August 2011 \\| title\\=Explosives, weapons seized near Kerala mosque \\| date\\=13 July 2010\\| work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]] \\| access\\-date\\= 7 September 2010 }}\n{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6316966/Handsome\\-Muslim\\-men\\-accused\\-of\\-waging\\-love\\-jihad\\-in\\-India.html \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016080948/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6316966/Handsome\\-Muslim\\-men\\-accused\\-of\\-waging\\-love\\-jihad\\-in\\-India.html \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-date\\=16 October 2009 \\| location\\=London \\| work\\=The Daily Telegraph \\| first\\=Dean \\| last\\=Nelson \\| title\\=Handsome Muslim men accused of waging 'love jihad' in India \\| date\\=13 October 2009\\| accessdate\\= 7 September 2010 }}\n{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/22/stories/2010072253230700\\.htm \\|location\\=Chennai, India \\|title\\=Probe source of extremist funding: CPI \\|date\\=22 July 2010 \\|accessdate\\=7 September 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725165611/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/22/stories/2010072253230700\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=25 July 2010 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n{{cite web\\|author\\=M.G. Radhakrishnan \\|url\\=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/104821/hatreds\\-new\\-haven.html?complete\\=1 \\|title\\=Hatred's New Haven: STATES: India Today \\|work\\=India Today \\|date\\=10 July 2010 \\|accessdate\\=12 May 2011}}\n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Defending\\-the\\-front/652613 \\|title\\=Defending the front \\|work\\=The Indian Express \\|date\\=28 July 2010 \\|accessdate\\=12 May 2011}}\n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/07/islamic\\-court\\-ordered\\-chopping\\-of\\-profs\\-palm.htm \\|title\\=Islamic court ordered chopping of prof's palm – Rediff.com India News \\|work\\=Rediff.com \\|date\\=7 July 2010 \\|accessdate\\=12 May 2011}}\n{{cite news\\| url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday\\-toi/special\\-report/Taliban\\-style\\-courts\\-in\\-Gods\\-Own\\-Country/articleshow/6182633\\.cms \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103115849/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010\\-07\\-18/special\\-report/28320578\\_1\\_pfi\\-taliban\\-style\\-thrissur \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| archive\\-date\\=3 November 2012 \\| title\\=Taliban\\-style courts in God's Own Country \\| date\\=18 July 2010\\| work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]] \\| access\\-date\\= 3 August 2010 }}\n* + - * + - * The then [Minister of Home Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs \"Minister of Home Affairs\") of Kerala, [Kodiyeri Balakrishnan](/wiki/Kodiyeri_Balakrishnan \"Kodiyeri Balakrishnan\"), made a statement that while government is aware that there is a local *[Dar\\-ul Khada](/wiki/Dar-ul_Khada \"Dar-ul Khada\")* set up by the Popular Front of India under the supervision of the [All India Muslim Personal Law Board](/wiki/All_India_Muslim_Personal_Law_Board \"All India Muslim Personal Law Board\"), functioning to resolve civil disputes, there were no complaints received that it was passing \"Taliban\\-model\" orders.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From\\=Archive\\&Source\\=Page\\&Skin\\=TOINEW\\&BaseHref\\=TOIBG%2F2010%2F07%2F28\\&GZ\\=T\\&ViewMode\\=HTML\\&EntityId\\=Ar01302\\&AppName\\=1\\|title\\=TALIBAN IN KERALA? Kangaroo courts under lens\\|work\\=The Times of India\\|accessdate\\=2013\\-04\\-20\\|location\\=Trivandrum\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312225127/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From\\=Archive\\&Source\\=Page\\&Skin\\=TOINEW\\&BaseHref\\=TOIBG%2F2010%2F07%2F28\\&GZ\\=T\\&ViewMode\\=HTML\\&EntityId\\=Ar01302\\&AppName\\=1\\|archive\\-date\\=12 March 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article536784\\.ece \\|location\\=Chennai, India \\|work\\=The Hindu \\|title\\=No report yet on 'Taliban\\-model' courts: Kodiyeri \\|date\\=28 July 2010 \\|accessdate\\=1 August 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729160924/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article536784\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article187796\\.ece \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131111740/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article187796\\.ece \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2016 \\|title\\=Religious courts exist in Kerala: Kodiyeri \\|work\\=The New Indian Express \\|date\\=28 July 2010 \\|accessdate\\=12 May 2011}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.kaumudi.com/news/072810/kerala.stm\\#5 \\|title\\=Kaumudi Online – English Edition \\|publisher\\=Kaumudi.com \\|accessdate\\=12 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713140842/http://www.kaumudi.com/news/072810/kerala.stm\\#5 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 July 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"#### 2015 ISIS recruitment",
"In 2015, Nimisha alias Fathima, a resident of [Thiruvananthapuram](/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram \"Thiruvananthapuram\"), along with her husband Isa Bexin Vincent, left India from Kerala with a group of 21 from Kerala and joined ISIS. Nimisha, a Hindu converted to Islam with her husband. They both worked for ISIS in Afghanistan and in Syria, and her husband died while working with the Islamist terrorist organization ISIS in Afghanistan.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/police\\-vetting\\-video\\-of\\-keralite\\-is\\-woman\\-who\\-wants\\-to\\-return\\-home/article31081398\\.ece \\| title\\=Police vetting video of Keralite IS woman who wants to return home \\| newspaper\\=The Hindu \\| date\\=16 March 2020 }}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala\\-woman\\-asks\\-court\\-allow\\-her\\-daughter\\-who\\-had\\-joined\\-isis\\-return\\-india\\-152960 \\| title\\=Kerala woman asks court to allow her daughter who had joined ISIS to return to India \\| date\\=26 July 2021 }}",
"#### 2021 ISIS module case",
"NIA filed chargesheet against 8 alleged ISIS terrorists for radicalising, recruiting, organizing funds and grooming gullible Muslim youths from Kerala through different secured social media platforms to join global Islamist terrorist organizations. Deepthi Marla, Muhammad Waqar Lone, Mizha Sidheeque, Shifa Haris, Obaid Hamid Matta, Madesh Shankar, Ammar Abdul Rahiman and Muzamil Hassan Bhat were named in the charge sheet.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/nia\\-files\\-chargesheet\\-against\\-8\\-terrorists\\-in\\-isis\\-kerala\\-module\\-case/articleshow/89185620\\.cms \\| title\\=NIA files chargesheet against 8 terrorists in ISIS\\-Kerala module case \\| newspaper\\=The Economic Times }}",
"#### 2021 Kerala Government Report on people joined in ISIS",
"Chief Minister of Kerala [Pinarayi Vijayan](/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan \"Pinarayi Vijayan\") revealed that around 100 people from Kerala had joined ISIS till 2019\\. 94 out of 100 are Muslims and the rest 6 are converted to Islam from Hindu and Christian religions in Kerala.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id\\=646343\\&u\\=100\\-malayalis\\-joined\\-isis\\-all\\-except\\-six\\-born\\-into\\-muslim\\-community\\-says\\-cm\\-vijayan\\-646343 \\| title\\=100 Malayalis joined ISIS, all except six born into Muslim community, says CM Vijayan }}",
"#### 2022 Islamist ISIS terrorist killed in Afghanistan",
"Najeeb Ali, a 23 year old engineering student who came from Kerala was killed in a suicide attack in Afghanistan.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.oneindia.com/india/kerala\\-isis\\-terrorist\\-killed\\-in\\-afghanistan\\-why\\-india\\-s\\-no\\-return\\-policy\\-is\\-a\\-good\\-idea\\-3381891\\.html \\| title\\=Kerala ISIS terrorist killed in Afghanistan: Why India's no\\-return policy is a good idea \\| date\\=11 March 2022 }}",
"#### 2022 IS Islamist terrorist killed in Libya",
"Voice of Khorasan, the Mouthpiece of IS in Afghanistan and the surrounding area, earlier introduced a story about Abu Bakr Al Hindi, \"who was born in Kerala in a Christian family, converted to Islam by his Kerala Muslim friends when he was working at Middle east\". He was killed while fighting for the Islamic State (IS) in [Libya](/wiki/Libya \"Libya\"). He was an engineer by profession and joined IS when working at Gulf.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/world/islamic\\-state\\-s\\-mouthpiece\\-voice\\-of\\-khorasan\\-glorifies\\-operative\\-from\\-kerala\\-who\\-died\\-fighting\\-in\\-libya\\-snt\\-rgyr9m \\| title\\=Islamic State's mouthpiece 'Voice of Khorasan' glorifies operative from Kerala who died fighting in Libya }}",
"### Maharashtra",
"#### Mumbai",
"[thumb\\|230px\\|[Nariman House](/wiki/Nariman_House \"Nariman House\"), a Jewish center in Mumbai, after 26/11 terror attack in 2008\\. Six Jews were killed there, along with 158 people of other faiths elsewhere in Mumbai by terrorists.Warren Kozak, [Remembering the Terror in Mumbai](https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204630904577055863900368528) The Wall Street Journal (26 November 2011\\)](/wiki/File:2008_Mumbai_terror_attacks_Nariman_House_street.jpg \"2008 Mumbai terror attacks Nariman House street.jpg\")\nMumbai has been a common target for [terrorist organisations](/wiki/List_of_terrorist_organisations \"List of terrorist organisations\"), many operating with a base from Pakistan.[Terrorism\\-related Incidents in Maharashtra since 2006](http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/maharashtra_Incidents.htm) South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP) (2014\\) Over the past few years there have been a series of attacks, including explosions in [Mumbai Suburban trains](/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_Railway \"Mumbai Suburban Railway\") in July 2006, and the attacks of 26 November 2008, when two of the prime hotels, a landmark train station, and a Jewish [Chabad](/wiki/Chabad \"Chabad\") house, in [South Mumbai](/wiki/South_Mumbai \"South Mumbai\"), were attacked and sieged.[Jewish Center Is Stormed, and 6 Hostages Die](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/29/nyregion/29chabad.html?_r=0) The New York Times (28 November 2008\\)",
"[Terrorist attacks](/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents \"List of terrorist incidents\") in Mumbai include:\n* 12 March 1993 – [13 bombs killed 257](/wiki/1993_Bombay_bombings \"1993 Bombay bombings\")\n* 6 December 2002 – [A Bus bomb in Ghatkopar, killed 2](/wiki/6_December_2002_Mumbai_bus_bombing \"6 December 2002 Mumbai bus bombing\")\n* 27 January 2003 – [Bicycle bomb in Vile Parle, killed 1](/wiki/27_January_2003_Mumbai_bombing \"27 January 2003 Mumbai bombing\")\n* 13 March 2003 – [A Train bomb in Mulund, killed 10](/wiki/13_March_2003_Mumbai_train_bombing \"13 March 2003 Mumbai train bombing\")\n* 28 July 2003 – [A Bus bomb in Ghatkopar, killed 4](/wiki/28_July_2003_Mumbai_bus_bombing \"28 July 2003 Mumbai bus bombing\")\n* 25 August 2003 – [Two Bombs near the Gateway of India and Zaveri Bazaar, killed 50](/wiki/25_August_2003_Mumbai_bombings \"25 August 2003 Mumbai bombings\")\n* 11 July 2006 – [Seven train bombs killed 209](/wiki/11_July_2006_Mumbai_train_bombings \"11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings\")\n* 26 November 2008 to 29 November 2008 – [Coordinated series of attacks, killed 172](/wiki/November_2008_Mumbai_attacks \"November 2008 Mumbai attacks\").\n* 13 July 2011 – [Bomb explosions at three locations, killed 26](/wiki/2011_Mumbai_bombings \"2011 Mumbai bombings\")",
"#### Pune",
"* 13 February 2010 – a [bomb explosion](/wiki/2010_Pune_bombing \"2010 Pune bombing\") at the German Bakery in [Pune](/wiki/Pune \"Pune\") killed fourteen people, and injured at least 60 more\n* 1 August 2012 – four [bomb explosion](/wiki/2012_Pune_bombings \"2012 Pune bombings\") at various locations on JM Road, [Pune](/wiki/Pune \"Pune\") injured 1 person",
"#### 1991 Kalyan Train Bomb Blast",
"{{Main\\|Kalyan Junction railway station}}",
"On 8 November 1991, a bomb exploded on a train when it reached Kalyan railway station. Twelve people were killed and 65 injured in the explosion. Ravinder Singh alias Bittu who was linked to the [Babbar Khalsa](/wiki/Babbar_Khalsa \"Babbar Khalsa\"), a [Sikh](/wiki/Sikhs \"Sikhs\") [militant](/wiki/Khalistan_movement \"Khalistan movement\") organization was convicted in the case.",
"#### 1993 Bombay bombings",
"{{Main\\|1993 Bombay bombings}}",
"The **1993 Bombay bombings** were a series of 12 terrorist bombings that took place in Mumbai, then known as [Bombay](/wiki/Bombay \"Bombay\"), [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), on 12 March 1993\\. The single\\-day attacks resulted in 257 fatalities and 1,400 injuries.",
"At 13:30 hours on 12 March 1993, a powerful [car bomb](/wiki/Car_bomb \"Car bomb\") exploded in the basement of the [Bombay Stock Exchange](/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange \"Bombay Stock Exchange\") building. The 28\\-story office building was severely damaged and many nearby office buildings also suffered damage. Reports indicate that 50 were killed by this explosion. About 30 minutes later, another car bomb exploded in front of the Mandvi branch of Corporation Bank near Masjid. From 13:30 hours to 15:40 hours a total of 12 bombs exploded throughout Mumbai. Most of the bombs were car bombs but some were in scooters. Three hotels – the Hotel Sea Rock, Hotel Juhu Centaur, and Hotel Airport Centaur – were targeted by suitcase bombs left in rooms booked by the perpetrators. Banks, the regional passport office, the [Air India Building](/wiki/Air_India_Building \"Air India Building\"), and a major shopping complex were also hit. Bombs exploded at Zaveri Bazaar and opposite it a jeep\\-bomb exploded at the Century Bazaar. [Grenades](/wiki/Grenade \"Grenade\") were thrown at [Sahar International Airport](/wiki/Sahar_International_Airport \"Sahar International Airport\") and at Fishermen's Colony, apparently targeting certain citizens at the latter. A double\\-decker bus was very badly damaged in the deadliest explosion, with as many as 90 people killed.",
"On 10 July 2006, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, [Sharad Pawar](/wiki/Sharad_Pawar \"Sharad Pawar\"), admitted that he had \"deliberately misled\" people following the 1993 Mumbai bombings by saying there were \"13 and not 12\" explosions and had added the name of a Muslim\\-dominated locality to show that people from both communities had been affected. He attempted to justify this deception by claiming that it was a move to prevent communal riots by falsely portraying that both Hindu and Muslim communities in the city had been affected adversely. He also admitted to lying about evidence recovered and misleading people into believing that it pointed to the [Tamil Tigers](/wiki/Tamil_Tigers \"Tamil Tigers\") as possible suspects.",
"### Manipur",
"Like its sister states in Northeast, Manipur has experienced years of insurgency and inter\\-ethnic violence while it was part of Assam and sought more rights.[The mayhem in Manipur](http://www.economist.com/node/8786297) The Economist (1 March 2007\\)[Manipur, India – A safe house for dangerous men](http://www.economist.com/node/8797972) The Economist (9 March 2007\\) The state joined India on 21 September 1949, when [Maharaja Budhachandra](/wiki/Maharaja_Budhachandra \"Maharaja Budhachandra\") signed a Treaty of Accession merging the kingdom into India; this merger was disputed by various groups in Manipur as having been completed without consensus and under duress. Manipur was part of Assam after 1949, became a Union Territory in 1956\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Constitution (Amendment)\\|url\\=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=1 May 2017\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-19}} The first armed opposition group in Manipur, the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), was founded in 1964, which declared that it wanted to gain more rights or outright independence from India. After several rounds of negotiations, Manipur became a full state in 1972 along with several other sister states of the Northeast.{{Cite web \\|date\\=21 December 2012 \\|title\\=The North\\-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Amendment Act, 2012 \\|url\\=http://indiacode.nic.in/acts\\-in\\-pdf/392012\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630033602/http://indiacode.nic.in/acts\\-in\\-pdf/392012\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=30 June 2017 \\|website\\=India Code}} Post statehood, more groups continued to form in Manipur, each with different goals, and deriving support from diverse ethnic groups in Manipur. For example, in 1977 the People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) was formed, the [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Manipur \"People's Liberation Army of Manipur\") (PLA) was formed in 1978\\. In 1980, the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) was formed. These groups began a spree of bank robberies and attacks on police officers and government buildings. The state government appealed to the central government in New Delhi for support in combating this violence.[Background: Conflict in Manipur](https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/india0908/2.htm) Human Rights Watch (2008\\) In 1980, the central government brought the entire state of Manipur under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) because its state government claimed that the use of the Armed Forces in aid of the state and local police is necessary to prevent violent deaths and to maintain law and order.",
"The violence in Manipur includes significant inter\\-ethnic tribal rivalry. There is violence between the Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis and other tribal groups. They have formed splinter groups who disagree with each other. Other than UNLF, PLA and PREPAK mentioned above, other Manipuri insurgent groups include Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF), Manipur Liberation Front Army (MLFA), Kanglei Yawol Khnna Lup (KYKL), Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC), Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), Kuki National Front (KNF), Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki Defence Force (KDF), Kuki Democratic Movement (KDM), Kuki National Organisation (KNO), Kuki Security Force (KSF), Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF), Kom Rem Peoples Convention (KRPC), Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers (ZRV), Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Zomi Reunification Organisation (ZRO), and Hmar Peoples Convention (HPC).",
"According to SATP (the South Asia Terrorism Portal),{{cite web\\|author\\=South Asia Terrorism Portal – Terrorism Analysis in South Asia\\|title\\=Terrorism – South Asia Terrorism Portal\\|url\\=http://www.satp.org/\\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2014}} there has been a large decline in fatalities in Manipur in recent decades.[State wise Indian fatalities, 1994–2013](http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/indiafatalities.htm) Militancy and Terrorism Database, SATP, New Delhi Since 2010, about 25 civilians have died in militant\\-related violence (about 1 per 100,000 people), dropping further to 21 civilian deaths in 2013 (or 0\\.8 per 100,000 people). Most of these deaths have been from inter\\-factional violence. Elections have been held regularly over recent decades. The last state assembly elections were held in 2012, with 79\\.2% voter turnout and the incumbent re\\-elected to power.[STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2012 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MANIPUR](http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_report_2012_MR.pdf) Election Commission of India (2012\\)",
"### Meghalaya",
"### Mizoram",
"In 1947, Mizoram was part of Assam, and its districts were controlled by hereditary tribal chiefs. The educated elites among the Mizos campaigned against the tribal [chiefdom](/wiki/Chiefdom \"Chiefdom\") under the banner of [Mizo Union](/wiki/Mizo_Union \"Mizo Union\"). As a result of their campaign, the hereditary rights of the 259 chiefs were abolished under the Assam\\-Lushai District (Acquisition of Chief's Rights) Act, 1954\\.{{cite book\\|last\\=Chatterjee\\|first\\=Suhas\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=GI\\-1rMckfpEC\\&pg\\=PA1\\|title\\=Making of Mizoram: Role of Laldenga\\|publisher\\=M.D. Publications\\|year\\=1994\\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-85880\\-38\\-9\\|page\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2013}}Michael Sailo (2006\\), Administration of Justice in Mizoram, {{ISBN\\|978\\-8183240598}}, Chapter 2 Village courts, which were disbanded by the colonial authorities during their re\\-structuring of Assam, were re\\-implemented in Mizo region. All of these regions were frustrated by these arrangements and centralized Assam governance. The Mizos were particularly dissatisfied with the government's inadequate response to the 1959–60 [mautam](/wiki/Mautam \"Mautam\") famine. The Mizo National Famine Front, a body formed for famine relief in 1959, later developed into a new political organisation, the [Mizo National Front](/wiki/Mizo_National_Front \"Mizo National Front\") (MNF) in 1961\\.{{cite book\\|last\\=Kumāra\\|first\\=Braja Bihārī\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nKqF\\_AgDd4gC\\&pg\\=PA75\\|title\\=Small States Syndrome in India\\|date\\=1 January 1998\\|publisher\\=Concept\\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-7022\\-691\\-8\\|page\\=75\\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2013}} A period of protests and armed insurgency followed in the 1960s, with MNF seeking independence from India.Dommen, A. J. (1967\\), Separatist Tendencies in Eastern India, Asian Survey, Vol. 7, No. 10 (Oct. 1967\\), 726\\-739",
"In 1971, the government agreed to convert the Mizo Hills into a Union Territory, which came into being as Mizoram in 1972\\. Following the [Mizoram Peace Accord](/wiki/Mizoram_Peace_Accord \"Mizoram Peace Accord\") (1986\\) between the Government and the MNF, Mizoram was declared a full\\-fledged state of India in 1987\\.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Stepan\\|first1\\=Alfred\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=kGUuOdeCiXQC\\&pg\\=PA105\\|title\\=Crafting State\\-Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies\\|last2\\=Linz\\|first2\\=Juan J\\|last3\\=Yadav\\|first3\\=Yogendra\\|date\\=20 January 2011\\|publisher\\=JHU Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8018\\-9723\\-8\\|pages\\=105–\\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2013}} Mizoram got two seats in the [Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_India \"Parliament of India\"), one each in the [Lok Sabha](/wiki/Lok_Sabha \"Lok Sabha\") and in the [Rajya Sabha](/wiki/Rajya_Sabha \"Rajya Sabha\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Baruah\\|first\\=Sanjib\\|title\\=Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|year\\=2007}} Per the accord, insurgents surrendered their arms. The first election of Mizoram Legislative Assembly was held on 16 February 1987\\. Elections have been held at 5 year intervals since then. The most recent [Mizoram elections](/wiki/2013_Mizoram_Legislative_Assembly_election \"2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election\") were held for 40 seats of the legislative assembly on 25 November 2013\\. The voter turnout was 81%. The Indian National Congress led by [Lal Thanhawla](/wiki/Lal_Thanhawla \"Lal Thanhawla\") was re\\-elected to power.{{cite web\\|title\\=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results\\|url\\=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/\\|archive\\-date\\=15 December 2013\\|work\\=ECI\\|publisher\\=Election Commission of India}} The region has been peaceful in recent decades. Between 2006 and 2013, between 0 and 2 civilians died each year from any protest\\-related violence (or less than 0\\.2 people per 100,000\\).[Mizoram Violence Statistics, India Fatalities 1994–2014](http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/index.html) SATP (2014\\)",
"### Nagaland",
"After the [independence of India](/wiki/Indian_independence_movement \"Indian independence movement\") in 1947, the area remained a part of the province of Assam. Nationalist activities arose amongst a section of the Nagas. [Phizo](/wiki/Angami_Zapu_Phizo \"Angami Zapu Phizo\")\\-led [Naga National Council](/wiki/Naga_National_Council \"Naga National Council\") and demanded a political union of their ancestral and native groups. The movement led to a series of violent incidents, that damaged government and civil infrastructure, attacked government officials and civilians. The Union government sent the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\") in 1955, to restore order. In 1957, an agreement was reached between Naga leaders and the Indian government, creating a single separate region of the Naga Hills. The Tuensang frontier was united with this single political region, Naga Hills Tuensang Area (NHTA),{{cite news\\|title\\=Naga Hills Tuensang Area Act, 1957\\|url\\=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/727141/}} and it became a [Union territory](/wiki/Union_territory \"Union territory\") directly administered by the Central government with a large degree of autonomy. This was not satisfactory to the tribes, however, and agitation with violence increased across the state – including attacks on army and government institutions, and banks, as well as non\\-payment of taxes. In July 1960, following a discussion between the then [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India \"Prime Minister of India\") Nehru and the leaders of the Naga People Convention (NPC), a 16\\-point agreement was arrived at whereby the Government of India recognised the formation of Nagaland as a full\\-fledged state within the Union of India.{{cite web\\|title\\=The 16\\-point Agreement between the GOI \\& Naga People's Convention\\|url\\=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/documents/papers/nagaland\\_16point.htm\\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2014}}",
"Nagaland became the 16th state of the Indian Union on 1 December 1963\\.{{cite book\\|author\\=Suresh K. Sharma\\|title\\=Documents on North\\-East India: Nagaland\\|publisher\\=Mittal Publications\\|year\\=2006\\|isbn\\=9788183240956\\|pages\\=225–228}}{{cite web\\|title\\=The State Of Nagaland Act, 1962\\|url\\=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1490539/\\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2014}} After elections in January 1964, the first democratically elected [Nagaland Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Nagaland_Legislative_Assembly \"Nagaland Legislative Assembly\") was constituted on 11 February 1964\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Ovung\\|first\\=Albert\\|title\\=The Birth of Ceasefire in Nagaland\\|url\\=http://nagaland.net/spotlight\\_detail.php?id\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728150315/http://nagaland.net/spotlight\\_detail.php?id\\=1\\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2014}} The rebel activity continued, in the form of banditry and attacks, motivated more by inter\\-factional tribal rivalry and personal vendetta than by political aspiration. In November 1975, the leaders of largest rebellion groups agreed to lay down their arms and accept the Indian constitution, a small group did not agree and continued their insurgent activity.Nagaland, *Encyclopædia Britannica* (2011\\)[Nagaland – State Human Development Report](http://cq-publish.dev.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/state_human_develop_report_nagaland_full_report_2008.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821073819/http://cq\\-publish.dev.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/state\\_human\\_develop\\_report\\_nagaland\\_full\\_report\\_2008\\.pdf\\|date\\=21 August 2014}} United Nations Development Programme (2005\\)",
"#### 1996 Dimapur car bombing",
"{{main\\|1996 Dimapur car bombing}}\nOn Christmas Day, 25 December 1996, the [NSCN\\-IM](/wiki/Nationalist_Socialist_Council_of_Nagaland \"Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland\") detonated a powerful [car bomb](/wiki/Car_bomb \"Car bomb\") triggered by remote control in the Ara Mile neighbourhood of [Dimapur](/wiki/Dimapur \"Dimapur\"), Nagaland in an attempted assassination on [Kihoto Hollohon](/wiki/Kihoto_Hollohon \"Kihoto Hollohon\"), the then Minister of Industries \\& Commerce of Nagaland. Hollohon escaped as he was not in the vehicle. The blast killed his wife, daughter, granddaughter, grandson and one other on the spot.",
"#### 2004 Dimapur bombings",
"{{main\\|2004 Dimapur bombings}}\nOn 2 October 2004, two powerful bombs were set off—one at the [Dimapur Railway Station](/wiki/Dimapur_railway_station \"Dimapur railway station\") and the other at the Hong Kong Market killing 30 and injuring over 100 others.{{cite web\\|last\\=Vinayak\\|first\\=G\\|url\\=https://m.rediff.com/news/2004/oct/02naga.htm\\|title\\=At least 30 killed in Nagaland blast\\|website\\=\\[\\[Rediff.com]]\\|date\\=2 October 2004\\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/10/3/india\\-reels\\-after\\-deadly\\-blasts\\|title\\=India reels after deadly blasts\\|website\\=\\[\\[Al Jazeera English\\|Al Jazeera]]\\|date\\=3 October 2004\\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2022}}",
"Over the 5 year of 2009 to 2013, between 0 and 11 civilians died per year in Nagaland from rebellion related activity (or less than 1 death per year per 100,000 people), and between 3 and 55 militant deaths per year in inter\\-factional killings (or between 0 and 3 deaths per 100,000 people).[Nagaland Violence Statistics, India Fatalities 1994–2014](http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/index.html) SATP (2014\\) The most recent Nagaland Legislative Assembly election took place on 23 February 2013 to elect the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from each of the 60 Assembly Constituencies in the state. The voter turnout was 83% and Nagaland People's Front was elected to power with 37 seats.[Nagaland elections 2013](http://ceonagaland.nic.in/ae2013/StatisticalReport_2013.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808181708/http://ceonagaland.nic.in/ae2013/StatisticalReport\\_2013\\.pdf\\|date\\=8 August 2013}} Elections Commission of India, Government of India",
"### Odisha",
"### Punjab",
"In the 1980s, an insurgent movement turned to violence, seeking a separate state called [Khalistan](/wiki/Khalistan \"Khalistan\"), independent of India. They were led by Jarnail Singh [Bhindranwale](/wiki/Bhindranwale \"Bhindranwale\") who was neutral on the establishment of a new state.Oberoi, H. S. (1987\\), From Punjab to\" Khalistan\": Territoriality and Metacommentary, Pacific Affairs, 26\\-41",
"In 1984, [Operation Blue Star](/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star \"Operation Blue Star\") was conducted by the Indian government to confront the movement. It involved an assault on the Golden Temple complex, which Sant Bhindranwale had fortified in preparation of an army assault. [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi \"Indira Gandhi\"), [India](/wiki/India \"India\")'s then prime minister, ordered the military to storm the temple, who eventually had to use tanks. After a 74\\-hour firefight, the army successfully took control of the temple. In doing so, it damaged some portions of the [Akal Takht](/wiki/Akal_Takht \"Akal Takht\"), the [Sikh Reference Library](/wiki/Sikh_Reference_Library \"Sikh Reference Library\"), and the [Golden Temple](/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib \"Harmandir Sahib\") itself. According to Indian government sources, 83 army personnel were killed and 249 were injured. Militant casualties were 493 killed and 86 injured.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"During the same year, the assassination of [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi \"Indira Gandhi\") by two Sikh [bodyguards](/wiki/Bodyguard \"Bodyguard\"), believed to be driven by the Golden Temple affair, resulted in widespread anti\\-Sikh riots, especially in New Delhi. Following [Operation Black Thunder](/wiki/Operation_Black_Thunder \"Operation Black Thunder\") in 1988, [Punjab Police](/wiki/Punjab_Police_%28India%29 \"Punjab Police (India)\"), first under Julio Ribeiro and then under [KPS Gill](/wiki/Kanwar_Pal_Singh_Gill \"Kanwar Pal Singh Gill\"), together with the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\"), eventually succeeded in pushing the movement underground.",
"In 1985, Sikh terrorists bombed an [Air India](/wiki/Air_India \"Air India\") flight from Canada to India, killing all 329 people on board [Air India Flight 182](/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182 \"Air India Flight 182\"). It was one of the worst terrorist act in Canada's history.",
"The ending of Sikh militancy and the desire for a Khalistan catalysed when the then\\-Prime Minister of [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\"), [Benazir Bhutto](/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto \"Benazir Bhutto\"), handed all intelligence material concerning Punjab militancy to the Indian government, as a goodwill gesture. The Indian government used that intelligence to arrest those who were behind attacks in India and militancy.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"The ending of overt Sikh militancy in 1993 led to a period of relative calm, punctuated by militant acts (for example, the assassination of Punjab CM, Beant Singh, in 1995\\) attributed to half a dozen or so operating Sikh militant organisations. These organisations include [Babbar Khalsa International](/wiki/Babbar_Khalsa_International \"Babbar Khalsa International\"), [Khalistan Commando Force](/wiki/Khalistan_Commando_Force \"Khalistan Commando Force\"), [Khalistan Liberation Force](/wiki/Khalistan_Liberation_Force \"Khalistan Liberation Force\"), and [Khalistan Zindabad Force](/wiki/Khalistan_Zindabad_Force \"Khalistan Zindabad Force\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/khalistan\\-zindabad\\-force\\-klf\\|title \\= Khalistan Zindabad Force (KLF)}}",
"#### 1991 Punjab killings",
"{{Main\\|1991 Punjab killings}}",
"The **1991 Punjab killings** was a massacre of train passengers that occurred on 15 June 1991 in the [Ludhiana district](/wiki/Ludhiana_district \"Ludhiana district\") of the Indian State of [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab_%28India%29 \"Punjab (India)\"), where [Sikh](/wiki/Sikh \"Sikh\") Khalistani militants killed at least 80 to 126 passengers travelling in two trains. The militants stopped the two trains about a kilometre from Ludhiana station by pulling their [emergency cords, triggering emergency brakes](/wiki/Emergency_brake_%28train%29%23India \"Emergency brake (train)#India\"). They proceeded to open fire inside the trains at around 9:35 p.m. ([IST](/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time \"Indian Standard Time\")), killing at least 80 passengers. On the second train, the Dhuri\\-Hisar passenger train, the militants fired indiscriminately. After the attackers fled, the train moved back to Badduwal station, where the rescue team arrived with doctors. Local villagers helped the survivors with food, water, medicine, and mental support. The attacks came less than five hours after polling closed in a national election already marred by violence and interrupted by the assassination of ex\\-Prime Minister [Rajiv Gandhi](/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi \"Rajiv Gandhi\") around a month prior.",
"### Rajasthan",
"#### 1996 Dausa blast",
"{{Main\\|1996 Dausa blast}}",
"A bomb blast occurred on a bus near Samleti village in [Dausa](/wiki/Dausa \"Dausa\"), [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan \"Rajasthan\") on 22 May 1996\\. The blast, which took place a day after the [1996 Lajpat Nagar blast](/wiki/1996_Lajpat_Nagar_blast \"1996 Lajpat Nagar blast\"), killed 14 people and injured 37 others. The chargesheet filed about the incident stated that the individuals responsible were associated with the [Jammu and Kashmir Islamic Front](/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Islamic_Front \"Jammu and Kashmir Islamic Front\"), and that some of the accused had been involved in the Sawai Man Singh Stadium blast. The district and sessions court in [Bandikui](/wiki/Bandikui \"Bandikui\") sentenced Abdul Hamid, one of the accused, to death, and sentenced six others to life imprisonment, while acquitting the remaining individual charged with the incident for lack of evidence against him.",
"### Sikkim",
"### Tamil Nadu",
"Tamil Nadu had LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) militants operating in the Tamil Nadu state up until the assassination of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. LTTE had given many speeches in Tamil Nadu led by [Velupillai Prabhakaran](/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran \"Velupillai Prabhakaran\"), [Tamilselvan](/wiki/Tamilselvan \"Tamilselvan\"), and other Eelam members. The Tamil Tigers, now a banned organisation, had been receiving many donations and support from India in the past. The [Tamil Nadu Liberation Army](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Liberation_Army \"Tamil Nadu Liberation Army\") is a militant Tamil movement in India that has ties to LTTE.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2010}}",
"#### Meenambakkam bomb blast",
"{{Main\\|Meenambakkam bomb blast}}",
"[Meenambakkam bomb blast](/wiki/Meenambakkam_bomb_blast \"Meenambakkam bomb blast\") was an explosion that occurred on 2 August 1984 at [Meenambakkam](/wiki/Meenambakkam \"Meenambakkam\") International Airport in [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai \"Chennai\"), [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\"). 33 persons were killed and 27 others were injured. The [Tamil Eelam Army](/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Army \"Tamil Eelam Army\") was suspected. Several members were convicted in 1998\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Indian Express Article\\|url\\=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19980208/03950624\\.html}}",
"#### Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi",
"{{Main\\|Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi}}",
"The [Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi](/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi \"Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi\"), former [Prime Minister of India](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India \"Prime Minister of India\"), occurred as a result of a [suicide bombing](/wiki/Suicide_bombing \"Suicide bombing\") in [Sriperumbudur](/wiki/Sriperumbudur \"Sriperumbudur\"), [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai \"Chennai\"), in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\"), [India](/wiki/India \"India\") on 21 May 1991\\.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Crossette\\|first\\=Barbara\\|date\\=1991\\-05\\-22\\|title\\=Assassination in INdia; Rajiv Gandhi Is Assassinated in Bombing at Campaign Stop; India Pus Off Rest of Voting\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/22/world/assassination\\-india\\-rajiv\\-gandhi\\-assassinated\\-bombing\\-campaign\\-stop\\-india\\-puts.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-05\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} At least 14 others, in addition to [Rajiv Gandhi](/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi \"Rajiv Gandhi\"), were killed.{{Cite news\\|date\\=1991\\-05\\-21\\|title\\=1991: Bomb kills India's former leader Rajiv Gandhi\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/21/newsid\\_2504000/2504739\\.stm\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-05}} It was carried out by Thenmozhi Rajaratnam (also known as Kalaivani Rajaratnam or Dhanu),{{Cite web\\|date\\=29 August 2005\\|title\\=Lady with the Poison Flowers\\|url\\=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/lady\\-with\\-the\\-poison\\-flowers/228400\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-05\\|website\\=\\[\\[Outlook (Indian magazine)\\|Outlook]]}} a member of the [Sri Lankan Tamil](/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil \"Sri Lankan Tamil\") separatist organization [Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam](/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam \"Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam\") (LTTE).",
"#### 1993 bombing of RSS office in Chennai",
"{{Main\\|1993 bombing of RSS office in Chennai}}",
"**1993 bombing of the RSS office in Chennai** refers to the bombing of the head office of the [Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh](/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh \"Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh\") in [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai \"Chennai\") in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\") on 8 August 1993 by [terrorists](/wiki/Terrorists \"Terrorists\"). The bombings left eleven people dead and seven others injured.",
"The special [CBI](/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Central Bureau of Investigation\") court tried eighteen of the accused under the now\\-defunct [Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act](/wiki/Terrorist_and_Disruptive_Activities_%28Prevention%29_Act \"Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act\"). They had been earlier given life imprisonment by a TADA court in Chennai for their involvement in the blast on 8 August 1993 at the RSS office in Chennai. The CBI has announced a reward of Rs. 10 lakh for providing credible information about Mushtaq Ahmed, one of the main accused in the blast.",
"#### 1998 Coimbatore bombings",
"{{Main\\|1998 Coimbatore bombings}}",
"Tamil Nadu also faced terrorist attacks orchestrated by Muslim fundamentalists.",
"### Telangana",
"#### Hyderabad",
"August 2007 Hyderabad bombings",
"[25 August 2007 Hyderabad bombings](/wiki/25_August_2007_Hyderabad_bombings \"25 August 2007 Hyderabad bombings\"), two bombs exploded almost simultaneously on 25 August 2007 in Hyderabad, capital of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The first bomb exploded in Lumbini Amusement Park at 19:45 hrs IST. The second bomb exploded five minutes later at 19:50 in Gokul Chat Bhandar.",
"The [Mecca Masjid bombing](/wiki/Mecca_Masjid_bombing \"Mecca Masjid bombing\") occurred on 18 May 2007 inside the [Mecca Masjid](/wiki/Mecca_Masjid \"Mecca Masjid\"), (or \"Makkah Masjid\") a mosque the old city area in [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad%2C_Andhra_Pradesh \"Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh\"), capital of the [Indian](/wiki/India \"India\") [state](/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India \"States and territories of India\") of [Telangana](/wiki/Telangana \"Telangana\") (then undivided [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh \"Andhra Pradesh\"))[Article on BBC website](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6668695.stm) located very close to [Charminar](/wiki/Charminar \"Charminar\"). The blast was caused by a [cellphone](/wiki/Cellphone \"Cellphone\")\\-triggered [pipe bomb](/wiki/Pipe_bomb \"Pipe bomb\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Homepage\\|url\\=http://deccan.com/home/homedetails.asp\\#Killer\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040221023023/http://www.deccan.com/home/homedetails.asp\\#Killer\\|archive\\-date\\=21 February 2004\\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2014\\|work\\=Deccan Chronicle}} Fourteen people were reported dead in the immediate aftermath, of whom five(official record:disputed) were killed by the police firing after the incident while trying to quell the mob.",
"The most recent [2013 Hyderabad blasts](/wiki/2013_Hyderabad_blasts \"2013 Hyderabad blasts\") occurred around 19:00 IST. The two blasts occurred in the Indian city of Hyderabad's Dilsukhnagar. The simultaneous blasts occurred near a bus stop and a cinema.",
"### Tripura",
"#### Mandai massacre",
"[Mandai massacre](/wiki/Mandai_massacre \"Mandai massacre\") refers to the general massacre of the [Bengalis](/wiki/Bengalis \"Bengalis\") of Mandai village near [Agartala](/wiki/Agartala \"Agartala\") in the Indian state of Tripura on 8 June 1980, by tribal insurgents. According to official figures 255 Bengalis were massacred in Mandwi, while foreign presses, independent sources and eyewitnesses put the figure anywhere between 350 and 400\\. Many of the victims had their heads crushed and their limbs severed. The children were spiked through.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette – Google News Archive Search\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1129\\&dat\\=19800616\\&id\\=3E4NAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=zm0DAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3736,2460642\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-05\\|website\\=news.google.com}} Pregnant women had their stomachs slit open. The [Amrita Bazar Patrika](/wiki/Amrita_Bazar_Patrika \"Amrita Bazar Patrika\") described the Mandwi massacre as [My Lai massacre](/wiki/My_Lai_Massacre \"My Lai Massacre\") put into shade.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Ghosh\\|first\\=Kamalini\\|title\\=Tribal Insurrection in Tripura: A Study in Relative Deprivation\\|year\\=1984\\|location\\=Hyderabad\\|pages\\=98}} According to Major R. Rajamani, the commander of the [Indian army](/wiki/Indian_army \"Indian army\") contingent that arrived on 9 June, the My Lai massacre was not even half as gruesome as in Mandai.",
"### Uttar Pradesh",
"#### 2010 Varanasi blasts",
"{{Main\\|2010 Varanasi bombing}}",
"On 7 December 2010, another [blast](/wiki/Bombing \"Bombing\") occurred in Varanasi, that killed immediately a [toddler](/wiki/Toddler \"Toddler\"), and set off a [stampede](/wiki/Stampede \"Stampede\") in which 20 people, including four foreigners, were injured.[Varanasi bomb blast kills toddler](https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/varanasi-bomb-blast-kills-toddler-1.934743) – CBC News, 7 December 2010 The responsibility for the attack was claimed by the [Islamist](/wiki/Islamist \"Islamist\") militant group [Indian Mujahideen](/wiki/Indian_Mujahideen \"Indian Mujahideen\").[Child killed, 20 injured in Varanasi blast: IM claims responsibility](http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=53415){{dead link\\|date\\=October 2015}}",
"#### 2006 Varanasi blasts",
"{{Main\\|2006 Varanasi bombings}}",
"A series of blasts occurred across the [Hindu](/wiki/Hinduism \"Hinduism\") holy city of [Varanasi](/wiki/Varanasi \"Varanasi\") on 7 March 2006\\. Fifteen people are reported to have been killed and as many as 101 others were injured. On 5 April 2006 the Indian police arrested six Islamic militants, including a cleric who helped plan bomb blasts. The cleric is believed to be a commander of a banned [Bangladeshi](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\") Islamic militant group, Harkatul Jihad\\-al Islami, and is linked to the [Inter\\-Services Intelligence](/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence \"Inter-Services Intelligence\"), the [Pakistani](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\") spy agency.{{cite news\\|date\\=5 April 2006\\|title\\=Indian Police Arrest Islamic Cleric for Blasts\\|agency\\=Reuters\\|url\\=http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section\\=1\\&id\\=4412\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2009}}",
"#### 2005 Ayodhya attacks",
"{{Main\\|2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack in Ayodhya}}",
"The long simmering Ayodhya crisis finally culminated in a terrorist attack on the site of the 16th century [Babri Masjid](/wiki/Babri_Mosque \"Babri Mosque\"). The ancient Masjid in [Ayodhya](/wiki/Ayodhya \"Ayodhya\") was demolished on 5 July 2005\\. Following the two\\-hour gunfight between [Lashkar\\-e\\-Toiba](/wiki/Lashkar-e-Toiba \"Lashkar-e-Toiba\") terrorists based in Pakistan and Indian police, in which six terrorists were killed, opposition parties called for a nationwide strike with the country's leaders condemning the attack, believed to have been masterminded by [Dawood Ibrahim](/wiki/Dawood_Ibrahim \"Dawood Ibrahim\").",
"#### 2022 Gorakhpur attack",
"In April 2022, a man armed with a dagger forcibly tried to enter the temple premises. Chanting religious slogans, the man identified as Ahmad Murtaza Abbasi approached the constables at the gate and attacked them as a result of which two constables were injured. As the police attempted to arrest him he evaded them for a while before being captured. Abbasi is an engineering graduate from [IIT Mumbai](/wiki/IIT_Bombay \"IIT Bombay\"). The temple had a sizeable crowd of devotees as it was a Sunday afternoon. However no civilians were harmed in the attack. The case is being investigated by the Uttar Pradesh Anti Terrorist Squad.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ranjan \\|first\\=Abhinav \\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-04 \\|title\\=Gorakhnath temple attack: Yogi govt hands over probe to UP Anti\\-Terrorism Squad \\|url\\=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/gorakhnath\\-temple\\-attack\\-yogi\\-adityanath\\-government\\-hands\\-over\\-probe\\-to\\-uttar\\-pradesh\\-ats\\-anti\\-terrorism\\-squad\\-2022\\-04\\-04\\-767582 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-05 \\|website\\=indiatvnews.com}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=IIT graduate attacks constables at Gorakhnath temple; ATS to probe \\|url\\=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/iit\\-graduate\\-attacks\\-constables\\-at\\-gorakhnath\\-temple\\-ats\\-to\\-probe\\-383647 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-05 \\|website\\=Tribuneindia News Service}}",
"### Uttarakhand",
"#### 1991 Rudrapur bombings",
"{{Main\\|1991 Rudrapur bombings}}",
"Two bombs were exploded on 17 October 1991\\. The first bomb exploded when people were watching [Ramlila](/wiki/Ramlila \"Ramlila\") on the public ground. After 15 minutes the second bomb went off near the hospital where injured were being taken. The bombings killed more than 40 people and injured 140 people. Later BSTK and the [Khalistan](/wiki/Khalistan \"Khalistan\") National Army claimed the responsibility for the bombings.",
"### West Bengal",
"#### 1993 Bowbazar bombing",
"{{Main\\|1993 Bowbazar bombing}}\nThe **Bowbazaar bomb blast** was an explosion which occurred in the central business district of [Bowbazar](/wiki/Bowbazar \"Bowbazar\"), [Calcutta](/wiki/Calcutta \"Calcutta\"), [India](/wiki/India \"India\") on the night of 16 March 1993\\. In total, it claimed the lives of 69 people.",
"In 1993, Mohammed Rashid Khan ran gambling establishments in the Bowbazaar area and had a workshop above his office where he made small bombs. After the [demolition of the Babri Masjid](/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid \"Demolition of the Babri Masjid\") and the riots which followed, Khan and his accomplices made plans to bomb parts of the city in order to kill Hindu residents. He began stockpiling explosives. Preparations were made secretly until, on the night of 16 March, the entire stockpile blew up accidentally. If the blast had occurred in the daytime, the death toll would have been much higher. According to some witnesses, the sound of the blast could be heard 3 miles away.",
"Khan and five others were sentenced to life imprisonment in 2001 by the [Calcutta High Court](/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court \"Calcutta High Court\") under the [Terrorist And Disruptive (Prevention) Act (TADA)](/wiki/Terrorist_and_Disruptive_Activities_%28Prevention%29_Act \"Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act\").",
""
] |
Personal
--------
Lothian was born Thomas Robert Noel Lothian, and because he was born on Christmas Day in 1915, he was known as Noel. He was the eldest of 3 brothers and two sisters. His father, Thomas Lothian, established Lothian Publishing in Melbourne, which probably instilled in Noel his love of books. The father of his first wife, Ngaio, was also in the book trade, working at [Whitcombe and Tombs](/wiki/Whitcombe_and_Tombs "Whitcombe and Tombs") in [Christchurch](/wiki/Christchurch "Christchurch").
Lothian married Ngaio Chaffey from Christchurch, New Zealand in 1940\. They had three children, Tony (1942\) and twins Andrew and Janet (1947\). Lothian and Ngaio separated and subsequently divorced in 1970 and in 1973 he married Vivian Mack.
Over his long life Lothian displayed many of the characteristics of his Scottish ancestry – tenacity, bluntness, perseverance and almost a delight in being politically incorrect. And although being a somewhat dour soul, he had a great sense of humour and enjoyed a good laugh. He was committed to the long haul, not for him the fly\-by\-nighters: when he set his sights on something he didn't give up or get distracted, witness the 25 years developing the Mt Lofty Botanic Garden from 1952 to its opening in 1977\.
Wayne Thomas wrote: "Few people are intelligent enough, or hard\-working enough, to leave this world in a better place than they found it. Noel was very special – his dedication to this state will ensure he is always remembered"
His friend, Ed McAllister AO, said in his eulogy: Noel was straightforward, uncomplicated, told it like it was, single\-minded at times, gregarious, a loyal friend, supportive of his staff and had a great zest for life. He also had a great sense of time and place. He was aware and proud of his achievements, but never arrogant about them. He was also a man of great vision and able to take the long view. This garden in which we stand today attests to that...Noel had an encyclopaedic knowledge of plants, particularly his favourite bulbous plants. He had a wide knowledge of Australian plants as well as a vast knowledge of plants from temperate parts of the world. Some of this knowledge was gained from his experiences in Botanic Gardens, but a lot was gained from his extensive travels...He once told me that when he came to Adelaide, there were two kinds of people in Adelaide, those who knew we had a Botanic Garden and those who did not. By the time he retired, there were still two kinds of people in Adelaide, those who visited the Gardens and those who did not, but everyone knew there was a Botanic Garden...Noel loved his work and dedicated himself to it. I remember on one occasion when he came striding into work one morning, shortly after I was appointed to the Gardens in 1979\. He said "are you enjoying yourself, Ed?", to which I, of course replied, "Yes Mr Lothian". His response was "Good, otherwise, you shouldn't be here". A simple philosophy, but one which he believed in and which is very true.
Lothian died on 24 September 2004 in [Townsville](/wiki/Townsville "Townsville"), [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland "Queensland"). On 8 October 2004 his ashes were scattered at the cool temperate botanical gardens at [Mount Lofty](/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Botanic_Garden "Mount Lofty Botanic Garden") that he had been integral in establishing.
|
[
"Personal\n--------",
"Lothian was born Thomas Robert Noel Lothian, and because he was born on Christmas Day in 1915, he was known as Noel. He was the eldest of 3 brothers and two sisters. His father, Thomas Lothian, established Lothian Publishing in Melbourne, which probably instilled in Noel his love of books. The father of his first wife, Ngaio, was also in the book trade, working at [Whitcombe and Tombs](/wiki/Whitcombe_and_Tombs \"Whitcombe and Tombs\") in [Christchurch](/wiki/Christchurch \"Christchurch\").",
"Lothian married Ngaio Chaffey from Christchurch, New Zealand in 1940\\. They had three children, Tony (1942\\) and twins Andrew and Janet (1947\\). Lothian and Ngaio separated and subsequently divorced in 1970 and in 1973 he married Vivian Mack.",
"Over his long life Lothian displayed many of the characteristics of his Scottish ancestry – tenacity, bluntness, perseverance and almost a delight in being politically incorrect. And although being a somewhat dour soul, he had a great sense of humour and enjoyed a good laugh. He was committed to the long haul, not for him the fly\\-by\\-nighters: when he set his sights on something he didn't give up or get distracted, witness the 25 years developing the Mt Lofty Botanic Garden from 1952 to its opening in 1977\\.",
"Wayne Thomas wrote: \"Few people are intelligent enough, or hard\\-working enough, to leave this world in a better place than they found it. Noel was very special – his dedication to this state will ensure he is always remembered\"",
"His friend, Ed McAllister AO, said in his eulogy: Noel was straightforward, uncomplicated, told it like it was, single\\-minded at times, gregarious, a loyal friend, supportive of his staff and had a great zest for life. He also had a great sense of time and place. He was aware and proud of his achievements, but never arrogant about them. He was also a man of great vision and able to take the long view. This garden in which we stand today attests to that...Noel had an encyclopaedic knowledge of plants, particularly his favourite bulbous plants. He had a wide knowledge of Australian plants as well as a vast knowledge of plants from temperate parts of the world. Some of this knowledge was gained from his experiences in Botanic Gardens, but a lot was gained from his extensive travels...He once told me that when he came to Adelaide, there were two kinds of people in Adelaide, those who knew we had a Botanic Garden and those who did not. By the time he retired, there were still two kinds of people in Adelaide, those who visited the Gardens and those who did not, but everyone knew there was a Botanic Garden...Noel loved his work and dedicated himself to it. I remember on one occasion when he came striding into work one morning, shortly after I was appointed to the Gardens in 1979\\. He said \"are you enjoying yourself, Ed?\", to which I, of course replied, \"Yes Mr Lothian\". His response was \"Good, otherwise, you shouldn't be here\". A simple philosophy, but one which he believed in and which is very true.",
"Lothian died on 24 September 2004 in [Townsville](/wiki/Townsville \"Townsville\"), [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland \"Queensland\"). On 8 October 2004 his ashes were scattered at the cool temperate botanical gardens at [Mount Lofty](/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Botanic_Garden \"Mount Lofty Botanic Garden\") that he had been integral in establishing.",
""
] |
Work
----
Patrick Defossez began his musical career in 1985, moving to France at a time when Belgian jazz was going through a very challenging period. Over the years, he put his creative talents as a pianist to work in the contemporary music scene, composing and improvising; played with several jazz bands (trios, quintets) and directed an ensemble featuring a wide range of different instruments which was part of the jazz fusion movement.
It was after being taught by Claude Ballif in mid\-1994 that he really embarked on musical composition. He produced a whole series of pieces designed to be played *in situ*, which were often the result of commissions and personal meetings. These saw him perform in Reims Cathedral*Clovis*, *Jeanne d’Arc au bûcher*, *Déambulation méditative*, *Puisse la lumière*, four pieces written for the launch of the cathedral’s new system of illumination, with the singer Armelle Orieux (1997\), on the banks of the River Meuse (*Cascades immobiles* with the Septuor de Namureauphones, 2000\) and in formats where he could enjoy the experience of blending genres and experiences, as in *Rêves, ragas et raves* (2001\) performed in Nantes with the town's University Choir. To mark the bicentenary of the death of [Toussaint Louverture](/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture "Toussaint Louverture"), he wrote the music for an opera, *Tous un* (2003\), based on the libretto by Fabienne Pasquet.
These large\-scale endeavours were accompanied by chamber music compositions, which frequently involved working with instrumentalists, such as *Du haut... denum digitorium* (2000\), performed by the bassoonist [Pascal Gallois](/wiki/Pascal_Gallois "Pascal Gallois") and the percussionist Samuel Favre. This is also how *Re\-partita /// post\-ludio* (2006\) originated, composed at the request of violinist Jacek Friedrich, a paraphrase\-remix of the prelude of the [Partita for Violin N°3](/wiki/Partita_for_Violin_No._3_%28Bach%29 "Partita for Violin No. 3 (Bach)") by [Johann\-Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach"). Patrick Defossez began working on pieces that would break down the barriers between genres and give rise to innovative or hitherto untried formats. For example, two very different approaches he tried were to bring three improvisers into a string ensemble for *Vernissage, dialogues et bavardages* and to combine electronic sounds with a range of traditional Basque instruments for *Chemin d’ombres / Matsu Camin* (2006\).
Patrick Defossez returned to playing piano solos in 2012\. He composed *Le livre de... Matin calme*, a suite where he reflects upon sound and time, ‘in suspension, repeated, renewed, held in check, infinite’, a score that is ‘turned towards a thousand dawns’.
This exploratory piano work and the age\-old endeavour to conduct a dialogue with other musicians come together in the project he is currently working on with composer Alain Bonardi, *Contemprovisations{{cite web\|url\=http://www.alainbonardi.net/contemprovisations/ \|title\=Site du projet Contemprovisations \|publisher\=alainbonardi.fr \|date\= \|access\-date\=3 March 2013}}* . Alain Bonardi's objective is to reinterpret the works of twelve contemporary composers: [Jacopo Baboni\-Schilingi](/wiki/Jacopo_Baboni-Schilingi "Jacopo Baboni-Schilingi"), Alain Bonardi, Régis Campo, Anne\-Gabriel Debaecker, [Bruno Ducol](/wiki/Bruno_Ducol "Bruno Ducol"), [Suzanne Giraud](/wiki/Suzanne_Giraud "Suzanne Giraud"), [Thierry Huillet](/wiki/Thierry_Huillet "Thierry Huillet"), [Philippe Manoury](/wiki/Philippe_Manoury "Philippe Manoury"), Yan Maresz, Komiko Omura, LeiLei Tian and [Kasper Toeplitz](/wiki/Kasper_T._Toeplitz "Kasper T. Toeplitz").
|
[
"Work\n----",
"Patrick Defossez began his musical career in 1985, moving to France at a time when Belgian jazz was going through a very challenging period. Over the years, he put his creative talents as a pianist to work in the contemporary music scene, composing and improvising; played with several jazz bands (trios, quintets) and directed an ensemble featuring a wide range of different instruments which was part of the jazz fusion movement.",
"It was after being taught by Claude Ballif in mid\\-1994 that he really embarked on musical composition. He produced a whole series of pieces designed to be played *in situ*, which were often the result of commissions and personal meetings. These saw him perform in Reims Cathedral*Clovis*, *Jeanne d’Arc au bûcher*, *Déambulation méditative*, *Puisse la lumière*, four pieces written for the launch of the cathedral’s new system of illumination, with the singer Armelle Orieux (1997\\), on the banks of the River Meuse (*Cascades immobiles* with the Septuor de Namureauphones, 2000\\) and in formats where he could enjoy the experience of blending genres and experiences, as in *Rêves, ragas et raves* (2001\\) performed in Nantes with the town's University Choir. To mark the bicentenary of the death of [Toussaint Louverture](/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture \"Toussaint Louverture\"), he wrote the music for an opera, *Tous un* (2003\\), based on the libretto by Fabienne Pasquet.",
"These large\\-scale endeavours were accompanied by chamber music compositions, which frequently involved working with instrumentalists, such as *Du haut... denum digitorium* (2000\\), performed by the bassoonist [Pascal Gallois](/wiki/Pascal_Gallois \"Pascal Gallois\") and the percussionist Samuel Favre. This is also how *Re\\-partita /// post\\-ludio* (2006\\) originated, composed at the request of violinist Jacek Friedrich, a paraphrase\\-remix of the prelude of the [Partita for Violin N°3](/wiki/Partita_for_Violin_No._3_%28Bach%29 \"Partita for Violin No. 3 (Bach)\") by [Johann\\-Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\"). Patrick Defossez began working on pieces that would break down the barriers between genres and give rise to innovative or hitherto untried formats. For example, two very different approaches he tried were to bring three improvisers into a string ensemble for *Vernissage, dialogues et bavardages* and to combine electronic sounds with a range of traditional Basque instruments for *Chemin d’ombres / Matsu Camin* (2006\\).",
"Patrick Defossez returned to playing piano solos in 2012\\. He composed *Le livre de... Matin calme*, a suite where he reflects upon sound and time, ‘in suspension, repeated, renewed, held in check, infinite’, a score that is ‘turned towards a thousand dawns’.",
"This exploratory piano work and the age\\-old endeavour to conduct a dialogue with other musicians come together in the project he is currently working on with composer Alain Bonardi, *Contemprovisations{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.alainbonardi.net/contemprovisations/ \\|title\\=Site du projet Contemprovisations \\|publisher\\=alainbonardi.fr \\|date\\= \\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2013}}* . Alain Bonardi's objective is to reinterpret the works of twelve contemporary composers: [Jacopo Baboni\\-Schilingi](/wiki/Jacopo_Baboni-Schilingi \"Jacopo Baboni-Schilingi\"), Alain Bonardi, Régis Campo, Anne\\-Gabriel Debaecker, [Bruno Ducol](/wiki/Bruno_Ducol \"Bruno Ducol\"), [Suzanne Giraud](/wiki/Suzanne_Giraud \"Suzanne Giraud\"), [Thierry Huillet](/wiki/Thierry_Huillet \"Thierry Huillet\"), [Philippe Manoury](/wiki/Philippe_Manoury \"Philippe Manoury\"), Yan Maresz, Komiko Omura, LeiLei Tian and [Kasper Toeplitz](/wiki/Kasper_T._Toeplitz \"Kasper T. Toeplitz\").",
""
] |
Style
-----
Patrick Defossez describes himself as a ‘pluriesthetic’ musician who attaches great importance both to the ‘art’ element of (so\-called) contemporary classical music and to the influences derived from improvised music, from jazz and electroacoustic music. The stage environment and the physical lay\-out of the venue are important parts of his work and some of his compositions (e.g. Sculpture de Muses in 2012\) have been designed for specific locations. His experience as a jazz musician has led him to develop a technique of ‘improvised composition’ in which the written work is subjected to changes in real\-time during the course of a concert, allowing for greater spontaneity of performance. This may be driven by purely aural considerations but also by a concern for how the playing of the piano as a visual performance is perceived.
> Having studied at the Beaux\-Arts, I quickly noticed that I painted music and played sculpture — Patrick Defossez
This breaking down of barriers goes beyond music, towards a form of synesthesia where words, images, sounds and space are components of the musical environment in their own right, a lesson learnt under Claude Ballif. On several occasions he has performed his music in conjunction with visual elements: paintings (Fondation Carzou) or animated works (soundtrack to a silent film), envisioning the concert to be a movement, an imbalance, a meandering, a journey, as much in the physical as in the temporal sense, one that also occurs in our mind's eye.
In the same way that his music has a transversal quality, Patrick Defossez's lyrics and the names of many of his compositions frequently display great inventiveness and something of his flamboyant, irreverent side. This helps us to understand the process of the working and re\-working of raw materialsPerhaps to be looked at in conjunction with the work of the poet Jean\-Pierre Verheggen from which new performance gestures are born. The works of [Raymond Queneau](/wiki/Raymond_Queneau "Raymond Queneau") (*Injectertion*) and [Allen Ginsberg](/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg "Allen Ginsberg") (*Libr’Air*) fit naturally into this vein, but other writers who might not have been immediately associated with this environment such as [Henry de Montherlant](/wiki/Henry_de_Montherlant "Henry de Montherlant") (*Inès de Castro*), [Louis Aragon](/wiki/Louis_Aragon "Louis Aragon") (*La messe noire d’Elsa*) and [Jean Genet](/wiki/Jean_Genet "Jean Genet") (*Le funambule*) have also been ‘set to music’ by Patrick Defossez.
Patrick Defossez accords much importance to the crafting of instruments and to the performance gesture, so much so that he has explored the idea of a ‘digital conservatory’ of instrumental techniques. He readily uses rare and unusual instruments in his compositions: the bass oboe, a didgeridoo, ondes Martenot, the bass flute, the double bell euphonium, the electroacoustic harp, sound\-producing sculptures like the namureauphones, traditional Basque instruments etc. (but not yet a washboard!).
These ‘meslanges’from a term meaning a collection of works from several authors are frequently joyful, blending both style and musical timbre, creating two distinct families of works, one of which tends towards the heterogeneous and the incongruous (perhaps drawing on the Belgian surrealist heritage?), while the other is an exploration of the performance gesture and the essence of musical time. In both cases, the performance gesture is crucial, this being the component around which the syntax of musical discourse revolves.
|
[
"Style\n-----",
"Patrick Defossez describes himself as a ‘pluriesthetic’ musician who attaches great importance both to the ‘art’ element of (so\\-called) contemporary classical music and to the influences derived from improvised music, from jazz and electroacoustic music. The stage environment and the physical lay\\-out of the venue are important parts of his work and some of his compositions (e.g. Sculpture de Muses in 2012\\) have been designed for specific locations. His experience as a jazz musician has led him to develop a technique of ‘improvised composition’ in which the written work is subjected to changes in real\\-time during the course of a concert, allowing for greater spontaneity of performance. This may be driven by purely aural considerations but also by a concern for how the playing of the piano as a visual performance is perceived.",
"",
"> Having studied at the Beaux\\-Arts, I quickly noticed that I painted music and played sculpture — Patrick Defossez",
"This breaking down of barriers goes beyond music, towards a form of synesthesia where words, images, sounds and space are components of the musical environment in their own right, a lesson learnt under Claude Ballif. On several occasions he has performed his music in conjunction with visual elements: paintings (Fondation Carzou) or animated works (soundtrack to a silent film), envisioning the concert to be a movement, an imbalance, a meandering, a journey, as much in the physical as in the temporal sense, one that also occurs in our mind's eye.",
"In the same way that his music has a transversal quality, Patrick Defossez's lyrics and the names of many of his compositions frequently display great inventiveness and something of his flamboyant, irreverent side. This helps us to understand the process of the working and re\\-working of raw materialsPerhaps to be looked at in conjunction with the work of the poet Jean\\-Pierre Verheggen from which new performance gestures are born. The works of [Raymond Queneau](/wiki/Raymond_Queneau \"Raymond Queneau\") (*Injectertion*) and [Allen Ginsberg](/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg \"Allen Ginsberg\") (*Libr’Air*) fit naturally into this vein, but other writers who might not have been immediately associated with this environment such as [Henry de Montherlant](/wiki/Henry_de_Montherlant \"Henry de Montherlant\") (*Inès de Castro*), [Louis Aragon](/wiki/Louis_Aragon \"Louis Aragon\") (*La messe noire d’Elsa*) and [Jean Genet](/wiki/Jean_Genet \"Jean Genet\") (*Le funambule*) have also been ‘set to music’ by Patrick Defossez.",
"Patrick Defossez accords much importance to the crafting of instruments and to the performance gesture, so much so that he has explored the idea of a ‘digital conservatory’ of instrumental techniques. He readily uses rare and unusual instruments in his compositions: the bass oboe, a didgeridoo, ondes Martenot, the bass flute, the double bell euphonium, the electroacoustic harp, sound\\-producing sculptures like the namureauphones, traditional Basque instruments etc. (but not yet a washboard!).",
"These ‘meslanges’from a term meaning a collection of works from several authors are frequently joyful, blending both style and musical timbre, creating two distinct families of works, one of which tends towards the heterogeneous and the incongruous (perhaps drawing on the Belgian surrealist heritage?), while the other is an exploration of the performance gesture and the essence of musical time. In both cases, the performance gesture is crucial, this being the component around which the syntax of musical discourse revolves.",
""
] |
Career
------
Holdridge first performed professionally at the age of nine in the [New York City Ballet](/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet "New York City Ballet")'s version of *[The Nutcracker](/wiki/The_Nutcracker "The Nutcracker")* in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"). Her first screen appearance was as an uncredited extra in the 1956 film production of *[Carousel](/wiki/Carousel_%28film%29 "Carousel (film)")*.{{Citation needed \|date\=April 2024}}
She auditioned for [Walt Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney "Walt Disney")'s *The Mickey Mouse Club* in the spring of 1956, and was hired for the show's second season.
After the show's run ended, Holdridge returned to [Van Nuys High School](/wiki/Van_Nuys_High_School "Van Nuys High School") and graduated from [Grant High School](/wiki/Grant_High_School_%28Los_Angeles%29 "Grant High School (Los Angeles)") with the winter 1961 class.{{cite news \|title\=Wedding Plans \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/684539087/?terms\=%22cheryl%20holdridge%22 \|access\-date\=29 October 2023 \|publisher\=Los Angeles Evening Citizen News \|date\=30 January 1964}} She was cast in two episodes of *[Leave It to Beaver](/wiki/Leave_It_to_Beaver "Leave It to Beaver")* in 1959 as Gloria Cusick; she later played an occasional, recurring role as [Wally Cleaver](/wiki/Wally_Cleaver "Wally Cleaver")'s girlfriend, [Julie Foster](/wiki/Julie_Foster_%28Leave_It_to_Beaver%29 "Julie Foster (Leave It to Beaver)"). She reprised her role as Julie Foster in two guest appearances in *[The New Leave It to Beaver](/wiki/The_New_Leave_It_to_Beaver "The New Leave It to Beaver")* in 1985 and 1987\.
From 1960, Holdridge made guest appearances on over twenty different shows, including *[The Rifleman](/wiki/The_Rifleman "The Rifleman")*, *[Wagon Train](/wiki/Wagon_Train "Wagon Train")*, *[The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Ozzie_and_Harriet "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet")*, *[Bachelor Father](/wiki/Bachelor_Father_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Bachelor Father (U.S. TV series)")*, *[My Three Sons](/wiki/My_Three_Sons "My Three Sons")*, *[The Eleventh Hour](/wiki/The_Eleventh_Hour_%281962_TV_series%29 "The Eleventh Hour (1962 TV series)")*, *[Bewitched](/wiki/Bewitched "Bewitched")*, and *[The Dick Van Dyke Show](/wiki/The_Dick_Van_Dyke_Show "The Dick Van Dyke Show")*.
Holdridge was offered the role of Elly May on *[The Beverly Hillbillies](/wiki/The_Beverly_Hillbillies "The Beverly Hillbillies")* but her studio would not release her from her contract to accept the role, and lost the lead role in *[Gidget Goes to Rome](/wiki/Gidget_Goes_to_Rome "Gidget Goes to Rome")* to [Cindy Carol](/wiki/Cindy_Carol "Cindy Carol") for looking too mature.*Cheryl Holdridge*, by Johnny Jason, 'Teen Magazine, May 1963, pg 47 Holdridge was also [screen tested](/wiki/Screen_test "Screen test") for a role in *[Spencer's Mountain](/wiki/Spencer%27s_Mountain "Spencer's Mountain")* that would eventually go to [Mimsy Farmer](/wiki/Mimsy_Farmer "Mimsy Farmer").{{Cite news \|last\=Bacon \|first\=James \|date\=21 June 1962 \|title\=Cheryl Holdridge Is No Longer A Mouseketeer \|work\=The Evening Sun \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/370844517/?terms\=Cheryl%20holdridge%20Fonda\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=24 October 2023}}
Holdridge retired from acting in 1964 to marry race car driver [Lance Reventlow](/wiki/Lance_Reventlow "Lance Reventlow"), to whom she was wed until his death in 1972\. Holdridge was offered a movie contract from [Universal Studios](/wiki/Universal_Pictures "Universal Pictures") but declined after Reventlow proposed. She stated “I had to choose between my career and my personal life. Lance doesn't want me to quit acting, but it wouldn't be right for me to be tied to a studio."{{cite news \|last1\=Thomas \|first1\=Bob \|title\=Actress Cheryl Holdridge Yields Career To Marriage \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41060561/cheryl\_holdridge/ \|accessdate\=December 25, 2019 \|work\=Ford Lauderdale News \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=May 1, 1964 \|location\=Florida, Fort Lauderdale \|page\=6 E\|via \= \[\[Newspapers.com]]}} In 1967 Holdridge was reported to be planning on writing a book about [Barbara Hutton](/wiki/Barbara_Hutton "Barbara Hutton") and Reventlow. She watched an installment of *[Poor Little Rich Girl](/wiki/Poor_Little_Rich_Girl:The_Barbara_Hutton_Story "The Barbara Hutton Story")*, based on Hutton, with its producer [Lester Persky](/wiki/Lester_Persky "Lester Persky") at his Bel Air home.{{Cite news \|last\=Beck \|first\=Marilyn \|date\=16 November 1987 \|title\=Conner set to star in Boorman film \|work\=Daily News \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/434094825/?terms\=Cheryl%20holdridge\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=24 October 2023}} The book never materialized.
After the death of her third husband, Holdridge made a cameo appearance in the [2000](/wiki/2000_in_film "2000 in film") feature film, *[The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas](/wiki/The_Flintstones_in_Viva_Rock_Vegas "The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas")*. In 2005, she appeared at [Disneyland](/wiki/Disneyland "Disneyland") for 50th anniversary celebrations of both the opening of the park and *The Mickey Mouse Club*. She was cast in televised documentary specials about [Cary Grant](/wiki/Cary_Grant "Cary Grant") (2005\) and [Barbara Hutton](/wiki/Barbara_Hutton "Barbara Hutton") (2006\), and also appeared in a special feature interview for a Disney [DVD](/wiki/DVD "DVD").
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Holdridge first performed professionally at the age of nine in the [New York City Ballet](/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet \"New York City Ballet\")'s version of *[The Nutcracker](/wiki/The_Nutcracker \"The Nutcracker\")* in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"). Her first screen appearance was as an uncredited extra in the 1956 film production of *[Carousel](/wiki/Carousel_%28film%29 \"Carousel (film)\")*.{{Citation needed \\|date\\=April 2024}}",
"She auditioned for [Walt Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney \"Walt Disney\")'s *The Mickey Mouse Club* in the spring of 1956, and was hired for the show's second season.",
"After the show's run ended, Holdridge returned to [Van Nuys High School](/wiki/Van_Nuys_High_School \"Van Nuys High School\") and graduated from [Grant High School](/wiki/Grant_High_School_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Grant High School (Los Angeles)\") with the winter 1961 class.{{cite news \\|title\\=Wedding Plans \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/684539087/?terms\\=%22cheryl%20holdridge%22 \\|access\\-date\\=29 October 2023 \\|publisher\\=Los Angeles Evening Citizen News \\|date\\=30 January 1964}} She was cast in two episodes of *[Leave It to Beaver](/wiki/Leave_It_to_Beaver \"Leave It to Beaver\")* in 1959 as Gloria Cusick; she later played an occasional, recurring role as [Wally Cleaver](/wiki/Wally_Cleaver \"Wally Cleaver\")'s girlfriend, [Julie Foster](/wiki/Julie_Foster_%28Leave_It_to_Beaver%29 \"Julie Foster (Leave It to Beaver)\"). She reprised her role as Julie Foster in two guest appearances in *[The New Leave It to Beaver](/wiki/The_New_Leave_It_to_Beaver \"The New Leave It to Beaver\")* in 1985 and 1987\\.",
"From 1960, Holdridge made guest appearances on over twenty different shows, including *[The Rifleman](/wiki/The_Rifleman \"The Rifleman\")*, *[Wagon Train](/wiki/Wagon_Train \"Wagon Train\")*, *[The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Ozzie_and_Harriet \"The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet\")*, *[Bachelor Father](/wiki/Bachelor_Father_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Bachelor Father (U.S. TV series)\")*, *[My Three Sons](/wiki/My_Three_Sons \"My Three Sons\")*, *[The Eleventh Hour](/wiki/The_Eleventh_Hour_%281962_TV_series%29 \"The Eleventh Hour (1962 TV series)\")*, *[Bewitched](/wiki/Bewitched \"Bewitched\")*, and *[The Dick Van Dyke Show](/wiki/The_Dick_Van_Dyke_Show \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\")*.",
"Holdridge was offered the role of Elly May on *[The Beverly Hillbillies](/wiki/The_Beverly_Hillbillies \"The Beverly Hillbillies\")* but her studio would not release her from her contract to accept the role, and lost the lead role in *[Gidget Goes to Rome](/wiki/Gidget_Goes_to_Rome \"Gidget Goes to Rome\")* to [Cindy Carol](/wiki/Cindy_Carol \"Cindy Carol\") for looking too mature.*Cheryl Holdridge*, by Johnny Jason, 'Teen Magazine, May 1963, pg 47 Holdridge was also [screen tested](/wiki/Screen_test \"Screen test\") for a role in *[Spencer's Mountain](/wiki/Spencer%27s_Mountain \"Spencer's Mountain\")* that would eventually go to [Mimsy Farmer](/wiki/Mimsy_Farmer \"Mimsy Farmer\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Bacon \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=21 June 1962 \\|title\\=Cheryl Holdridge Is No Longer A Mouseketeer \\|work\\=The Evening Sun \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/370844517/?terms\\=Cheryl%20holdridge%20Fonda\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2023}}",
"Holdridge retired from acting in 1964 to marry race car driver [Lance Reventlow](/wiki/Lance_Reventlow \"Lance Reventlow\"), to whom she was wed until his death in 1972\\. Holdridge was offered a movie contract from [Universal Studios](/wiki/Universal_Pictures \"Universal Pictures\") but declined after Reventlow proposed. She stated “I had to choose between my career and my personal life. Lance doesn't want me to quit acting, but it wouldn't be right for me to be tied to a studio.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Thomas \\|first1\\=Bob \\|title\\=Actress Cheryl Holdridge Yields Career To Marriage \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41060561/cheryl\\_holdridge/ \\|accessdate\\=December 25, 2019 \\|work\\=Ford Lauderdale News \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=May 1, 1964 \\|location\\=Florida, Fort Lauderdale \\|page\\=6 E\\|via \\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} In 1967 Holdridge was reported to be planning on writing a book about [Barbara Hutton](/wiki/Barbara_Hutton \"Barbara Hutton\") and Reventlow. She watched an installment of *[Poor Little Rich Girl](/wiki/Poor_Little_Rich_Girl:The_Barbara_Hutton_Story \"The Barbara Hutton Story\")*, based on Hutton, with its producer [Lester Persky](/wiki/Lester_Persky \"Lester Persky\") at his Bel Air home.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Beck \\|first\\=Marilyn \\|date\\=16 November 1987 \\|title\\=Conner set to star in Boorman film \\|work\\=Daily News \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/434094825/?terms\\=Cheryl%20holdridge\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2023}} The book never materialized.",
"After the death of her third husband, Holdridge made a cameo appearance in the [2000](/wiki/2000_in_film \"2000 in film\") feature film, *[The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas](/wiki/The_Flintstones_in_Viva_Rock_Vegas \"The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas\")*. In 2005, she appeared at [Disneyland](/wiki/Disneyland \"Disneyland\") for 50th anniversary celebrations of both the opening of the park and *The Mickey Mouse Club*. She was cast in televised documentary specials about [Cary Grant](/wiki/Cary_Grant \"Cary Grant\") (2005\\) and [Barbara Hutton](/wiki/Barbara_Hutton \"Barbara Hutton\") (2006\\), and also appeared in a special feature interview for a Disney [DVD](/wiki/DVD \"DVD\").",
""
] |
Hampshire County Cricket Club
-----------------------------
### 1842 to 1845
The first known [cricket](/wiki/Cricket "Cricket") match played at the ground was on 23 August 1839 when "North of Hampshire" opposed "South of Hampshire".{{cite web\| url\= http://content.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57308\.html\| title\= Antelope Ground, Southampton, England\| publisher \=www.cricinfo.com \| access\-date\=10 March 2009}}
In 1842 three local gentlemen, [Thomas Chamberlayne](/wiki/Thomas_Chamberlayne_%28cricketer%29 "Thomas Chamberlayne (cricketer)"), [Sir Frederick Hervey\-Bathurst](/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Hervey-Bathurst%2C_3rd_Baronet "Sir Frederick Hervey-Bathurst, 3rd Baronet") and [Sir John Barker\-Mill](/wiki/Sir_John_Barker-Mill%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir John Barker-Mill, 1st Baronet"), financed the development of the ground and installed the former [Hampshire](/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club "Hampshire County Cricket Club") and [Surrey](/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club "Surrey County Cricket Club") cricketer [Daniel Day](/wiki/Daniel_Day_%28cricketer%29 "Daniel Day (cricketer)") in the Antelope Hotel. Chamberlayne was a Hampshire cricketer, making several appearances in the 1840s, including in the Hampshire v. England match in September 1842\. Hervey\-Bathurst also played regularly for MCC and Hampshire between 1832 and 1861\. All three gentlemen are shown on the scorecard of a match between [MCC](/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club "Marylebone Cricket Club") and Hampshire at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s "Lord's") on 30 June 1842, although Barker\-Mill is shown as "absent hurt".{{cite web\| date\= 30 June 1842 \| url \= https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/0/665\.html \| title\= Marylebone Cricket Club v Hampshire (Scorecard)\| publisher\=www.cricketarchive.com\| access\-date\=9 March 2009 \|url\-access\=subscription }}
During the period when the ground was under the supervision of Daniel Day the ground was known as "Day's Ground" rather than the Antelope. Five [first\-class matches](/wiki/First-class_cricket "First-class cricket") were played there between 1842 and 1845\. The first was in September 1842, when Hampshire played England. This was a low\-scoring match with Hampshire being bowled out for 67 in the first innings; England replied with a total of 99, but Hampshire only managed 27 in their second innings and England thus won by an innings and 5 runs. England's best bowler was [William Hillyer](/wiki/William_Hillyer "William Hillyer") who took 15 wickets in the match.{{cite web\| date\= 5 September 1842 \| url\= https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/0/679\.html \| title\= Hampshire v England (Scorecard)\| publisher \= www.cricketarchive.com\| access\-date\=10 March 2009 \|url\-access\=subscription }}
In 1845, the ground was first threatened by [building speculation](/wiki/Building_speculation "Building speculation"), resulting in Daniel Day moving to a ground at the Woolston Hotel on the south side of Woolston Road, [Itchen](/wiki/Itchen_Urban_District "Itchen Urban District"), a few hundred yards across the [River Itchen](/wiki/River_Itchen%2C_Hampshire "River Itchen, Hampshire") from Southampton. First\-class matches in Southampton were then played on what was known as "[Day's Itchen Ground](/wiki/Day%27s_Itchen_Ground "Day's Itchen Ground")".
The building development fell through and the lease of the Antelope Ground was taken by a Mr. Brooks (or Brooke), with cricket matches involving the "Gentlemen of South Hampshire" being staged there.
In 1861 [James Southerton](/wiki/James_Southerton "James Southerton"), the Surrey cricketer was engaged at Southampton and resided at the Antelope Ground. He remained there until 1867\. The first recorded individual century made on the ground was in 1862, when [George Ede](/wiki/George_Ede "George Ede") hit 122 for South Hampshire v East Hampshire.
### 1863 to 1884
On 11 September 1863, at a meeting held at the Antelope Hotel, [Hampshire County Cricket Club](/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club "Hampshire County Cricket Club") was re\-formed,{{sfn\|Juson\|Bull\|2001\|page\=26}} following which top\-class cricket returned to the Antelope, with the County Club renting the ground from 1864 on a yearly basis.
The first county match at the ground following the revival of the club was against [Sussex](/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club "Sussex County Cricket Club") starting on 7 July 1864, which Sussex won by 10 wickets with [James Lillywhite](/wiki/James_Lillywhite "James Lillywhite") claiming ten wickets in the match for 80 runs, including taking his 100th wicket in [first\-class](/wiki/First-class_cricket "First-class cricket") matches.{{cite web\| date\= 7 July 1864 \| url\= https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1/1333\.html\| title\= Hampshire v Sussex (Scorecard)\| publisher \=www.cricketarchive.com\| access\-date\=10 March 2009 \|url\-access\=subscription }}
Over the next twenty years, 27 first\-class matches were played at the Antelope Ground as well as regular matches involving the "Gentlemen of Hampshire".
The best bowling figures were in a match against [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire_County_Cricket_Club "Derbyshire County Cricket Club") in July 1876 when Derbyshire's [William Mycroft](/wiki/William_Mycroft "William Mycroft") claimed 17–103 in the match. Despite this, Hampshire won a low\-scoring match by one wicket.{{cite web\| date\= 24 July 1876 \| url\= https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2046\.html\| title\= Hampshire v Derbyshire (Scorecard)\| publisher \=www.cricketarchive.com \| access\-date\=10 March 2009 \|url\-access\=subscription }}
[Francis Lacey](/wiki/Francis_Lacey "Francis Lacey") claimed the highest individual score at the ground, with 211 in the first innings against [Kent](/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club "Kent County Cricket Club") in June 1884, which he followed with 92 not out in the second, as Hampshire won by 3 wickets. This was Lacey's top score in first\-class matches.{{cite web\| date\= 16 June 1884 \| url\= https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2830\.html\| title\= Hampshire v Kent (Scorecard)\| publisher \=www.cricketarchive.com \| access\-date\=10 March 2009 \|url\-access\=subscription }}
The last recorded match at the ground was between Hampshire and [Somerset](/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club "Somerset County Cricket Club") in August 1884, when a total of 645 runs were scored, with [Ernest Powell](/wiki/Ernest_Powell "Ernest Powell") and Francis Lacey scoring 140 and 100 respectively in Hampshire's first innings. Hampshire won the match by an innings and 169 runs.{{cite web\| date\= 7 August 1884 \| url\= https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2877\.html\| title\= Hampshire v Somerset (Scorecard)\| publisher \=www.cricketarchive.com \| access\-date\=10 March 2009 \|url\-access\=subscription }}
In 1883, Col. [James Fellowes](/wiki/James_Fellowes_%28cricketer%29 "James Fellowes (cricketer)") opened negotiations for the lease and development of land in Northlands Road, Southampton (part of the [Hulse](/wiki/Hulse_baronets "Hulse baronets") Estate) and by the Annual General Meeting of Hampshire County Cricket Club, held at the George Hotel, Winchester in January 1884, Col. Fellowes was able to report that {{convert\|8\|acre\|m2}} of land had been leased at an annual rent of £160 on condition that the club erected a pavilion. The new lease was to run for 28 years. The first match played at the new [County Ground](/wiki/County_Ground%2C_Southampton "County Ground, Southampton") was on 9 May 1885\.{{cite web\| url\= http://content.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57309\.html\| title\= County Ground, Northlands Road, Southampton, England\| publisher \=www.cricinfo.com \| access\-date\=10 March 2009}}
|
[
"Hampshire County Cricket Club\n-----------------------------",
"### 1842 to 1845",
"The first known [cricket](/wiki/Cricket \"Cricket\") match played at the ground was on 23 August 1839 when \"North of Hampshire\" opposed \"South of Hampshire\".{{cite web\\| url\\= http://content.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57308\\.html\\| title\\= Antelope Ground, Southampton, England\\| publisher \\=www.cricinfo.com \\| access\\-date\\=10 March 2009}}",
"In 1842 three local gentlemen, [Thomas Chamberlayne](/wiki/Thomas_Chamberlayne_%28cricketer%29 \"Thomas Chamberlayne (cricketer)\"), [Sir Frederick Hervey\\-Bathurst](/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Hervey-Bathurst%2C_3rd_Baronet \"Sir Frederick Hervey-Bathurst, 3rd Baronet\") and [Sir John Barker\\-Mill](/wiki/Sir_John_Barker-Mill%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir John Barker-Mill, 1st Baronet\"), financed the development of the ground and installed the former [Hampshire](/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Hampshire County Cricket Club\") and [Surrey](/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club \"Surrey County Cricket Club\") cricketer [Daniel Day](/wiki/Daniel_Day_%28cricketer%29 \"Daniel Day (cricketer)\") in the Antelope Hotel. Chamberlayne was a Hampshire cricketer, making several appearances in the 1840s, including in the Hampshire v. England match in September 1842\\. Hervey\\-Bathurst also played regularly for MCC and Hampshire between 1832 and 1861\\. All three gentlemen are shown on the scorecard of a match between [MCC](/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club \"Marylebone Cricket Club\") and Hampshire at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\") on 30 June 1842, although Barker\\-Mill is shown as \"absent hurt\".{{cite web\\| date\\= 30 June 1842 \\| url \\= https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/0/665\\.html \\| title\\= Marylebone Cricket Club v Hampshire (Scorecard)\\| publisher\\=www.cricketarchive.com\\| access\\-date\\=9 March 2009 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription }}",
"During the period when the ground was under the supervision of Daniel Day the ground was known as \"Day's Ground\" rather than the Antelope. Five [first\\-class matches](/wiki/First-class_cricket \"First-class cricket\") were played there between 1842 and 1845\\. The first was in September 1842, when Hampshire played England. This was a low\\-scoring match with Hampshire being bowled out for 67 in the first innings; England replied with a total of 99, but Hampshire only managed 27 in their second innings and England thus won by an innings and 5 runs. England's best bowler was [William Hillyer](/wiki/William_Hillyer \"William Hillyer\") who took 15 wickets in the match.{{cite web\\| date\\= 5 September 1842 \\| url\\= https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/0/679\\.html \\| title\\= Hampshire v England (Scorecard)\\| publisher \\= www.cricketarchive.com\\| access\\-date\\=10 March 2009 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription }}",
"In 1845, the ground was first threatened by [building speculation](/wiki/Building_speculation \"Building speculation\"), resulting in Daniel Day moving to a ground at the Woolston Hotel on the south side of Woolston Road, [Itchen](/wiki/Itchen_Urban_District \"Itchen Urban District\"), a few hundred yards across the [River Itchen](/wiki/River_Itchen%2C_Hampshire \"River Itchen, Hampshire\") from Southampton. First\\-class matches in Southampton were then played on what was known as \"[Day's Itchen Ground](/wiki/Day%27s_Itchen_Ground \"Day's Itchen Ground\")\".",
"The building development fell through and the lease of the Antelope Ground was taken by a Mr. Brooks (or Brooke), with cricket matches involving the \"Gentlemen of South Hampshire\" being staged there.",
"In 1861 [James Southerton](/wiki/James_Southerton \"James Southerton\"), the Surrey cricketer was engaged at Southampton and resided at the Antelope Ground. He remained there until 1867\\. The first recorded individual century made on the ground was in 1862, when [George Ede](/wiki/George_Ede \"George Ede\") hit 122 for South Hampshire v East Hampshire.",
"### 1863 to 1884",
"On 11 September 1863, at a meeting held at the Antelope Hotel, [Hampshire County Cricket Club](/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Hampshire County Cricket Club\") was re\\-formed,{{sfn\\|Juson\\|Bull\\|2001\\|page\\=26}} following which top\\-class cricket returned to the Antelope, with the County Club renting the ground from 1864 on a yearly basis.",
"The first county match at the ground following the revival of the club was against [Sussex](/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club \"Sussex County Cricket Club\") starting on 7 July 1864, which Sussex won by 10 wickets with [James Lillywhite](/wiki/James_Lillywhite \"James Lillywhite\") claiming ten wickets in the match for 80 runs, including taking his 100th wicket in [first\\-class](/wiki/First-class_cricket \"First-class cricket\") matches.{{cite web\\| date\\= 7 July 1864 \\| url\\= https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1/1333\\.html\\| title\\= Hampshire v Sussex (Scorecard)\\| publisher \\=www.cricketarchive.com\\| access\\-date\\=10 March 2009 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription }}",
"Over the next twenty years, 27 first\\-class matches were played at the Antelope Ground as well as regular matches involving the \"Gentlemen of Hampshire\".",
"The best bowling figures were in a match against [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Derbyshire County Cricket Club\") in July 1876 when Derbyshire's [William Mycroft](/wiki/William_Mycroft \"William Mycroft\") claimed 17–103 in the match. Despite this, Hampshire won a low\\-scoring match by one wicket.{{cite web\\| date\\= 24 July 1876 \\| url\\= https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2046\\.html\\| title\\= Hampshire v Derbyshire (Scorecard)\\| publisher \\=www.cricketarchive.com \\| access\\-date\\=10 March 2009 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription }}",
"[Francis Lacey](/wiki/Francis_Lacey \"Francis Lacey\") claimed the highest individual score at the ground, with 211 in the first innings against [Kent](/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club \"Kent County Cricket Club\") in June 1884, which he followed with 92 not out in the second, as Hampshire won by 3 wickets. This was Lacey's top score in first\\-class matches.{{cite web\\| date\\= 16 June 1884 \\| url\\= https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2830\\.html\\| title\\= Hampshire v Kent (Scorecard)\\| publisher \\=www.cricketarchive.com \\| access\\-date\\=10 March 2009 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription }}",
"The last recorded match at the ground was between Hampshire and [Somerset](/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club \"Somerset County Cricket Club\") in August 1884, when a total of 645 runs were scored, with [Ernest Powell](/wiki/Ernest_Powell \"Ernest Powell\") and Francis Lacey scoring 140 and 100 respectively in Hampshire's first innings. Hampshire won the match by an innings and 169 runs.{{cite web\\| date\\= 7 August 1884 \\| url\\= https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2877\\.html\\| title\\= Hampshire v Somerset (Scorecard)\\| publisher \\=www.cricketarchive.com \\| access\\-date\\=10 March 2009 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription }}",
"In 1883, Col. [James Fellowes](/wiki/James_Fellowes_%28cricketer%29 \"James Fellowes (cricketer)\") opened negotiations for the lease and development of land in Northlands Road, Southampton (part of the [Hulse](/wiki/Hulse_baronets \"Hulse baronets\") Estate) and by the Annual General Meeting of Hampshire County Cricket Club, held at the George Hotel, Winchester in January 1884, Col. Fellowes was able to report that {{convert\\|8\\|acre\\|m2}} of land had been leased at an annual rent of £160 on condition that the club erected a pavilion. The new lease was to run for 28 years. The first match played at the new [County Ground](/wiki/County_Ground%2C_Southampton \"County Ground, Southampton\") was on 9 May 1885\\.{{cite web\\| url\\= http://content.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57309\\.html\\| title\\= County Ground, Northlands Road, Southampton, England\\| publisher \\=www.cricinfo.com \\| access\\-date\\=10 March 2009}}",
""
] |
Life
----
Although his father's name was Henri, Francis Jeanson was not related to the [Henri Jeanson](/wiki/Henri_Jeanson "Henri Jeanson") who was a journalist at *[Le Canard enchaîné](/wiki/Le_Canard_encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9 "Le Canard enchaîné")*, *[Le Crapouillot](/wiki/Le_Crapouillot "Le Crapouillot")*, and a screenwriter.
During the Second World War, he escaped through Spain to flee the [Service du travail obligatoire](/wiki/Service_du_travail_obligatoire "Service du travail obligatoire") and joined the [Armée française de la Libération](/wiki/French_Liberation_Army "French Liberation Army") in 1943\.[*Jeanson, dissident de la gauche intellectuelle*](http://www.parutions.com/index.php?pid=1&rid=4&srid=7&ida=2547), Marie\-Pierre Ulloa
A reporter for the *[Alger républicain](/wiki/Alger_r%C3%A9publicain "Alger républicain")* in 1945, he met [Albert Camus](/wiki/Albert_Camus "Albert Camus") and [Jean\-Paul Sartre](/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre "Jean-Paul Sartre") and the latter entrusted to him the management of the magazine *[Les Temps modernes](/wiki/Les_Temps_modernes "Les Temps modernes")* from 1951 to 1956\. He wrote the critique of *[The Rebel](/wiki/The_Rebel_%28book%29 "The Rebel (book)")*, which eventually led to ending for good the relationship between Sartre and Camus.
He became acquainted with [Emmanuel Mounier](/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier "Emmanuel Mounier"), who in 1948 opened for him the doors of the magazine *[Esprit](/wiki/Esprit_%28magazine%29 "Esprit (magazine)")*, where there was a certain 'philocommunism' and who facilitated his entry into the intellectual seraglio of the post\-war period. Mounier also invited him to the reading committee of the [Éditions du Seuil](/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil "Éditions du Seuil") and recommended him to its literary director, Paul Flamand. At the death of Mounier in March 1950, Jeanson took over the direction of the series "Écrivains de Toujours".[*Francis Jeanson et la revue Esprit 1\. Entre Sartre et Mounier. Les intellectuels et la guerre d'Algérie*](http://www.esprit.presse.fr/news/frontpage/news.php?code=204) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401103852/http://www.esprit.presse.fr/news/frontpage/news.php?code\=204 \|date\=2012\-04\-01 }}, Marie\-Pierre Ulloa, *esprit.presse.fr*, 16 mars 2012
Beginning in 1957, at the height of the Algerian war, he put his anti\-colonial ideals into practice by creating the [Jeanson network](/wiki/Jeanson_network "Jeanson network") to transport funds to the National Liberation Front of Algeria. This clandestine network of militants was disbanded in 1960\. Fleeing abroad, Francis Jeanson was tried in absentia, convicted of [high treason](/wiki/High_treason "High treason"), and sentenced in October 1960 to ten years' imprisonment.
He returned to Paris on the occasion of his amnesty in 1966, then worked with the Théâtre de Bourgogne (directed by Jacques Fornier) and was in charge of prefiguring the cultural policy of the Maison de la culture in [Chalon\-sur\-Saône](/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne "Chalon-sur-Saône") (1967–1971\). He proposed and elaborated through this experience the notion of "non\-public", which will be resumed in May 1968 in the Declaration of Villeurbanne, of which he was the main editor.
Solicited by psychiatrists, he then led interventions for an open psychiatry, a *psychiâtrie du sujet*, ("psychiatry of the subject") and created in particular the SOFOR (Sud Ouest Formation Recherche), which developed training activities for caregivers.
In 1992, he became president of the Sarajevo Association, in support of the [Bosnian](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina") people, and was a candidate on the list [Europe Begins at Sarajevo](/wiki/Europe_Begins_at_Sarajevo "Europe Begins at Sarajevo") of professor {{ill\|Léon Schwartzenberg\|fr}} for the [1994 European Parliament election](/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election "1994 European Parliament election").
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Although his father's name was Henri, Francis Jeanson was not related to the [Henri Jeanson](/wiki/Henri_Jeanson \"Henri Jeanson\") who was a journalist at *[Le Canard enchaîné](/wiki/Le_Canard_encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9 \"Le Canard enchaîné\")*, *[Le Crapouillot](/wiki/Le_Crapouillot \"Le Crapouillot\")*, and a screenwriter.",
"During the Second World War, he escaped through Spain to flee the [Service du travail obligatoire](/wiki/Service_du_travail_obligatoire \"Service du travail obligatoire\") and joined the [Armée française de la Libération](/wiki/French_Liberation_Army \"French Liberation Army\") in 1943\\.[*Jeanson, dissident de la gauche intellectuelle*](http://www.parutions.com/index.php?pid=1&rid=4&srid=7&ida=2547), Marie\\-Pierre Ulloa",
"A reporter for the *[Alger républicain](/wiki/Alger_r%C3%A9publicain \"Alger républicain\")* in 1945, he met [Albert Camus](/wiki/Albert_Camus \"Albert Camus\") and [Jean\\-Paul Sartre](/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre \"Jean-Paul Sartre\") and the latter entrusted to him the management of the magazine *[Les Temps modernes](/wiki/Les_Temps_modernes \"Les Temps modernes\")* from 1951 to 1956\\. He wrote the critique of *[The Rebel](/wiki/The_Rebel_%28book%29 \"The Rebel (book)\")*, which eventually led to ending for good the relationship between Sartre and Camus.",
"He became acquainted with [Emmanuel Mounier](/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier \"Emmanuel Mounier\"), who in 1948 opened for him the doors of the magazine *[Esprit](/wiki/Esprit_%28magazine%29 \"Esprit (magazine)\")*, where there was a certain 'philocommunism' and who facilitated his entry into the intellectual seraglio of the post\\-war period. Mounier also invited him to the reading committee of the [Éditions du Seuil](/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil \"Éditions du Seuil\") and recommended him to its literary director, Paul Flamand. At the death of Mounier in March 1950, Jeanson took over the direction of the series \"Écrivains de Toujours\".[*Francis Jeanson et la revue Esprit 1\\. Entre Sartre et Mounier. Les intellectuels et la guerre d'Algérie*](http://www.esprit.presse.fr/news/frontpage/news.php?code=204) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401103852/http://www.esprit.presse.fr/news/frontpage/news.php?code\\=204 \\|date\\=2012\\-04\\-01 }}, Marie\\-Pierre Ulloa, *esprit.presse.fr*, 16 mars 2012",
"Beginning in 1957, at the height of the Algerian war, he put his anti\\-colonial ideals into practice by creating the [Jeanson network](/wiki/Jeanson_network \"Jeanson network\") to transport funds to the National Liberation Front of Algeria. This clandestine network of militants was disbanded in 1960\\. Fleeing abroad, Francis Jeanson was tried in absentia, convicted of [high treason](/wiki/High_treason \"High treason\"), and sentenced in October 1960 to ten years' imprisonment.",
"He returned to Paris on the occasion of his amnesty in 1966, then worked with the Théâtre de Bourgogne (directed by Jacques Fornier) and was in charge of prefiguring the cultural policy of the Maison de la culture in [Chalon\\-sur\\-Saône](/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne \"Chalon-sur-Saône\") (1967–1971\\). He proposed and elaborated through this experience the notion of \"non\\-public\", which will be resumed in May 1968 in the Declaration of Villeurbanne, of which he was the main editor.",
"Solicited by psychiatrists, he then led interventions for an open psychiatry, a *psychiâtrie du sujet*, (\"psychiatry of the subject\") and created in particular the SOFOR (Sud Ouest Formation Recherche), which developed training activities for caregivers.",
"In 1992, he became president of the Sarajevo Association, in support of the [Bosnian](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Bosnia and Herzegovina\") people, and was a candidate on the list [Europe Begins at Sarajevo](/wiki/Europe_Begins_at_Sarajevo \"Europe Begins at Sarajevo\") of professor {{ill\\|Léon Schwartzenberg\\|fr}} for the [1994 European Parliament election](/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election \"1994 European Parliament election\").",
""
] |
Background
----------
[thumb\|A [Sa'ar 3](/wiki/Sa%27ar_3-class_missile_boat "Sa'ar 3-class missile boat") boat](/wiki/File:Saar3.gif "Saar3.gif")
The Israeli naval command had reached the conclusion by the early 1960s that their old [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II")\-era [destroyers](/wiki/Destroyer "Destroyer"), [frigates](/wiki/Frigate "Frigate") and [corvettes](/wiki/Corvette "Corvette") were obsolete and new ships and vessels were needed. A survey was undertaken and the [West German](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany") shipyard of [Lürssen](/wiki/L%C3%BCrssen "Lürssen") was recommended. The shipyard was asked to design a new generation of small missile boat platforms and to modify the suggested wooden [*Jaguar*\-class](/wiki/Jaguar_class_fast_attack_craft "Jaguar class fast attack craft") [torpedo boats](/wiki/Torpedo_boats "Torpedo boats") according to Israeli Navy requirements.
Due to [Arab League](/wiki/Arab_League "Arab League") pressure on the West German government, this plan was not continued and a new builder was sought. The Israeli Navy survey recommended that the Cherbourg\-based CMN shipyard owned by [Félix Amiot](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Amiot "Félix Amiot") would build the boats, based upon the Israeli requirements. The boats were constructed by the French and the MTU engines were German\-designed. The project received the codename "Autumn".
Crews were sent to France in early 1965\. The technical team was headed by [Commander](/wiki/Commander "Commander") Haim Schachal.{{cite web \|url\=http://info.palmach.org.il/show\_item.asp?levelId\=42863\&itemId\=8586\&itemType\=0\&fighter\=85571 \|title\=Shahal (Laibel) Haim, Son of Shlomo \|publisher\=Palmach Information Center \|accessdate\=16 September 2014}} The administrative and operational side was headed by then\-[Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28naval%29 "Captain (naval)") Binyamin (Bini) Telem, who later became the Israeli Navy's commander in chief during the [Yom Kippur war](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_war "Yom Kippur war").
The deal was entered into during the "Golden Age" of [Franco\-Israeli relations](/wiki/France%E2%80%93Israel_relations "France–Israel relations"). Prior to the [Six\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War") in 1967, France had been Israel's closest ally. In the wake of Israel's victory, relations began to worsen.Bass, Gary J. (31 March 2010\). ["When Israel and France Broke Up"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/01/opinion/01bass.html). *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Accessed 22 September 2021\. In 1968, Israeli [paratroopers](/wiki/Paratrooper "Paratrooper") commanded by then\-[Colonel](/wiki/Colonel "Colonel") [Raphael Eitan](/wiki/Raphael_Eitan "Raphael Eitan") (who later became [IDF](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces") chief of staff), [carried out a raid](/wiki/1968_Israeli_raid_on_Lebanon "1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon") on [Beirut airport](/wiki/Beirut_airport "Beirut airport") during [operations against](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflict "Israeli–Lebanese conflict") the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization "Palestine Liberation Organization") (PLO). In response, French President [Charles de Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle "Charles de Gaulle") ordered a full arms embargo on Israel.
The problem of the Cherbourg boats was left aside. President de Gaulle was irritated by what he considered an Israeli lack of respect for Franco\-Israeli agreements and he was eager to reinforce France's relations with the Arab world. The resignation of de Gaulle and the election of [Georges Pompidou](/wiki/Georges_Pompidou "Georges Pompidou") to be the president of France inspired hope among the Israelis. The Israeli government assumed that Pompidou would lift the embargo, but were proved wrong.
While the embargo was ordered, construction of the boats continued according to the original plan; and while the Israeli naval mission was in Cherbourg, controlling the project, Israeli crews were aboard the completed boats and the whole project was fully paid for by Israel.
The build\-up of the [Egyptian Navy](/wiki/Egyptian_Navy "Egyptian Navy") with [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") assistance during the 1960s and their procurement of new missile boats such as the [*Osa*](/wiki/Osa_class_missile_boat "Osa class missile boat") and [*Komar*](/wiki/Komar_class_missile_boat "Komar class missile boat") classes had, by the early days of the [War of Attrition](/wiki/War_of_Attrition "War of Attrition"), changed the balance of power in the Mediterranean theatre in favour of Arab navies and away from the Israeli Navy. There was by now an urgent need for a new generation of vessels for the Israeli Navy. Israel had been developing seaborne [surface\-to\-surface missiles](/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile "Surface-to-surface missile"), but the new vessels they would be launched from were now being built at Cherbourg. Their delivery was considered a high priority by the Israeli Navy.
The loss of the [destroyer](/wiki/Destroyer "Destroyer") [INS *Eilat*](/wiki/INS_Eilat_%281955%29 "INS Eilat (1955)") during an attack by *Komar*\-class missile boats in October 1967{{cite web\|title\=Sinking Eilat destroyer – 50 years on\|url\= https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/51097/Sinking\-Eilat\-destroyer\-–\-50\-years\-on \|date\=29 May 2018\|publisher\=Egypt Today\|accessdate\=21 May 2021}} and the accidental loss of the [submarine](/wiki/Submarine "Submarine") [INS *Dakar*](/wiki/INS_Dakar "INS Dakar") in 1968, as well as the general aging of the Israeli fleet, brought naval planners to the conclusion that the boats had to be taken from France by deception.
|
[
"Background\n----------",
"[thumb\\|A [Sa'ar 3](/wiki/Sa%27ar_3-class_missile_boat \"Sa'ar 3-class missile boat\") boat](/wiki/File:Saar3.gif \"Saar3.gif\")\nThe Israeli naval command had reached the conclusion by the early 1960s that their old [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\")\\-era [destroyers](/wiki/Destroyer \"Destroyer\"), [frigates](/wiki/Frigate \"Frigate\") and [corvettes](/wiki/Corvette \"Corvette\") were obsolete and new ships and vessels were needed. A survey was undertaken and the [West German](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\") shipyard of [Lürssen](/wiki/L%C3%BCrssen \"Lürssen\") was recommended. The shipyard was asked to design a new generation of small missile boat platforms and to modify the suggested wooden [*Jaguar*\\-class](/wiki/Jaguar_class_fast_attack_craft \"Jaguar class fast attack craft\") [torpedo boats](/wiki/Torpedo_boats \"Torpedo boats\") according to Israeli Navy requirements.",
"Due to [Arab League](/wiki/Arab_League \"Arab League\") pressure on the West German government, this plan was not continued and a new builder was sought. The Israeli Navy survey recommended that the Cherbourg\\-based CMN shipyard owned by [Félix Amiot](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Amiot \"Félix Amiot\") would build the boats, based upon the Israeli requirements. The boats were constructed by the French and the MTU engines were German\\-designed. The project received the codename \"Autumn\".",
"Crews were sent to France in early 1965\\. The technical team was headed by [Commander](/wiki/Commander \"Commander\") Haim Schachal.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://info.palmach.org.il/show\\_item.asp?levelId\\=42863\\&itemId\\=8586\\&itemType\\=0\\&fighter\\=85571 \\|title\\=Shahal (Laibel) Haim, Son of Shlomo \\|publisher\\=Palmach Information Center \\|accessdate\\=16 September 2014}} The administrative and operational side was headed by then\\-[Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28naval%29 \"Captain (naval)\") Binyamin (Bini) Telem, who later became the Israeli Navy's commander in chief during the [Yom Kippur war](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_war \"Yom Kippur war\").",
"The deal was entered into during the \"Golden Age\" of [Franco\\-Israeli relations](/wiki/France%E2%80%93Israel_relations \"France–Israel relations\"). Prior to the [Six\\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War \"Six-Day War\") in 1967, France had been Israel's closest ally. In the wake of Israel's victory, relations began to worsen.Bass, Gary J. (31 March 2010\\). [\"When Israel and France Broke Up\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/01/opinion/01bass.html). *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. Accessed 22 September 2021\\. In 1968, Israeli [paratroopers](/wiki/Paratrooper \"Paratrooper\") commanded by then\\-[Colonel](/wiki/Colonel \"Colonel\") [Raphael Eitan](/wiki/Raphael_Eitan \"Raphael Eitan\") (who later became [IDF](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") chief of staff), [carried out a raid](/wiki/1968_Israeli_raid_on_Lebanon \"1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon\") on [Beirut airport](/wiki/Beirut_airport \"Beirut airport\") during [operations against](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflict \"Israeli–Lebanese conflict\") the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization \"Palestine Liberation Organization\") (PLO). In response, French President [Charles de Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle \"Charles de Gaulle\") ordered a full arms embargo on Israel.",
"The problem of the Cherbourg boats was left aside. President de Gaulle was irritated by what he considered an Israeli lack of respect for Franco\\-Israeli agreements and he was eager to reinforce France's relations with the Arab world. The resignation of de Gaulle and the election of [Georges Pompidou](/wiki/Georges_Pompidou \"Georges Pompidou\") to be the president of France inspired hope among the Israelis. The Israeli government assumed that Pompidou would lift the embargo, but were proved wrong.",
"While the embargo was ordered, construction of the boats continued according to the original plan; and while the Israeli naval mission was in Cherbourg, controlling the project, Israeli crews were aboard the completed boats and the whole project was fully paid for by Israel.",
"The build\\-up of the [Egyptian Navy](/wiki/Egyptian_Navy \"Egyptian Navy\") with [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") assistance during the 1960s and their procurement of new missile boats such as the [*Osa*](/wiki/Osa_class_missile_boat \"Osa class missile boat\") and [*Komar*](/wiki/Komar_class_missile_boat \"Komar class missile boat\") classes had, by the early days of the [War of Attrition](/wiki/War_of_Attrition \"War of Attrition\"), changed the balance of power in the Mediterranean theatre in favour of Arab navies and away from the Israeli Navy. There was by now an urgent need for a new generation of vessels for the Israeli Navy. Israel had been developing seaborne [surface\\-to\\-surface missiles](/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile \"Surface-to-surface missile\"), but the new vessels they would be launched from were now being built at Cherbourg. Their delivery was considered a high priority by the Israeli Navy.",
"The loss of the [destroyer](/wiki/Destroyer \"Destroyer\") [INS *Eilat*](/wiki/INS_Eilat_%281955%29 \"INS Eilat (1955)\") during an attack by *Komar*\\-class missile boats in October 1967{{cite web\\|title\\=Sinking Eilat destroyer – 50 years on\\|url\\= https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/51097/Sinking\\-Eilat\\-destroyer\\-–\\-50\\-years\\-on \\|date\\=29 May 2018\\|publisher\\=Egypt Today\\|accessdate\\=21 May 2021}} and the accidental loss of the [submarine](/wiki/Submarine \"Submarine\") [INS *Dakar*](/wiki/INS_Dakar \"INS Dakar\") in 1968, as well as the general aging of the Israeli fleet, brought naval planners to the conclusion that the boats had to be taken from France by deception.",
""
] |
The operation
-------------
### Preparations
The plan to take the boats was formulated by retired [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_Admiral "Rear Admiral") [Mordechai "Mokka" Limon](/wiki/Mordechai_Limon "Mordechai Limon"), formerly the Israeli Navy's commander in chief, who was the head of the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces") mission in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"). Limon's affiliation with the [Rothschild family](/wiki/Rothschild_family "Rothschild family") provided him with important connections in France with the French government, and more widely in Europe as well.
During that period, several events worked in favor of the Israelis. In 1967, the seventh boat of the twelve boats ordered, INS *Mivtach* (Reliance), was completed and launched. A [telecom](/wiki/Telecommunication "Telecommunication") from Israeli Navy command informed the Israelis in Cherbourg that the embargo was expected to escalate, and the boats would have to sail immediately to [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa "Haifa") during sea trials, ignoring the French protocols for leaving port. This angered the French, and they ordered the Israeli Navy and the other boats to leave the French harbour, and dock instead at the commercial port, which was unguarded.
The boats were transferred to a [front company](/wiki/Front_company "Front company") called Starboat, registered in [Panama](/wiki/Panama "Panama"), allegedly a [Norwegian](/wiki/Norway "Norway") [oil drill](/wiki/Oil_drill "Oil drill") company. The front company was Limon's idea, aided by his connections with Mila Brenner (1921–1999\), a retired naval officer with a rank of commander and the co\-owner of the Israel\-based [Maritime Fruit Carriers Company](/wiki/Maritime_Fruit_Carriers_Company "Maritime Fruit Carriers Company"), a company that operated cargo ships transporting fruit. Milla Brenner knew the Norwegian businessman [Martin Siem](/wiki/Martin_Siem "Martin Siem"), who was able to provide assistance.Rabinovich, Abraham (21 December 2019\). ["The story of the 'stolen' missile boats Israel used in the Yom Kippur War"](https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/The-Story-of-the-stolen-missile-boats-Israel-used-in-the-Yom-Kipur-war-611433). *[The Jerusalem Post](/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post "The Jerusalem Post")*. Retrieved 22 September 2021\.
The front company feigned interest in the boats as potential survey ships for searching for oil, and declared that the boats' specifications met their needs. To add to the deception Limon pretended to have "tough negotiations" with Starboat. The terms agreed were that the boats would be transferred to Starboat and would be crewed by members of the Israeli Navy due to their experience with the boats. The boats were sold and transferred legally by the government of Israel to the front company with the approval of [Michel Debré](/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9 "Michel Debré"), the [French Defense Minister](/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_%28France%29 "Minister of Defence (France)").
The next stage of the operation was to build a day\-to\-day routine with the aim of ultimately misleading the French at Cherbourg. Israeli [skeleton crews](/wiki/Skeleton_crew "Skeleton crew") took over the boats and maintained a routine of short voyages, heading north into the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic "Atlantic"). The skeleton crews were secretly reinforced by 80 Israeli officers, [ratings](/wiki/Naval_rating "Naval rating") and [sailors](/wiki/Sailor "Sailor") in civilian clothes who arrived in groups of two at different destinations throughout Europe as tourists, and then travelled to Cherbourg. It was feared that sending them all to Cherbourg at once would alert French intelligence. They were ordered to keep moving between hotels, and not to stay in any one hotel for more than one night. The crews travelled on Israeli passports so that in the event they were caught, they could not be charged with passport fraud. By 23 December, all crews had arrived, and were scattered around the city. Mossad director\-general [Meir Amit](/wiki/Meir_Amit "Meir Amit") considered the risk to the operation to be very high, recalling "it just needed one suspicious French policeman to ask why so many Jews were coming to Cherbourg for Christmas and the whole operation could be blown."{{cite book \|author\=Thomas Gordon \|title\=Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad \|publisher\=St Martins Press \|year\=1999 \|asin\=B000OTHCB2}}{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Escape\-from\-Cherbourg \| title\=Escape from Cherbourg \|newspaper\=The Jerusalem Post\| date\=24 December 2009 }}
Prior to the escape, the boats had to be fuelled with a large amount of diesel and stocked with enough food to sustain an eight\-day voyage. Stocking and fuelling this amount all at once could have alerted observers to the fact that a long voyage was planned. Commander Rinat, the head of operations, instead ordered the boats to be gradually fuelled using a small 5\-ton [tank truck](/wiki/Tank_truck "Tank truck"). A quarter of a million litres of fuel was smuggled in drums and hidden belowdecks. By 24 December, the boats had been fully fuelled and stored. The supply officer bought fresh and dry food from local [grocery stores](/wiki/Grocery_store "Grocery store") to stock on the boats. To prevent arousing suspicion, the supplies were purchased in small quantities each time.
Since sudden engine noise during the night of the escape would alert the French, the operation's commander, Captain Hadar Kimhi, ordered the boats' engines to be regularly started at nights, causing the inhabitants of Cherbourg to become accustomed to the noise. The local [police](/wiki/Police "Police") visited the boats in response to inhabitants' complaints, and received the explanations that the electrical supply from the shore was not enough to warm the boats during the cold days of December. The boats received an authorization from the electrical company and police to operate their engines at night. The noise was loud with twenty [Maybach](/wiki/Maybach "Maybach") main engines running.
Meanwhile, the [ZIM](/wiki/Zim_Integrated_Shipping_Services "Zim Integrated Shipping Services") navigation company Europe Lines were approached to help in providing fuel, once the boats had left Cherbourg. Assistance was provided by [Edmond Wilhelm Brillant](/wiki/Edmond_Wilhelm_Brillant "Edmond Wilhelm Brillant"), a retired navy officer and a naval architect. He designated [MV](/wiki/Motor_ship "Motor ship") *Lea*{{cite web\|url\=http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20L/slides/Lea\-01\.html \|accessdate\=19 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002121620/http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20L/slides/Lea\-01\.html \|archivedate\=2 October 2011 \|title\=(Lea\-01\) }} to provide fuel at [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") and MV *Nahariya* as a backup in the [Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay "Bay of Biscay"), both general cargo ships that were available. The main difficulty at this stage of the plan was the conversion of MV *Lea* into a fuelling ship carrying 200,000 litres of light diesel fuel. This was solved by conversion of the [ballast tank](/wiki/Ballast_tank "Ballast tank") in the ship's bow and bottom into a fuel tank.
The pump system was converted to operate as both a fire fighting and fuelling pump. Special high pressure hoses were used. A fuelling drill was developed prior sailing to the rendezvous point near Gibraltar. According to international maritime regulations, MV *Lea* could not sail since safety regulations banned ships from carrying fuel in the bow as fuel vapour may cause an explosion. This issue was solved by Brillant with the aid of Kirstine shipyards and a [Lloyd's Register](/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register "Lloyd's Register") [surveyor](/wiki/Marine_surveyor "Marine surveyor").
A special filter was needed to make sure no dirt from tanks would contaminate the boat's tanks and engines. This filter was improvised by Brillant. It was capable of fuelling five boats, but only two at a time were fuelled at the ship's stern. The overall conversion and drill took twelve hours. Other Zim divisions provided the *Dan*, a [Ro\-Ro](/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off "Roll-on/roll-off") ship sister of MV *Nili*,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20N/slides/Nili\-01\.html \|accessdate\=21 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002121628/http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20N/slides/Nili\-01\.html \|archivedate\=2 October 2011 \|title\=(Nili\-01\) }} which would provide fuel near [Lampedusa](/wiki/Lampedusa "Lampedusa"). The captain of MV *Dan* was Yosef Dror, a retired navy commander and [Shayetet 13](/wiki/Shayetet_13 "Shayetet 13") commando [frogman](/wiki/Frogman "Frogman").{{cite web \|author\=Ami Isseroff \|url\=http://www.zionism\-israel.com/dic/Shayetet\_13\.htm \|publisher\=Zionism and Israel Information Center \|title\=Shayetet 13 \|accessdate\=16 September 2014}} In this case, tanker trailers were loaded in the ship's garage. These Zim ships sailed with additional crew made up of members of the Israeli Navy.
### Escape
[thumb\|250px\|One of the boats arriving in Haifa](/wiki/File:StarboatArriveKishonPort.jpg "StarboatArriveKishonPort.jpg")
The boats were to escape on Christmas Eve. On the eve of the escape, the skeleton crews continued to maintain the boats, while the 80 crews who came to reinforce them hid belowdecks. The Israelis feared that the boats could sink while sailing through the [Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay "Bay of Biscay") in severe winter conditions. The group had a [meteorologist](/wiki/Meteorologist "Meteorologist") assigned to them, who monitored all British, French and Spanish weather forecasts. Despite a forecast predicting rain from the south\-west, the crews were ordered to sail out at 20:30\. By 19:30, all crews were aboard.
There was a [force 9 storm](/wiki/Beaufort_scale "Beaufort scale") on the night of the escape, and after the weather worsened, the departure time was extended to 22:30, but the escape was again delayed by worsening weather. Captain Hadar Kimhi received urgent coded messages from Israel ordering him to set sail despite the weather, but he decided to wait. At midnight, the meteorologist picked up a [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") report indicating that the storm would die down in two hours. At 02:30, the boats left Cherbourg and headed slowly out to sea.
The French were initially unaware that the Israeli boats had left port, and their absence was noticed by a reporter who visited the port and saw that all the boats were missing. He immediately reported it to the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") almost 12 hours after the escape, and so the French authorities learned of the boats' disappearance from the BBC. The empty berths and an absence of any announcement of the embargo's termination caused speculation that Israel had taken the boats. A television news team flew out over the [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea "North Sea") to see if the boats were heading towards [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), to where they had ostensibly been sold, while other news crews headed out over the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean "Mediterranean").
The boats crossed the [Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay "Bay of Biscay") before turning south and crossing into the Mediterranean, meeting Israeli support ships along the way. During fuelling by MV *Lea* at [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar"), one of the Israeli Navy crew members mistakenly allowed water into the fuel tanks of INS *Hetz* (Arrow). It was not initially known whether the water was seawater; if it was, it could not be drained and might damage the engines. Commander Rinat asked the crew to taste the fuel and to indicate if it was salty or not. Having determined that it was not seawater, the tanks were drained.
As the boats passed Gibraltar into the Mediterranean, the British monitoring station flashed a signal, asking the boats to identify themselves. The boats gave no reply, and a Lloyd's helicopter circling over them detected no flags or identity numbers. The British personnel, who had heard the media reports of the disappearance of the Israeli boats from Cherbourg, correctly guessed the boat's nationalities and true destination, then flashed the signal "bon voyage". The Israelis took it as a signal that the British understood who they were. The boats were spotted by television crews in the Mediterranean as they travelled fast towards Israel, hugging the coast of [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa "North Africa").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/A\-civilian\-caper \|first\=Abraham \|last\=Rabinovich \|title\=A civilian caper \|date\=4 June 2009 \|newspaper\=The Jerusalem Post \|accessdate\=16 September 2014}} Near [Crete](/wiki/Crete "Crete"), [Israeli Air Force](/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force "Israeli Air Force") F\-4 Phantom fighters met up with the boats and flew low overhead in escort.
French Defence Minister [Michel Debré](/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9 "Michel Debré") ordered an air strike to sink the boats. The French Chief of Staff refused to obey and replied he would resign rather than obey the order. The order was countermanded by Prime Minister [Jacques Chaban\-Delmas](/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas "Jacques Chaban-Delmas"), who prevented any further escalation. Although the French government was furious, it realized that there was little that could be done, since the boats were already on the high seas when the ruse was uncovered. French [Foreign Minister](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28France%29 "Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)") [Maurice Schumann](/wiki/Maurice_Schumann "Maurice Schumann") warned that if the boats appeared in Israel, "the consequences will be very grave indeed".
The Israeli boats sailed a total of {{convert\|3145\|nmi\|km mi\|lk\=on\|abbr\=on}}, beginning in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel "English Channel"), and arriving at the [Kishon](/wiki/Kishon_River "Kishon River") Shipyard port{{cite web \|url\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/israel/haifa.htm \|title\=Haifa Port \|publisher\=GlobalSecurity.org \|accessdate\=16 September 2014}} in [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa "Haifa") bay on 31 December. The boats were met with public jubilation when they arrived in Israel.
The navy's [commander in chief](/wiki/Commander_in_chief "Commander in chief") during the operation was Rear\-Admiral [Avraham Botzer](/wiki/Avraham_Botzer "Avraham Botzer") (Cheetah). The commanding officer of the operation was Captain Hadar Kimhi (later [commodore](/wiki/Commodore_%28rank%29 "Commodore (rank)") commander of Haifa Navy\-Base and naval attaché in [Britain](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") during the 1973 [Yom Kippur War](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War "Yom Kippur War")), with Commander Ezra Kedm Krishinski, nicknamed *Karish* (Shark) as his deputy (later commodore and commander of the [Red Sea](/wiki/Red_Sea "Red Sea") theatre). The boats were:
* INS *Sufa* (Storm), [skipper](/wiki/Skipper_%28boating%29 "Skipper (boating)") [Lt.](/wiki/Lieutenant "Lieutenant") Ronna Arie
* INS *Ga'ash* (Volcano), skipper Lt. Gil Koren
* INS *Herev* (Sword), skipper Lt. Commander Gadi Ben Zeev
* INS *Hanit* (Spear), skipper [Lt. Commander](/wiki/Lt._Commander "Lt. Commander") Haim Shaked
* INS *Hetz* (Arrow), skipper Commander Moshe Tabak
Two young officers in the operation, Tal and Michael — Ram, went on to become commanders in chief of the navy.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2013}}
The boats' names while being operated by the oil drilling company were *Starboat* 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5\. The boats joined the already acquired INS *Sa'ar* to form the [Sa'ar 3\-class missile boats](/wiki/Sa%27ar_3-class_missile_boat "Sa'ar 3-class missile boat").
### International repercussions
The French government expelled Mordechai Limon from France. It was said that the French president stated "I do not like tea with Lemon and Mokka coffee". Generals [Louis Bonte](/wiki/Louis_Bonte "Louis Bonte") and [Bernard Cazelles](/wiki/Bernard_Cazelles "Bernard Cazelles") were suspended by the government. Instead Israel turned to American supplies of weapons and support. The [Israeli Air Force](/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force "Israeli Air Force") began to be equipped by American aircraft, while the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") started to train the Israeli Navy's high command and increased the level of naval cooperation.
According to British intelligence writer [Gordon Thomas](/wiki/Gordon_Thomas_%28author%29 "Gordon Thomas (author)"), following the affair, Mossad agents were watched "as closely as any terrorist" when they were deployed to France to track down and kill Middle Eastern terrorists. Many times, terrorists would escape after being tipped off by a pro\-Arab French intelligence officer.
|
[
"The operation\n-------------",
"### Preparations",
"The plan to take the boats was formulated by retired [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_Admiral \"Rear Admiral\") [Mordechai \"Mokka\" Limon](/wiki/Mordechai_Limon \"Mordechai Limon\"), formerly the Israeli Navy's commander in chief, who was the head of the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") mission in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"). Limon's affiliation with the [Rothschild family](/wiki/Rothschild_family \"Rothschild family\") provided him with important connections in France with the French government, and more widely in Europe as well.",
"During that period, several events worked in favor of the Israelis. In 1967, the seventh boat of the twelve boats ordered, INS *Mivtach* (Reliance), was completed and launched. A [telecom](/wiki/Telecommunication \"Telecommunication\") from Israeli Navy command informed the Israelis in Cherbourg that the embargo was expected to escalate, and the boats would have to sail immediately to [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa \"Haifa\") during sea trials, ignoring the French protocols for leaving port. This angered the French, and they ordered the Israeli Navy and the other boats to leave the French harbour, and dock instead at the commercial port, which was unguarded.",
"The boats were transferred to a [front company](/wiki/Front_company \"Front company\") called Starboat, registered in [Panama](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\"), allegedly a [Norwegian](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\") [oil drill](/wiki/Oil_drill \"Oil drill\") company. The front company was Limon's idea, aided by his connections with Mila Brenner (1921–1999\\), a retired naval officer with a rank of commander and the co\\-owner of the Israel\\-based [Maritime Fruit Carriers Company](/wiki/Maritime_Fruit_Carriers_Company \"Maritime Fruit Carriers Company\"), a company that operated cargo ships transporting fruit. Milla Brenner knew the Norwegian businessman [Martin Siem](/wiki/Martin_Siem \"Martin Siem\"), who was able to provide assistance.Rabinovich, Abraham (21 December 2019\\). [\"The story of the 'stolen' missile boats Israel used in the Yom Kippur War\"](https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/The-Story-of-the-stolen-missile-boats-Israel-used-in-the-Yom-Kipur-war-611433). *[The Jerusalem Post](/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post \"The Jerusalem Post\")*. Retrieved 22 September 2021\\.",
"The front company feigned interest in the boats as potential survey ships for searching for oil, and declared that the boats' specifications met their needs. To add to the deception Limon pretended to have \"tough negotiations\" with Starboat. The terms agreed were that the boats would be transferred to Starboat and would be crewed by members of the Israeli Navy due to their experience with the boats. The boats were sold and transferred legally by the government of Israel to the front company with the approval of [Michel Debré](/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9 \"Michel Debré\"), the [French Defense Minister](/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_%28France%29 \"Minister of Defence (France)\").",
"The next stage of the operation was to build a day\\-to\\-day routine with the aim of ultimately misleading the French at Cherbourg. Israeli [skeleton crews](/wiki/Skeleton_crew \"Skeleton crew\") took over the boats and maintained a routine of short voyages, heading north into the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic \"Atlantic\"). The skeleton crews were secretly reinforced by 80 Israeli officers, [ratings](/wiki/Naval_rating \"Naval rating\") and [sailors](/wiki/Sailor \"Sailor\") in civilian clothes who arrived in groups of two at different destinations throughout Europe as tourists, and then travelled to Cherbourg. It was feared that sending them all to Cherbourg at once would alert French intelligence. They were ordered to keep moving between hotels, and not to stay in any one hotel for more than one night. The crews travelled on Israeli passports so that in the event they were caught, they could not be charged with passport fraud. By 23 December, all crews had arrived, and were scattered around the city. Mossad director\\-general [Meir Amit](/wiki/Meir_Amit \"Meir Amit\") considered the risk to the operation to be very high, recalling \"it just needed one suspicious French policeman to ask why so many Jews were coming to Cherbourg for Christmas and the whole operation could be blown.\"{{cite book \\|author\\=Thomas Gordon \\|title\\=Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad \\|publisher\\=St Martins Press \\|year\\=1999 \\|asin\\=B000OTHCB2}}{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Escape\\-from\\-Cherbourg \\| title\\=Escape from Cherbourg \\|newspaper\\=The Jerusalem Post\\| date\\=24 December 2009 }}",
"Prior to the escape, the boats had to be fuelled with a large amount of diesel and stocked with enough food to sustain an eight\\-day voyage. Stocking and fuelling this amount all at once could have alerted observers to the fact that a long voyage was planned. Commander Rinat, the head of operations, instead ordered the boats to be gradually fuelled using a small 5\\-ton [tank truck](/wiki/Tank_truck \"Tank truck\"). A quarter of a million litres of fuel was smuggled in drums and hidden belowdecks. By 24 December, the boats had been fully fuelled and stored. The supply officer bought fresh and dry food from local [grocery stores](/wiki/Grocery_store \"Grocery store\") to stock on the boats. To prevent arousing suspicion, the supplies were purchased in small quantities each time.",
"Since sudden engine noise during the night of the escape would alert the French, the operation's commander, Captain Hadar Kimhi, ordered the boats' engines to be regularly started at nights, causing the inhabitants of Cherbourg to become accustomed to the noise. The local [police](/wiki/Police \"Police\") visited the boats in response to inhabitants' complaints, and received the explanations that the electrical supply from the shore was not enough to warm the boats during the cold days of December. The boats received an authorization from the electrical company and police to operate their engines at night. The noise was loud with twenty [Maybach](/wiki/Maybach \"Maybach\") main engines running.",
"Meanwhile, the [ZIM](/wiki/Zim_Integrated_Shipping_Services \"Zim Integrated Shipping Services\") navigation company Europe Lines were approached to help in providing fuel, once the boats had left Cherbourg. Assistance was provided by [Edmond Wilhelm Brillant](/wiki/Edmond_Wilhelm_Brillant \"Edmond Wilhelm Brillant\"), a retired navy officer and a naval architect. He designated [MV](/wiki/Motor_ship \"Motor ship\") *Lea*{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20L/slides/Lea\\-01\\.html \\|accessdate\\=19 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002121620/http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20L/slides/Lea\\-01\\.html \\|archivedate\\=2 October 2011 \\|title\\=(Lea\\-01\\) }} to provide fuel at [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\") and MV *Nahariya* as a backup in the [Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay \"Bay of Biscay\"), both general cargo ships that were available. The main difficulty at this stage of the plan was the conversion of MV *Lea* into a fuelling ship carrying 200,000 litres of light diesel fuel. This was solved by conversion of the [ballast tank](/wiki/Ballast_tank \"Ballast tank\") in the ship's bow and bottom into a fuel tank.",
"The pump system was converted to operate as both a fire fighting and fuelling pump. Special high pressure hoses were used. A fuelling drill was developed prior sailing to the rendezvous point near Gibraltar. According to international maritime regulations, MV *Lea* could not sail since safety regulations banned ships from carrying fuel in the bow as fuel vapour may cause an explosion. This issue was solved by Brillant with the aid of Kirstine shipyards and a [Lloyd's Register](/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register \"Lloyd's Register\") [surveyor](/wiki/Marine_surveyor \"Marine surveyor\").",
"A special filter was needed to make sure no dirt from tanks would contaminate the boat's tanks and engines. This filter was improvised by Brillant. It was capable of fuelling five boats, but only two at a time were fuelled at the ship's stern. The overall conversion and drill took twelve hours. Other Zim divisions provided the *Dan*, a [Ro\\-Ro](/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off \"Roll-on/roll-off\") ship sister of MV *Nili*,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20N/slides/Nili\\-01\\.html \\|accessdate\\=21 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002121628/http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20N/slides/Nili\\-01\\.html \\|archivedate\\=2 October 2011 \\|title\\=(Nili\\-01\\) }} which would provide fuel near [Lampedusa](/wiki/Lampedusa \"Lampedusa\"). The captain of MV *Dan* was Yosef Dror, a retired navy commander and [Shayetet 13](/wiki/Shayetet_13 \"Shayetet 13\") commando [frogman](/wiki/Frogman \"Frogman\").{{cite web \\|author\\=Ami Isseroff \\|url\\=http://www.zionism\\-israel.com/dic/Shayetet\\_13\\.htm \\|publisher\\=Zionism and Israel Information Center \\|title\\=Shayetet 13 \\|accessdate\\=16 September 2014}} In this case, tanker trailers were loaded in the ship's garage. These Zim ships sailed with additional crew made up of members of the Israeli Navy.",
"### Escape",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|One of the boats arriving in Haifa](/wiki/File:StarboatArriveKishonPort.jpg \"StarboatArriveKishonPort.jpg\")\nThe boats were to escape on Christmas Eve. On the eve of the escape, the skeleton crews continued to maintain the boats, while the 80 crews who came to reinforce them hid belowdecks. The Israelis feared that the boats could sink while sailing through the [Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay \"Bay of Biscay\") in severe winter conditions. The group had a [meteorologist](/wiki/Meteorologist \"Meteorologist\") assigned to them, who monitored all British, French and Spanish weather forecasts. Despite a forecast predicting rain from the south\\-west, the crews were ordered to sail out at 20:30\\. By 19:30, all crews were aboard.",
"There was a [force 9 storm](/wiki/Beaufort_scale \"Beaufort scale\") on the night of the escape, and after the weather worsened, the departure time was extended to 22:30, but the escape was again delayed by worsening weather. Captain Hadar Kimhi received urgent coded messages from Israel ordering him to set sail despite the weather, but he decided to wait. At midnight, the meteorologist picked up a [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") report indicating that the storm would die down in two hours. At 02:30, the boats left Cherbourg and headed slowly out to sea.",
"The French were initially unaware that the Israeli boats had left port, and their absence was noticed by a reporter who visited the port and saw that all the boats were missing. He immediately reported it to the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") almost 12 hours after the escape, and so the French authorities learned of the boats' disappearance from the BBC. The empty berths and an absence of any announcement of the embargo's termination caused speculation that Israel had taken the boats. A television news team flew out over the [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea \"North Sea\") to see if the boats were heading towards [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\"), to where they had ostensibly been sold, while other news crews headed out over the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\").",
"The boats crossed the [Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay \"Bay of Biscay\") before turning south and crossing into the Mediterranean, meeting Israeli support ships along the way. During fuelling by MV *Lea* at [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\"), one of the Israeli Navy crew members mistakenly allowed water into the fuel tanks of INS *Hetz* (Arrow). It was not initially known whether the water was seawater; if it was, it could not be drained and might damage the engines. Commander Rinat asked the crew to taste the fuel and to indicate if it was salty or not. Having determined that it was not seawater, the tanks were drained.",
"As the boats passed Gibraltar into the Mediterranean, the British monitoring station flashed a signal, asking the boats to identify themselves. The boats gave no reply, and a Lloyd's helicopter circling over them detected no flags or identity numbers. The British personnel, who had heard the media reports of the disappearance of the Israeli boats from Cherbourg, correctly guessed the boat's nationalities and true destination, then flashed the signal \"bon voyage\". The Israelis took it as a signal that the British understood who they were. The boats were spotted by television crews in the Mediterranean as they travelled fast towards Israel, hugging the coast of [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa \"North Africa\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/A\\-civilian\\-caper \\|first\\=Abraham \\|last\\=Rabinovich \\|title\\=A civilian caper \\|date\\=4 June 2009 \\|newspaper\\=The Jerusalem Post \\|accessdate\\=16 September 2014}} Near [Crete](/wiki/Crete \"Crete\"), [Israeli Air Force](/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force \"Israeli Air Force\") F\\-4 Phantom fighters met up with the boats and flew low overhead in escort.",
"French Defence Minister [Michel Debré](/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9 \"Michel Debré\") ordered an air strike to sink the boats. The French Chief of Staff refused to obey and replied he would resign rather than obey the order. The order was countermanded by Prime Minister [Jacques Chaban\\-Delmas](/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas \"Jacques Chaban-Delmas\"), who prevented any further escalation. Although the French government was furious, it realized that there was little that could be done, since the boats were already on the high seas when the ruse was uncovered. French [Foreign Minister](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28France%29 \"Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)\") [Maurice Schumann](/wiki/Maurice_Schumann \"Maurice Schumann\") warned that if the boats appeared in Israel, \"the consequences will be very grave indeed\".",
"The Israeli boats sailed a total of {{convert\\|3145\\|nmi\\|km mi\\|lk\\=on\\|abbr\\=on}}, beginning in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel \"English Channel\"), and arriving at the [Kishon](/wiki/Kishon_River \"Kishon River\") Shipyard port{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/israel/haifa.htm \\|title\\=Haifa Port \\|publisher\\=GlobalSecurity.org \\|accessdate\\=16 September 2014}} in [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa \"Haifa\") bay on 31 December. The boats were met with public jubilation when they arrived in Israel.",
"The navy's [commander in chief](/wiki/Commander_in_chief \"Commander in chief\") during the operation was Rear\\-Admiral [Avraham Botzer](/wiki/Avraham_Botzer \"Avraham Botzer\") (Cheetah). The commanding officer of the operation was Captain Hadar Kimhi (later [commodore](/wiki/Commodore_%28rank%29 \"Commodore (rank)\") commander of Haifa Navy\\-Base and naval attaché in [Britain](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") during the 1973 [Yom Kippur War](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War \"Yom Kippur War\")), with Commander Ezra Kedm Krishinski, nicknamed *Karish* (Shark) as his deputy (later commodore and commander of the [Red Sea](/wiki/Red_Sea \"Red Sea\") theatre). The boats were:\n* INS *Sufa* (Storm), [skipper](/wiki/Skipper_%28boating%29 \"Skipper (boating)\") [Lt.](/wiki/Lieutenant \"Lieutenant\") Ronna Arie\n* INS *Ga'ash* (Volcano), skipper Lt. Gil Koren\n* INS *Herev* (Sword), skipper Lt. Commander Gadi Ben Zeev\n* INS *Hanit* (Spear), skipper [Lt. Commander](/wiki/Lt._Commander \"Lt. Commander\") Haim Shaked\n* INS *Hetz* (Arrow), skipper Commander Moshe Tabak",
"Two young officers in the operation, Tal and Michael — Ram, went on to become commanders in chief of the navy.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2013}}",
"The boats' names while being operated by the oil drilling company were *Starboat* 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5\\. The boats joined the already acquired INS *Sa'ar* to form the [Sa'ar 3\\-class missile boats](/wiki/Sa%27ar_3-class_missile_boat \"Sa'ar 3-class missile boat\").",
"### International repercussions",
"The French government expelled Mordechai Limon from France. It was said that the French president stated \"I do not like tea with Lemon and Mokka coffee\". Generals [Louis Bonte](/wiki/Louis_Bonte \"Louis Bonte\") and [Bernard Cazelles](/wiki/Bernard_Cazelles \"Bernard Cazelles\") were suspended by the government. Instead Israel turned to American supplies of weapons and support. The [Israeli Air Force](/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force \"Israeli Air Force\") began to be equipped by American aircraft, while the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") started to train the Israeli Navy's high command and increased the level of naval cooperation.",
"According to British intelligence writer [Gordon Thomas](/wiki/Gordon_Thomas_%28author%29 \"Gordon Thomas (author)\"), following the affair, Mossad agents were watched \"as closely as any terrorist\" when they were deployed to France to track down and kill Middle Eastern terrorists. Many times, terrorists would escape after being tipped off by a pro\\-Arab French intelligence officer.",
""
] |
### Preparations
The plan to take the boats was formulated by retired [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_Admiral "Rear Admiral") [Mordechai "Mokka" Limon](/wiki/Mordechai_Limon "Mordechai Limon"), formerly the Israeli Navy's commander in chief, who was the head of the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces") mission in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"). Limon's affiliation with the [Rothschild family](/wiki/Rothschild_family "Rothschild family") provided him with important connections in France with the French government, and more widely in Europe as well.
During that period, several events worked in favor of the Israelis. In 1967, the seventh boat of the twelve boats ordered, INS *Mivtach* (Reliance), was completed and launched. A [telecom](/wiki/Telecommunication "Telecommunication") from Israeli Navy command informed the Israelis in Cherbourg that the embargo was expected to escalate, and the boats would have to sail immediately to [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa "Haifa") during sea trials, ignoring the French protocols for leaving port. This angered the French, and they ordered the Israeli Navy and the other boats to leave the French harbour, and dock instead at the commercial port, which was unguarded.
The boats were transferred to a [front company](/wiki/Front_company "Front company") called Starboat, registered in [Panama](/wiki/Panama "Panama"), allegedly a [Norwegian](/wiki/Norway "Norway") [oil drill](/wiki/Oil_drill "Oil drill") company. The front company was Limon's idea, aided by his connections with Mila Brenner (1921–1999\), a retired naval officer with a rank of commander and the co\-owner of the Israel\-based [Maritime Fruit Carriers Company](/wiki/Maritime_Fruit_Carriers_Company "Maritime Fruit Carriers Company"), a company that operated cargo ships transporting fruit. Milla Brenner knew the Norwegian businessman [Martin Siem](/wiki/Martin_Siem "Martin Siem"), who was able to provide assistance.Rabinovich, Abraham (21 December 2019\). ["The story of the 'stolen' missile boats Israel used in the Yom Kippur War"](https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/The-Story-of-the-stolen-missile-boats-Israel-used-in-the-Yom-Kipur-war-611433). *[The Jerusalem Post](/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post "The Jerusalem Post")*. Retrieved 22 September 2021\.
The front company feigned interest in the boats as potential survey ships for searching for oil, and declared that the boats' specifications met their needs. To add to the deception Limon pretended to have "tough negotiations" with Starboat. The terms agreed were that the boats would be transferred to Starboat and would be crewed by members of the Israeli Navy due to their experience with the boats. The boats were sold and transferred legally by the government of Israel to the front company with the approval of [Michel Debré](/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9 "Michel Debré"), the [French Defense Minister](/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_%28France%29 "Minister of Defence (France)").
The next stage of the operation was to build a day\-to\-day routine with the aim of ultimately misleading the French at Cherbourg. Israeli [skeleton crews](/wiki/Skeleton_crew "Skeleton crew") took over the boats and maintained a routine of short voyages, heading north into the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic "Atlantic"). The skeleton crews were secretly reinforced by 80 Israeli officers, [ratings](/wiki/Naval_rating "Naval rating") and [sailors](/wiki/Sailor "Sailor") in civilian clothes who arrived in groups of two at different destinations throughout Europe as tourists, and then travelled to Cherbourg. It was feared that sending them all to Cherbourg at once would alert French intelligence. They were ordered to keep moving between hotels, and not to stay in any one hotel for more than one night. The crews travelled on Israeli passports so that in the event they were caught, they could not be charged with passport fraud. By 23 December, all crews had arrived, and were scattered around the city. Mossad director\-general [Meir Amit](/wiki/Meir_Amit "Meir Amit") considered the risk to the operation to be very high, recalling "it just needed one suspicious French policeman to ask why so many Jews were coming to Cherbourg for Christmas and the whole operation could be blown."{{cite book \|author\=Thomas Gordon \|title\=Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad \|publisher\=St Martins Press \|year\=1999 \|asin\=B000OTHCB2}}{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Escape\-from\-Cherbourg \| title\=Escape from Cherbourg \|newspaper\=The Jerusalem Post\| date\=24 December 2009 }}
Prior to the escape, the boats had to be fuelled with a large amount of diesel and stocked with enough food to sustain an eight\-day voyage. Stocking and fuelling this amount all at once could have alerted observers to the fact that a long voyage was planned. Commander Rinat, the head of operations, instead ordered the boats to be gradually fuelled using a small 5\-ton [tank truck](/wiki/Tank_truck "Tank truck"). A quarter of a million litres of fuel was smuggled in drums and hidden belowdecks. By 24 December, the boats had been fully fuelled and stored. The supply officer bought fresh and dry food from local [grocery stores](/wiki/Grocery_store "Grocery store") to stock on the boats. To prevent arousing suspicion, the supplies were purchased in small quantities each time.
Since sudden engine noise during the night of the escape would alert the French, the operation's commander, Captain Hadar Kimhi, ordered the boats' engines to be regularly started at nights, causing the inhabitants of Cherbourg to become accustomed to the noise. The local [police](/wiki/Police "Police") visited the boats in response to inhabitants' complaints, and received the explanations that the electrical supply from the shore was not enough to warm the boats during the cold days of December. The boats received an authorization from the electrical company and police to operate their engines at night. The noise was loud with twenty [Maybach](/wiki/Maybach "Maybach") main engines running.
Meanwhile, the [ZIM](/wiki/Zim_Integrated_Shipping_Services "Zim Integrated Shipping Services") navigation company Europe Lines were approached to help in providing fuel, once the boats had left Cherbourg. Assistance was provided by [Edmond Wilhelm Brillant](/wiki/Edmond_Wilhelm_Brillant "Edmond Wilhelm Brillant"), a retired navy officer and a naval architect. He designated [MV](/wiki/Motor_ship "Motor ship") *Lea*{{cite web\|url\=http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20L/slides/Lea\-01\.html \|accessdate\=19 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002121620/http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20L/slides/Lea\-01\.html \|archivedate\=2 October 2011 \|title\=(Lea\-01\) }} to provide fuel at [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") and MV *Nahariya* as a backup in the [Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay "Bay of Biscay"), both general cargo ships that were available. The main difficulty at this stage of the plan was the conversion of MV *Lea* into a fuelling ship carrying 200,000 litres of light diesel fuel. This was solved by conversion of the [ballast tank](/wiki/Ballast_tank "Ballast tank") in the ship's bow and bottom into a fuel tank.
The pump system was converted to operate as both a fire fighting and fuelling pump. Special high pressure hoses were used. A fuelling drill was developed prior sailing to the rendezvous point near Gibraltar. According to international maritime regulations, MV *Lea* could not sail since safety regulations banned ships from carrying fuel in the bow as fuel vapour may cause an explosion. This issue was solved by Brillant with the aid of Kirstine shipyards and a [Lloyd's Register](/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register "Lloyd's Register") [surveyor](/wiki/Marine_surveyor "Marine surveyor").
A special filter was needed to make sure no dirt from tanks would contaminate the boat's tanks and engines. This filter was improvised by Brillant. It was capable of fuelling five boats, but only two at a time were fuelled at the ship's stern. The overall conversion and drill took twelve hours. Other Zim divisions provided the *Dan*, a [Ro\-Ro](/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off "Roll-on/roll-off") ship sister of MV *Nili*,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20N/slides/Nili\-01\.html \|accessdate\=21 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002121628/http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20N/slides/Nili\-01\.html \|archivedate\=2 October 2011 \|title\=(Nili\-01\) }} which would provide fuel near [Lampedusa](/wiki/Lampedusa "Lampedusa"). The captain of MV *Dan* was Yosef Dror, a retired navy commander and [Shayetet 13](/wiki/Shayetet_13 "Shayetet 13") commando [frogman](/wiki/Frogman "Frogman").{{cite web \|author\=Ami Isseroff \|url\=http://www.zionism\-israel.com/dic/Shayetet\_13\.htm \|publisher\=Zionism and Israel Information Center \|title\=Shayetet 13 \|accessdate\=16 September 2014}} In this case, tanker trailers were loaded in the ship's garage. These Zim ships sailed with additional crew made up of members of the Israeli Navy.
|
[
"### Preparations",
"The plan to take the boats was formulated by retired [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_Admiral \"Rear Admiral\") [Mordechai \"Mokka\" Limon](/wiki/Mordechai_Limon \"Mordechai Limon\"), formerly the Israeli Navy's commander in chief, who was the head of the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") mission in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"). Limon's affiliation with the [Rothschild family](/wiki/Rothschild_family \"Rothschild family\") provided him with important connections in France with the French government, and more widely in Europe as well.",
"During that period, several events worked in favor of the Israelis. In 1967, the seventh boat of the twelve boats ordered, INS *Mivtach* (Reliance), was completed and launched. A [telecom](/wiki/Telecommunication \"Telecommunication\") from Israeli Navy command informed the Israelis in Cherbourg that the embargo was expected to escalate, and the boats would have to sail immediately to [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa \"Haifa\") during sea trials, ignoring the French protocols for leaving port. This angered the French, and they ordered the Israeli Navy and the other boats to leave the French harbour, and dock instead at the commercial port, which was unguarded.",
"The boats were transferred to a [front company](/wiki/Front_company \"Front company\") called Starboat, registered in [Panama](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\"), allegedly a [Norwegian](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\") [oil drill](/wiki/Oil_drill \"Oil drill\") company. The front company was Limon's idea, aided by his connections with Mila Brenner (1921–1999\\), a retired naval officer with a rank of commander and the co\\-owner of the Israel\\-based [Maritime Fruit Carriers Company](/wiki/Maritime_Fruit_Carriers_Company \"Maritime Fruit Carriers Company\"), a company that operated cargo ships transporting fruit. Milla Brenner knew the Norwegian businessman [Martin Siem](/wiki/Martin_Siem \"Martin Siem\"), who was able to provide assistance.Rabinovich, Abraham (21 December 2019\\). [\"The story of the 'stolen' missile boats Israel used in the Yom Kippur War\"](https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/The-Story-of-the-stolen-missile-boats-Israel-used-in-the-Yom-Kipur-war-611433). *[The Jerusalem Post](/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post \"The Jerusalem Post\")*. Retrieved 22 September 2021\\.",
"The front company feigned interest in the boats as potential survey ships for searching for oil, and declared that the boats' specifications met their needs. To add to the deception Limon pretended to have \"tough negotiations\" with Starboat. The terms agreed were that the boats would be transferred to Starboat and would be crewed by members of the Israeli Navy due to their experience with the boats. The boats were sold and transferred legally by the government of Israel to the front company with the approval of [Michel Debré](/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9 \"Michel Debré\"), the [French Defense Minister](/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_%28France%29 \"Minister of Defence (France)\").",
"The next stage of the operation was to build a day\\-to\\-day routine with the aim of ultimately misleading the French at Cherbourg. Israeli [skeleton crews](/wiki/Skeleton_crew \"Skeleton crew\") took over the boats and maintained a routine of short voyages, heading north into the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic \"Atlantic\"). The skeleton crews were secretly reinforced by 80 Israeli officers, [ratings](/wiki/Naval_rating \"Naval rating\") and [sailors](/wiki/Sailor \"Sailor\") in civilian clothes who arrived in groups of two at different destinations throughout Europe as tourists, and then travelled to Cherbourg. It was feared that sending them all to Cherbourg at once would alert French intelligence. They were ordered to keep moving between hotels, and not to stay in any one hotel for more than one night. The crews travelled on Israeli passports so that in the event they were caught, they could not be charged with passport fraud. By 23 December, all crews had arrived, and were scattered around the city. Mossad director\\-general [Meir Amit](/wiki/Meir_Amit \"Meir Amit\") considered the risk to the operation to be very high, recalling \"it just needed one suspicious French policeman to ask why so many Jews were coming to Cherbourg for Christmas and the whole operation could be blown.\"{{cite book \\|author\\=Thomas Gordon \\|title\\=Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad \\|publisher\\=St Martins Press \\|year\\=1999 \\|asin\\=B000OTHCB2}}{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Escape\\-from\\-Cherbourg \\| title\\=Escape from Cherbourg \\|newspaper\\=The Jerusalem Post\\| date\\=24 December 2009 }}",
"Prior to the escape, the boats had to be fuelled with a large amount of diesel and stocked with enough food to sustain an eight\\-day voyage. Stocking and fuelling this amount all at once could have alerted observers to the fact that a long voyage was planned. Commander Rinat, the head of operations, instead ordered the boats to be gradually fuelled using a small 5\\-ton [tank truck](/wiki/Tank_truck \"Tank truck\"). A quarter of a million litres of fuel was smuggled in drums and hidden belowdecks. By 24 December, the boats had been fully fuelled and stored. The supply officer bought fresh and dry food from local [grocery stores](/wiki/Grocery_store \"Grocery store\") to stock on the boats. To prevent arousing suspicion, the supplies were purchased in small quantities each time.",
"Since sudden engine noise during the night of the escape would alert the French, the operation's commander, Captain Hadar Kimhi, ordered the boats' engines to be regularly started at nights, causing the inhabitants of Cherbourg to become accustomed to the noise. The local [police](/wiki/Police \"Police\") visited the boats in response to inhabitants' complaints, and received the explanations that the electrical supply from the shore was not enough to warm the boats during the cold days of December. The boats received an authorization from the electrical company and police to operate their engines at night. The noise was loud with twenty [Maybach](/wiki/Maybach \"Maybach\") main engines running.",
"Meanwhile, the [ZIM](/wiki/Zim_Integrated_Shipping_Services \"Zim Integrated Shipping Services\") navigation company Europe Lines were approached to help in providing fuel, once the boats had left Cherbourg. Assistance was provided by [Edmond Wilhelm Brillant](/wiki/Edmond_Wilhelm_Brillant \"Edmond Wilhelm Brillant\"), a retired navy officer and a naval architect. He designated [MV](/wiki/Motor_ship \"Motor ship\") *Lea*{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20L/slides/Lea\\-01\\.html \\|accessdate\\=19 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002121620/http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20L/slides/Lea\\-01\\.html \\|archivedate\\=2 October 2011 \\|title\\=(Lea\\-01\\) }} to provide fuel at [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\") and MV *Nahariya* as a backup in the [Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay \"Bay of Biscay\"), both general cargo ships that were available. The main difficulty at this stage of the plan was the conversion of MV *Lea* into a fuelling ship carrying 200,000 litres of light diesel fuel. This was solved by conversion of the [ballast tank](/wiki/Ballast_tank \"Ballast tank\") in the ship's bow and bottom into a fuel tank.",
"The pump system was converted to operate as both a fire fighting and fuelling pump. Special high pressure hoses were used. A fuelling drill was developed prior sailing to the rendezvous point near Gibraltar. According to international maritime regulations, MV *Lea* could not sail since safety regulations banned ships from carrying fuel in the bow as fuel vapour may cause an explosion. This issue was solved by Brillant with the aid of Kirstine shipyards and a [Lloyd's Register](/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register \"Lloyd's Register\") [surveyor](/wiki/Marine_surveyor \"Marine surveyor\").",
"A special filter was needed to make sure no dirt from tanks would contaminate the boat's tanks and engines. This filter was improvised by Brillant. It was capable of fuelling five boats, but only two at a time were fuelled at the ship's stern. The overall conversion and drill took twelve hours. Other Zim divisions provided the *Dan*, a [Ro\\-Ro](/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off \"Roll-on/roll-off\") ship sister of MV *Nili*,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20N/slides/Nili\\-01\\.html \\|accessdate\\=21 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002121628/http://www.photoship.co.uk/JAlbum%20Ships/Old%20Ships%20N/slides/Nili\\-01\\.html \\|archivedate\\=2 October 2011 \\|title\\=(Nili\\-01\\) }} which would provide fuel near [Lampedusa](/wiki/Lampedusa \"Lampedusa\"). The captain of MV *Dan* was Yosef Dror, a retired navy commander and [Shayetet 13](/wiki/Shayetet_13 \"Shayetet 13\") commando [frogman](/wiki/Frogman \"Frogman\").{{cite web \\|author\\=Ami Isseroff \\|url\\=http://www.zionism\\-israel.com/dic/Shayetet\\_13\\.htm \\|publisher\\=Zionism and Israel Information Center \\|title\\=Shayetet 13 \\|accessdate\\=16 September 2014}} In this case, tanker trailers were loaded in the ship's garage. These Zim ships sailed with additional crew made up of members of the Israeli Navy.",
""
] |
### Escape
[thumb\|250px\|One of the boats arriving in Haifa](/wiki/File:StarboatArriveKishonPort.jpg "StarboatArriveKishonPort.jpg")
The boats were to escape on Christmas Eve. On the eve of the escape, the skeleton crews continued to maintain the boats, while the 80 crews who came to reinforce them hid belowdecks. The Israelis feared that the boats could sink while sailing through the [Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay "Bay of Biscay") in severe winter conditions. The group had a [meteorologist](/wiki/Meteorologist "Meteorologist") assigned to them, who monitored all British, French and Spanish weather forecasts. Despite a forecast predicting rain from the south\-west, the crews were ordered to sail out at 20:30\. By 19:30, all crews were aboard.
There was a [force 9 storm](/wiki/Beaufort_scale "Beaufort scale") on the night of the escape, and after the weather worsened, the departure time was extended to 22:30, but the escape was again delayed by worsening weather. Captain Hadar Kimhi received urgent coded messages from Israel ordering him to set sail despite the weather, but he decided to wait. At midnight, the meteorologist picked up a [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") report indicating that the storm would die down in two hours. At 02:30, the boats left Cherbourg and headed slowly out to sea.
The French were initially unaware that the Israeli boats had left port, and their absence was noticed by a reporter who visited the port and saw that all the boats were missing. He immediately reported it to the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") almost 12 hours after the escape, and so the French authorities learned of the boats' disappearance from the BBC. The empty berths and an absence of any announcement of the embargo's termination caused speculation that Israel had taken the boats. A television news team flew out over the [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea "North Sea") to see if the boats were heading towards [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), to where they had ostensibly been sold, while other news crews headed out over the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean "Mediterranean").
The boats crossed the [Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay "Bay of Biscay") before turning south and crossing into the Mediterranean, meeting Israeli support ships along the way. During fuelling by MV *Lea* at [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar"), one of the Israeli Navy crew members mistakenly allowed water into the fuel tanks of INS *Hetz* (Arrow). It was not initially known whether the water was seawater; if it was, it could not be drained and might damage the engines. Commander Rinat asked the crew to taste the fuel and to indicate if it was salty or not. Having determined that it was not seawater, the tanks were drained.
As the boats passed Gibraltar into the Mediterranean, the British monitoring station flashed a signal, asking the boats to identify themselves. The boats gave no reply, and a Lloyd's helicopter circling over them detected no flags or identity numbers. The British personnel, who had heard the media reports of the disappearance of the Israeli boats from Cherbourg, correctly guessed the boat's nationalities and true destination, then flashed the signal "bon voyage". The Israelis took it as a signal that the British understood who they were. The boats were spotted by television crews in the Mediterranean as they travelled fast towards Israel, hugging the coast of [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa "North Africa").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/A\-civilian\-caper \|first\=Abraham \|last\=Rabinovich \|title\=A civilian caper \|date\=4 June 2009 \|newspaper\=The Jerusalem Post \|accessdate\=16 September 2014}} Near [Crete](/wiki/Crete "Crete"), [Israeli Air Force](/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force "Israeli Air Force") F\-4 Phantom fighters met up with the boats and flew low overhead in escort.
French Defence Minister [Michel Debré](/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9 "Michel Debré") ordered an air strike to sink the boats. The French Chief of Staff refused to obey and replied he would resign rather than obey the order. The order was countermanded by Prime Minister [Jacques Chaban\-Delmas](/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas "Jacques Chaban-Delmas"), who prevented any further escalation. Although the French government was furious, it realized that there was little that could be done, since the boats were already on the high seas when the ruse was uncovered. French [Foreign Minister](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28France%29 "Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)") [Maurice Schumann](/wiki/Maurice_Schumann "Maurice Schumann") warned that if the boats appeared in Israel, "the consequences will be very grave indeed".
The Israeli boats sailed a total of {{convert\|3145\|nmi\|km mi\|lk\=on\|abbr\=on}}, beginning in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel "English Channel"), and arriving at the [Kishon](/wiki/Kishon_River "Kishon River") Shipyard port{{cite web \|url\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/israel/haifa.htm \|title\=Haifa Port \|publisher\=GlobalSecurity.org \|accessdate\=16 September 2014}} in [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa "Haifa") bay on 31 December. The boats were met with public jubilation when they arrived in Israel.
The navy's [commander in chief](/wiki/Commander_in_chief "Commander in chief") during the operation was Rear\-Admiral [Avraham Botzer](/wiki/Avraham_Botzer "Avraham Botzer") (Cheetah). The commanding officer of the operation was Captain Hadar Kimhi (later [commodore](/wiki/Commodore_%28rank%29 "Commodore (rank)") commander of Haifa Navy\-Base and naval attaché in [Britain](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") during the 1973 [Yom Kippur War](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War "Yom Kippur War")), with Commander Ezra Kedm Krishinski, nicknamed *Karish* (Shark) as his deputy (later commodore and commander of the [Red Sea](/wiki/Red_Sea "Red Sea") theatre). The boats were:
* INS *Sufa* (Storm), [skipper](/wiki/Skipper_%28boating%29 "Skipper (boating)") [Lt.](/wiki/Lieutenant "Lieutenant") Ronna Arie
* INS *Ga'ash* (Volcano), skipper Lt. Gil Koren
* INS *Herev* (Sword), skipper Lt. Commander Gadi Ben Zeev
* INS *Hanit* (Spear), skipper [Lt. Commander](/wiki/Lt._Commander "Lt. Commander") Haim Shaked
* INS *Hetz* (Arrow), skipper Commander Moshe Tabak
Two young officers in the operation, Tal and Michael — Ram, went on to become commanders in chief of the navy.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2013}}
The boats' names while being operated by the oil drilling company were *Starboat* 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5\. The boats joined the already acquired INS *Sa'ar* to form the [Sa'ar 3\-class missile boats](/wiki/Sa%27ar_3-class_missile_boat "Sa'ar 3-class missile boat").
|
[
"### Escape",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|One of the boats arriving in Haifa](/wiki/File:StarboatArriveKishonPort.jpg \"StarboatArriveKishonPort.jpg\")\nThe boats were to escape on Christmas Eve. On the eve of the escape, the skeleton crews continued to maintain the boats, while the 80 crews who came to reinforce them hid belowdecks. The Israelis feared that the boats could sink while sailing through the [Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay \"Bay of Biscay\") in severe winter conditions. The group had a [meteorologist](/wiki/Meteorologist \"Meteorologist\") assigned to them, who monitored all British, French and Spanish weather forecasts. Despite a forecast predicting rain from the south\\-west, the crews were ordered to sail out at 20:30\\. By 19:30, all crews were aboard.",
"There was a [force 9 storm](/wiki/Beaufort_scale \"Beaufort scale\") on the night of the escape, and after the weather worsened, the departure time was extended to 22:30, but the escape was again delayed by worsening weather. Captain Hadar Kimhi received urgent coded messages from Israel ordering him to set sail despite the weather, but he decided to wait. At midnight, the meteorologist picked up a [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") report indicating that the storm would die down in two hours. At 02:30, the boats left Cherbourg and headed slowly out to sea.",
"The French were initially unaware that the Israeli boats had left port, and their absence was noticed by a reporter who visited the port and saw that all the boats were missing. He immediately reported it to the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") almost 12 hours after the escape, and so the French authorities learned of the boats' disappearance from the BBC. The empty berths and an absence of any announcement of the embargo's termination caused speculation that Israel had taken the boats. A television news team flew out over the [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea \"North Sea\") to see if the boats were heading towards [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\"), to where they had ostensibly been sold, while other news crews headed out over the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\").",
"The boats crossed the [Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay \"Bay of Biscay\") before turning south and crossing into the Mediterranean, meeting Israeli support ships along the way. During fuelling by MV *Lea* at [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\"), one of the Israeli Navy crew members mistakenly allowed water into the fuel tanks of INS *Hetz* (Arrow). It was not initially known whether the water was seawater; if it was, it could not be drained and might damage the engines. Commander Rinat asked the crew to taste the fuel and to indicate if it was salty or not. Having determined that it was not seawater, the tanks were drained.",
"As the boats passed Gibraltar into the Mediterranean, the British monitoring station flashed a signal, asking the boats to identify themselves. The boats gave no reply, and a Lloyd's helicopter circling over them detected no flags or identity numbers. The British personnel, who had heard the media reports of the disappearance of the Israeli boats from Cherbourg, correctly guessed the boat's nationalities and true destination, then flashed the signal \"bon voyage\". The Israelis took it as a signal that the British understood who they were. The boats were spotted by television crews in the Mediterranean as they travelled fast towards Israel, hugging the coast of [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa \"North Africa\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/A\\-civilian\\-caper \\|first\\=Abraham \\|last\\=Rabinovich \\|title\\=A civilian caper \\|date\\=4 June 2009 \\|newspaper\\=The Jerusalem Post \\|accessdate\\=16 September 2014}} Near [Crete](/wiki/Crete \"Crete\"), [Israeli Air Force](/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force \"Israeli Air Force\") F\\-4 Phantom fighters met up with the boats and flew low overhead in escort.",
"French Defence Minister [Michel Debré](/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9 \"Michel Debré\") ordered an air strike to sink the boats. The French Chief of Staff refused to obey and replied he would resign rather than obey the order. The order was countermanded by Prime Minister [Jacques Chaban\\-Delmas](/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas \"Jacques Chaban-Delmas\"), who prevented any further escalation. Although the French government was furious, it realized that there was little that could be done, since the boats were already on the high seas when the ruse was uncovered. French [Foreign Minister](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28France%29 \"Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)\") [Maurice Schumann](/wiki/Maurice_Schumann \"Maurice Schumann\") warned that if the boats appeared in Israel, \"the consequences will be very grave indeed\".",
"The Israeli boats sailed a total of {{convert\\|3145\\|nmi\\|km mi\\|lk\\=on\\|abbr\\=on}}, beginning in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel \"English Channel\"), and arriving at the [Kishon](/wiki/Kishon_River \"Kishon River\") Shipyard port{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/israel/haifa.htm \\|title\\=Haifa Port \\|publisher\\=GlobalSecurity.org \\|accessdate\\=16 September 2014}} in [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa \"Haifa\") bay on 31 December. The boats were met with public jubilation when they arrived in Israel.",
"The navy's [commander in chief](/wiki/Commander_in_chief \"Commander in chief\") during the operation was Rear\\-Admiral [Avraham Botzer](/wiki/Avraham_Botzer \"Avraham Botzer\") (Cheetah). The commanding officer of the operation was Captain Hadar Kimhi (later [commodore](/wiki/Commodore_%28rank%29 \"Commodore (rank)\") commander of Haifa Navy\\-Base and naval attaché in [Britain](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") during the 1973 [Yom Kippur War](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War \"Yom Kippur War\")), with Commander Ezra Kedm Krishinski, nicknamed *Karish* (Shark) as his deputy (later commodore and commander of the [Red Sea](/wiki/Red_Sea \"Red Sea\") theatre). The boats were:\n* INS *Sufa* (Storm), [skipper](/wiki/Skipper_%28boating%29 \"Skipper (boating)\") [Lt.](/wiki/Lieutenant \"Lieutenant\") Ronna Arie\n* INS *Ga'ash* (Volcano), skipper Lt. Gil Koren\n* INS *Herev* (Sword), skipper Lt. Commander Gadi Ben Zeev\n* INS *Hanit* (Spear), skipper [Lt. Commander](/wiki/Lt._Commander \"Lt. Commander\") Haim Shaked\n* INS *Hetz* (Arrow), skipper Commander Moshe Tabak",
"Two young officers in the operation, Tal and Michael — Ram, went on to become commanders in chief of the navy.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2013}}",
"The boats' names while being operated by the oil drilling company were *Starboat* 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5\\. The boats joined the already acquired INS *Sa'ar* to form the [Sa'ar 3\\-class missile boats](/wiki/Sa%27ar_3-class_missile_boat \"Sa'ar 3-class missile boat\").",
""
] |
International career
--------------------
At 18 years old, Romero was at the [1988 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics "1988 Summer Olympics") in [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"), where he finished 8th place in the 200\-metre backstroke, 20th in the 100\-metre backstroke, and 18th in the 4×100\-metre medley.{{cite web \| title \= SportsReference Profile \| work \= SportsReference \| year \= 2013 \| url \= https://www.sports\-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ro/rogerio\-romero\-1\.html \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20200418023753/https://www.sports\-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ro/rogerio\-romero\-1\.html \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= April 18, 2020 \| accessdate \= April 13, 2013}} At the 200\-metre backstroke, he broke his first South American record, with a time of 2:02\.26 at heats.{{cite web \| title \= Placar Sports Magazine\| date \= September 30, 1988 \| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=O\_DJPtqxBxcC\&q\=rog%C3%A9rio\+romero\+bate\+recorde\+de\+ricardo\+prado\+200\+costas\&pg\=PA33 \| accessdate \= May 11, 2013\|language\=pt}}{{cite web \| title \= Interview with Romero\| work \= Raia Quatro \| date \= May 26, 2004 \| url \= http://www.raiaquatronews.com.br/index.php?itemid\=223 \| accessdate \= May 11, 2013\|language\=pt}}
At the [1989 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships](/wiki/1989_Pan_Pacific_Swimming_Championships "1989 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships"), Romero finished 6th in the 200\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \| title \= Results of the 1989 Pan Pac\| work \= USA Swimming \| year \= 2013 \| url \= http://www.usaswimming.org/\_Rainbow/Documents/18c59887\-44fa\-47f9\-8fbf\-14c80029f798/89\_panpac%5B1%5D.pdf \| accessdate \= April 23, 2013}}
Participating in the [1991 World Aquatics Championships](/wiki/1991_World_Aquatics_Championships "1991 World Aquatics Championships") in [Perth](/wiki/Perth "Perth"), he finished 13th in the 200\-metre backstroke, and 20th in the 100\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \| title \= Results at 1991 Perth \| work \= USA Swimming \| year \= 2013 \| url \= http://pan.uol.com.br/pan/2007/historia/1991/nopodio.jhtm\|accessdate \= April 13, 2013}}
At the [1991 Pan American Games](/wiki/1991_Pan_American_Games "1991 Pan American Games") in [Havana](/wiki/Havana "Havana"), he won the gold medal in the 200\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \| title \= Brazil medals at 1991 Pan \| work \= UOL \| year \= 2007 \| url \= http://pan.uol.com.br/pan/2007/historia/1991/nopodio.jhtm \| accessdate \= April 13, 2013\|language\=pt}} Romero also finished 5th in the 100\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \| title \= Results at 1991 Pan \| work \= USA Swimming \| year \= 2013 \| url \= http://www.usaswimming.org/\_Rainbow/Documents/4ea4c523\-b7b3\-4479\-9f90\-106529d3a11b/91\_panam.pdf\|accessdate \= April 13, 2013}}
Romero was in [1992 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics "1992 Summer Olympics") in [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona"), where he finished 10th place in the 200\-metre backstroke, and 21st in the 100\-metre backstroke.
At the [1993 FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)](/wiki/1993_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_200_metre_backstroke "1993 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre backstroke"), in [Palma de Mallorca](/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca "Palma de Mallorca"), Romero twice broke the South American record in the 200\-metre backstroke, earning 1:57\.35 in the heats, and 1:55\.90 in the finals, finishing 4th. He also finished 5th in the [4×100\-metre medley](/wiki/1993_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay "1993 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay"), along with [Maurício Menezes](/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Menezes "Maurício Menezes"), [Gustavo Borges](/wiki/Gustavo_Borges "Gustavo Borges") and [José Carlos Souza](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Souza "José Carlos Souza").
Participating in the [1994 World Aquatics Championships](/wiki/1994_World_Aquatics_Championships "1994 World Aquatics Championships"), held in September in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), the Brazilian got the 12th place in the 200\-metre backstroke, and the 21st place in the 100\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \| title \= Results at 1994 Rome \| work \= USA Swimming \| year \= 2013 \| url \= http://www.usaswimming.org/\_Rainbow/Documents/26cf958f\-cf83\-4b68\-8c90\-349d985a5a1e/94\_worlds.pdf\|accessdate \= April 13, 2013}}
At the [1995 Pan American Games](/wiki/1995_Pan_American_Games "1995 Pan American Games") in [Mar del Plata](/wiki/Mar_del_Plata "Mar del Plata"), he won the silver medal in the 4×100\-metre medley and bronze in the 200\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \| title \= Brazil medals at 1995 Pan \| work \= UOL \| year \= 2007 \| url \= http://pan.uol.com.br/pan/2007/historia/1995/nopodio.jhtm \| accessdate \= April 13, 2013\|language\=pt}} He also finished 4th in the 100\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \| title \= Results at 1995 Pan \| work \= USA Swimming \| year \= 2013 \| url \= http://www.usaswimming.org/\_Rainbow/Documents/2087c3f2\-50b6\-4ffb\-9fa6\-88e133de5867/95\_pan\_am.pdf\|accessdate \= April 13, 2013}}
At the [1995 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)](/wiki/1995_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29 "1995 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)") in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"), he finished 7th in the 100\-metre backstroke, with a time of 54\.61\.[O GLOBO News Archive \- December 4, 1995, Morning, Sports, page 5](http://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/) He also swam the 200\-metre backstroke.[O GLOBO News Archive \- December 1, 1995, Morning, Sports, page 30](http://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/)
Romero was in [1996 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics "1996 Summer Olympics") in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"), where he finished 15th in the 200\-metre backstroke, and 24th in the 100\-metre backstroke.
He was at the [1997 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)](/wiki/1997_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29 "1997 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)"), where he finished 10th in the [200\-metre backstroke](/wiki/1997_FINA_Short_Course_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_200m_Backstroke "1997 FINA Short Course World Championships – Men's 200m Backstroke").
Participating in the [1998 World Aquatics Championships](/wiki/1998_World_Aquatics_Championships "1998 World Aquatics Championships") in [Perth](/wiki/Perth "Perth"), he got the 13th place in the 200\-metre backstroke, and 15th in the 100\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \| title \= Results at 1998 Perth \| work \= USA Swimming \| year \= 2013 \| url \= http://www.usaswimming.org/\_Rainbow/Documents/67dbbdc2\-3dee\-43bc\-aec4\-b9ae8805b5a7/98\_wchamp.pdf\|accessdate\= April 13, 2013}}
In December 1999, he broke the long course South American record of the 200\-metre backstroke for the last time, with a time of 1:59\.23\.{{cite web \| title \= Romero is gold \| work \= CBDA \| date \= August 13, 2003 \| url \= http://www.cbda.org.br/noticias/romero\-e\-ouro\-id\-3661 \| accessdate \= May 18, 2013 \| language \= pt \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040645/http://www.cbda.org.br/noticias/romero\-e\-ouro\-id\-3661 \| archivedate \= December 3, 2013 }} His record was only broken in 2007 Pan Am Games by [Thiago Pereira](/wiki/Thiago_Pereira "Thiago Pereira").{{cite web \| title \= Five times Thiago \| work \= CBDA \| date \= May 4, 2007 \| url \= http://www.cbda.org.br/noticias/cinco\-vezes\-thiago\-id\-8050 \| accessdate \= May 18, 2013\|language\=pt}}{{cite web \| title \= Records \| work \= CBDA \| date \= July 22, 2007 \| url \= http://www.cbda.org.br/especiais/recordes\-id\-8217 \| accessdate \= May 11, 2013 \| language \= pt \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131214232533/http://www.cbda.org.br/especiais/recordes\-id\-8217 \| archivedate \= December 14, 2013 }}
Romero was in [2000 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics "2000 Summer Olympics") in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"), where he finished 7th place in the 200\-metre backstroke (his best Olympic participation), and 24th in the 100\-metre backstroke.
Participating in the [2002 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)](/wiki/2002_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29 "2002 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)") in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow"), he got the 21st place in the 200\-metre backstroke,{{cite web \| title \= Results of the 200\-metre backstroke at 2002 Moscow \| work \= OmegaTiming \| date \= April 7, 2002 \| url \= http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id\=0001020C0050000000FFFFFFFFFFFF01\|accessdate\= April 13, 2013}} and 28th in the 100\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \| title \= Results of the 100\-metre backstroke at 2002 Moscow \| work \= OmegaTiming \| date \= April 3, 2002 \| url \= http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id\=0001020C0002000000FFFFFFFFFFFF01\|accessdate\= April 13, 2013}}
At the [2003 World Aquatics Championships](/wiki/2003_World_Aquatics_Championships "2003 World Aquatics Championships") in [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona"), finished 26th in the 200\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \| title \= Results of the 200\-metre backstroke at 2003 Barcelona \| work \= OmegaTiming \| date \= 24 July 2003 \| url \= http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id\=000103050036000000FFFFFFFFFFFF01\|accessdate\= 13 April 2013}}
At the [2003 Pan American Games](/wiki/2003_Pan_American_Games "2003 Pan American Games") in [Santo Domingo](/wiki/Santo_Domingo "Santo Domingo"), he won the gold medal in the 200\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \| title \= Brazil medals at 2003 Pan \| work \= UOL \| year \= 2007 \| url \= http://pan.uol.com.br/pan/2007/historia/2003/nopodio.jhtm \| accessdate \= April 13, 2013\|language\=pt}} Romero also finished 9th in the 100\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \| title \= Results at 2003 Pan \| work \= SwimNews \| year \= 2003 \| url \= http://www.swimnews.com/Magazine/2003/2003aug\-sep.pdf \| accessdate \= 13 April 2013}}
Romero was in [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics "2004 Summer Olympics") in [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens"), where he finished 15th place in the 200\-metre backstroke.
He was for many years the South American record holder, a total of 29 South American records and 41 Brazilian records. Pan American champion, 15 times champion in 200\-metre backstroke Brazil Swimming Trophy, 10 times South American champion in the 200\-metre backstroke, all os this in 27 years of sports career.{{cite web \| title \= Rogerio Romero profile \| work \= UOL \| year \= 2004 \| url \= http://esporte.uol.com.br/olimpiadas/brasileiros/natacao/romero.jhtm\|accessdate \= 13 April 2013\|language\=pt}}{{cite web \| title \= Official site of Rogerio Romero \| work \= RogerioRomero \| year \= 2013 \| url \= http://www.rogerioromero.com.br \| accessdate \= 13 April 2013\|language\=pt}}
|
[
"International career\n--------------------",
"At 18 years old, Romero was at the [1988 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics \"1988 Summer Olympics\") in [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul \"Seoul\"), where he finished 8th place in the 200\\-metre backstroke, 20th in the 100\\-metre backstroke, and 18th in the 4×100\\-metre medley.{{cite web \\| title \\= SportsReference Profile \\| work \\= SportsReference \\| year \\= 2013 \\| url \\= https://www.sports\\-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ro/rogerio\\-romero\\-1\\.html \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200418023753/https://www.sports\\-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ro/rogerio\\-romero\\-1\\.html \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-date \\= April 18, 2020 \\| accessdate \\= April 13, 2013}} At the 200\\-metre backstroke, he broke his first South American record, with a time of 2:02\\.26 at heats.{{cite web \\| title \\= Placar Sports Magazine\\| date \\= September 30, 1988 \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=O\\_DJPtqxBxcC\\&q\\=rog%C3%A9rio\\+romero\\+bate\\+recorde\\+de\\+ricardo\\+prado\\+200\\+costas\\&pg\\=PA33 \\| accessdate \\= May 11, 2013\\|language\\=pt}}{{cite web \\| title \\= Interview with Romero\\| work \\= Raia Quatro \\| date \\= May 26, 2004 \\| url \\= http://www.raiaquatronews.com.br/index.php?itemid\\=223 \\| accessdate \\= May 11, 2013\\|language\\=pt}}",
"At the [1989 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships](/wiki/1989_Pan_Pacific_Swimming_Championships \"1989 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships\"), Romero finished 6th in the 200\\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \\| title \\= Results of the 1989 Pan Pac\\| work \\= USA Swimming \\| year \\= 2013 \\| url \\= http://www.usaswimming.org/\\_Rainbow/Documents/18c59887\\-44fa\\-47f9\\-8fbf\\-14c80029f798/89\\_panpac%5B1%5D.pdf \\| accessdate \\= April 23, 2013}}",
"Participating in the [1991 World Aquatics Championships](/wiki/1991_World_Aquatics_Championships \"1991 World Aquatics Championships\") in [Perth](/wiki/Perth \"Perth\"), he finished 13th in the 200\\-metre backstroke, and 20th in the 100\\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \\| title \\= Results at 1991 Perth \\| work \\= USA Swimming \\| year \\= 2013 \\| url \\= http://pan.uol.com.br/pan/2007/historia/1991/nopodio.jhtm\\|accessdate \\= April 13, 2013}}",
"At the [1991 Pan American Games](/wiki/1991_Pan_American_Games \"1991 Pan American Games\") in [Havana](/wiki/Havana \"Havana\"), he won the gold medal in the 200\\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \\| title \\= Brazil medals at 1991 Pan \\| work \\= UOL \\| year \\= 2007 \\| url \\= http://pan.uol.com.br/pan/2007/historia/1991/nopodio.jhtm \\| accessdate \\= April 13, 2013\\|language\\=pt}} Romero also finished 5th in the 100\\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \\| title \\= Results at 1991 Pan \\| work \\= USA Swimming \\| year \\= 2013 \\| url \\= http://www.usaswimming.org/\\_Rainbow/Documents/4ea4c523\\-b7b3\\-4479\\-9f90\\-106529d3a11b/91\\_panam.pdf\\|accessdate \\= April 13, 2013}}",
"Romero was in [1992 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics \"1992 Summer Olympics\") in [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\"), where he finished 10th place in the 200\\-metre backstroke, and 21st in the 100\\-metre backstroke.",
"At the [1993 FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)](/wiki/1993_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_200_metre_backstroke \"1993 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre backstroke\"), in [Palma de Mallorca](/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca \"Palma de Mallorca\"), Romero twice broke the South American record in the 200\\-metre backstroke, earning 1:57\\.35 in the heats, and 1:55\\.90 in the finals, finishing 4th. He also finished 5th in the [4×100\\-metre medley](/wiki/1993_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay \"1993 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\"), along with [Maurício Menezes](/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Menezes \"Maurício Menezes\"), [Gustavo Borges](/wiki/Gustavo_Borges \"Gustavo Borges\") and [José Carlos Souza](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Souza \"José Carlos Souza\").",
"Participating in the [1994 World Aquatics Championships](/wiki/1994_World_Aquatics_Championships \"1994 World Aquatics Championships\"), held in September in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), the Brazilian got the 12th place in the 200\\-metre backstroke, and the 21st place in the 100\\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \\| title \\= Results at 1994 Rome \\| work \\= USA Swimming \\| year \\= 2013 \\| url \\= http://www.usaswimming.org/\\_Rainbow/Documents/26cf958f\\-cf83\\-4b68\\-8c90\\-349d985a5a1e/94\\_worlds.pdf\\|accessdate \\= April 13, 2013}}",
"At the [1995 Pan American Games](/wiki/1995_Pan_American_Games \"1995 Pan American Games\") in [Mar del Plata](/wiki/Mar_del_Plata \"Mar del Plata\"), he won the silver medal in the 4×100\\-metre medley and bronze in the 200\\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \\| title \\= Brazil medals at 1995 Pan \\| work \\= UOL \\| year \\= 2007 \\| url \\= http://pan.uol.com.br/pan/2007/historia/1995/nopodio.jhtm \\| accessdate \\= April 13, 2013\\|language\\=pt}} He also finished 4th in the 100\\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \\| title \\= Results at 1995 Pan \\| work \\= USA Swimming \\| year \\= 2013 \\| url \\= http://www.usaswimming.org/\\_Rainbow/Documents/2087c3f2\\-50b6\\-4ffb\\-9fa6\\-88e133de5867/95\\_pan\\_am.pdf\\|accessdate \\= April 13, 2013}}",
"At the [1995 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)](/wiki/1995_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29 \"1995 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\") in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"), he finished 7th in the 100\\-metre backstroke, with a time of 54\\.61\\.[O GLOBO News Archive \\- December 4, 1995, Morning, Sports, page 5](http://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/) He also swam the 200\\-metre backstroke.[O GLOBO News Archive \\- December 1, 1995, Morning, Sports, page 30](http://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/)",
"Romero was in [1996 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics \"1996 Summer Olympics\") in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\"), where he finished 15th in the 200\\-metre backstroke, and 24th in the 100\\-metre backstroke.",
"He was at the [1997 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)](/wiki/1997_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29 \"1997 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\"), where he finished 10th in the [200\\-metre backstroke](/wiki/1997_FINA_Short_Course_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_200m_Backstroke \"1997 FINA Short Course World Championships – Men's 200m Backstroke\").",
"Participating in the [1998 World Aquatics Championships](/wiki/1998_World_Aquatics_Championships \"1998 World Aquatics Championships\") in [Perth](/wiki/Perth \"Perth\"), he got the 13th place in the 200\\-metre backstroke, and 15th in the 100\\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \\| title \\= Results at 1998 Perth \\| work \\= USA Swimming \\| year \\= 2013 \\| url \\= http://www.usaswimming.org/\\_Rainbow/Documents/67dbbdc2\\-3dee\\-43bc\\-aec4\\-b9ae8805b5a7/98\\_wchamp.pdf\\|accessdate\\= April 13, 2013}}",
"In December 1999, he broke the long course South American record of the 200\\-metre backstroke for the last time, with a time of 1:59\\.23\\.{{cite web \\| title \\= Romero is gold \\| work \\= CBDA \\| date \\= August 13, 2003 \\| url \\= http://www.cbda.org.br/noticias/romero\\-e\\-ouro\\-id\\-3661 \\| accessdate \\= May 18, 2013 \\| language \\= pt \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040645/http://www.cbda.org.br/noticias/romero\\-e\\-ouro\\-id\\-3661 \\| archivedate \\= December 3, 2013 }} His record was only broken in 2007 Pan Am Games by [Thiago Pereira](/wiki/Thiago_Pereira \"Thiago Pereira\").{{cite web \\| title \\= Five times Thiago \\| work \\= CBDA \\| date \\= May 4, 2007 \\| url \\= http://www.cbda.org.br/noticias/cinco\\-vezes\\-thiago\\-id\\-8050 \\| accessdate \\= May 18, 2013\\|language\\=pt}}{{cite web \\| title \\= Records \\| work \\= CBDA \\| date \\= July 22, 2007 \\| url \\= http://www.cbda.org.br/especiais/recordes\\-id\\-8217 \\| accessdate \\= May 11, 2013 \\| language \\= pt \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131214232533/http://www.cbda.org.br/especiais/recordes\\-id\\-8217 \\| archivedate \\= December 14, 2013 }}",
"Romero was in [2000 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics \"2000 Summer Olympics\") in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"), where he finished 7th place in the 200\\-metre backstroke (his best Olympic participation), and 24th in the 100\\-metre backstroke.",
"Participating in the [2002 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)](/wiki/2002_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29 \"2002 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\") in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\"), he got the 21st place in the 200\\-metre backstroke,{{cite web \\| title \\= Results of the 200\\-metre backstroke at 2002 Moscow \\| work \\= OmegaTiming \\| date \\= April 7, 2002 \\| url \\= http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id\\=0001020C0050000000FFFFFFFFFFFF01\\|accessdate\\= April 13, 2013}} and 28th in the 100\\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \\| title \\= Results of the 100\\-metre backstroke at 2002 Moscow \\| work \\= OmegaTiming \\| date \\= April 3, 2002 \\| url \\= http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id\\=0001020C0002000000FFFFFFFFFFFF01\\|accessdate\\= April 13, 2013}}",
"At the [2003 World Aquatics Championships](/wiki/2003_World_Aquatics_Championships \"2003 World Aquatics Championships\") in [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\"), finished 26th in the 200\\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \\| title \\= Results of the 200\\-metre backstroke at 2003 Barcelona \\| work \\= OmegaTiming \\| date \\= 24 July 2003 \\| url \\= http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id\\=000103050036000000FFFFFFFFFFFF01\\|accessdate\\= 13 April 2013}}",
"At the [2003 Pan American Games](/wiki/2003_Pan_American_Games \"2003 Pan American Games\") in [Santo Domingo](/wiki/Santo_Domingo \"Santo Domingo\"), he won the gold medal in the 200\\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \\| title \\= Brazil medals at 2003 Pan \\| work \\= UOL \\| year \\= 2007 \\| url \\= http://pan.uol.com.br/pan/2007/historia/2003/nopodio.jhtm \\| accessdate \\= April 13, 2013\\|language\\=pt}} Romero also finished 9th in the 100\\-metre backstroke.{{cite web \\| title \\= Results at 2003 Pan \\| work \\= SwimNews \\| year \\= 2003 \\| url \\= http://www.swimnews.com/Magazine/2003/2003aug\\-sep.pdf \\| accessdate \\= 13 April 2013}}",
"Romero was in [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics \"2004 Summer Olympics\") in [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\"), where he finished 15th place in the 200\\-metre backstroke.",
"He was for many years the South American record holder, a total of 29 South American records and 41 Brazilian records. Pan American champion, 15 times champion in 200\\-metre backstroke Brazil Swimming Trophy, 10 times South American champion in the 200\\-metre backstroke, all os this in 27 years of sports career.{{cite web \\| title \\= Rogerio Romero profile \\| work \\= UOL \\| year \\= 2004 \\| url \\= http://esporte.uol.com.br/olimpiadas/brasileiros/natacao/romero.jhtm\\|accessdate \\= 13 April 2013\\|language\\=pt}}{{cite web \\| title \\= Official site of Rogerio Romero \\| work \\= RogerioRomero \\| year \\= 2013 \\| url \\= http://www.rogerioromero.com.br \\| accessdate \\= 13 April 2013\\|language\\=pt}}",
""
] |
Life
----
A member of the noted polonised [Courland](/wiki/Courland "Courland") family, the Platers, Władysław Plater was a son of Kazimierz Plater and Apolinara Żaba. He took part in the [November 1830 Uprising](/wiki/November_Uprising "November Uprising") against [Imperial Russia](/wiki/Imperial_Russia "Imperial Russia"). His older cousin, [Emilia Plater](/wiki/Emilia_Plater "Emilia Plater"), played a significant role in the struggle during which she died.
His role in the armed insurrection forced him into exile. In 1832 he was one of several figures who succeeded in influencing British public opinion in favour of the Polish cause.
While in exile in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") among Poland's [Great Emigration](/wiki/Great_Emigration "Great Emigration"), he founded the journal *Le Polonais* (1833–36\).
In 1863 Plater was again politically active in the next Polish [Uprising](/wiki/January_Uprising "January Uprising") against the [Russian](/wiki/Imperial_Russia "Imperial Russia") yoke.
To mark the centenary of the [Bar Confederation](/wiki/Bar_Confederation "Bar Confederation"), in 1868, Plater had a column erected surmounted by a Polish eagle with the Latin inscription, "*Magna res libertas*" (the great cause of liberty) in the Swiss town of [Rapperswil](/wiki/Rapperswil "Rapperswil"), on the shore of [Lake Zurich](/wiki/Lake_Zurich "Lake Zurich"). Two years later, on 23 October 1870, he founded a [Polish National Museum](/wiki/Polish_Museum%2C_Rapperswil "Polish Museum, Rapperswil") having taken out a 99\-year lease on Rapperswil Castle. It was to become a major repository for Polish historic memorabilia, a library and archive based on donations and legacies from members of the Great Emigration. Barely a century later, the collection, previously returned to [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") in independent Poland, was set alight in 1944 by the German occupiers as part of their systematic decimation of Polish and Jewish heritage on Polish soil, in a resurgence of their earlier [Kulturkampf](/wiki/Kulturkampf "Kulturkampf").
Plater met and married the actress, [Karoline Bauer](/wiki/Karoline_Bauer "Karoline Bauer") in Rapperswil.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"A member of the noted polonised [Courland](/wiki/Courland \"Courland\") family, the Platers, Władysław Plater was a son of Kazimierz Plater and Apolinara Żaba. He took part in the [November 1830 Uprising](/wiki/November_Uprising \"November Uprising\") against [Imperial Russia](/wiki/Imperial_Russia \"Imperial Russia\"). His older cousin, [Emilia Plater](/wiki/Emilia_Plater \"Emilia Plater\"), played a significant role in the struggle during which she died.\nHis role in the armed insurrection forced him into exile. In 1832 he was one of several figures who succeeded in influencing British public opinion in favour of the Polish cause.",
"While in exile in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") among Poland's [Great Emigration](/wiki/Great_Emigration \"Great Emigration\"), he founded the journal *Le Polonais* (1833–36\\).",
"In 1863 Plater was again politically active in the next Polish [Uprising](/wiki/January_Uprising \"January Uprising\") against the [Russian](/wiki/Imperial_Russia \"Imperial Russia\") yoke.",
"To mark the centenary of the [Bar Confederation](/wiki/Bar_Confederation \"Bar Confederation\"), in 1868, Plater had a column erected surmounted by a Polish eagle with the Latin inscription, \"*Magna res libertas*\" (the great cause of liberty) in the Swiss town of [Rapperswil](/wiki/Rapperswil \"Rapperswil\"), on the shore of [Lake Zurich](/wiki/Lake_Zurich \"Lake Zurich\"). Two years later, on 23 October 1870, he founded a [Polish National Museum](/wiki/Polish_Museum%2C_Rapperswil \"Polish Museum, Rapperswil\") having taken out a 99\\-year lease on Rapperswil Castle. It was to become a major repository for Polish historic memorabilia, a library and archive based on donations and legacies from members of the Great Emigration. Barely a century later, the collection, previously returned to [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") in independent Poland, was set alight in 1944 by the German occupiers as part of their systematic decimation of Polish and Jewish heritage on Polish soil, in a resurgence of their earlier [Kulturkampf](/wiki/Kulturkampf \"Kulturkampf\").",
"Plater met and married the actress, [Karoline Bauer](/wiki/Karoline_Bauer \"Karoline Bauer\") in Rapperswil.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Origins
Beach volleyball was a demonstration sport at the [1992 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics "1992 Summer Olympics") in [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona"), at which [Sinjin Smith](/wiki/Sinjin_Smith "Sinjin Smith") and [Randy Stoklos](/wiki/Randy_Stoklos "Randy Stoklos") won the men's tournament, and [Karolyn Kirby](/wiki/Karolyn_Kirby "Karolyn Kirby") and [Nancy Reno](/wiki/Nancy_Reno "Nancy Reno") won the women's.
Beach volleyball was introduced as an official Olympic sport in 1996\. A total of 24 teams take part in each beach volleyball Olympic tournament. Teams qualify on the basis of their performance in FIVB (Fédération Internationale de Volleyball) events over the course of about 18 months before the Olympic Games. There is a limit of two teams per country, and one spot apiece is reserved for the host country and a randomly chosen wild\-card country. In the event that any Olympic region is not represented, the highest ranked team from that continent qualifies for the tournament.
### Men's beach volleyball
[thumb\|right\|Dalhausser and Rogers celebrate their gold medal win in 2008 with [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")](/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_with_Todd_Rogers_and_Phil_Dalhausser.jpg "George W Bush with Todd Rogers and Phil Dalhausser.jpg")
The men's tournament has had a constant number of teams, with 24 couples in each edition.
In the first tournament, played in the [1996 Olympics](/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics "1996 Summer Olympics"), the matches were played at "Atlanta Beach" in [Jonesboro, Georgia](/wiki/Jonesboro%2C_Georgia "Jonesboro, Georgia"). The winners of the semifinals played for the gold and silver medals. The losers of the semifinal played for third and fourth places. The final was contested between the Americans [Karch Kiraly](/wiki/Karch_Kiraly "Karch Kiraly") and [Kent Steffes](/wiki/Kent_Steffes "Kent Steffes") versus [Mike Dodd](/wiki/Mike_Dodd "Mike Dodd") and [Mike Whitmarsh](/wiki/Mike_Whitmarsh "Mike Whitmarsh"). Kiraly is so far the only person with Olympic medals in both indoor and beach volleyball since he had won the gold medal indoors in the [tournament of 1984](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 1984 Summer Olympics") as well as 1988 in Seoul, South Korea.
The [beach volleyball tournament of 2000](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 2000 Summer Olympics") was played in [Bondi Beach](/wiki/Bondi_Beach%2C_New_South_Wales "Bondi Beach, New South Wales"), a suburb of [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"). The winners were again an American team, [Blanton](/wiki/Dain_Blanton "Dain Blanton")/[Fonoimoana](/wiki/Eric_Fonoimoana "Eric Fonoimoana"), defeating [Brazilians](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") [Zé Marco](/wiki/Z%C3%A9_Marco_de_Melo "Zé Marco de Melo")/[Ricardo](/wiki/Ricardo_Santos_%28beach_volleyball%29 "Ricardo Santos (beach volleyball)") (the former had competed in Atlanta) in the finals.
In the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics "2004 Summer Olympics") the tournament was held in the [Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex](/wiki/Faliro_Coastal_Zone_Olympic_Complex "Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex"), in [Athens, Greece](/wiki/Athens%2C_Greece "Athens, Greece"). The Brazilians [Emanuel](/wiki/Emanuel_Rego "Emanuel Rego")/Ricardo (the former being a veteran of two Olympics, and the latter a silver medalist in 2000\) won the gold medal, defeating [Bosma](/wiki/Javier_Bosma "Javier Bosma") and [Herrera](/wiki/Pablo_Herrera_%28beach_volleyball%29 "Pablo Herrera (beach volleyball)") of Spain.
The [beach volleyball tournament of 2008](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics "2008 Summer Olympics") was carried out at the [Beach Volleyball Ground](/wiki/Beach_Volleyball_Ground "Beach Volleyball Ground"), located in the [Chaoyang Park](/wiki/Chaoyang_Park "Chaoyang Park") in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"). In an upset, reigning champions Emanuel and Ricardo were defeated by their compatriots [Márcio Araújo](/wiki/M%C3%A1rcio_Ara%C3%BAjo_%28volleyball%29 "Márcio Araújo (volleyball)") (who competed in Athens) and [Fábio Luiz](/wiki/F%C3%A1bio_Luiz_Magalh%C3%A3es "Fábio Luiz Magalhães") in the semifinal, having to settle for the bronze (where they beat two Brazilians competing for [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 "Georgia (country)")). The Brazilian victors were then defeated by Americans [Rogers](/wiki/Todd_Rogers "Todd Rogers") and [Dalhausser](/wiki/Phil_Dalhausser "Phil Dalhausser") in the final.
The [2012 tournament](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics "2012 Summer Olympics") was played at the [Horse Guards Parade](/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade "Horse Guards Parade") in [London](/wiki/London "London"). Emanuel Rego, now paired with [Alison Cerutti](/wiki/Alison_Cerutti "Alison Cerutti"), got his third straight medal, completing the three podium colors, by reaching the finals, where he lost to Germans [Brink](/wiki/Julius_Brink "Julius Brink") and [Reckermann](/wiki/Jonas_Reckermann "Jonas Reckermann"). [Mārtiņš Pļaviņš](/wiki/M%C4%81rti%C5%86%C5%A1_P%C4%BCavi%C5%86%C5%A1 "Mārtiņš Pļaviņš") and [Jānis Šmēdiņš](/wiki/J%C4%81nis_%C5%A0m%C4%93di%C5%86%C5%A1 "Jānis Šmēdiņš") from Latvia got the bronze.
After 16 years, the [2016 tournament](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics "2016 Summer Olympics") again was held in an actual beach, [Copacabana Beach](/wiki/Copacabana_Beach "Copacabana Beach") in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"). Alison Cerutti, now partnered with [Bruno Schmidt](/wiki/Bruno_Oscar_Schmidt "Bruno Oscar Schmidt"), returned to the finals, and won the gold beating [Daniele Lupo](/wiki/Daniele_Lupo "Daniele Lupo") and [Paolo Nicolai](/wiki/Paolo_Nicolai "Paolo Nicolai") of Italy in the finals. The Dutch [Alexander Brouwer](/wiki/Alexander_Brouwer "Alexander Brouwer") and [Robert Meeuwsen](/wiki/Robert_Meeuwsen "Robert Meeuwsen") completed the podium.
The [2020 Olympics](/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics "2020 Summer Olympics"), held in 2021 after a delay caused by the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), had beach volleyball at [Shiokaze Park](/wiki/Shiokaze_Park "Shiokaze Park"). Norwegians [Anders Mol](/wiki/Anders_Mol "Anders Mol") and [Christian Sørum](/wiki/Christian_S%C3%B8rum "Christian Sørum") won gold, beating in the final Russians [Viacheslav Krasilnikov](/wiki/Viacheslav_Krasilnikov "Viacheslav Krasilnikov"), who had finished 2016 in fourth place, and [Oleg Stoyanovskiy](/wiki/Oleg_Stoyanovskiy "Oleg Stoyanovskiy"). Brazil missed not only the finals but the podium as a whole for the first time since the inaugural tournament, both pairs eliminated by eventual fourth place team Mārtiņš Pļaviņš and [Edgars Točs](/wiki/Edgars_To%C4%8Ds "Edgars Točs").
### Women's beach volleyball
[thumb\|right\|Natalie Cook and Kerri Pottharst at the 2000 tournament.](/wiki/File:Womens_beach_volleyball2.jpg "Womens beach volleyball2.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|[Ágatha Bednarczuk](/wiki/%C3%81gatha_Bednarczuk "Ágatha Bednarczuk") embraces the home crowd after the 2016 final.](/wiki/File:Alem%C3%A3s_levam_ouro_no_v%C3%B4lei_de_praia_em_Copacabana_1038687-18.08.2016_ffz-9127.jpg "Alemãs levam ouro no vôlei de praia em Copacabana 1038687-18.08.2016 ffz-9127.jpg")
In [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia "Atlanta, Georgia"), in 1996, there were eighteen teams entered, and the championship match was played between two [Brazilian](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") teams: [Jackie Silva](/wiki/Jackie_Silva "Jackie Silva") and [Sandra Pires](/wiki/Sandra_Pires "Sandra Pires") versus [Mônica Rodrigues](/wiki/M%C3%B4nica_Rodrigues "Mônica Rodrigues") and [Adriana Samuel](/wiki/Adriana_Samuel "Adriana Samuel"). The Australians [Natalie Cook](/wiki/Natalie_Cook "Natalie Cook") and [Kerri Pottharst](/wiki/Kerri_Pottharst "Kerri Pottharst") edged out the Americans for the bronze medal.
At the Sydney Olympics of 2000, the number of teams was increased to 24\. One of the two Australian teams, [Natalie Cook](/wiki/Natalie_Cook "Natalie Cook") and [Kerri Pottharst](/wiki/Kerri_Pottharst "Kerri Pottharst"), won the gold medal over the Brazilians [Adriana Behar](/wiki/Adriana_Behar "Adriana Behar") and [Shelda Bede](/wiki/Shelda_Bede "Shelda Bede"), four years after winning the bronze medal in Atlanta. Another Brazilian team, featuring 1996 champion Sandra Pires and runner\-up Adriana Samuel, edged out the [Japanese](/wiki/Japan "Japan") for the bronze medal.
Behar and Bede of Brazil avenged the 2000 defeat by beating Natalie Cook (now partnered with [Nicole Sanderson](/wiki/Nicole_Sanderson "Nicole Sanderson")) in the 2004 semifinal to return to the final match, but they were defeated by [Misty May\-Treanor](/wiki/Misty_May-Treanor "Misty May-Treanor") and [Kerri Walsh](/wiki/Kerri_Walsh "Kerri Walsh") of the United States. Both May\-Treanor and Walsh were veterans of the Sydney Olympics, but Walsh had been part of the [American indoor team](/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "United States women's national volleyball team"). Another American team, [Holly McPeak](/wiki/Holly_McPeak "Holly McPeak") and [Elaine Youngs](/wiki/Elaine_Youngs "Elaine Youngs") (the former in her third tournament, having been fourth in Atlanta), defeated the Australian team for the bronze medal.
In 2008 in China, May\-Treanor and Walsh (now going by her married name of Walsh Jennings) were victorious again by defeating the Chinese [Tian Jia](/wiki/Tian_Jia "Tian Jia") and [Wang Jie](/wiki/Wang_Jie_%28volleyball%29 "Wang Jie (volleyball)") in the finals. Another Chinese team, [Xue Chen](/wiki/Xue_Chen "Xue Chen") and [Zhang Xi](/wiki/Zhang_Xi_%28beach_volleyball%29 "Zhang Xi (beach volleyball)") won the bronze medal, edging out Brazil in fourth place, and thus sending the Brazilian women home without a medal for the first time in the tournament's history.
In 2012 in [England](/wiki/England "England"), May\-Treanor and Walsh Jennings won for the third consecutive Olympiad by defeating the other American team of [April Ross](/wiki/April_Ross "April Ross") and [Jennifer Kessy](/wiki/Jennifer_Kessy "Jennifer Kessy") in the championship game. Thus the United States finished with the gold and silver medals, with Brazil winning the bronze medal, edging out China in fourth place.
The 2016 tournament in Brazil had the country return to the beach volleyball final after 12 years, with [Ágatha Bednarczuk](/wiki/%C3%81gatha_Bednarczuk "Ágatha Bednarczuk") and [Bárbara Seixas](/wiki/B%C3%A1rbara_Seixas "Bárbara Seixas") winning the semifinal over defending champion Walsh Jennings and London silver medalist April Ross. However, they lost the gold medal to the Germans [Laura Ludwig](/wiki/Laura_Ludwig "Laura Ludwig") and [Kira Walkenhorst](/wiki/Kira_Walkenhorst "Kira Walkenhorst"), who had also defeated the Brazilians [Talita Antunes](/wiki/Talita_Antunes "Talita Antunes") (4th in 2008\) and [Larissa França](/wiki/Larissa_Fran%C3%A7a "Larissa França") (bronze in 2012\) in the semifinals. Talita and Larissa also lost the bronze medal to the United States, making Walsh Jennings the only player to win four beach volleyball Olympic medals. The defeat also broke a streak where every tournament had one country winning medals with both their teams: Brazil in 1996 (gold and silver) and 2000 (silver and bronze), United States in 2004 (gold and bronze) and 2012 (gold and silver), and China in 2008 (silver and bronze). There were also four teams tied for fifth place: Australia, Canada, [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia"), and [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland"), and hence seven countries were represented in the top eight teams.
The 2020 tournament in Japan had April Ross, now partnered with [Alix Klineman](/wiki/Alix_Klineman "Alix Klineman"), winning the gold in her third try, beating in the finals Australians [Taliqua Clancy](/wiki/Taliqua_Clancy "Taliqua Clancy") and [Mariafe Artacho del Solar](/wiki/Mariafe_Artacho_del_Solar "Mariafe Artacho del Solar"). [Joana Heidrich](/wiki/Joana_Heidrich "Joana Heidrich") and [Anouk Vergé\-Dépré](/wiki/Anouk_Verg%C3%A9-D%C3%A9pr%C3%A9 "Anouk Vergé-Dépré") of Switzerland, who had played in separate doubles in Rio, got the bronze. Brazil for the first time missed the semifinals, with at most a pair eliminated in the quarterfinals by the Swiss.
While thirteen countries won medals in the male tournament, only seven have done so with women. The dominating nations are Brazil and the US. Americans have the most gold medals with four. The only countries outside the seven medalists (Brazil, United States, Australia, China, Germany, Canada and Switzerland) to reach the semifinals were Japan in 2000 and Latvia in 2020\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Origins",
"Beach volleyball was a demonstration sport at the [1992 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics \"1992 Summer Olympics\") in [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\"), at which [Sinjin Smith](/wiki/Sinjin_Smith \"Sinjin Smith\") and [Randy Stoklos](/wiki/Randy_Stoklos \"Randy Stoklos\") won the men's tournament, and [Karolyn Kirby](/wiki/Karolyn_Kirby \"Karolyn Kirby\") and [Nancy Reno](/wiki/Nancy_Reno \"Nancy Reno\") won the women's.",
"Beach volleyball was introduced as an official Olympic sport in 1996\\. A total of 24 teams take part in each beach volleyball Olympic tournament. Teams qualify on the basis of their performance in FIVB (Fédération Internationale de Volleyball) events over the course of about 18 months before the Olympic Games. There is a limit of two teams per country, and one spot apiece is reserved for the host country and a randomly chosen wild\\-card country. In the event that any Olympic region is not represented, the highest ranked team from that continent qualifies for the tournament.",
"### Men's beach volleyball",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Dalhausser and Rogers celebrate their gold medal win in 2008 with [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\")](/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_with_Todd_Rogers_and_Phil_Dalhausser.jpg \"George W Bush with Todd Rogers and Phil Dalhausser.jpg\")\nThe men's tournament has had a constant number of teams, with 24 couples in each edition.",
"In the first tournament, played in the [1996 Olympics](/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics \"1996 Summer Olympics\"), the matches were played at \"Atlanta Beach\" in [Jonesboro, Georgia](/wiki/Jonesboro%2C_Georgia \"Jonesboro, Georgia\"). The winners of the semifinals played for the gold and silver medals. The losers of the semifinal played for third and fourth places. The final was contested between the Americans [Karch Kiraly](/wiki/Karch_Kiraly \"Karch Kiraly\") and [Kent Steffes](/wiki/Kent_Steffes \"Kent Steffes\") versus [Mike Dodd](/wiki/Mike_Dodd \"Mike Dodd\") and [Mike Whitmarsh](/wiki/Mike_Whitmarsh \"Mike Whitmarsh\"). Kiraly is so far the only person with Olympic medals in both indoor and beach volleyball since he had won the gold medal indoors in the [tournament of 1984](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics \"Volleyball at the 1984 Summer Olympics\") as well as 1988 in Seoul, South Korea.",
"The [beach volleyball tournament of 2000](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics \"Volleyball at the 2000 Summer Olympics\") was played in [Bondi Beach](/wiki/Bondi_Beach%2C_New_South_Wales \"Bondi Beach, New South Wales\"), a suburb of [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"). The winners were again an American team, [Blanton](/wiki/Dain_Blanton \"Dain Blanton\")/[Fonoimoana](/wiki/Eric_Fonoimoana \"Eric Fonoimoana\"), defeating [Brazilians](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\") [Zé Marco](/wiki/Z%C3%A9_Marco_de_Melo \"Zé Marco de Melo\")/[Ricardo](/wiki/Ricardo_Santos_%28beach_volleyball%29 \"Ricardo Santos (beach volleyball)\") (the former had competed in Atlanta) in the finals.",
"In the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics \"2004 Summer Olympics\") the tournament was held in the [Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex](/wiki/Faliro_Coastal_Zone_Olympic_Complex \"Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex\"), in [Athens, Greece](/wiki/Athens%2C_Greece \"Athens, Greece\"). The Brazilians [Emanuel](/wiki/Emanuel_Rego \"Emanuel Rego\")/Ricardo (the former being a veteran of two Olympics, and the latter a silver medalist in 2000\\) won the gold medal, defeating [Bosma](/wiki/Javier_Bosma \"Javier Bosma\") and [Herrera](/wiki/Pablo_Herrera_%28beach_volleyball%29 \"Pablo Herrera (beach volleyball)\") of Spain.",
"The [beach volleyball tournament of 2008](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics \"2008 Summer Olympics\") was carried out at the [Beach Volleyball Ground](/wiki/Beach_Volleyball_Ground \"Beach Volleyball Ground\"), located in the [Chaoyang Park](/wiki/Chaoyang_Park \"Chaoyang Park\") in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\"). In an upset, reigning champions Emanuel and Ricardo were defeated by their compatriots [Márcio Araújo](/wiki/M%C3%A1rcio_Ara%C3%BAjo_%28volleyball%29 \"Márcio Araújo (volleyball)\") (who competed in Athens) and [Fábio Luiz](/wiki/F%C3%A1bio_Luiz_Magalh%C3%A3es \"Fábio Luiz Magalhães\") in the semifinal, having to settle for the bronze (where they beat two Brazilians competing for [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 \"Georgia (country)\")). The Brazilian victors were then defeated by Americans [Rogers](/wiki/Todd_Rogers \"Todd Rogers\") and [Dalhausser](/wiki/Phil_Dalhausser \"Phil Dalhausser\") in the final.",
"The [2012 tournament](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics \"2012 Summer Olympics\") was played at the [Horse Guards Parade](/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade \"Horse Guards Parade\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). Emanuel Rego, now paired with [Alison Cerutti](/wiki/Alison_Cerutti \"Alison Cerutti\"), got his third straight medal, completing the three podium colors, by reaching the finals, where he lost to Germans [Brink](/wiki/Julius_Brink \"Julius Brink\") and [Reckermann](/wiki/Jonas_Reckermann \"Jonas Reckermann\"). [Mārtiņš Pļaviņš](/wiki/M%C4%81rti%C5%86%C5%A1_P%C4%BCavi%C5%86%C5%A1 \"Mārtiņš Pļaviņš\") and [Jānis Šmēdiņš](/wiki/J%C4%81nis_%C5%A0m%C4%93di%C5%86%C5%A1 \"Jānis Šmēdiņš\") from Latvia got the bronze.",
"After 16 years, the [2016 tournament](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics \"2016 Summer Olympics\") again was held in an actual beach, [Copacabana Beach](/wiki/Copacabana_Beach \"Copacabana Beach\") in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"). Alison Cerutti, now partnered with [Bruno Schmidt](/wiki/Bruno_Oscar_Schmidt \"Bruno Oscar Schmidt\"), returned to the finals, and won the gold beating [Daniele Lupo](/wiki/Daniele_Lupo \"Daniele Lupo\") and [Paolo Nicolai](/wiki/Paolo_Nicolai \"Paolo Nicolai\") of Italy in the finals. The Dutch [Alexander Brouwer](/wiki/Alexander_Brouwer \"Alexander Brouwer\") and [Robert Meeuwsen](/wiki/Robert_Meeuwsen \"Robert Meeuwsen\") completed the podium.",
"The [2020 Olympics](/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics \"2020 Summer Olympics\"), held in 2021 after a delay caused by the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), had beach volleyball at [Shiokaze Park](/wiki/Shiokaze_Park \"Shiokaze Park\"). Norwegians [Anders Mol](/wiki/Anders_Mol \"Anders Mol\") and [Christian Sørum](/wiki/Christian_S%C3%B8rum \"Christian Sørum\") won gold, beating in the final Russians [Viacheslav Krasilnikov](/wiki/Viacheslav_Krasilnikov \"Viacheslav Krasilnikov\"), who had finished 2016 in fourth place, and [Oleg Stoyanovskiy](/wiki/Oleg_Stoyanovskiy \"Oleg Stoyanovskiy\"). Brazil missed not only the finals but the podium as a whole for the first time since the inaugural tournament, both pairs eliminated by eventual fourth place team Mārtiņš Pļaviņš and [Edgars Točs](/wiki/Edgars_To%C4%8Ds \"Edgars Točs\").",
"### Women's beach volleyball",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Natalie Cook and Kerri Pottharst at the 2000 tournament.](/wiki/File:Womens_beach_volleyball2.jpg \"Womens beach volleyball2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|[Ágatha Bednarczuk](/wiki/%C3%81gatha_Bednarczuk \"Ágatha Bednarczuk\") embraces the home crowd after the 2016 final.](/wiki/File:Alem%C3%A3s_levam_ouro_no_v%C3%B4lei_de_praia_em_Copacabana_1038687-18.08.2016_ffz-9127.jpg \"Alemãs levam ouro no vôlei de praia em Copacabana 1038687-18.08.2016 ffz-9127.jpg\")\nIn [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia \"Atlanta, Georgia\"), in 1996, there were eighteen teams entered, and the championship match was played between two [Brazilian](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\") teams: [Jackie Silva](/wiki/Jackie_Silva \"Jackie Silva\") and [Sandra Pires](/wiki/Sandra_Pires \"Sandra Pires\") versus [Mônica Rodrigues](/wiki/M%C3%B4nica_Rodrigues \"Mônica Rodrigues\") and [Adriana Samuel](/wiki/Adriana_Samuel \"Adriana Samuel\"). The Australians [Natalie Cook](/wiki/Natalie_Cook \"Natalie Cook\") and [Kerri Pottharst](/wiki/Kerri_Pottharst \"Kerri Pottharst\") edged out the Americans for the bronze medal.",
"At the Sydney Olympics of 2000, the number of teams was increased to 24\\. One of the two Australian teams, [Natalie Cook](/wiki/Natalie_Cook \"Natalie Cook\") and [Kerri Pottharst](/wiki/Kerri_Pottharst \"Kerri Pottharst\"), won the gold medal over the Brazilians [Adriana Behar](/wiki/Adriana_Behar \"Adriana Behar\") and [Shelda Bede](/wiki/Shelda_Bede \"Shelda Bede\"), four years after winning the bronze medal in Atlanta. Another Brazilian team, featuring 1996 champion Sandra Pires and runner\\-up Adriana Samuel, edged out the [Japanese](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") for the bronze medal.",
"Behar and Bede of Brazil avenged the 2000 defeat by beating Natalie Cook (now partnered with [Nicole Sanderson](/wiki/Nicole_Sanderson \"Nicole Sanderson\")) in the 2004 semifinal to return to the final match, but they were defeated by [Misty May\\-Treanor](/wiki/Misty_May-Treanor \"Misty May-Treanor\") and [Kerri Walsh](/wiki/Kerri_Walsh \"Kerri Walsh\") of the United States. Both May\\-Treanor and Walsh were veterans of the Sydney Olympics, but Walsh had been part of the [American indoor team](/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"United States women's national volleyball team\"). Another American team, [Holly McPeak](/wiki/Holly_McPeak \"Holly McPeak\") and [Elaine Youngs](/wiki/Elaine_Youngs \"Elaine Youngs\") (the former in her third tournament, having been fourth in Atlanta), defeated the Australian team for the bronze medal.",
"In 2008 in China, May\\-Treanor and Walsh (now going by her married name of Walsh Jennings) were victorious again by defeating the Chinese [Tian Jia](/wiki/Tian_Jia \"Tian Jia\") and [Wang Jie](/wiki/Wang_Jie_%28volleyball%29 \"Wang Jie (volleyball)\") in the finals. Another Chinese team, [Xue Chen](/wiki/Xue_Chen \"Xue Chen\") and [Zhang Xi](/wiki/Zhang_Xi_%28beach_volleyball%29 \"Zhang Xi (beach volleyball)\") won the bronze medal, edging out Brazil in fourth place, and thus sending the Brazilian women home without a medal for the first time in the tournament's history.",
"In 2012 in [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), May\\-Treanor and Walsh Jennings won for the third consecutive Olympiad by defeating the other American team of [April Ross](/wiki/April_Ross \"April Ross\") and [Jennifer Kessy](/wiki/Jennifer_Kessy \"Jennifer Kessy\") in the championship game. Thus the United States finished with the gold and silver medals, with Brazil winning the bronze medal, edging out China in fourth place.",
"The 2016 tournament in Brazil had the country return to the beach volleyball final after 12 years, with [Ágatha Bednarczuk](/wiki/%C3%81gatha_Bednarczuk \"Ágatha Bednarczuk\") and [Bárbara Seixas](/wiki/B%C3%A1rbara_Seixas \"Bárbara Seixas\") winning the semifinal over defending champion Walsh Jennings and London silver medalist April Ross. However, they lost the gold medal to the Germans [Laura Ludwig](/wiki/Laura_Ludwig \"Laura Ludwig\") and [Kira Walkenhorst](/wiki/Kira_Walkenhorst \"Kira Walkenhorst\"), who had also defeated the Brazilians [Talita Antunes](/wiki/Talita_Antunes \"Talita Antunes\") (4th in 2008\\) and [Larissa França](/wiki/Larissa_Fran%C3%A7a \"Larissa França\") (bronze in 2012\\) in the semifinals. Talita and Larissa also lost the bronze medal to the United States, making Walsh Jennings the only player to win four beach volleyball Olympic medals. The defeat also broke a streak where every tournament had one country winning medals with both their teams: Brazil in 1996 (gold and silver) and 2000 (silver and bronze), United States in 2004 (gold and bronze) and 2012 (gold and silver), and China in 2008 (silver and bronze). There were also four teams tied for fifth place: Australia, Canada, [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\"), and [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"), and hence seven countries were represented in the top eight teams.",
"The 2020 tournament in Japan had April Ross, now partnered with [Alix Klineman](/wiki/Alix_Klineman \"Alix Klineman\"), winning the gold in her third try, beating in the finals Australians [Taliqua Clancy](/wiki/Taliqua_Clancy \"Taliqua Clancy\") and [Mariafe Artacho del Solar](/wiki/Mariafe_Artacho_del_Solar \"Mariafe Artacho del Solar\"). [Joana Heidrich](/wiki/Joana_Heidrich \"Joana Heidrich\") and [Anouk Vergé\\-Dépré](/wiki/Anouk_Verg%C3%A9-D%C3%A9pr%C3%A9 \"Anouk Vergé-Dépré\") of Switzerland, who had played in separate doubles in Rio, got the bronze. Brazil for the first time missed the semifinals, with at most a pair eliminated in the quarterfinals by the Swiss.",
"While thirteen countries won medals in the male tournament, only seven have done so with women. The dominating nations are Brazil and the US. Americans have the most gold medals with four. The only countries outside the seven medalists (Brazil, United States, Australia, China, Germany, Canada and Switzerland) to reach the semifinals were Japan in 2000 and Latvia in 2020\\.",
""
] |
### Men's beach volleyball
[thumb\|right\|Dalhausser and Rogers celebrate their gold medal win in 2008 with [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")](/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_with_Todd_Rogers_and_Phil_Dalhausser.jpg "George W Bush with Todd Rogers and Phil Dalhausser.jpg")
The men's tournament has had a constant number of teams, with 24 couples in each edition.
In the first tournament, played in the [1996 Olympics](/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics "1996 Summer Olympics"), the matches were played at "Atlanta Beach" in [Jonesboro, Georgia](/wiki/Jonesboro%2C_Georgia "Jonesboro, Georgia"). The winners of the semifinals played for the gold and silver medals. The losers of the semifinal played for third and fourth places. The final was contested between the Americans [Karch Kiraly](/wiki/Karch_Kiraly "Karch Kiraly") and [Kent Steffes](/wiki/Kent_Steffes "Kent Steffes") versus [Mike Dodd](/wiki/Mike_Dodd "Mike Dodd") and [Mike Whitmarsh](/wiki/Mike_Whitmarsh "Mike Whitmarsh"). Kiraly is so far the only person with Olympic medals in both indoor and beach volleyball since he had won the gold medal indoors in the [tournament of 1984](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 1984 Summer Olympics") as well as 1988 in Seoul, South Korea.
The [beach volleyball tournament of 2000](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 2000 Summer Olympics") was played in [Bondi Beach](/wiki/Bondi_Beach%2C_New_South_Wales "Bondi Beach, New South Wales"), a suburb of [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"). The winners were again an American team, [Blanton](/wiki/Dain_Blanton "Dain Blanton")/[Fonoimoana](/wiki/Eric_Fonoimoana "Eric Fonoimoana"), defeating [Brazilians](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") [Zé Marco](/wiki/Z%C3%A9_Marco_de_Melo "Zé Marco de Melo")/[Ricardo](/wiki/Ricardo_Santos_%28beach_volleyball%29 "Ricardo Santos (beach volleyball)") (the former had competed in Atlanta) in the finals.
In the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics "2004 Summer Olympics") the tournament was held in the [Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex](/wiki/Faliro_Coastal_Zone_Olympic_Complex "Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex"), in [Athens, Greece](/wiki/Athens%2C_Greece "Athens, Greece"). The Brazilians [Emanuel](/wiki/Emanuel_Rego "Emanuel Rego")/Ricardo (the former being a veteran of two Olympics, and the latter a silver medalist in 2000\) won the gold medal, defeating [Bosma](/wiki/Javier_Bosma "Javier Bosma") and [Herrera](/wiki/Pablo_Herrera_%28beach_volleyball%29 "Pablo Herrera (beach volleyball)") of Spain.
The [beach volleyball tournament of 2008](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics "2008 Summer Olympics") was carried out at the [Beach Volleyball Ground](/wiki/Beach_Volleyball_Ground "Beach Volleyball Ground"), located in the [Chaoyang Park](/wiki/Chaoyang_Park "Chaoyang Park") in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"). In an upset, reigning champions Emanuel and Ricardo were defeated by their compatriots [Márcio Araújo](/wiki/M%C3%A1rcio_Ara%C3%BAjo_%28volleyball%29 "Márcio Araújo (volleyball)") (who competed in Athens) and [Fábio Luiz](/wiki/F%C3%A1bio_Luiz_Magalh%C3%A3es "Fábio Luiz Magalhães") in the semifinal, having to settle for the bronze (where they beat two Brazilians competing for [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 "Georgia (country)")). The Brazilian victors were then defeated by Americans [Rogers](/wiki/Todd_Rogers "Todd Rogers") and [Dalhausser](/wiki/Phil_Dalhausser "Phil Dalhausser") in the final.
The [2012 tournament](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics "2012 Summer Olympics") was played at the [Horse Guards Parade](/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade "Horse Guards Parade") in [London](/wiki/London "London"). Emanuel Rego, now paired with [Alison Cerutti](/wiki/Alison_Cerutti "Alison Cerutti"), got his third straight medal, completing the three podium colors, by reaching the finals, where he lost to Germans [Brink](/wiki/Julius_Brink "Julius Brink") and [Reckermann](/wiki/Jonas_Reckermann "Jonas Reckermann"). [Mārtiņš Pļaviņš](/wiki/M%C4%81rti%C5%86%C5%A1_P%C4%BCavi%C5%86%C5%A1 "Mārtiņš Pļaviņš") and [Jānis Šmēdiņš](/wiki/J%C4%81nis_%C5%A0m%C4%93di%C5%86%C5%A1 "Jānis Šmēdiņš") from Latvia got the bronze.
After 16 years, the [2016 tournament](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics "2016 Summer Olympics") again was held in an actual beach, [Copacabana Beach](/wiki/Copacabana_Beach "Copacabana Beach") in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"). Alison Cerutti, now partnered with [Bruno Schmidt](/wiki/Bruno_Oscar_Schmidt "Bruno Oscar Schmidt"), returned to the finals, and won the gold beating [Daniele Lupo](/wiki/Daniele_Lupo "Daniele Lupo") and [Paolo Nicolai](/wiki/Paolo_Nicolai "Paolo Nicolai") of Italy in the finals. The Dutch [Alexander Brouwer](/wiki/Alexander_Brouwer "Alexander Brouwer") and [Robert Meeuwsen](/wiki/Robert_Meeuwsen "Robert Meeuwsen") completed the podium.
The [2020 Olympics](/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics "2020 Summer Olympics"), held in 2021 after a delay caused by the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), had beach volleyball at [Shiokaze Park](/wiki/Shiokaze_Park "Shiokaze Park"). Norwegians [Anders Mol](/wiki/Anders_Mol "Anders Mol") and [Christian Sørum](/wiki/Christian_S%C3%B8rum "Christian Sørum") won gold, beating in the final Russians [Viacheslav Krasilnikov](/wiki/Viacheslav_Krasilnikov "Viacheslav Krasilnikov"), who had finished 2016 in fourth place, and [Oleg Stoyanovskiy](/wiki/Oleg_Stoyanovskiy "Oleg Stoyanovskiy"). Brazil missed not only the finals but the podium as a whole for the first time since the inaugural tournament, both pairs eliminated by eventual fourth place team Mārtiņš Pļaviņš and [Edgars Točs](/wiki/Edgars_To%C4%8Ds "Edgars Točs").
|
[
"### Men's beach volleyball",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Dalhausser and Rogers celebrate their gold medal win in 2008 with [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\")](/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_with_Todd_Rogers_and_Phil_Dalhausser.jpg \"George W Bush with Todd Rogers and Phil Dalhausser.jpg\")\nThe men's tournament has had a constant number of teams, with 24 couples in each edition.",
"In the first tournament, played in the [1996 Olympics](/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics \"1996 Summer Olympics\"), the matches were played at \"Atlanta Beach\" in [Jonesboro, Georgia](/wiki/Jonesboro%2C_Georgia \"Jonesboro, Georgia\"). The winners of the semifinals played for the gold and silver medals. The losers of the semifinal played for third and fourth places. The final was contested between the Americans [Karch Kiraly](/wiki/Karch_Kiraly \"Karch Kiraly\") and [Kent Steffes](/wiki/Kent_Steffes \"Kent Steffes\") versus [Mike Dodd](/wiki/Mike_Dodd \"Mike Dodd\") and [Mike Whitmarsh](/wiki/Mike_Whitmarsh \"Mike Whitmarsh\"). Kiraly is so far the only person with Olympic medals in both indoor and beach volleyball since he had won the gold medal indoors in the [tournament of 1984](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics \"Volleyball at the 1984 Summer Olympics\") as well as 1988 in Seoul, South Korea.",
"The [beach volleyball tournament of 2000](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics \"Volleyball at the 2000 Summer Olympics\") was played in [Bondi Beach](/wiki/Bondi_Beach%2C_New_South_Wales \"Bondi Beach, New South Wales\"), a suburb of [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"). The winners were again an American team, [Blanton](/wiki/Dain_Blanton \"Dain Blanton\")/[Fonoimoana](/wiki/Eric_Fonoimoana \"Eric Fonoimoana\"), defeating [Brazilians](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\") [Zé Marco](/wiki/Z%C3%A9_Marco_de_Melo \"Zé Marco de Melo\")/[Ricardo](/wiki/Ricardo_Santos_%28beach_volleyball%29 \"Ricardo Santos (beach volleyball)\") (the former had competed in Atlanta) in the finals.",
"In the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics \"2004 Summer Olympics\") the tournament was held in the [Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex](/wiki/Faliro_Coastal_Zone_Olympic_Complex \"Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex\"), in [Athens, Greece](/wiki/Athens%2C_Greece \"Athens, Greece\"). The Brazilians [Emanuel](/wiki/Emanuel_Rego \"Emanuel Rego\")/Ricardo (the former being a veteran of two Olympics, and the latter a silver medalist in 2000\\) won the gold medal, defeating [Bosma](/wiki/Javier_Bosma \"Javier Bosma\") and [Herrera](/wiki/Pablo_Herrera_%28beach_volleyball%29 \"Pablo Herrera (beach volleyball)\") of Spain.",
"The [beach volleyball tournament of 2008](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics \"2008 Summer Olympics\") was carried out at the [Beach Volleyball Ground](/wiki/Beach_Volleyball_Ground \"Beach Volleyball Ground\"), located in the [Chaoyang Park](/wiki/Chaoyang_Park \"Chaoyang Park\") in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\"). In an upset, reigning champions Emanuel and Ricardo were defeated by their compatriots [Márcio Araújo](/wiki/M%C3%A1rcio_Ara%C3%BAjo_%28volleyball%29 \"Márcio Araújo (volleyball)\") (who competed in Athens) and [Fábio Luiz](/wiki/F%C3%A1bio_Luiz_Magalh%C3%A3es \"Fábio Luiz Magalhães\") in the semifinal, having to settle for the bronze (where they beat two Brazilians competing for [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 \"Georgia (country)\")). The Brazilian victors were then defeated by Americans [Rogers](/wiki/Todd_Rogers \"Todd Rogers\") and [Dalhausser](/wiki/Phil_Dalhausser \"Phil Dalhausser\") in the final.",
"The [2012 tournament](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics \"2012 Summer Olympics\") was played at the [Horse Guards Parade](/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade \"Horse Guards Parade\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). Emanuel Rego, now paired with [Alison Cerutti](/wiki/Alison_Cerutti \"Alison Cerutti\"), got his third straight medal, completing the three podium colors, by reaching the finals, where he lost to Germans [Brink](/wiki/Julius_Brink \"Julius Brink\") and [Reckermann](/wiki/Jonas_Reckermann \"Jonas Reckermann\"). [Mārtiņš Pļaviņš](/wiki/M%C4%81rti%C5%86%C5%A1_P%C4%BCavi%C5%86%C5%A1 \"Mārtiņš Pļaviņš\") and [Jānis Šmēdiņš](/wiki/J%C4%81nis_%C5%A0m%C4%93di%C5%86%C5%A1 \"Jānis Šmēdiņš\") from Latvia got the bronze.",
"After 16 years, the [2016 tournament](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics \"2016 Summer Olympics\") again was held in an actual beach, [Copacabana Beach](/wiki/Copacabana_Beach \"Copacabana Beach\") in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"). Alison Cerutti, now partnered with [Bruno Schmidt](/wiki/Bruno_Oscar_Schmidt \"Bruno Oscar Schmidt\"), returned to the finals, and won the gold beating [Daniele Lupo](/wiki/Daniele_Lupo \"Daniele Lupo\") and [Paolo Nicolai](/wiki/Paolo_Nicolai \"Paolo Nicolai\") of Italy in the finals. The Dutch [Alexander Brouwer](/wiki/Alexander_Brouwer \"Alexander Brouwer\") and [Robert Meeuwsen](/wiki/Robert_Meeuwsen \"Robert Meeuwsen\") completed the podium.",
"The [2020 Olympics](/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics \"2020 Summer Olympics\"), held in 2021 after a delay caused by the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), had beach volleyball at [Shiokaze Park](/wiki/Shiokaze_Park \"Shiokaze Park\"). Norwegians [Anders Mol](/wiki/Anders_Mol \"Anders Mol\") and [Christian Sørum](/wiki/Christian_S%C3%B8rum \"Christian Sørum\") won gold, beating in the final Russians [Viacheslav Krasilnikov](/wiki/Viacheslav_Krasilnikov \"Viacheslav Krasilnikov\"), who had finished 2016 in fourth place, and [Oleg Stoyanovskiy](/wiki/Oleg_Stoyanovskiy \"Oleg Stoyanovskiy\"). Brazil missed not only the finals but the podium as a whole for the first time since the inaugural tournament, both pairs eliminated by eventual fourth place team Mārtiņš Pļaviņš and [Edgars Točs](/wiki/Edgars_To%C4%8Ds \"Edgars Točs\").",
""
] |
### Women's beach volleyball
[thumb\|right\|Natalie Cook and Kerri Pottharst at the 2000 tournament.](/wiki/File:Womens_beach_volleyball2.jpg "Womens beach volleyball2.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|[Ágatha Bednarczuk](/wiki/%C3%81gatha_Bednarczuk "Ágatha Bednarczuk") embraces the home crowd after the 2016 final.](/wiki/File:Alem%C3%A3s_levam_ouro_no_v%C3%B4lei_de_praia_em_Copacabana_1038687-18.08.2016_ffz-9127.jpg "Alemãs levam ouro no vôlei de praia em Copacabana 1038687-18.08.2016 ffz-9127.jpg")
In [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia "Atlanta, Georgia"), in 1996, there were eighteen teams entered, and the championship match was played between two [Brazilian](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") teams: [Jackie Silva](/wiki/Jackie_Silva "Jackie Silva") and [Sandra Pires](/wiki/Sandra_Pires "Sandra Pires") versus [Mônica Rodrigues](/wiki/M%C3%B4nica_Rodrigues "Mônica Rodrigues") and [Adriana Samuel](/wiki/Adriana_Samuel "Adriana Samuel"). The Australians [Natalie Cook](/wiki/Natalie_Cook "Natalie Cook") and [Kerri Pottharst](/wiki/Kerri_Pottharst "Kerri Pottharst") edged out the Americans for the bronze medal.
At the Sydney Olympics of 2000, the number of teams was increased to 24\. One of the two Australian teams, [Natalie Cook](/wiki/Natalie_Cook "Natalie Cook") and [Kerri Pottharst](/wiki/Kerri_Pottharst "Kerri Pottharst"), won the gold medal over the Brazilians [Adriana Behar](/wiki/Adriana_Behar "Adriana Behar") and [Shelda Bede](/wiki/Shelda_Bede "Shelda Bede"), four years after winning the bronze medal in Atlanta. Another Brazilian team, featuring 1996 champion Sandra Pires and runner\-up Adriana Samuel, edged out the [Japanese](/wiki/Japan "Japan") for the bronze medal.
Behar and Bede of Brazil avenged the 2000 defeat by beating Natalie Cook (now partnered with [Nicole Sanderson](/wiki/Nicole_Sanderson "Nicole Sanderson")) in the 2004 semifinal to return to the final match, but they were defeated by [Misty May\-Treanor](/wiki/Misty_May-Treanor "Misty May-Treanor") and [Kerri Walsh](/wiki/Kerri_Walsh "Kerri Walsh") of the United States. Both May\-Treanor and Walsh were veterans of the Sydney Olympics, but Walsh had been part of the [American indoor team](/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "United States women's national volleyball team"). Another American team, [Holly McPeak](/wiki/Holly_McPeak "Holly McPeak") and [Elaine Youngs](/wiki/Elaine_Youngs "Elaine Youngs") (the former in her third tournament, having been fourth in Atlanta), defeated the Australian team for the bronze medal.
In 2008 in China, May\-Treanor and Walsh (now going by her married name of Walsh Jennings) were victorious again by defeating the Chinese [Tian Jia](/wiki/Tian_Jia "Tian Jia") and [Wang Jie](/wiki/Wang_Jie_%28volleyball%29 "Wang Jie (volleyball)") in the finals. Another Chinese team, [Xue Chen](/wiki/Xue_Chen "Xue Chen") and [Zhang Xi](/wiki/Zhang_Xi_%28beach_volleyball%29 "Zhang Xi (beach volleyball)") won the bronze medal, edging out Brazil in fourth place, and thus sending the Brazilian women home without a medal for the first time in the tournament's history.
In 2012 in [England](/wiki/England "England"), May\-Treanor and Walsh Jennings won for the third consecutive Olympiad by defeating the other American team of [April Ross](/wiki/April_Ross "April Ross") and [Jennifer Kessy](/wiki/Jennifer_Kessy "Jennifer Kessy") in the championship game. Thus the United States finished with the gold and silver medals, with Brazil winning the bronze medal, edging out China in fourth place.
The 2016 tournament in Brazil had the country return to the beach volleyball final after 12 years, with [Ágatha Bednarczuk](/wiki/%C3%81gatha_Bednarczuk "Ágatha Bednarczuk") and [Bárbara Seixas](/wiki/B%C3%A1rbara_Seixas "Bárbara Seixas") winning the semifinal over defending champion Walsh Jennings and London silver medalist April Ross. However, they lost the gold medal to the Germans [Laura Ludwig](/wiki/Laura_Ludwig "Laura Ludwig") and [Kira Walkenhorst](/wiki/Kira_Walkenhorst "Kira Walkenhorst"), who had also defeated the Brazilians [Talita Antunes](/wiki/Talita_Antunes "Talita Antunes") (4th in 2008\) and [Larissa França](/wiki/Larissa_Fran%C3%A7a "Larissa França") (bronze in 2012\) in the semifinals. Talita and Larissa also lost the bronze medal to the United States, making Walsh Jennings the only player to win four beach volleyball Olympic medals. The defeat also broke a streak where every tournament had one country winning medals with both their teams: Brazil in 1996 (gold and silver) and 2000 (silver and bronze), United States in 2004 (gold and bronze) and 2012 (gold and silver), and China in 2008 (silver and bronze). There were also four teams tied for fifth place: Australia, Canada, [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia"), and [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland"), and hence seven countries were represented in the top eight teams.
The 2020 tournament in Japan had April Ross, now partnered with [Alix Klineman](/wiki/Alix_Klineman "Alix Klineman"), winning the gold in her third try, beating in the finals Australians [Taliqua Clancy](/wiki/Taliqua_Clancy "Taliqua Clancy") and [Mariafe Artacho del Solar](/wiki/Mariafe_Artacho_del_Solar "Mariafe Artacho del Solar"). [Joana Heidrich](/wiki/Joana_Heidrich "Joana Heidrich") and [Anouk Vergé\-Dépré](/wiki/Anouk_Verg%C3%A9-D%C3%A9pr%C3%A9 "Anouk Vergé-Dépré") of Switzerland, who had played in separate doubles in Rio, got the bronze. Brazil for the first time missed the semifinals, with at most a pair eliminated in the quarterfinals by the Swiss.
While thirteen countries won medals in the male tournament, only seven have done so with women. The dominating nations are Brazil and the US. Americans have the most gold medals with four. The only countries outside the seven medalists (Brazil, United States, Australia, China, Germany, Canada and Switzerland) to reach the semifinals were Japan in 2000 and Latvia in 2020\.
|
[
"### Women's beach volleyball",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Natalie Cook and Kerri Pottharst at the 2000 tournament.](/wiki/File:Womens_beach_volleyball2.jpg \"Womens beach volleyball2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|[Ágatha Bednarczuk](/wiki/%C3%81gatha_Bednarczuk \"Ágatha Bednarczuk\") embraces the home crowd after the 2016 final.](/wiki/File:Alem%C3%A3s_levam_ouro_no_v%C3%B4lei_de_praia_em_Copacabana_1038687-18.08.2016_ffz-9127.jpg \"Alemãs levam ouro no vôlei de praia em Copacabana 1038687-18.08.2016 ffz-9127.jpg\")\nIn [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia \"Atlanta, Georgia\"), in 1996, there were eighteen teams entered, and the championship match was played between two [Brazilian](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\") teams: [Jackie Silva](/wiki/Jackie_Silva \"Jackie Silva\") and [Sandra Pires](/wiki/Sandra_Pires \"Sandra Pires\") versus [Mônica Rodrigues](/wiki/M%C3%B4nica_Rodrigues \"Mônica Rodrigues\") and [Adriana Samuel](/wiki/Adriana_Samuel \"Adriana Samuel\"). The Australians [Natalie Cook](/wiki/Natalie_Cook \"Natalie Cook\") and [Kerri Pottharst](/wiki/Kerri_Pottharst \"Kerri Pottharst\") edged out the Americans for the bronze medal.",
"At the Sydney Olympics of 2000, the number of teams was increased to 24\\. One of the two Australian teams, [Natalie Cook](/wiki/Natalie_Cook \"Natalie Cook\") and [Kerri Pottharst](/wiki/Kerri_Pottharst \"Kerri Pottharst\"), won the gold medal over the Brazilians [Adriana Behar](/wiki/Adriana_Behar \"Adriana Behar\") and [Shelda Bede](/wiki/Shelda_Bede \"Shelda Bede\"), four years after winning the bronze medal in Atlanta. Another Brazilian team, featuring 1996 champion Sandra Pires and runner\\-up Adriana Samuel, edged out the [Japanese](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") for the bronze medal.",
"Behar and Bede of Brazil avenged the 2000 defeat by beating Natalie Cook (now partnered with [Nicole Sanderson](/wiki/Nicole_Sanderson \"Nicole Sanderson\")) in the 2004 semifinal to return to the final match, but they were defeated by [Misty May\\-Treanor](/wiki/Misty_May-Treanor \"Misty May-Treanor\") and [Kerri Walsh](/wiki/Kerri_Walsh \"Kerri Walsh\") of the United States. Both May\\-Treanor and Walsh were veterans of the Sydney Olympics, but Walsh had been part of the [American indoor team](/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"United States women's national volleyball team\"). Another American team, [Holly McPeak](/wiki/Holly_McPeak \"Holly McPeak\") and [Elaine Youngs](/wiki/Elaine_Youngs \"Elaine Youngs\") (the former in her third tournament, having been fourth in Atlanta), defeated the Australian team for the bronze medal.",
"In 2008 in China, May\\-Treanor and Walsh (now going by her married name of Walsh Jennings) were victorious again by defeating the Chinese [Tian Jia](/wiki/Tian_Jia \"Tian Jia\") and [Wang Jie](/wiki/Wang_Jie_%28volleyball%29 \"Wang Jie (volleyball)\") in the finals. Another Chinese team, [Xue Chen](/wiki/Xue_Chen \"Xue Chen\") and [Zhang Xi](/wiki/Zhang_Xi_%28beach_volleyball%29 \"Zhang Xi (beach volleyball)\") won the bronze medal, edging out Brazil in fourth place, and thus sending the Brazilian women home without a medal for the first time in the tournament's history.",
"In 2012 in [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), May\\-Treanor and Walsh Jennings won for the third consecutive Olympiad by defeating the other American team of [April Ross](/wiki/April_Ross \"April Ross\") and [Jennifer Kessy](/wiki/Jennifer_Kessy \"Jennifer Kessy\") in the championship game. Thus the United States finished with the gold and silver medals, with Brazil winning the bronze medal, edging out China in fourth place.",
"The 2016 tournament in Brazil had the country return to the beach volleyball final after 12 years, with [Ágatha Bednarczuk](/wiki/%C3%81gatha_Bednarczuk \"Ágatha Bednarczuk\") and [Bárbara Seixas](/wiki/B%C3%A1rbara_Seixas \"Bárbara Seixas\") winning the semifinal over defending champion Walsh Jennings and London silver medalist April Ross. However, they lost the gold medal to the Germans [Laura Ludwig](/wiki/Laura_Ludwig \"Laura Ludwig\") and [Kira Walkenhorst](/wiki/Kira_Walkenhorst \"Kira Walkenhorst\"), who had also defeated the Brazilians [Talita Antunes](/wiki/Talita_Antunes \"Talita Antunes\") (4th in 2008\\) and [Larissa França](/wiki/Larissa_Fran%C3%A7a \"Larissa França\") (bronze in 2012\\) in the semifinals. Talita and Larissa also lost the bronze medal to the United States, making Walsh Jennings the only player to win four beach volleyball Olympic medals. The defeat also broke a streak where every tournament had one country winning medals with both their teams: Brazil in 1996 (gold and silver) and 2000 (silver and bronze), United States in 2004 (gold and bronze) and 2012 (gold and silver), and China in 2008 (silver and bronze). There were also four teams tied for fifth place: Australia, Canada, [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\"), and [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"), and hence seven countries were represented in the top eight teams.",
"The 2020 tournament in Japan had April Ross, now partnered with [Alix Klineman](/wiki/Alix_Klineman \"Alix Klineman\"), winning the gold in her third try, beating in the finals Australians [Taliqua Clancy](/wiki/Taliqua_Clancy \"Taliqua Clancy\") and [Mariafe Artacho del Solar](/wiki/Mariafe_Artacho_del_Solar \"Mariafe Artacho del Solar\"). [Joana Heidrich](/wiki/Joana_Heidrich \"Joana Heidrich\") and [Anouk Vergé\\-Dépré](/wiki/Anouk_Verg%C3%A9-D%C3%A9pr%C3%A9 \"Anouk Vergé-Dépré\") of Switzerland, who had played in separate doubles in Rio, got the bronze. Brazil for the first time missed the semifinals, with at most a pair eliminated in the quarterfinals by the Swiss.",
"While thirteen countries won medals in the male tournament, only seven have done so with women. The dominating nations are Brazil and the US. Americans have the most gold medals with four. The only countries outside the seven medalists (Brazil, United States, Australia, China, Germany, Canada and Switzerland) to reach the semifinals were Japan in 2000 and Latvia in 2020\\.",
""
] |
Competition formula
-------------------
[thumb\|Olympics 2016 tournament](/wiki/File:Larissa-Talita_%28BRA%29_vs_Borger-B%C3%BCthe_%28GER%29%2C_Olympic_women%27s_beach_volleyball%2C_Beach_Volleyball_Arena%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Brazil_%282%29.jpg "Larissa-Talita (BRA) vs Borger-Büthe (GER), Olympic women's beach volleyball, Beach Volleyball Arena, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2).jpg")
### 1996
A [double\-elimination tournament](/wiki/Double-elimination_tournament "Double-elimination tournament") was played for both men and women until a total of four teams qualified for the semifinals: the two finalist teams of the winners bracket and the two finalist teams of the elimination bracket. The men's field had 24 teams, and the women's field had 16\.
Competitors were selected through a detailed Olympic qualification process which saw the participation of a total of 587 men's and women's athletes from 46 countries. Each country could qualify up to two teams \- host country United States had two spots already guaranteed, with the doubles selected through Olympic Beach Trials held in [Baltimore, Maryland](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland "Baltimore, Maryland").
### 2000
Following an expansion on the women's tournament, both competitions had 24 teams. The format became [single elimination](/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament "Single-elimination tournament"), preceded by a preliminary round to define the round of 16 teams \- the twelve winners of the preliminary games automatically qualified, while the twelve defeated teams played two elimination rounds to get the remaining four spots.
The teams qualify by accumulating points in FIVB Olympic Qualification Tournaments, with one of the host nation having a guaranteed berth and another having the possibility of qualifying through the ranking.
### 2004
Following a FIVB change of rules in 2001, the scoring was changed from sets of 15 points in a superseded sideout system to sets of 21 points in a [rally point system](/wiki/Volleyball%23Scoring "Volleyball#Scoring").[FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour 2002 PROVISIONAL CALENDAR RELEASED TODAY](http://www.bvbinfo.com/news.asp?ID=409) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709190549/http://www.bvbinfo.com/news.asp?ID\=409 \|date\=July 9, 2009 }}
The format had the 24 competing teams were split equally into six pools of four. The top two teams from each pool and the four best third placed teams progressed through to a single\-elimination tournament of sixteen teams.
The qualifying added a continental quota \- in the event of an unrepresented continent, the top team from that continent earned a spot.
### 2008–2024
The six pools of four format was retained, but the qualifying for third\-placed teams was changed. Of the six 3rd place teams, two were directly qualified to the playoffs. Of the four remaining third placed teams, another two teams get to the playoffs through winning a lucky loser (repechage) match.[thumb\|right\|The [Horse Guards Parade](/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade "Horse Guards Parade") hosted the 2012 tournament.](/wiki/File:Horseguards_Parade_London_2012.jpg "Horseguards Parade London 2012.jpg")
|
[
"Competition formula\n-------------------",
"[thumb\\|Olympics 2016 tournament](/wiki/File:Larissa-Talita_%28BRA%29_vs_Borger-B%C3%BCthe_%28GER%29%2C_Olympic_women%27s_beach_volleyball%2C_Beach_Volleyball_Arena%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Brazil_%282%29.jpg \"Larissa-Talita (BRA) vs Borger-Büthe (GER), Olympic women's beach volleyball, Beach Volleyball Arena, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2).jpg\")\n### 1996",
"A [double\\-elimination tournament](/wiki/Double-elimination_tournament \"Double-elimination tournament\") was played for both men and women until a total of four teams qualified for the semifinals: the two finalist teams of the winners bracket and the two finalist teams of the elimination bracket. The men's field had 24 teams, and the women's field had 16\\.",
"Competitors were selected through a detailed Olympic qualification process which saw the participation of a total of 587 men's and women's athletes from 46 countries. Each country could qualify up to two teams \\- host country United States had two spots already guaranteed, with the doubles selected through Olympic Beach Trials held in [Baltimore, Maryland](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland \"Baltimore, Maryland\").",
"### 2000",
"Following an expansion on the women's tournament, both competitions had 24 teams. The format became [single elimination](/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament \"Single-elimination tournament\"), preceded by a preliminary round to define the round of 16 teams \\- the twelve winners of the preliminary games automatically qualified, while the twelve defeated teams played two elimination rounds to get the remaining four spots.",
"The teams qualify by accumulating points in FIVB Olympic Qualification Tournaments, with one of the host nation having a guaranteed berth and another having the possibility of qualifying through the ranking.\n### 2004",
"Following a FIVB change of rules in 2001, the scoring was changed from sets of 15 points in a superseded sideout system to sets of 21 points in a [rally point system](/wiki/Volleyball%23Scoring \"Volleyball#Scoring\").[FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour 2002 PROVISIONAL CALENDAR RELEASED TODAY](http://www.bvbinfo.com/news.asp?ID=409) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709190549/http://www.bvbinfo.com/news.asp?ID\\=409 \\|date\\=July 9, 2009 }}",
"The format had the 24 competing teams were split equally into six pools of four. The top two teams from each pool and the four best third placed teams progressed through to a single\\-elimination tournament of sixteen teams.",
"The qualifying added a continental quota \\- in the event of an unrepresented continent, the top team from that continent earned a spot.",
"### 2008–2024",
"The six pools of four format was retained, but the qualifying for third\\-placed teams was changed. Of the six 3rd place teams, two were directly qualified to the playoffs. Of the four remaining third placed teams, another two teams get to the playoffs through winning a lucky loser (repechage) match.[thumb\\|right\\|The [Horse Guards Parade](/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade \"Horse Guards Parade\") hosted the 2012 tournament.](/wiki/File:Horseguards_Parade_London_2012.jpg \"Horseguards Parade London 2012.jpg\")",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
Unlike most editions of the series, the map that is shown before the story begins does not present Gaul and a close\-up of the village with the four surrounding [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") camps. Instead the reader is shown a map of [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica "Corsica") and a multitude of camps around the coastline.
The story begins with a banquet celebrating the anniversary of [Vercingetorix](/wiki/Vercingetorix "Vercingetorix")'s victory at the [Battle of Gergovia](/wiki/Battle_of_Gergovia "Battle of Gergovia"). As part of the celebrations, the indomitable [Gauls](/wiki/Gauls "Gauls") always attack the local Roman camps; as a result, the Roman soldiers always go on "special [manoeuvres](/wiki/Military_exercise "Military exercise")" *en masse* to avoid the punch\-up.
On this particular year various people who have helped the Gauls against the Romans in previous books have been invited along with their wives (this may be because this was the last story published in *[Pilote](/wiki/Pilote "Pilote")* magazine, or because this was the 20th album). They include:
* Petitsuix from [Helvetia](/wiki/Helvetia "Helvetia") (*[Asterix in Switzerland](/wiki/Asterix_in_Switzerland "Asterix in Switzerland")*),
* Huevos Y Bacon and son Pepe from [Hispania](/wiki/Hispania "Hispania") (*[Asterix in Spain](/wiki/Asterix_in_Spain "Asterix in Spain")*),
* Instantmix, the Gaulish restaurateur from Rome (*[Asterix the Gladiator](/wiki/Asterix_the_Gladiator "Asterix the Gladiator")*),
* Anticlimax from [Britain](/wiki/Roman_Britain "Roman Britain") alongside Dipsomaniax the tavern\-keeper, McAnix the [Scotsman](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), O'veroptimistix the [Irishman](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"), and Chief Mykingdomforanos (*[Asterix in Britain](/wiki/Asterix_in_Britain "Asterix in Britain")*),
* Drinklikafix of [Massalia](/wiki/Marseille "Marseille"), Jellibabix of [Lugdunum](/wiki/Lugdunum "Lugdunum"), Seniorservix from [Gesocribatum](/wiki/Le_Conquet "Le Conquet") (*[Asterix and the Banquet](/wiki/Asterix_and_the_Banquet "Asterix and the Banquet")*),
* Winesanspirix and his wife from [Gergovia](/wiki/Gergovia "Gergovia") (*[Asterix and the Chieftain's Shield](/wiki/Asterix_and_the_Chieftain%27s_Shield "Asterix and the Chieftain's Shield")*).
The Roman camp of Totorum, too, has visitors: three Roman soldiers escorting the Corsican leader [Boneywasawarriorwayayix](/wiki/Sea_shanty%23Form "Sea shanty#Form"), exiled by [Praetor](/wiki/Praetor "Praetor") Perfidius. He is left to spend the night in the [Centurion](/wiki/Centurion "Centurion")'s tent, to its owner's dismay. While the other camps are deserted, the Romans of Totorum have no option but to stay and be decimated by the Gauls and their friends, who discover Boneywasawarriorwayayix awakening from a long [siesta](/wiki/Siesta "Siesta") (afternoon nap).
The proud Boneywasawarriorwayayix attends the Gaulish banquet and leaves the next day for Corsica with Asterix, Obelix and Dogmatix accompanying him. At Massalia, he hires a ship crewed by none other than [the pirates](/wiki/Recurring_characters_in_Asterix%23The_Pirates "Recurring characters in Asterix#The Pirates"). When the passengers go aboard it is too dark for the captain and the Gauls to recognise each other. But when, in the middle of the night, the pirates attempt to rob the Corsican and his three companions, they recognize the sleeping Gauls and the entire crew vacates the ship in a rowing boat.
The following morning, the passengers awake to find the ship is deserted. Boneywasawarriorwayayix then invites the Gauls to share a pungent Corsican cheese. Unaccustomed to the strong smell, they feel unwell, but then the Corsican realises that they are off the coast of his native island, abandons the cheese and excitedly swims ashore.
The arrival of the three men and dog is noticed by a Roman patrol. The Romans later investigate the ship but find nothing suspicious. As they leave, the pirates arrive to reclaim their vessel, only for a burning torch to ignite the Corsican cheese's fumes, blowing up the ship.
A keen young Roman called Courtingdisastus captures the pirate captain and takes him to Praetor Perfidius in the Roman city of [Aleria](/wiki/Aleria "Aleria"). From him, the Romans learn that Boneywasawarriorwayayix, a known revolutionary leader, has returned from exile. Perfidius appoints Courtingdisastus to lead a party assigned to recapture Boneywasawarriorwayayix. But in fact, Perfidius has few illusions that the mission will be successful and starts making his own plans to flee Corsica, leaving his men in the lurch and sailing away with all the loot he has purloined from the Corsicans.
Courtingdisastus and his men go to Boneywasawarriorwayayix's village, but are faced by his second\-in\-command Carferrix, who intimidates them into fleeing. Meanwhile, the Corsican leader and the Gauls travel through the [maquis](/wiki/Maquis_shrubland "Maquis shrubland") to a rendezvous where several clan chieftains gather to plan their attack on Aleria to recover the wealth the Praetor has extracted from them.
The attack begins before Perfidius can make his escape. Boneywasawarriorwayayix then makes a proud and defiant speech stating that Corsica will never be ruled by an [Emperor](/wiki/Emperor "Emperor") unless he is a [Corsican himself](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte "Napoleon Bonaparte").
After the victory over the Romans, a vendetta between the clans of Boneywasawarriorwayayix and Olabellamargaritix, fought over various but complicated age\-old issues, is settled by the diplomatic Asterix. (However, when the Gauls leave, there are strong hints that other Corsican chieftains will resume the feud with Olabellamargaritix even if Boneywasawarriorwayayix has called his off).
The Gauls return home with fond memories of their trip.
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"Unlike most editions of the series, the map that is shown before the story begins does not present Gaul and a close\\-up of the village with the four surrounding [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") camps. Instead the reader is shown a map of [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica \"Corsica\") and a multitude of camps around the coastline.",
"The story begins with a banquet celebrating the anniversary of [Vercingetorix](/wiki/Vercingetorix \"Vercingetorix\")'s victory at the [Battle of Gergovia](/wiki/Battle_of_Gergovia \"Battle of Gergovia\"). As part of the celebrations, the indomitable [Gauls](/wiki/Gauls \"Gauls\") always attack the local Roman camps; as a result, the Roman soldiers always go on \"special [manoeuvres](/wiki/Military_exercise \"Military exercise\")\" *en masse* to avoid the punch\\-up.",
"On this particular year various people who have helped the Gauls against the Romans in previous books have been invited along with their wives (this may be because this was the last story published in *[Pilote](/wiki/Pilote \"Pilote\")* magazine, or because this was the 20th album). They include:\n* Petitsuix from [Helvetia](/wiki/Helvetia \"Helvetia\") (*[Asterix in Switzerland](/wiki/Asterix_in_Switzerland \"Asterix in Switzerland\")*),\n* Huevos Y Bacon and son Pepe from [Hispania](/wiki/Hispania \"Hispania\") (*[Asterix in Spain](/wiki/Asterix_in_Spain \"Asterix in Spain\")*),\n* Instantmix, the Gaulish restaurateur from Rome (*[Asterix the Gladiator](/wiki/Asterix_the_Gladiator \"Asterix the Gladiator\")*),\n* Anticlimax from [Britain](/wiki/Roman_Britain \"Roman Britain\") alongside Dipsomaniax the tavern\\-keeper, McAnix the [Scotsman](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), O'veroptimistix the [Irishman](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"), and Chief Mykingdomforanos (*[Asterix in Britain](/wiki/Asterix_in_Britain \"Asterix in Britain\")*),\n* Drinklikafix of [Massalia](/wiki/Marseille \"Marseille\"), Jellibabix of [Lugdunum](/wiki/Lugdunum \"Lugdunum\"), Seniorservix from [Gesocribatum](/wiki/Le_Conquet \"Le Conquet\") (*[Asterix and the Banquet](/wiki/Asterix_and_the_Banquet \"Asterix and the Banquet\")*),\n* Winesanspirix and his wife from [Gergovia](/wiki/Gergovia \"Gergovia\") (*[Asterix and the Chieftain's Shield](/wiki/Asterix_and_the_Chieftain%27s_Shield \"Asterix and the Chieftain's Shield\")*).",
"The Roman camp of Totorum, too, has visitors: three Roman soldiers escorting the Corsican leader [Boneywasawarriorwayayix](/wiki/Sea_shanty%23Form \"Sea shanty#Form\"), exiled by [Praetor](/wiki/Praetor \"Praetor\") Perfidius. He is left to spend the night in the [Centurion](/wiki/Centurion \"Centurion\")'s tent, to its owner's dismay. While the other camps are deserted, the Romans of Totorum have no option but to stay and be decimated by the Gauls and their friends, who discover Boneywasawarriorwayayix awakening from a long [siesta](/wiki/Siesta \"Siesta\") (afternoon nap).",
"The proud Boneywasawarriorwayayix attends the Gaulish banquet and leaves the next day for Corsica with Asterix, Obelix and Dogmatix accompanying him. At Massalia, he hires a ship crewed by none other than [the pirates](/wiki/Recurring_characters_in_Asterix%23The_Pirates \"Recurring characters in Asterix#The Pirates\"). When the passengers go aboard it is too dark for the captain and the Gauls to recognise each other. But when, in the middle of the night, the pirates attempt to rob the Corsican and his three companions, they recognize the sleeping Gauls and the entire crew vacates the ship in a rowing boat.",
"The following morning, the passengers awake to find the ship is deserted. Boneywasawarriorwayayix then invites the Gauls to share a pungent Corsican cheese. Unaccustomed to the strong smell, they feel unwell, but then the Corsican realises that they are off the coast of his native island, abandons the cheese and excitedly swims ashore.",
"The arrival of the three men and dog is noticed by a Roman patrol. The Romans later investigate the ship but find nothing suspicious. As they leave, the pirates arrive to reclaim their vessel, only for a burning torch to ignite the Corsican cheese's fumes, blowing up the ship.",
"A keen young Roman called Courtingdisastus captures the pirate captain and takes him to Praetor Perfidius in the Roman city of [Aleria](/wiki/Aleria \"Aleria\"). From him, the Romans learn that Boneywasawarriorwayayix, a known revolutionary leader, has returned from exile. Perfidius appoints Courtingdisastus to lead a party assigned to recapture Boneywasawarriorwayayix. But in fact, Perfidius has few illusions that the mission will be successful and starts making his own plans to flee Corsica, leaving his men in the lurch and sailing away with all the loot he has purloined from the Corsicans.",
"Courtingdisastus and his men go to Boneywasawarriorwayayix's village, but are faced by his second\\-in\\-command Carferrix, who intimidates them into fleeing. Meanwhile, the Corsican leader and the Gauls travel through the [maquis](/wiki/Maquis_shrubland \"Maquis shrubland\") to a rendezvous where several clan chieftains gather to plan their attack on Aleria to recover the wealth the Praetor has extracted from them.",
"The attack begins before Perfidius can make his escape. Boneywasawarriorwayayix then makes a proud and defiant speech stating that Corsica will never be ruled by an [Emperor](/wiki/Emperor \"Emperor\") unless he is a [Corsican himself](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte \"Napoleon Bonaparte\").",
"After the victory over the Romans, a vendetta between the clans of Boneywasawarriorwayayix and Olabellamargaritix, fought over various but complicated age\\-old issues, is settled by the diplomatic Asterix. (However, when the Gauls leave, there are strong hints that other Corsican chieftains will resume the feud with Olabellamargaritix even if Boneywasawarriorwayayix has called his off).",
"The Gauls return home with fond memories of their trip.",
""
] |
Live performances
-----------------
During the first official performance of *Dark Side of the Moon*, at the Rainbow Theatre on 17 February 1972, a version of this song was played with guitar, keyboard and drums instead of the synthesizer track that appeared on the album. Subsequent performances matched the album version and, at the end of the song, a model [aeroplane](/wiki/Aeroplane "Aeroplane") would fly from one end of the arena to the other, appearing to crash in a brilliant explosion. The same effect was used in the *[A Momentary Lapse of Reason](/wiki/A_Momentary_Lapse_of_Reason "A Momentary Lapse of Reason")* tour, but with a flying bed rather than an aeroplane. *[The Division Bell](/wiki/The_Division_Bell "The Division Bell")* tour would reuse the aeroplane, only this time with the back of it in flames for additional effects.
A live version of the song can be heard on the *[Delicate Sound of Thunder](/wiki/Delicate_Sound_of_Thunder "Delicate Sound of Thunder")* concert video, although it did not appear on the album release, however, it appears on the [2019 reissue](/wiki/The_Later_Years_1987%E2%80%932019 "The Later Years 1987–2019") and remixed version of the album. Another live version appears on the CD, vinyl, and DVD releases of *[Pulse](/wiki/Pulse_%28Pink_Floyd_album%29 "Pulse (Pink Floyd album)")*.
Roger Waters and his solo band performed this song live from 2006 to 2008 during his tour, [The Dark Side of the Moon Live](/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Moon_Live "The Dark Side of the Moon Live").
The song was used by longtime [public address announcers](/wiki/Public_address_announcer "Public address announcer") [Tommy Edwards](/wiki/Tommy_Edwards_%28announcer%29 "Tommy Edwards (announcer)") and [Ray Clay](/wiki/Ray_Clay "Ray Clay") of the [Chicago Bulls](/wiki/Chicago_Bulls "Chicago Bulls") organization during the [Michael Jordan](/wiki/Michael_Jordan "Michael Jordan") era as the theme for the visiting team at Bulls home games. This also marked the first use of songs of any kind in the live setting in the [NBA](/wiki/NBA "NBA").
During their 1970s "Musicradio" era, Chicago radio station WLS\-AM 890 used part of the song as background music for recorded prize and contest phone calls that were played on\-air.
|
[
"Live performances\n-----------------",
"During the first official performance of *Dark Side of the Moon*, at the Rainbow Theatre on 17 February 1972, a version of this song was played with guitar, keyboard and drums instead of the synthesizer track that appeared on the album. Subsequent performances matched the album version and, at the end of the song, a model [aeroplane](/wiki/Aeroplane \"Aeroplane\") would fly from one end of the arena to the other, appearing to crash in a brilliant explosion. The same effect was used in the *[A Momentary Lapse of Reason](/wiki/A_Momentary_Lapse_of_Reason \"A Momentary Lapse of Reason\")* tour, but with a flying bed rather than an aeroplane. *[The Division Bell](/wiki/The_Division_Bell \"The Division Bell\")* tour would reuse the aeroplane, only this time with the back of it in flames for additional effects.",
"A live version of the song can be heard on the *[Delicate Sound of Thunder](/wiki/Delicate_Sound_of_Thunder \"Delicate Sound of Thunder\")* concert video, although it did not appear on the album release, however, it appears on the [2019 reissue](/wiki/The_Later_Years_1987%E2%80%932019 \"The Later Years 1987–2019\") and remixed version of the album. Another live version appears on the CD, vinyl, and DVD releases of *[Pulse](/wiki/Pulse_%28Pink_Floyd_album%29 \"Pulse (Pink Floyd album)\")*.",
"Roger Waters and his solo band performed this song live from 2006 to 2008 during his tour, [The Dark Side of the Moon Live](/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Moon_Live \"The Dark Side of the Moon Live\").",
"The song was used by longtime [public address announcers](/wiki/Public_address_announcer \"Public address announcer\") [Tommy Edwards](/wiki/Tommy_Edwards_%28announcer%29 \"Tommy Edwards (announcer)\") and [Ray Clay](/wiki/Ray_Clay \"Ray Clay\") of the [Chicago Bulls](/wiki/Chicago_Bulls \"Chicago Bulls\") organization during the [Michael Jordan](/wiki/Michael_Jordan \"Michael Jordan\") era as the theme for the visiting team at Bulls home games. This also marked the first use of songs of any kind in the live setting in the [NBA](/wiki/NBA \"NBA\").",
"During their 1970s \"Musicradio\" era, Chicago radio station WLS\\-AM 890 used part of the song as background music for recorded prize and contest phone calls that were played on\\-air.",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
### Rotherham United
Layne started his career playing part\-time for [Rotherham United](/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C. "Rotherham United F.C.") in the summer of 1957\. He only played eleven matches for the Millers over two seasons, but still managed to score four goals before he was given a free transfer.
Layne's nickname was inspired by a popular American [Western](/wiki/Western_fiction "Western fiction") TV series, *[Bronco](/wiki/Bronco_%28TV_series%29 "Bronco (TV series)")* which was broadcast in the UK just as Layne was establishing his career. The protagonist, *Bronco Layne*, was played in the series by [Ty Hardin](/wiki/Ty_Hardin "Ty Hardin").
### Swindon Town
He joined [Swindon Town](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. "Swindon Town F.C."). Layne became a prolific goalscorer whilst at Swindon, netting 28 goals in 41 games.
### Bradford City
He attracted the attention of [Bradford City](/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C. "Bradford City A.F.C.") who paid a club record £6,000 for his signature midway through the [1960–61](/wiki/1960-61_in_English_football "1960-61 in English football") season. Layne broke the Bantams' goalscoring record in [1961–62](/wiki/1961-62_in_English_football "1961-62 in English football") scoring 34 league goals over the course of the season. His goalscoring prowess was now attracting the attention of bigger clubs and he moved in the summer of 1962\. Bradford recouped £22,500 for Layne, setting the record for highest fee received by the club at the time.
### Sheffield Wednesday
Layne spent two seasons at [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday "Sheffield Wednesday") and was the club's top scorer in both with 58 goals in 81 games over the two\-year period. Layne's career was however cut short in its prime when he became involved in the [British betting scandal of 1964](/wiki/British_betting_scandal_of_1964 "British betting scandal of 1964"). Layne was found guilty of match fixing and betting against his own team and along with several other players was gaoled and banned from football for life. The ban was lifted eight years later.{{Cite web \| url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\-british\-footballs\-longest\-bans\-1180346\.html \| title\=Football: British football's longest bans \| website\=\[\[Independent.co.uk]] \| date\=23 October 1998 }} Layne rejoined Wednesday in 1972 but failed to earn a place on the team.
### Hereford United
He was sent on loan to [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. "Hereford United F.C."). After only four games at the club he retired from league football.
### Matlock Town
He joined [Matlock Town](/wiki/Matlock_Town_F.C. "Matlock Town F.C.") where he spent the rest of his career before being forced to retire through injury.
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"### Rotherham United",
"Layne started his career playing part\\-time for [Rotherham United](/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C. \"Rotherham United F.C.\") in the summer of 1957\\. He only played eleven matches for the Millers over two seasons, but still managed to score four goals before he was given a free transfer.",
"Layne's nickname was inspired by a popular American [Western](/wiki/Western_fiction \"Western fiction\") TV series, *[Bronco](/wiki/Bronco_%28TV_series%29 \"Bronco (TV series)\")* which was broadcast in the UK just as Layne was establishing his career. The protagonist, *Bronco Layne*, was played in the series by [Ty Hardin](/wiki/Ty_Hardin \"Ty Hardin\").",
"### Swindon Town",
"He joined [Swindon Town](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. \"Swindon Town F.C.\"). Layne became a prolific goalscorer whilst at Swindon, netting 28 goals in 41 games.",
"### Bradford City",
"He attracted the attention of [Bradford City](/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C. \"Bradford City A.F.C.\") who paid a club record £6,000 for his signature midway through the [1960–61](/wiki/1960-61_in_English_football \"1960-61 in English football\") season. Layne broke the Bantams' goalscoring record in [1961–62](/wiki/1961-62_in_English_football \"1961-62 in English football\") scoring 34 league goals over the course of the season. His goalscoring prowess was now attracting the attention of bigger clubs and he moved in the summer of 1962\\. Bradford recouped £22,500 for Layne, setting the record for highest fee received by the club at the time.",
"### Sheffield Wednesday",
"Layne spent two seasons at [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday \"Sheffield Wednesday\") and was the club's top scorer in both with 58 goals in 81 games over the two\\-year period. Layne's career was however cut short in its prime when he became involved in the [British betting scandal of 1964](/wiki/British_betting_scandal_of_1964 \"British betting scandal of 1964\"). Layne was found guilty of match fixing and betting against his own team and along with several other players was gaoled and banned from football for life. The ban was lifted eight years later.{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\\-british\\-footballs\\-longest\\-bans\\-1180346\\.html \\| title\\=Football: British football's longest bans \\| website\\=\\[\\[Independent.co.uk]] \\| date\\=23 October 1998 }} Layne rejoined Wednesday in 1972 but failed to earn a place on the team.",
"### Hereford United",
"He was sent on loan to [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. \"Hereford United F.C.\"). After only four games at the club he retired from league football.",
"### Matlock Town",
"He joined [Matlock Town](/wiki/Matlock_Town_F.C. \"Matlock Town F.C.\") where he spent the rest of his career before being forced to retire through injury.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|left\|16th\-century view of Itzehoe](/wiki/File:Itzehoe_1588.jpg "Itzehoe 1588.jpg")
Itzehoe is one of the oldest towns in [Holstein](/wiki/Holstein "Holstein").
As early as 810 AD, [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne "Charlemagne") built the Esesfeld [castle](/wiki/Castle "Castle") in the Oldenburgskuhle, 2 kilometres from the later town, as protection against the [Danes](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") marauding from the north, but this has no direct connection with the development of Itzehoe. Under its protection, Archbishop [Ebbo](/wiki/Ebbo "Ebbo") of Reims built a small monastery or prayer house, the ‘Cella Lila’, in the summer of 823 in what is now Münsterdorf as a base for the Christian mission he initiated in Denmark. The larger Echeho Castle, built around 1000 in the nearby meander of the [River Stör](/wiki/St%C3%B6r "Stör"), became the nucleus of a settlement that developed into a trading town, favoured by the granting of the [Lübeck rights](/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_law "Lübeck law") (1238\), combined with freedom from customs duties, which at that time was only granted to [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg") in the country, and later the right to stack goods (1260\). During this time, Itzehoe was involved in the salt, cloth and grain trade and was at times an important hub in European east\-west trade. Further settlements developed on the other side of the river around the monastery courtyard (around 1260\) and around the [Church of St. Laurentii](/wiki/St._Laurentii%2C_Itzehoe "St. Laurentii, Itzehoe") (first mentioned in 1196\).
During the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War") Itzehoe was twice destroyed by the [Swedes](/wiki/Swedish_Empire "Swedish Empire"), in 1644 and 1657, but was rebuilt on each occasion. It was under Danish rule until the [Second Schleswig War](/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War "Second Schleswig War") of 1864, when it was occupied by [Austria](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire"). In 1867, it passed to [Prussia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia"),{{EB1911\|inline\=y\|wstitle\=Itzehoe\|volume\=15\|page\=87}} and in 1871 it became part of the newly established [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire").
Itzehoe was listed as a garrison depot ([Wehrkreis X](/wiki/Wehrkreis_X "Wehrkreis X") ([Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg"))) of the former [225th Infantry Division](/wiki/225th_Infantry_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 "225th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)"), which was implicated in the 1940 [Vinkt Massacre](/wiki/Vinkt_Massacre "Vinkt Massacre") in Belgium.
Following the joint German\-Soviet [invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland "Invasion of Poland"), which started [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") in September 1939, it was the location of the Oflag X\-A [prisoner\-of\-war camp](/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II "German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II") for [Polish](/wiki/Polish_people "Polish people") officers, which was eventually relocated to [Sandbostel](/wiki/Sandbostel "Sandbostel") in 1941\.{{cite book\|last1\=Megargee\|first1\=Geoffrey P.\|last2\=Overmans\|first2\=Rüdiger\|last3\=Vogt\|first3\=Wolfgang\|year\=2022\|title\=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945\. Volume IV\|publisher\=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\|page\=261\|isbn\=978\-0\-253\-06089\-1}} During the war, Itzehoe was not initially a primary target for [the Allied strategic bombing campaign](/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II "Strategic bombing during World War II"), but was hit by an Allied bombing raid very late in the war, when Allied [carpet bombing](/wiki/Carpet_bombing "Carpet bombing") on 2 May 1945 (just two days before the [German surrender at Lüneburg Heath](/wiki/German_surrender_at_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath "German surrender at Lüneburg Heath")) caused 22 fatalities in the city.{{Cite book \|last\=Irmisch, Rudolf \|title\=Geschichte der Stadt Itzehoe \|publisher\=Gruner \& Sohn \|year\=1960 \|location\=Itzehoe \|pages\=424–439 \|chapter\=Die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus (1933–1945\)}}{{Rp\|1\=436}}
Until it was filled in with around 110,000 m3 of sand in 1974, a bend in the River Stör had a decisive influence on the appearance of Itzehoe town centre. The bend was the original course of the river. The Stör crossing ([low german](/wiki/Low_german "Low german") ‘Delf’, from which the names “Delftor” and “Delftorbrücke” of the town exit and the Störbrücke bridge originate) turned Itzehoe's castle complex into an island. There are said to have been sluices in the delta that closed when the water ran out, forcing the water to flow through and clean the bend. After their removal, the river increasingly silted up and developed into an almost stagnant, foul\-smelling body of water. The old town centre, the ‘Neustadt’ (new town), could only be reached via bridges. In the course of the redevelopment of the ‘Neustadt’, during which almost all the houses on this former island were demolished and replaced by new buildings and new streets were laid out, this element that characterised the town became extinct.Vgl. Dagmar Vorbeck, in: Stadt Itzehoe (Hrsg.): *Itzehoe. Geschichte einer Stadt in Schleswig\-Holstein.* Bd. II, S. 390\. Only a few artificially created water basins between the new theatre and Salzstraße are reminders of the original course of the loop.
In order to improve the cityscape again, an initiative was launched in 2011 with the aim of promoting the reopening of the filled\-in Störschleife in the centre of Itzehoe. In 2017, the entire city centre was declared a redevelopment area. The restoration of the Störschleife was explicitly named as a goal.
On 26 September 2021, the residents of Itzehoe voted by 7707 votes in favour of restoring the Stör bend.{{cite web \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-04 \|author\=Andreas Olbertz Lars Peter Ehrich \|date\=2021\-09\-27 \|language\=de \|title\=Bürgerentscheid in Itzehoe endet mit klarem Ja zur Störschleife {{!}} SHZ \|url\=https://www.shz.de/lokales/kellinghusen/artikel/buergerentscheid\-in\-itzehoe\-endet\-mit\-klarem\-ja\-zur\-stoerschleife\-20671112}} Concrete plans for implementation have been underway since August 2022\. In February 2023, the winning design was to be presented by one of nine planning teams.
In the 1990s, the [Fraunhofer Institute](/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society "Fraunhofer Society") for Silicon Technology ISIT was established on the northern edge of Itzehoe. Many chip research and high\-tech companies have since settled around this institute on the InnoQuarter Itzehoe industrial estate. As a result, Itzehoe is increasingly developing into a centre of high technology in northern Germany.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|16th\\-century view of Itzehoe](/wiki/File:Itzehoe_1588.jpg \"Itzehoe 1588.jpg\")\nItzehoe is one of the oldest towns in [Holstein](/wiki/Holstein \"Holstein\"). \nAs early as 810 AD, [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne \"Charlemagne\") built the Esesfeld [castle](/wiki/Castle \"Castle\") in the Oldenburgskuhle, 2 kilometres from the later town, as protection against the [Danes](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\") marauding from the north, but this has no direct connection with the development of Itzehoe. Under its protection, Archbishop [Ebbo](/wiki/Ebbo \"Ebbo\") of Reims built a small monastery or prayer house, the ‘Cella Lila’, in the summer of 823 in what is now Münsterdorf as a base for the Christian mission he initiated in Denmark. The larger Echeho Castle, built around 1000 in the nearby meander of the [River Stör](/wiki/St%C3%B6r \"Stör\"), became the nucleus of a settlement that developed into a trading town, favoured by the granting of the [Lübeck rights](/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_law \"Lübeck law\") (1238\\), combined with freedom from customs duties, which at that time was only granted to [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\") in the country, and later the right to stack goods (1260\\). During this time, Itzehoe was involved in the salt, cloth and grain trade and was at times an important hub in European east\\-west trade. Further settlements developed on the other side of the river around the monastery courtyard (around 1260\\) and around the [Church of St. Laurentii](/wiki/St._Laurentii%2C_Itzehoe \"St. Laurentii, Itzehoe\") (first mentioned in 1196\\).",
"During the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\") Itzehoe was twice destroyed by the [Swedes](/wiki/Swedish_Empire \"Swedish Empire\"), in 1644 and 1657, but was rebuilt on each occasion. It was under Danish rule until the [Second Schleswig War](/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War \"Second Schleswig War\") of 1864, when it was occupied by [Austria](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\"). In 1867, it passed to [Prussia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia \"Kingdom of Prussia\"),{{EB1911\\|inline\\=y\\|wstitle\\=Itzehoe\\|volume\\=15\\|page\\=87}} and in 1871 it became part of the newly established [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\").",
"Itzehoe was listed as a garrison depot ([Wehrkreis X](/wiki/Wehrkreis_X \"Wehrkreis X\") ([Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\"))) of the former [225th Infantry Division](/wiki/225th_Infantry_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"225th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\"), which was implicated in the 1940 [Vinkt Massacre](/wiki/Vinkt_Massacre \"Vinkt Massacre\") in Belgium.",
"Following the joint German\\-Soviet [invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland \"Invasion of Poland\"), which started [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") in September 1939, it was the location of the Oflag X\\-A [prisoner\\-of\\-war camp](/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II \"German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II\") for [Polish](/wiki/Polish_people \"Polish people\") officers, which was eventually relocated to [Sandbostel](/wiki/Sandbostel \"Sandbostel\") in 1941\\.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Megargee\\|first1\\=Geoffrey P.\\|last2\\=Overmans\\|first2\\=Rüdiger\\|last3\\=Vogt\\|first3\\=Wolfgang\\|year\\=2022\\|title\\=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945\\. Volume IV\\|publisher\\=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\\|page\\=261\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-253\\-06089\\-1}} During the war, Itzehoe was not initially a primary target for [the Allied strategic bombing campaign](/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II \"Strategic bombing during World War II\"), but was hit by an Allied bombing raid very late in the war, when Allied [carpet bombing](/wiki/Carpet_bombing \"Carpet bombing\") on 2 May 1945 (just two days before the [German surrender at Lüneburg Heath](/wiki/German_surrender_at_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath \"German surrender at Lüneburg Heath\")) caused 22 fatalities in the city.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Irmisch, Rudolf \\|title\\=Geschichte der Stadt Itzehoe \\|publisher\\=Gruner \\& Sohn \\|year\\=1960 \\|location\\=Itzehoe \\|pages\\=424–439 \\|chapter\\=Die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus (1933–1945\\)}}{{Rp\\|1\\=436}}",
"Until it was filled in with around 110,000 m3 of sand in 1974, a bend in the River Stör had a decisive influence on the appearance of Itzehoe town centre. The bend was the original course of the river. The Stör crossing ([low german](/wiki/Low_german \"Low german\") ‘Delf’, from which the names “Delftor” and “Delftorbrücke” of the town exit and the Störbrücke bridge originate) turned Itzehoe's castle complex into an island. There are said to have been sluices in the delta that closed when the water ran out, forcing the water to flow through and clean the bend. After their removal, the river increasingly silted up and developed into an almost stagnant, foul\\-smelling body of water. The old town centre, the ‘Neustadt’ (new town), could only be reached via bridges. In the course of the redevelopment of the ‘Neustadt’, during which almost all the houses on this former island were demolished and replaced by new buildings and new streets were laid out, this element that characterised the town became extinct.Vgl. Dagmar Vorbeck, in: Stadt Itzehoe (Hrsg.): *Itzehoe. Geschichte einer Stadt in Schleswig\\-Holstein.* Bd. II, S. 390\\. Only a few artificially created water basins between the new theatre and Salzstraße are reminders of the original course of the loop.",
"In order to improve the cityscape again, an initiative was launched in 2011 with the aim of promoting the reopening of the filled\\-in Störschleife in the centre of Itzehoe. In 2017, the entire city centre was declared a redevelopment area. The restoration of the Störschleife was explicitly named as a goal.\nOn 26 September 2021, the residents of Itzehoe voted by 7707 votes in favour of restoring the Stör bend.{{cite web \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-04 \\|author\\=Andreas Olbertz Lars Peter Ehrich \\|date\\=2021\\-09\\-27 \\|language\\=de \\|title\\=Bürgerentscheid in Itzehoe endet mit klarem Ja zur Störschleife {{!}} SHZ \\|url\\=https://www.shz.de/lokales/kellinghusen/artikel/buergerentscheid\\-in\\-itzehoe\\-endet\\-mit\\-klarem\\-ja\\-zur\\-stoerschleife\\-20671112}} Concrete plans for implementation have been underway since August 2022\\. In February 2023, the winning design was to be presented by one of nine planning teams.",
"In the 1990s, the [Fraunhofer Institute](/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society \"Fraunhofer Society\") for Silicon Technology ISIT was established on the northern edge of Itzehoe. Many chip research and high\\-tech companies have since settled around this institute on the InnoQuarter Itzehoe industrial estate. As a result, Itzehoe is increasingly developing into a centre of high technology in northern Germany.",
""
] |
History
-------
The Lansdowne Road Stadium was the brainchild of [Henry Dunlop](/wiki/Henry_Dunlop "Henry Dunlop"), the organiser of the first All Ireland [Athletics](/wiki/Sport_of_athletics "Sport of athletics") Championships. Dunlop, a decorated track walker and engineering graduate of [Trinity College, Dublin](/wiki/Trinity_College%2C_Dublin "Trinity College, Dublin"), founded the Irish Champion Athletic Club in 1871\.
After an initial meeting at Trinity College, the [Provost](/wiki/Provost_%28education%29 "Provost (education)") of the College banned any further meetings on campus. Dunlop had to find a new home for his sporting endeavours.
Dunlop founded [Lansdowne Football Club](/wiki/Lansdowne_Football_Club "Lansdowne Football Club") in 1872 and that club has played rugby union ever since at the grounds, being one of the most prominent and successful rugby clubs in [Leinster](/wiki/Leinster "Leinster") and Ireland. [Wanderers Football Club](/wiki/Wanderers_F.C._%28rugby_union%29 "Wanderers F.C. (rugby union)"), founded in 1869, joined Lansdowne at the grounds later. The two clubs were tenants since that time and also use the new Aviva Stadium.
Some 300 cartloads of soil from a trench beneath the railway were used to raise the ground, allowing Dunlop to utilise his engineering expertise to create a pitch envied around Ireland.
Rugby gradually became the main use of the grounds: the first representative rugby match was an interprovincial fixture between [Leinster](/wiki/Leinster_Rugby "Leinster Rugby") and [Ulster](/wiki/Ulster_Rugby "Ulster Rugby") in December 1876, and on 11 March 1878, Lansdowne Road hosted its first international rugby fixture, against England, making it the world's oldest [rugby union](/wiki/Rugby_union "Rugby union") Test venue. Dunlop charged the IRFU £5 and half of any profits over £50 after expenses. The first victory Ireland had at the ground took place on 5 February 1887, against England. Around this time, the treasurer of the IRFU, Harry Sheppard, acquired the lease from Dunlop and when Sheppard died in 1906, the union paid his estate £200 for the lease. The IRFU built the first covered stand in 1908, alongside the railway. An uncovered stand was built over the Lansdowne club pavilion at the northwest corner of the ground.
The first international soccer match at the venue took place between [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_national_football_team_%281882-1950%29 "Ireland national football team (1882-1950)") and [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team "England national football team") on [Saint Patrick's Day](/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day "Saint Patrick's Day"), 17 March 1900, when the Belfast\-based [Irish Football Association](/wiki/Irish_Football_Association "Irish Football Association") controlled that game throughout the island. England won by 2–0\. In 1926, the [Irish Free State](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team "Republic of Ireland national football team") played an international game against [Italy](/wiki/Italy_national_football_team "Italy national football team") at Lansdowne Road and this was to be the last soccer game at the stadium until [Waterford United](/wiki/Waterford_United_F.C. "Waterford United F.C.") played [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") in a [European Cup](/wiki/European_Cup_1968-69 "European Cup 1968-69") tie in September 1968\.
The day after the United Kingdom declared war in August 1914, 350 rugby players, of middle\-class and professional backgrounds with solicitors and barristers and many working in banks and insurance companies, assembled on the ground. They were addressed by [FH Browning](/wiki/Francis_Browning "Francis Browning"), the President of the IRFU, and they decided to volunteer to join the 7th [Royal Dublin Fusiliers](/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Fusiliers "Royal Dublin Fusiliers") as a ["pals" company](/wiki/Pals_battalion "Pals battalion"), D Company. They marched from the grounds through the city on their way to the [Curragh Camp](/wiki/Curragh_Camp "Curragh Camp"). Some were shortly commissioned as officers, others became NCOs and many of the others became specialists in the battalion, such as signallers, machine\-gunners and medical orderlies. This unit saw action at [Suvla Bay](/wiki/Suvla_Bay "Suvla Bay") in the [Dardanelles](/wiki/Dardanelles "Dardanelles") on 7 August 1915, when many of them fell. A memorial to the IRFU members who died in the Great War was erected on the inside of the external wall of the stadium after the war. It was to be preserved in any rebuilding by condition of the planning permission, and is now located just outside the new Aviva Stadium media centre.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sport/2010/0515/1224270462097\.html \|title\=Aviva capacity 'bang on' – Browne \|first\=Gavin \|last\=Cummiskey \|newspaper\=The Irish Times \|date\=15 May 2010 \|access\-date\=7 August 2010}}
After the First World War, the members of Lansdowne and Wanderers reclaimed land from the nearby [River Dodder](/wiki/River_Dodder "River Dodder") and created enough ground for two back pitches to be formed, enabling the main pitch to be turned out around to the configuration used ever since.
In 1927, the old East Stand was built and a terrace created under it. Soldiers of the National Army filled the stand to test its strength. Unfortunately, the roof of the stand was not erected in time for the first match against Scotland. The day of the match saw torrential rain, soaking the spectators and the day was long remembered for the appalling conditions.
The Irish poet [Louis MacNeice](/wiki/Louis_MacNeice "Louis MacNeice") evokes the atmosphere at Lansdowne Park in the late 1930s in [Rugby Football Excursion](/wiki/Rugby_Football_Excursion "Rugby Football Excursion"), a poem first published in 1938\. MacNeice does not specify the actual occasion, but the details provided in the sixth [stanza](/wiki/Stanza "Stanza") of the poem \- "Eccentric scoring \- Nicholson, Marshall and Unwin, / Replies by Bailey and Daly" \- suggest that MacNeice was at Lansdowne Park on 12 February 1938 for a match between Ireland and England in the [1938 Home Nations Championship](/wiki/1938_Home_Nations_Championship "1938 Home Nations Championship"). [Pathé News](/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News "Pathé News") made a [newsreel](/wiki/Newsreel "Newsreel") of this match.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.britishpathe.com/video/rugby\-international\-ireland\-v\-england\-lner\|title\=Rugby International \- Ireland V England Lner\|publisher\=British Pathé\|date\=17 February 1938}} The newsreel shows the English and Irish teams running onto the pitch, watched by a huge crowd, followed by various shots of the match in progress.
Lansdowne Lawn Tennis Club was a tenant at the grounds and had grass tennis courts where the South Terrace was later located. During international rugby matches, the tennis courts were covered with planks of wood to allow spectators to stand and watch the rugby matches. In 1930, Lansdowne LTC left the ground to move across the Dodder river to Londonbridge Road, taking the turf from the tennis courts with them.
The IRFU, which had its offices within the stadium complex, allowed occasional other uses of the ground, including athletics (a crowd of 40,000 witnessed Olympic gold medalist [Ronnie Delany](/wiki/Ronnie_Delany "Ronnie Delany") run there in an international athletics meeting in the 1950s).
In 1952 Lansdowne Road hosted the first [colours match](/wiki/Colours_match "Colours match") between [University College Dublin](/wiki/University_College_Dublin_RFC "University College Dublin RFC") and [Trinity College, Dublin](/wiki/Dublin_University_Football_Club "Dublin University Football Club"). [UCD](/wiki/UCD_RFC "UCD RFC") took the honours.
In 1954, the arrangement whereby Ireland matches were shared between [Ravenhill Stadium](/wiki/Ravenhill_Stadium "Ravenhill Stadium") and Lansdowne Road ended with the building of the Upper West Stand at Lansdowne creating 8,000 additional seats. In future, all Ireland internationals were to be played at Lansdowne Road.
In September 1968 the first football match was played at IRFU headquarters as [Waterford](/wiki/Waterford_F.C. "Waterford F.C.") played [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") in the [1968–69 European Cup](/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_European_Cup "1968–69 European Cup"){{cite web\|url\=http://thetrueball.com/2012/07/05/from\-the\-archives\-waterford\-fc\-v\-manchester\-united\-fc/ \|title\=From The Archives: Waterford FC v Manchester United FC\|access\-date\=27 May 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108104156/http://thetrueball.com/2012/07/05/from\-the\-archives\-waterford\-fc\-v\-manchester\-united\-fc/ \|archive\-date\=8 November 2013 }}
In 1977, the old West Lower Stand was demolished and the new West Lower Stand opened in 1978\. The uncovered stand at the corner of the North Terrace was demolished and terracing extended. Lansdowne FC moved their clubhouse from under that stand to a new clubhouse within the grounds, near Herbert Bridge, beside the Dodder. The mock\-Tudor tearooms of Lansdowne FC reverted to the IRFU.
The East Stand replaced the Old East Stand in 1983, being financed by the sale of ten\-year tickets. In October 2005, a small fire in the north terrace put the terrace out of commission for all of Ireland's Autumn internationals. This meant that people who had travelled from as far away as Australia and New Zealand could not attend the match. The terrace reopened for the first game of the 2006 [Six Nations Championship](/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship "Six Nations Championship").
On 20 November 1988, [Boston College](/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_football "Boston College Eagles football") beat [Army](/wiki/Army_Black_Knights_football "Army Black Knights football") 38–24 in the [Emerald Isle Classic](/wiki/Emerald_Isle_Classic "Emerald Isle Classic"), the first major [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA "NCAA") [American football](/wiki/American_football "American football") game ever played in Europe,Steve Lohr [COLLEGE FOOTBALL; Dubliners Cheer as B.C. Wins](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DE173FF933A15752C1A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all) *New York Times*, 20 November 1988 played before 42,525 fans at the stadium. The Irish Government estimated at the time that the game brought nearly US$30 million in spending to the local economy.
The [Football Association of Ireland](/wiki/Football_Association_of_Ireland "Football Association of Ireland") first leased the ground for international [soccer](/wiki/Football_%28soccer%29 "Football (soccer)") matches in 1971, and from 1990 to 2006, the ground was used for the vast majority of home fixtures by [the Republic of Ireland soccer team](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team "Republic of Ireland national football team"). The reason for this was that [Dalymount Park](/wiki/Dalymount_Park "Dalymount Park"), the traditional home of Irish soccer was no longer considered an adequate venue for hosting internationals due to its lower capacity and fewer seats. It was primarily to allow midweek international soccer matches to take place in the evening that floodlights were installed in Lansdowne in 1993\.
On 15 February 1995, following the 1994 IRA ceasefire, English football hooligans [caused](/wiki/Lansdowne_Road_football_riot "Lansdowne Road football riot") the referee to abandon a friendly international after just 27 minutes.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.rte.ie/tv/scannal/scannallandsdowne.html \| work\=RTÉ News \| title\=Scannal : More than a Game \| access\-date\=1 June 2009 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921120628/http://www.rte.ie/tv/scannal/scannallandsdowne.html \| archive\-date\=21 September 2011 \| url\-status\=dead }} Orchestrated by [Combat 18](/wiki/Combat_18 "Combat 18"), a [neo\-nazi](/wiki/Neo-Nazism "Neo-Nazism") organisation and members of the hooligan group [Chelsea Headhunters](/wiki/Chelsea_Headhunters "Chelsea Headhunters"). English spectators threw debris (including seats, wood and metal) down at Irish fans in response to a goal being scored by Ireland's [David Kelly](/wiki/David_Kelly_%28association_footballer%29 "David Kelly (association footballer)").
In 2004, [Shelbourne](/wiki/Shelbourne_FC "Shelbourne FC") made it to the final qualifying round of the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") and played [La Liga](/wiki/La_Liga "La Liga") side [Deportivo La Coruña](/wiki/Deportivo_La_Coru%C3%B1a "Deportivo La Coruña") at Lansdowne Road in front of 25,000\. The match finished 0:0, and following defeat in Spain in the second leg, Shels would host their [UEFA Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup "UEFA Cup") first round tie against [Lille](/wiki/Lille_OSC "Lille OSC") at Lansdowne as well. That match finished 2:2\.
The last international rugby match before demolition was a 61–17 Ireland win over the [Pacific Islanders](/wiki/Pacific_Islanders_rugby_union_team "Pacific Islanders rugby union team") on 26 November 2006\. The final football international was a 5–0 win for the Republic of Ireland over [San Marino](/wiki/San_Marino_national_football_team "San Marino national football team") on 15 November 2006\. The last football game ever before redevelopment was [Derry City's](/wiki/Derry_City_FC "Derry City FC") [FAI Cup Final](/wiki/2006_FAI_Cup_Final "2006 FAI Cup Final") win against [St. Patrick's Athletic](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Athletic "St. Patrick's Athletic") on 3 December 2006\.Paul O'Hehir
[Derry edge a thriller](http://www.irishtimes.com/sports/soccer/2006/1203/1164823942899.html) *The Irish Times*, 3 December 2006; Retrieved 4 December 2006
The last contest in the old Lansdowne Road Stadium was a rugby match that took place on 31 December 2006\. [Leinster](/wiki/Leinster_Rugby "Leinster Rugby") beat [Ulster](/wiki/Ulster_Rugby "Ulster Rugby") 20 points to 12 in a [Celtic League](/wiki/Pro14 "Pro14") game that set a record attendance of 48,000 for such a league match. Demolition of the stadium began in May 2007\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Lansdowne Road Stadium was the brainchild of [Henry Dunlop](/wiki/Henry_Dunlop \"Henry Dunlop\"), the organiser of the first All Ireland [Athletics](/wiki/Sport_of_athletics \"Sport of athletics\") Championships. Dunlop, a decorated track walker and engineering graduate of [Trinity College, Dublin](/wiki/Trinity_College%2C_Dublin \"Trinity College, Dublin\"), founded the Irish Champion Athletic Club in 1871\\.",
"After an initial meeting at Trinity College, the [Provost](/wiki/Provost_%28education%29 \"Provost (education)\") of the College banned any further meetings on campus. Dunlop had to find a new home for his sporting endeavours.",
"Dunlop founded [Lansdowne Football Club](/wiki/Lansdowne_Football_Club \"Lansdowne Football Club\") in 1872 and that club has played rugby union ever since at the grounds, being one of the most prominent and successful rugby clubs in [Leinster](/wiki/Leinster \"Leinster\") and Ireland. [Wanderers Football Club](/wiki/Wanderers_F.C._%28rugby_union%29 \"Wanderers F.C. (rugby union)\"), founded in 1869, joined Lansdowne at the grounds later. The two clubs were tenants since that time and also use the new Aviva Stadium.",
"Some 300 cartloads of soil from a trench beneath the railway were used to raise the ground, allowing Dunlop to utilise his engineering expertise to create a pitch envied around Ireland.",
"Rugby gradually became the main use of the grounds: the first representative rugby match was an interprovincial fixture between [Leinster](/wiki/Leinster_Rugby \"Leinster Rugby\") and [Ulster](/wiki/Ulster_Rugby \"Ulster Rugby\") in December 1876, and on 11 March 1878, Lansdowne Road hosted its first international rugby fixture, against England, making it the world's oldest [rugby union](/wiki/Rugby_union \"Rugby union\") Test venue. Dunlop charged the IRFU £5 and half of any profits over £50 after expenses. The first victory Ireland had at the ground took place on 5 February 1887, against England. Around this time, the treasurer of the IRFU, Harry Sheppard, acquired the lease from Dunlop and when Sheppard died in 1906, the union paid his estate £200 for the lease. The IRFU built the first covered stand in 1908, alongside the railway. An uncovered stand was built over the Lansdowne club pavilion at the northwest corner of the ground.",
"The first international soccer match at the venue took place between [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_national_football_team_%281882-1950%29 \"Ireland national football team (1882-1950)\") and [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team \"England national football team\") on [Saint Patrick's Day](/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day \"Saint Patrick's Day\"), 17 March 1900, when the Belfast\\-based [Irish Football Association](/wiki/Irish_Football_Association \"Irish Football Association\") controlled that game throughout the island. England won by 2–0\\. In 1926, the [Irish Free State](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team \"Republic of Ireland national football team\") played an international game against [Italy](/wiki/Italy_national_football_team \"Italy national football team\") at Lansdowne Road and this was to be the last soccer game at the stadium until [Waterford United](/wiki/Waterford_United_F.C. \"Waterford United F.C.\") played [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") in a [European Cup](/wiki/European_Cup_1968-69 \"European Cup 1968-69\") tie in September 1968\\.",
"The day after the United Kingdom declared war in August 1914, 350 rugby players, of middle\\-class and professional backgrounds with solicitors and barristers and many working in banks and insurance companies, assembled on the ground. They were addressed by [FH Browning](/wiki/Francis_Browning \"Francis Browning\"), the President of the IRFU, and they decided to volunteer to join the 7th [Royal Dublin Fusiliers](/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Fusiliers \"Royal Dublin Fusiliers\") as a [\"pals\" company](/wiki/Pals_battalion \"Pals battalion\"), D Company. They marched from the grounds through the city on their way to the [Curragh Camp](/wiki/Curragh_Camp \"Curragh Camp\"). Some were shortly commissioned as officers, others became NCOs and many of the others became specialists in the battalion, such as signallers, machine\\-gunners and medical orderlies. This unit saw action at [Suvla Bay](/wiki/Suvla_Bay \"Suvla Bay\") in the [Dardanelles](/wiki/Dardanelles \"Dardanelles\") on 7 August 1915, when many of them fell. A memorial to the IRFU members who died in the Great War was erected on the inside of the external wall of the stadium after the war. It was to be preserved in any rebuilding by condition of the planning permission, and is now located just outside the new Aviva Stadium media centre.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sport/2010/0515/1224270462097\\.html \\|title\\=Aviva capacity 'bang on' – Browne \\|first\\=Gavin \\|last\\=Cummiskey \\|newspaper\\=The Irish Times \\|date\\=15 May 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=7 August 2010}}",
"After the First World War, the members of Lansdowne and Wanderers reclaimed land from the nearby [River Dodder](/wiki/River_Dodder \"River Dodder\") and created enough ground for two back pitches to be formed, enabling the main pitch to be turned out around to the configuration used ever since.",
"In 1927, the old East Stand was built and a terrace created under it. Soldiers of the National Army filled the stand to test its strength. Unfortunately, the roof of the stand was not erected in time for the first match against Scotland. The day of the match saw torrential rain, soaking the spectators and the day was long remembered for the appalling conditions.",
"The Irish poet [Louis MacNeice](/wiki/Louis_MacNeice \"Louis MacNeice\") evokes the atmosphere at Lansdowne Park in the late 1930s in [Rugby Football Excursion](/wiki/Rugby_Football_Excursion \"Rugby Football Excursion\"), a poem first published in 1938\\. MacNeice does not specify the actual occasion, but the details provided in the sixth [stanza](/wiki/Stanza \"Stanza\") of the poem \\- \"Eccentric scoring \\- Nicholson, Marshall and Unwin, / Replies by Bailey and Daly\" \\- suggest that MacNeice was at Lansdowne Park on 12 February 1938 for a match between Ireland and England in the [1938 Home Nations Championship](/wiki/1938_Home_Nations_Championship \"1938 Home Nations Championship\"). [Pathé News](/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News \"Pathé News\") made a [newsreel](/wiki/Newsreel \"Newsreel\") of this match.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.britishpathe.com/video/rugby\\-international\\-ireland\\-v\\-england\\-lner\\|title\\=Rugby International \\- Ireland V England Lner\\|publisher\\=British Pathé\\|date\\=17 February 1938}} The newsreel shows the English and Irish teams running onto the pitch, watched by a huge crowd, followed by various shots of the match in progress.",
"Lansdowne Lawn Tennis Club was a tenant at the grounds and had grass tennis courts where the South Terrace was later located. During international rugby matches, the tennis courts were covered with planks of wood to allow spectators to stand and watch the rugby matches. In 1930, Lansdowne LTC left the ground to move across the Dodder river to Londonbridge Road, taking the turf from the tennis courts with them.",
"The IRFU, which had its offices within the stadium complex, allowed occasional other uses of the ground, including athletics (a crowd of 40,000 witnessed Olympic gold medalist [Ronnie Delany](/wiki/Ronnie_Delany \"Ronnie Delany\") run there in an international athletics meeting in the 1950s).",
"In 1952 Lansdowne Road hosted the first [colours match](/wiki/Colours_match \"Colours match\") between [University College Dublin](/wiki/University_College_Dublin_RFC \"University College Dublin RFC\") and [Trinity College, Dublin](/wiki/Dublin_University_Football_Club \"Dublin University Football Club\"). [UCD](/wiki/UCD_RFC \"UCD RFC\") took the honours.",
"In 1954, the arrangement whereby Ireland matches were shared between [Ravenhill Stadium](/wiki/Ravenhill_Stadium \"Ravenhill Stadium\") and Lansdowne Road ended with the building of the Upper West Stand at Lansdowne creating 8,000 additional seats. In future, all Ireland internationals were to be played at Lansdowne Road.",
"In September 1968 the first football match was played at IRFU headquarters as [Waterford](/wiki/Waterford_F.C. \"Waterford F.C.\") played [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") in the [1968–69 European Cup](/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_European_Cup \"1968–69 European Cup\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://thetrueball.com/2012/07/05/from\\-the\\-archives\\-waterford\\-fc\\-v\\-manchester\\-united\\-fc/ \\|title\\=From The Archives: Waterford FC v Manchester United FC\\|access\\-date\\=27 May 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108104156/http://thetrueball.com/2012/07/05/from\\-the\\-archives\\-waterford\\-fc\\-v\\-manchester\\-united\\-fc/ \\|archive\\-date\\=8 November 2013 }}",
"In 1977, the old West Lower Stand was demolished and the new West Lower Stand opened in 1978\\. The uncovered stand at the corner of the North Terrace was demolished and terracing extended. Lansdowne FC moved their clubhouse from under that stand to a new clubhouse within the grounds, near Herbert Bridge, beside the Dodder. The mock\\-Tudor tearooms of Lansdowne FC reverted to the IRFU.",
"The East Stand replaced the Old East Stand in 1983, being financed by the sale of ten\\-year tickets. In October 2005, a small fire in the north terrace put the terrace out of commission for all of Ireland's Autumn internationals. This meant that people who had travelled from as far away as Australia and New Zealand could not attend the match. The terrace reopened for the first game of the 2006 [Six Nations Championship](/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship \"Six Nations Championship\").",
"On 20 November 1988, [Boston College](/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_football \"Boston College Eagles football\") beat [Army](/wiki/Army_Black_Knights_football \"Army Black Knights football\") 38–24 in the [Emerald Isle Classic](/wiki/Emerald_Isle_Classic \"Emerald Isle Classic\"), the first major [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA \"NCAA\") [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") game ever played in Europe,Steve Lohr [COLLEGE FOOTBALL; Dubliners Cheer as B.C. Wins](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DE173FF933A15752C1A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all) *New York Times*, 20 November 1988 played before 42,525 fans at the stadium. The Irish Government estimated at the time that the game brought nearly US$30 million in spending to the local economy.",
"The [Football Association of Ireland](/wiki/Football_Association_of_Ireland \"Football Association of Ireland\") first leased the ground for international [soccer](/wiki/Football_%28soccer%29 \"Football (soccer)\") matches in 1971, and from 1990 to 2006, the ground was used for the vast majority of home fixtures by [the Republic of Ireland soccer team](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team \"Republic of Ireland national football team\"). The reason for this was that [Dalymount Park](/wiki/Dalymount_Park \"Dalymount Park\"), the traditional home of Irish soccer was no longer considered an adequate venue for hosting internationals due to its lower capacity and fewer seats. It was primarily to allow midweek international soccer matches to take place in the evening that floodlights were installed in Lansdowne in 1993\\.",
"On 15 February 1995, following the 1994 IRA ceasefire, English football hooligans [caused](/wiki/Lansdowne_Road_football_riot \"Lansdowne Road football riot\") the referee to abandon a friendly international after just 27 minutes.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.rte.ie/tv/scannal/scannallandsdowne.html \\| work\\=RTÉ News \\| title\\=Scannal : More than a Game \\| access\\-date\\=1 June 2009 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921120628/http://www.rte.ie/tv/scannal/scannallandsdowne.html \\| archive\\-date\\=21 September 2011 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} Orchestrated by [Combat 18](/wiki/Combat_18 \"Combat 18\"), a [neo\\-nazi](/wiki/Neo-Nazism \"Neo-Nazism\") organisation and members of the hooligan group [Chelsea Headhunters](/wiki/Chelsea_Headhunters \"Chelsea Headhunters\"). English spectators threw debris (including seats, wood and metal) down at Irish fans in response to a goal being scored by Ireland's [David Kelly](/wiki/David_Kelly_%28association_footballer%29 \"David Kelly (association footballer)\").",
"In 2004, [Shelbourne](/wiki/Shelbourne_FC \"Shelbourne FC\") made it to the final qualifying round of the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") and played [La Liga](/wiki/La_Liga \"La Liga\") side [Deportivo La Coruña](/wiki/Deportivo_La_Coru%C3%B1a \"Deportivo La Coruña\") at Lansdowne Road in front of 25,000\\. The match finished 0:0, and following defeat in Spain in the second leg, Shels would host their [UEFA Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup \"UEFA Cup\") first round tie against [Lille](/wiki/Lille_OSC \"Lille OSC\") at Lansdowne as well. That match finished 2:2\\.",
"The last international rugby match before demolition was a 61–17 Ireland win over the [Pacific Islanders](/wiki/Pacific_Islanders_rugby_union_team \"Pacific Islanders rugby union team\") on 26 November 2006\\. The final football international was a 5–0 win for the Republic of Ireland over [San Marino](/wiki/San_Marino_national_football_team \"San Marino national football team\") on 15 November 2006\\. The last football game ever before redevelopment was [Derry City's](/wiki/Derry_City_FC \"Derry City FC\") [FAI Cup Final](/wiki/2006_FAI_Cup_Final \"2006 FAI Cup Final\") win against [St. Patrick's Athletic](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Athletic \"St. Patrick's Athletic\") on 3 December 2006\\.Paul O'Hehir \n[Derry edge a thriller](http://www.irishtimes.com/sports/soccer/2006/1203/1164823942899.html) *The Irish Times*, 3 December 2006; Retrieved 4 December 2006",
"The last contest in the old Lansdowne Road Stadium was a rugby match that took place on 31 December 2006\\. [Leinster](/wiki/Leinster_Rugby \"Leinster Rugby\") beat [Ulster](/wiki/Ulster_Rugby \"Ulster Rugby\") 20 points to 12 in a [Celtic League](/wiki/Pro14 \"Pro14\") game that set a record attendance of 48,000 for such a league match. Demolition of the stadium began in May 2007\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
This small port / valley houses, on both sides of the bridge, about fifty fishermen's cabins and small traditional fishing boats, including some traditional *pointu* boats. The catch is reserved for local restaurants.
File:Vallon des Auffes Port.jpg
File:Pont du Vallon des Auffes de nuit.jpg
File:Stipa tenacissima.jpg\|Auffe or \[\[Stipa tenacissima\|alfa]]
File:Pleita artesania esparto.jpg\|Example of a creation from alfa
It takes its name from "{{lang\|fr\|l'auffe}}" (*"auffo"* in provençal dialect), or "{{lang\|fr\|alfa}}" (*[Stipa tenacissima](/wiki/Stipa_tenacissima "Stipa tenacissima")*), a sort of [grass](/wiki/Poaceae "Poaceae") used to make rope, braids, and fishing nets.
The reinforced concrete arched bridge, made from stone masonry, forms three semicircular arches each 17 m (56 ft) tall. It crosses the port with a total length of 60 m (200 ft). It was built in the 19th century, during the construction of the Corniche of President John F. Kennedy. The cove was blocked off during the construction of the foundations in order to keep it dry.
Vallon des Auffes (1\).JPG
Vallon des Auffes 9\.jpg
Vallon des Auffes 5\.jpg
Pointu\_Marseille.jpg
In 1927, the President of France [Gaston Doumergue](/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue "Gaston Doumergue") inaugurated the monument to the dead of the East Army and the far lands, a 5 m tall bronze statue of a woman with arms raised to the sky, facing the Mediterranean Sea. It was classified as a historic monument on July 23, 2009\.
From 1998 to 2006, a large painted mural of the famous footballer from Marseille, [Zinedine Zidane](/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane "Zinedine Zidane"), was put up by Adidas over the valley with the annotation "Made in Marseille". This was then replaced by a Coca\-Cola advert. In 2013, when Marseille was awarded the title of the European capital of culture, the artist JR revealed a poster of an unknown woman from Marseille (Annick Perrot\-Bishop) as a nod to that of the famous footballer, in order to illustrate the opening of Marseille to the world. This portrait has in turn been replaced by an advert for a famous brand of sunglasses.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"This small port / valley houses, on both sides of the bridge, about fifty fishermen's cabins and small traditional fishing boats, including some traditional *pointu* boats. The catch is reserved for local restaurants.",
"",
"File:Vallon des Auffes Port.jpg\nFile:Pont du Vallon des Auffes de nuit.jpg\nFile:Stipa tenacissima.jpg\\|Auffe or \\[\\[Stipa tenacissima\\|alfa]]\nFile:Pleita artesania esparto.jpg\\|Example of a creation from alfa",
"",
"It takes its name from \"{{lang\\|fr\\|l'auffe}}\" (*\"auffo\"* in provençal dialect), or \"{{lang\\|fr\\|alfa}}\" (*[Stipa tenacissima](/wiki/Stipa_tenacissima \"Stipa tenacissima\")*), a sort of [grass](/wiki/Poaceae \"Poaceae\") used to make rope, braids, and fishing nets.",
"The reinforced concrete arched bridge, made from stone masonry, forms three semicircular arches each 17 m (56 ft) tall. It crosses the port with a total length of 60 m (200 ft). It was built in the 19th century, during the construction of the Corniche of President John F. Kennedy. The cove was blocked off during the construction of the foundations in order to keep it dry.",
"",
"Vallon des Auffes (1\\).JPG\nVallon des Auffes 9\\.jpg\nVallon des Auffes 5\\.jpg\nPointu\\_Marseille.jpg",
"",
"In 1927, the President of France [Gaston Doumergue](/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue \"Gaston Doumergue\") inaugurated the monument to the dead of the East Army and the far lands, a 5 m tall bronze statue of a woman with arms raised to the sky, facing the Mediterranean Sea. It was classified as a historic monument on July 23, 2009\\.",
"From 1998 to 2006, a large painted mural of the famous footballer from Marseille, [Zinedine Zidane](/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane \"Zinedine Zidane\"), was put up by Adidas over the valley with the annotation \"Made in Marseille\". This was then replaced by a Coca\\-Cola advert. In 2013, when Marseille was awarded the title of the European capital of culture, the artist JR revealed a poster of an unknown woman from Marseille (Annick Perrot\\-Bishop) as a nod to that of the famous footballer, in order to illustrate the opening of Marseille to the world. This portrait has in turn been replaced by an advert for a famous brand of sunglasses.",
"",
"",
""
] |
Geography and wildlife
----------------------
[right\|thumb\|250px\|The last known [Falkland Island fox](/wiki/Falkland_Island_fox "Falkland Island fox") was killed on West Falkland](/wiki/File:FalklandIslandFox2.jpg "FalklandIslandFox2.jpg")
West Falkland is hillier on the side closest to [East Falkland](/wiki/East_Falkland "East Falkland"). The principal mountain range, the [Hornby Hills](/wiki/Hornby_Hills "Hornby Hills"), runs parallel with [Falkland Sound](/wiki/Falkland_Sound "Falkland Sound"). [Mount Adam](/wiki/Mount_Adam%2C_Falkland_Islands "Mount Adam, Falkland Islands"), the highest hill in the islands, is {{convert\|700\|m}} above sea level.{{EB1911 \|wstitle\=Falkland Islands \|volume\=10 \|pages\=151–152 \|inline\=1}}
{{Cite web
\|url\=http://www.falklands.info/background/geography.html
\|title\= Falklands.info Geography
\|work\=web page
\|access\-date\=24 July 2010}}
Formerly it was thought that Mount Robinson at {{convert\|695\|m}} above sea level was the highest point. However, a later survey found that Mount Adam was higher. At this, the Argentines transferred the name *Monte Independencia* from Mount Robinson to Mount Adam.{{Cite web
\|url\= https://www.scribd.com/doc/6183249/THE\-TOPONYMY\-OF\-THE\-FALKLAND\-ISLANDS\-AS\-RECORDED\-ON\-MAPS\-AND\-IN\-GAZETTEERS
\|title \= The Toponymy of the Falkland Islands as recorded on maps and in gazetteers (Para 14\) \|publisher\=Permanent Committee on Geographic Names (Crown Copyright)
\|year \= 2006
\|access\-date \=5 March 2010}}
The major industry on the island is [sheep farming](/wiki/Sheep_farming "Sheep farming"), while it is also known for its [penguin](/wiki/Penguin "Penguin") and [cormorant](/wiki/Cormorant "Cormorant") colonies. Fishing is also popular in the two main rivers, the [Warrah](/wiki/Warrah_River "Warrah River") and the [Chartres](/wiki/Chartres_River "Chartres River").
In the 19th century as today, indigenous land fauna was very scanty. A small wolf, the [warrah](/wiki/Warrah "Warrah"), the *loup\-renard* of [Louis Antoine de Bougainville](/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Bougainville "Louis Antoine de Bougainville"), is extinct, the last having been seen about 1875 on West Falkland. It is commemorated in the name of one of the island's rivers – the [Warrah River](/wiki/Warrah_River "Warrah River") – and the settlement of [Fox Bay](/wiki/Fox_Bay "Fox Bay"). Some herds of cattle and horses ran wild; but these were introduced by settlers as were the wild hogs, the numerous rabbits and the less common hares. All these have greatly declined in numbers, being profitably replaced by sheep.
The southernmost point of West Falkland is [Cape Meredith](/wiki/Cape_Meredith "Cape Meredith"), and the most south\-westerly point is [Calm Head](/wiki/Calm_Head "Calm Head"). On the southerly side lie high cliffs with an abundance of seabirds. To the west are some white sandy beaches with clean water and rolling sand dunes with tall grass. Set just back from the top of the cliffs is a single wooden hut locally referred to as Uncle Tom's Cabin. The beaches are a habitat for [elephant seals](/wiki/Elephant_seal "Elephant seal") and are unpolluted save for the occasional piece of wreckage.
### Geology
Most of the layers of West Falkland and its surrounding islands are slightly inclined from the horizontal. This inclination shows different types of rocks in different places. The quartzites of [Port Stephens](/wiki/Port_Stephens%2C_Falkland_Islands "Port Stephens, Falkland Islands") and [Stanley](/wiki/Stanley%2C_Falkland_Islands "Stanley, Falkland Islands") are more resistant than the arenaceous sediments of the formation at [Fox Bay](/wiki/Fox_Bay "Fox Bay"). The [Hornby Mountains](/wiki/Hornby_Mountains "Hornby Mountains"), near [Falkland Sound](/wiki/Falkland_Sound "Falkland Sound") have experienced tectonic forces of uplift and folding which has inclined the quartzite beds of Stanley to the vertical.
In West Falkland there are several dykes that cut the rocks of the western islands, but these dykes, unlike the previous ones, are chemically more unstable and have been eroded. The only indications of their existence are the aligned linear depressions. In the margins of these depressions there is evidence of contact baking or [hornfels](/wiki/Hornfels "Hornfels") formation adjacent to the once molten basalt dyke.
|
[
"Geography and wildlife\n----------------------",
"[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|The last known [Falkland Island fox](/wiki/Falkland_Island_fox \"Falkland Island fox\") was killed on West Falkland](/wiki/File:FalklandIslandFox2.jpg \"FalklandIslandFox2.jpg\")\nWest Falkland is hillier on the side closest to [East Falkland](/wiki/East_Falkland \"East Falkland\"). The principal mountain range, the [Hornby Hills](/wiki/Hornby_Hills \"Hornby Hills\"), runs parallel with [Falkland Sound](/wiki/Falkland_Sound \"Falkland Sound\"). [Mount Adam](/wiki/Mount_Adam%2C_Falkland_Islands \"Mount Adam, Falkland Islands\"), the highest hill in the islands, is {{convert\\|700\\|m}} above sea level.{{EB1911 \\|wstitle\\=Falkland Islands \\|volume\\=10 \\|pages\\=151–152 \\|inline\\=1}}\n{{Cite web\n\\|url\\=http://www.falklands.info/background/geography.html\n\\|title\\= Falklands.info Geography\n\\|work\\=web page\n\\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2010}}",
"Formerly it was thought that Mount Robinson at {{convert\\|695\\|m}} above sea level was the highest point. However, a later survey found that Mount Adam was higher. At this, the Argentines transferred the name *Monte Independencia* from Mount Robinson to Mount Adam.{{Cite web\n\\|url\\= https://www.scribd.com/doc/6183249/THE\\-TOPONYMY\\-OF\\-THE\\-FALKLAND\\-ISLANDS\\-AS\\-RECORDED\\-ON\\-MAPS\\-AND\\-IN\\-GAZETTEERS\n\\|title \\= The Toponymy of the Falkland Islands as recorded on maps and in gazetteers (Para 14\\) \\|publisher\\=Permanent Committee on Geographic Names (Crown Copyright)\n\\|year \\= 2006\n\\|access\\-date \\=5 March 2010}}\nThe major industry on the island is [sheep farming](/wiki/Sheep_farming \"Sheep farming\"), while it is also known for its [penguin](/wiki/Penguin \"Penguin\") and [cormorant](/wiki/Cormorant \"Cormorant\") colonies. Fishing is also popular in the two main rivers, the [Warrah](/wiki/Warrah_River \"Warrah River\") and the [Chartres](/wiki/Chartres_River \"Chartres River\").",
"In the 19th century as today, indigenous land fauna was very scanty. A small wolf, the [warrah](/wiki/Warrah \"Warrah\"), the *loup\\-renard* of [Louis Antoine de Bougainville](/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Bougainville \"Louis Antoine de Bougainville\"), is extinct, the last having been seen about 1875 on West Falkland. It is commemorated in the name of one of the island's rivers – the [Warrah River](/wiki/Warrah_River \"Warrah River\") – and the settlement of [Fox Bay](/wiki/Fox_Bay \"Fox Bay\"). Some herds of cattle and horses ran wild; but these were introduced by settlers as were the wild hogs, the numerous rabbits and the less common hares. All these have greatly declined in numbers, being profitably replaced by sheep.",
"The southernmost point of West Falkland is [Cape Meredith](/wiki/Cape_Meredith \"Cape Meredith\"), and the most south\\-westerly point is [Calm Head](/wiki/Calm_Head \"Calm Head\"). On the southerly side lie high cliffs with an abundance of seabirds. To the west are some white sandy beaches with clean water and rolling sand dunes with tall grass. Set just back from the top of the cliffs is a single wooden hut locally referred to as Uncle Tom's Cabin. The beaches are a habitat for [elephant seals](/wiki/Elephant_seal \"Elephant seal\") and are unpolluted save for the occasional piece of wreckage.",
"### Geology",
"Most of the layers of West Falkland and its surrounding islands are slightly inclined from the horizontal. This inclination shows different types of rocks in different places. The quartzites of [Port Stephens](/wiki/Port_Stephens%2C_Falkland_Islands \"Port Stephens, Falkland Islands\") and [Stanley](/wiki/Stanley%2C_Falkland_Islands \"Stanley, Falkland Islands\") are more resistant than the arenaceous sediments of the formation at [Fox Bay](/wiki/Fox_Bay \"Fox Bay\"). The [Hornby Mountains](/wiki/Hornby_Mountains \"Hornby Mountains\"), near [Falkland Sound](/wiki/Falkland_Sound \"Falkland Sound\") have experienced tectonic forces of uplift and folding which has inclined the quartzite beds of Stanley to the vertical.",
"In West Falkland there are several dykes that cut the rocks of the western islands, but these dykes, unlike the previous ones, are chemically more unstable and have been eroded. The only indications of their existence are the aligned linear depressions. In the margins of these depressions there is evidence of contact baking or [hornfels](/wiki/Hornfels \"Hornfels\") formation adjacent to the once molten basalt dyke.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|250px\|Map of the Falkland Islands](/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg "Falkland Islands topographic map-en.svg")
Early explorers reported the remains of canoes on West Falkland but it is unclear whether it was a one way trip, or indeed if the canoes were not swept in from [Patagonia](/wiki/Patagonia "Patagonia").
Captain [John Strong](/wiki/John_Strong_%28mariner%29 "John Strong (mariner)") of the *Welfare* made the first recorded landing on either of the main islands (West and East Falkland) on 29 January 1690 at [Bold Cove](/wiki/Bold_Cove "Bold Cove") on the other side of the headland from [Port Howard](/wiki/Port_Howard "Port Howard"). He said:
"*Wednesday this morning we weighed and stood unto an harbour on ye west side and there came to ane anchor and sent our boat on shoar for fresh water and did kill abundance of geese and ducks but as far as wood there is none.*"
Although Strong recorded a lack of wood in the area, driftwood frequently washes up on Falkland beaches. This may be accounted for by the sheltered nature of Bold Cove. Strong named [Falkland Sound](/wiki/Falkland_Sound "Falkland Sound"), which gave its name to all the islands.
While the first recorded landing on the main islands of the Falklands was on West Falkland, it was settled remarkably late. In 1867 there were no settlers on West Falkland. The government issued a proclamation offering leases of grazing stations on very moderate terms and in 1868 all the available land was occupied.
Modern West Falkland is also home to two [RAF](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force") [Remote Radar Heads](/wiki/Remote_Radar_Head "Remote Radar Head"): Mount Alice, which is near [Port Albemarle](/wiki/Port_Albemarle "Port Albemarle") in the south of the island, and Mount Byron in the north.{{Cite web
\|url \= http://www.raf.mod.uk/downloads/documents/raftoday2004\.pdf
\|title \= RAF Today
\|publisher\=\[United Kingdom] Ministry of Defence
\|date \= February 2004
\|access\-date \=24 July 2010}}
In early 2007, the Falkland Islands Government awarded a contract to supply an east–west ferry to Workboat Services Ltd.{{Cite web
\|url \= http://www.workboat.co.fk/index.htm
\|title \= Workboat Services Ltd (Home page)
\|access\-date \=3 May 2010}} The service runs between [Port Howard](/wiki/Port_Howard "Port Howard") and [New Haven](/wiki/New_Haven%2C_Falkland_Islands "New Haven, Falkland Islands").
### Falklands War
West Falkland saw some activity during the [Falklands War](/wiki/Falklands_War "Falklands War") in 1982; [Fox Bay](/wiki/Fox_Bay "Fox Bay"), [Port Howard](/wiki/Port_Howard "Port Howard") and [Pebble Island](/wiki/Pebble_Island "Pebble Island") were all occupied by Argentine troops during the hostilities and were subjected to occasional [shore bombardment](/wiki/Shore_bombardment "Shore bombardment") and [airstrikes](/wiki/Airstrike "Airstrike") by the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy").
The most significant skirmish on West Falkland was perhaps the [skirmish at Many Branch Point](/wiki/Skirmish_at_Many_Branch_Point "Skirmish at Many Branch Point"), near Port Howard.
[Shag Cove](/wiki/Shag_Cove "Shag Cove") saw several Argentine helicopters downed after British Harrier jump jets attacked them. The [raid on Pebble Island](/wiki/Raid_on_Pebble_Island "Raid on Pebble Island") has gone down in British [Special Forces](/wiki/Special_Forces "Special Forces") history.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|Map of the Falkland Islands](/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg \"Falkland Islands topographic map-en.svg\")",
"Early explorers reported the remains of canoes on West Falkland but it is unclear whether it was a one way trip, or indeed if the canoes were not swept in from [Patagonia](/wiki/Patagonia \"Patagonia\").",
"Captain [John Strong](/wiki/John_Strong_%28mariner%29 \"John Strong (mariner)\") of the *Welfare* made the first recorded landing on either of the main islands (West and East Falkland) on 29 January 1690 at [Bold Cove](/wiki/Bold_Cove \"Bold Cove\") on the other side of the headland from [Port Howard](/wiki/Port_Howard \"Port Howard\"). He said:",
"\"*Wednesday this morning we weighed and stood unto an harbour on ye west side and there came to ane anchor and sent our boat on shoar for fresh water and did kill abundance of geese and ducks but as far as wood there is none.*\"\nAlthough Strong recorded a lack of wood in the area, driftwood frequently washes up on Falkland beaches. This may be accounted for by the sheltered nature of Bold Cove. Strong named [Falkland Sound](/wiki/Falkland_Sound \"Falkland Sound\"), which gave its name to all the islands.",
"While the first recorded landing on the main islands of the Falklands was on West Falkland, it was settled remarkably late. In 1867 there were no settlers on West Falkland. The government issued a proclamation offering leases of grazing stations on very moderate terms and in 1868 all the available land was occupied.",
"Modern West Falkland is also home to two [RAF](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") [Remote Radar Heads](/wiki/Remote_Radar_Head \"Remote Radar Head\"): Mount Alice, which is near [Port Albemarle](/wiki/Port_Albemarle \"Port Albemarle\") in the south of the island, and Mount Byron in the north.{{Cite web\n\\|url \\= http://www.raf.mod.uk/downloads/documents/raftoday2004\\.pdf\n\\|title \\= RAF Today\n\\|publisher\\=\\[United Kingdom] Ministry of Defence\n\\|date \\= February 2004\n\\|access\\-date \\=24 July 2010}}",
"In early 2007, the Falkland Islands Government awarded a contract to supply an east–west ferry to Workboat Services Ltd.{{Cite web\n\\|url \\= http://www.workboat.co.fk/index.htm\n\\|title \\= Workboat Services Ltd (Home page)\n\\|access\\-date \\=3 May 2010}} The service runs between [Port Howard](/wiki/Port_Howard \"Port Howard\") and [New Haven](/wiki/New_Haven%2C_Falkland_Islands \"New Haven, Falkland Islands\").",
"### Falklands War",
"West Falkland saw some activity during the [Falklands War](/wiki/Falklands_War \"Falklands War\") in 1982; [Fox Bay](/wiki/Fox_Bay \"Fox Bay\"), [Port Howard](/wiki/Port_Howard \"Port Howard\") and [Pebble Island](/wiki/Pebble_Island \"Pebble Island\") were all occupied by Argentine troops during the hostilities and were subjected to occasional [shore bombardment](/wiki/Shore_bombardment \"Shore bombardment\") and [airstrikes](/wiki/Airstrike \"Airstrike\") by the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\").",
"The most significant skirmish on West Falkland was perhaps the [skirmish at Many Branch Point](/wiki/Skirmish_at_Many_Branch_Point \"Skirmish at Many Branch Point\"), near Port Howard.",
"[Shag Cove](/wiki/Shag_Cove \"Shag Cove\") saw several Argentine helicopters downed after British Harrier jump jets attacked them. The [raid on Pebble Island](/wiki/Raid_on_Pebble_Island \"Raid on Pebble Island\") has gone down in British [Special Forces](/wiki/Special_Forces \"Special Forces\") history.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Born in [Preysal](/wiki/Preysal "Preysal"), [Trinidad and Tobago](/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago "Trinidad and Tobago"), of Indian descent, Ali was the second of eight children to Asgar, a manual labourer, and Naimoon Ali.Ali\-Motilal, p. 3\. Ali was a [left\-arm unorthodox spin](/wiki/Left-arm_unorthodox_spin "Left-arm unorthodox spin") bowler who made his [first\-class cricket](/wiki/First-class_cricket "First-class cricket") debut for [South Trinidad](/wiki/South_Trinidad_cricket_team "South Trinidad cricket team") against [North Trinidad](/wiki/North_Trinidad_cricket_team "North Trinidad cricket team") on 15 April 1966, aged just 16 years and 202 days. He took three wickets for 89 runs.{{cite web \|title\=South Trinidad v North Trinidad in 1965/66 \|url\=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/27/27978\.html \|website\=Cricket Archive \|accessdate\=12 August 2009}}
In his second match, for [Trinidad and Tobago](/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cricket_team "Trinidad and Tobago cricket team") against [Windward Islands](/wiki/Windward_Islands_cricket_team "Windward Islands cricket team"), Ali took 5/32,*Cricket Archive*, "Trinidad and Tobago v Windward Islands in 1966/67, [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/28/28621\.html](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/28/28621.html) Accessed 13 August 2009\.{{cite web \|title\=Trinidad and Tobago v Windward Islands in 1966/67 \|url\=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/28/28621\.html \|website\=Cricket Archive \|publisher\=Cricket Archive \|accessdate\=13 August 2009}} and, following further good performances, was selected in the West Indies Board President's team to play the touring [Marylebone Cricket Club](/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club "Marylebone Cricket Club") (MCC) side.
Ali continued to perform well, if unpredictably, at domestic level and was often a trump card for Trinidad at the spin friendly [Port\-of\-Spain](/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_Oval "Queen's Park Oval"), leading to him becoming the first person from central Trinidad to play Test cricket for the West IndiesAli\-Motilal, p. 36\. when he made his Test debut on 1 April 1971 against [India](/wiki/Indian_cricket_team "Indian cricket team") at [Kensington Oval](/wiki/Kensington_Oval "Kensington Oval"), [Bridgetown](/wiki/Bridgetown "Bridgetown"), Barbados, taking 0/60 and 1/65\.*Cricket Archive*, West Indies v India in 1970/71, [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/31/31499\.html](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/31/31499.html) Accessed 13 August 2009\.
During the 1971/72 home series against [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team "New Zealand cricket team"), Inshan was referred to as "astonishingly skilled and mature" for a player in his early twenties",Cameron, p. 40\. who "is a small, slim man with short fingers; after a brisk little run his left arm flipped through quickly."Cameron, p. 41\.
Ali had his best bowling performance in this series, taking 5/59 against New Zealand at Port\-of\-Spain, with the batsmen finding it very difficult to pick his wrist\-spin and wrong 'un, leading one onlooker to write "properly handled, (Ali) could be a match\-winner against the [Australians](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") when they tour the Caribbean next summer."
As it turned out, Ali had a solid rather than spectacular series against Australia, taking ten wickets at 47\.30*Cricket Archive*, "Test Bowling for West Indies Australia in West Indies 1972/73 [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/WI/Australia\_in\_West\_Indies\_1972\-73/t\_West\_Indies\_Bowling.html](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/WI/Australia_in_West_Indies_1972-73/t_West_Indies_Bowling.html) Accessed 29 August 2009\. and made spasmodic national appearances afterwards, including one Test each in England and Australia, before his final Test, against [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan_cricket_team "Pakistan cricket team") at Port\-of\-Spain in April 1977, where he had match figures of 5/159\.*Cricket Archive*, "West Indies v Pakistan, 4th Test, 1976/77, [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36904\.html](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36904.html), Accessed 29 August 2009\.
Ali's continuing success in domestic cricket (he took a record 27 wickets during the [1973–74 Shell Shield season](/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_Shell_Shield_season "1973–74 Shell Shield season"))*Benson \& Hedges West Indies Cricket Annual 1982*, "Five Cricketers of the Year", Caribbean Communications: Christ Church, Barbados, p. 9\. and a reputation as a mystery spinner however ensured that the West Indies hierarchy retained confidence in him when his results were poor. Prior to the 1975/76 tour of Australia, West Indies captain [Clive Lloyd](/wiki/Clive_Lloyd "Clive Lloyd") claimed that Ali would be a key to a West Indies series victory, stating "I think Inshan now believes in himself... He's on top of the world and he feels there is no batsman he shouldn't get out."[Cozier, T.](/wiki/Tony_Cozier "Tony Cozier") "Southpaw Spinner Starts for W.I.", *The Virgin Islands Daily News*, 29 November 1975, p. 12
Former Test cricketer [Frank Tyson](/wiki/Frank_Tyson "Frank Tyson") also thought highly of Ali, stating that he "disguised his chinamen and his wrong 'uns with consummate artistry, spinning the ball quite prodigiously", although Tyson believed Ali's inability to counter batsmen who advanced down the pitch to him was his downfall.Tyson, p. 18\.
Ali had a number of shortcomings as a Test cricketer, including his poor batting and his "annoying habit of running across the line of the stumps (while bowling), especially when he senses a caught\-and\-bowled chance." Opposition batsman complained and one umpire said he could not rule on an lbw decision because Ali had run across the umpire's line of sight.
Ali was also a poor fielder, described as "nervous" by one onlooker.Tyson, p. 97\. Clive Lloyd was visibly displeased during the Second Test of the 1975/76 West Indies tour of Australia when Ali took the field as a substitute fielder, and even more so when he dropped a simple catch.
He was described as looking "increasingly out of place in the team as the emphasis switched to non\-stop fast bowling, and his inability to translate his first\-class form to Test level was one of the factors that encouraged West Indies to transform their game."*Wisden's Cricketers Almanack 1996* [http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155311\.html](http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155311.html) Accessed 3 September 2009\. It has been argued that Ali, like other West Indian spinners from the 1970s onwards, was treated poorly by West Indian selectors and captains too impatient to let spinners mature, and captains unable to set fields for spinners.Baksh, V. "Where spin is a sin", *CricInfo*, 19 May 2008, [http://content.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/351014\.html](http://content.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/351014.html) Accessed 23 April 2009\.
Ali retired from first\-class cricket at the completion of the 1979/80 West Indies season.*Cricket Archive*, "First\-Class Matches Played By Inshan Ali", [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1381/First\-Class\_Matches.html](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1381/First-Class_Matches.html) Accessed 2 September 2009\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Born in [Preysal](/wiki/Preysal \"Preysal\"), [Trinidad and Tobago](/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago \"Trinidad and Tobago\"), of Indian descent, Ali was the second of eight children to Asgar, a manual labourer, and Naimoon Ali.Ali\\-Motilal, p. 3\\. Ali was a [left\\-arm unorthodox spin](/wiki/Left-arm_unorthodox_spin \"Left-arm unorthodox spin\") bowler who made his [first\\-class cricket](/wiki/First-class_cricket \"First-class cricket\") debut for [South Trinidad](/wiki/South_Trinidad_cricket_team \"South Trinidad cricket team\") against [North Trinidad](/wiki/North_Trinidad_cricket_team \"North Trinidad cricket team\") on 15 April 1966, aged just 16 years and 202 days. He took three wickets for 89 runs.{{cite web \\|title\\=South Trinidad v North Trinidad in 1965/66 \\|url\\=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/27/27978\\.html \\|website\\=Cricket Archive \\|accessdate\\=12 August 2009}}",
"In his second match, for [Trinidad and Tobago](/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cricket_team \"Trinidad and Tobago cricket team\") against [Windward Islands](/wiki/Windward_Islands_cricket_team \"Windward Islands cricket team\"), Ali took 5/32,*Cricket Archive*, \"Trinidad and Tobago v Windward Islands in 1966/67, [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/28/28621\\.html](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/28/28621.html) Accessed 13 August 2009\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Trinidad and Tobago v Windward Islands in 1966/67 \\|url\\=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/28/28621\\.html \\|website\\=Cricket Archive \\|publisher\\=Cricket Archive \\|accessdate\\=13 August 2009}} and, following further good performances, was selected in the West Indies Board President's team to play the touring [Marylebone Cricket Club](/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club \"Marylebone Cricket Club\") (MCC) side.",
"Ali continued to perform well, if unpredictably, at domestic level and was often a trump card for Trinidad at the spin friendly [Port\\-of\\-Spain](/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_Oval \"Queen's Park Oval\"), leading to him becoming the first person from central Trinidad to play Test cricket for the West IndiesAli\\-Motilal, p. 36\\. when he made his Test debut on 1 April 1971 against [India](/wiki/Indian_cricket_team \"Indian cricket team\") at [Kensington Oval](/wiki/Kensington_Oval \"Kensington Oval\"), [Bridgetown](/wiki/Bridgetown \"Bridgetown\"), Barbados, taking 0/60 and 1/65\\.*Cricket Archive*, West Indies v India in 1970/71, [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/31/31499\\.html](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/31/31499.html) Accessed 13 August 2009\\.",
"During the 1971/72 home series against [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team \"New Zealand cricket team\"), Inshan was referred to as \"astonishingly skilled and mature\" for a player in his early twenties\",Cameron, p. 40\\. who \"is a small, slim man with short fingers; after a brisk little run his left arm flipped through quickly.\"Cameron, p. 41\\.",
"Ali had his best bowling performance in this series, taking 5/59 against New Zealand at Port\\-of\\-Spain, with the batsmen finding it very difficult to pick his wrist\\-spin and wrong 'un, leading one onlooker to write \"properly handled, (Ali) could be a match\\-winner against the [Australians](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") when they tour the Caribbean next summer.\"",
"As it turned out, Ali had a solid rather than spectacular series against Australia, taking ten wickets at 47\\.30*Cricket Archive*, \"Test Bowling for West Indies Australia in West Indies 1972/73 [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/WI/Australia\\_in\\_West\\_Indies\\_1972\\-73/t\\_West\\_Indies\\_Bowling.html](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/WI/Australia_in_West_Indies_1972-73/t_West_Indies_Bowling.html) Accessed 29 August 2009\\. and made spasmodic national appearances afterwards, including one Test each in England and Australia, before his final Test, against [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan_cricket_team \"Pakistan cricket team\") at Port\\-of\\-Spain in April 1977, where he had match figures of 5/159\\.*Cricket Archive*, \"West Indies v Pakistan, 4th Test, 1976/77, [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36904\\.html](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36904.html), Accessed 29 August 2009\\.",
"Ali's continuing success in domestic cricket (he took a record 27 wickets during the [1973–74 Shell Shield season](/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_Shell_Shield_season \"1973–74 Shell Shield season\"))*Benson \\& Hedges West Indies Cricket Annual 1982*, \"Five Cricketers of the Year\", Caribbean Communications: Christ Church, Barbados, p. 9\\. and a reputation as a mystery spinner however ensured that the West Indies hierarchy retained confidence in him when his results were poor. Prior to the 1975/76 tour of Australia, West Indies captain [Clive Lloyd](/wiki/Clive_Lloyd \"Clive Lloyd\") claimed that Ali would be a key to a West Indies series victory, stating \"I think Inshan now believes in himself... He's on top of the world and he feels there is no batsman he shouldn't get out.\"[Cozier, T.](/wiki/Tony_Cozier \"Tony Cozier\") \"Southpaw Spinner Starts for W.I.\", *The Virgin Islands Daily News*, 29 November 1975, p. 12",
"Former Test cricketer [Frank Tyson](/wiki/Frank_Tyson \"Frank Tyson\") also thought highly of Ali, stating that he \"disguised his chinamen and his wrong 'uns with consummate artistry, spinning the ball quite prodigiously\", although Tyson believed Ali's inability to counter batsmen who advanced down the pitch to him was his downfall.Tyson, p. 18\\.",
"Ali had a number of shortcomings as a Test cricketer, including his poor batting and his \"annoying habit of running across the line of the stumps (while bowling), especially when he senses a caught\\-and\\-bowled chance.\" Opposition batsman complained and one umpire said he could not rule on an lbw decision because Ali had run across the umpire's line of sight.",
"Ali was also a poor fielder, described as \"nervous\" by one onlooker.Tyson, p. 97\\. Clive Lloyd was visibly displeased during the Second Test of the 1975/76 West Indies tour of Australia when Ali took the field as a substitute fielder, and even more so when he dropped a simple catch.",
"He was described as looking \"increasingly out of place in the team as the emphasis switched to non\\-stop fast bowling, and his inability to translate his first\\-class form to Test level was one of the factors that encouraged West Indies to transform their game.\"*Wisden's Cricketers Almanack 1996* [http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155311\\.html](http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155311.html) Accessed 3 September 2009\\. It has been argued that Ali, like other West Indian spinners from the 1970s onwards, was treated poorly by West Indian selectors and captains too impatient to let spinners mature, and captains unable to set fields for spinners.Baksh, V. \"Where spin is a sin\", *CricInfo*, 19 May 2008, [http://content.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/351014\\.html](http://content.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/351014.html) Accessed 23 April 2009\\.",
"Ali retired from first\\-class cricket at the completion of the 1979/80 West Indies season.*Cricket Archive*, \"First\\-Class Matches Played By Inshan Ali\", [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1381/First\\-Class\\_Matches.html](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1381/First-Class_Matches.html) Accessed 2 September 2009\\.",
""
] |
Peter L. Berger
---------------
After Schmitt, the next influential writer to use the term in a modern context is [Peter L. Berger](/wiki/Peter_L._Berger "Peter L. Berger"). Berger writes of human beings fashioning a world by their own activity.[Berger, Peter L.](/wiki/Peter_L._Berger "Peter L. Berger") 1967\. *The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociology of Religion.* New York: Anchor Books.{{Rp\|5}} Berger sees this taking place through a continual threefold cycle between individuals and society: externalisation, objectivation, and internalization.
The world thus fashioned has an order—a set of principles—which comes to be read on to society by individuals through externalisation and objectivation, and also internalised in each individual. This order thus comes to be assumed, spoken of, and placed into social discourse to be treated as common sense. This ordering of the world and experience, which is a corporate and social process as well as an individual one, is a nomos.
Berger writes of the "socially established nomos" being understood "as a shield against terror;" in other words, "the most important function of society is nomization."{{Rp\|22}} We all need this structuring nomos: it provides us with stability and [predictability](/wiki/Predictability "Predictability"); a [frame of reference](/wiki/Frame_of_reference "Frame of reference") in which to live. The alternative is the chaos and terror of what Berger calls *[anomie](/wiki/Anomie "Anomie")*.
To be most effective, the nomos must be taken for granted. The structure of the world created by human and social activity is treated not as contingent, but as self\-evident:{{Rp\|24\-5}}
> Whenever the socially established nomos attains the quality of being taken for granted, there occurs a merging of its meanings with what are considered to be the fundamental meanings inherent in the universe.
Berger sees this happening in all societies; while in "archaic societies" the nomos is expressed in religious terms, "in contemporary society, this archaic cosmization of the social world is likely to take the form of 'scientific' propositions about the nature of men rather than the nature of the universe."{{Rp\|25}} Therefore, while its expression has most often been religious, this process of world\-construction is not necessarily religious in itself.
Later, Berger explores the part that religious belief has played in nomoi: it provides a connection with the cosmic, seeking to provide a completeness to that religious world\-view.
> Every human society is an edifice of externalized and objectivated meanings, always intending a meaningful totality. Every society is engaged in the never completed enterprise of building a humanly meaningful world. Cosmization implies the identification of this humanly meaningful world with the world as such, the former now being grounded in the latter, reflecting it or being derived from it in its fundamental structures. Such a cosmos, as the ultimate ground and validation of human nomoi, need not necessarily be sacred. Particularly in modern times there have been thoroughly secular attempts at cosmization, among which modern science is by far the most important. It is safe to say, however, that originally all cosmization had a sacred character.{{Rp\|27}}
|
[
"Peter L. Berger\n---------------",
"After Schmitt, the next influential writer to use the term in a modern context is [Peter L. Berger](/wiki/Peter_L._Berger \"Peter L. Berger\"). Berger writes of human beings fashioning a world by their own activity.[Berger, Peter L.](/wiki/Peter_L._Berger \"Peter L. Berger\") 1967\\. *The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociology of Religion.* New York: Anchor Books.{{Rp\\|5}} Berger sees this taking place through a continual threefold cycle between individuals and society: externalisation, objectivation, and internalization.",
"The world thus fashioned has an order—a set of principles—which comes to be read on to society by individuals through externalisation and objectivation, and also internalised in each individual. This order thus comes to be assumed, spoken of, and placed into social discourse to be treated as common sense. This ordering of the world and experience, which is a corporate and social process as well as an individual one, is a nomos.",
"Berger writes of the \"socially established nomos\" being understood \"as a shield against terror;\" in other words, \"the most important function of society is nomization.\"{{Rp\\|22}} We all need this structuring nomos: it provides us with stability and [predictability](/wiki/Predictability \"Predictability\"); a [frame of reference](/wiki/Frame_of_reference \"Frame of reference\") in which to live. The alternative is the chaos and terror of what Berger calls *[anomie](/wiki/Anomie \"Anomie\")*.",
"To be most effective, the nomos must be taken for granted. The structure of the world created by human and social activity is treated not as contingent, but as self\\-evident:{{Rp\\|24\\-5}}\n> Whenever the socially established nomos attains the quality of being taken for granted, there occurs a merging of its meanings with what are considered to be the fundamental meanings inherent in the universe.",
"Berger sees this happening in all societies; while in \"archaic societies\" the nomos is expressed in religious terms, \"in contemporary society, this archaic cosmization of the social world is likely to take the form of 'scientific' propositions about the nature of men rather than the nature of the universe.\"{{Rp\\|25}} Therefore, while its expression has most often been religious, this process of world\\-construction is not necessarily religious in itself.",
"Later, Berger explores the part that religious belief has played in nomoi: it provides a connection with the cosmic, seeking to provide a completeness to that religious world\\-view.\n> Every human society is an edifice of externalized and objectivated meanings, always intending a meaningful totality. Every society is engaged in the never completed enterprise of building a humanly meaningful world. Cosmization implies the identification of this humanly meaningful world with the world as such, the former now being grounded in the latter, reflecting it or being derived from it in its fundamental structures. Such a cosmos, as the ultimate ground and validation of human nomoi, need not necessarily be sacred. Particularly in modern times there have been thoroughly secular attempts at cosmization, among which modern science is by far the most important. It is safe to say, however, that originally all cosmization had a sacred character.{{Rp\\|27}}",
"",
""
] |
Robert Cover
------------
The next landmark in the use of the term is generally thought to be by [Robert Cover](/wiki/Robert_Cover "Robert Cover") in his influential 1982 paper "Nomos and Narrative".[Cover, Robert](/wiki/Robert_Cover "Robert Cover"). 1982\. "[Nomos and Narrative](http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3690&context=fss_papers)." *[Harvard Law Review](/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review "Harvard Law Review")* 97(4\):4–64\. His use of the term is rooted in Berger's argument that nomos requires mythology and narrative, as pillars for the understanding of the meaning of each act within a particular nomos.
Cover argues that, while the mechanisms of law and social control are part of law, students of the law, and legal actors, should instead focus on the [normative](/wiki/Norm_%28sociology%29 "Norm (sociology)") universe, the whole of the means of social control. As with Berger, Cover roots the nomos in "narrative," or what a [post\-structuralist](/wiki/Post-structuralism "Post-structuralism") would call *[meta\-narrative](/wiki/Meta-narrative "Meta-narrative")*. Cover argues that no set of legal institutions exists apart from the narratives that locate it and give it meaning.
He argues that this is due to the fact that our moral sense is composed of the narratives from which we draw conclusions, and by which we locate ourselves in relation to other people. Because narrative is morality, the normative universe must rest on narrative. Since we also construct our view of the universe physically from narrative, Cover argues that the normative universe is as much a part of our existence as the physical universe.
Cover then makes an argument of incorporation: just as we develop increasingly complex responses to the physical world, so too is our development of responses to "[otherness](/wiki/Other_%28philosophy%29 "Other (philosophy)")" conditioned over time by interaction. From this, he argues that societies that have great legal systems rest on more than formal and technical virtuosity, but in the richness of their understanding of the normative universe.
He argues that the explicit relationship between formal apparatus of a society, in this case a legal society, and the normative range of behavior is the fulcrum to understanding whether the society is functional or not.
|
[
"Robert Cover\n------------",
"The next landmark in the use of the term is generally thought to be by [Robert Cover](/wiki/Robert_Cover \"Robert Cover\") in his influential 1982 paper \"Nomos and Narrative\".[Cover, Robert](/wiki/Robert_Cover \"Robert Cover\"). 1982\\. \"[Nomos and Narrative](http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3690&context=fss_papers).\" *[Harvard Law Review](/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review \"Harvard Law Review\")* 97(4\\):4–64\\. His use of the term is rooted in Berger's argument that nomos requires mythology and narrative, as pillars for the understanding of the meaning of each act within a particular nomos.",
"Cover argues that, while the mechanisms of law and social control are part of law, students of the law, and legal actors, should instead focus on the [normative](/wiki/Norm_%28sociology%29 \"Norm (sociology)\") universe, the whole of the means of social control. As with Berger, Cover roots the nomos in \"narrative,\" or what a [post\\-structuralist](/wiki/Post-structuralism \"Post-structuralism\") would call *[meta\\-narrative](/wiki/Meta-narrative \"Meta-narrative\")*. Cover argues that no set of legal institutions exists apart from the narratives that locate it and give it meaning.",
"He argues that this is due to the fact that our moral sense is composed of the narratives from which we draw conclusions, and by which we locate ourselves in relation to other people. Because narrative is morality, the normative universe must rest on narrative. Since we also construct our view of the universe physically from narrative, Cover argues that the normative universe is as much a part of our existence as the physical universe.",
"Cover then makes an argument of incorporation: just as we develop increasingly complex responses to the physical world, so too is our development of responses to \"[otherness](/wiki/Other_%28philosophy%29 \"Other (philosophy)\")\" conditioned over time by interaction. From this, he argues that societies that have great legal systems rest on more than formal and technical virtuosity, but in the richness of their understanding of the normative universe.",
"He argues that the explicit relationship between formal apparatus of a society, in this case a legal society, and the normative range of behavior is the fulcrum to understanding whether the society is functional or not.",
""
] |
In China
--------
{{See also\|Ghost Festival}}
In Chinese Buddhism, The [World of the Hungry Ghosts](/wiki/Desire_realm%23Preta_Domain "Desire realm#Preta Domain") (鬼法界, 鬼界) is one of the six domains of the [desire realm](/wiki/Desire_realm "Desire realm") of Buddhism.[Buddhism\-dict.net](http://buddhism-dict.net/ddb/indexes/term-en.html) (accessed: October 18, 2007\) The [oral tradition](/wiki/Oral_tradition "Oral tradition") of Chinese [ancestral worship](/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead "Veneration of the dead") believes that the ghosts of the ancestors may be granted permission to return to the world of the living at a certain time of the year. If the spirits are hungry and not given sufficient offerings by their living relatives, they take what they can from the world.{{cite book \| last \= Martin \| first \= Emily \| author2 \= Emíly M. Ahern \| title \= The cult of the dead in a Chinese village \| publisher \= Stanford University Press \| year \= 1973 \| isbn \= 978\-0\-8047\-0835\-7 \| url\-access \= registration \| url \= https://archive.org/details/cultofdeadinchin0000aher }}
A [festival](/wiki/Festival "Festival") called the [Hungry Ghost Festival](/wiki/Ghost_Festival "Ghost Festival") ({{zh\|t\=盂蘭盆\|s\=盂兰盆 \|p\=Yúlánpén}} is held to honor the hungry ancestor ghosts and food and drink is put out to satisfy their needs. The Hungry Ghost Festival is celebrated during the seventh month of the [Chinese calendar](/wiki/Chinese_calendar "Chinese calendar"). It also falls at the same time as a full moon, the new season, the fall harvest, the peak of monastic asceticism, the rebirth of ancestors, and the assembly of the local community.[Stephen F. Teiser](/wiki/Stephen_F._Teiser "Stephen F. Teiser") (1996\). *The Ghost Festival in Medieval China*. Princeton University Press. According to tradition, during this month, the gates of [hell](/wiki/Diyu "Diyu") are opened up and the hungry ghosts are free to roam the earth where they seek food and entertainment. These ghosts are believed to be ancestors of those who have forgotten to pay tribute to them after they died. They have long thin necks because they have not been fed by their families. Tradition states that families should offer prayers to their deceased relatives and burn "[hell money](/wiki/Hell_money "Hell money")". It is believed that "hell money" is a valid currency in the underworld and helps ghosts to live comfortably in the afterlife. People also burn other forms of [joss paper](/wiki/Joss_paper "Joss paper") such as paper houses, cars and televisions to please the ghosts.["Hungry Ghost Festival"](http://www.essortment.com/all/hungryghostfes_opi.htm). Essortment, 2002\. Retrieved October 20, 2008\. This festival is one of numerous tantric practices from [Chinese Esoteric Buddhism](/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism "Chinese Esoteric Buddhism") preserved in modern Chinese Buddhism after the various Buddhist traditions started to merge in the early modern period.{{Cite journal\|last\=Orzech\|first\=Charles D.\|date\=1989\|title\=Seeing Chen\-Yen Buddhism: Traditional Scholarship and the Vajrayāna in China\|journal\=History of Religions\|volume\=29\|issue\=2\|pages\=87–114\|doi\=10\.1086/463182\|jstor\=1062679\|s2cid\=162235701\|issn\=0018\-2710}}
Families also pay tribute to other unknown wandering ghosts so that these homeless souls do not intrude on their lives and bring misfortune. A big feast is held for the ghosts on the 15th day of the seventh month, where people bring samples of food and place them on the offering table to please the ghosts and ward off bad luck. Live shows are also put on and everyone is invited to attend. The first row of seats is always empty as this is where the ghosts are supposed to sit to better enjoy the live entertainment. The shows are always put on at night and at high volumes, so that the sound attracts and pleases the ghosts.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.chinese\-culture.net/contact/\|title\=お問い合わせ\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-05\|archive\-date\=2019\-07\-05\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705172812/https://www.chinese\-culture.net/contact/}} These acts were better known as "Merry\-making"."Ghost Festival" ChinaVoc 2001\-2007, {{cite web \|url\=http://www.chinavoc.com/festivals/ghost.htm \|title\=Chinese Festivals \- the Ghost Festival \|access\-date\=2009\-02\-16 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608143719/http://www.chinavoc.com/festivals/ghost.htm \|archive\-date\=2009\-06\-08 }}.
[upright\=1\.2\|thumb\|Offerings are prepared for hungry ghosts during [Ghost month](/wiki/Ghost_Festival "Ghost Festival") in [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong").](/wiki/File:Ghost_Festival_in_Ping_Chou.JPG "Ghost Festival in Ping Chou.JPG")
The chief [Taoist](/wiki/Taoism "Taoism") [priest](/wiki/Daoshi "Daoshi") of the town wears an ornate crown of five gold and red panels, a practice borrowed from [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism"). This represented the five most powerful deities (The [Jade Emperor](/wiki/Jade_Emperor "Jade Emperor"), [Lord Guan](/wiki/Guan_Yu "Guan Yu"), [Tu Di Gong](/wiki/Tu_Di_Gong "Tu Di Gong"), [Mazu](/wiki/Mazu_%28goddess%29 "Mazu (goddess)") and [Xi Wangmu](/wiki/Xi_Wangmu "Xi Wangmu")). He is believed to become their voice on earth.
[thumb\|upright\=1\.2\|A performance held during [Ghost month](/wiki/Ghost_Festival "Ghost Festival") in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"). People are not supposed to sit in the red chairs at the front because they are reserved for the "hungry ghosts."](/wiki/File:GhostFestivalsMalaysia002.jpg "GhostFestivalsMalaysia002.jpg")
A sacrificial altar and a chair are built for a priest either at a street entrance or in front of the village. The [Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha](/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha "Kṣitigarbha") sits in front of the chair. Under the chair are plates of rice flour and peaches. Sitting on the altar are three spirit tablets and three funeral banners. After noon, sheep, pigs, chicken, fruits, and cakes are donated by families that are displayed on the altar. A priest will put a triangular paper banner of three colors with special characters on every sacrifice. After the music begins to play, the priest hits the bell to call the hungry ghosts back to the table. He then throws the rice and peaches into the air in all directions to distribute them to the ghosts.
During the evening, [incense](/wiki/Incense "Incense") is burnt in front of the doors of households. Incense stands for prosperity, the more incense burnt, the greater one's prosperity. During the festival, shops are closed to leave the streets open for the ghosts. In the middle of each street stands an altar of incense with fresh fruit and sacrifices displayed on it. Behind the altar, monks will sing songs that it is believed only the ghosts can understand. This rite is called *shi ge'r*, meaning "singing ghost songs".
Fifteen days after the feast, to make sure all the hungry ghosts find their way back to [hell](/wiki/Diyu "Diyu"), people float lanterns on water and set them outside their houses. These lanterns are made by setting a lotus flower\-shaped lantern on a piece of board. Hungry ghosts are believed to have found their way back when the lanterns go out.
There are many folk beliefs and taboos surrounding the [Hungry Ghost Festival](/wiki/Ghost_Festival "Ghost Festival"). Spirits are thought to be dangerous, and can take many forms, including snakes, moths, birds, foxes, wolves, and tigers. Some can even use the guise of a beautiful man or woman to seduce and possess. One story refers to a ghost which takes the form of a pretty girl and seduces a young man until a [priest](/wiki/Fashi "Fashi") intervenes and sends the spirit back to hell. It is believed that [possession](/wiki/Demonic_possession "Demonic possession") can cause illness and/or mental disorders.
During the seventh month of the [Chinese calendar](/wiki/Chinese_calendar "Chinese calendar"), children are advised (usually by an elder in the family) to be home before dark, and not to wander the streets at night for fear a ghost might possess them. Swimming is thought to be dangerous as well, as spirits are believed to have drowned people. People will generally avoid driving at night, for fear of a "collision", or spiritual offence, which is any event leading to illness or misfortune.DeBernardi, Jean Elizabeth, and Jean DeBernardi. *Rites of Belonging: Memory, Moderninity \& Identity in a Malaysian Chinese Community*. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2004\. While "ghost" is a commonly used term throughout the year, many people use the phrase "backdoor god" or "good brother" instead during the 7th month, so as not to anger the ghosts. Another thing to avoid is sampling any of the food placed on the offering table, as doing this can result in "mysterious illness". Any person attending a show at indoor entertainment venues (*[getais](/wiki/Getai "Getai")*) will notice the first row of chairs is left empty. These seats are reserved for the spirits, and it is considered bad form to sit in them. After an [offering](/wiki/Joss_paper "Joss paper") has been burnt for the spirits, stepping on or near the burnt area should be avoided, as it is considered an "opening" to the spirit world and touching it may cause the person to be possessed.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2011}}
The English term has often been used metaphorically to describe the insatiable craving of an addict.E.g. [Mark Epstein](/wiki/Mark_Epstein "Mark Epstein") in *Thoughts Without a Thinker*, pp. 29, 30, {{ISBN\|0\-465\-08585\-7}}, of the compulsive [infidelity](/wiki/Infidelity "Infidelity") of a patient.
|
[
"In China\n--------",
"{{See also\\|Ghost Festival}}",
"In Chinese Buddhism, The [World of the Hungry Ghosts](/wiki/Desire_realm%23Preta_Domain \"Desire realm#Preta Domain\") (鬼法界, 鬼界) is one of the six domains of the [desire realm](/wiki/Desire_realm \"Desire realm\") of Buddhism.[Buddhism\\-dict.net](http://buddhism-dict.net/ddb/indexes/term-en.html) (accessed: October 18, 2007\\) The [oral tradition](/wiki/Oral_tradition \"Oral tradition\") of Chinese [ancestral worship](/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead \"Veneration of the dead\") believes that the ghosts of the ancestors may be granted permission to return to the world of the living at a certain time of the year. If the spirits are hungry and not given sufficient offerings by their living relatives, they take what they can from the world.{{cite book \\| last \\= Martin \\| first \\= Emily \\| author2 \\= Emíly M. Ahern \\| title \\= The cult of the dead in a Chinese village \\| publisher \\= Stanford University Press \\| year \\= 1973 \\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-8047\\-0835\\-7 \\| url\\-access \\= registration \\| url \\= https://archive.org/details/cultofdeadinchin0000aher }}",
"A [festival](/wiki/Festival \"Festival\") called the [Hungry Ghost Festival](/wiki/Ghost_Festival \"Ghost Festival\") ({{zh\\|t\\=盂蘭盆\\|s\\=盂兰盆 \\|p\\=Yúlánpén}} is held to honor the hungry ancestor ghosts and food and drink is put out to satisfy their needs. The Hungry Ghost Festival is celebrated during the seventh month of the [Chinese calendar](/wiki/Chinese_calendar \"Chinese calendar\"). It also falls at the same time as a full moon, the new season, the fall harvest, the peak of monastic asceticism, the rebirth of ancestors, and the assembly of the local community.[Stephen F. Teiser](/wiki/Stephen_F._Teiser \"Stephen F. Teiser\") (1996\\). *The Ghost Festival in Medieval China*. Princeton University Press. According to tradition, during this month, the gates of [hell](/wiki/Diyu \"Diyu\") are opened up and the hungry ghosts are free to roam the earth where they seek food and entertainment. These ghosts are believed to be ancestors of those who have forgotten to pay tribute to them after they died. They have long thin necks because they have not been fed by their families. Tradition states that families should offer prayers to their deceased relatives and burn \"[hell money](/wiki/Hell_money \"Hell money\")\". It is believed that \"hell money\" is a valid currency in the underworld and helps ghosts to live comfortably in the afterlife. People also burn other forms of [joss paper](/wiki/Joss_paper \"Joss paper\") such as paper houses, cars and televisions to please the ghosts.[\"Hungry Ghost Festival\"](http://www.essortment.com/all/hungryghostfes_opi.htm). Essortment, 2002\\. Retrieved October 20, 2008\\. This festival is one of numerous tantric practices from [Chinese Esoteric Buddhism](/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism \"Chinese Esoteric Buddhism\") preserved in modern Chinese Buddhism after the various Buddhist traditions started to merge in the early modern period.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Orzech\\|first\\=Charles D.\\|date\\=1989\\|title\\=Seeing Chen\\-Yen Buddhism: Traditional Scholarship and the Vajrayāna in China\\|journal\\=History of Religions\\|volume\\=29\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=87–114\\|doi\\=10\\.1086/463182\\|jstor\\=1062679\\|s2cid\\=162235701\\|issn\\=0018\\-2710}}",
"Families also pay tribute to other unknown wandering ghosts so that these homeless souls do not intrude on their lives and bring misfortune. A big feast is held for the ghosts on the 15th day of the seventh month, where people bring samples of food and place them on the offering table to please the ghosts and ward off bad luck. Live shows are also put on and everyone is invited to attend. The first row of seats is always empty as this is where the ghosts are supposed to sit to better enjoy the live entertainment. The shows are always put on at night and at high volumes, so that the sound attracts and pleases the ghosts.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.chinese\\-culture.net/contact/\\|title\\=お問い合わせ\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-05\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-05\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705172812/https://www.chinese\\-culture.net/contact/}} These acts were better known as \"Merry\\-making\".\"Ghost Festival\" ChinaVoc 2001\\-2007, {{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chinavoc.com/festivals/ghost.htm \\|title\\=Chinese Festivals \\- the Ghost Festival \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-16 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608143719/http://www.chinavoc.com/festivals/ghost.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-08 }}.",
"[upright\\=1\\.2\\|thumb\\|Offerings are prepared for hungry ghosts during [Ghost month](/wiki/Ghost_Festival \"Ghost Festival\") in [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\").](/wiki/File:Ghost_Festival_in_Ping_Chou.JPG \"Ghost Festival in Ping Chou.JPG\")",
"The chief [Taoist](/wiki/Taoism \"Taoism\") [priest](/wiki/Daoshi \"Daoshi\") of the town wears an ornate crown of five gold and red panels, a practice borrowed from [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\"). This represented the five most powerful deities (The [Jade Emperor](/wiki/Jade_Emperor \"Jade Emperor\"), [Lord Guan](/wiki/Guan_Yu \"Guan Yu\"), [Tu Di Gong](/wiki/Tu_Di_Gong \"Tu Di Gong\"), [Mazu](/wiki/Mazu_%28goddess%29 \"Mazu (goddess)\") and [Xi Wangmu](/wiki/Xi_Wangmu \"Xi Wangmu\")). He is believed to become their voice on earth.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|A performance held during [Ghost month](/wiki/Ghost_Festival \"Ghost Festival\") in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\"). People are not supposed to sit in the red chairs at the front because they are reserved for the \"hungry ghosts.\"](/wiki/File:GhostFestivalsMalaysia002.jpg \"GhostFestivalsMalaysia002.jpg\")",
"A sacrificial altar and a chair are built for a priest either at a street entrance or in front of the village. The [Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha](/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha \"Kṣitigarbha\") sits in front of the chair. Under the chair are plates of rice flour and peaches. Sitting on the altar are three spirit tablets and three funeral banners. After noon, sheep, pigs, chicken, fruits, and cakes are donated by families that are displayed on the altar. A priest will put a triangular paper banner of three colors with special characters on every sacrifice. After the music begins to play, the priest hits the bell to call the hungry ghosts back to the table. He then throws the rice and peaches into the air in all directions to distribute them to the ghosts.",
"During the evening, [incense](/wiki/Incense \"Incense\") is burnt in front of the doors of households. Incense stands for prosperity, the more incense burnt, the greater one's prosperity. During the festival, shops are closed to leave the streets open for the ghosts. In the middle of each street stands an altar of incense with fresh fruit and sacrifices displayed on it. Behind the altar, monks will sing songs that it is believed only the ghosts can understand. This rite is called *shi ge'r*, meaning \"singing ghost songs\".",
"Fifteen days after the feast, to make sure all the hungry ghosts find their way back to [hell](/wiki/Diyu \"Diyu\"), people float lanterns on water and set them outside their houses. These lanterns are made by setting a lotus flower\\-shaped lantern on a piece of board. Hungry ghosts are believed to have found their way back when the lanterns go out.",
"There are many folk beliefs and taboos surrounding the [Hungry Ghost Festival](/wiki/Ghost_Festival \"Ghost Festival\"). Spirits are thought to be dangerous, and can take many forms, including snakes, moths, birds, foxes, wolves, and tigers. Some can even use the guise of a beautiful man or woman to seduce and possess. One story refers to a ghost which takes the form of a pretty girl and seduces a young man until a [priest](/wiki/Fashi \"Fashi\") intervenes and sends the spirit back to hell. It is believed that [possession](/wiki/Demonic_possession \"Demonic possession\") can cause illness and/or mental disorders.",
"During the seventh month of the [Chinese calendar](/wiki/Chinese_calendar \"Chinese calendar\"), children are advised (usually by an elder in the family) to be home before dark, and not to wander the streets at night for fear a ghost might possess them. Swimming is thought to be dangerous as well, as spirits are believed to have drowned people. People will generally avoid driving at night, for fear of a \"collision\", or spiritual offence, which is any event leading to illness or misfortune.DeBernardi, Jean Elizabeth, and Jean DeBernardi. *Rites of Belonging: Memory, Moderninity \\& Identity in a Malaysian Chinese Community*. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2004\\. While \"ghost\" is a commonly used term throughout the year, many people use the phrase \"backdoor god\" or \"good brother\" instead during the 7th month, so as not to anger the ghosts. Another thing to avoid is sampling any of the food placed on the offering table, as doing this can result in \"mysterious illness\". Any person attending a show at indoor entertainment venues (*[getais](/wiki/Getai \"Getai\")*) will notice the first row of chairs is left empty. These seats are reserved for the spirits, and it is considered bad form to sit in them. After an [offering](/wiki/Joss_paper \"Joss paper\") has been burnt for the spirits, stepping on or near the burnt area should be avoided, as it is considered an \"opening\" to the spirit world and touching it may cause the person to be possessed.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2011}}",
"The English term has often been used metaphorically to describe the insatiable craving of an addict.E.g. [Mark Epstein](/wiki/Mark_Epstein \"Mark Epstein\") in *Thoughts Without a Thinker*, pp. 29, 30, {{ISBN\\|0\\-465\\-08585\\-7}}, of the compulsive [infidelity](/wiki/Infidelity \"Infidelity\") of a patient.",
""
] |
Interpretation
--------------
### Depiction
The depictions and stories about hungry ghosts especially in the early Indian context can show the viewer a commentary about the "manual scavengers", members of the lowest caste in India. They are regarded as people whose bad stigma comes from their birth and the group they belong to. They represent a group of starving people who are wandering the outside of cities, are homeless and hungry. As most people have adopted an ingrained blindness to this underclass.Srivastava, B. N. 1997\. Manual Scavenging in India: A Disgrace to the Country. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. P. 10\.
Furthermore, the bodies of hungry ghosts bear similarities with humans who are deprived of food. This malnourishment causes a disorder known as *[kwashiorkor](/wiki/Kwashiorkor "Kwashiorkor")* that encompasses symptoms like stomach bloating from fluid retention, hair and tooth loss and dry and cracked skin. These people have skeletal like figures and big stomachs.LaFleur (1989\): 297\.
Looking at these hungry ghosts and their figure one might interpret hungry ghosts as teachers. They do not teach the causes of karma like solitary buddhas, however, instead of words with their bodies.Divyāvadāna 296\.12–13, kāyikī dharmadeśanā na vācikī. See too Divyāvadāna 133\.7 and 313\.12; Mūlasarvāstivāda\-vinaya (Dutt 1984, iii 1, 232\.5–6 and 252\.3–4\); and Saṅghabhedavastu ii 46\.Rotman (2021\): 54\. Their whole body embodies suffering (*[dukkha](/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha "Duḥkha")*) to such an extend that seeing them gives the viewer the chance to witness the truth of *dukkha*.Rotman (2021\): 55\.
### The Body of the Hungry Ghost as Hell
The realm of the hungry ghosts is just one above that of the beings in naraka, however, while the hungry ghosts are not directly in hell their body is constituted by a hunger that they cannot satisfy due to the nature of their bodies, having big bellies and the throat of a needle. Whereas the hell have walls that keep the beings in a permanent state of torture, the body of the hungry ghosts is like a hell because they cannot escape their bodies, free to wander the world at will.LaaFleur (1989\): 274\.
### In Buddhist Philosophy
[Vasubandhu](/wiki/Vasubandhu "Vasubandhu"), a monk who was one of the founders of the Yogācāra\-school of Buddhism, used hungry ghosts in his argumentation of the Mahāyāna thought that "everything in the three realms is nothing but appearance." He argues against the [objective reality](/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity_%28philosophy%29 "Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)") of external objects (physical and non\-physical) by asserting that the appariance of external objects is mind\-dependent, as they happen to be different at specific times and places across different minds. Since different minds encounter the same objects differently, similar to dreams, these objects do not need to have a physical reality.
The author offers an example about a river perceived as clear by humans, but full of pus by hungry ghosts. Thus, the appearances of external objects across different minds is distinct. By that, the author establishes an argument for a lack of substantial reality among external objects.{{Cite book \|last\=Lévi \|first\=Sylvain \|title\=Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi: Deux Traités de Vasubandhu: Viṃśatikā (La Vingtaine), Accompagnée d'une explication en prose, et Triṃśikā (La Trentaine), avec le Commentaire de Sthiramati \|publisher\=Libraire Ancienne Honore Champion \|year\=1925 \|location\=Paris \|pages\=2–4 \|language\=English \|translator\-last\=Nilanjan Das \|trans\-title\=Twenty Verses with Auto\-Commentary}}Thakchoe, Sonam, "The Theory of Two Truths in India", *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2022 Edition)*, Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL \= \<https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2022/entries/twotruths\-india/\>.
|
[
"Interpretation\n--------------",
"### Depiction",
"The depictions and stories about hungry ghosts especially in the early Indian context can show the viewer a commentary about the \"manual scavengers\", members of the lowest caste in India. They are regarded as people whose bad stigma comes from their birth and the group they belong to. They represent a group of starving people who are wandering the outside of cities, are homeless and hungry. As most people have adopted an ingrained blindness to this underclass.Srivastava, B. N. 1997\\. Manual Scavenging in India: A Disgrace to the Country. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. P. 10\\.",
"Furthermore, the bodies of hungry ghosts bear similarities with humans who are deprived of food. This malnourishment causes a disorder known as *[kwashiorkor](/wiki/Kwashiorkor \"Kwashiorkor\")* that encompasses symptoms like stomach bloating from fluid retention, hair and tooth loss and dry and cracked skin. These people have skeletal like figures and big stomachs.LaFleur (1989\\): 297\\.",
"Looking at these hungry ghosts and their figure one might interpret hungry ghosts as teachers. They do not teach the causes of karma like solitary buddhas, however, instead of words with their bodies.Divyāvadāna 296\\.12–13, kāyikī dharmadeśanā na vācikī. See too Divyāvadāna 133\\.7 and 313\\.12; Mūlasarvāstivāda\\-vinaya (Dutt 1984, iii 1, 232\\.5–6 and 252\\.3–4\\); and Saṅghabhedavastu ii 46\\.Rotman (2021\\): 54\\. Their whole body embodies suffering (*[dukkha](/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha \"Duḥkha\")*) to such an extend that seeing them gives the viewer the chance to witness the truth of *dukkha*.Rotman (2021\\): 55\\.",
"### The Body of the Hungry Ghost as Hell",
"The realm of the hungry ghosts is just one above that of the beings in naraka, however, while the hungry ghosts are not directly in hell their body is constituted by a hunger that they cannot satisfy due to the nature of their bodies, having big bellies and the throat of a needle. Whereas the hell have walls that keep the beings in a permanent state of torture, the body of the hungry ghosts is like a hell because they cannot escape their bodies, free to wander the world at will.LaaFleur (1989\\): 274\\.",
"### In Buddhist Philosophy",
"[Vasubandhu](/wiki/Vasubandhu \"Vasubandhu\"), a monk who was one of the founders of the Yogācāra\\-school of Buddhism, used hungry ghosts in his argumentation of the Mahāyāna thought that \"everything in the three realms is nothing but appearance.\" He argues against the [objective reality](/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity_%28philosophy%29 \"Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)\") of external objects (physical and non\\-physical) by asserting that the appariance of external objects is mind\\-dependent, as they happen to be different at specific times and places across different minds. Since different minds encounter the same objects differently, similar to dreams, these objects do not need to have a physical reality.",
"The author offers an example about a river perceived as clear by humans, but full of pus by hungry ghosts. Thus, the appearances of external objects across different minds is distinct. By that, the author establishes an argument for a lack of substantial reality among external objects.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Lévi \\|first\\=Sylvain \\|title\\=Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi: Deux Traités de Vasubandhu: Viṃśatikā (La Vingtaine), Accompagnée d'une explication en prose, et Triṃśikā (La Trentaine), avec le Commentaire de Sthiramati \\|publisher\\=Libraire Ancienne Honore Champion \\|year\\=1925 \\|location\\=Paris \\|pages\\=2–4 \\|language\\=English \\|translator\\-last\\=Nilanjan Das \\|trans\\-title\\=Twenty Verses with Auto\\-Commentary}}Thakchoe, Sonam, \"The Theory of Two Truths in India\", *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2022 Edition)*, Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL \\= \\<https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2022/entries/twotruths\\-india/\\>.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1940\= 5909
\|1950\= 14405
\|1960\= 35943
\|1970\= 41021
\|1980\= 45165
\|1990\= 49847
\|2000\= 57746
\|2010\= 58829
\|2020\= 61027
\|estref\={{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019\.html\|date\=May 24, 2020\|title\=Population and Housing Unit Estimates\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=May 27, 2020}}
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010
The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0628168\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403025859/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0628168\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=April 3, 2015\|title\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \- Gardena city\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|access\-date\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Gardena had a population of 58,829\. The population density was {{convert\|10,030\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of Gardena was 14,498 (24\.6%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") (9\.3% Non\-Hispanic White),{{Cite web\|url\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0628168\.html\|title\=Gardena (city) QuickFacts\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=March 10, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317063833/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0628168\.html\|archive\-date\=March 17, 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} 14,352 (24\.4%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 348 (0\.6%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 15,400 (26\.2%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 426 (0\.7%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 11,136 (18\.9%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census"), and 2,669 (4\.5%) from two or more races. There were 22,151 people of [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") origin, of any race (37\.7%).
The Census reported that 58,035 people (98\.7% of the population) lived in households, 122 (0\.2%) lived in non\-institutionalized group quarters, and 672 (1\.1%) were institutionalized.
There were 20,558 households, out of which 7,199 (35\.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 8,782 (42\.7%) were [opposite\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 3,931 (19\.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,486 (7\.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,085 (5\.3%) [unmarried opposite\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ "POSSLQ"), and 104 (0\.5%) [same\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage "Same-sex marriage"). 5,142 households (25\.0%) were made up of individuals, and 1,921 (9\.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.82\. There were 14,199 [families](/wiki/Family_%28US_Census%29 "Family (US Census)") (69\.1% of all households); the average family size was 3\.39\.
The population was spread out, with 13,410 people (22\.8%) under the age of 18, 5,353 people (9\.1%) aged 18 to 24, 16,656 people (28\.3%) aged 25 to 44, 15,086 people (25\.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 8,324 people (14\.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37\.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 92\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89\.8 males.
There were 21,472 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|3,660\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}, of which 9,852 (47\.9%) were owner\-occupied, and 10,706 (52\.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1\.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4\.6%. 28,585 people (48\.6% of the population) lived in owner\-occupied housing units and 29,450 people (50\.1%) lived in rental housing units.
During 2009–2013, Gardena had a median household income of $48,251, with 15\.5% of the population living below the federal poverty line.
### 2000
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web \|url\=https://www.census.gov \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\=January 31, 2008 \|title\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 57,746 people, 20,324 households, and 14,023 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|9,921\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 21,041 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|3,615\.0\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 23\.82% [White](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census"), 25\.99% [Black](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census") or [African American](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census"), 0\.64% [Native American](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census"), 26\.82% [Asian](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census"), 0\.73% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census"), 16\.94% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 5\.05% from two or more races. 31\.82% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census") of any race.
There were 20,324 households, out of which 33\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 18\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\.0% were non\-families. 25\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.80 and the average family size was 3\.38\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25\.8% under the age of 18, 8\.7% from 18 to 24, 32\.3% from 25 to 44, 20\.9% from 45 to 64, and 12\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91\.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $38,988, and the median income for a family was $44,906\. Males had a median income of $32,951 versus $29,908 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $17,263\. About 12\.3% of families and 15\.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 22\.3% of those under age 18 and 10\.1% of those age 65 or over.
[Mexican](/wiki/Mexican_Americans "Mexican Americans") and [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_Americans "Japanese Americans") were the most common ancestries. [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") and [Korea](/wiki/Korea "Korea") were the most common foreign places of birth.{{cite web \| url\=https://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/neighborhood/gardena/index.html \| title\=Gardena }}
### 1980
In 1980, about 31% of the population was Anglo white, 23% was black, 21% was Japanese, and 17% was Latino. The remainder included a Korean community that was increasing in size and Chinese, Filipino, and Native American people. The National Planning Data Corp. released projected figures in 1987 estimating that of the 50,000 residents, 26\.3% were Anglo, 23% were black, 22\.7 were Latino, and 28% were of other racial groups. By 1989, Anglo and Japanese residents tended to live in central and southern Gardena. Middle class black people began to move into the Hollypark area in northern Gardena in the 1960s, so the black population was concentrated there.Goodman, Adrianne. "[toward EQUALITY : EXPLORING A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE : ON THE STREET Where You Live : GARDENA](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-13-ss-1609-story.html)." ([Article information](https://www.proquest.com/docview/280773009) ) *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*. February 13, 1989\. Special Section; Metro Desk p. 8\. "In 1980, Gardena was about 31% Anglo, 23% black, 21% Japanese and 17% Latino. \[...] much of the city's Japanese population was placed in internment camps."
### 1970–1978
According to the 1970 U.S. Census, 56% of the population was White. Racial demographic changes occurred until 1978\. That year, Mayor Edmond J. Russ declared that, according to a special 1978 census, the racial demographics of Gardena had stabilized.Williams, Bob. "[Gardena Stable After Years of Racial Change](https://www.proquest.com/docview/158658337) ." *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*. August 20, 1978\. Centinela\-South Bay p. CS1\. Retrieved on August 30, 2013\. "A special 1978 census portrays Gardena as a stable, integrated and largely middle\-class community after eight years of racial change, according to Mayor Edmond J. Russ." and "The city, which had a 56% Anglo population in 1970, ac\- cording to the 1970 US ... In fact, the Japanese, Chi\- nese, Filipino and other Asian proportions in the\[...]"
#### Japanese Americans
{{see also\|History of the Japanese in Los Angeles}}
[thumb\|Okinawa
Association](/wiki/File:Gardena_California_2024_Feb_02.jpg "Gardena California 2024 Feb 02.jpg")
[thumb\|Buddhist temple](/wiki/File:Gardena_California_2024_Feb_03.jpg "Gardena California 2024 Feb 03.jpg")
Gardena has a large Japanese\-American community.Goodman, Adrianne. "[Teacher Helps Japanese\-Americans Brush Up on Their Heritage](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-24-ga-455-story.html)." *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*. November 24, 1988\. Retrieved on August 30, 2013\. Until 2014, it had the second\-highest concentration of Japanese Americans in any U.S. municipality, the first being [Honolulu](/wiki/Honolulu "Honolulu"). As of 2014, the nearby city of [Torrance](/wiki/Torrance%2C_California "Torrance, California") holds the highest Japanese\-American population in the 48 contiguous states.{{cite news \|title\=Toyota built Torrance into the second\-largest home of Japanese Americans. Now, it's leaving \|publisher\=\[\[Public Radio International]] \|work\=\[\[The World (radio program)\|The World]] \|date\=May 16, 2014 \|first\= Akiko \|last\=Fujita \|access\-date\=October 4, 2016 \|url\=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014\-05\-16/toyota\-built\-torrance\-second\-largest\-home\-japanese\-americans\-now\-its\-leaving}}
The Japanese Cultural Institute (JCI) has been is located in Gardena since 1988, and offers cultural and social activities for Japanese Americans. The building used during that year was completed in 1976\."['Focal Point' for Community : Institute Perpetuates Japanese Culture](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-01-we-4421-story.html)." *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*. September 1, 1988\. Retrieved on August 30, 2013\.
Early in Gardena's history, Japanese migrants played a role in the agrarian economy. The Japanese Association founded the Moneta Japanese Institute in 1911, and the Parents' Association founded the Gardena Japanese School in 1916\."[Gardena Frequently Asked Questions](http://www.colapublib.org/history/gardena/faq.html#q5)." ([Archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20060413081338/http://www.colapublib.org/history/gardena/faq.html#q5)) [County of Los Angeles Public Library](/wiki/County_of_Los_Angeles_Public_Library "County of Los Angeles Public Library"). Retrieved on August 29, 2013\. Beginning in the 1920s, Japanese American organizations, including the *Moneta Gakuen*, were established continuously around the current JCI site. The *Moneta Gakuen* operated a school until the World War II internment.
In 1942 the [U.S. military](/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces "United States Armed Forces") moved the Japanese in Gardena to [internment camps](/wiki/Japanese_American_internment "Japanese American internment").
In 1966, for the first time, a [Nisei](/wiki/Nisei "Nisei"), Kiyoto Ken Nakaoka, was seated on the city council."[Gardena Council Seats Japanese](https://www.proquest.com/docview/155446305) ." *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*. April 24, 1966\. Centinela\-South Bay p. CS1\. Retrieved on August 30, 2013\. "After 35 years of incorporation this city, with a large Japanese population, has a Nisei on the City Council. Kiyoto K. Nakaoka is first Japanese to be elected to Gardena City\[...]" Nakaoka later became Gardena's mayor in 1972\.{{citation \|last\=Yamamoto\|first\=J.K. \|title\=Gardena Mayoral Candidate Ikejiri Emphasizes His Experience \| newspaper\=\[\[Rafu Shimpo]] \|date\=March 3, 2017\|url\=https://rafu.com/2017/03/gardena\-mayoral\-candidate\-ikejiri\-emphasizes\-his\-experience/}} In 1980, the city was 21% Japanese, and {{as of\|1989\|lc\=yes}}, Japanese residents tended to live in the center and south of the city.
#### Korean Americans
{{see also\|History of the Korean Americans in Los Angeles}}
{{As of \|1992}}, about 60% of the Korean population in the [South Bay](/wiki/South_Bay%2C_Los_Angeles "South Bay, Los Angeles") region lived in Gardena and Torrance. By that year, many Korean businesses had been established in Gardena because its commercial land was more affordable than that of Torrance, a middle\-class base, and it also had an established Asian population.{{r\|LAT 1992\-02\-02}} In 1990, 2,857 ethnic Koreans lived in Gardena, a 209% increase from the 1980 figure of 924 ethnic Koreans.{{Cite news\|date\=February 2, 1992\|title\=Presence of Koreans Reshaping the Region : Immigrants: A developing Koreatown in Gardena symbolizes changes a growing population is bringing to the area.\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1992\-02\-02\-me\-1860\-story.html\|access\-date\=July 25, 2021\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times\|last\=Millacan \|first\=Anthony\|language\=en\-US}}
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1940\\= 5909\n\\|1950\\= 14405\n\\|1960\\= 35943\n\\|1970\\= 41021\n\\|1980\\= 45165\n\\|1990\\= 49847\n\\|2000\\= 57746\n\\|2010\\= 58829\n\\|2020\\= 61027\n\\|estref\\={{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019\\.html\\|date\\=May 24, 2020\\|title\\=Population and Housing Unit Estimates\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=May 27, 2020}}\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010",
"The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0628168\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403025859/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0628168\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2015\\|title\\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \\- Gardena city\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Gardena had a population of 58,829\\. The population density was {{convert\\|10,030\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of Gardena was 14,498 (24\\.6%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (9\\.3% Non\\-Hispanic White),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0628168\\.html\\|title\\=Gardena (city) QuickFacts\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317063833/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0628168\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=March 17, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} 14,352 (24\\.4%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 348 (0\\.6%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 15,400 (26\\.2%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 426 (0\\.7%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 11,136 (18\\.9%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\"), and 2,669 (4\\.5%) from two or more races. There were 22,151 people of [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") origin, of any race (37\\.7%).",
"The Census reported that 58,035 people (98\\.7% of the population) lived in households, 122 (0\\.2%) lived in non\\-institutionalized group quarters, and 672 (1\\.1%) were institutionalized.",
"There were 20,558 households, out of which 7,199 (35\\.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 8,782 (42\\.7%) were [opposite\\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 3,931 (19\\.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,486 (7\\.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,085 (5\\.3%) [unmarried opposite\\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ \"POSSLQ\"), and 104 (0\\.5%) [same\\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage \"Same-sex marriage\"). 5,142 households (25\\.0%) were made up of individuals, and 1,921 (9\\.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.82\\. There were 14,199 [families](/wiki/Family_%28US_Census%29 \"Family (US Census)\") (69\\.1% of all households); the average family size was 3\\.39\\.",
"The population was spread out, with 13,410 people (22\\.8%) under the age of 18, 5,353 people (9\\.1%) aged 18 to 24, 16,656 people (28\\.3%) aged 25 to 44, 15,086 people (25\\.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 8,324 people (14\\.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37\\.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 92\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89\\.8 males.",
"There were 21,472 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|3,660\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}, of which 9,852 (47\\.9%) were owner\\-occupied, and 10,706 (52\\.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1\\.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4\\.6%. 28,585 people (48\\.6% of the population) lived in owner\\-occupied housing units and 29,450 people (50\\.1%) lived in rental housing units.",
"During 2009–2013, Gardena had a median household income of $48,251, with 15\\.5% of the population living below the federal poverty line.",
"### 2000",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2008 \\|title\\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 57,746 people, 20,324 households, and 14,023 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|9,921\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 21,041 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|3,615\\.0\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 23\\.82% [White](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\"), 25\\.99% [Black](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\") or [African American](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\"), 0\\.64% [Native American](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\"), 26\\.82% [Asian](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\"), 0\\.73% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\"), 16\\.94% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 5\\.05% from two or more races. 31\\.82% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\") of any race.",
"There were 20,324 households, out of which 33\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 18\\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\\.0% were non\\-families. 25\\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.80 and the average family size was 3\\.38\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 25\\.8% under the age of 18, 8\\.7% from 18 to 24, 32\\.3% from 25 to 44, 20\\.9% from 45 to 64, and 12\\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95\\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91\\.4 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $38,988, and the median income for a family was $44,906\\. Males had a median income of $32,951 versus $29,908 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $17,263\\. About 12\\.3% of families and 15\\.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 22\\.3% of those under age 18 and 10\\.1% of those age 65 or over.",
"[Mexican](/wiki/Mexican_Americans \"Mexican Americans\") and [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_Americans \"Japanese Americans\") were the most common ancestries. [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\") and [Korea](/wiki/Korea \"Korea\") were the most common foreign places of birth.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/neighborhood/gardena/index.html \\| title\\=Gardena }}",
"### 1980",
"In 1980, about 31% of the population was Anglo white, 23% was black, 21% was Japanese, and 17% was Latino. The remainder included a Korean community that was increasing in size and Chinese, Filipino, and Native American people. The National Planning Data Corp. released projected figures in 1987 estimating that of the 50,000 residents, 26\\.3% were Anglo, 23% were black, 22\\.7 were Latino, and 28% were of other racial groups. By 1989, Anglo and Japanese residents tended to live in central and southern Gardena. Middle class black people began to move into the Hollypark area in northern Gardena in the 1960s, so the black population was concentrated there.Goodman, Adrianne. \"[toward EQUALITY : EXPLORING A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE : ON THE STREET Where You Live : GARDENA](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-13-ss-1609-story.html).\" ([Article information](https://www.proquest.com/docview/280773009) ) *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. February 13, 1989\\. Special Section; Metro Desk p. 8\\. \"In 1980, Gardena was about 31% Anglo, 23% black, 21% Japanese and 17% Latino. \\[...] much of the city's Japanese population was placed in internment camps.\"",
"### 1970–1978",
"According to the 1970 U.S. Census, 56% of the population was White. Racial demographic changes occurred until 1978\\. That year, Mayor Edmond J. Russ declared that, according to a special 1978 census, the racial demographics of Gardena had stabilized.Williams, Bob. \"[Gardena Stable After Years of Racial Change](https://www.proquest.com/docview/158658337) .\" *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. August 20, 1978\\. Centinela\\-South Bay p. CS1\\. Retrieved on August 30, 2013\\. \"A special 1978 census portrays Gardena as a stable, integrated and largely middle\\-class community after eight years of racial change, according to Mayor Edmond J. Russ.\" and \"The city, which had a 56% Anglo population in 1970, ac\\- cording to the 1970 US ... In fact, the Japanese, Chi\\- nese, Filipino and other Asian proportions in the\\[...]\"",
"#### Japanese Americans",
"{{see also\\|History of the Japanese in Los Angeles}}\n[thumb\\|Okinawa\nAssociation](/wiki/File:Gardena_California_2024_Feb_02.jpg \"Gardena California 2024 Feb 02.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Buddhist temple](/wiki/File:Gardena_California_2024_Feb_03.jpg \"Gardena California 2024 Feb 03.jpg\")\nGardena has a large Japanese\\-American community.Goodman, Adrianne. \"[Teacher Helps Japanese\\-Americans Brush Up on Their Heritage](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-24-ga-455-story.html).\" *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. November 24, 1988\\. Retrieved on August 30, 2013\\. Until 2014, it had the second\\-highest concentration of Japanese Americans in any U.S. municipality, the first being [Honolulu](/wiki/Honolulu \"Honolulu\"). As of 2014, the nearby city of [Torrance](/wiki/Torrance%2C_California \"Torrance, California\") holds the highest Japanese\\-American population in the 48 contiguous states.{{cite news \\|title\\=Toyota built Torrance into the second\\-largest home of Japanese Americans. Now, it's leaving \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Public Radio International]] \\|work\\=\\[\\[The World (radio program)\\|The World]] \\|date\\=May 16, 2014 \\|first\\= Akiko \\|last\\=Fujita \\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2016 \\|url\\=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014\\-05\\-16/toyota\\-built\\-torrance\\-second\\-largest\\-home\\-japanese\\-americans\\-now\\-its\\-leaving}}",
"The Japanese Cultural Institute (JCI) has been is located in Gardena since 1988, and offers cultural and social activities for Japanese Americans. The building used during that year was completed in 1976\\.\"['Focal Point' for Community : Institute Perpetuates Japanese Culture](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-01-we-4421-story.html).\" *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. September 1, 1988\\. Retrieved on August 30, 2013\\.",
"Early in Gardena's history, Japanese migrants played a role in the agrarian economy. The Japanese Association founded the Moneta Japanese Institute in 1911, and the Parents' Association founded the Gardena Japanese School in 1916\\.\"[Gardena Frequently Asked Questions](http://www.colapublib.org/history/gardena/faq.html#q5).\" ([Archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20060413081338/http://www.colapublib.org/history/gardena/faq.html#q5)) [County of Los Angeles Public Library](/wiki/County_of_Los_Angeles_Public_Library \"County of Los Angeles Public Library\"). Retrieved on August 29, 2013\\. Beginning in the 1920s, Japanese American organizations, including the *Moneta Gakuen*, were established continuously around the current JCI site. The *Moneta Gakuen* operated a school until the World War II internment.",
"In 1942 the [U.S. military](/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces \"United States Armed Forces\") moved the Japanese in Gardena to [internment camps](/wiki/Japanese_American_internment \"Japanese American internment\").",
"In 1966, for the first time, a [Nisei](/wiki/Nisei \"Nisei\"), Kiyoto Ken Nakaoka, was seated on the city council.\"[Gardena Council Seats Japanese](https://www.proquest.com/docview/155446305) .\" *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. April 24, 1966\\. Centinela\\-South Bay p. CS1\\. Retrieved on August 30, 2013\\. \"After 35 years of incorporation this city, with a large Japanese population, has a Nisei on the City Council. Kiyoto K. Nakaoka is first Japanese to be elected to Gardena City\\[...]\" Nakaoka later became Gardena's mayor in 1972\\.{{citation \\|last\\=Yamamoto\\|first\\=J.K. \\|title\\=Gardena Mayoral Candidate Ikejiri Emphasizes His Experience \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Rafu Shimpo]] \\|date\\=March 3, 2017\\|url\\=https://rafu.com/2017/03/gardena\\-mayoral\\-candidate\\-ikejiri\\-emphasizes\\-his\\-experience/}} In 1980, the city was 21% Japanese, and {{as of\\|1989\\|lc\\=yes}}, Japanese residents tended to live in the center and south of the city.",
"#### Korean Americans",
"{{see also\\|History of the Korean Americans in Los Angeles}}\n{{As of \\|1992}}, about 60% of the Korean population in the [South Bay](/wiki/South_Bay%2C_Los_Angeles \"South Bay, Los Angeles\") region lived in Gardena and Torrance. By that year, many Korean businesses had been established in Gardena because its commercial land was more affordable than that of Torrance, a middle\\-class base, and it also had an established Asian population.{{r\\|LAT 1992\\-02\\-02}} In 1990, 2,857 ethnic Koreans lived in Gardena, a 209% increase from the 1980 figure of 924 ethnic Koreans.{{Cite news\\|date\\=February 2, 1992\\|title\\=Presence of Koreans Reshaping the Region : Immigrants: A developing Koreatown in Gardena symbolizes changes a growing population is bringing to the area.\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1992\\-02\\-02\\-me\\-1860\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2021\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times\\|last\\=Millacan \\|first\\=Anthony\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
""
] |
### 2010
The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0628168\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403025859/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0628168\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=April 3, 2015\|title\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \- Gardena city\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|access\-date\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Gardena had a population of 58,829\. The population density was {{convert\|10,030\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of Gardena was 14,498 (24\.6%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") (9\.3% Non\-Hispanic White),{{Cite web\|url\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0628168\.html\|title\=Gardena (city) QuickFacts\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=March 10, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317063833/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0628168\.html\|archive\-date\=March 17, 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} 14,352 (24\.4%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 348 (0\.6%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 15,400 (26\.2%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 426 (0\.7%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 11,136 (18\.9%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census"), and 2,669 (4\.5%) from two or more races. There were 22,151 people of [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") origin, of any race (37\.7%).
The Census reported that 58,035 people (98\.7% of the population) lived in households, 122 (0\.2%) lived in non\-institutionalized group quarters, and 672 (1\.1%) were institutionalized.
There were 20,558 households, out of which 7,199 (35\.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 8,782 (42\.7%) were [opposite\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 3,931 (19\.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,486 (7\.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,085 (5\.3%) [unmarried opposite\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ "POSSLQ"), and 104 (0\.5%) [same\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage "Same-sex marriage"). 5,142 households (25\.0%) were made up of individuals, and 1,921 (9\.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.82\. There were 14,199 [families](/wiki/Family_%28US_Census%29 "Family (US Census)") (69\.1% of all households); the average family size was 3\.39\.
The population was spread out, with 13,410 people (22\.8%) under the age of 18, 5,353 people (9\.1%) aged 18 to 24, 16,656 people (28\.3%) aged 25 to 44, 15,086 people (25\.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 8,324 people (14\.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37\.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 92\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89\.8 males.
There were 21,472 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|3,660\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}, of which 9,852 (47\.9%) were owner\-occupied, and 10,706 (52\.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1\.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4\.6%. 28,585 people (48\.6% of the population) lived in owner\-occupied housing units and 29,450 people (50\.1%) lived in rental housing units.
During 2009–2013, Gardena had a median household income of $48,251, with 15\.5% of the population living below the federal poverty line.
|
[
"### 2010",
"The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0628168\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403025859/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0628168\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2015\\|title\\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \\- Gardena city\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Gardena had a population of 58,829\\. The population density was {{convert\\|10,030\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of Gardena was 14,498 (24\\.6%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (9\\.3% Non\\-Hispanic White),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0628168\\.html\\|title\\=Gardena (city) QuickFacts\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317063833/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0628168\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=March 17, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} 14,352 (24\\.4%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 348 (0\\.6%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 15,400 (26\\.2%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 426 (0\\.7%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 11,136 (18\\.9%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\"), and 2,669 (4\\.5%) from two or more races. There were 22,151 people of [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") origin, of any race (37\\.7%).",
"The Census reported that 58,035 people (98\\.7% of the population) lived in households, 122 (0\\.2%) lived in non\\-institutionalized group quarters, and 672 (1\\.1%) were institutionalized.",
"There were 20,558 households, out of which 7,199 (35\\.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 8,782 (42\\.7%) were [opposite\\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 3,931 (19\\.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,486 (7\\.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,085 (5\\.3%) [unmarried opposite\\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ \"POSSLQ\"), and 104 (0\\.5%) [same\\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage \"Same-sex marriage\"). 5,142 households (25\\.0%) were made up of individuals, and 1,921 (9\\.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.82\\. There were 14,199 [families](/wiki/Family_%28US_Census%29 \"Family (US Census)\") (69\\.1% of all households); the average family size was 3\\.39\\.",
"The population was spread out, with 13,410 people (22\\.8%) under the age of 18, 5,353 people (9\\.1%) aged 18 to 24, 16,656 people (28\\.3%) aged 25 to 44, 15,086 people (25\\.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 8,324 people (14\\.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37\\.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 92\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89\\.8 males.",
"There were 21,472 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|3,660\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}, of which 9,852 (47\\.9%) were owner\\-occupied, and 10,706 (52\\.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1\\.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4\\.6%. 28,585 people (48\\.6% of the population) lived in owner\\-occupied housing units and 29,450 people (50\\.1%) lived in rental housing units.",
"During 2009–2013, Gardena had a median household income of $48,251, with 15\\.5% of the population living below the federal poverty line.",
""
] |
Infrastructure
--------------
### Public services
The [Gardena Office of Economic Development](/wiki/Gardena_Office_of_Economic_Development "Gardena Office of Economic Development") is a department of the city government. It aids employers in filling a variety of jobs customized to their specific needs. It also helps potential employers in setting up business enterprises.
The [Gardena Police Department](/wiki/Gardena_Police_Department "Gardena Police Department") is the primary law enforcement agency in the city. The department has 89 sworn police officers, 24 full\-time support staff, and 33 part\-time employees. There are reserve, volunteer, and explorer programs. The current Chief of Police is Michael Saffell, appointed in 2020\. Radio communications and the 9\-1\-1 call center are handled by the South Bay Regional Public Communications Authority.
The [Los Angeles County Department of Health Services](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Department_of_Health_Services "Los Angeles County Department of Health Services") operates the Curtis Tucker Health Center in [Inglewood](/wiki/Inglewood%2C_California "Inglewood, California") and the Torrance Health Center in Harbor Gateway, Los Angeles, near Torrance and serving Gardena."[Torrance Health Center](http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/phn/docs/HealthCenter/torrance.pdf) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201202645/http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/phn/docs/HealthCenter/torrance.pdf \|date\=February 1, 2015 }}." [Los Angeles County Department of Health Services](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Department_of_Health_Services "Los Angeles County Department of Health Services"). Retrieved on March 18, 2010\."[Curtis Tucker Health Center](http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/phn/docs/HealthCenter/inglewood.pdf)." [Los Angeles County Department of Health Services](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Department_of_Health_Services "Los Angeles County Department of Health Services"). Retrieved on March 18, 2010\.
The [United States Postal Service](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service "United States Postal Service") operates the Gardena Post Office at 1455 West Redondo Beach Boulevard,"[Post Office Location \- GARDENA](https://archive.today/20120715093650/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/15786?p=1&s=CA&service_name=post_office&z=Gardena)." *[United States Postal Service](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service "United States Postal Service")*. Retrieved on December 6, 2008\. the South Gardena Post Office at 1103 West Gardena Boulevard,"[Post Office Location \- SOUTH GARDENA](https://archive.today/20120719112558/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/63390?p=1&s=CA&service_name=post_office&z=Gardena)." *[United States Postal Service](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service "United States Postal Service")*. Retrieved on December 6, 2008\. and the Alondra Post Office at 14028 Van Ness Avenue."[Post Office Location \- ALONDRA](https://archive.today/20120719155048/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/12115?p=1&s=CA&service_name=post_office&z=Gardena)." *[United States Postal Service](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service "United States Postal Service")*. Retrieved on December 6, 2008\.
### Libraries
[thumb\|Gardena branch of [LA County Library](/wiki/LA_County_Library "LA County Library")](/wiki/File:GardenaMaymeDearPublicLibrary.jpg "GardenaMaymeDearPublicLibrary.jpg")
Gardena Mayme Dear Library, a {{convert\|16000\|sqft\|sqm\|adj\=on}} building located in Gardena,"[Gardena Mayme Dear Library](http://www.colapublib.org/libs/gardena/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309233852/http://colapublib.org/libs/gardena/ \|date\=March 9, 2009 }}." *[County of Los Angeles Public Library](/wiki/County_of_Los_Angeles_Public_Library "County of Los Angeles Public Library")*. Retrieved on April 21, 2009\. and Masao W. Satow Library, located west of Gardena in [Alondra Park](/wiki/Alondra_Park%2C_California "Alondra Park, California") (El Camino Village), [unincorporated](/wiki/Unincorporated_area "Unincorporated area") [Los Angeles County](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County "Los Angeles County"),"[Masao W. Satow Library](http://www.colapublib.org/libs/satow/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326161024/http://www.colapublib.org/libs/satow/ \|date\=March 26, 2010 }}." *[County of Los Angeles Public Library](/wiki/County_of_Los_Angeles_Public_Library "County of Los Angeles Public Library")*. Retrieved on April 21, 2009\."[Alondra Park CDP, California](http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US0601150&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606104645/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo\_id\=16000US0601150\&\_bucket\_id\=50\&tree\_id\=420\&context\=saff\&\_lang\=en\&\_sse\=on \|date\=June 6, 2011 }}." [U.S. Census Bureau](/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau "U.S. Census Bureau"). Retrieved on May 5, 2010\. are operated by the [County of Los Angeles Public Library](/wiki/County_of_Los_Angeles_Public_Library "County of Los Angeles Public Library").
Wednesday Progressive Club sponsored the formation of the Gardena Library. In 1913 the Moneta Branch was formed. In 1914 the Gardena Library became a part of the Los Angeles County Free Library system. Due to annexation the library was transferred to the Los Angeles City Library Board. In 1919 the Strawberry Park branch was formed. In August 1951 the Gardena library came back to the county system. In 1958 the Strawberry Park and Moneta branches merged into the West Gardena Branch. The current Gardena library building was dedicated on December 5, 1964\. In 1969 a fire forced the West Gardena branch to go to a new location. The current Satow building, dedicated on February 26, 1977, was named after a [Japanese American](/wiki/Japanese_American "Japanese American") in the community. The Gardena library received its current name on May 30, 1992, and was named after a library volunteer, who had died prior to the renaming.
### Transportation
[thumbnail\|[Rosecrans](/wiki/Rosecrans_%28Los_Angeles_Metro_station%29 "Rosecrans (Los Angeles Metro station)") Metro Silver Line station at Gardena](/wiki/File:Rosecrans_%26_I-110_Metro_Silver_Line_Station-_Picture_5.JPG "Rosecrans & I-110 Metro Silver Line Station- Picture 5.JPG")
The city operates the [GTrans](/wiki/GTrans "GTrans") bus services (formerly as Gardena Municipal Bus Lines).
The [National Transportation Safety Board](/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board "National Transportation Safety Board") operates the Gardena Aviation Field Office in Harbor Gateway, Los Angeles; it is the regional headquarters of the NTSB Aviation Western Region."[Regional Offices: Aviation](https://www.ntsb.gov/abt_ntsb/regions/aviation.htm)." [National Transportation Safety Board](/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board "National Transportation Safety Board"). Retrieved on May 15, 2010\.
|
[
"Infrastructure\n--------------",
"### Public services",
"The [Gardena Office of Economic Development](/wiki/Gardena_Office_of_Economic_Development \"Gardena Office of Economic Development\") is a department of the city government. It aids employers in filling a variety of jobs customized to their specific needs. It also helps potential employers in setting up business enterprises.",
"The [Gardena Police Department](/wiki/Gardena_Police_Department \"Gardena Police Department\") is the primary law enforcement agency in the city. The department has 89 sworn police officers, 24 full\\-time support staff, and 33 part\\-time employees. There are reserve, volunteer, and explorer programs. The current Chief of Police is Michael Saffell, appointed in 2020\\. Radio communications and the 9\\-1\\-1 call center are handled by the South Bay Regional Public Communications Authority.",
"The [Los Angeles County Department of Health Services](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Department_of_Health_Services \"Los Angeles County Department of Health Services\") operates the Curtis Tucker Health Center in [Inglewood](/wiki/Inglewood%2C_California \"Inglewood, California\") and the Torrance Health Center in Harbor Gateway, Los Angeles, near Torrance and serving Gardena.\"[Torrance Health Center](http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/phn/docs/HealthCenter/torrance.pdf) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201202645/http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/phn/docs/HealthCenter/torrance.pdf \\|date\\=February 1, 2015 }}.\" [Los Angeles County Department of Health Services](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Department_of_Health_Services \"Los Angeles County Department of Health Services\"). Retrieved on March 18, 2010\\.\"[Curtis Tucker Health Center](http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/phn/docs/HealthCenter/inglewood.pdf).\" [Los Angeles County Department of Health Services](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Department_of_Health_Services \"Los Angeles County Department of Health Services\"). Retrieved on March 18, 2010\\.",
"The [United States Postal Service](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\") operates the Gardena Post Office at 1455 West Redondo Beach Boulevard,\"[Post Office Location \\- GARDENA](https://archive.today/20120715093650/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/15786?p=1&s=CA&service_name=post_office&z=Gardena).\" *[United States Postal Service](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\")*. Retrieved on December 6, 2008\\. the South Gardena Post Office at 1103 West Gardena Boulevard,\"[Post Office Location \\- SOUTH GARDENA](https://archive.today/20120719112558/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/63390?p=1&s=CA&service_name=post_office&z=Gardena).\" *[United States Postal Service](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\")*. Retrieved on December 6, 2008\\. and the Alondra Post Office at 14028 Van Ness Avenue.\"[Post Office Location \\- ALONDRA](https://archive.today/20120719155048/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/12115?p=1&s=CA&service_name=post_office&z=Gardena).\" *[United States Postal Service](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\")*. Retrieved on December 6, 2008\\.",
"### Libraries",
"[thumb\\|Gardena branch of [LA County Library](/wiki/LA_County_Library \"LA County Library\")](/wiki/File:GardenaMaymeDearPublicLibrary.jpg \"GardenaMaymeDearPublicLibrary.jpg\")\nGardena Mayme Dear Library, a {{convert\\|16000\\|sqft\\|sqm\\|adj\\=on}} building located in Gardena,\"[Gardena Mayme Dear Library](http://www.colapublib.org/libs/gardena/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309233852/http://colapublib.org/libs/gardena/ \\|date\\=March 9, 2009 }}.\" *[County of Los Angeles Public Library](/wiki/County_of_Los_Angeles_Public_Library \"County of Los Angeles Public Library\")*. Retrieved on April 21, 2009\\. and Masao W. Satow Library, located west of Gardena in [Alondra Park](/wiki/Alondra_Park%2C_California \"Alondra Park, California\") (El Camino Village), [unincorporated](/wiki/Unincorporated_area \"Unincorporated area\") [Los Angeles County](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County \"Los Angeles County\"),\"[Masao W. Satow Library](http://www.colapublib.org/libs/satow/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326161024/http://www.colapublib.org/libs/satow/ \\|date\\=March 26, 2010 }}.\" *[County of Los Angeles Public Library](/wiki/County_of_Los_Angeles_Public_Library \"County of Los Angeles Public Library\")*. Retrieved on April 21, 2009\\.\"[Alondra Park CDP, California](http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US0601150&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606104645/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo\\_id\\=16000US0601150\\&\\_bucket\\_id\\=50\\&tree\\_id\\=420\\&context\\=saff\\&\\_lang\\=en\\&\\_sse\\=on \\|date\\=June 6, 2011 }}.\" [U.S. Census Bureau](/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau \"U.S. Census Bureau\"). Retrieved on May 5, 2010\\. are operated by the [County of Los Angeles Public Library](/wiki/County_of_Los_Angeles_Public_Library \"County of Los Angeles Public Library\").",
"Wednesday Progressive Club sponsored the formation of the Gardena Library. In 1913 the Moneta Branch was formed. In 1914 the Gardena Library became a part of the Los Angeles County Free Library system. Due to annexation the library was transferred to the Los Angeles City Library Board. In 1919 the Strawberry Park branch was formed. In August 1951 the Gardena library came back to the county system. In 1958 the Strawberry Park and Moneta branches merged into the West Gardena Branch. The current Gardena library building was dedicated on December 5, 1964\\. In 1969 a fire forced the West Gardena branch to go to a new location. The current Satow building, dedicated on February 26, 1977, was named after a [Japanese American](/wiki/Japanese_American \"Japanese American\") in the community. The Gardena library received its current name on May 30, 1992, and was named after a library volunteer, who had died prior to the renaming.",
"### Transportation",
"[thumbnail\\|[Rosecrans](/wiki/Rosecrans_%28Los_Angeles_Metro_station%29 \"Rosecrans (Los Angeles Metro station)\") Metro Silver Line station at Gardena](/wiki/File:Rosecrans_%26_I-110_Metro_Silver_Line_Station-_Picture_5.JPG \"Rosecrans & I-110 Metro Silver Line Station- Picture 5.JPG\")\nThe city operates the [GTrans](/wiki/GTrans \"GTrans\") bus services (formerly as Gardena Municipal Bus Lines).",
"The [National Transportation Safety Board](/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board \"National Transportation Safety Board\") operates the Gardena Aviation Field Office in Harbor Gateway, Los Angeles; it is the regional headquarters of the NTSB Aviation Western Region.\"[Regional Offices: Aviation](https://www.ntsb.gov/abt_ntsb/regions/aviation.htm).\" [National Transportation Safety Board](/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board \"National Transportation Safety Board\"). Retrieved on May 15, 2010\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
Following postgraduate training, Farber became an Instructor in Pathology at Harvard Medical School in 1929\. That same year, he was also appointed the first full\-time pathologist to be based at [Children's Hospital](/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital "Boston Children's Hospital"), where he became a close mentee and friend of pathologist [Simeon Burt Wolbach](/wiki/Simeon_Burt_Wolbach "Simeon Burt Wolbach"). Farber was an extremely meticulous and precise scientist, and his laboratory become known for its tidiness.
In 1946, Farber was named Chairman of the Staff at the Children's Hospital, where he managed the Medical Center of Children's and envisioned an Institute for Pediatric Pathology which now exists as the Pediatric Research building. Farber was appointed Pathologist\-in\-Chief of the Children's Hospital in 1947 and Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School in 1948\.
In 1973, Farber was presented with the prestigious [ASIP](/wiki/American_Society_for_Investigative_Pathology "American Society for Investigative Pathology") gold\-headed cane award.{{cite journal
\| title\=News: AAPB honors Farber \| journal\=Laboratory Medicine
\| volume\=3 \| issue\=6 \| date\=June 1, 1972 \| pages\=43–44
\| doi\=10\.1093/labmed/3\.6\.43
\| url\=https://academic.oup.com/labmed/article\-abstract/3/6/43/2638296?redirectedFrom\=PDF
\| access\-date\=2024\-02\-24 }} Throughout his career, Farber published more than 270 books and research papers on pediatric pathology, autopsy, and the history of medicine. Many remain classic references today, such as his 1937 book on autopsy methods and techniques titled *The Postmortem Examination*.
### Founder of pediatric pathology
Farber's research was primarily focused on diseases in children and infants. His work at Children's spanned many areas, including [cystic fibrosis](/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis "Cystic fibrosis"), [celiac disease](/wiki/Celiac_disease "Celiac disease"), [infant hyaline membrane disease](/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome "Infant respiratory distress syndrome"), [Eastern equine encephalitis](/wiki/Eastern_equine_encephalitis "Eastern equine encephalitis"), [eosinophilic granuloma](/wiki/Eosinophilic_granuloma "Eosinophilic granuloma"), [meconium ileus](/wiki/Meconium_ileus "Meconium ileus"), and [sudden infant death syndrome](/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome "Sudden infant death syndrome").{{cite journal\|author\=Van Praagh, Richard\|title\=The Farber\-Landing Lecture: Pediatric Pathology—The Clinician's ''Open Sesame'' and Its Importance in Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery\|journal\=Pediatric and Developmental Pathology\|year\=2012\|volume\=15\|issue\=6\|pages\=431–449\|doi\=10\.2350/10\-10\-0924\-OA.1\|pmid\=22877152}} As a result, Farber is now known as a founder of pediatric pathology.
### Father of modern chemotherapy
#### Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Through the mid\- to late\-1940s, childhood [acute lymphoblastic leukemia](/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia") was almost inevitably fatal and little was known about the mechanisms of the disease. Only basic forms of treatment were available, including red blood cell transfusions and antibiotics, leading to survival rates of merely weeks to months after diagnosis. Despite general pessimism in the scientific community towards efforts to cure cancer, Farber became dedicated to the battle against childhood leukemia in 1947 during his assistant professorship at Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
Farber discovered that folic acid plays a key role in the proliferation of cancer cells in leukemias. Realizing this, he attempted to use a folate antagonist, [aminopterin](/wiki/Aminopterin "Aminopterin"), to block the function of folic acid in patients with leukemia in hopes of achieving remission.{{cite web\|author\=Joseph, Simone\|title\=Curing Pediatric Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia\|url\=https://www.hematology.org/About/History/50\-Years/1530\.aspx\|website\=American Society of Hematology\|accessdate\=September 6, 2019}} In 1947, Farber conducted a clinical trial on aminopterin on 16 children, 10 of which eventually achieved temporary remission.{{cite web\|title\=Sidney Farber, MD\|url\=https://www.dana\-farber.org/about\-us/history\-and\-milestones/sidney\-farber,\-md/\|website\=Dana–Farber Cancer Institute\|accessdate\=September 6, 2019}} While many practicing physicians responded to these results with enthusiasm, many scientists expressed disbelief and resistance against the new drug since Farber, a young pathologist at the time, was viewed as presumptuous. However, Farber's discovery marked a breakthrough in cancer research since no drugs had previously been found effective against tumors of the bodily fluids.
While working at Harvard Medical School on a research project funded by a grant from the [American Cancer Society](/wiki/American_Cancer_Society "American Cancer Society"), he carried out both the preclinical and clinical evaluation of [aminopterin](/wiki/Aminopterin "Aminopterin") (synthesized by [Yellapragada Subbarow](/wiki/Yellapragada_Subbarow "Yellapragada Subbarow")). He showed for the first time that induction of clinical and hematological [remission](/wiki/Remission_%28medicine%29 "Remission (medicine)") in this disease was achievable.{{cite journal\|author\=Farber, S., Diamond, L.K., Mercer, R.D., Sylvester, R.F. \& Wolff, J.A.\|title\=Temporary remissions in acute leukemia in children produced by folic acid antagonist, 4\-aminopteroyl\-glutamic acid (aminopterin)\|journal\=\[\[New England Journal of Medicine]]\|year\=1948\|volume\=238\|issue\=23\|doi\=10\.1056/nejm194806032382301\|pmid\=18860765\|pages\=787–793}} These findings promoted Farber as the father of the modern era of chemotherapy for neoplastic disease, having already been recognized for a decade as a founder of modern pediatric pathology.
#### Wilms' tumor
Throughout the 1950s and '60s, Farber continued to make advances in cancer research, notably the 1955 discovery that the antibiotic [actinomycin D](/wiki/Actinomycin_D "Actinomycin D") and post\-operative [radiation therapy](/wiki/Radiation_therapy "Radiation therapy") could produce remission in [Wilms' tumor](/wiki/Wilms%27_tumor "Wilms' tumor"), a pediatric cancer of the kidneys.{{cite journal\|author\=Raffensperger, John\|title\=Max Wilms and his tumor\|journal\=Journal of Pediatric Surgery\|year\=2015\|volume\=50\|issue\=2\|pages\=356–359\|doi\=10\.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014\.10\.054\|pmid\=25638637}} The antibiotic, derived from *Streptomyces parvulus*, was originally offered for free by the Eli Lilly Pharmaceutical Company. Farber and his colleagues published their results on the efficacy of actinomycin D in 1960, and further development of treatment protocols by the National Wilms Tumor Study Group resulted in a 90% survival rate in children with Wilms' tumors by the end of the century.
### Other scientific contributions
In 1939, during his appointment at the Children's Hospital, Farber worked with colleague Jerome S. Harris to publish a classic description of the [transposition of the great blood vessels](/wiki/Transposition_of_the_great_vessels "Transposition of the great vessels") in the heart. This work played a major role in the development and advancement of pediatric [cardiac surgery](/wiki/Cardiac_surgery "Cardiac surgery").
In 1952, Farber described a [lipid storage disease](/wiki/Lipid_storage_disease "Lipid storage disease") that was subsequently named [Farber disease](/wiki/Farber_disease "Farber disease").{{cite journal\|author\=Farber, S.\|title\=A lipid metabolic disorder: disseminated lipogranulomatosis; a syndrome with similarity to, and important difference from, Niemann\-Pick and Hand\-Schüller\-Christian disease\|journal\=\[\[American Journal of Diseases of Children]]\|volume\=84\|issue\=4\|pages\=499–500\|pmid\=12975849\|year\=1952}}
### The Jimmy Fund
Farber began raising funds for cancer research with the [Variety Club](/wiki/Variety_Club "Variety Club") of New England in 1947\. Together they created the Children's Cancer Research Foundation (CCRF), which was one of the first nationwide fundraising efforts to take full advantage of modern media, such as a broadcast of the radio show *[Truth or Consequences](/wiki/Truth_or_Consequences "Truth or Consequences")*. On May 22, 1948, one of the CCRF's first patients to respond to Farber's antifolate, a twelve\-year\-old boy named [Einar Gustafson](/wiki/Einar_Gustafson "Einar Gustafson"), appeared on the show. Despite having [Burkitt lymphoma](/wiki/Burkitt_lymphoma "Burkitt lymphoma"), rather than leukemia, Gustafson (nicknamed 'Jimmy' for publicity purposes) became an inspiration for all pediatric cancer patients and triggered the renaming of the CCRF to the [Jimmy Fund](/wiki/Jimmy_Fund "Jimmy Fund").
The success of the Jimmy Fund led Farber to realize the importance of marketing in the scientific advancement of knowledge about diseases. For the remainder of his career, Farber would extend far beyond his identity as a pathologist and oncologist, becoming not only a clinician but a public cancer research advocate too. This personal transition reflected the shift in society's attitude towards cancer as well; bringing cancer into the public spotlight propelled funding and awareness for cancer research for the remainder of the century and beyond.
### Cancer research advocacy
Beginning in the early 1950s, and continuing until his death in 1973, Farber became a star presenter at Congressional hearings on appropriations for cancer research. A compelling speaker, he was very successful in his efforts. With [Mary Woodard Lasker](/wiki/Mary_Woodard_Lasker "Mary Woodard Lasker"), a longtime advocate of biomedical research, famed surgeon [Michael E. DeBakey](/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey "Michael E. DeBakey"), Senator [J. Lister Hill](/wiki/J._Lister_Hill "J. Lister Hill") of Alabama and Congressman [John E. Fogarty](/wiki/John_E._Fogarty "John E. Fogarty") of Rhode Island, Farber led the drive for a massive expansion in federal spending for cancer research. Between 1957 and 1967, the annual budget of the [National Cancer Institute](/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute "National Cancer Institute"), the government's primary funder of cancer research, jumped from $48 million to $176 million.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.dana\-farber.org/about\-us/history\-and\-milestones/\|title\=History of the Dana\-Farber Institute\|accessdate\=September 6, 2019}}
### Dana–Farber Cancer Institute
In 1974, Farber's CCRF was renamed the Sidney Farber Cancer Center, and again in 1976 to the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute. Long\-term financial support by industrialist [Charles A. Dana](/wiki/Charles_A._Dana_%28philanthropist%29 "Charles A. Dana (philanthropist)") and his foundation was acknowledged by the building of the Charles A. Dana Building in 1978 and the establishment of the Institute's present name of the [Dana–Farber Cancer Institute](/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute "Dana–Farber Cancer Institute") in 1983\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Following postgraduate training, Farber became an Instructor in Pathology at Harvard Medical School in 1929\\. That same year, he was also appointed the first full\\-time pathologist to be based at [Children's Hospital](/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital \"Boston Children's Hospital\"), where he became a close mentee and friend of pathologist [Simeon Burt Wolbach](/wiki/Simeon_Burt_Wolbach \"Simeon Burt Wolbach\"). Farber was an extremely meticulous and precise scientist, and his laboratory become known for its tidiness.",
"In 1946, Farber was named Chairman of the Staff at the Children's Hospital, where he managed the Medical Center of Children's and envisioned an Institute for Pediatric Pathology which now exists as the Pediatric Research building. Farber was appointed Pathologist\\-in\\-Chief of the Children's Hospital in 1947 and Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School in 1948\\.",
"In 1973, Farber was presented with the prestigious [ASIP](/wiki/American_Society_for_Investigative_Pathology \"American Society for Investigative Pathology\") gold\\-headed cane award.{{cite journal\n \\| title\\=News: AAPB honors Farber \\| journal\\=Laboratory Medicine\n \\| volume\\=3 \\| issue\\=6 \\| date\\=June 1, 1972 \\| pages\\=43–44\n \\| doi\\=10\\.1093/labmed/3\\.6\\.43\n \\| url\\=https://academic.oup.com/labmed/article\\-abstract/3/6/43/2638296?redirectedFrom\\=PDF\n \\| access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-24 }} Throughout his career, Farber published more than 270 books and research papers on pediatric pathology, autopsy, and the history of medicine. Many remain classic references today, such as his 1937 book on autopsy methods and techniques titled *The Postmortem Examination*.",
"### Founder of pediatric pathology",
"Farber's research was primarily focused on diseases in children and infants. His work at Children's spanned many areas, including [cystic fibrosis](/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis \"Cystic fibrosis\"), [celiac disease](/wiki/Celiac_disease \"Celiac disease\"), [infant hyaline membrane disease](/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome \"Infant respiratory distress syndrome\"), [Eastern equine encephalitis](/wiki/Eastern_equine_encephalitis \"Eastern equine encephalitis\"), [eosinophilic granuloma](/wiki/Eosinophilic_granuloma \"Eosinophilic granuloma\"), [meconium ileus](/wiki/Meconium_ileus \"Meconium ileus\"), and [sudden infant death syndrome](/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome \"Sudden infant death syndrome\").{{cite journal\\|author\\=Van Praagh, Richard\\|title\\=The Farber\\-Landing Lecture: Pediatric Pathology—The Clinician's ''Open Sesame'' and Its Importance in Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery\\|journal\\=Pediatric and Developmental Pathology\\|year\\=2012\\|volume\\=15\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=431–449\\|doi\\=10\\.2350/10\\-10\\-0924\\-OA.1\\|pmid\\=22877152}} As a result, Farber is now known as a founder of pediatric pathology.",
"### Father of modern chemotherapy",
"#### Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia",
"Through the mid\\- to late\\-1940s, childhood [acute lymphoblastic leukemia](/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia \"Acute lymphoblastic leukemia\") was almost inevitably fatal and little was known about the mechanisms of the disease. Only basic forms of treatment were available, including red blood cell transfusions and antibiotics, leading to survival rates of merely weeks to months after diagnosis. Despite general pessimism in the scientific community towards efforts to cure cancer, Farber became dedicated to the battle against childhood leukemia in 1947 during his assistant professorship at Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School.",
"Farber discovered that folic acid plays a key role in the proliferation of cancer cells in leukemias. Realizing this, he attempted to use a folate antagonist, [aminopterin](/wiki/Aminopterin \"Aminopterin\"), to block the function of folic acid in patients with leukemia in hopes of achieving remission.{{cite web\\|author\\=Joseph, Simone\\|title\\=Curing Pediatric Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia\\|url\\=https://www.hematology.org/About/History/50\\-Years/1530\\.aspx\\|website\\=American Society of Hematology\\|accessdate\\=September 6, 2019}} In 1947, Farber conducted a clinical trial on aminopterin on 16 children, 10 of which eventually achieved temporary remission.{{cite web\\|title\\=Sidney Farber, MD\\|url\\=https://www.dana\\-farber.org/about\\-us/history\\-and\\-milestones/sidney\\-farber,\\-md/\\|website\\=Dana–Farber Cancer Institute\\|accessdate\\=September 6, 2019}} While many practicing physicians responded to these results with enthusiasm, many scientists expressed disbelief and resistance against the new drug since Farber, a young pathologist at the time, was viewed as presumptuous. However, Farber's discovery marked a breakthrough in cancer research since no drugs had previously been found effective against tumors of the bodily fluids.",
"While working at Harvard Medical School on a research project funded by a grant from the [American Cancer Society](/wiki/American_Cancer_Society \"American Cancer Society\"), he carried out both the preclinical and clinical evaluation of [aminopterin](/wiki/Aminopterin \"Aminopterin\") (synthesized by [Yellapragada Subbarow](/wiki/Yellapragada_Subbarow \"Yellapragada Subbarow\")). He showed for the first time that induction of clinical and hematological [remission](/wiki/Remission_%28medicine%29 \"Remission (medicine)\") in this disease was achievable.{{cite journal\\|author\\=Farber, S., Diamond, L.K., Mercer, R.D., Sylvester, R.F. \\& Wolff, J.A.\\|title\\=Temporary remissions in acute leukemia in children produced by folic acid antagonist, 4\\-aminopteroyl\\-glutamic acid (aminopterin)\\|journal\\=\\[\\[New England Journal of Medicine]]\\|year\\=1948\\|volume\\=238\\|issue\\=23\\|doi\\=10\\.1056/nejm194806032382301\\|pmid\\=18860765\\|pages\\=787–793}} These findings promoted Farber as the father of the modern era of chemotherapy for neoplastic disease, having already been recognized for a decade as a founder of modern pediatric pathology.",
"#### Wilms' tumor",
"Throughout the 1950s and '60s, Farber continued to make advances in cancer research, notably the 1955 discovery that the antibiotic [actinomycin D](/wiki/Actinomycin_D \"Actinomycin D\") and post\\-operative [radiation therapy](/wiki/Radiation_therapy \"Radiation therapy\") could produce remission in [Wilms' tumor](/wiki/Wilms%27_tumor \"Wilms' tumor\"), a pediatric cancer of the kidneys.{{cite journal\\|author\\=Raffensperger, John\\|title\\=Max Wilms and his tumor\\|journal\\=Journal of Pediatric Surgery\\|year\\=2015\\|volume\\=50\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=356–359\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014\\.10\\.054\\|pmid\\=25638637}} The antibiotic, derived from *Streptomyces parvulus*, was originally offered for free by the Eli Lilly Pharmaceutical Company. Farber and his colleagues published their results on the efficacy of actinomycin D in 1960, and further development of treatment protocols by the National Wilms Tumor Study Group resulted in a 90% survival rate in children with Wilms' tumors by the end of the century.",
"### Other scientific contributions",
"In 1939, during his appointment at the Children's Hospital, Farber worked with colleague Jerome S. Harris to publish a classic description of the [transposition of the great blood vessels](/wiki/Transposition_of_the_great_vessels \"Transposition of the great vessels\") in the heart. This work played a major role in the development and advancement of pediatric [cardiac surgery](/wiki/Cardiac_surgery \"Cardiac surgery\").",
"In 1952, Farber described a [lipid storage disease](/wiki/Lipid_storage_disease \"Lipid storage disease\") that was subsequently named [Farber disease](/wiki/Farber_disease \"Farber disease\").{{cite journal\\|author\\=Farber, S.\\|title\\=A lipid metabolic disorder: disseminated lipogranulomatosis; a syndrome with similarity to, and important difference from, Niemann\\-Pick and Hand\\-Schüller\\-Christian disease\\|journal\\=\\[\\[American Journal of Diseases of Children]]\\|volume\\=84\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=499–500\\|pmid\\=12975849\\|year\\=1952}}",
"### The Jimmy Fund",
"Farber began raising funds for cancer research with the [Variety Club](/wiki/Variety_Club \"Variety Club\") of New England in 1947\\. Together they created the Children's Cancer Research Foundation (CCRF), which was one of the first nationwide fundraising efforts to take full advantage of modern media, such as a broadcast of the radio show *[Truth or Consequences](/wiki/Truth_or_Consequences \"Truth or Consequences\")*. On May 22, 1948, one of the CCRF's first patients to respond to Farber's antifolate, a twelve\\-year\\-old boy named [Einar Gustafson](/wiki/Einar_Gustafson \"Einar Gustafson\"), appeared on the show. Despite having [Burkitt lymphoma](/wiki/Burkitt_lymphoma \"Burkitt lymphoma\"), rather than leukemia, Gustafson (nicknamed 'Jimmy' for publicity purposes) became an inspiration for all pediatric cancer patients and triggered the renaming of the CCRF to the [Jimmy Fund](/wiki/Jimmy_Fund \"Jimmy Fund\").",
"The success of the Jimmy Fund led Farber to realize the importance of marketing in the scientific advancement of knowledge about diseases. For the remainder of his career, Farber would extend far beyond his identity as a pathologist and oncologist, becoming not only a clinician but a public cancer research advocate too. This personal transition reflected the shift in society's attitude towards cancer as well; bringing cancer into the public spotlight propelled funding and awareness for cancer research for the remainder of the century and beyond.",
"### Cancer research advocacy",
"Beginning in the early 1950s, and continuing until his death in 1973, Farber became a star presenter at Congressional hearings on appropriations for cancer research. A compelling speaker, he was very successful in his efforts. With [Mary Woodard Lasker](/wiki/Mary_Woodard_Lasker \"Mary Woodard Lasker\"), a longtime advocate of biomedical research, famed surgeon [Michael E. DeBakey](/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey \"Michael E. DeBakey\"), Senator [J. Lister Hill](/wiki/J._Lister_Hill \"J. Lister Hill\") of Alabama and Congressman [John E. Fogarty](/wiki/John_E._Fogarty \"John E. Fogarty\") of Rhode Island, Farber led the drive for a massive expansion in federal spending for cancer research. Between 1957 and 1967, the annual budget of the [National Cancer Institute](/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute \"National Cancer Institute\"), the government's primary funder of cancer research, jumped from $48 million to $176 million.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dana\\-farber.org/about\\-us/history\\-and\\-milestones/\\|title\\=History of the Dana\\-Farber Institute\\|accessdate\\=September 6, 2019}}",
"### Dana–Farber Cancer Institute",
"In 1974, Farber's CCRF was renamed the Sidney Farber Cancer Center, and again in 1976 to the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute. Long\\-term financial support by industrialist [Charles A. Dana](/wiki/Charles_A._Dana_%28philanthropist%29 \"Charles A. Dana (philanthropist)\") and his foundation was acknowledged by the building of the Charles A. Dana Building in 1978 and the establishment of the Institute's present name of the [Dana–Farber Cancer Institute](/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute \"Dana–Farber Cancer Institute\") in 1983\\.",
""
] |
Operational history
-------------------
### World War II
Upon the breakout from the Normandy hedgerows during [Operation Cobra](/wiki/Operation_Cobra "Operation Cobra"), V Corps Artillery sped across France with V Corps' armored formations. During the autumn of 1944, V Corps Artillery participated in the bloody battle through the Huertgen Forest. During the winter of 1944 and 1945, V Corps Artillery fought with distinction in the Battle of the Bulge, holding the North Shoulder in the Ardennes to defeat Hitler's last major counteroffensive of the war. During the desperate fighting in the Ardennes, V Corps Artillery fired thousands of rounds fused with the VT fuse for the first time in the history of warfare with devastating effect on German infantry and artillery. By the spring of 1945, V Corps Artillery significantly contributed to the conquest of the Third Reich, helping to secure the greatest military victory in the history of the United States.
### Cold War
V Corps Artillery (ten field artillery battalions between two brigades) returned to Germany in 1951 where it trained to defend the Fulda Gap, contributing to the deterrence of Soviet aggression during the Cold War. V Corps Artillery remained forward deployed throughout the Cold War, and continued to be headquartered out of Germany after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the demise of the Soviet Bloc. During the Cold War the command consisted of the 41st and 42nd Field Artillery Brigades.
### War on Terrorism
V Corps Artillery entered combat again during the [United States invasion of Iraq](/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Iraq "United States invasion of Iraq"), firing the initial artillery barrages of the war on 20 March 2003\. V Corps Artillery units fired 414 missiles, 857 rockets, and over 18,500 cannon projectiles during major combat operations. The V Corps Artillery headquarters commanded seven artillery brigades during the first year of Operation Iraqi Freedom. For the first time in US military history, V Corp Artillery units fired the Army Tactical Missile System Block 1A and Unitary missiles with devastating effect on elite Iraqi formations, completing the seizure of Iraq within 21 days. V Corps Artillery directed the firing of the Sense and Destroy Armored munitions ([SADARM](/wiki/SADARM "SADARM")) for the first time in combat during OIF. Throughout the ongoing occupation and civil/military administration of Iraq, V Corps Artillery soldiers ran [Combined Joint Task Force 7](/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_7 "Combined Joint Task Force 7")'s Joint Visitors Bureau. Many staff members and soldiers were tasked to support the initial standup of Combined Joint Task Force 7 (CJTF\-7\) at Camp Victory in Baghdad (On 14 May 2004, CJTF\-7 was split into two organizations, Multi\-National Force Iraq (MNF\-I) and Multi\-National Corps Iraq (MNC\-I)).
The contributions of V Corps Artillery to CJTF\-7 through the Joint Fires and Effects Coordination Cell and Force Field Artillery Headquarters were integral during the initial stages of the war when small arms and mortar attacks were prevalent and improvised explosive device (IED) use had not yet reached the later more significant levels. Additionally, V Corps Artillery led the dangerous mission disposing of over 16,000 tons of enemy munitions as Task Force BULLET in support of counterinsurgency operations in the most ambitious US led nation building scheme in world history. Unfortunately, soldiers were killed and injured during Task Force Bullet as the mission required collecting unexploded ordnance (UXO) of varying degrees of stability from all over Iraq and transporting them to destruction sites. After returning from Iraq the [41st Field Artillery Brigade](/wiki/41st_Field_Artillery_Brigade "41st Field Artillery Brigade") disbanded in late June 2005, and its last subordinate battalion 1–27 FA (MLRS) was transferred to the 1st Armored Division where it was inactivated the following year.
V Corps Artillery distinguished itself while deployed as a part of [Multi\-National Corps – Iraq](/wiki/Multi-National_Corps_%E2%80%93_Iraq "Multi-National Corps – Iraq") (MNC\-I) from 17 January 2006 to 14 December 2006 during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) 05–07\. V Corps Artillery performed duties as the Joint Fires and Effects Coordination Cell and Force Field Artillery Headquarters, coordinating hundreds of critical tasks across the Corps' area of operation in pursuit of MNC\-I's operational objectives. As the MNC\-I Joint Fires and Effects Coordination Cell (JFECC), V Corps Artillery coordinated and synchronized all of the lethal and non\-lethal effects across the Corps' lines of operation. The JFECC efficiently performed diverse tasks not associated with the traditional mission set of the field artillery from tracking reconstruction projects and instituting economic reforms to assessing Iraqi governmental control at the provincial level to managing air support requests and coordinating the distribution of close air support assets within theater to initiating and maintaining sensitive dialog with religious and community leaders to conducting information operations to coordinating kinetic operations against key insurgent leaders. VCA redeployed to Germany on 13 December 2006\. The VCA received the Joint Meritorious Unit Award for its service from 17 January – 14 December 2006 in Operation Iraqi Freedom 05–07\.
|
[
"Operational history\n-------------------",
"### World War II",
"Upon the breakout from the Normandy hedgerows during [Operation Cobra](/wiki/Operation_Cobra \"Operation Cobra\"), V Corps Artillery sped across France with V Corps' armored formations. During the autumn of 1944, V Corps Artillery participated in the bloody battle through the Huertgen Forest. During the winter of 1944 and 1945, V Corps Artillery fought with distinction in the Battle of the Bulge, holding the North Shoulder in the Ardennes to defeat Hitler's last major counteroffensive of the war. During the desperate fighting in the Ardennes, V Corps Artillery fired thousands of rounds fused with the VT fuse for the first time in the history of warfare with devastating effect on German infantry and artillery. By the spring of 1945, V Corps Artillery significantly contributed to the conquest of the Third Reich, helping to secure the greatest military victory in the history of the United States.",
"### Cold War",
"V Corps Artillery (ten field artillery battalions between two brigades) returned to Germany in 1951 where it trained to defend the Fulda Gap, contributing to the deterrence of Soviet aggression during the Cold War. V Corps Artillery remained forward deployed throughout the Cold War, and continued to be headquartered out of Germany after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the demise of the Soviet Bloc. During the Cold War the command consisted of the 41st and 42nd Field Artillery Brigades.",
"### War on Terrorism",
"V Corps Artillery entered combat again during the [United States invasion of Iraq](/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Iraq \"United States invasion of Iraq\"), firing the initial artillery barrages of the war on 20 March 2003\\. V Corps Artillery units fired 414 missiles, 857 rockets, and over 18,500 cannon projectiles during major combat operations. The V Corps Artillery headquarters commanded seven artillery brigades during the first year of Operation Iraqi Freedom. For the first time in US military history, V Corp Artillery units fired the Army Tactical Missile System Block 1A and Unitary missiles with devastating effect on elite Iraqi formations, completing the seizure of Iraq within 21 days. V Corps Artillery directed the firing of the Sense and Destroy Armored munitions ([SADARM](/wiki/SADARM \"SADARM\")) for the first time in combat during OIF. Throughout the ongoing occupation and civil/military administration of Iraq, V Corps Artillery soldiers ran [Combined Joint Task Force 7](/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_7 \"Combined Joint Task Force 7\")'s Joint Visitors Bureau. Many staff members and soldiers were tasked to support the initial standup of Combined Joint Task Force 7 (CJTF\\-7\\) at Camp Victory in Baghdad (On 14 May 2004, CJTF\\-7 was split into two organizations, Multi\\-National Force Iraq (MNF\\-I) and Multi\\-National Corps Iraq (MNC\\-I)).",
"The contributions of V Corps Artillery to CJTF\\-7 through the Joint Fires and Effects Coordination Cell and Force Field Artillery Headquarters were integral during the initial stages of the war when small arms and mortar attacks were prevalent and improvised explosive device (IED) use had not yet reached the later more significant levels. Additionally, V Corps Artillery led the dangerous mission disposing of over 16,000 tons of enemy munitions as Task Force BULLET in support of counterinsurgency operations in the most ambitious US led nation building scheme in world history. Unfortunately, soldiers were killed and injured during Task Force Bullet as the mission required collecting unexploded ordnance (UXO) of varying degrees of stability from all over Iraq and transporting them to destruction sites. After returning from Iraq the [41st Field Artillery Brigade](/wiki/41st_Field_Artillery_Brigade \"41st Field Artillery Brigade\") disbanded in late June 2005, and its last subordinate battalion 1–27 FA (MLRS) was transferred to the 1st Armored Division where it was inactivated the following year.",
"V Corps Artillery distinguished itself while deployed as a part of [Multi\\-National Corps – Iraq](/wiki/Multi-National_Corps_%E2%80%93_Iraq \"Multi-National Corps – Iraq\") (MNC\\-I) from 17 January 2006 to 14 December 2006 during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) 05–07\\. V Corps Artillery performed duties as the Joint Fires and Effects Coordination Cell and Force Field Artillery Headquarters, coordinating hundreds of critical tasks across the Corps' area of operation in pursuit of MNC\\-I's operational objectives. As the MNC\\-I Joint Fires and Effects Coordination Cell (JFECC), V Corps Artillery coordinated and synchronized all of the lethal and non\\-lethal effects across the Corps' lines of operation. The JFECC efficiently performed diverse tasks not associated with the traditional mission set of the field artillery from tracking reconstruction projects and instituting economic reforms to assessing Iraqi governmental control at the provincial level to managing air support requests and coordinating the distribution of close air support assets within theater to initiating and maintaining sensitive dialog with religious and community leaders to conducting information operations to coordinating kinetic operations against key insurgent leaders. VCA redeployed to Germany on 13 December 2006\\. The VCA received the Joint Meritorious Unit Award for its service from 17 January – 14 December 2006 in Operation Iraqi Freedom 05–07\\.",
""
] |
Battle
------
### Naval battle of Guantánamo Bay
The first successful U.S. foray against Guantánamo Bay occurred on 6 June, with the arrival of the [unprotected cruiser](/wiki/Unprotected_cruiser "Unprotected cruiser") {{USS\|Marblehead\|C\-11\|6}}, captained by [Commander](/wiki/Commander "Commander") [Bowman H. McCalla](/wiki/Bowman_H._McCalla "Bowman H. McCalla"), and the [auxiliary cruisers](/wiki/Auxiliary_cruiser "Auxiliary cruiser") {{USS\|St. Louis\|1894\|6}} and {{USS\|Yankee\|1892\|2}}, commanded by [Willard H. Brownson](/wiki/Willard_H._Brownson "Willard H. Brownson"). Commander McCalla had been detached by Admiral Sampson from the blockading fleet at Santiago and ordered to reconnoiter the bay for a naval base. The captain of *St. Louis* was to cut the cables which had their terminus in a small station on Fisherman's Point, and connected Cuba with [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti "Haiti") and the outside world.
On a previous occasion, *St. Louis*, on a similar mission, had been driven from the bay by the Spanish gunboat *Sandoval*. This time, as the three warships came into the bay at dawn, Spanish soldiers clustered about the blockhouse on the hill known today as McCalla Hill. The blockhouse and the village were speedily cleared by fire from *Marblehead*{{'}}s six\-pounder gun, along with a single {{convert\|5\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} [shell](/wiki/Shell_%28projectile%29 "Shell (projectile)"). The Spanish gunboats *Alvarado* and *Sandoval* came down the channel from Caimanera to meet the attack but retired precipitately on discovering the caliber of guns against them. The one cannon of the fort on Cayo del Toro opened fire on *Marblehead* without effect until it was silenced.
The telegraph cables leading east to [Cap\-Haïtien](/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien "Cap-Haïtien"), west to Santiago, and the small cable in the bay connecting Caimanera and Guantánamo City with Cap\-Haïtien were all successfully cut, and from 7 June to 5 July the town of Guantánamo had no communication with the outside world.
Upon returning to the blockading fleet from the reconnaissance, *Marblehead* carried two Cuban officers who had been brought off to the ship from Leeward Point (the western side) of Guantánamo Bay. They had been sent to Admiral Sampson by General [Calixto García](/wiki/Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa "Calixto García") (the same who figured with U.S. [Lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant "Lieutenant") Rowan in the famous "[A Message to Garcia](/wiki/A_Message_to_Garcia "A Message to Garcia")") to report that the Cuban forces, whose outposts occupied positions on the coast from the mouth of the Yateras to a point {{convert\|15\|mi\|km\|abbr\=on}} west of Santiago were at the disposition of the U.S. [Commander\-in\-Chief](/wiki/Commander-in-Chief "Commander-in-Chief"). Commander McCalla thereafter maintained close liaison with General [Pedro Pérez](/wiki/Pedro_P%C3%A9rez "Pedro Pérez"), commanding the Cuban forces around Guantánamo City, through the latter's [Chief of Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff "Chief of Staff"), [Colonel](/wiki/Colonel "Colonel") Vieta, and thus received valuable advice and assistance.Murphy, Marion E., *The History of Guantanamo Bay*, US Naval Base Guantanamo Bay, (1953\), pp. 3–4
### Marine assault landing
[200px\|left\|thumb\|Aerial view of Guantánamo Bay](/wiki/Image:Gitmo_Aerial.jpg "Gitmo Aerial.jpg")
With the decision to establish a base at Guantánamo Bay, the [First Battalion](/wiki/Battalion "Battalion") of [Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps"), consisting of six companies of around 650 men (four infantry and one artillery company), was ordered to proceed in the converted transport {{USS\|Panther\|1889\|6}}, and join the fleet off Santiago.Daugherty, Leo J., *Pioneers of Amphibious Warfare, 1898–1945: Profiles of Fourteen American Military Strategists*, McFarland Press, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-7864\-3394\-0}} (2009\), pp. 23–31 The First Battalion, under the command of Lt. Col. Robert W. Huntington USMC, had been undergoing battalion exercises while awaiting orders at [Key West](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Key_West%23History "Naval Air Station Key West#History"). *USS Panther* reached Santiago on 9 June 1898\. That same day, in advance of the battalion landing, Navy Commander Bowman H. McCalla of the {{USS\|Marblehead\|C\-11\|6}}, the officer in command of the landings, approved a camp site selected for the Marines by Lt. Col. Huntington. The site selected was a flat ridge on top of a hill, above the village on Fisherman's Point, and designated Camp McCalla. In addition to an artillery company equipped with a battery of four 3\-inch rapid\-firing artillery pieces and two [Model 1895 Colt–Browning](/wiki/M1895_Colt%E2%80%93Browning_machine_gun "M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun") machine guns, each marine was equipped with the Navy's new rapid\-firing magazine rifle, the [Model 1895 Lee Navy](/wiki/M1895_Lee_Navy "M1895 Lee Navy"). Both the Colt machine gun and the Lee rifles used a new high\-velocity smokeless powder cartridge, the [6 mm Lee Navy](/wiki/6mm_Lee_Navy "6mm Lee Navy").
The Marine battalion landed unopposed on 10 June with four of its six companies,Keeler, Frank and Tyson, Carolyn A. (ed.), *The Journal of Frank Keeler, 1898*, (ed., with Appendix) Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Letters Series, No. 1, Training and Education Command, (1967\) leaving A company and F company (the artillery company) aboard to unload the ship, as Commander Reiter, the captain of the *Panther*, had refused to authorize the use of ship's personnel for unloading duties. Reiter also refused to permit the unloading of the remainder of the Marines' small arms ammunition, claiming that it was needed as ship's ballast. Lt. Col. Huntington sought assistance from Commander McCalla, who ordered Reiter to release the Marines' ammunition at once: "Sir, break out immediately and land with the crew of *Panther*, 50,000 rounds of 6\-mm. ammunition," McCalla ordered. "In the future, do not require Colonel Huntington to break out or land his stores with members of his command. Use your own officers and men for this purpose, and supply the Commanding Officer of Marines promptly with anything he may desire."Keene, R.R., "The Battle for Cuzco Well", *Leatherneck Magazine*, September 1998, p. 22
The Marines burned crude huts of the village and the remains of the [blockhouse](/wiki/Blockhouse "Blockhouse") with all their contents to avoid the possibility of [yellow fever](/wiki/Yellow_fever "Yellow fever"). The Spanish had fled in such a hurry that clothing, money, jewelry and weapons had been left behind. The battalion raised the American flag, the first U.S. military unit to do so on Cuban soil, and sent out detachments for outpost duty.
Lt. Col. Huntington ordered Company C to occupy a 150\-ft tall hill located some distance from the main Marine position, and which could not be supported by the main body at Camp McCalla. Two forward outposts were established, one at a road junction located several hundred yards ahead of the camp and known as the "Crossroads", and one called "The Bridge" placed across a road a mile and a half from the American camp, where Spanish forces bringing artillery from Caimanera were expected. With the sea at their backs, a lack of mutual support between outposts, and the [thorny scrub](/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands "Deserts and xeric shrublands") and [cacti](/wiki/Cactus "Cactus") of the arid hills stretching in a dense tangle before them, the Marines had a less\-than\-ideal tactical position. Commander McCalla pointed out to Lt. Col. Huntington that his outposts were too far forward and could not be seen or supported in the dense undergrowth between the outposts and the main camp. Three of the companies stacked arms and returned to the ship to help with unloading operations. Shortly after sundown, the Marines had their first meal of coffee and [hardtack](/wiki/Hardtack "Hardtack"). Soon afterwards the first alarm came. Voices were heard and lights seen in the thicket, but no attack came that night. Spanish forces defending the area were desperately short of food, and delayed attacking until the Marines had completed unloading their stores in hopes of seizing the American supplies.
By daybreak, the Marines had completed unloading their stores and equipment, though the artillery pieces and their ammunition were left aboard ship. The remaining companies of the battalion came ashore, and Company C was withdrawn from its isolated hill outpost. The only sound in the thickets was the cooing of [mourning doves](/wiki/Mourning_dove "Mourning dove"), a sound which Marines would later learn was a favorite signal call used by Spanish loyalist guerrilla forces.
Lt. Col. Huntington was joined in the afternoon by [Colonel Laborde](/wiki/Colonel_Laborde "Colonel Laborde") of the Cuban army, who for several days had been with Commander McCalla as pilot on *Marblehead*, and now had been sent ashore to assist the Marines and provide intelligence about the enemy.
Laborde reported the major Spanish force in the area had its headquarters at the "Well of Cuzco", {{convert\|2\|mi\|km\|abbr\=on}} southeast of Fisherman's Point. The [well](/wiki/Water_well "Water well") provided the only fresh water in the area. This occupying force of about 500 soldiers and guerrillas, joined by the troops driven from the blockhouse on the bay, constituted the gravest threat to the U.S. base of operations. Laborde noted that seizing Cuzco Well and destroying it would inevitably force Spanish forces to retreat all the way to Ciudad Guantánamo (Guantánamo City).
As they spoke, firing began in the thicket in front of their position. Lt. Col. Huntington led most of his command forward. However, the thorny tangle of trees, underbrush, and cactus forced him to proceed with only one company.
### Battle of Camp McCalla
[thumb\|Gallant defense of Camp McCalla, June 11](/wiki/File:Hero_tales_of_the_American_soldier_and_sailor_as_told_by_the_heroes_themselves_and_their_comrades%3B_the_unwritten_history_of_American_chivalry_%281899%29_%2814783903115%29.jpg "Hero tales of the American soldier and sailor as told by the heroes themselves and their comrades; the unwritten history of American chivalry (1899) (14783903115).jpg")
Although Huntington was now assured of naval gunfire support, Camp McCalla was tactically unsound. No attack had been expected, so no trenches were dug. The Marines' artillery had not even been sent ashore.Titherington, Richard H., *Our War With Spain*, Munsey's Magazine, October 1898 – March 1899, New York: Frank A. Munsey, Publisher, p. 907 Located on the sands of the open beach, the Marine campsite proved an ideal target for snipers concealed in the brush.
At daybreak (05:00\) on Saturday, 11 June, Spanish guerrillas opened fire on the Marines at Camp McCalla from the surrounding brush. Firing a fusillade from their rapid\-firing [Mauser rifles](/wiki/Mauser%23Spanish_M93 "Mauser#Spanish M93"), the guerrillas advanced towards the camp. After heavy fighting, and supported by the reserve company (Company C) the Marines drove the enemy back into the bush, pursuing the enemy until the chase was abandoned at dark. Two pickets on outpost duty, Privates William Dumphy and James McColgan, who were posted as an early\-warning patrol 100 yards ahead of the "Crossroads" forward outpost were later found dead, shot and cut numerous times in the face and body. Their weapons, shoes, belts, and part of their clothing had been taken.
This was the beginning of what Huntington's executive officer, Major Henry Clay Cochrane, later called "its 100 hours of fighting". At Camp McCalla, the Marines dug in and began firing at the concealed Spaniards, aided by three 3\-inch field pieces and two additional 6 mm Colt–Browning machine guns which had been landed on 12 June by the {{USS\|Texas\|1892\|6}}.Venzon, Anne, *General Smedley Darlington Butler: Letters of a Leatherneck 1898–1931*, Greenwood Publishing Co, (1992\), {{ISBN\|0\-275\-94141\-8}}, p. 8: The {{USS\|Texas\|1892\|6}} landed three 3\-inch (75 mm) field pieces and two additional M1895 Colt–Browning machine guns on June 12, the latter procured from the ship's own armory. Gunfire from *Marblehead* passed overhead and impacted in the nearby hills. Wearing large palm leaves tied to their uniforms for camouflage, and firing smokeless powder cartridges, the Spanish forces were difficult to locate as they moved from bush to bush in the dense undergrowth.
On the evening of 12 June, enemy forces came within fifty yards of Camp McCalla, and a desperate firefight began.Titherington, Richard H., *Our War With Spain*, Munsey's Magazine, October 1898 – March 1899, New York: Frank A. Munsey, Publisher, pp. 907–908 Marines responded with their [Lee straight\-pull](/wiki/M1895_Lee_Navy "M1895 Lee Navy") rifles, along with machine gun and artillery fire from the Marine 3\-inch field pieces. Perhaps deterred by the intense artillery and machine gun fire, the Spanish did not attempt to overrun the camp. Acting Assistant [Surgeon](/wiki/Surgery "Surgery") John Blair Gibbs and [Sergeant](/wiki/Sergeant "Sergeant") Charles H. Smith were both killed in this exchange of fire. Marines later found several blood trails, but no bodies, as the guerrillas removed their wounded and dead to conceal their casualty figures.
The next day, the Marines were reinforced by about 60 Cubans under [Lieutenant Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel "Lieutenant Colonel") Enrique Thomas. The Cubans had been equipped with rifles and white duck sailor uniforms by Commander McCalla from the USS *Marblehead*. Familiar with guerrilla tactics, the Cuban insurgents deployed in pairs in front of the camp, burning the brush and undergrowth as they advanced, thus denying to the enemy of cover. The *Marblehead*, which had provided shore bombardment on several occasions, steamed down the coast and shelled the well at Cuzco. Nevertheless, the Spanish attack was resumed at dusk, and two more Marines—acting [Sergeant Major](/wiki/Sergeant_Major "Sergeant Major") Henry Good and [Private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29 "Private (rank)") Goode Taurman—were killed.
By nightfall on 13 June, the Marines were exhausted. They had not slept nor rested for 100 hours. Relief or reinforcements was impossible, since U.S. Army troops had yet to leave the U.S. The fighting continued for two more days.
### Battle of Cuzco Well
Lt Col. Thomas of the Cuban rebel forces advised Colonel Huntington to attack the Spanish garrison at Cuzco Well, consisting of four companies of Spanish infantry and two companies of loyalist guerrilla forces totaling some 500 men.Keene, R.R., "This Day in USMC History: June 14, 1898: The Battle For Cuzco Well", *Leatherneck Magazine*, Vol. 29 (September 1998\) By capturing and destroying the only nearby source of fresh water, it was hoped that the defending Spanish forces would be forced to leave the area. Commander McCalla approved the plans, and the attack was scheduled for 08:00 the next day.
Marine companies C and D, about 160 men, under [Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28U.S._Marine_Corps%29 "Captain (U.S. Marine Corps)") [George F. Elliott](/wiki/George_F._Elliott "George F. Elliott"), a future [Commandant of the Marine Corps](/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps "Commandant of the United States Marine Corps"), joined by the fifty Cubans under Lt. Col. Thomas, would approach Cuzco along the cliffs by the sea. A smaller Marine force would advance by an inland valley, holding a picket line for the main force, with men in reserve to assist if necessary. The gunboat {{USS\|Dolphin\|PG\-24\|6}} was assigned to support the attack from sea.
The day was already hot when the combined U.S.\-Cuban force began its march on 14 June. Colonel Laborde guided the main force, and a Cuban scout named Polycarpio guided a smaller force led by 2nd Lt. Magill. The march was slowed by rough terrain, vicious undergrowth, and increasing heat; at one point, the captains of Companies C and D in the main column had fallen behind owing to heat exhaustion. It was almost 11:00 when the main force reached the steep, horseshoe\-shaped hill around Cuzco valley; the commanders of Companies C and D rejoined their units fifteen minutes later.
About the same time, the Cubans, who were marching ahead of the Marine companies, were spotted by the enemy. A race for the crest of the hill began. The Marines and the Cubans reached the summit first, under heavy fire from the Spanish and guerrillas. The smaller Marine force approached on the double, using their 6 mm (0\.236\-inch) [Lee rifles](/wiki/M1895_Lee_Navy "M1895 Lee Navy") to pour a deadly [crossfire](/wiki/Crossfire "Crossfire") on the enemy [flank](/wiki/Flanking_maneuver "Flanking maneuver"). Three of the four [M1895 Colt–Browning machine guns](/wiki/M1895_Colt%E2%80%93Browning_machine_gun "M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun") accompanying the Marines were used by Company C in the fighting.Sumrall, Al, *[The Colt Model 1895 Automatic Machine Gun](http://www.spanamwar.com/Coltmachinegun.htm)* According to Pvt. John Clifford of Company D, the machine guns were instrumental in supporting the Marine assault.Clifford, John H., *History of The First Battalion of US Marines* (1930\), Box 15, Cochrane Collection (PC\# 1\), Marine Corps Historical Center (MCHC), Washington, D.C. This was the first known tactical use of machine gun fire for mobile fire support in offensive combat.
The light weight of the Marines' new 6mm Lee cartridgeSage, William H. (Maj.), and Clark, H.C. (Capt.) (ed.), *Journal of the United States Infantry Association*, Washington, D.C.: United States Infantry Association, Vol. IV, No. 4 (January 1908\), p. 520: 220 6 mm Lee Navy cartridges weighed approximately the same as 160 cartridges in .30 Army caliber. proved to be of considerable benefit, allowing each Marine and machine gun crew to transport large amounts of ammunition over the mountainous, jungled terrain.Converse, George A. (Commander) et al, *Annual Report to the Secretary of the Navy: Report of Naval Small Arms Board, May 15, 1895*, Washington, D.C.: United States Navy Dept. (1895\), p. 309: The basic combat ammunition load of an 1898 naval bluejacket or marine was 160 rounds of 6mm ammunition, carried in four lightweight cartridge boxes attached to the belt. Outfitted in this manner, a marine could carry 60–100% more rifle ammunition on his person than the typical Army trooper.Keeler, Frank, p. 16: "We were ordered to fill our belts and canteens..." Midway through the battle, the Cuban rebel forces ran out of 6 mm cartridges, and were resupplied with an additional six clips (30 cartridges) from the belts of individual Marines, yet none of the Americans ran short of ammunition, despite firing some sixty shots apiece in the battle.Keeler, Frank and Tyson, Carolyn A. (ed.), *The Journal of Frank Keeler, 1898: Report of Captain G.F. Elliott*, (ed., with Appendix) Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Letters Series, No. 1, Training and Education Command, (1967\), p. 46
During this portion of the fighting, Captain Elliott had requested that *Dolphin* provide fire support to the Marines by shelling the Spanish blockhouse and nearby positions with her naval guns. Through a miscommunication of signals, however, the gunboat began unknowingly dropping shells in the direct path of a small force of fifty marines and ten Cuban irregulars led by 2nd Lt. Magill, who was attempting to flank the Spanish position and potentially cut off any avenue of retreat. Affixing his handkerchief to a long stick and braving the Spanish fire, Sergeant [John H. Quick](/wiki/John_H._Quick "John H. Quick") took up an exposed position on the ridge to immediately [wigwag a flag signal](/wiki/Wigwag_%28flag_signals%29 "Wigwag (flag signals)") to *Dolphin* to adjust her gunfire. War Correspondent [Stephen Crane](/wiki/Stephen_Crane "Stephen Crane"), who had accompanied the Marines, later described the scene in his war tale "Marines Signaling Under Fire at Guantanamo":
> "Sergeant Quick arose, and announced that he was a signalman. He produced from somewhere a blue polka\-dot neckerchief as large as a quilt. He tied it on a long, crooked stick. Then he went to the top of the ridge, and turning his back to the Spanish fire, began to signal to the *Dolphin*. Again we gave a man sole possession of a particular part of the ridge. We didn't want it. He could have it and welcome. If the young sergeant had had the smallpox, the cholera, and the yellow fever, we could not have slid out with more celerity.
> As men have said often, it seemed as if there was in this war a God of Battles who held His mighty hand before the Americans. As I looked at Sergeant Quick wig\-wagging there against the sky, I would not have given a tin tobacco\-tag for his life. Escape for him seemed impossible. It seemed absurd to hope that he would not be hit; I only hoped that he would be hit just a little, in the arm, the shoulder, or the leg.
> I watched his face, and it was as grave and serene as that of a man writing in his own library. He was the very embodiment of tranquillity in occupation. He stood there amid the animal\-like babble of the Cubans, the crack of rifles, and the whistling snarl of the bullets, and wig\-wagged whatever he had to wig\-wag without heeding anything but his business. There was not a single trace of nervousness or haste.
> To say the least, a fight at close range is absorbing as a spectacle. No man wants to take his eyes from it until that time comes when he makes up his mind to run away. To deliberately stand up and turn your back to a battle is in itself hard work. To deliberately stand up and turn your back to a battle and hear immediate evidences of the boundless enthusiasm with which a large company of the enemy shoot at you from an adjacent thicket is, to my mind at least, a very great feat. One need not dwell upon the detail of keeping the mind carefully upon a slow spelling of an important code message.
> I saw Quick betray only one sign of emotion. As he swung his clumsy flag to and fro, an end of it once caught on a cactus pillar, and he looked sharply over his shoulder to see what had it. He gave the flag an impatient jerk. He looked annoyed."
When Sergeant Quick finished this message, the ship answered. Quick then picked up his Lee rifle and resumed his place on the firing line. For his gallant and selfless conduct during this action, Quick would later receive the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor "Medal of Honor").
*Dolphin* shifted her fire onto the enemy camp and blockhouse, and by 14:00, the Spanish had broken and fled the blockhouse. Unfortunately, 2nd Lt. Magill's men were delayed sufficiently to prevent them from cutting off a Spanish retreat, though his men did capture the Spanish signaling station and its [heliograph](/wiki/Heliograph "Heliograph") equipment. As the Spanish forces withdrew through a gully on the other side of the valley, Marines opened fire at a distance of 1,200 yards, firing volley after volley. The Spanish were unable to accurately return fire, allowing Marine Company B and the Cuban rebels to close the distance, firing as they advanced. The Spanish first attempted to concentrate their fires on the Cubans and managed to kill two of them, but were forced back by Marine rifle fire once again, at which point the remaining enemy, which up to that point had been withdrawing in good order, broke and scattered.
### Spanish retreat
By 15:30, the enemy had abandoned the battlefield, and all firing had ceased. Most of the Spanish had escaped, but a lieutenant and 17 enlisted men were captured, and the enemy suffered casualties of 60 killed and 150 wounded. They had left behind 30 modern [7mm](/wiki/7%C3%9757mm_Mauser "7×57mm Mauser") Mauser rifles and ammunition. Two Marines and two Cuban rebels had been wounded, and two Cuban rebels killed, who were buried where they fell. The most serious casualties suffered by the Marines were from [heat exhaustion](/wiki/Heat_exhaustion "Heat exhaustion"), which disabled one officer and 22 men. Gunboat *Dolphin* took these aboard after the fighting was over for the trip back to Camp McCalla. The Spanish headquarters building (blockhouse) was burned, and the freshwater well at Cuzco was destroyed, thus ending its immediate usefulness, including to the Marines, whose officers would not let them drink from it prior to its destruction. Water was eventually brought up from the USS *Dolphin* after a wait of two hours.
Spanish forces retreated in small groups of stragglers to Guantánamo, via Cayo del Toro and Caimanera. Apparently expecting the U.S. forces to follow up the victory, they fortified [Dos Caminos](/wiki/Dos_Caminos "Dos Caminos"), a small settlement at the crossing of two roads, and added several blockhouses to the number already erected on the rail line. The Spanish soldiers were apparently impressed by Marine firepower; upon arrival at Ciudad Guantánamo (Guantánamo City), the surviving members of the Cuzco Well garrison informed General Pareja that they had been attacked by 10,000 Americans.Reynolds, Bradley M., *New Aspects of Naval History: Selected Papers From the 5th Naval History Symposium*, U.S. Naval Academy, Nautical and Aviation Publishing Co. of America, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-933852\-51\-8}} (1985\), p. 147
Camp McCalla saw no further attacks by Spanish or guerilla forces, and was disestablished on August 5, 1898\.
Meanwhile, attention was soon focused on other areas of the bay. The Spanish were adding to their earthworks on Cayo del Toro, where they had three bronze {{convert\|6\.4\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} guns and a modern {{convert\|3\.5\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} [Krupp gun](/wiki/Krupp_gun "Krupp gun"). At Caimanera, on the [bluff](/wiki/Hill "Hill") south of the village, were mounted three more of the {{convert\|6\.4\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} guns, and the small [gunboat](/wiki/Gunboat "Gunboat") *Sandoval* had a battery of one six\-pounder and an automatic one\-pounder [Maxim gun](/wiki/Maxim_gun "Maxim gun").
|
[
"Battle\n------",
"### Naval battle of Guantánamo Bay",
"The first successful U.S. foray against Guantánamo Bay occurred on 6 June, with the arrival of the [unprotected cruiser](/wiki/Unprotected_cruiser \"Unprotected cruiser\") {{USS\\|Marblehead\\|C\\-11\\|6}}, captained by [Commander](/wiki/Commander \"Commander\") [Bowman H. McCalla](/wiki/Bowman_H._McCalla \"Bowman H. McCalla\"), and the [auxiliary cruisers](/wiki/Auxiliary_cruiser \"Auxiliary cruiser\") {{USS\\|St. Louis\\|1894\\|6}} and {{USS\\|Yankee\\|1892\\|2}}, commanded by [Willard H. Brownson](/wiki/Willard_H._Brownson \"Willard H. Brownson\"). Commander McCalla had been detached by Admiral Sampson from the blockading fleet at Santiago and ordered to reconnoiter the bay for a naval base. The captain of *St. Louis* was to cut the cables which had their terminus in a small station on Fisherman's Point, and connected Cuba with [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti \"Haiti\") and the outside world.",
"On a previous occasion, *St. Louis*, on a similar mission, had been driven from the bay by the Spanish gunboat *Sandoval*. This time, as the three warships came into the bay at dawn, Spanish soldiers clustered about the blockhouse on the hill known today as McCalla Hill. The blockhouse and the village were speedily cleared by fire from *Marblehead*{{'}}s six\\-pounder gun, along with a single {{convert\\|5\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} [shell](/wiki/Shell_%28projectile%29 \"Shell (projectile)\"). The Spanish gunboats *Alvarado* and *Sandoval* came down the channel from Caimanera to meet the attack but retired precipitately on discovering the caliber of guns against them. The one cannon of the fort on Cayo del Toro opened fire on *Marblehead* without effect until it was silenced.",
"The telegraph cables leading east to [Cap\\-Haïtien](/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien \"Cap-Haïtien\"), west to Santiago, and the small cable in the bay connecting Caimanera and Guantánamo City with Cap\\-Haïtien were all successfully cut, and from 7 June to 5 July the town of Guantánamo had no communication with the outside world.",
"Upon returning to the blockading fleet from the reconnaissance, *Marblehead* carried two Cuban officers who had been brought off to the ship from Leeward Point (the western side) of Guantánamo Bay. They had been sent to Admiral Sampson by General [Calixto García](/wiki/Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa \"Calixto García\") (the same who figured with U.S. [Lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant \"Lieutenant\") Rowan in the famous \"[A Message to Garcia](/wiki/A_Message_to_Garcia \"A Message to Garcia\")\") to report that the Cuban forces, whose outposts occupied positions on the coast from the mouth of the Yateras to a point {{convert\\|15\\|mi\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} west of Santiago were at the disposition of the U.S. [Commander\\-in\\-Chief](/wiki/Commander-in-Chief \"Commander-in-Chief\"). Commander McCalla thereafter maintained close liaison with General [Pedro Pérez](/wiki/Pedro_P%C3%A9rez \"Pedro Pérez\"), commanding the Cuban forces around Guantánamo City, through the latter's [Chief of Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff \"Chief of Staff\"), [Colonel](/wiki/Colonel \"Colonel\") Vieta, and thus received valuable advice and assistance.Murphy, Marion E., *The History of Guantanamo Bay*, US Naval Base Guantanamo Bay, (1953\\), pp. 3–4",
"### Marine assault landing",
"[200px\\|left\\|thumb\\|Aerial view of Guantánamo Bay](/wiki/Image:Gitmo_Aerial.jpg \"Gitmo Aerial.jpg\")\nWith the decision to establish a base at Guantánamo Bay, the [First Battalion](/wiki/Battalion \"Battalion\") of [Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\"), consisting of six companies of around 650 men (four infantry and one artillery company), was ordered to proceed in the converted transport {{USS\\|Panther\\|1889\\|6}}, and join the fleet off Santiago.Daugherty, Leo J., *Pioneers of Amphibious Warfare, 1898–1945: Profiles of Fourteen American Military Strategists*, McFarland Press, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-7864\\-3394\\-0}} (2009\\), pp. 23–31 The First Battalion, under the command of Lt. Col. Robert W. Huntington USMC, had been undergoing battalion exercises while awaiting orders at [Key West](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Key_West%23History \"Naval Air Station Key West#History\"). *USS Panther* reached Santiago on 9 June 1898\\. That same day, in advance of the battalion landing, Navy Commander Bowman H. McCalla of the {{USS\\|Marblehead\\|C\\-11\\|6}}, the officer in command of the landings, approved a camp site selected for the Marines by Lt. Col. Huntington. The site selected was a flat ridge on top of a hill, above the village on Fisherman's Point, and designated Camp McCalla. In addition to an artillery company equipped with a battery of four 3\\-inch rapid\\-firing artillery pieces and two [Model 1895 Colt–Browning](/wiki/M1895_Colt%E2%80%93Browning_machine_gun \"M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun\") machine guns, each marine was equipped with the Navy's new rapid\\-firing magazine rifle, the [Model 1895 Lee Navy](/wiki/M1895_Lee_Navy \"M1895 Lee Navy\"). Both the Colt machine gun and the Lee rifles used a new high\\-velocity smokeless powder cartridge, the [6 mm Lee Navy](/wiki/6mm_Lee_Navy \"6mm Lee Navy\").",
"The Marine battalion landed unopposed on 10 June with four of its six companies,Keeler, Frank and Tyson, Carolyn A. (ed.), *The Journal of Frank Keeler, 1898*, (ed., with Appendix) Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Letters Series, No. 1, Training and Education Command, (1967\\) leaving A company and F company (the artillery company) aboard to unload the ship, as Commander Reiter, the captain of the *Panther*, had refused to authorize the use of ship's personnel for unloading duties. Reiter also refused to permit the unloading of the remainder of the Marines' small arms ammunition, claiming that it was needed as ship's ballast. Lt. Col. Huntington sought assistance from Commander McCalla, who ordered Reiter to release the Marines' ammunition at once: \"Sir, break out immediately and land with the crew of *Panther*, 50,000 rounds of 6\\-mm. ammunition,\" McCalla ordered. \"In the future, do not require Colonel Huntington to break out or land his stores with members of his command. Use your own officers and men for this purpose, and supply the Commanding Officer of Marines promptly with anything he may desire.\"Keene, R.R., \"The Battle for Cuzco Well\", *Leatherneck Magazine*, September 1998, p. 22",
"The Marines burned crude huts of the village and the remains of the [blockhouse](/wiki/Blockhouse \"Blockhouse\") with all their contents to avoid the possibility of [yellow fever](/wiki/Yellow_fever \"Yellow fever\"). The Spanish had fled in such a hurry that clothing, money, jewelry and weapons had been left behind. The battalion raised the American flag, the first U.S. military unit to do so on Cuban soil, and sent out detachments for outpost duty.",
"Lt. Col. Huntington ordered Company C to occupy a 150\\-ft tall hill located some distance from the main Marine position, and which could not be supported by the main body at Camp McCalla. Two forward outposts were established, one at a road junction located several hundred yards ahead of the camp and known as the \"Crossroads\", and one called \"The Bridge\" placed across a road a mile and a half from the American camp, where Spanish forces bringing artillery from Caimanera were expected. With the sea at their backs, a lack of mutual support between outposts, and the [thorny scrub](/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands \"Deserts and xeric shrublands\") and [cacti](/wiki/Cactus \"Cactus\") of the arid hills stretching in a dense tangle before them, the Marines had a less\\-than\\-ideal tactical position. Commander McCalla pointed out to Lt. Col. Huntington that his outposts were too far forward and could not be seen or supported in the dense undergrowth between the outposts and the main camp. Three of the companies stacked arms and returned to the ship to help with unloading operations. Shortly after sundown, the Marines had their first meal of coffee and [hardtack](/wiki/Hardtack \"Hardtack\"). Soon afterwards the first alarm came. Voices were heard and lights seen in the thicket, but no attack came that night. Spanish forces defending the area were desperately short of food, and delayed attacking until the Marines had completed unloading their stores in hopes of seizing the American supplies.",
"By daybreak, the Marines had completed unloading their stores and equipment, though the artillery pieces and their ammunition were left aboard ship. The remaining companies of the battalion came ashore, and Company C was withdrawn from its isolated hill outpost. The only sound in the thickets was the cooing of [mourning doves](/wiki/Mourning_dove \"Mourning dove\"), a sound which Marines would later learn was a favorite signal call used by Spanish loyalist guerrilla forces.",
"Lt. Col. Huntington was joined in the afternoon by [Colonel Laborde](/wiki/Colonel_Laborde \"Colonel Laborde\") of the Cuban army, who for several days had been with Commander McCalla as pilot on *Marblehead*, and now had been sent ashore to assist the Marines and provide intelligence about the enemy.",
"Laborde reported the major Spanish force in the area had its headquarters at the \"Well of Cuzco\", {{convert\\|2\\|mi\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} southeast of Fisherman's Point. The [well](/wiki/Water_well \"Water well\") provided the only fresh water in the area. This occupying force of about 500 soldiers and guerrillas, joined by the troops driven from the blockhouse on the bay, constituted the gravest threat to the U.S. base of operations. Laborde noted that seizing Cuzco Well and destroying it would inevitably force Spanish forces to retreat all the way to Ciudad Guantánamo (Guantánamo City).",
"As they spoke, firing began in the thicket in front of their position. Lt. Col. Huntington led most of his command forward. However, the thorny tangle of trees, underbrush, and cactus forced him to proceed with only one company.",
"### Battle of Camp McCalla",
"[thumb\\|Gallant defense of Camp McCalla, June 11](/wiki/File:Hero_tales_of_the_American_soldier_and_sailor_as_told_by_the_heroes_themselves_and_their_comrades%3B_the_unwritten_history_of_American_chivalry_%281899%29_%2814783903115%29.jpg \"Hero tales of the American soldier and sailor as told by the heroes themselves and their comrades; the unwritten history of American chivalry (1899) (14783903115).jpg\")\nAlthough Huntington was now assured of naval gunfire support, Camp McCalla was tactically unsound. No attack had been expected, so no trenches were dug. The Marines' artillery had not even been sent ashore.Titherington, Richard H., *Our War With Spain*, Munsey's Magazine, October 1898 – March 1899, New York: Frank A. Munsey, Publisher, p. 907 Located on the sands of the open beach, the Marine campsite proved an ideal target for snipers concealed in the brush.",
"At daybreak (05:00\\) on Saturday, 11 June, Spanish guerrillas opened fire on the Marines at Camp McCalla from the surrounding brush. Firing a fusillade from their rapid\\-firing [Mauser rifles](/wiki/Mauser%23Spanish_M93 \"Mauser#Spanish M93\"), the guerrillas advanced towards the camp. After heavy fighting, and supported by the reserve company (Company C) the Marines drove the enemy back into the bush, pursuing the enemy until the chase was abandoned at dark. Two pickets on outpost duty, Privates William Dumphy and James McColgan, who were posted as an early\\-warning patrol 100 yards ahead of the \"Crossroads\" forward outpost were later found dead, shot and cut numerous times in the face and body. Their weapons, shoes, belts, and part of their clothing had been taken.",
"This was the beginning of what Huntington's executive officer, Major Henry Clay Cochrane, later called \"its 100 hours of fighting\". At Camp McCalla, the Marines dug in and began firing at the concealed Spaniards, aided by three 3\\-inch field pieces and two additional 6 mm Colt–Browning machine guns which had been landed on 12 June by the {{USS\\|Texas\\|1892\\|6}}.Venzon, Anne, *General Smedley Darlington Butler: Letters of a Leatherneck 1898–1931*, Greenwood Publishing Co, (1992\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-275\\-94141\\-8}}, p. 8: The {{USS\\|Texas\\|1892\\|6}} landed three 3\\-inch (75 mm) field pieces and two additional M1895 Colt–Browning machine guns on June 12, the latter procured from the ship's own armory. Gunfire from *Marblehead* passed overhead and impacted in the nearby hills. Wearing large palm leaves tied to their uniforms for camouflage, and firing smokeless powder cartridges, the Spanish forces were difficult to locate as they moved from bush to bush in the dense undergrowth.",
"On the evening of 12 June, enemy forces came within fifty yards of Camp McCalla, and a desperate firefight began.Titherington, Richard H., *Our War With Spain*, Munsey's Magazine, October 1898 – March 1899, New York: Frank A. Munsey, Publisher, pp. 907–908 Marines responded with their [Lee straight\\-pull](/wiki/M1895_Lee_Navy \"M1895 Lee Navy\") rifles, along with machine gun and artillery fire from the Marine 3\\-inch field pieces. Perhaps deterred by the intense artillery and machine gun fire, the Spanish did not attempt to overrun the camp. Acting Assistant [Surgeon](/wiki/Surgery \"Surgery\") John Blair Gibbs and [Sergeant](/wiki/Sergeant \"Sergeant\") Charles H. Smith were both killed in this exchange of fire. Marines later found several blood trails, but no bodies, as the guerrillas removed their wounded and dead to conceal their casualty figures.",
"The next day, the Marines were reinforced by about 60 Cubans under [Lieutenant Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel \"Lieutenant Colonel\") Enrique Thomas. The Cubans had been equipped with rifles and white duck sailor uniforms by Commander McCalla from the USS *Marblehead*. Familiar with guerrilla tactics, the Cuban insurgents deployed in pairs in front of the camp, burning the brush and undergrowth as they advanced, thus denying to the enemy of cover. The *Marblehead*, which had provided shore bombardment on several occasions, steamed down the coast and shelled the well at Cuzco. Nevertheless, the Spanish attack was resumed at dusk, and two more Marines—acting [Sergeant Major](/wiki/Sergeant_Major \"Sergeant Major\") Henry Good and [Private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29 \"Private (rank)\") Goode Taurman—were killed.",
"By nightfall on 13 June, the Marines were exhausted. They had not slept nor rested for 100 hours. Relief or reinforcements was impossible, since U.S. Army troops had yet to leave the U.S. The fighting continued for two more days.",
"### Battle of Cuzco Well",
"Lt Col. Thomas of the Cuban rebel forces advised Colonel Huntington to attack the Spanish garrison at Cuzco Well, consisting of four companies of Spanish infantry and two companies of loyalist guerrilla forces totaling some 500 men.Keene, R.R., \"This Day in USMC History: June 14, 1898: The Battle For Cuzco Well\", *Leatherneck Magazine*, Vol. 29 (September 1998\\) By capturing and destroying the only nearby source of fresh water, it was hoped that the defending Spanish forces would be forced to leave the area. Commander McCalla approved the plans, and the attack was scheduled for 08:00 the next day.",
"Marine companies C and D, about 160 men, under [Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28U.S._Marine_Corps%29 \"Captain (U.S. Marine Corps)\") [George F. Elliott](/wiki/George_F._Elliott \"George F. Elliott\"), a future [Commandant of the Marine Corps](/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps \"Commandant of the United States Marine Corps\"), joined by the fifty Cubans under Lt. Col. Thomas, would approach Cuzco along the cliffs by the sea. A smaller Marine force would advance by an inland valley, holding a picket line for the main force, with men in reserve to assist if necessary. The gunboat {{USS\\|Dolphin\\|PG\\-24\\|6}} was assigned to support the attack from sea.",
"The day was already hot when the combined U.S.\\-Cuban force began its march on 14 June. Colonel Laborde guided the main force, and a Cuban scout named Polycarpio guided a smaller force led by 2nd Lt. Magill. The march was slowed by rough terrain, vicious undergrowth, and increasing heat; at one point, the captains of Companies C and D in the main column had fallen behind owing to heat exhaustion. It was almost 11:00 when the main force reached the steep, horseshoe\\-shaped hill around Cuzco valley; the commanders of Companies C and D rejoined their units fifteen minutes later.",
"About the same time, the Cubans, who were marching ahead of the Marine companies, were spotted by the enemy. A race for the crest of the hill began. The Marines and the Cubans reached the summit first, under heavy fire from the Spanish and guerrillas. The smaller Marine force approached on the double, using their 6 mm (0\\.236\\-inch) [Lee rifles](/wiki/M1895_Lee_Navy \"M1895 Lee Navy\") to pour a deadly [crossfire](/wiki/Crossfire \"Crossfire\") on the enemy [flank](/wiki/Flanking_maneuver \"Flanking maneuver\"). Three of the four [M1895 Colt–Browning machine guns](/wiki/M1895_Colt%E2%80%93Browning_machine_gun \"M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun\") accompanying the Marines were used by Company C in the fighting.Sumrall, Al, *[The Colt Model 1895 Automatic Machine Gun](http://www.spanamwar.com/Coltmachinegun.htm)* According to Pvt. John Clifford of Company D, the machine guns were instrumental in supporting the Marine assault.Clifford, John H., *History of The First Battalion of US Marines* (1930\\), Box 15, Cochrane Collection (PC\\# 1\\), Marine Corps Historical Center (MCHC), Washington, D.C. This was the first known tactical use of machine gun fire for mobile fire support in offensive combat.",
"The light weight of the Marines' new 6mm Lee cartridgeSage, William H. (Maj.), and Clark, H.C. (Capt.) (ed.), *Journal of the United States Infantry Association*, Washington, D.C.: United States Infantry Association, Vol. IV, No. 4 (January 1908\\), p. 520: 220 6 mm Lee Navy cartridges weighed approximately the same as 160 cartridges in .30 Army caliber. proved to be of considerable benefit, allowing each Marine and machine gun crew to transport large amounts of ammunition over the mountainous, jungled terrain.Converse, George A. (Commander) et al, *Annual Report to the Secretary of the Navy: Report of Naval Small Arms Board, May 15, 1895*, Washington, D.C.: United States Navy Dept. (1895\\), p. 309: The basic combat ammunition load of an 1898 naval bluejacket or marine was 160 rounds of 6mm ammunition, carried in four lightweight cartridge boxes attached to the belt. Outfitted in this manner, a marine could carry 60–100% more rifle ammunition on his person than the typical Army trooper.Keeler, Frank, p. 16: \"We were ordered to fill our belts and canteens...\" Midway through the battle, the Cuban rebel forces ran out of 6 mm cartridges, and were resupplied with an additional six clips (30 cartridges) from the belts of individual Marines, yet none of the Americans ran short of ammunition, despite firing some sixty shots apiece in the battle.Keeler, Frank and Tyson, Carolyn A. (ed.), *The Journal of Frank Keeler, 1898: Report of Captain G.F. Elliott*, (ed., with Appendix) Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Letters Series, No. 1, Training and Education Command, (1967\\), p. 46",
"During this portion of the fighting, Captain Elliott had requested that *Dolphin* provide fire support to the Marines by shelling the Spanish blockhouse and nearby positions with her naval guns. Through a miscommunication of signals, however, the gunboat began unknowingly dropping shells in the direct path of a small force of fifty marines and ten Cuban irregulars led by 2nd Lt. Magill, who was attempting to flank the Spanish position and potentially cut off any avenue of retreat. Affixing his handkerchief to a long stick and braving the Spanish fire, Sergeant [John H. Quick](/wiki/John_H._Quick \"John H. Quick\") took up an exposed position on the ridge to immediately [wigwag a flag signal](/wiki/Wigwag_%28flag_signals%29 \"Wigwag (flag signals)\") to *Dolphin* to adjust her gunfire. War Correspondent [Stephen Crane](/wiki/Stephen_Crane \"Stephen Crane\"), who had accompanied the Marines, later described the scene in his war tale \"Marines Signaling Under Fire at Guantanamo\":",
"",
"> \"Sergeant Quick arose, and announced that he was a signalman. He produced from somewhere a blue polka\\-dot neckerchief as large as a quilt. He tied it on a long, crooked stick. Then he went to the top of the ridge, and turning his back to the Spanish fire, began to signal to the *Dolphin*. Again we gave a man sole possession of a particular part of the ridge. We didn't want it. He could have it and welcome. If the young sergeant had had the smallpox, the cholera, and the yellow fever, we could not have slid out with more celerity.",
"",
"> As men have said often, it seemed as if there was in this war a God of Battles who held His mighty hand before the Americans. As I looked at Sergeant Quick wig\\-wagging there against the sky, I would not have given a tin tobacco\\-tag for his life. Escape for him seemed impossible. It seemed absurd to hope that he would not be hit; I only hoped that he would be hit just a little, in the arm, the shoulder, or the leg.",
"",
"> I watched his face, and it was as grave and serene as that of a man writing in his own library. He was the very embodiment of tranquillity in occupation. He stood there amid the animal\\-like babble of the Cubans, the crack of rifles, and the whistling snarl of the bullets, and wig\\-wagged whatever he had to wig\\-wag without heeding anything but his business. There was not a single trace of nervousness or haste.",
"",
"> To say the least, a fight at close range is absorbing as a spectacle. No man wants to take his eyes from it until that time comes when he makes up his mind to run away. To deliberately stand up and turn your back to a battle is in itself hard work. To deliberately stand up and turn your back to a battle and hear immediate evidences of the boundless enthusiasm with which a large company of the enemy shoot at you from an adjacent thicket is, to my mind at least, a very great feat. One need not dwell upon the detail of keeping the mind carefully upon a slow spelling of an important code message.",
"",
"> I saw Quick betray only one sign of emotion. As he swung his clumsy flag to and fro, an end of it once caught on a cactus pillar, and he looked sharply over his shoulder to see what had it. He gave the flag an impatient jerk. He looked annoyed.\"",
"When Sergeant Quick finished this message, the ship answered. Quick then picked up his Lee rifle and resumed his place on the firing line. For his gallant and selfless conduct during this action, Quick would later receive the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor \"Medal of Honor\").",
"*Dolphin* shifted her fire onto the enemy camp and blockhouse, and by 14:00, the Spanish had broken and fled the blockhouse. Unfortunately, 2nd Lt. Magill's men were delayed sufficiently to prevent them from cutting off a Spanish retreat, though his men did capture the Spanish signaling station and its [heliograph](/wiki/Heliograph \"Heliograph\") equipment. As the Spanish forces withdrew through a gully on the other side of the valley, Marines opened fire at a distance of 1,200 yards, firing volley after volley. The Spanish were unable to accurately return fire, allowing Marine Company B and the Cuban rebels to close the distance, firing as they advanced. The Spanish first attempted to concentrate their fires on the Cubans and managed to kill two of them, but were forced back by Marine rifle fire once again, at which point the remaining enemy, which up to that point had been withdrawing in good order, broke and scattered.",
"### Spanish retreat",
"By 15:30, the enemy had abandoned the battlefield, and all firing had ceased. Most of the Spanish had escaped, but a lieutenant and 17 enlisted men were captured, and the enemy suffered casualties of 60 killed and 150 wounded. They had left behind 30 modern [7mm](/wiki/7%C3%9757mm_Mauser \"7×57mm Mauser\") Mauser rifles and ammunition. Two Marines and two Cuban rebels had been wounded, and two Cuban rebels killed, who were buried where they fell. The most serious casualties suffered by the Marines were from [heat exhaustion](/wiki/Heat_exhaustion \"Heat exhaustion\"), which disabled one officer and 22 men. Gunboat *Dolphin* took these aboard after the fighting was over for the trip back to Camp McCalla. The Spanish headquarters building (blockhouse) was burned, and the freshwater well at Cuzco was destroyed, thus ending its immediate usefulness, including to the Marines, whose officers would not let them drink from it prior to its destruction. Water was eventually brought up from the USS *Dolphin* after a wait of two hours.",
"Spanish forces retreated in small groups of stragglers to Guantánamo, via Cayo del Toro and Caimanera. Apparently expecting the U.S. forces to follow up the victory, they fortified [Dos Caminos](/wiki/Dos_Caminos \"Dos Caminos\"), a small settlement at the crossing of two roads, and added several blockhouses to the number already erected on the rail line. The Spanish soldiers were apparently impressed by Marine firepower; upon arrival at Ciudad Guantánamo (Guantánamo City), the surviving members of the Cuzco Well garrison informed General Pareja that they had been attacked by 10,000 Americans.Reynolds, Bradley M., *New Aspects of Naval History: Selected Papers From the 5th Naval History Symposium*, U.S. Naval Academy, Nautical and Aviation Publishing Co. of America, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-933852\\-51\\-8}} (1985\\), p. 147",
"Camp McCalla saw no further attacks by Spanish or guerilla forces, and was disestablished on August 5, 1898\\.",
"Meanwhile, attention was soon focused on other areas of the bay. The Spanish were adding to their earthworks on Cayo del Toro, where they had three bronze {{convert\\|6\\.4\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} guns and a modern {{convert\\|3\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} [Krupp gun](/wiki/Krupp_gun \"Krupp gun\"). At Caimanera, on the [bluff](/wiki/Hill \"Hill\") south of the village, were mounted three more of the {{convert\\|6\\.4\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} guns, and the small [gunboat](/wiki/Gunboat \"Gunboat\") *Sandoval* had a battery of one six\\-pounder and an automatic one\\-pounder [Maxim gun](/wiki/Maxim_gun \"Maxim gun\").",
""
] |
### Marine assault landing
[200px\|left\|thumb\|Aerial view of Guantánamo Bay](/wiki/Image:Gitmo_Aerial.jpg "Gitmo Aerial.jpg")
With the decision to establish a base at Guantánamo Bay, the [First Battalion](/wiki/Battalion "Battalion") of [Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps"), consisting of six companies of around 650 men (four infantry and one artillery company), was ordered to proceed in the converted transport {{USS\|Panther\|1889\|6}}, and join the fleet off Santiago.Daugherty, Leo J., *Pioneers of Amphibious Warfare, 1898–1945: Profiles of Fourteen American Military Strategists*, McFarland Press, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-7864\-3394\-0}} (2009\), pp. 23–31 The First Battalion, under the command of Lt. Col. Robert W. Huntington USMC, had been undergoing battalion exercises while awaiting orders at [Key West](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Key_West%23History "Naval Air Station Key West#History"). *USS Panther* reached Santiago on 9 June 1898\. That same day, in advance of the battalion landing, Navy Commander Bowman H. McCalla of the {{USS\|Marblehead\|C\-11\|6}}, the officer in command of the landings, approved a camp site selected for the Marines by Lt. Col. Huntington. The site selected was a flat ridge on top of a hill, above the village on Fisherman's Point, and designated Camp McCalla. In addition to an artillery company equipped with a battery of four 3\-inch rapid\-firing artillery pieces and two [Model 1895 Colt–Browning](/wiki/M1895_Colt%E2%80%93Browning_machine_gun "M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun") machine guns, each marine was equipped with the Navy's new rapid\-firing magazine rifle, the [Model 1895 Lee Navy](/wiki/M1895_Lee_Navy "M1895 Lee Navy"). Both the Colt machine gun and the Lee rifles used a new high\-velocity smokeless powder cartridge, the [6 mm Lee Navy](/wiki/6mm_Lee_Navy "6mm Lee Navy").
The Marine battalion landed unopposed on 10 June with four of its six companies,Keeler, Frank and Tyson, Carolyn A. (ed.), *The Journal of Frank Keeler, 1898*, (ed., with Appendix) Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Letters Series, No. 1, Training and Education Command, (1967\) leaving A company and F company (the artillery company) aboard to unload the ship, as Commander Reiter, the captain of the *Panther*, had refused to authorize the use of ship's personnel for unloading duties. Reiter also refused to permit the unloading of the remainder of the Marines' small arms ammunition, claiming that it was needed as ship's ballast. Lt. Col. Huntington sought assistance from Commander McCalla, who ordered Reiter to release the Marines' ammunition at once: "Sir, break out immediately and land with the crew of *Panther*, 50,000 rounds of 6\-mm. ammunition," McCalla ordered. "In the future, do not require Colonel Huntington to break out or land his stores with members of his command. Use your own officers and men for this purpose, and supply the Commanding Officer of Marines promptly with anything he may desire."Keene, R.R., "The Battle for Cuzco Well", *Leatherneck Magazine*, September 1998, p. 22
The Marines burned crude huts of the village and the remains of the [blockhouse](/wiki/Blockhouse "Blockhouse") with all their contents to avoid the possibility of [yellow fever](/wiki/Yellow_fever "Yellow fever"). The Spanish had fled in such a hurry that clothing, money, jewelry and weapons had been left behind. The battalion raised the American flag, the first U.S. military unit to do so on Cuban soil, and sent out detachments for outpost duty.
Lt. Col. Huntington ordered Company C to occupy a 150\-ft tall hill located some distance from the main Marine position, and which could not be supported by the main body at Camp McCalla. Two forward outposts were established, one at a road junction located several hundred yards ahead of the camp and known as the "Crossroads", and one called "The Bridge" placed across a road a mile and a half from the American camp, where Spanish forces bringing artillery from Caimanera were expected. With the sea at their backs, a lack of mutual support between outposts, and the [thorny scrub](/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands "Deserts and xeric shrublands") and [cacti](/wiki/Cactus "Cactus") of the arid hills stretching in a dense tangle before them, the Marines had a less\-than\-ideal tactical position. Commander McCalla pointed out to Lt. Col. Huntington that his outposts were too far forward and could not be seen or supported in the dense undergrowth between the outposts and the main camp. Three of the companies stacked arms and returned to the ship to help with unloading operations. Shortly after sundown, the Marines had their first meal of coffee and [hardtack](/wiki/Hardtack "Hardtack"). Soon afterwards the first alarm came. Voices were heard and lights seen in the thicket, but no attack came that night. Spanish forces defending the area were desperately short of food, and delayed attacking until the Marines had completed unloading their stores in hopes of seizing the American supplies.
By daybreak, the Marines had completed unloading their stores and equipment, though the artillery pieces and their ammunition were left aboard ship. The remaining companies of the battalion came ashore, and Company C was withdrawn from its isolated hill outpost. The only sound in the thickets was the cooing of [mourning doves](/wiki/Mourning_dove "Mourning dove"), a sound which Marines would later learn was a favorite signal call used by Spanish loyalist guerrilla forces.
Lt. Col. Huntington was joined in the afternoon by [Colonel Laborde](/wiki/Colonel_Laborde "Colonel Laborde") of the Cuban army, who for several days had been with Commander McCalla as pilot on *Marblehead*, and now had been sent ashore to assist the Marines and provide intelligence about the enemy.
Laborde reported the major Spanish force in the area had its headquarters at the "Well of Cuzco", {{convert\|2\|mi\|km\|abbr\=on}} southeast of Fisherman's Point. The [well](/wiki/Water_well "Water well") provided the only fresh water in the area. This occupying force of about 500 soldiers and guerrillas, joined by the troops driven from the blockhouse on the bay, constituted the gravest threat to the U.S. base of operations. Laborde noted that seizing Cuzco Well and destroying it would inevitably force Spanish forces to retreat all the way to Ciudad Guantánamo (Guantánamo City).
As they spoke, firing began in the thicket in front of their position. Lt. Col. Huntington led most of his command forward. However, the thorny tangle of trees, underbrush, and cactus forced him to proceed with only one company.
|
[
"### Marine assault landing",
"[200px\\|left\\|thumb\\|Aerial view of Guantánamo Bay](/wiki/Image:Gitmo_Aerial.jpg \"Gitmo Aerial.jpg\")\nWith the decision to establish a base at Guantánamo Bay, the [First Battalion](/wiki/Battalion \"Battalion\") of [Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\"), consisting of six companies of around 650 men (four infantry and one artillery company), was ordered to proceed in the converted transport {{USS\\|Panther\\|1889\\|6}}, and join the fleet off Santiago.Daugherty, Leo J., *Pioneers of Amphibious Warfare, 1898–1945: Profiles of Fourteen American Military Strategists*, McFarland Press, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-7864\\-3394\\-0}} (2009\\), pp. 23–31 The First Battalion, under the command of Lt. Col. Robert W. Huntington USMC, had been undergoing battalion exercises while awaiting orders at [Key West](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Key_West%23History \"Naval Air Station Key West#History\"). *USS Panther* reached Santiago on 9 June 1898\\. That same day, in advance of the battalion landing, Navy Commander Bowman H. McCalla of the {{USS\\|Marblehead\\|C\\-11\\|6}}, the officer in command of the landings, approved a camp site selected for the Marines by Lt. Col. Huntington. The site selected was a flat ridge on top of a hill, above the village on Fisherman's Point, and designated Camp McCalla. In addition to an artillery company equipped with a battery of four 3\\-inch rapid\\-firing artillery pieces and two [Model 1895 Colt–Browning](/wiki/M1895_Colt%E2%80%93Browning_machine_gun \"M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun\") machine guns, each marine was equipped with the Navy's new rapid\\-firing magazine rifle, the [Model 1895 Lee Navy](/wiki/M1895_Lee_Navy \"M1895 Lee Navy\"). Both the Colt machine gun and the Lee rifles used a new high\\-velocity smokeless powder cartridge, the [6 mm Lee Navy](/wiki/6mm_Lee_Navy \"6mm Lee Navy\").",
"The Marine battalion landed unopposed on 10 June with four of its six companies,Keeler, Frank and Tyson, Carolyn A. (ed.), *The Journal of Frank Keeler, 1898*, (ed., with Appendix) Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Letters Series, No. 1, Training and Education Command, (1967\\) leaving A company and F company (the artillery company) aboard to unload the ship, as Commander Reiter, the captain of the *Panther*, had refused to authorize the use of ship's personnel for unloading duties. Reiter also refused to permit the unloading of the remainder of the Marines' small arms ammunition, claiming that it was needed as ship's ballast. Lt. Col. Huntington sought assistance from Commander McCalla, who ordered Reiter to release the Marines' ammunition at once: \"Sir, break out immediately and land with the crew of *Panther*, 50,000 rounds of 6\\-mm. ammunition,\" McCalla ordered. \"In the future, do not require Colonel Huntington to break out or land his stores with members of his command. Use your own officers and men for this purpose, and supply the Commanding Officer of Marines promptly with anything he may desire.\"Keene, R.R., \"The Battle for Cuzco Well\", *Leatherneck Magazine*, September 1998, p. 22",
"The Marines burned crude huts of the village and the remains of the [blockhouse](/wiki/Blockhouse \"Blockhouse\") with all their contents to avoid the possibility of [yellow fever](/wiki/Yellow_fever \"Yellow fever\"). The Spanish had fled in such a hurry that clothing, money, jewelry and weapons had been left behind. The battalion raised the American flag, the first U.S. military unit to do so on Cuban soil, and sent out detachments for outpost duty.",
"Lt. Col. Huntington ordered Company C to occupy a 150\\-ft tall hill located some distance from the main Marine position, and which could not be supported by the main body at Camp McCalla. Two forward outposts were established, one at a road junction located several hundred yards ahead of the camp and known as the \"Crossroads\", and one called \"The Bridge\" placed across a road a mile and a half from the American camp, where Spanish forces bringing artillery from Caimanera were expected. With the sea at their backs, a lack of mutual support between outposts, and the [thorny scrub](/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands \"Deserts and xeric shrublands\") and [cacti](/wiki/Cactus \"Cactus\") of the arid hills stretching in a dense tangle before them, the Marines had a less\\-than\\-ideal tactical position. Commander McCalla pointed out to Lt. Col. Huntington that his outposts were too far forward and could not be seen or supported in the dense undergrowth between the outposts and the main camp. Three of the companies stacked arms and returned to the ship to help with unloading operations. Shortly after sundown, the Marines had their first meal of coffee and [hardtack](/wiki/Hardtack \"Hardtack\"). Soon afterwards the first alarm came. Voices were heard and lights seen in the thicket, but no attack came that night. Spanish forces defending the area were desperately short of food, and delayed attacking until the Marines had completed unloading their stores in hopes of seizing the American supplies.",
"By daybreak, the Marines had completed unloading their stores and equipment, though the artillery pieces and their ammunition were left aboard ship. The remaining companies of the battalion came ashore, and Company C was withdrawn from its isolated hill outpost. The only sound in the thickets was the cooing of [mourning doves](/wiki/Mourning_dove \"Mourning dove\"), a sound which Marines would later learn was a favorite signal call used by Spanish loyalist guerrilla forces.",
"Lt. Col. Huntington was joined in the afternoon by [Colonel Laborde](/wiki/Colonel_Laborde \"Colonel Laborde\") of the Cuban army, who for several days had been with Commander McCalla as pilot on *Marblehead*, and now had been sent ashore to assist the Marines and provide intelligence about the enemy.",
"Laborde reported the major Spanish force in the area had its headquarters at the \"Well of Cuzco\", {{convert\\|2\\|mi\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} southeast of Fisherman's Point. The [well](/wiki/Water_well \"Water well\") provided the only fresh water in the area. This occupying force of about 500 soldiers and guerrillas, joined by the troops driven from the blockhouse on the bay, constituted the gravest threat to the U.S. base of operations. Laborde noted that seizing Cuzco Well and destroying it would inevitably force Spanish forces to retreat all the way to Ciudad Guantánamo (Guantánamo City).",
"As they spoke, firing began in the thicket in front of their position. Lt. Col. Huntington led most of his command forward. However, the thorny tangle of trees, underbrush, and cactus forced him to proceed with only one company.",
""
] |
### Battle of Camp McCalla
[thumb\|Gallant defense of Camp McCalla, June 11](/wiki/File:Hero_tales_of_the_American_soldier_and_sailor_as_told_by_the_heroes_themselves_and_their_comrades%3B_the_unwritten_history_of_American_chivalry_%281899%29_%2814783903115%29.jpg "Hero tales of the American soldier and sailor as told by the heroes themselves and their comrades; the unwritten history of American chivalry (1899) (14783903115).jpg")
Although Huntington was now assured of naval gunfire support, Camp McCalla was tactically unsound. No attack had been expected, so no trenches were dug. The Marines' artillery had not even been sent ashore.Titherington, Richard H., *Our War With Spain*, Munsey's Magazine, October 1898 – March 1899, New York: Frank A. Munsey, Publisher, p. 907 Located on the sands of the open beach, the Marine campsite proved an ideal target for snipers concealed in the brush.
At daybreak (05:00\) on Saturday, 11 June, Spanish guerrillas opened fire on the Marines at Camp McCalla from the surrounding brush. Firing a fusillade from their rapid\-firing [Mauser rifles](/wiki/Mauser%23Spanish_M93 "Mauser#Spanish M93"), the guerrillas advanced towards the camp. After heavy fighting, and supported by the reserve company (Company C) the Marines drove the enemy back into the bush, pursuing the enemy until the chase was abandoned at dark. Two pickets on outpost duty, Privates William Dumphy and James McColgan, who were posted as an early\-warning patrol 100 yards ahead of the "Crossroads" forward outpost were later found dead, shot and cut numerous times in the face and body. Their weapons, shoes, belts, and part of their clothing had been taken.
This was the beginning of what Huntington's executive officer, Major Henry Clay Cochrane, later called "its 100 hours of fighting". At Camp McCalla, the Marines dug in and began firing at the concealed Spaniards, aided by three 3\-inch field pieces and two additional 6 mm Colt–Browning machine guns which had been landed on 12 June by the {{USS\|Texas\|1892\|6}}.Venzon, Anne, *General Smedley Darlington Butler: Letters of a Leatherneck 1898–1931*, Greenwood Publishing Co, (1992\), {{ISBN\|0\-275\-94141\-8}}, p. 8: The {{USS\|Texas\|1892\|6}} landed three 3\-inch (75 mm) field pieces and two additional M1895 Colt–Browning machine guns on June 12, the latter procured from the ship's own armory. Gunfire from *Marblehead* passed overhead and impacted in the nearby hills. Wearing large palm leaves tied to their uniforms for camouflage, and firing smokeless powder cartridges, the Spanish forces were difficult to locate as they moved from bush to bush in the dense undergrowth.
On the evening of 12 June, enemy forces came within fifty yards of Camp McCalla, and a desperate firefight began.Titherington, Richard H., *Our War With Spain*, Munsey's Magazine, October 1898 – March 1899, New York: Frank A. Munsey, Publisher, pp. 907–908 Marines responded with their [Lee straight\-pull](/wiki/M1895_Lee_Navy "M1895 Lee Navy") rifles, along with machine gun and artillery fire from the Marine 3\-inch field pieces. Perhaps deterred by the intense artillery and machine gun fire, the Spanish did not attempt to overrun the camp. Acting Assistant [Surgeon](/wiki/Surgery "Surgery") John Blair Gibbs and [Sergeant](/wiki/Sergeant "Sergeant") Charles H. Smith were both killed in this exchange of fire. Marines later found several blood trails, but no bodies, as the guerrillas removed their wounded and dead to conceal their casualty figures.
The next day, the Marines were reinforced by about 60 Cubans under [Lieutenant Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel "Lieutenant Colonel") Enrique Thomas. The Cubans had been equipped with rifles and white duck sailor uniforms by Commander McCalla from the USS *Marblehead*. Familiar with guerrilla tactics, the Cuban insurgents deployed in pairs in front of the camp, burning the brush and undergrowth as they advanced, thus denying to the enemy of cover. The *Marblehead*, which had provided shore bombardment on several occasions, steamed down the coast and shelled the well at Cuzco. Nevertheless, the Spanish attack was resumed at dusk, and two more Marines—acting [Sergeant Major](/wiki/Sergeant_Major "Sergeant Major") Henry Good and [Private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29 "Private (rank)") Goode Taurman—were killed.
By nightfall on 13 June, the Marines were exhausted. They had not slept nor rested for 100 hours. Relief or reinforcements was impossible, since U.S. Army troops had yet to leave the U.S. The fighting continued for two more days.
|
[
"### Battle of Camp McCalla",
"[thumb\\|Gallant defense of Camp McCalla, June 11](/wiki/File:Hero_tales_of_the_American_soldier_and_sailor_as_told_by_the_heroes_themselves_and_their_comrades%3B_the_unwritten_history_of_American_chivalry_%281899%29_%2814783903115%29.jpg \"Hero tales of the American soldier and sailor as told by the heroes themselves and their comrades; the unwritten history of American chivalry (1899) (14783903115).jpg\")\nAlthough Huntington was now assured of naval gunfire support, Camp McCalla was tactically unsound. No attack had been expected, so no trenches were dug. The Marines' artillery had not even been sent ashore.Titherington, Richard H., *Our War With Spain*, Munsey's Magazine, October 1898 – March 1899, New York: Frank A. Munsey, Publisher, p. 907 Located on the sands of the open beach, the Marine campsite proved an ideal target for snipers concealed in the brush.",
"At daybreak (05:00\\) on Saturday, 11 June, Spanish guerrillas opened fire on the Marines at Camp McCalla from the surrounding brush. Firing a fusillade from their rapid\\-firing [Mauser rifles](/wiki/Mauser%23Spanish_M93 \"Mauser#Spanish M93\"), the guerrillas advanced towards the camp. After heavy fighting, and supported by the reserve company (Company C) the Marines drove the enemy back into the bush, pursuing the enemy until the chase was abandoned at dark. Two pickets on outpost duty, Privates William Dumphy and James McColgan, who were posted as an early\\-warning patrol 100 yards ahead of the \"Crossroads\" forward outpost were later found dead, shot and cut numerous times in the face and body. Their weapons, shoes, belts, and part of their clothing had been taken.",
"This was the beginning of what Huntington's executive officer, Major Henry Clay Cochrane, later called \"its 100 hours of fighting\". At Camp McCalla, the Marines dug in and began firing at the concealed Spaniards, aided by three 3\\-inch field pieces and two additional 6 mm Colt–Browning machine guns which had been landed on 12 June by the {{USS\\|Texas\\|1892\\|6}}.Venzon, Anne, *General Smedley Darlington Butler: Letters of a Leatherneck 1898–1931*, Greenwood Publishing Co, (1992\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-275\\-94141\\-8}}, p. 8: The {{USS\\|Texas\\|1892\\|6}} landed three 3\\-inch (75 mm) field pieces and two additional M1895 Colt–Browning machine guns on June 12, the latter procured from the ship's own armory. Gunfire from *Marblehead* passed overhead and impacted in the nearby hills. Wearing large palm leaves tied to their uniforms for camouflage, and firing smokeless powder cartridges, the Spanish forces were difficult to locate as they moved from bush to bush in the dense undergrowth.",
"On the evening of 12 June, enemy forces came within fifty yards of Camp McCalla, and a desperate firefight began.Titherington, Richard H., *Our War With Spain*, Munsey's Magazine, October 1898 – March 1899, New York: Frank A. Munsey, Publisher, pp. 907–908 Marines responded with their [Lee straight\\-pull](/wiki/M1895_Lee_Navy \"M1895 Lee Navy\") rifles, along with machine gun and artillery fire from the Marine 3\\-inch field pieces. Perhaps deterred by the intense artillery and machine gun fire, the Spanish did not attempt to overrun the camp. Acting Assistant [Surgeon](/wiki/Surgery \"Surgery\") John Blair Gibbs and [Sergeant](/wiki/Sergeant \"Sergeant\") Charles H. Smith were both killed in this exchange of fire. Marines later found several blood trails, but no bodies, as the guerrillas removed their wounded and dead to conceal their casualty figures.",
"The next day, the Marines were reinforced by about 60 Cubans under [Lieutenant Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel \"Lieutenant Colonel\") Enrique Thomas. The Cubans had been equipped with rifles and white duck sailor uniforms by Commander McCalla from the USS *Marblehead*. Familiar with guerrilla tactics, the Cuban insurgents deployed in pairs in front of the camp, burning the brush and undergrowth as they advanced, thus denying to the enemy of cover. The *Marblehead*, which had provided shore bombardment on several occasions, steamed down the coast and shelled the well at Cuzco. Nevertheless, the Spanish attack was resumed at dusk, and two more Marines—acting [Sergeant Major](/wiki/Sergeant_Major \"Sergeant Major\") Henry Good and [Private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29 \"Private (rank)\") Goode Taurman—were killed.",
"By nightfall on 13 June, the Marines were exhausted. They had not slept nor rested for 100 hours. Relief or reinforcements was impossible, since U.S. Army troops had yet to leave the U.S. The fighting continued for two more days.",
""
] |
### Battle of Cuzco Well
Lt Col. Thomas of the Cuban rebel forces advised Colonel Huntington to attack the Spanish garrison at Cuzco Well, consisting of four companies of Spanish infantry and two companies of loyalist guerrilla forces totaling some 500 men.Keene, R.R., "This Day in USMC History: June 14, 1898: The Battle For Cuzco Well", *Leatherneck Magazine*, Vol. 29 (September 1998\) By capturing and destroying the only nearby source of fresh water, it was hoped that the defending Spanish forces would be forced to leave the area. Commander McCalla approved the plans, and the attack was scheduled for 08:00 the next day.
Marine companies C and D, about 160 men, under [Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28U.S._Marine_Corps%29 "Captain (U.S. Marine Corps)") [George F. Elliott](/wiki/George_F._Elliott "George F. Elliott"), a future [Commandant of the Marine Corps](/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps "Commandant of the United States Marine Corps"), joined by the fifty Cubans under Lt. Col. Thomas, would approach Cuzco along the cliffs by the sea. A smaller Marine force would advance by an inland valley, holding a picket line for the main force, with men in reserve to assist if necessary. The gunboat {{USS\|Dolphin\|PG\-24\|6}} was assigned to support the attack from sea.
The day was already hot when the combined U.S.\-Cuban force began its march on 14 June. Colonel Laborde guided the main force, and a Cuban scout named Polycarpio guided a smaller force led by 2nd Lt. Magill. The march was slowed by rough terrain, vicious undergrowth, and increasing heat; at one point, the captains of Companies C and D in the main column had fallen behind owing to heat exhaustion. It was almost 11:00 when the main force reached the steep, horseshoe\-shaped hill around Cuzco valley; the commanders of Companies C and D rejoined their units fifteen minutes later.
About the same time, the Cubans, who were marching ahead of the Marine companies, were spotted by the enemy. A race for the crest of the hill began. The Marines and the Cubans reached the summit first, under heavy fire from the Spanish and guerrillas. The smaller Marine force approached on the double, using their 6 mm (0\.236\-inch) [Lee rifles](/wiki/M1895_Lee_Navy "M1895 Lee Navy") to pour a deadly [crossfire](/wiki/Crossfire "Crossfire") on the enemy [flank](/wiki/Flanking_maneuver "Flanking maneuver"). Three of the four [M1895 Colt–Browning machine guns](/wiki/M1895_Colt%E2%80%93Browning_machine_gun "M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun") accompanying the Marines were used by Company C in the fighting.Sumrall, Al, *[The Colt Model 1895 Automatic Machine Gun](http://www.spanamwar.com/Coltmachinegun.htm)* According to Pvt. John Clifford of Company D, the machine guns were instrumental in supporting the Marine assault.Clifford, John H., *History of The First Battalion of US Marines* (1930\), Box 15, Cochrane Collection (PC\# 1\), Marine Corps Historical Center (MCHC), Washington, D.C. This was the first known tactical use of machine gun fire for mobile fire support in offensive combat.
The light weight of the Marines' new 6mm Lee cartridgeSage, William H. (Maj.), and Clark, H.C. (Capt.) (ed.), *Journal of the United States Infantry Association*, Washington, D.C.: United States Infantry Association, Vol. IV, No. 4 (January 1908\), p. 520: 220 6 mm Lee Navy cartridges weighed approximately the same as 160 cartridges in .30 Army caliber. proved to be of considerable benefit, allowing each Marine and machine gun crew to transport large amounts of ammunition over the mountainous, jungled terrain.Converse, George A. (Commander) et al, *Annual Report to the Secretary of the Navy: Report of Naval Small Arms Board, May 15, 1895*, Washington, D.C.: United States Navy Dept. (1895\), p. 309: The basic combat ammunition load of an 1898 naval bluejacket or marine was 160 rounds of 6mm ammunition, carried in four lightweight cartridge boxes attached to the belt. Outfitted in this manner, a marine could carry 60–100% more rifle ammunition on his person than the typical Army trooper.Keeler, Frank, p. 16: "We were ordered to fill our belts and canteens..." Midway through the battle, the Cuban rebel forces ran out of 6 mm cartridges, and were resupplied with an additional six clips (30 cartridges) from the belts of individual Marines, yet none of the Americans ran short of ammunition, despite firing some sixty shots apiece in the battle.Keeler, Frank and Tyson, Carolyn A. (ed.), *The Journal of Frank Keeler, 1898: Report of Captain G.F. Elliott*, (ed., with Appendix) Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Letters Series, No. 1, Training and Education Command, (1967\), p. 46
During this portion of the fighting, Captain Elliott had requested that *Dolphin* provide fire support to the Marines by shelling the Spanish blockhouse and nearby positions with her naval guns. Through a miscommunication of signals, however, the gunboat began unknowingly dropping shells in the direct path of a small force of fifty marines and ten Cuban irregulars led by 2nd Lt. Magill, who was attempting to flank the Spanish position and potentially cut off any avenue of retreat. Affixing his handkerchief to a long stick and braving the Spanish fire, Sergeant [John H. Quick](/wiki/John_H._Quick "John H. Quick") took up an exposed position on the ridge to immediately [wigwag a flag signal](/wiki/Wigwag_%28flag_signals%29 "Wigwag (flag signals)") to *Dolphin* to adjust her gunfire. War Correspondent [Stephen Crane](/wiki/Stephen_Crane "Stephen Crane"), who had accompanied the Marines, later described the scene in his war tale "Marines Signaling Under Fire at Guantanamo":
> "Sergeant Quick arose, and announced that he was a signalman. He produced from somewhere a blue polka\-dot neckerchief as large as a quilt. He tied it on a long, crooked stick. Then he went to the top of the ridge, and turning his back to the Spanish fire, began to signal to the *Dolphin*. Again we gave a man sole possession of a particular part of the ridge. We didn't want it. He could have it and welcome. If the young sergeant had had the smallpox, the cholera, and the yellow fever, we could not have slid out with more celerity.
> As men have said often, it seemed as if there was in this war a God of Battles who held His mighty hand before the Americans. As I looked at Sergeant Quick wig\-wagging there against the sky, I would not have given a tin tobacco\-tag for his life. Escape for him seemed impossible. It seemed absurd to hope that he would not be hit; I only hoped that he would be hit just a little, in the arm, the shoulder, or the leg.
> I watched his face, and it was as grave and serene as that of a man writing in his own library. He was the very embodiment of tranquillity in occupation. He stood there amid the animal\-like babble of the Cubans, the crack of rifles, and the whistling snarl of the bullets, and wig\-wagged whatever he had to wig\-wag without heeding anything but his business. There was not a single trace of nervousness or haste.
> To say the least, a fight at close range is absorbing as a spectacle. No man wants to take his eyes from it until that time comes when he makes up his mind to run away. To deliberately stand up and turn your back to a battle is in itself hard work. To deliberately stand up and turn your back to a battle and hear immediate evidences of the boundless enthusiasm with which a large company of the enemy shoot at you from an adjacent thicket is, to my mind at least, a very great feat. One need not dwell upon the detail of keeping the mind carefully upon a slow spelling of an important code message.
> I saw Quick betray only one sign of emotion. As he swung his clumsy flag to and fro, an end of it once caught on a cactus pillar, and he looked sharply over his shoulder to see what had it. He gave the flag an impatient jerk. He looked annoyed."
When Sergeant Quick finished this message, the ship answered. Quick then picked up his Lee rifle and resumed his place on the firing line. For his gallant and selfless conduct during this action, Quick would later receive the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor "Medal of Honor").
*Dolphin* shifted her fire onto the enemy camp and blockhouse, and by 14:00, the Spanish had broken and fled the blockhouse. Unfortunately, 2nd Lt. Magill's men were delayed sufficiently to prevent them from cutting off a Spanish retreat, though his men did capture the Spanish signaling station and its [heliograph](/wiki/Heliograph "Heliograph") equipment. As the Spanish forces withdrew through a gully on the other side of the valley, Marines opened fire at a distance of 1,200 yards, firing volley after volley. The Spanish were unable to accurately return fire, allowing Marine Company B and the Cuban rebels to close the distance, firing as they advanced. The Spanish first attempted to concentrate their fires on the Cubans and managed to kill two of them, but were forced back by Marine rifle fire once again, at which point the remaining enemy, which up to that point had been withdrawing in good order, broke and scattered.
|
[
"### Battle of Cuzco Well",
"Lt Col. Thomas of the Cuban rebel forces advised Colonel Huntington to attack the Spanish garrison at Cuzco Well, consisting of four companies of Spanish infantry and two companies of loyalist guerrilla forces totaling some 500 men.Keene, R.R., \"This Day in USMC History: June 14, 1898: The Battle For Cuzco Well\", *Leatherneck Magazine*, Vol. 29 (September 1998\\) By capturing and destroying the only nearby source of fresh water, it was hoped that the defending Spanish forces would be forced to leave the area. Commander McCalla approved the plans, and the attack was scheduled for 08:00 the next day.",
"Marine companies C and D, about 160 men, under [Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28U.S._Marine_Corps%29 \"Captain (U.S. Marine Corps)\") [George F. Elliott](/wiki/George_F._Elliott \"George F. Elliott\"), a future [Commandant of the Marine Corps](/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps \"Commandant of the United States Marine Corps\"), joined by the fifty Cubans under Lt. Col. Thomas, would approach Cuzco along the cliffs by the sea. A smaller Marine force would advance by an inland valley, holding a picket line for the main force, with men in reserve to assist if necessary. The gunboat {{USS\\|Dolphin\\|PG\\-24\\|6}} was assigned to support the attack from sea.",
"The day was already hot when the combined U.S.\\-Cuban force began its march on 14 June. Colonel Laborde guided the main force, and a Cuban scout named Polycarpio guided a smaller force led by 2nd Lt. Magill. The march was slowed by rough terrain, vicious undergrowth, and increasing heat; at one point, the captains of Companies C and D in the main column had fallen behind owing to heat exhaustion. It was almost 11:00 when the main force reached the steep, horseshoe\\-shaped hill around Cuzco valley; the commanders of Companies C and D rejoined their units fifteen minutes later.",
"About the same time, the Cubans, who were marching ahead of the Marine companies, were spotted by the enemy. A race for the crest of the hill began. The Marines and the Cubans reached the summit first, under heavy fire from the Spanish and guerrillas. The smaller Marine force approached on the double, using their 6 mm (0\\.236\\-inch) [Lee rifles](/wiki/M1895_Lee_Navy \"M1895 Lee Navy\") to pour a deadly [crossfire](/wiki/Crossfire \"Crossfire\") on the enemy [flank](/wiki/Flanking_maneuver \"Flanking maneuver\"). Three of the four [M1895 Colt–Browning machine guns](/wiki/M1895_Colt%E2%80%93Browning_machine_gun \"M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun\") accompanying the Marines were used by Company C in the fighting.Sumrall, Al, *[The Colt Model 1895 Automatic Machine Gun](http://www.spanamwar.com/Coltmachinegun.htm)* According to Pvt. John Clifford of Company D, the machine guns were instrumental in supporting the Marine assault.Clifford, John H., *History of The First Battalion of US Marines* (1930\\), Box 15, Cochrane Collection (PC\\# 1\\), Marine Corps Historical Center (MCHC), Washington, D.C. This was the first known tactical use of machine gun fire for mobile fire support in offensive combat.",
"The light weight of the Marines' new 6mm Lee cartridgeSage, William H. (Maj.), and Clark, H.C. (Capt.) (ed.), *Journal of the United States Infantry Association*, Washington, D.C.: United States Infantry Association, Vol. IV, No. 4 (January 1908\\), p. 520: 220 6 mm Lee Navy cartridges weighed approximately the same as 160 cartridges in .30 Army caliber. proved to be of considerable benefit, allowing each Marine and machine gun crew to transport large amounts of ammunition over the mountainous, jungled terrain.Converse, George A. (Commander) et al, *Annual Report to the Secretary of the Navy: Report of Naval Small Arms Board, May 15, 1895*, Washington, D.C.: United States Navy Dept. (1895\\), p. 309: The basic combat ammunition load of an 1898 naval bluejacket or marine was 160 rounds of 6mm ammunition, carried in four lightweight cartridge boxes attached to the belt. Outfitted in this manner, a marine could carry 60–100% more rifle ammunition on his person than the typical Army trooper.Keeler, Frank, p. 16: \"We were ordered to fill our belts and canteens...\" Midway through the battle, the Cuban rebel forces ran out of 6 mm cartridges, and were resupplied with an additional six clips (30 cartridges) from the belts of individual Marines, yet none of the Americans ran short of ammunition, despite firing some sixty shots apiece in the battle.Keeler, Frank and Tyson, Carolyn A. (ed.), *The Journal of Frank Keeler, 1898: Report of Captain G.F. Elliott*, (ed., with Appendix) Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Letters Series, No. 1, Training and Education Command, (1967\\), p. 46",
"During this portion of the fighting, Captain Elliott had requested that *Dolphin* provide fire support to the Marines by shelling the Spanish blockhouse and nearby positions with her naval guns. Through a miscommunication of signals, however, the gunboat began unknowingly dropping shells in the direct path of a small force of fifty marines and ten Cuban irregulars led by 2nd Lt. Magill, who was attempting to flank the Spanish position and potentially cut off any avenue of retreat. Affixing his handkerchief to a long stick and braving the Spanish fire, Sergeant [John H. Quick](/wiki/John_H._Quick \"John H. Quick\") took up an exposed position on the ridge to immediately [wigwag a flag signal](/wiki/Wigwag_%28flag_signals%29 \"Wigwag (flag signals)\") to *Dolphin* to adjust her gunfire. War Correspondent [Stephen Crane](/wiki/Stephen_Crane \"Stephen Crane\"), who had accompanied the Marines, later described the scene in his war tale \"Marines Signaling Under Fire at Guantanamo\":",
"",
"> \"Sergeant Quick arose, and announced that he was a signalman. He produced from somewhere a blue polka\\-dot neckerchief as large as a quilt. He tied it on a long, crooked stick. Then he went to the top of the ridge, and turning his back to the Spanish fire, began to signal to the *Dolphin*. Again we gave a man sole possession of a particular part of the ridge. We didn't want it. He could have it and welcome. If the young sergeant had had the smallpox, the cholera, and the yellow fever, we could not have slid out with more celerity.",
"",
"> As men have said often, it seemed as if there was in this war a God of Battles who held His mighty hand before the Americans. As I looked at Sergeant Quick wig\\-wagging there against the sky, I would not have given a tin tobacco\\-tag for his life. Escape for him seemed impossible. It seemed absurd to hope that he would not be hit; I only hoped that he would be hit just a little, in the arm, the shoulder, or the leg.",
"",
"> I watched his face, and it was as grave and serene as that of a man writing in his own library. He was the very embodiment of tranquillity in occupation. He stood there amid the animal\\-like babble of the Cubans, the crack of rifles, and the whistling snarl of the bullets, and wig\\-wagged whatever he had to wig\\-wag without heeding anything but his business. There was not a single trace of nervousness or haste.",
"",
"> To say the least, a fight at close range is absorbing as a spectacle. No man wants to take his eyes from it until that time comes when he makes up his mind to run away. To deliberately stand up and turn your back to a battle is in itself hard work. To deliberately stand up and turn your back to a battle and hear immediate evidences of the boundless enthusiasm with which a large company of the enemy shoot at you from an adjacent thicket is, to my mind at least, a very great feat. One need not dwell upon the detail of keeping the mind carefully upon a slow spelling of an important code message.",
"",
"> I saw Quick betray only one sign of emotion. As he swung his clumsy flag to and fro, an end of it once caught on a cactus pillar, and he looked sharply over his shoulder to see what had it. He gave the flag an impatient jerk. He looked annoyed.\"",
"When Sergeant Quick finished this message, the ship answered. Quick then picked up his Lee rifle and resumed his place on the firing line. For his gallant and selfless conduct during this action, Quick would later receive the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor \"Medal of Honor\").",
"*Dolphin* shifted her fire onto the enemy camp and blockhouse, and by 14:00, the Spanish had broken and fled the blockhouse. Unfortunately, 2nd Lt. Magill's men were delayed sufficiently to prevent them from cutting off a Spanish retreat, though his men did capture the Spanish signaling station and its [heliograph](/wiki/Heliograph \"Heliograph\") equipment. As the Spanish forces withdrew through a gully on the other side of the valley, Marines opened fire at a distance of 1,200 yards, firing volley after volley. The Spanish were unable to accurately return fire, allowing Marine Company B and the Cuban rebels to close the distance, firing as they advanced. The Spanish first attempted to concentrate their fires on the Cubans and managed to kill two of them, but were forced back by Marine rifle fire once again, at which point the remaining enemy, which up to that point had been withdrawing in good order, broke and scattered.",
""
] |
Aftermath
---------
### Bombardment of Fort Toro
Admiral Sampson decided to shell the fort of Cayo del Toro, and on 16 June he sent USS *Texas* and *Yankee* to join with USS *Marblehead* in this plan. Fire from the three ships temporarily dismounted two of the enemy's big guns, destroyed the buildings on the Cay, and drove the troops from all guns and trenches. Their combined firepower had reduced the Spanish fort to impotency within 15 minutes of initially engaging it. One enemy shell landed near the bow of the Marblehead, sinking within ten yards of the ship, but no hits were scored.
As the Americans proceeded slowly, a lookout on *Marblehead* reported that the starboard propeller was foul of a buoy. The engine was stopped, and the propeller was cleared of the "buoy", which turned out to be a [contact mine](/wiki/Naval_mine "Naval mine"). The mine was successfully disarmed. Afterward, it was learned that the ships had passed through a field of 18 such mines, or torpedoes, on the trip up the bay and through the same field on the return trip, without injury of any kind. A few days after the attack on Cayo del Toro, the mine field was thoroughly explored, and 14 mines were recovered. Their failure to explode on contact was attributed to mechanical faults, plus a healthy growth of [barnacles](/wiki/Barnacle "Barnacle") on the contact levers.
The [minesweeping](/wiki/Naval_mine%23Mine_sweeping "Naval mine#Mine sweeping") operation, carried out without specialized equipment, involved two steam launches and two [whaleboats](/wiki/Whaleboat "Whaleboat") from *Marblehead* and *Dolphin*. A launch and whaleboat side by side, connected to the other launch and whaleboat by a rope with a chain drag in the center, swept the channel. When the drag met an obstruction, the boats came together and crossed the ends of the drag. The boats were then hauled carefully up to the mine, which was brought to the surface and disarmed. Twice the drag brought up two mines together.
While sweeping for mines, the boats had been fired on from [Hicacal Beach](/wiki/Hicacal_Beach "Hicacal Beach"), where 250 Spanish infantry were posted to guard the mine field. It was determined to rout the last enemy force remaining in the vicinity of the bay, and on 25 June Lt. Col. Huntington led two companies of Marines and 40 Cubans in an [amphibious assault](/wiki/Amphibious_warfare "Amphibious warfare") on Hicacal Beach. It proved to be a bloodless encounter, since the Spanish had left a day or two earlier.
### Santiago
With *Guantánamo* Bay successfully occupied, US interest centered on operations at Santiago. An American expeditionary force of 17,000 officers and men under Major General [William R. Shafter](/wiki/William_R._Shafter "William R. Shafter") was landed east of the city at the small ports of [Daiquirí](/wiki/Daiquir%C3%AD "Daiquirí") and [Siboney](/wiki/Siboney%2C_Cuba "Siboney, Cuba") between 22 and 25 June, without opposition. A week later, on 1 July, the historic battles of [El Caney](/wiki/Battle_of_El_Caney "Battle of El Caney") and [San Juan Hill](/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill "Battle of San Juan Hill") ended in victory for U.S. forces, opening up the approaches to Santiago itself. On the morning of 3 July, a demand was sent to the Spanish commander, General [Arsenio Linares](/wiki/Arsenio_Linares "Arsenio Linares"), to surrender or suffer [bombardment](/wiki/Bombardment "Bombardment") of the city as an alternative. On the same morning, the Spanish fleet under [Admiral](/wiki/Admiral "Admiral") [Pascual Cervera](/wiki/Pascual_Cervera "Pascual Cervera") sallied forth from Santiago Bay, only to meet with complete destruction at the hands of the U.S. fleet. Major Spanish resistance at Santiago was at an end, although it was not until 15 July that a preliminary agreement was signed. U.S. forces occupied the city on 17 July.
The 7,000 Spanish troops at the city of Guantánamo – only {{convert\|40\|mi\|km\|abbr\=on}} away – did not march to the aid of Linares' besieged army, because prior to the cutting of his communications, General Pareja had been directed by his superiors to hold the city of [Guantánamo](/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo "Guantánamo") at all costs. This was so ordered because the Spanish feared that the Guantánamo valley might be used as an invasion route by U.S. forces, as the English had once used it to advance on Santiago. After the Navy cut the cables and established a base at Guantánamo Bay, General Pareja remained in complete ignorance concerning the course of the war because the Cuban insurgents maintained such a tight ring about the city that not one messenger got through their lines. Fifteen were caught and executed as spies. None of General Linares' frantic requests for aid reached Pareja.
The threat posed by U.S. Naval forces and a battalion of Marines at Guantánamo Bay, plus the stranglehold on land communications by 1,000 Cuban insurgents, effectively pinned down an army of 7,000 men which might have changed the outcome of the fighting at Santiago. Less than a week after the surrender of Santiago, the base at Guantánamo Bay was used to launch the invasion of Puerto Rico, {{convert\|500\|mi\|km\|abbr\=on}} to the east. Three thousand five hundred troops under General Miles sailed from the Bay on 21 July. This was the last important event in the Spanish–American War phase of Guantánamo Bay; on August 12, the war ended with the signing of the [peace protocol](/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281898%29 "Treaty of Paris (1898)") and an [armistice](/wiki/Armistice "Armistice").
The new U.S. Naval Base was not formalized by lease agreement between the U.S. and Cuba until five years later, when in 1903 it was acquired as a "coaling and Naval station", but its worth was already proven.
Lt. Col. Huntington's Marine First Battalion, which had reembarked aboard the {{USS\|Resolute\|1894\|6}} during the siege and surrender of Santiago, sailed for the United States, and after a stop at New York, arrived at [Portsmouth Harbor](/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbor "Portsmouth Harbor"), disembarking her marines on the evening of 24 August 1898\.
|
[
"Aftermath\n---------",
"### Bombardment of Fort Toro",
"Admiral Sampson decided to shell the fort of Cayo del Toro, and on 16 June he sent USS *Texas* and *Yankee* to join with USS *Marblehead* in this plan. Fire from the three ships temporarily dismounted two of the enemy's big guns, destroyed the buildings on the Cay, and drove the troops from all guns and trenches. Their combined firepower had reduced the Spanish fort to impotency within 15 minutes of initially engaging it. One enemy shell landed near the bow of the Marblehead, sinking within ten yards of the ship, but no hits were scored.",
"As the Americans proceeded slowly, a lookout on *Marblehead* reported that the starboard propeller was foul of a buoy. The engine was stopped, and the propeller was cleared of the \"buoy\", which turned out to be a [contact mine](/wiki/Naval_mine \"Naval mine\"). The mine was successfully disarmed. Afterward, it was learned that the ships had passed through a field of 18 such mines, or torpedoes, on the trip up the bay and through the same field on the return trip, without injury of any kind. A few days after the attack on Cayo del Toro, the mine field was thoroughly explored, and 14 mines were recovered. Their failure to explode on contact was attributed to mechanical faults, plus a healthy growth of [barnacles](/wiki/Barnacle \"Barnacle\") on the contact levers.",
"The [minesweeping](/wiki/Naval_mine%23Mine_sweeping \"Naval mine#Mine sweeping\") operation, carried out without specialized equipment, involved two steam launches and two [whaleboats](/wiki/Whaleboat \"Whaleboat\") from *Marblehead* and *Dolphin*. A launch and whaleboat side by side, connected to the other launch and whaleboat by a rope with a chain drag in the center, swept the channel. When the drag met an obstruction, the boats came together and crossed the ends of the drag. The boats were then hauled carefully up to the mine, which was brought to the surface and disarmed. Twice the drag brought up two mines together.",
"While sweeping for mines, the boats had been fired on from [Hicacal Beach](/wiki/Hicacal_Beach \"Hicacal Beach\"), where 250 Spanish infantry were posted to guard the mine field. It was determined to rout the last enemy force remaining in the vicinity of the bay, and on 25 June Lt. Col. Huntington led two companies of Marines and 40 Cubans in an [amphibious assault](/wiki/Amphibious_warfare \"Amphibious warfare\") on Hicacal Beach. It proved to be a bloodless encounter, since the Spanish had left a day or two earlier.",
"### Santiago",
"With *Guantánamo* Bay successfully occupied, US interest centered on operations at Santiago. An American expeditionary force of 17,000 officers and men under Major General [William R. Shafter](/wiki/William_R._Shafter \"William R. Shafter\") was landed east of the city at the small ports of [Daiquirí](/wiki/Daiquir%C3%AD \"Daiquirí\") and [Siboney](/wiki/Siboney%2C_Cuba \"Siboney, Cuba\") between 22 and 25 June, without opposition. A week later, on 1 July, the historic battles of [El Caney](/wiki/Battle_of_El_Caney \"Battle of El Caney\") and [San Juan Hill](/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill \"Battle of San Juan Hill\") ended in victory for U.S. forces, opening up the approaches to Santiago itself. On the morning of 3 July, a demand was sent to the Spanish commander, General [Arsenio Linares](/wiki/Arsenio_Linares \"Arsenio Linares\"), to surrender or suffer [bombardment](/wiki/Bombardment \"Bombardment\") of the city as an alternative. On the same morning, the Spanish fleet under [Admiral](/wiki/Admiral \"Admiral\") [Pascual Cervera](/wiki/Pascual_Cervera \"Pascual Cervera\") sallied forth from Santiago Bay, only to meet with complete destruction at the hands of the U.S. fleet. Major Spanish resistance at Santiago was at an end, although it was not until 15 July that a preliminary agreement was signed. U.S. forces occupied the city on 17 July.",
"The 7,000 Spanish troops at the city of Guantánamo – only {{convert\\|40\\|mi\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} away – did not march to the aid of Linares' besieged army, because prior to the cutting of his communications, General Pareja had been directed by his superiors to hold the city of [Guantánamo](/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo \"Guantánamo\") at all costs. This was so ordered because the Spanish feared that the Guantánamo valley might be used as an invasion route by U.S. forces, as the English had once used it to advance on Santiago. After the Navy cut the cables and established a base at Guantánamo Bay, General Pareja remained in complete ignorance concerning the course of the war because the Cuban insurgents maintained such a tight ring about the city that not one messenger got through their lines. Fifteen were caught and executed as spies. None of General Linares' frantic requests for aid reached Pareja.",
"The threat posed by U.S. Naval forces and a battalion of Marines at Guantánamo Bay, plus the stranglehold on land communications by 1,000 Cuban insurgents, effectively pinned down an army of 7,000 men which might have changed the outcome of the fighting at Santiago. Less than a week after the surrender of Santiago, the base at Guantánamo Bay was used to launch the invasion of Puerto Rico, {{convert\\|500\\|mi\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} to the east. Three thousand five hundred troops under General Miles sailed from the Bay on 21 July. This was the last important event in the Spanish–American War phase of Guantánamo Bay; on August 12, the war ended with the signing of the [peace protocol](/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281898%29 \"Treaty of Paris (1898)\") and an [armistice](/wiki/Armistice \"Armistice\").\nThe new U.S. Naval Base was not formalized by lease agreement between the U.S. and Cuba until five years later, when in 1903 it was acquired as a \"coaling and Naval station\", but its worth was already proven.",
"Lt. Col. Huntington's Marine First Battalion, which had reembarked aboard the {{USS\\|Resolute\\|1894\\|6}} during the siege and surrender of Santiago, sailed for the United States, and after a stop at New York, arrived at [Portsmouth Harbor](/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbor \"Portsmouth Harbor\"), disembarking her marines on the evening of 24 August 1898\\.",
""
] |
Publication history
-------------------
Justice was one of four New Universe titles created by [Archie Goodwin](/wiki/Archie_Goodwin_%28comics%29 "Archie Goodwin (comics)"), who also wrote the first issue of the series. The original premise didn't fit well with the central concept of the New Universe: as a visitor from another dimension, Justice contradicted the rule that there had been no superhumans before the [White Event](/wiki/White_Event "White Event"), and the fact that this other dimension was peopled by a race biologically identical to humans, who all spoke English, and who lived in a society closely resembling a romanticized [Medieval Europe](/wiki/Medieval_Europe "Medieval Europe"), overrode the New Universe's advertised basis in realism.
The first regular creative team on *Justice* consisted of [Steve Englehart](/wiki/Steve_Englehart "Steve Englehart") (writer), [Geoff Isherwood](/wiki/Geoff_Isherwood "Geoff Isherwood") (penciler, occasional writer), and [Vincent Colletta](/wiki/Vincent_Colletta "Vincent Colletta") (inker). Isherwood had been suggested for the series by editor\-in\-chief [Jim Shooter](/wiki/Jim_Shooter "Jim Shooter").{{cite journal\|last\= Johnson\|first\= Dan\|date\= June 2009\|title\= Sparks in a Bottle: The Saga of the New Universe\|journal\= \[\[Back Issue!]]\|issue\= \#34\|page\= 25\|publisher\= \[\[TwoMorrows Publishing]]}} However, only Colletta stayed on past issue \#8, with [Gerry Conway](/wiki/Gerry_Conway "Gerry Conway") taking on writing chores and [Keith Giffen](/wiki/Keith_Giffen "Keith Giffen") becoming the penciler. This team lasted only three issues, and was unable to finish the [story arc](/wiki/Story_arc "Story arc") begun back in issue \#1\. With no new creative team ready, the series went over to fill\-in issues for the next three months. Despite this, *Justice* was one of four New Universe titles (along with *Psi\-Force*, *D.P. 7* and *Star Brand*) to survive beyond the line's first year.
Issue \#15 introduced the new creative team of [Peter David](/wiki/Peter_David "Peter David") and [Lee Weeks](/wiki/Lee_Weeks "Lee Weeks"), and presented a wholesale retcon which revealed that almost all of the events of the past 14 issues had been a hallucination created by a comatose paranormal, and that Justice was actually a normal human, not from another dimension. This retcon, which was conceived by *D.P. 7* writer [Mark Gruenwald](/wiki/Mark_Gruenwald "Mark Gruenwald") in order to bring *Justice* into line with the New Universe concept, allowed David to introduce an entirely new cast of characters in issue \#16, along with a new costume for Justice. Only the title character's "sword" and "shield" powers and general likeness were retained from the series' first 14 issues. In issue \#22 John Tensen joins the National Security Council, and *Justice* became essentially a team book, with the title character working alongside paranormals such as Playback and Kleenex.
For the last year that they were published, the New Universe comics switched to direct sales format only. *Justice* was cancelled with issue \#32\.
Justice later appeared (in his original costume) in *[Quasar](/wiki/Quasar_%28comics%29 "Quasar (comics)")* and *[Starblast](/wiki/Starblast "Starblast")*. In March 2006, Marvel Comics released a *Justice* special as part of the "Untold Tales of the New Universe" event. This issue, written by David, ostensibly takes place between *Justice* \#16 and 18, but is inconsistent with the series canon.
|
[
"Publication history\n-------------------",
"Justice was one of four New Universe titles created by [Archie Goodwin](/wiki/Archie_Goodwin_%28comics%29 \"Archie Goodwin (comics)\"), who also wrote the first issue of the series. The original premise didn't fit well with the central concept of the New Universe: as a visitor from another dimension, Justice contradicted the rule that there had been no superhumans before the [White Event](/wiki/White_Event \"White Event\"), and the fact that this other dimension was peopled by a race biologically identical to humans, who all spoke English, and who lived in a society closely resembling a romanticized [Medieval Europe](/wiki/Medieval_Europe \"Medieval Europe\"), overrode the New Universe's advertised basis in realism.",
"The first regular creative team on *Justice* consisted of [Steve Englehart](/wiki/Steve_Englehart \"Steve Englehart\") (writer), [Geoff Isherwood](/wiki/Geoff_Isherwood \"Geoff Isherwood\") (penciler, occasional writer), and [Vincent Colletta](/wiki/Vincent_Colletta \"Vincent Colletta\") (inker). Isherwood had been suggested for the series by editor\\-in\\-chief [Jim Shooter](/wiki/Jim_Shooter \"Jim Shooter\").{{cite journal\\|last\\= Johnson\\|first\\= Dan\\|date\\= June 2009\\|title\\= Sparks in a Bottle: The Saga of the New Universe\\|journal\\= \\[\\[Back Issue!]]\\|issue\\= \\#34\\|page\\= 25\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[TwoMorrows Publishing]]}} However, only Colletta stayed on past issue \\#8, with [Gerry Conway](/wiki/Gerry_Conway \"Gerry Conway\") taking on writing chores and [Keith Giffen](/wiki/Keith_Giffen \"Keith Giffen\") becoming the penciler. This team lasted only three issues, and was unable to finish the [story arc](/wiki/Story_arc \"Story arc\") begun back in issue \\#1\\. With no new creative team ready, the series went over to fill\\-in issues for the next three months. Despite this, *Justice* was one of four New Universe titles (along with *Psi\\-Force*, *D.P. 7* and *Star Brand*) to survive beyond the line's first year.",
"Issue \\#15 introduced the new creative team of [Peter David](/wiki/Peter_David \"Peter David\") and [Lee Weeks](/wiki/Lee_Weeks \"Lee Weeks\"), and presented a wholesale retcon which revealed that almost all of the events of the past 14 issues had been a hallucination created by a comatose paranormal, and that Justice was actually a normal human, not from another dimension. This retcon, which was conceived by *D.P. 7* writer [Mark Gruenwald](/wiki/Mark_Gruenwald \"Mark Gruenwald\") in order to bring *Justice* into line with the New Universe concept, allowed David to introduce an entirely new cast of characters in issue \\#16, along with a new costume for Justice. Only the title character's \"sword\" and \"shield\" powers and general likeness were retained from the series' first 14 issues. In issue \\#22 John Tensen joins the National Security Council, and *Justice* became essentially a team book, with the title character working alongside paranormals such as Playback and Kleenex.",
"For the last year that they were published, the New Universe comics switched to direct sales format only. *Justice* was cancelled with issue \\#32\\.",
"Justice later appeared (in his original costume) in *[Quasar](/wiki/Quasar_%28comics%29 \"Quasar (comics)\")* and *[Starblast](/wiki/Starblast \"Starblast\")*. In March 2006, Marvel Comics released a *Justice* special as part of the \"Untold Tales of the New Universe\" event. This issue, written by David, ostensibly takes place between *Justice* \\#16 and 18, but is inconsistent with the series canon.",
""
] |
Early life and career
---------------------
Fernandez was born at 8:36 PM on March 3, 1952, at Mary Johnston Hospital in [Tondo](/wiki/Tondo%2C_Manila "Tondo, Manila"), [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila"). He was the eldest son of the late film director [Gregorio Fernandez](/wiki/Gregorio_Fernandez "Gregorio Fernandez") and actress Pilar Padilla (daughter of [José Padilla Sr.](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Padilla_Sr. "José Padilla Sr.")).{{cite encyclopedia \|author\=Lena Pareja \|editor\=Nicanor Tiongson \|editor\-link\=Nicanor Tiongson \|encyclopedia\=CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art \|title\=Philippine Film\|edition\=1st \|year\=1994 \|publisher\=\[\[Cultural Center of the Philippines]]\|volume\=VIII \|location\=Manila \|pages\= 247 \|isbn\=971\-8546\-31\-6 }} Both his parents were from [Lubao, Pampanga](/wiki/Lubao%2C_Pampanga "Lubao, Pampanga"), which he considered his hometown.{{cite web\|author\=Alejandro \& Teresita Camiling\|url\=http://www\-rcf.usc.edu/\~camiling/history\_lubao.htm \|title\=The Town of Lubao, Pampanga: Land of the Brave\|access\-date\=March 15, 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223051216/http://www\-rcf.usc.edu/\~camiling/history\_lubao.htm \|archive\-date\=December 23, 2007}} He made his film debut at the age of three, appearing in *Luksang Tagumpay* (1956\), which was directed by his father. He also appeared in another film of his father's, *Emily* (1960\).
Fernandez started his active film career while a student at the [University of Santo Tomas](/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas "University of Santo Tomas"), when he was signed to a contract by [Sampaguita Pictures](/wiki/Sampaguita_Pictures "Sampaguita Pictures") in 1970\. He was first featured by Sampaguita Pictures in *For Your Mama* (1970\), then paired with Connie Angeles in *Sweet Matutina* (1970\). Fernandez spent the next few years in teenage parts until he made his breakthrough as an action star with *[Bitayin si... Baby Ama?](/wiki/Bitayin_si..._Baby_Ama%3F "Bitayin si... Baby Ama?")* (1976\). His viability as an action star was further enhanced with the box\-office success of *Ang Leon, ang Tigre at ang Alamid* (1979\).
Beginning with *Baby Ama*, a [biopic](/wiki/Biographical_film "Biographical film") of a well\-known Filipino criminal, Fernandez specialized in portraying true\-to\-life characters. One of his notable [action films](/wiki/Action_films "Action films") is *Markang Bungo* (Skull Mark), a film based on a true story, where he portrayed the well\-known [Baguio](/wiki/Baguio "Baguio") police officer Bobby Ortega, was released in 1992\. From this film came a signature line of Fernandez's, "*Walang personalan, trabaho lang*" ("Strictly business, nothing personal"), which has since been cited as among the most memorable quotes in Philippine cinema by [QTV](/wiki/Q_%28television_network%29 "Q (television network)")'s *Ang Pinaka* television program.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/48092/Ang\-Pinakas\-most\-memorable\-movie\-lines\|title\=Ang Pinaka's most memorable movie lines\|publisher\=GMANews.TV\|date\=June 25, 2007\|access\-date\=March 15, 2008}} *Iligpit si Bobby Ortega: Markang Bungo 2* (Execute Bobby Ortega, Skull Mark 2\) is a sequel that was released in 1995\.
Aside for portraying a real police officer, he was cast in the lead roles for the biopics of Filipino politicians [Alfredo Lim](/wiki/Alfredo_Lim "Alfredo Lim"), Vincent Crisologo, and [Ping Lacson](/wiki/Ping_Lacson "Ping Lacson"). In the film *Lagalag: The Eddie Fernandez Story*, he starred as Eddie Fernandez, a Filipino actor during the 1970s and the father of [Pops Fernandez](/wiki/Pops_Fernandez "Pops Fernandez").
With the decline of production of Filipino action films during the 2000s, Fernandez turned to television roles. In the short\-lived [GMA Network](/wiki/GMA_Network "GMA Network") sitcom *Da Boy, en Da Girl*, he starred opposite Rosanna Roces. He also played as a supporting role in other TV series in GMA like *[Twin Hearts](/wiki/Twin_Hearts "Twin Hearts")* and *[Atlantika](/wiki/Atlantika "Atlantika")*. He was also the host of the docu\-drama *Kasangga*.
### Awards
Fernandez has won two [FAMAS](/wiki/FAMAS_Awards "FAMAS Awards") Best Actor awards for the [action films](/wiki/Action_films "Action films") *Batuigas... Pasukuin si Waway* (Batuigas... Make Waway Surrender) (1984\) and *Operation: Get Victor Corpus, The Rebel Soldier* (1988\). In addition to these wins, FAMAS has also nominated Rudy Fernandez an additional 13 times from 1976 to 1998\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.freewebs.com/famas\_awards\|title\=The Unofficial Website of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences}} He also won two FAP Best Actor awards for *Batuigas...* and for Birador (1998\).
In 2007, FAMAS awarded him the [Fernando Poe, Jr.](/wiki/Fernando_Poe%2C_Jr. "Fernando Poe, Jr.") Memorial Award. The next year, the Philippine Movie Press Club (PMPC) bestowed the 2008 Ulirang Artista Lifetime Achievement Award to Rudy Fernandez, at the 24th [PMPC Star Awards for Movies](/wiki/PMPC_Star_Awards_for_Movies "PMPC Star Awards for Movies"). He was also the recipient of the Film Academy of the Philippines FPJ Lifetime Achievement Award.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.asianjournal.com/\|title\=Asian Journal Media Group—Your News. Your Community. Your Journal.\|website\=Asian Journal News}}
|
[
"Early life and career\n---------------------",
"Fernandez was born at 8:36 PM on March 3, 1952, at Mary Johnston Hospital in [Tondo](/wiki/Tondo%2C_Manila \"Tondo, Manila\"), [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\"). He was the eldest son of the late film director [Gregorio Fernandez](/wiki/Gregorio_Fernandez \"Gregorio Fernandez\") and actress Pilar Padilla (daughter of [José Padilla Sr.](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Padilla_Sr. \"José Padilla Sr.\")).{{cite encyclopedia \\|author\\=Lena Pareja \\|editor\\=Nicanor Tiongson \\|editor\\-link\\=Nicanor Tiongson \\|encyclopedia\\=CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art \\|title\\=Philippine Film\\|edition\\=1st \\|year\\=1994 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cultural Center of the Philippines]]\\|volume\\=VIII \\|location\\=Manila \\|pages\\= 247 \\|isbn\\=971\\-8546\\-31\\-6 }} Both his parents were from [Lubao, Pampanga](/wiki/Lubao%2C_Pampanga \"Lubao, Pampanga\"), which he considered his hometown.{{cite web\\|author\\=Alejandro \\& Teresita Camiling\\|url\\=http://www\\-rcf.usc.edu/\\~camiling/history\\_lubao.htm \\|title\\=The Town of Lubao, Pampanga: Land of the Brave\\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223051216/http://www\\-rcf.usc.edu/\\~camiling/history\\_lubao.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=December 23, 2007}} He made his film debut at the age of three, appearing in *Luksang Tagumpay* (1956\\), which was directed by his father. He also appeared in another film of his father's, *Emily* (1960\\).",
"Fernandez started his active film career while a student at the [University of Santo Tomas](/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas \"University of Santo Tomas\"), when he was signed to a contract by [Sampaguita Pictures](/wiki/Sampaguita_Pictures \"Sampaguita Pictures\") in 1970\\. He was first featured by Sampaguita Pictures in *For Your Mama* (1970\\), then paired with Connie Angeles in *Sweet Matutina* (1970\\). Fernandez spent the next few years in teenage parts until he made his breakthrough as an action star with *[Bitayin si... Baby Ama?](/wiki/Bitayin_si..._Baby_Ama%3F \"Bitayin si... Baby Ama?\")* (1976\\). His viability as an action star was further enhanced with the box\\-office success of *Ang Leon, ang Tigre at ang Alamid* (1979\\).",
"Beginning with *Baby Ama*, a [biopic](/wiki/Biographical_film \"Biographical film\") of a well\\-known Filipino criminal, Fernandez specialized in portraying true\\-to\\-life characters. One of his notable [action films](/wiki/Action_films \"Action films\") is *Markang Bungo* (Skull Mark), a film based on a true story, where he portrayed the well\\-known [Baguio](/wiki/Baguio \"Baguio\") police officer Bobby Ortega, was released in 1992\\. From this film came a signature line of Fernandez's, \"*Walang personalan, trabaho lang*\" (\"Strictly business, nothing personal\"), which has since been cited as among the most memorable quotes in Philippine cinema by [QTV](/wiki/Q_%28television_network%29 \"Q (television network)\")'s *Ang Pinaka* television program.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/48092/Ang\\-Pinakas\\-most\\-memorable\\-movie\\-lines\\|title\\=Ang Pinaka's most memorable movie lines\\|publisher\\=GMANews.TV\\|date\\=June 25, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2008}} *Iligpit si Bobby Ortega: Markang Bungo 2* (Execute Bobby Ortega, Skull Mark 2\\) is a sequel that was released in 1995\\.",
"Aside for portraying a real police officer, he was cast in the lead roles for the biopics of Filipino politicians [Alfredo Lim](/wiki/Alfredo_Lim \"Alfredo Lim\"), Vincent Crisologo, and [Ping Lacson](/wiki/Ping_Lacson \"Ping Lacson\"). In the film *Lagalag: The Eddie Fernandez Story*, he starred as Eddie Fernandez, a Filipino actor during the 1970s and the father of [Pops Fernandez](/wiki/Pops_Fernandez \"Pops Fernandez\").",
"With the decline of production of Filipino action films during the 2000s, Fernandez turned to television roles. In the short\\-lived [GMA Network](/wiki/GMA_Network \"GMA Network\") sitcom *Da Boy, en Da Girl*, he starred opposite Rosanna Roces. He also played as a supporting role in other TV series in GMA like *[Twin Hearts](/wiki/Twin_Hearts \"Twin Hearts\")* and *[Atlantika](/wiki/Atlantika \"Atlantika\")*. He was also the host of the docu\\-drama *Kasangga*.",
"### Awards",
"Fernandez has won two [FAMAS](/wiki/FAMAS_Awards \"FAMAS Awards\") Best Actor awards for the [action films](/wiki/Action_films \"Action films\") *Batuigas... Pasukuin si Waway* (Batuigas... Make Waway Surrender) (1984\\) and *Operation: Get Victor Corpus, The Rebel Soldier* (1988\\). In addition to these wins, FAMAS has also nominated Rudy Fernandez an additional 13 times from 1976 to 1998\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.freewebs.com/famas\\_awards\\|title\\=The Unofficial Website of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences}} He also won two FAP Best Actor awards for *Batuigas...* and for Birador (1998\\).",
"In 2007, FAMAS awarded him the [Fernando Poe, Jr.](/wiki/Fernando_Poe%2C_Jr. \"Fernando Poe, Jr.\") Memorial Award. The next year, the Philippine Movie Press Club (PMPC) bestowed the 2008 Ulirang Artista Lifetime Achievement Award to Rudy Fernandez, at the 24th [PMPC Star Awards for Movies](/wiki/PMPC_Star_Awards_for_Movies \"PMPC Star Awards for Movies\"). He was also the recipient of the Film Academy of the Philippines FPJ Lifetime Achievement Award.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.asianjournal.com/\\|title\\=Asian Journal Media Group—Your News. Your Community. Your Journal.\\|website\\=Asian Journal News}}",
""
] |
In fiction
----------
David Brin's 1989 novel *[Earth](/wiki/Earth_%28Brin_novel%29 "Earth (Brin novel)")* portrays citizens equipped with both augmented reality gear ("Tru\-Vu Goggles") and cameras exercising reciprocal accountability, with each other and with authority figures, discussing effects on crime and presaging today's "cop cam" developments. Elites are allowed only temporary, cached secrecy. In Robert Sawyer's [Neanderthal Parallax](/wiki/Neanderthal_Parallax "Neanderthal Parallax") trilogy, the *[Homo neanderthalensis](/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis "Homo neanderthalensis")* occupying a parallel universe have what are called companion implants. These are comprehensive recording and transmission devices, mounted in the forearm of each person. Their entire life is constantly monitored and sent to their alibi archive, a repository of recordings that are only accessible by their owner, or by the proper authorities when investigating an infraction, and in the latter case only in circumstances relevant to the investigation. Recordings are maintained after death; it is not made clear what the reasoning is for this and under what circumstances and or by whom a deceased person's archive can be accessed.
The plot of the 1995 movie *[Strange Days](/wiki/Strange_Days_%28film%29 "Strange Days (film)")* is based on a future where sousveillance recordings are made and sold as entertainment. The plot of the movie revolves around the murder of a celebrity by police officers that is recorded by a person secretly wearing one of the devices. In the movie, the recordings are made by a flat array of sensors that pick up signals from the brain stem. The sensors are usually hidden under a wig, and they record everything the person wearing them sees and hears. Recordings made while the person making them dies are called "blackjack" tapes.
The plot of the 1985 [John Crowley](/wiki/John_Crowley_%28author%29 "John Crowley (author)") short story *[Snow](/wiki/Snow_%28Crowley_short_story%29 "Snow (Crowley short story)")* revolves around a suspended camera recording the whole of a subject's life being sold as a consumer product.
The 2007 novel *[Halting State](/wiki/Halting_State "Halting State")* by [Charles Stross](/wiki/Charles_Stross "Charles Stross") and its sequel *[Rule 34](/wiki/Rule_34_%28novel%29 "Rule 34 (novel)")* depict a 2020s Scotland in which wearable computing has a level of ubiquity similar to that of 2013's cell phones. The implications of a society in which anyone might be recording anything at any time are explored at length, particularly with respect to policing.
The [open source](/wiki/Open_source "Open source") science fiction role\-playing game *[Eclipse Phase](/wiki/Eclipse_Phase "Eclipse Phase")* has sousveillance as a common part of life in the setting, as a result of data storage technology and high\-definition digital cameras becoming commonplace and often integrated into any and all objects.
[Orson Scott Card](/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card "Orson Scott Card")'s novel, *[the Worthing Chronicle](/wiki/The_Worthing_Chronicle "The Worthing Chronicle")* also investigates the effect of (apparently) omnipotent watchers, and how it can degrade human experience—the moral dilemma leading the watchers to cease. [Vernor Vinge](/wiki/Vernor_Vinge "Vernor Vinge")'s character, [Pham Nuwen](/wiki/Pham_Nuwen "Pham Nuwen") presciently recognizes the stage of "ubiquitous surveillance" in the collapse\-and\-rebuild cycle that plagues human planetary civilization in *[a Deepness in the Sky](/wiki/A_Deepness_in_the_Sky "A Deepness in the Sky")*.
|
[
"In fiction\n----------",
"David Brin's 1989 novel *[Earth](/wiki/Earth_%28Brin_novel%29 \"Earth (Brin novel)\")* portrays citizens equipped with both augmented reality gear (\"Tru\\-Vu Goggles\") and cameras exercising reciprocal accountability, with each other and with authority figures, discussing effects on crime and presaging today's \"cop cam\" developments. Elites are allowed only temporary, cached secrecy. In Robert Sawyer's [Neanderthal Parallax](/wiki/Neanderthal_Parallax \"Neanderthal Parallax\") trilogy, the *[Homo neanderthalensis](/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis \"Homo neanderthalensis\")* occupying a parallel universe have what are called companion implants. These are comprehensive recording and transmission devices, mounted in the forearm of each person. Their entire life is constantly monitored and sent to their alibi archive, a repository of recordings that are only accessible by their owner, or by the proper authorities when investigating an infraction, and in the latter case only in circumstances relevant to the investigation. Recordings are maintained after death; it is not made clear what the reasoning is for this and under what circumstances and or by whom a deceased person's archive can be accessed.",
"The plot of the 1995 movie *[Strange Days](/wiki/Strange_Days_%28film%29 \"Strange Days (film)\")* is based on a future where sousveillance recordings are made and sold as entertainment. The plot of the movie revolves around the murder of a celebrity by police officers that is recorded by a person secretly wearing one of the devices. In the movie, the recordings are made by a flat array of sensors that pick up signals from the brain stem. The sensors are usually hidden under a wig, and they record everything the person wearing them sees and hears. Recordings made while the person making them dies are called \"blackjack\" tapes.",
"The plot of the 1985 [John Crowley](/wiki/John_Crowley_%28author%29 \"John Crowley (author)\") short story *[Snow](/wiki/Snow_%28Crowley_short_story%29 \"Snow (Crowley short story)\")* revolves around a suspended camera recording the whole of a subject's life being sold as a consumer product.",
"The 2007 novel *[Halting State](/wiki/Halting_State \"Halting State\")* by [Charles Stross](/wiki/Charles_Stross \"Charles Stross\") and its sequel *[Rule 34](/wiki/Rule_34_%28novel%29 \"Rule 34 (novel)\")* depict a 2020s Scotland in which wearable computing has a level of ubiquity similar to that of 2013's cell phones. The implications of a society in which anyone might be recording anything at any time are explored at length, particularly with respect to policing.",
"The [open source](/wiki/Open_source \"Open source\") science fiction role\\-playing game *[Eclipse Phase](/wiki/Eclipse_Phase \"Eclipse Phase\")* has sousveillance as a common part of life in the setting, as a result of data storage technology and high\\-definition digital cameras becoming commonplace and often integrated into any and all objects.",
"[Orson Scott Card](/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card \"Orson Scott Card\")'s novel, *[the Worthing Chronicle](/wiki/The_Worthing_Chronicle \"The Worthing Chronicle\")* also investigates the effect of (apparently) omnipotent watchers, and how it can degrade human experience—the moral dilemma leading the watchers to cease. [Vernor Vinge](/wiki/Vernor_Vinge \"Vernor Vinge\")'s character, [Pham Nuwen](/wiki/Pham_Nuwen \"Pham Nuwen\") presciently recognizes the stage of \"ubiquitous surveillance\" in the collapse\\-and\\-rebuild cycle that plagues human planetary civilization in *[a Deepness in the Sky](/wiki/A_Deepness_in_the_Sky \"A Deepness in the Sky\")*.",
""
] |
Academia
--------
Bromell decided on graduate studies, becoming the first African\-American woman to earn an MS in Agricultural Economics (December 1977\) from [Clemson University](/wiki/Clemson_University "Clemson University").{{cite news\|last\=Brack\|first\=Andy\|title\=S.C. Statehouse Report: Heirs property law provides more protection\|url\=http://www.statehousereport.com/columns/06\.0813\.prop.htm\|access\-date\=June 26, 2012\|newspaper\=The State\|date\=August 13, 2006\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619010808/http://www.statehousereport.com/columns/06\.0813\.prop.htm\|archive\-date\=June 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} Her master's thesis addressed the problems associated with clouded title property, known as "heirs property". Her study was the first scientific documentation and measurement of the problem in South Carolina. Her findings were published in *[Progressive Farmer Magazine](/wiki/Progressive_Farmer_Magazine "Progressive Farmer Magazine")* (1978\), carried by many local newspapers throughout the State, presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association's annual meeting, and submitted to the South Carolina Legislature. State Rep. [Herbert Fielding](/wiki/Herbert_Fielding "Herbert Fielding") submitted a bill to correct problems identified by Bromell Tinubu.
Briefly, [freedmen](/wiki/Freedmen "Freedmen") after the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") acquired parcels of property in coastal areas of the state, sometimes passing it on to heirs without much documentation. Parcels became divided with interests split among many heirs. Developers have sometimes persuaded an heir to seek a buyout of his or her share of the property ... Court action often followed to allow the individual to realize his or her share. Other family members were left out in the cold as the land was sold at sheriff's sales for pennies on the dollar. Through the years, millions of acres of heirs property have been lost by families that could not intervene.
In 2006 the state passed its first law to provide more protection to families owning heirs property and who want to keep the family interest in the property. They have been given 10 days to inform courts that they need more time to contact family members and have a chance to buy out the person wanting to sell, and 45 days to raise the purchase price. Commentators believe these time periods need to be lengthened, given the complexity of many cases.
Bromell Tinubu continued with graduate work at Clemson, in August 1986 becoming their first African American student to earn a Ph.D. in Applied Economics. Her Ph.D. dissertation studied the financial stability of South Carolina's public water systems.
She had started her college academic career as an assistant professor of economics in 1986 at [Spelman College](/wiki/Spelman_College "Spelman College") (Atlanta, Georgia); she became chair of the economics department and earned tenure as associate professor in 1992\.{{Cite web \|date\=2004\-08\-25 \|title\=In Not So Good Company \|url\=https://www.diverseeducation.com/leadership\-policy/article/15080225/in\-not\-so\-good\-company \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-27 \|website\=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education \|language\=en\-us}} Since her move to South Carolina, Bromell Tinubu has worked as a teaching associate in the College of Business Administration at [Coastal Carolina University](/wiki/Coastal_Carolina_University "Coastal Carolina University") in [Conway](/wiki/Conway%2C_South_Carolina "Conway, South Carolina").
From 2001 to 2004, she was founder and CEO of Atlanta Cooperative Development Corporation, a community economic development corporation for the development of cooperative entities such as credit unions, cooperative housing and businesses. From 2004 to 2006, Bromell Tinubu she served as the president of [Barber–Scotia College](/wiki/Barber%E2%80%93Scotia_College "Barber–Scotia College"), a [historically black college](/wiki/Historically_black_college "Historically black college") in North Carolina.{{cite news\|title\=Barber\-Scotia hires new president\|url\=https://www.accessnorthga.com/detail.php?n\=166509\|access\-date\=April 15, 2014\|newspaper\=AccessNorthGa.com\|date\=June 22, 2004\|agency\=AP\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061806/https://www.accessnorthga.com/detail.php?n\=166509\|archive\-date\=October 23, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web \|date\=2024 \|title\=Mable McLean \|url\=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/independenttribune/name/mable\-mclean\-obituary?id\=22239009 \|access\-date\=March 2, 2024 \|website\=Legacy}}
|
[
"Academia\n--------",
"Bromell decided on graduate studies, becoming the first African\\-American woman to earn an MS in Agricultural Economics (December 1977\\) from [Clemson University](/wiki/Clemson_University \"Clemson University\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Brack\\|first\\=Andy\\|title\\=S.C. Statehouse Report: Heirs property law provides more protection\\|url\\=http://www.statehousereport.com/columns/06\\.0813\\.prop.htm\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2012\\|newspaper\\=The State\\|date\\=August 13, 2006\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619010808/http://www.statehousereport.com/columns/06\\.0813\\.prop.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=June 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Her master's thesis addressed the problems associated with clouded title property, known as \"heirs property\". Her study was the first scientific documentation and measurement of the problem in South Carolina. Her findings were published in *[Progressive Farmer Magazine](/wiki/Progressive_Farmer_Magazine \"Progressive Farmer Magazine\")* (1978\\), carried by many local newspapers throughout the State, presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association's annual meeting, and submitted to the South Carolina Legislature. State Rep. [Herbert Fielding](/wiki/Herbert_Fielding \"Herbert Fielding\") submitted a bill to correct problems identified by Bromell Tinubu.",
"Briefly, [freedmen](/wiki/Freedmen \"Freedmen\") after the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") acquired parcels of property in coastal areas of the state, sometimes passing it on to heirs without much documentation. Parcels became divided with interests split among many heirs. Developers have sometimes persuaded an heir to seek a buyout of his or her share of the property ... Court action often followed to allow the individual to realize his or her share. Other family members were left out in the cold as the land was sold at sheriff's sales for pennies on the dollar. Through the years, millions of acres of heirs property have been lost by families that could not intervene.",
"In 2006 the state passed its first law to provide more protection to families owning heirs property and who want to keep the family interest in the property. They have been given 10 days to inform courts that they need more time to contact family members and have a chance to buy out the person wanting to sell, and 45 days to raise the purchase price. Commentators believe these time periods need to be lengthened, given the complexity of many cases.",
"Bromell Tinubu continued with graduate work at Clemson, in August 1986 becoming their first African American student to earn a Ph.D. in Applied Economics. Her Ph.D. dissertation studied the financial stability of South Carolina's public water systems.",
"She had started her college academic career as an assistant professor of economics in 1986 at [Spelman College](/wiki/Spelman_College \"Spelman College\") (Atlanta, Georgia); she became chair of the economics department and earned tenure as associate professor in 1992\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2004\\-08\\-25 \\|title\\=In Not So Good Company \\|url\\=https://www.diverseeducation.com/leadership\\-policy/article/15080225/in\\-not\\-so\\-good\\-company \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-27 \\|website\\=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education \\|language\\=en\\-us}} Since her move to South Carolina, Bromell Tinubu has worked as a teaching associate in the College of Business Administration at [Coastal Carolina University](/wiki/Coastal_Carolina_University \"Coastal Carolina University\") in [Conway](/wiki/Conway%2C_South_Carolina \"Conway, South Carolina\").",
"From 2001 to 2004, she was founder and CEO of Atlanta Cooperative Development Corporation, a community economic development corporation for the development of cooperative entities such as credit unions, cooperative housing and businesses. From 2004 to 2006, Bromell Tinubu she served as the president of [Barber–Scotia College](/wiki/Barber%E2%80%93Scotia_College \"Barber–Scotia College\"), a [historically black college](/wiki/Historically_black_college \"Historically black college\") in North Carolina.{{cite news\\|title\\=Barber\\-Scotia hires new president\\|url\\=https://www.accessnorthga.com/detail.php?n\\=166509\\|access\\-date\\=April 15, 2014\\|newspaper\\=AccessNorthGa.com\\|date\\=June 22, 2004\\|agency\\=AP\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061806/https://www.accessnorthga.com/detail.php?n\\=166509\\|archive\\-date\\=October 23, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024 \\|title\\=Mable McLean \\|url\\=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/independenttribune/name/mable\\-mclean\\-obituary?id\\=22239009 \\|access\\-date\\=March 2, 2024 \\|website\\=Legacy}}",
""
] |
Site description
----------------
When the site was abandoned it was a large complex ({{convert\|19\.0\|ha\|acre\|disp\=or}}) that included seven [platform mounds](/wiki/Platform_mound "Platform mound"), six arranged near a [plaza](/wiki/Plaza "Plaza") and a seventh (Mound 1\) located {{convert\|250\|m\|ft}} to the north.{{cite thesis\|title\=Embodying the Sacred: Temporal Changes in the Cosmological Function of Art and Symbolism in the Mississippian Period, AD 1250\-1400\|author\= LeDoux, Spencer C. \|year\=2009 \|type\=Undergraduate honors thesis \|publisher\=Texas State University–San Marcos \|chapter\-url\= https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/3248/fulltext.pdf\|chapter\=Chapter 4: The Lake Jackson Site\|hdl\=10877/3248}}{{better source needed\|date\=April 2023}} The mounds were the result of skilled planning, knowledge of soils and organization of numerous laborers over the period of many years. The ceremonial plaza was a large flat area, constructed and leveled for this purpose, where ritual games and gatherings took place. The area around the mounds and plaza had several areas of heavy village habitation with individual residences, where artisans and workers lived. There were also communal agricultural fields in the surrounding countryside, where the people cultivated [maize](/wiki/Maize "Maize") in the rich local soil, the major reason such a dense population and large site were possible.{{cite book\|author\=Brown, Robin C.\|year\=1994\|title\=Florida's First People: 12,000 Years of Human History\|location\=Sarasota, Florida\|publisher\=Pineapple Press, Inc.\|isbn\=978\-1\-56164\-032\-4\|pages\=56–59}} Only a few of the mounds in the park have been systematically [excavated](/wiki/Excavation_%28archaeology%29 "Excavation (archaeology)") by [archaeologists](/wiki/Archaeologists "Archaeologists").
The site itself is oriented on an east–west axis, oriented perpendicular to the north–south axis of the Meginnis Arm, a nearby extension of Lake Jackson. All of the mounds are laid out to reflect this alignment, although it is unclear if this is symbolic or merely the result of the lake arm's orientation.
### Phases
[thumb\|right\|250px\|Diagram of mounds at site](/wiki/File:Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Fort_Walton_culture_HRoe_2012.jpg "Lake Jackson Mounds Fort Walton culture HRoe 2012.jpg")
During the *Lake Jackson I phase* the site consisted of small village possibly with the beginnings of Mound 2 started. During the *Early Lake Jackson II phase*
the population and the habitation areas of the site expanded greatly. Many of the areas that would later become mounds were village areas at this time, including the locations of Mounds 3 and 4, as well as areas north of Mounds 2 and 4\. Mound 5 was begun and Mound 2 was started during this time. Mounds 3, 4, and 6 were probably not yet started. No evidence exists for occupation in the vicinity of Mound 6\. A small area around Mound 5 continued to be occupied during early Lake Jackson II. The areas north of Mound 4 and between Mounds 2 and 4 show evidence of dense occupation during this time. During the *Late Lake Jackson II phase*, all 7 mounds had been started and most had seen numerous construction episodes. Mound 5 and Mound 6 were possibly finished, and Mounds 2, 3, and 4 were under way but had not had their final stages reached yet. The area to the south and west of Mound 4 and the area between Mounds 2 and 4 continues to be occupied. There is dense occupation north of Mound 2\. In the *Lake Jackson III phase*, the central part of the site is occupied more intensively especially around Mound 2 and spreading north. Mounds 4, 5, and 6 are completed before the beginning of the phase, and Mounds 2 and 3 are finished during the phase. After this point at about 1500, the site is virtually abandoned. There is occasional evidence that the site is still visited in the succeeding *Velda phase* (1500\-1633\), but very few artifacts or evidence of habitation from this time period have been found.
### Ceramic chronology
{{main\|Mississippian culture pottery}}
Archaeologists use changes in ceramic styles to determine timelines for sites and entire regions. The ceramics found at Lake Jackson have been reconstructed into the following sequences using these ceramic markers.
| *Site phase* | *Dates* | *Ceramic markers* |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Fort Jackson I | 1050 \- 1150 | Fort Jackson incised, Wakulla Check Stamped, [mica](/wiki/Mica "Mica") inclusions in clay paste, unaltered rims, few of the typical Mississippian vessel forms, motifs, or appendages |
| Early Fort Jackson II | 1150 \- 1250 | Wakulla Check Stamped, Carrabelle Punctated *var MeGinnis*, Fort Jackson incised, Cool Branch incised, Marsh Island incised, Lake Jackson incised, cob marked pottery, red filmed pottery, unaltered or folded rims, loop and strap handles, occasional mica inclusions, collared jars, other kinds of jars, carinated bowls, bottles, and beakers |
| Late Fort Jackson II | 1250 \- 1400 | Fort Jackson incised, Cool Branch incised, Marsh Island incised, Lake Jackson incised, red filmed pottery, altered rims(notched, ticked or scalloped), loop and strap handles continue, with strap handles being more frequent than before, lugs make first appearance, occasional mica inclusions, |
| Fort Jackson III | 1400 \-1500 | Fort Jackson incised continues but without *var Cayson and Englewood*, no mica inclusions, carinated bowls, Fort Walton Incised, Marsh Island Incised or strap handles, Lake Jackson incised, red filmed pottery, altered rims(notched, ticked, scalloped and fluted) all continue with fluted becoming charasteristic |
|
### Mound 2
[250px\|thumb\|right\|Mound 2 at Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park](/wiki/File:07-09-11_LkJksnMoundsStPkMnd2.jpg "07-09-11 LkJksnMoundsStPkMnd2.jpg")
In the center of the complex is Mound 2, the largest and the best\-preserved mound at the site, it measures 36 ft high and 272 ft by 312 ft at the base (11 m × 83 m × 95 m). Like all of the mounds at the site where an original shape can be determined, it is a simple truncated\-pyramidal [platform mound](/wiki/Platform_mound "Platform mound"). Very little excavation has taken place at this mound, so not much is known about the construction sequence or what structures may have been built upon it. There was limited work done on the mound in 1947 by [John Griffin](/wiki/John_W._Griffin_%28archaeologist%29 "John W. Griffin (archaeologist)"), in a salvage cleanup effort of a looters trench. He found a series of fill layers of black muck, various soil types, and caps of red clay, but as the cut was not through the entire mound or located near any structures he could not learn much about its construction sequence or definitive purpose. It was most likely the first mound started at the site, early in Fort Jackson's history. If it is similar to mounds at other sites, then it was the house platform of the ruler of the site, who was also possibly a [paramount chief](/wiki/Paramount_chief "Paramount chief") over many other sites.
### Mound 3
[thumb\|right\|250px\|A diagram showing the various components of mound construction](/wiki/File:Mississippian_culture_mound_components_HRoe_2011.jpg "Mississippian culture mound components HRoe 2011.jpg")
Located {{convert\|50\|m\|ft}} across a plaza to the south of Mound 2 is Mound 3, the third\-largest and third\-tallest mound at the site. Mound 3 was used as a mortuary mound by its builders. At the end of its construction, it was 5 m in height and 44 by 48 m at the base (16 ft × 144 ft × 157 ft).{{better source needed\|date\=April 2023}} Based on radiocarbon dating done during excavations, the mound is known to have been constructed between 760 years and 475 years [Before Present](/wiki/Before_Present "Before Present") (based on 1950 as present), or approximately between 1190 and 1475\. Below ground level of Mound 3, was a village [midden](/wiki/Midden "Midden") showing residential occupation at this spot before the construction of the mound began. The first activity other than village occupation is a leveling of the location and pit dug and filled with 35 stone projectile points and burned organic material. This is covered over with a layer of clay and structure erected. This building may have been used for feasting rituals. After a period of time this structure was then burned and the first {{convert\|48\|cm\|ft}} of mound layer was erected over it. The first burial is included in this layer.{{better source needed\|date\=April 2023}} The mound was built up in intervals, with new levels being added in stages. The bulk of the mound fill was a mixture of scraped up midden materials. White sand from the lake shore was used as a first layer in each new episode, followed by mound fill and then a red [clay](/wiki/Clay "Clay") from nearby hills was put on in a thin layer as a final cap. The pattern of deposits of fill demonstrated that the earth was intentionally brought to the site, in baskets as individual basket loads could be detected during excavations.
[Postholes](/wiki/Posthole "Posthole") found on the mound summit indicated that buildings with encircling [palisades](/wiki/Palisade "Palisade") were erected on the flat top. The last structure erected on the summit measured {{convert\|7\.3\|by\|9\.3\|m\|ft}} and was aligned in a north–south axis just like the mound itself. This rectangular structure is unusual for [Apalachee](/wiki/Apalachee "Apalachee") architecture, as most of their structures were round in shape. Archaeologists theorize this may be because of outside influences from other Mississippian centers where rectangular structures are common. The period burning, new fill layer, cap, and structure cycle was repeated twelve times in the 250\-year lifespan of the mound. Based on studies at [Cahokia](/wiki/Cahokia "Cahokia") (a very large mound center in Illinois) and other Mississippian culture sites, scholars believe that structures were destroyed and the mounds "renewed" with new higher layers of fill and new colored clay caps.{{cite book \| last \= Young \| first \= Biloine \| author2 \= Melvin L. Fowler \| title \= Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis \| publisher \= \[\[University of Illinois at Urbana\-Champaign\|University of Illinois]] \| year \= 2000 \| location \= \[\[Urbana, Illinois]] \| url \= http://www.press.uillinois.edu/f99/young.html \| isbn \= 978\-0\-252\-06821\-8 \| access\-date \= 2009\-10\-06 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20060905035258/http://www.press.uillinois.edu/f99/young.html \| archive\-date \= 2006\-09\-05 \| url\-status \= dead }}{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3JH\-TPFjLk4C\&q\=construction\+of\+platform\+mounds\&pg\=PA741\|title\=Handbook of North American Indians : Southeast \|author\=Raymond Fogelson\|publisher\=Smithsonian Institution\|date\=September 20, 2004\|isbn\=978\-0\-16\-072300\-1\|page\=741}} The time span in between renewals at many sites suggests the average lifespan of a ruler and their death and replacement by a successor.{{cite thesis\|title\= Raised ground, Razed structure: Ceramic chronology, occupation and chiefly authority on Mound P at Moundville\|author\= Porth, Steven \|type\=MA thesis \| publisher\= University of Alabama\| url\= http://rla.unc.edu/Mdvlfiles/ma/Porth%202011%20MA.pdf\|pages\=11–12}}
The mounds location on private property outside the state owned park meant it was not protected as the mounds inside the park are and it was leveled for use as [fill dirt](/wiki/Fill_dirt "Fill dirt") in the winter of 1975–1976\. Before it was dug away [B. Calvin Jones](/wiki/B._Calvin_Jones "B. Calvin Jones"), an archaeologist with the State of Florida Bureau of Historic Sites and Properties, conducted a [salvage](/wiki/Salvage_archaeology "Salvage archaeology") operation. He recovered 24 burials from Mound 3, with others known to have been lost in the destruction of the mound. Seven of the twelve levels that had been the top of the mound had graves dug into them. Graves dug into the other levels may have been lost as the mound was destroyed. The burials were in deep pits, some lined with split logs, but each grave was kept track of as none were dug down into previous graves. Before burial the bodies were wrapped in cloth and an embossed copper plate placed on their chest. They were then wrapped in leather and cane matting and placed into the prepared pit graves and split logs placed over them. This entire procedure of wrapping the body is reminiscent of "[bundling](/wiki/Medicine_bundle "Medicine bundle")", a practice used for sacred objects which has a long history among Native North Americans.{{better source needed\|date\=April 2023}} A selection of other [grave goods](/wiki/Grave_goods "Grave goods") have been found wrapped in the bundles. In the sequence from lower to higher levels (oldest to more recent), the grave goods became more elaborate. In the upper levels, the grave goods included many objects made of [copper](/wiki/Copper "Copper"), beads made of shell and [pearl](/wiki/Pearl "Pearl"), and [pipes](/wiki/Smoking_pipe_%28tobacco%29 "Smoking pipe (tobacco)") associated with ritual use of [tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco "Tobacco"). Although most of the burials were of elite men, the graves included one woman (buried with the most elaborate *falcon dancer* copper plate) and a child of about eleven years of age, probably of the elite class. One of the bodies had been [cremated](/wiki/Cremated "Cremated"). The bones of a dog were found on top of one of the clay levels that was an earlier top surface of the mound.
### Mounds 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7
Mound 1 was partially excavated in the mid to late 1950s by [Charles H. Fairbanks](/wiki/Charles_H._Fairbanks "Charles H. Fairbanks") and [Hale G. Smith](/wiki/Hale_G._Smith "Hale G. Smith") for the Department of Anthropology at [Florida State University](/wiki/Florida_State_University "Florida State University"). All information from the excavation except for a single photo and a partial list of artifacts found are currently missing and presumed lost. Mound 1 is the only mound not currently located within the boundaries of the park and remains privately owned.{{cite journal\|author1\=Rochelle A. Marrinan\|author2\=Nancy Marie White\|url\=http://www.trailoffloridasindianheritage.org/pdf/fw1\.pdf\|title\=Modeling Fort Walton Culture in Northwest Florida\|journal\=Southeastern Archaeology\|volume\=26\|number\=2–Winter\|year\=2007\|page\=305\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403084151/http://www.trailoffloridasindianheritage.org/pdf/fw1\.pdf\|archive\-date\=2013\-04\-03}}
Mound 4 was built between 1250 and 1400\. It was started when a layer of white sand was laid down over a previous habitation area and covered with {{convert\|60\|cm\|ft}} of basket\-loaded mound fill and covered with a red\-clay cap. It had several more similar construction phases. A series of postholes were discovered at the summit by John Griffin in 1947, but due to time constraints with the work season he could not proceed any further.
Mound 5, the smallest mound at the site, went through at least two phases of mound construction. It was built over a former village area but did not receive a coat of white sand before mound construction as did Mound 4\. It seems to have been abandoned sometime during the Late Lake Jackson phase.
Mound 6 was also built on top of an earlier habitation area, and was also given a layer of light\-colored sand before the mound was started. Several layers were added over the years and evidence for habitations structures was found on the successive summits. Artifacts found in the mound date to 1250 to 1400, during the Late Lake Jackson II phase.
Mound 7 has never been excavated and has almost nothing known about it. Its seriously degraded shape does not even permit its identification as a platform mound with certainty.
File:Tallahassee FL Lake Jackson Mounds SP mound01a.jpg\|Mound 1
File:07\-09\-11 LkJksnMoundsStPkMnd2\.jpg\|Mound 2
File:Tallahassee FL Lake Jackson Mounds SP mound02f.jpg\|Mound 2
File:07\-09\-11 LkJksnMoundsStPkMnd4\.jpg\|Mound 4
### Plazas
The layout and arrangement of the mounds in the central area of the site suggests that there may have been two large plaza areas. Mounds 2, 3, 4, and 5 form a large rectangular shape that was mostly free of debris. Mounds 2, 3, 6, and 7 also form a rectangular shape that suggests it too was a plaza. Both plazas would have had Butler's Mill Creek (a small stream that once bisected these areas, but whose course was altered in historic times) running through it. Excavations have shown that a clean area between Mounds 2 and 4 was a plaza, but not enough work has been done at the rest of the site to confirm the larger dimension suggested by the first arrangement or the existence of a plaza at the second arrangement at all.
|
[
"Site description\n----------------",
"When the site was abandoned it was a large complex ({{convert\\|19\\.0\\|ha\\|acre\\|disp\\=or}}) that included seven [platform mounds](/wiki/Platform_mound \"Platform mound\"), six arranged near a [plaza](/wiki/Plaza \"Plaza\") and a seventh (Mound 1\\) located {{convert\\|250\\|m\\|ft}} to the north.{{cite thesis\\|title\\=Embodying the Sacred: Temporal Changes in the Cosmological Function of Art and Symbolism in the Mississippian Period, AD 1250\\-1400\\|author\\= LeDoux, Spencer C. \\|year\\=2009 \\|type\\=Undergraduate honors thesis \\|publisher\\=Texas State University–San Marcos \\|chapter\\-url\\= https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/3248/fulltext.pdf\\|chapter\\=Chapter 4: The Lake Jackson Site\\|hdl\\=10877/3248}}{{better source needed\\|date\\=April 2023}} The mounds were the result of skilled planning, knowledge of soils and organization of numerous laborers over the period of many years. The ceremonial plaza was a large flat area, constructed and leveled for this purpose, where ritual games and gatherings took place. The area around the mounds and plaza had several areas of heavy village habitation with individual residences, where artisans and workers lived. There were also communal agricultural fields in the surrounding countryside, where the people cultivated [maize](/wiki/Maize \"Maize\") in the rich local soil, the major reason such a dense population and large site were possible.{{cite book\\|author\\=Brown, Robin C.\\|year\\=1994\\|title\\=Florida's First People: 12,000 Years of Human History\\|location\\=Sarasota, Florida\\|publisher\\=Pineapple Press, Inc.\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-56164\\-032\\-4\\|pages\\=56–59}} Only a few of the mounds in the park have been systematically [excavated](/wiki/Excavation_%28archaeology%29 \"Excavation (archaeology)\") by [archaeologists](/wiki/Archaeologists \"Archaeologists\").",
"The site itself is oriented on an east–west axis, oriented perpendicular to the north–south axis of the Meginnis Arm, a nearby extension of Lake Jackson. All of the mounds are laid out to reflect this alignment, although it is unclear if this is symbolic or merely the result of the lake arm's orientation.",
"### Phases",
"[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Diagram of mounds at site](/wiki/File:Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Fort_Walton_culture_HRoe_2012.jpg \"Lake Jackson Mounds Fort Walton culture HRoe 2012.jpg\")\nDuring the *Lake Jackson I phase* the site consisted of small village possibly with the beginnings of Mound 2 started. During the *Early Lake Jackson II phase*\nthe population and the habitation areas of the site expanded greatly. Many of the areas that would later become mounds were village areas at this time, including the locations of Mounds 3 and 4, as well as areas north of Mounds 2 and 4\\. Mound 5 was begun and Mound 2 was started during this time. Mounds 3, 4, and 6 were probably not yet started. No evidence exists for occupation in the vicinity of Mound 6\\. A small area around Mound 5 continued to be occupied during early Lake Jackson II. The areas north of Mound 4 and between Mounds 2 and 4 show evidence of dense occupation during this time. During the *Late Lake Jackson II phase*, all 7 mounds had been started and most had seen numerous construction episodes. Mound 5 and Mound 6 were possibly finished, and Mounds 2, 3, and 4 were under way but had not had their final stages reached yet. The area to the south and west of Mound 4 and the area between Mounds 2 and 4 continues to be occupied. There is dense occupation north of Mound 2\\. In the *Lake Jackson III phase*, the central part of the site is occupied more intensively especially around Mound 2 and spreading north. Mounds 4, 5, and 6 are completed before the beginning of the phase, and Mounds 2 and 3 are finished during the phase. After this point at about 1500, the site is virtually abandoned. There is occasional evidence that the site is still visited in the succeeding *Velda phase* (1500\\-1633\\), but very few artifacts or evidence of habitation from this time period have been found.",
"### Ceramic chronology",
"{{main\\|Mississippian culture pottery}}\nArchaeologists use changes in ceramic styles to determine timelines for sites and entire regions. The ceramics found at Lake Jackson have been reconstructed into the following sequences using these ceramic markers.",
"| *Site phase* | *Dates* | *Ceramic markers* |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Fort Jackson I | 1050 \\- 1150 | Fort Jackson incised, Wakulla Check Stamped, [mica](/wiki/Mica \"Mica\") inclusions in clay paste, unaltered rims, few of the typical Mississippian vessel forms, motifs, or appendages |\n| Early Fort Jackson II | 1150 \\- 1250 | Wakulla Check Stamped, Carrabelle Punctated *var MeGinnis*, Fort Jackson incised, Cool Branch incised, Marsh Island incised, Lake Jackson incised, cob marked pottery, red filmed pottery, unaltered or folded rims, loop and strap handles, occasional mica inclusions, collared jars, other kinds of jars, carinated bowls, bottles, and beakers |\n| Late Fort Jackson II | 1250 \\- 1400 | Fort Jackson incised, Cool Branch incised, Marsh Island incised, Lake Jackson incised, red filmed pottery, altered rims(notched, ticked or scalloped), loop and strap handles continue, with strap handles being more frequent than before, lugs make first appearance, occasional mica inclusions, |\n| Fort Jackson III | 1400 \\-1500 | Fort Jackson incised continues but without *var Cayson and Englewood*, no mica inclusions, carinated bowls, Fort Walton Incised, Marsh Island Incised or strap handles, Lake Jackson incised, red filmed pottery, altered rims(notched, ticked, scalloped and fluted) all continue with fluted becoming charasteristic |\n|",
"",
"### Mound 2",
"[250px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Mound 2 at Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park](/wiki/File:07-09-11_LkJksnMoundsStPkMnd2.jpg \"07-09-11 LkJksnMoundsStPkMnd2.jpg\")\nIn the center of the complex is Mound 2, the largest and the best\\-preserved mound at the site, it measures 36 ft high and 272 ft by 312 ft at the base (11 m × 83 m × 95 m). Like all of the mounds at the site where an original shape can be determined, it is a simple truncated\\-pyramidal [platform mound](/wiki/Platform_mound \"Platform mound\"). Very little excavation has taken place at this mound, so not much is known about the construction sequence or what structures may have been built upon it. There was limited work done on the mound in 1947 by [John Griffin](/wiki/John_W._Griffin_%28archaeologist%29 \"John W. Griffin (archaeologist)\"), in a salvage cleanup effort of a looters trench. He found a series of fill layers of black muck, various soil types, and caps of red clay, but as the cut was not through the entire mound or located near any structures he could not learn much about its construction sequence or definitive purpose. It was most likely the first mound started at the site, early in Fort Jackson's history. If it is similar to mounds at other sites, then it was the house platform of the ruler of the site, who was also possibly a [paramount chief](/wiki/Paramount_chief \"Paramount chief\") over many other sites.",
"### Mound 3",
"[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|A diagram showing the various components of mound construction](/wiki/File:Mississippian_culture_mound_components_HRoe_2011.jpg \"Mississippian culture mound components HRoe 2011.jpg\")\nLocated {{convert\\|50\\|m\\|ft}} across a plaza to the south of Mound 2 is Mound 3, the third\\-largest and third\\-tallest mound at the site. Mound 3 was used as a mortuary mound by its builders. At the end of its construction, it was 5 m in height and 44 by 48 m at the base (16 ft × 144 ft × 157 ft).{{better source needed\\|date\\=April 2023}} Based on radiocarbon dating done during excavations, the mound is known to have been constructed between 760 years and 475 years [Before Present](/wiki/Before_Present \"Before Present\") (based on 1950 as present), or approximately between 1190 and 1475\\. Below ground level of Mound 3, was a village [midden](/wiki/Midden \"Midden\") showing residential occupation at this spot before the construction of the mound began. The first activity other than village occupation is a leveling of the location and pit dug and filled with 35 stone projectile points and burned organic material. This is covered over with a layer of clay and structure erected. This building may have been used for feasting rituals. After a period of time this structure was then burned and the first {{convert\\|48\\|cm\\|ft}} of mound layer was erected over it. The first burial is included in this layer.{{better source needed\\|date\\=April 2023}} The mound was built up in intervals, with new levels being added in stages. The bulk of the mound fill was a mixture of scraped up midden materials. White sand from the lake shore was used as a first layer in each new episode, followed by mound fill and then a red [clay](/wiki/Clay \"Clay\") from nearby hills was put on in a thin layer as a final cap. The pattern of deposits of fill demonstrated that the earth was intentionally brought to the site, in baskets as individual basket loads could be detected during excavations.",
"[Postholes](/wiki/Posthole \"Posthole\") found on the mound summit indicated that buildings with encircling [palisades](/wiki/Palisade \"Palisade\") were erected on the flat top. The last structure erected on the summit measured {{convert\\|7\\.3\\|by\\|9\\.3\\|m\\|ft}} and was aligned in a north–south axis just like the mound itself. This rectangular structure is unusual for [Apalachee](/wiki/Apalachee \"Apalachee\") architecture, as most of their structures were round in shape. Archaeologists theorize this may be because of outside influences from other Mississippian centers where rectangular structures are common. The period burning, new fill layer, cap, and structure cycle was repeated twelve times in the 250\\-year lifespan of the mound. Based on studies at [Cahokia](/wiki/Cahokia \"Cahokia\") (a very large mound center in Illinois) and other Mississippian culture sites, scholars believe that structures were destroyed and the mounds \"renewed\" with new higher layers of fill and new colored clay caps.{{cite book \\| last \\= Young \\| first \\= Biloine \\| author2 \\= Melvin L. Fowler \\| title \\= Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[University of Illinois at Urbana\\-Champaign\\|University of Illinois]] \\| year \\= 2000 \\| location \\= \\[\\[Urbana, Illinois]] \\| url \\= http://www.press.uillinois.edu/f99/young.html \\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-252\\-06821\\-8 \\| access\\-date \\= 2009\\-10\\-06 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060905035258/http://www.press.uillinois.edu/f99/young.html \\| archive\\-date \\= 2006\\-09\\-05 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3JH\\-TPFjLk4C\\&q\\=construction\\+of\\+platform\\+mounds\\&pg\\=PA741\\|title\\=Handbook of North American Indians : Southeast \\|author\\=Raymond Fogelson\\|publisher\\=Smithsonian Institution\\|date\\=September 20, 2004\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-16\\-072300\\-1\\|page\\=741}} The time span in between renewals at many sites suggests the average lifespan of a ruler and their death and replacement by a successor.{{cite thesis\\|title\\= Raised ground, Razed structure: Ceramic chronology, occupation and chiefly authority on Mound P at Moundville\\|author\\= Porth, Steven \\|type\\=MA thesis \\| publisher\\= University of Alabama\\| url\\= http://rla.unc.edu/Mdvlfiles/ma/Porth%202011%20MA.pdf\\|pages\\=11–12}}",
"The mounds location on private property outside the state owned park meant it was not protected as the mounds inside the park are and it was leveled for use as [fill dirt](/wiki/Fill_dirt \"Fill dirt\") in the winter of 1975–1976\\. Before it was dug away [B. Calvin Jones](/wiki/B._Calvin_Jones \"B. Calvin Jones\"), an archaeologist with the State of Florida Bureau of Historic Sites and Properties, conducted a [salvage](/wiki/Salvage_archaeology \"Salvage archaeology\") operation. He recovered 24 burials from Mound 3, with others known to have been lost in the destruction of the mound. Seven of the twelve levels that had been the top of the mound had graves dug into them. Graves dug into the other levels may have been lost as the mound was destroyed. The burials were in deep pits, some lined with split logs, but each grave was kept track of as none were dug down into previous graves. Before burial the bodies were wrapped in cloth and an embossed copper plate placed on their chest. They were then wrapped in leather and cane matting and placed into the prepared pit graves and split logs placed over them. This entire procedure of wrapping the body is reminiscent of \"[bundling](/wiki/Medicine_bundle \"Medicine bundle\")\", a practice used for sacred objects which has a long history among Native North Americans.{{better source needed\\|date\\=April 2023}} A selection of other [grave goods](/wiki/Grave_goods \"Grave goods\") have been found wrapped in the bundles. In the sequence from lower to higher levels (oldest to more recent), the grave goods became more elaborate. In the upper levels, the grave goods included many objects made of [copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\"), beads made of shell and [pearl](/wiki/Pearl \"Pearl\"), and [pipes](/wiki/Smoking_pipe_%28tobacco%29 \"Smoking pipe (tobacco)\") associated with ritual use of [tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco \"Tobacco\"). Although most of the burials were of elite men, the graves included one woman (buried with the most elaborate *falcon dancer* copper plate) and a child of about eleven years of age, probably of the elite class. One of the bodies had been [cremated](/wiki/Cremated \"Cremated\"). The bones of a dog were found on top of one of the clay levels that was an earlier top surface of the mound.",
"### Mounds 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7",
"Mound 1 was partially excavated in the mid to late 1950s by [Charles H. Fairbanks](/wiki/Charles_H._Fairbanks \"Charles H. Fairbanks\") and [Hale G. Smith](/wiki/Hale_G._Smith \"Hale G. Smith\") for the Department of Anthropology at [Florida State University](/wiki/Florida_State_University \"Florida State University\"). All information from the excavation except for a single photo and a partial list of artifacts found are currently missing and presumed lost. Mound 1 is the only mound not currently located within the boundaries of the park and remains privately owned.{{cite journal\\|author1\\=Rochelle A. Marrinan\\|author2\\=Nancy Marie White\\|url\\=http://www.trailoffloridasindianheritage.org/pdf/fw1\\.pdf\\|title\\=Modeling Fort Walton Culture in Northwest Florida\\|journal\\=Southeastern Archaeology\\|volume\\=26\\|number\\=2–Winter\\|year\\=2007\\|page\\=305\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403084151/http://www.trailoffloridasindianheritage.org/pdf/fw1\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-04\\-03}}",
"Mound 4 was built between 1250 and 1400\\. It was started when a layer of white sand was laid down over a previous habitation area and covered with {{convert\\|60\\|cm\\|ft}} of basket\\-loaded mound fill and covered with a red\\-clay cap. It had several more similar construction phases. A series of postholes were discovered at the summit by John Griffin in 1947, but due to time constraints with the work season he could not proceed any further.",
"Mound 5, the smallest mound at the site, went through at least two phases of mound construction. It was built over a former village area but did not receive a coat of white sand before mound construction as did Mound 4\\. It seems to have been abandoned sometime during the Late Lake Jackson phase.",
"Mound 6 was also built on top of an earlier habitation area, and was also given a layer of light\\-colored sand before the mound was started. Several layers were added over the years and evidence for habitations structures was found on the successive summits. Artifacts found in the mound date to 1250 to 1400, during the Late Lake Jackson II phase.",
"Mound 7 has never been excavated and has almost nothing known about it. Its seriously degraded shape does not even permit its identification as a platform mound with certainty.",
"File:Tallahassee FL Lake Jackson Mounds SP mound01a.jpg\\|Mound 1\nFile:07\\-09\\-11 LkJksnMoundsStPkMnd2\\.jpg\\|Mound 2\nFile:Tallahassee FL Lake Jackson Mounds SP mound02f.jpg\\|Mound 2\nFile:07\\-09\\-11 LkJksnMoundsStPkMnd4\\.jpg\\|Mound 4",
"",
"### Plazas",
"The layout and arrangement of the mounds in the central area of the site suggests that there may have been two large plaza areas. Mounds 2, 3, 4, and 5 form a large rectangular shape that was mostly free of debris. Mounds 2, 3, 6, and 7 also form a rectangular shape that suggests it too was a plaza. Both plazas would have had Butler's Mill Creek (a small stream that once bisected these areas, but whose course was altered in historic times) running through it. Excavations have shown that a clean area between Mounds 2 and 4 was a plaza, but not enough work has been done at the rest of the site to confirm the larger dimension suggested by the first arrangement or the existence of a plaza at the second arrangement at all.",
""
] |
Targets, indicators and progress
--------------------------------
{{Further\|List of SDG targets and indicators}}The UN has defined 8 targets and 13 indicators for SDG 2\.United Nations (2017\) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development](/wiki/A_RES_71_313_E.pdf "A RES 71 313 E.pdf") ([A/RES/71/313](https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313)) Four of them are to be achieved by the year 2030, one by the year 2020 and three have no target years. Each of the targets also has one or more indicators to measure progress. In total there are fourteen indicators for SDG 2\. The six targets include ending hunger and increasing access to food (2\.1\), ending all forms of malnutrition (2\.2\), [agricultural productivity](/wiki/Agricultural_productivity "Agricultural productivity") (2\.3\), sustainable food production systems and resilient agricultural practices (2\.4\), genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals (2\.5\), [investments](/wiki/Investment "Investment"), [research](/wiki/Research "Research") and [technology](/wiki/Technology "Technology") (2\.a), [trade restrictions](/wiki/Trade_restriction "Trade restriction") and distortions in world agricultural markets (2\.b) and food commodity markets and their derivatives (2\.c).
[thumb\|World map for Indicator 2\.1\.1 in 2017: Share of population who are undernourished \|300x300px](/wiki/File:Share_of_people_who_are_undernourished_in_2017.png "Share of people who are undernourished in 2017.png")
### Target 2\.1: Universal access to safe and nutritious food
The first target of SDG 2 is Target 2\.1: "By 2030 end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round".
It has two indicators:{{Cite web\|title\=Goal 2: Zero Hunger \- SDG Tracker\|url\=https://sdg\-tracker.org/zero\-hunger\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-30\|website\=Our World in Data\|language\=en}}[50px](/wiki/File:CC-BY_icon.svg "CC-BY icon.svg") Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [Creative Commons Attribution 4\.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
* Indicator 2\.1\.1: Prevalence of [undernourishment](/wiki/Malnutrition "Malnutrition").
* Indicator 2\.1\.2: Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES).{{Cite web\|title\=Goal 2 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs\|url\=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal2\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-30\|website\=sdgs.un.org}}
[Food insecurity](/wiki/Food_security "Food security") is defined by the [UN](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") [FAO](/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization "Food and Agriculture Organization") as the "situation when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life."{{Cite journal\|last1\=Roser\|first1\=Max\|author1\-link\=Max Roser \|last2\=Ritchie\|first2\=Hannah\|author2\-link\=Hannah Ritchie \|date\=2013\-10\-08\|title\=Hunger and Undernourishment\|url\=https://ourworldindata.org/hunger\-and\-undernourishment\|journal\=Our World in Data}} The UN's FAO uses the prevalence of undernourishment as the main hunger indicator.
[thumb\|300x300px\|World Map for Indicator 2\.2\.2 \- Share of children with a weight too low for their height (wasting)](/wiki/File:Share_of_children_with_a_weight_too_low_for_their_height_wasting.png "Share of children with a weight too low for their height wasting.png")
### Target 2\.2: End all forms of malnutrition
The full title of Target 2\.2 is: "By 2030 end all forms of [malnutrition](/wiki/Malnutrition "Malnutrition"), including achieving by 2025 the international agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under five years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, and older persons."
It has two indicators:
* Indicator 2\.2\.1: Prevalence of [stunting](/wiki/Stunted_growth "Stunted growth") (height for age \<\-2 standard deviation from the median of the [World Health Organization (WHO)](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age)".
* Indicator 2\.2\.2: Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height \>\+2 or \<\-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards).
[thumb\|300x300px\|World map for indicator 2\.2\.1 in 2016: Share of children who are stuntedStunted](/wiki/File:Share_of_children_who_are_stunted%2C_1%2C_OWID.svg "Share of children who are stunted, 1, OWID.svg") children are determined as having a height which falls below the median height\-for\-age of the World Health Organization's Child Growth Standards. A child is defined as "wasted" if their weight\-for\-height is more than two standard deviations below the median of the [WHO](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") Child Growth Standards. A child is defined as "overweight" if their weight\-for\-height is more than two standard deviations above the median of the [WHO](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") Child Growth Standards.
Stunting is an indicator of severe malnutrition. The impacts of stunting on child development are considered to be irreversible beyond the first 1000 days of a child's life. Stunting can have severe impacts on both cognitive and physical development throughout a person's life.World Health Organization (2014\). WHA Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Stunting Policy Brief.
The 2017 *[High\-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development](/wiki/High-level_Political_Forum_on_Sustainable_Development "High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development")* (HLPF) Thematic review of SDG 2 reviewed progress made and predicted that there will be 130 million stunted children by 2025\. Currently, there are: "59 million children that are stunted in [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa"), 87 million in [Asia](/wiki/Asia "Asia"), 6 million in [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America "Latin America"), and the remaining 3 million in [Oceania](/wiki/Oceania "Oceania") and developed countries."
More people are experiencing [overweight](/wiki/Overweight "Overweight") and [obesity](/wiki/Obesity "Obesity") problems in low\- and middle\-income countries.
### Target 2\.3: Double the productivity and incomes of small\-scale food producers
The full title for Target 2\.3: "By 2030 double the [agricultural productivity](/wiki/Agricultural_productivity "Agricultural productivity") and the incomes of [small\-scale food producers](/wiki/Smallholding "Smallholding"), particularly women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets, and opportunities for value addition and non\-farm employment".
It has two indicators:
[thumb\|300x300px\|Agriculture value added per worker, 2017](/wiki/File:Agriculture_value_added_per_worker%2C_OWID.svg "Agriculture value added per worker, OWID.svg")
* Indicator 2\.3\.1: The volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size.
* Indicator 2\.3\.2: Average income of small\-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status.
Small\-scale producers have is systematically lower production than larger food producers. In most countries, small\-scale food producers earn less than half those of larger food producers. It is too early to determine the progress done on this [SDG](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals "Sustainable Development Goals").{{Cite web\|title\=SDG Progress report\|url\=http://www.fao.org/sdg\-progress\-report/en/\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-30\|website\=www.fao.org\|language\=en}} According to statistics division of the department of Economic and Social Affairs at the UN, the share of small\-scale producers among all food producers in [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa"), [Asia](/wiki/Asia "Asia") and [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America "Latin America") ranges from 40% to 85%.{{Cite web \|title\=SDG Indicators \|url\=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/goal\-02/ \|access\-date\=2020\-08\-30 \|website\=unstats.un.org}}
This target connects to [Sustainable Development Goal 5](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_5 "Sustainable Development Goal 5") (Gender Equality). According to *National Geographic*, the pay gap between men and women in the agriculture field averages at 20\-30%.{{Cite web\|date\=2014\-03\-07\|title\=Revealing the Gap Between Men and Women Farmers \- National Geographic {{!}} Nat Geo Food\|url\=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/140308\-international\-female\-farmers\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410224310/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/140308\-international\-female\-farmers\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2021\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-11\|website\=History\|language\=en}} When the incomes of small\-scale food producers are not affected by whether the farmer is female or where they are from, farmers will be able to increase their [financial stability](/wiki/Financial_stability "Financial stability"). Being more financially stable means doubling the productivity of food. Closing the gender gap could feed 130 million people out of the 870 million [undernourished](/wiki/Malnutrition "Malnutrition") people in the world. Gender equality in agriculture is essential to helping achieve [zero hunger](/wiki/Zero_Hunger_Political_Culture_and_Antipoverty_Policy_in_Northeast_Brazil "Zero Hunger Political Culture and Antipoverty Policy in Northeast Brazil").
### Target 2\.4: Sustainable food production and resilient agricultural practices
[thumb\|300x300px\|[Sisal](/wiki/Sisal "Sisal") plantations in the outskirts of [Morogoro](/wiki/Morogoro "Morogoro"), Tanzania](/wiki/File:Mt_Uluguru_and_Sisal_plantations.jpg "Mt Uluguru and Sisal plantations.jpg")
The full title for Target 2\.4: "By 2030 ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, [drought](/wiki/Drought "Drought"), [flooding](/wiki/Flood "Flood") and other disasters, and that progressively improve land and [soil quality](/wiki/Soil_quality "Soil quality")".
This target has one indicator:
* Indicator 2\.4\.1: Proportion of [agricultural area](/wiki/Agriculture "Agriculture") under productive and sustainable agriculture".
[thumb\|300x300px\|World Map Indicator 2\.5\.1 \- Number of accessions of plant genetic resources secured in conservation facilities](/wiki/File:Number_of_accessions_of_plant_genetic_resources_secured_in_conservation_facilities.png "Number of accessions of plant genetic resources secured in conservation facilities.png")
### Target 2\.5: Maintain the genetic diversity in food production
The full title for Target 2\.5: "By 2020 maintain [genetic diversity](/wiki/Genetic_diversity "Genetic diversity") of seeds, cultivated plants, farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at national, regional and international levels, and ensure access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of [genetic resources](/wiki/Genetic_resources "Genetic resources") and associated traditional knowledge as internationally agreed."
It has two indicators:
* Indicator 2\.5\.1: Number of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium or long\-term conservation facilities.
* Indicator 2\.5\.2: Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not\-at\-risk or at the unknown level of risk of extinction.
The FAO's [Gene Bank](/wiki/Gene_bank "Gene bank") Standards for Plant Genetic Resources is the entity that sets the benchmark for scientific and technical best practices.{{Cite web\|title\=Indicator 2\.5\.1 \- E\-Handbook on SDG Indicators \- UN Statistics Wiki\|url\=https://unstats.un.org/wiki/display/SDGeHandbook/Indicator\+2\.5\.1\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-30\|website\=unstats.un.org}}
This target is set for the year 2020, unlike most [SDGs](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals "Sustainable Development Goals") which have a target date of 2030\.[thumb\|300x300px\|World map for indicator 2\.5\.2 in 2019 \- Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not at risk or at unknown level of risk of extinction in 2019](/wiki/File:Proportion_of_local_livestock_breeds_classified_as_being_at_risk_of_extinction%2C_OWID.svg "Proportion of local livestock breeds classified as being at risk of extinction, OWID.svg")
### Target 2\.a: Invest in rural infrastructure, agricultural research, technology and gene banks
The full title for Target 2\.a: "increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development, and plant and livestock gene banks to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular in the least developed countries".
[thumb\|300x300px\|Agriculture orientation index for government expenditures, 2015](/wiki/File:Agriculture_orientation_index_for_government_expenditures%2C_OWID.svg "Agriculture orientation index for government expenditures, OWID.svg")
It has two indicators:
* Indicator 2\.a.1: Agriculture orientation index for government expenditures.
* Indicator 2\.a.2: Total official flows (official development assistance plus other official flows) to the agriculture sector.
The "Agriculture Orientation Index" (AOI) for Government Expenditures compares the central government contribution to agriculture with the sector's contribution to [GDP.](/wiki/GDP_deflator "GDP deflator") An AOI larger than 1 means the agriculture section receives a higher share of government spending relative to its economic value. An AOI smaller than 1 reflects a lower orientation to agriculture.[thumb\|300x300px\|World Map Indicator 2\.a.2 \- Total financial assistance and flows for agriculture by recipient](/wiki/File:Total_financial_assistance_and_flows_for_agriculture_by_recipient.png "Total financial assistance and flows for agriculture by recipient.png")
### Target 2\.b.: Prevent agricultural trade restrictions, market distortions and export subsidies
The full title for Target 2\.b: "Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the [Doha Development Round](/wiki/Doha_Development_Round "Doha Development Round")".
Target 2\.b. has two indicators:
* Indicator 2\.b.1: Producer Support Estimate". The Producer Support Estimate (PSE) is "an indicator of the annual monetary value of gross transfers from consumers and taxpayers to support agricultural producers, measured at the farm gate level, arising from policy measures, regardless of their nature, objectives or impacts on farm production or income."{{Cite web\|title\=OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms \- Producer Support Estimate (PSE) Definition\|url\=https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID\=2150\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-30\|website\=stats.oecd.org}}
* Indicator 2\.b.2: Agricultural export subsidies". Export subsidies "increase the share of the exporter in the world market at the cost of others, tend to depress world market prices and may make them more unstable, because decisions on export subsidy levels can be changed unpredictably."{{Cite web\|title\=Multilateral Trade Negotiations on Agriculture: A Resource Manual \- Agreement on Agriculture \- Export Subsidies\|url\=http://www.fao.org/3/x7353e/X7353e03\.htm\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-30\|website\=www.fao.org}}
In 2015, the [World Trade Organization](/wiki/World_Trade_Organization "World Trade Organization") decided to terminate the export subsidy for agricultural commodities. This includes "export credit, export credit guarantees, or insurance programs for agricultural products".{{rp\|8}} The Doha Round is the latest round of trade negotiations among the WTO membership. It aims to reach major reforms of the international trading system and introduce lower trade barriers and revised trade rules.{{Cite web\|title\=WTO {{!}} The Doha Round\|url\=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop\_e/dda\_e/dda\_e.htm\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-30\|website\=www.wto.org}}
### Target 2\.c. Ensure stable food commodity markets and timely access to information
The full title for Target 2\.c is: "adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives, and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility".
This target has one indicator: Indicator 2\.c.1 is an Indicator of food price anomalies.
Food price anomalies are measured using the domestic food price [volatility index](/wiki/VIX "VIX"). Domestic food price volatility index measures the variation in domestic food prices over time, this is measured as the weighted\-average of a basket of commodities based on consumer or market prices. High values indicate a higher volatility in food prices. Extreme food price movements pose a threat to agricultural markets and to the food security and livelihoods, especially of the most vulnerable people.
The G20 [Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS)](/wiki/Agricultural_Market_Information_System "Agricultural Market Information System") offer regular updates on market prices.{{rp\|8}}
### Custodian agencies
Custodian agencies are in charge of monitoring the progress of the indicators:{{Cite web\|title\="United Nations (2018\) Economic and Social Council, Conference of European Statisticians, Geneva," (PDF). United Nations, Geneva\|url\=https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/2018/CES\_39\.pdf\|access\-date\=September 23, 2020\|website\=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe}}
* For all Indicators under Targets 2\.1, 2\.3 and 2\.5, and for Indicators 2\.a.1 and 2\.c.1: [Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations](/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization "Food and Agriculture Organization") (FAO)
* Indicators 2\.2\.1 and 2\.2\.2 : [United Nations Children's Fund](/wiki/UNICEF "UNICEF") (UNICEF), [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO)
* Indicator 2\.2\.3: [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO)
* For all Indicators under Targets 2\.3 and 2\.5, and for Indicators 2\.a.1 and 2\.c.1: [Food and Agriculture Organization](/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization "Food and Agriculture Organization") (FAO)
* Indicator 2\.4\.1: [United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)](/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme "United Nations Environment Programme") and [Food and Agriculture Organization](/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization "Food and Agriculture Organization") (FAO)
* Indicator 2\.a.2: [Organisation for Economic Co\-operation and Development](/wiki/OECD "OECD") (OECD)
* Indicator 2\.b.1: [United Nations World Tourism Organization](/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization "World Tourism Organization") (UNWTO)
|
[
"Targets, indicators and progress\n--------------------------------",
"{{Further\\|List of SDG targets and indicators}}The UN has defined 8 targets and 13 indicators for SDG 2\\.United Nations (2017\\) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development](/wiki/A_RES_71_313_E.pdf \"A RES 71 313 E.pdf\") ([A/RES/71/313](https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313)) Four of them are to be achieved by the year 2030, one by the year 2020 and three have no target years. Each of the targets also has one or more indicators to measure progress. In total there are fourteen indicators for SDG 2\\. The six targets include ending hunger and increasing access to food (2\\.1\\), ending all forms of malnutrition (2\\.2\\), [agricultural productivity](/wiki/Agricultural_productivity \"Agricultural productivity\") (2\\.3\\), sustainable food production systems and resilient agricultural practices (2\\.4\\), genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals (2\\.5\\), [investments](/wiki/Investment \"Investment\"), [research](/wiki/Research \"Research\") and [technology](/wiki/Technology \"Technology\") (2\\.a), [trade restrictions](/wiki/Trade_restriction \"Trade restriction\") and distortions in world agricultural markets (2\\.b) and food commodity markets and their derivatives (2\\.c). \n[thumb\\|World map for Indicator 2\\.1\\.1 in 2017: Share of population who are undernourished \\|300x300px](/wiki/File:Share_of_people_who_are_undernourished_in_2017.png \"Share of people who are undernourished in 2017.png\")",
"### Target 2\\.1: Universal access to safe and nutritious food",
"The first target of SDG 2 is Target 2\\.1: \"By 2030 end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round\".",
"It has two indicators:{{Cite web\\|title\\=Goal 2: Zero Hunger \\- SDG Tracker\\|url\\=https://sdg\\-tracker.org/zero\\-hunger\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-30\\|website\\=Our World in Data\\|language\\=en}}[50px](/wiki/File:CC-BY_icon.svg \"CC-BY icon.svg\") Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [Creative Commons Attribution 4\\.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
"* Indicator 2\\.1\\.1: Prevalence of [undernourishment](/wiki/Malnutrition \"Malnutrition\").\n* Indicator 2\\.1\\.2: Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES).{{Cite web\\|title\\=Goal 2 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs\\|url\\=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal2\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-30\\|website\\=sdgs.un.org}}",
"[Food insecurity](/wiki/Food_security \"Food security\") is defined by the [UN](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") [FAO](/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization \"Food and Agriculture Organization\") as the \"situation when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life.\"{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Roser\\|first1\\=Max\\|author1\\-link\\=Max Roser \\|last2\\=Ritchie\\|first2\\=Hannah\\|author2\\-link\\=Hannah Ritchie \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-08\\|title\\=Hunger and Undernourishment\\|url\\=https://ourworldindata.org/hunger\\-and\\-undernourishment\\|journal\\=Our World in Data}} The UN's FAO uses the prevalence of undernourishment as the main hunger indicator.\n[thumb\\|300x300px\\|World Map for Indicator 2\\.2\\.2 \\- Share of children with a weight too low for their height (wasting)](/wiki/File:Share_of_children_with_a_weight_too_low_for_their_height_wasting.png \"Share of children with a weight too low for their height wasting.png\")",
"### Target 2\\.2: End all forms of malnutrition",
"The full title of Target 2\\.2 is: \"By 2030 end all forms of [malnutrition](/wiki/Malnutrition \"Malnutrition\"), including achieving by 2025 the international agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under five years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, and older persons.\"",
"It has two indicators:\n* Indicator 2\\.2\\.1: Prevalence of [stunting](/wiki/Stunted_growth \"Stunted growth\") (height for age \\<\\-2 standard deviation from the median of the [World Health Organization (WHO)](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age)\".\n* Indicator 2\\.2\\.2: Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height \\>\\+2 or \\<\\-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards).\n[thumb\\|300x300px\\|World map for indicator 2\\.2\\.1 in 2016: Share of children who are stuntedStunted](/wiki/File:Share_of_children_who_are_stunted%2C_1%2C_OWID.svg \"Share of children who are stunted, 1, OWID.svg\") children are determined as having a height which falls below the median height\\-for\\-age of the World Health Organization's Child Growth Standards. A child is defined as \"wasted\" if their weight\\-for\\-height is more than two standard deviations below the median of the [WHO](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") Child Growth Standards. A child is defined as \"overweight\" if their weight\\-for\\-height is more than two standard deviations above the median of the [WHO](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") Child Growth Standards.",
"Stunting is an indicator of severe malnutrition. The impacts of stunting on child development are considered to be irreversible beyond the first 1000 days of a child's life. Stunting can have severe impacts on both cognitive and physical development throughout a person's life.World Health Organization (2014\\). WHA Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Stunting Policy Brief.",
"The 2017 *[High\\-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development](/wiki/High-level_Political_Forum_on_Sustainable_Development \"High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development\")* (HLPF) Thematic review of SDG 2 reviewed progress made and predicted that there will be 130 million stunted children by 2025\\. Currently, there are: \"59 million children that are stunted in [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\"), 87 million in [Asia](/wiki/Asia \"Asia\"), 6 million in [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America \"Latin America\"), and the remaining 3 million in [Oceania](/wiki/Oceania \"Oceania\") and developed countries.\"",
"More people are experiencing [overweight](/wiki/Overweight \"Overweight\") and [obesity](/wiki/Obesity \"Obesity\") problems in low\\- and middle\\-income countries.",
"### Target 2\\.3: Double the productivity and incomes of small\\-scale food producers",
"The full title for Target 2\\.3: \"By 2030 double the [agricultural productivity](/wiki/Agricultural_productivity \"Agricultural productivity\") and the incomes of [small\\-scale food producers](/wiki/Smallholding \"Smallholding\"), particularly women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets, and opportunities for value addition and non\\-farm employment\".",
"It has two indicators:\n[thumb\\|300x300px\\|Agriculture value added per worker, 2017](/wiki/File:Agriculture_value_added_per_worker%2C_OWID.svg \"Agriculture value added per worker, OWID.svg\")\n* Indicator 2\\.3\\.1: The volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size.\n* Indicator 2\\.3\\.2: Average income of small\\-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status.",
"Small\\-scale producers have is systematically lower production than larger food producers. In most countries, small\\-scale food producers earn less than half those of larger food producers. It is too early to determine the progress done on this [SDG](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals \"Sustainable Development Goals\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=SDG Progress report\\|url\\=http://www.fao.org/sdg\\-progress\\-report/en/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-30\\|website\\=www.fao.org\\|language\\=en}} According to statistics division of the department of Economic and Social Affairs at the UN, the share of small\\-scale producers among all food producers in [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\"), [Asia](/wiki/Asia \"Asia\") and [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America \"Latin America\") ranges from 40% to 85%.{{Cite web \\|title\\=SDG Indicators \\|url\\=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/goal\\-02/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-30 \\|website\\=unstats.un.org}}",
"This target connects to [Sustainable Development Goal 5](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_5 \"Sustainable Development Goal 5\") (Gender Equality). According to *National Geographic*, the pay gap between men and women in the agriculture field averages at 20\\-30%.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2014\\-03\\-07\\|title\\=Revealing the Gap Between Men and Women Farmers \\- National Geographic {{!}} Nat Geo Food\\|url\\=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/140308\\-international\\-female\\-farmers\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410224310/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/140308\\-international\\-female\\-farmers\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-11\\|website\\=History\\|language\\=en}} When the incomes of small\\-scale food producers are not affected by whether the farmer is female or where they are from, farmers will be able to increase their [financial stability](/wiki/Financial_stability \"Financial stability\"). Being more financially stable means doubling the productivity of food. Closing the gender gap could feed 130 million people out of the 870 million [undernourished](/wiki/Malnutrition \"Malnutrition\") people in the world. Gender equality in agriculture is essential to helping achieve [zero hunger](/wiki/Zero_Hunger_Political_Culture_and_Antipoverty_Policy_in_Northeast_Brazil \"Zero Hunger Political Culture and Antipoverty Policy in Northeast Brazil\").",
"### Target 2\\.4: Sustainable food production and resilient agricultural practices",
"[thumb\\|300x300px\\|[Sisal](/wiki/Sisal \"Sisal\") plantations in the outskirts of [Morogoro](/wiki/Morogoro \"Morogoro\"), Tanzania](/wiki/File:Mt_Uluguru_and_Sisal_plantations.jpg \"Mt Uluguru and Sisal plantations.jpg\")\nThe full title for Target 2\\.4: \"By 2030 ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, [drought](/wiki/Drought \"Drought\"), [flooding](/wiki/Flood \"Flood\") and other disasters, and that progressively improve land and [soil quality](/wiki/Soil_quality \"Soil quality\")\".",
"This target has one indicator:",
"* Indicator 2\\.4\\.1: Proportion of [agricultural area](/wiki/Agriculture \"Agriculture\") under productive and sustainable agriculture\".",
"[thumb\\|300x300px\\|World Map Indicator 2\\.5\\.1 \\- Number of accessions of plant genetic resources secured in conservation facilities](/wiki/File:Number_of_accessions_of_plant_genetic_resources_secured_in_conservation_facilities.png \"Number of accessions of plant genetic resources secured in conservation facilities.png\")",
"### Target 2\\.5: Maintain the genetic diversity in food production",
"The full title for Target 2\\.5: \"By 2020 maintain [genetic diversity](/wiki/Genetic_diversity \"Genetic diversity\") of seeds, cultivated plants, farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at national, regional and international levels, and ensure access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of [genetic resources](/wiki/Genetic_resources \"Genetic resources\") and associated traditional knowledge as internationally agreed.\"",
"It has two indicators:\n* Indicator 2\\.5\\.1: Number of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium or long\\-term conservation facilities.\n* Indicator 2\\.5\\.2: Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not\\-at\\-risk or at the unknown level of risk of extinction.",
"The FAO's [Gene Bank](/wiki/Gene_bank \"Gene bank\") Standards for Plant Genetic Resources is the entity that sets the benchmark for scientific and technical best practices.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Indicator 2\\.5\\.1 \\- E\\-Handbook on SDG Indicators \\- UN Statistics Wiki\\|url\\=https://unstats.un.org/wiki/display/SDGeHandbook/Indicator\\+2\\.5\\.1\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-30\\|website\\=unstats.un.org}}",
"This target is set for the year 2020, unlike most [SDGs](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals \"Sustainable Development Goals\") which have a target date of 2030\\.[thumb\\|300x300px\\|World map for indicator 2\\.5\\.2 in 2019 \\- Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not at risk or at unknown level of risk of extinction in 2019](/wiki/File:Proportion_of_local_livestock_breeds_classified_as_being_at_risk_of_extinction%2C_OWID.svg \"Proportion of local livestock breeds classified as being at risk of extinction, OWID.svg\")",
"### Target 2\\.a: Invest in rural infrastructure, agricultural research, technology and gene banks",
"The full title for Target 2\\.a: \"increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development, and plant and livestock gene banks to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular in the least developed countries\".\n[thumb\\|300x300px\\|Agriculture orientation index for government expenditures, 2015](/wiki/File:Agriculture_orientation_index_for_government_expenditures%2C_OWID.svg \"Agriculture orientation index for government expenditures, OWID.svg\")\nIt has two indicators:",
"* Indicator 2\\.a.1: Agriculture orientation index for government expenditures.\n* Indicator 2\\.a.2: Total official flows (official development assistance plus other official flows) to the agriculture sector.",
"The \"Agriculture Orientation Index\" (AOI) for Government Expenditures compares the central government contribution to agriculture with the sector's contribution to [GDP.](/wiki/GDP_deflator \"GDP deflator\") An AOI larger than 1 means the agriculture section receives a higher share of government spending relative to its economic value. An AOI smaller than 1 reflects a lower orientation to agriculture.[thumb\\|300x300px\\|World Map Indicator 2\\.a.2 \\- Total financial assistance and flows for agriculture by recipient](/wiki/File:Total_financial_assistance_and_flows_for_agriculture_by_recipient.png \"Total financial assistance and flows for agriculture by recipient.png\")",
"### Target 2\\.b.: Prevent agricultural trade restrictions, market distortions and export subsidies",
"The full title for Target 2\\.b: \"Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the [Doha Development Round](/wiki/Doha_Development_Round \"Doha Development Round\")\".",
"Target 2\\.b. has two indicators:",
"* Indicator 2\\.b.1: Producer Support Estimate\". The Producer Support Estimate (PSE) is \"an indicator of the annual monetary value of gross transfers from consumers and taxpayers to support agricultural producers, measured at the farm gate level, arising from policy measures, regardless of their nature, objectives or impacts on farm production or income.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms \\- Producer Support Estimate (PSE) Definition\\|url\\=https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID\\=2150\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-30\\|website\\=stats.oecd.org}}\n* Indicator 2\\.b.2: Agricultural export subsidies\". Export subsidies \"increase the share of the exporter in the world market at the cost of others, tend to depress world market prices and may make them more unstable, because decisions on export subsidy levels can be changed unpredictably.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=Multilateral Trade Negotiations on Agriculture: A Resource Manual \\- Agreement on Agriculture \\- Export Subsidies\\|url\\=http://www.fao.org/3/x7353e/X7353e03\\.htm\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-30\\|website\\=www.fao.org}}\nIn 2015, the [World Trade Organization](/wiki/World_Trade_Organization \"World Trade Organization\") decided to terminate the export subsidy for agricultural commodities. This includes \"export credit, export credit guarantees, or insurance programs for agricultural products\".{{rp\\|8}} The Doha Round is the latest round of trade negotiations among the WTO membership. It aims to reach major reforms of the international trading system and introduce lower trade barriers and revised trade rules.{{Cite web\\|title\\=WTO {{!}} The Doha Round\\|url\\=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop\\_e/dda\\_e/dda\\_e.htm\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-30\\|website\\=www.wto.org}}",
"### Target 2\\.c. Ensure stable food commodity markets and timely access to information",
"The full title for Target 2\\.c is: \"adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives, and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility\".",
"This target has one indicator: Indicator 2\\.c.1 is an Indicator of food price anomalies.",
"Food price anomalies are measured using the domestic food price [volatility index](/wiki/VIX \"VIX\"). Domestic food price volatility index measures the variation in domestic food prices over time, this is measured as the weighted\\-average of a basket of commodities based on consumer or market prices. High values indicate a higher volatility in food prices. Extreme food price movements pose a threat to agricultural markets and to the food security and livelihoods, especially of the most vulnerable people.",
"The G20 [Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS)](/wiki/Agricultural_Market_Information_System \"Agricultural Market Information System\") offer regular updates on market prices.{{rp\\|8}}",
"### Custodian agencies",
"Custodian agencies are in charge of monitoring the progress of the indicators:{{Cite web\\|title\\=\"United Nations (2018\\) Economic and Social Council, Conference of European Statisticians, Geneva,\" (PDF). United Nations, Geneva\\|url\\=https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/2018/CES\\_39\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=September 23, 2020\\|website\\=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe}}",
"* For all Indicators under Targets 2\\.1, 2\\.3 and 2\\.5, and for Indicators 2\\.a.1 and 2\\.c.1: [Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations](/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization \"Food and Agriculture Organization\") (FAO)\n* Indicators 2\\.2\\.1 and 2\\.2\\.2 : [United Nations Children's Fund](/wiki/UNICEF \"UNICEF\") (UNICEF), [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO)\n* Indicator 2\\.2\\.3: [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO)\n* For all Indicators under Targets 2\\.3 and 2\\.5, and for Indicators 2\\.a.1 and 2\\.c.1: [Food and Agriculture Organization](/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization \"Food and Agriculture Organization\") (FAO)\n* Indicator 2\\.4\\.1: [United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)](/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme \"United Nations Environment Programme\") and [Food and Agriculture Organization](/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization \"Food and Agriculture Organization\") (FAO)\n* Indicator 2\\.a.2: [Organisation for Economic Co\\-operation and Development](/wiki/OECD \"OECD\") (OECD)\n* Indicator 2\\.b.1: [United Nations World Tourism Organization](/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization \"World Tourism Organization\") (UNWTO)"
] |
Life
----
[thumb\|upright\|Lustosa and the group of priests of 1942](/wiki/File:Dom_Ant%C3%B4nio_e_turma_de_1942..jpg "Dom Antônio e turma de 1942..jpg")
Antônio de Almeida Lustosa was born in the [Minas Gerais province](/wiki/Minas_Gerais%2C_Brazil "Minas Gerais, Brazil") in 1886 as one of ten children to João Baptist Lustosa and Delfina de Almeida. His father planted [coconut palms](/wiki/Coconut_palms "Coconut palms") on his farm for each child that God gave him and his wife.
In November 1895 the papers reported the death of the [Salesian](/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco "Salesians of Don Bosco") bishop Luigi Lasagna. This was the first time he ever heard of a Salesian but this became imprinted in his mind. From 1902 Lustosa studied at the Salesian\-run college of Cachoreira do Campo. In 1904 he had become so fascinated with the Salesian spirit that he asked his parents if he could enter the order. His parents gave him their blessing after his father asked if that was what his son wanted. In 1905 he entered the order to commence his [novitiate](/wiki/Novitiate "Novitiate"). He made his profession into the order on 28 January 1906\. Following his 1912 [ordination](/wiki/Ordination_in_the_Catholic_Church "Ordination in the Catholic Church") he taught philosophical and theological studies for a brief period before serving as a [novice master](/wiki/Novice_master "Novice master") for seminarians. Ladislao Paz said of him: "Antônio Lustosa was a true saint".
From 1913 to 1914 he was in [Jaboatão dos Guararapes](/wiki/Jaboat%C3%A3o_dos_Guararapes "Jaboatão dos Guararapes") and then as novice master in Lorraine from 1915 to 1916\. He also served as novice master in [Lavrinhas](/wiki/Lavrinhas "Lavrinhas") from 1916 to 1922\. From 1923 to 1924 he was stationed in Bagé. In 1916 he was moved to Lavrinhas since the novitiate had been moved there where he still remained the novice master. In 1924 he learnt that [Pope Pius XI](/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI "Pope Pius XI") had appointed him as the [Bishop of Uberaba](/wiki/Diocese_of_Uberaba "Diocese of Uberaba") and decided to refuse the nomination. But he accepted after the [apostolic nuncio](/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_Brazil "Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil") [Enrico Gasparri](/wiki/Enrico_Gasparri "Enrico Gasparri") urged him to accept at the beginning of 1925\.
Lustosa himself set the date for his [episcopal consecration](/wiki/Episcopal_consecration "Episcopal consecration") in order to remind him of the presence of the [Madonna](/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary "Blessed Virgin Mary") in his life to commemorate the feast of [Nossa Senhora de Lourdes](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes "Our Lady of Lourdes") whose feast he himself was born on. He was enthroned in [Uberaba](/wiki/Uberaba "Uberaba") on 1 March 1925 in the rain following months of drought and heat. His first [circular letter](/wiki/Circular_letter_%28religion%29 "Circular letter (religion)") in Uberaba consecrated the diocese to the [Sacred Heart](/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus "Sacred Heart of Jesus") in addition to making the determination that all parishes must expose the [Blessed Sacrament](/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament "Blessed Sacrament") once per week for adoration and to foster deeper devotion to the [Eucharist](/wiki/Eucharist "Eucharist"). He later devoted his 21st circular to [Thérèse of Lisieux](/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux "Thérèse of Lisieux") and later presented each parish with a statue of her to be placed somewhere.
He was later appointed to the [Corumbá diocese](/wiki/Diocese_of_Corumb%C3%A1 "Diocese of Corumbá") and was enthroned in [Corumbá](/wiki/Corumb%C3%A1 "Corumbá") on 28 December 1929\. He was later appointed the [Archbishop of Belém do Pará](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Belem_do_Par%C3%A1 "Archdiocese of Belem do Pará") and was enthroned in [Belém do Pará](/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_do_Par%C3%A1 "Belém do Pará") on 15 December 1931\. It was in his archdiocese that he founded the archdiocesan newspaper called "The Word" and it would also feature a particular column dedicated to his pastoral visits.
He was later appointed the [Archbishop of Fortaleza](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Fortaleza "Archbishop of Fortaleza") and was enthroned in [Fortaleza](/wiki/Fortaleza "Fortaleza") on 5 November 1941\. He dedicated himself to [health care](/wiki/Healthcare_in_Brazil "Healthcare in Brazil") concerns and to that end established archdiocesan health posts for the poor while in 1948 inaugurating a [soup kitchen](/wiki/Soup_kitchen "Soup kitchen") for the poor.
Lustosa authored several books in addition to [music](/wiki/Music "Music") he himself wrote and also [children's literature](/wiki/Children%27s_literature "Children's literature") as a means of instructing them in the faith and the basic tenets of [catechism](/wiki/Catechism "Catechism"). He wrote numerous newspaper articles in addition to this. Lustosa also wrote a biographical account of [Antônio de Macedo Costa](/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Macedo_Costa "Antônio de Macedo Costa"). In 1962 he founded Rádio Assunção which was to serve as a broadcaster for the archdiocese but was later dissolved during the tenure of [Aloísio Lorscheider](/wiki/Alo%C3%ADsio_Lorscheider "Aloísio Lorscheider"). He also created a total of 34 new parishes in Fortaleza including one [Eastern Rite](/wiki/Eastern-rite_Catholic "Eastern-rite Catholic") [Melkite](/wiki/Melkite "Melkite") parish. In Fortaleza he founded the Cardinal Frings Institute in addition to several schools and the Saint Joseph's Hospital. He was also one of the co\-founders of the [Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil](/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_Brazil "Episcopal Conference of Brazil"). His love of the arts also prompted him to adorn the [Fortaleza Cathedral](/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral%2C_Fortaleza "St. Joseph's Cathedral, Fortaleza") with an impressive [stained glass window](/wiki/Stained_glass_window "Stained glass window"). He was in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") for the initial preparation of the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council "Second Vatican Council") and attended the first session from 11 October to 8 December 1962\.
Lustosa departed from his archdiocese with three priests helping him to leave at 6:00am where he got into a van that was to take him into retirement at a Salesian house in [Carpina](/wiki/Carpina "Carpina") in [Pernambuco](/wiki/Pernambuco "Pernambuco") where he would spend the remainder of his life. He had resigned his see in a letter to [Pope John XXIII](/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII "Pope John XXIII") because he felt that vigorous work belonged to far more active men than he was and that he felt his work was taking its toll upon his health. In 1963 he was made a citizen of [Ceará](/wiki/Cear%C3%A1 "Ceará") in honor of all his work. In 1968 he broke his [femur](/wiki/Femur "Femur") and this forced him to remain in a [wheelchair](/wiki/Wheelchair "Wheelchair") for a period of time.
He died in 1974 and his remains are interred in the Fortaleza Cathedral. Those that read his [will](/wiki/Will_and_testament "Will and testament") were faced with three words: "I have nothing".
|
[
"Life\n----",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Lustosa and the group of priests of 1942](/wiki/File:Dom_Ant%C3%B4nio_e_turma_de_1942..jpg \"Dom Antônio e turma de 1942..jpg\")\nAntônio de Almeida Lustosa was born in the [Minas Gerais province](/wiki/Minas_Gerais%2C_Brazil \"Minas Gerais, Brazil\") in 1886 as one of ten children to João Baptist Lustosa and Delfina de Almeida. His father planted [coconut palms](/wiki/Coconut_palms \"Coconut palms\") on his farm for each child that God gave him and his wife.",
"In November 1895 the papers reported the death of the [Salesian](/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco \"Salesians of Don Bosco\") bishop Luigi Lasagna. This was the first time he ever heard of a Salesian but this became imprinted in his mind. From 1902 Lustosa studied at the Salesian\\-run college of Cachoreira do Campo. In 1904 he had become so fascinated with the Salesian spirit that he asked his parents if he could enter the order. His parents gave him their blessing after his father asked if that was what his son wanted. In 1905 he entered the order to commence his [novitiate](/wiki/Novitiate \"Novitiate\"). He made his profession into the order on 28 January 1906\\. Following his 1912 [ordination](/wiki/Ordination_in_the_Catholic_Church \"Ordination in the Catholic Church\") he taught philosophical and theological studies for a brief period before serving as a [novice master](/wiki/Novice_master \"Novice master\") for seminarians. Ladislao Paz said of him: \"Antônio Lustosa was a true saint\".",
"From 1913 to 1914 he was in [Jaboatão dos Guararapes](/wiki/Jaboat%C3%A3o_dos_Guararapes \"Jaboatão dos Guararapes\") and then as novice master in Lorraine from 1915 to 1916\\. He also served as novice master in [Lavrinhas](/wiki/Lavrinhas \"Lavrinhas\") from 1916 to 1922\\. From 1923 to 1924 he was stationed in Bagé. In 1916 he was moved to Lavrinhas since the novitiate had been moved there where he still remained the novice master. In 1924 he learnt that [Pope Pius XI](/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI \"Pope Pius XI\") had appointed him as the [Bishop of Uberaba](/wiki/Diocese_of_Uberaba \"Diocese of Uberaba\") and decided to refuse the nomination. But he accepted after the [apostolic nuncio](/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_Brazil \"Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil\") [Enrico Gasparri](/wiki/Enrico_Gasparri \"Enrico Gasparri\") urged him to accept at the beginning of 1925\\.",
"Lustosa himself set the date for his [episcopal consecration](/wiki/Episcopal_consecration \"Episcopal consecration\") in order to remind him of the presence of the [Madonna](/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary \"Blessed Virgin Mary\") in his life to commemorate the feast of [Nossa Senhora de Lourdes](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes \"Our Lady of Lourdes\") whose feast he himself was born on. He was enthroned in [Uberaba](/wiki/Uberaba \"Uberaba\") on 1 March 1925 in the rain following months of drought and heat. His first [circular letter](/wiki/Circular_letter_%28religion%29 \"Circular letter (religion)\") in Uberaba consecrated the diocese to the [Sacred Heart](/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus \"Sacred Heart of Jesus\") in addition to making the determination that all parishes must expose the [Blessed Sacrament](/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament \"Blessed Sacrament\") once per week for adoration and to foster deeper devotion to the [Eucharist](/wiki/Eucharist \"Eucharist\"). He later devoted his 21st circular to [Thérèse of Lisieux](/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux \"Thérèse of Lisieux\") and later presented each parish with a statue of her to be placed somewhere.",
"He was later appointed to the [Corumbá diocese](/wiki/Diocese_of_Corumb%C3%A1 \"Diocese of Corumbá\") and was enthroned in [Corumbá](/wiki/Corumb%C3%A1 \"Corumbá\") on 28 December 1929\\. He was later appointed the [Archbishop of Belém do Pará](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Belem_do_Par%C3%A1 \"Archdiocese of Belem do Pará\") and was enthroned in [Belém do Pará](/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_do_Par%C3%A1 \"Belém do Pará\") on 15 December 1931\\. It was in his archdiocese that he founded the archdiocesan newspaper called \"The Word\" and it would also feature a particular column dedicated to his pastoral visits.",
"He was later appointed the [Archbishop of Fortaleza](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Fortaleza \"Archbishop of Fortaleza\") and was enthroned in [Fortaleza](/wiki/Fortaleza \"Fortaleza\") on 5 November 1941\\. He dedicated himself to [health care](/wiki/Healthcare_in_Brazil \"Healthcare in Brazil\") concerns and to that end established archdiocesan health posts for the poor while in 1948 inaugurating a [soup kitchen](/wiki/Soup_kitchen \"Soup kitchen\") for the poor.",
"Lustosa authored several books in addition to [music](/wiki/Music \"Music\") he himself wrote and also [children's literature](/wiki/Children%27s_literature \"Children's literature\") as a means of instructing them in the faith and the basic tenets of [catechism](/wiki/Catechism \"Catechism\"). He wrote numerous newspaper articles in addition to this. Lustosa also wrote a biographical account of [Antônio de Macedo Costa](/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Macedo_Costa \"Antônio de Macedo Costa\"). In 1962 he founded Rádio Assunção which was to serve as a broadcaster for the archdiocese but was later dissolved during the tenure of [Aloísio Lorscheider](/wiki/Alo%C3%ADsio_Lorscheider \"Aloísio Lorscheider\"). He also created a total of 34 new parishes in Fortaleza including one [Eastern Rite](/wiki/Eastern-rite_Catholic \"Eastern-rite Catholic\") [Melkite](/wiki/Melkite \"Melkite\") parish. In Fortaleza he founded the Cardinal Frings Institute in addition to several schools and the Saint Joseph's Hospital. He was also one of the co\\-founders of the [Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil](/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_Brazil \"Episcopal Conference of Brazil\"). His love of the arts also prompted him to adorn the [Fortaleza Cathedral](/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral%2C_Fortaleza \"St. Joseph's Cathedral, Fortaleza\") with an impressive [stained glass window](/wiki/Stained_glass_window \"Stained glass window\"). He was in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") for the initial preparation of the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council \"Second Vatican Council\") and attended the first session from 11 October to 8 December 1962\\.",
"Lustosa departed from his archdiocese with three priests helping him to leave at 6:00am where he got into a van that was to take him into retirement at a Salesian house in [Carpina](/wiki/Carpina \"Carpina\") in [Pernambuco](/wiki/Pernambuco \"Pernambuco\") where he would spend the remainder of his life. He had resigned his see in a letter to [Pope John XXIII](/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII \"Pope John XXIII\") because he felt that vigorous work belonged to far more active men than he was and that he felt his work was taking its toll upon his health. In 1963 he was made a citizen of [Ceará](/wiki/Cear%C3%A1 \"Ceará\") in honor of all his work. In 1968 he broke his [femur](/wiki/Femur \"Femur\") and this forced him to remain in a [wheelchair](/wiki/Wheelchair \"Wheelchair\") for a period of time.",
"He died in 1974 and his remains are interred in the Fortaleza Cathedral. Those that read his [will](/wiki/Will_and_testament \"Will and testament\") were faced with three words: \"I have nothing\".",
""
] |
Club career
-----------
### Vitesse
Janssen began his career at amateur club Vitesse Arnhem 1892 and played from 1995–96 in the reserves of [Vitesse](/wiki/SBV_Vitesse "SBV Vitesse"). After breaking through in several youth teams Janssen made his professional debut on 9 December 1998 in the first team against [NAC Breda](/wiki/NAC_Breda "NAC Breda"), which Vitesse won 2–0\. Janssen came in as substitute in 90th minute to replace [Marian Zeman](/wiki/Marian_Zeman "Marian Zeman"). Janssen played 5 games that season for Vitesse. The next season Janssen made 17 appearances for Vitesse. In the 2000–2001 season Janssen became a starter for Vitesse and made 30 appearances, in which he scored once. In September Janssen broke his shin, he played 10 games total that season, and scored 1 goal.
### Genk
For the 2003–04 season Janssen was loaned to [Genk](/wiki/K.R.C._Genk "K.R.C. Genk") in Belgium. He made 15 appearances and scored two goals before returning to Vitesse in January 2004\.
### Return to Vitesse
Janssen played another 16 games in 2004 in which he scored one goal.
He played primarily on the wing in the following season. His leg operation was sometimes troubling him, nevertheless he made 28 appearances in which he scored 8 goals.
In the 2005–06 season he played 30 games for Vitesse and scored 7 goals. Janssen's good performance at Vitesse was not unseen, as he received an invitation for the Netherlands national football team for a friendly game against Ecuador on 1 March 2006\. However, Janssen could not play, due to surgery on his tonsils.
Janssen remained a regular starter for Vitesse in the following season, and was again selected to play for Oranje. This time he was able to play and made his debut for Oranje in a friendly against Ireland. He came in the 83rd minute for [Stijn Schaars](/wiki/Stijn_Schaars "Stijn Schaars"). On 2 September 2006, Janssen started for Oranje in a European Championship qualifier against Luxembourg. Janssen made only 22 appearances for Vitesse that season, due to injuries and suspensions. Vitesse trainer Aad de Mos told Janssen he could search for another club, despite an existing contract until 2009\.
During the 2007–08 season, Janssen once again got injured, this time for several months. He returned playing in late 2007\.
### Twente
[thumb\|right\|250px\|Janssen playing with Twente against [Zenit](/wiki/Zenit_Saint_Petersburg "Zenit Saint Petersburg"), March 2011\.](/wiki/File:TheoJanssen.jpg "TheoJanssen.jpg")
In mid\-April 2008 [FC Twente](/wiki/FC_Twente "FC Twente") announcing the signing Janssen for the upcoming season on a contract until 2012\. The transfer fee was approximately worth €1\.5 million.
In November 2009 Janssen was suspended by Twente for two months, after a drunk\-driving crash.{{cite news \|last1\=Kloor \|first1\=Robin van der \|title\=Zwaar auto\-ongeluk: Theo Janssen had te veel gedronken \|url\=http://www.elsevier.nl/web/Nieuws/Sport/252138/Zwaar\-autoongeluk\-Theo\-Janssen\-had\-te\-veel\-gedronken.htm?rss\=true \|work\=Elsevier \|date\=30 November 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232358/http://www.elsevier.nl/web/Nieuws/Sport/252138/Zwaar\-autoongeluk\-Theo\-Janssen\-had\-te\-veel\-gedronken.htm?rss\=true \|archive\-date\=11 June 2011 \|language\=nl}} One of his passengers, former professional goalkeeper Kevin Moeliker, ended up in hospital where he was kept in a coma for several days. He lost one of his ears in the crash.{{cite news \|title\=Situatie Moeliker nog onveranderd \|url\=https://www.rijnmond.nl/nieuws/20935/situatie\-moeliker\-nog\-onveranderd \|access\-date\=4 February 2023 \|work\=Rijnmond \|date\=23 November 2009 \|language\=nl}} Moeliker later recovered, but in 2017 it was revealed that he suffered lasting brain damage from the crash, albeit still being able to function and work.{{cite news \|last1\=Lutkenhaus \|first1\=Roel \|title\=Blijvende schade Moeliker na ongeluk Theo Janssen \|url\=https://www.tubantia.nl/fc\-twente/blijvende\-schade\-moeliker\-na\-ongeluk\-theo\-janssen\~ac189c71/ \|access\-date\=4 February 2023 \|work\=Tubantia \|date\=13 August 2010 \|language\=nl}} Janssen won the [Eredivisie](/wiki/Eredivisie "Eredivisie") that year with FC Twente.
In the 2010–11 season Janssen had his best season up to that point. He won the [Johan Cruijff Schaal](/wiki/Johan_Cruijff_Schaal "Johan Cruijff Schaal") and the KNVB Cup with Twente. He scored 20 goals in 46 appearances, which made him club top scorer, among them some important goals for Twente like against [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan"), [Werder Bremen](/wiki/SV_Werder_Bremen "SV Werder Bremen"), [Ajax](/wiki/AFC_Ajax "AFC Ajax") and [PSV](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven "PSV Eindhoven"). He was also voted best player of the Eredivisie of the season 2010–11\.
### Ajax
[thumb\|left\|100px\|Janssen lining up for Ajax, September 2011\.](/wiki/File:Theo_Janssen_sept2011.png "Theo Janssen sept2011.png")
On 23 May 2011, Ajax and Twente agreed on a transfer of Janssen to Ajax. The transfer fee was worth €3\.2 million. Janssen signed a contract with Ajax for two years and was handed the number 16 shirt, previously worn by [Luis Suárez](/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez "Luis Suárez"). His first couple of matches for Ajax were not very successful, as coach Frank de Boer decided that Janssen had to play as a defensive midfielder, which was not Janssen's best position. After he was playing in a more attacking position, Janssen became very important in achieving the league victory in 2012\.
### Second return to Vitesse
Janssen wanted to leave Ajax, after he had heard from Frank de Boer that he would be playing fewer matches in the coming season. He refused to play a role as substitute. On 27 August 2012, Janssen returned to [Vitesse](/wiki/Vitesse_Arnhem "Vitesse Arnhem") for a fee of approximately €600,000\.{{cite news \|title\=Vitesse legt Janssen alsnog vast \|url\=https://nos.nl/artikel/411262\-vitesse\-legt\-janssen\-alsnog\-vast \|access\-date\=4 February 2023 \|work\=NOS \|date\=28 August 2012 \|language\=nl}}
### End of active football career
After suffering from different injuries of which the latest involved a meniscus operation, Janssen on 4 March 2014 announced that he would immediately end his active football career and that he would pursue a career with Vitesse as a scout for youth players and specialist trainer.
|
[
"Club career\n-----------",
"### Vitesse",
"Janssen began his career at amateur club Vitesse Arnhem 1892 and played from 1995–96 in the reserves of [Vitesse](/wiki/SBV_Vitesse \"SBV Vitesse\"). After breaking through in several youth teams Janssen made his professional debut on 9 December 1998 in the first team against [NAC Breda](/wiki/NAC_Breda \"NAC Breda\"), which Vitesse won 2–0\\. Janssen came in as substitute in 90th minute to replace [Marian Zeman](/wiki/Marian_Zeman \"Marian Zeman\"). Janssen played 5 games that season for Vitesse. The next season Janssen made 17 appearances for Vitesse. In the 2000–2001 season Janssen became a starter for Vitesse and made 30 appearances, in which he scored once. In September Janssen broke his shin, he played 10 games total that season, and scored 1 goal.",
"### Genk",
"For the 2003–04 season Janssen was loaned to [Genk](/wiki/K.R.C._Genk \"K.R.C. Genk\") in Belgium. He made 15 appearances and scored two goals before returning to Vitesse in January 2004\\.",
"### Return to Vitesse",
"Janssen played another 16 games in 2004 in which he scored one goal.",
"He played primarily on the wing in the following season. His leg operation was sometimes troubling him, nevertheless he made 28 appearances in which he scored 8 goals.",
"In the 2005–06 season he played 30 games for Vitesse and scored 7 goals. Janssen's good performance at Vitesse was not unseen, as he received an invitation for the Netherlands national football team for a friendly game against Ecuador on 1 March 2006\\. However, Janssen could not play, due to surgery on his tonsils.",
"Janssen remained a regular starter for Vitesse in the following season, and was again selected to play for Oranje. This time he was able to play and made his debut for Oranje in a friendly against Ireland. He came in the 83rd minute for [Stijn Schaars](/wiki/Stijn_Schaars \"Stijn Schaars\"). On 2 September 2006, Janssen started for Oranje in a European Championship qualifier against Luxembourg. Janssen made only 22 appearances for Vitesse that season, due to injuries and suspensions. Vitesse trainer Aad de Mos told Janssen he could search for another club, despite an existing contract until 2009\\.",
"During the 2007–08 season, Janssen once again got injured, this time for several months. He returned playing in late 2007\\.",
"### Twente",
"[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Janssen playing with Twente against [Zenit](/wiki/Zenit_Saint_Petersburg \"Zenit Saint Petersburg\"), March 2011\\.](/wiki/File:TheoJanssen.jpg \"TheoJanssen.jpg\")",
"In mid\\-April 2008 [FC Twente](/wiki/FC_Twente \"FC Twente\") announcing the signing Janssen for the upcoming season on a contract until 2012\\. The transfer fee was approximately worth €1\\.5 million.",
"In November 2009 Janssen was suspended by Twente for two months, after a drunk\\-driving crash.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Kloor \\|first1\\=Robin van der \\|title\\=Zwaar auto\\-ongeluk: Theo Janssen had te veel gedronken \\|url\\=http://www.elsevier.nl/web/Nieuws/Sport/252138/Zwaar\\-autoongeluk\\-Theo\\-Janssen\\-had\\-te\\-veel\\-gedronken.htm?rss\\=true \\|work\\=Elsevier \\|date\\=30 November 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232358/http://www.elsevier.nl/web/Nieuws/Sport/252138/Zwaar\\-autoongeluk\\-Theo\\-Janssen\\-had\\-te\\-veel\\-gedronken.htm?rss\\=true \\|archive\\-date\\=11 June 2011 \\|language\\=nl}} One of his passengers, former professional goalkeeper Kevin Moeliker, ended up in hospital where he was kept in a coma for several days. He lost one of his ears in the crash.{{cite news \\|title\\=Situatie Moeliker nog onveranderd \\|url\\=https://www.rijnmond.nl/nieuws/20935/situatie\\-moeliker\\-nog\\-onveranderd \\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2023 \\|work\\=Rijnmond \\|date\\=23 November 2009 \\|language\\=nl}} Moeliker later recovered, but in 2017 it was revealed that he suffered lasting brain damage from the crash, albeit still being able to function and work.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Lutkenhaus \\|first1\\=Roel \\|title\\=Blijvende schade Moeliker na ongeluk Theo Janssen \\|url\\=https://www.tubantia.nl/fc\\-twente/blijvende\\-schade\\-moeliker\\-na\\-ongeluk\\-theo\\-janssen\\~ac189c71/ \\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2023 \\|work\\=Tubantia \\|date\\=13 August 2010 \\|language\\=nl}} Janssen won the [Eredivisie](/wiki/Eredivisie \"Eredivisie\") that year with FC Twente.",
"In the 2010–11 season Janssen had his best season up to that point. He won the [Johan Cruijff Schaal](/wiki/Johan_Cruijff_Schaal \"Johan Cruijff Schaal\") and the KNVB Cup with Twente. He scored 20 goals in 46 appearances, which made him club top scorer, among them some important goals for Twente like against [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\"), [Werder Bremen](/wiki/SV_Werder_Bremen \"SV Werder Bremen\"), [Ajax](/wiki/AFC_Ajax \"AFC Ajax\") and [PSV](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven \"PSV Eindhoven\"). He was also voted best player of the Eredivisie of the season 2010–11\\.",
"### Ajax",
"[thumb\\|left\\|100px\\|Janssen lining up for Ajax, September 2011\\.](/wiki/File:Theo_Janssen_sept2011.png \"Theo Janssen sept2011.png\")",
"On 23 May 2011, Ajax and Twente agreed on a transfer of Janssen to Ajax. The transfer fee was worth €3\\.2 million. Janssen signed a contract with Ajax for two years and was handed the number 16 shirt, previously worn by [Luis Suárez](/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez \"Luis Suárez\"). His first couple of matches for Ajax were not very successful, as coach Frank de Boer decided that Janssen had to play as a defensive midfielder, which was not Janssen's best position. After he was playing in a more attacking position, Janssen became very important in achieving the league victory in 2012\\.",
"### Second return to Vitesse",
"Janssen wanted to leave Ajax, after he had heard from Frank de Boer that he would be playing fewer matches in the coming season. He refused to play a role as substitute. On 27 August 2012, Janssen returned to [Vitesse](/wiki/Vitesse_Arnhem \"Vitesse Arnhem\") for a fee of approximately €600,000\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Vitesse legt Janssen alsnog vast \\|url\\=https://nos.nl/artikel/411262\\-vitesse\\-legt\\-janssen\\-alsnog\\-vast \\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2023 \\|work\\=NOS \\|date\\=28 August 2012 \\|language\\=nl}}",
"### End of active football career",
"After suffering from different injuries of which the latest involved a meniscus operation, Janssen on 4 March 2014 announced that he would immediately end his active football career and that he would pursue a career with Vitesse as a scout for youth players and specialist trainer.",
""
] |
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